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Negative experiences on social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter increase the odds of feeling lonely especially among young adults, a new study has found.
Positive interactions on social media are not making young adults feel more connected, whereas negative experiences increase the likelihood of them reporting loneliness, said scientists from the University of Pittsburgh’s Centre for Research on Media Technology and Health (MTH).
“Social media is, seemingly, about connecting people. So it is surprising and interesting that our investigations reveal social media being linked to loneliness,” said lead author Brian Primack, Director of Pitt’s MTH.
Perceived social isolation, which is a synonym for loneliness, is associated with poor health outcomes, such as high blood pressure, heart disease and depression, he added in a paper published in the journal American Journal of Health Promotion.
Primack and his team surveyed 1,178 students aged 18 to 30 about their social media use, to what extent their experiences were positive or negative, and their level of perceived loneliness.
For every 10 per cent increase in negative experiences on social media, the participants reported a 13 per cent increase in feelings of loneliness.
However, for every 10 per cent increase in positive experiences on social media, the participants reported no statistically significant change in feelings of loneliness.
“There is a tendency for people to give greater weight to negative experiences and traits compared with positive ones, and this may be particularly relevant when it comes to social media,” said study author Jaime Sidani.
Also Read- Uber Redesignes its Uber Fleet App in India
“Health practitioners may encourage the public to be more cognizant and thoughtful regarding their online experiences, thereby interrupting a potential cycle of negative experiences and loneliness,” added Primack.
Because social media is so pervasive, it is critically important that we better understand why this is happening and how we can help people navigate social media without as many negative consequences, wrote researchers. (IANS) | <urn:uuid:1eb931e8-cbeb-4a56-98c2-46b4987ee8de> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.newsgram.com/negative-experiences-on-social-media-platform-can-make-you-feel-lonely/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.946844 | 407 | 3.0625 | 3 |
If you research the subject of stretching thoroughly, one thing becomes glaringly obvious. There are conflicting views as to what is or is not true, what you should or should not do and how you should or should not do it.
Basically the latest research does not support all of the information that many fitness 'gurus' have been handing down for years. So what does the latest research say? I'm glad you asked!
1. Stretching is goal specific. Meaning the way you'll stretch as part of your cardiovascular or resistance routine will not be the same as the way you'll stretch for improving your range of motion.
2. Stretching after exercise does not prevent post-exercise muscle soreness. There is also little or no support for the theory that stretching immediately before exercise can prevent either overuse or acute sports injuries.
3. Dynamic or Ballistic Stretching is heading the way of the dinosaur. The forceful, jerky movements have been known to cause micro tears in the muscle fibers. Bouncing and pulling your muscles with force is one way way ticket to soreness, injury and joint pain.
4. Static stretching is one of the safest ways to stretch. After a proper warm-up, assume a maximum stretch position for each muscle and hold for 30 seconds. Shorter durations do not produce desired results and longer durations do not significantly increase benefits.
5. PNF Stretching is a technique which involves a combination of alternating static stretches with isometric muscle contracting. It was first used by physical therapists for injury prevention and rehabilitation. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) is considered the fastest way to improve range of motion.
6. Visualize while stretching each muscle group. You've got to be 'plugged in' mentally to get the best result. Take this quiet stretch time to improve your body awareness. Focus on what you're doing. Even in a recession, I do not think you're too poor to pay attention. | <urn:uuid:a2bea563-5b15-4305-b7f3-af78fce66d3a> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://liquorjacketest.ga/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655878639.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200702080623-20200702110623-00042.warc.gz | en | 0.943008 | 410 | 2.8125 | 3 |
- Data: Is the product of observations of people and measurements and facts about the world in which the business resides.
- Information: Is contained in the description of the data. It adds context through the application of patterns and structure allowing for the answers of questions such as who, what, where, when and how many?
- Knowledge: Is attained in the ability to define what the information patterns mean in relation to the business and to consequently being able to apply the definition to create predictable future outcomes.
- Understanding: Is the state where explanations of how and why the patterns exist can be expressed. Plausible predictions arising from being able to consider the actual causes relating to a business situation. Understanding allows for answering the question ‘Why?’
- Wisdom: Provides the ability to perceive and evaluate the long-term consequences of behaviour allowing the business to better decide what to do when confronted by a situation in which it may or may not have experience. Wisdom allows for reliably being able to answer the question ‘What if?’
An Enterprise Architecture provides a means through which information on data collected from within the business can be contextualised, structured and analysed. Depending on how an Enterprise Architecture is expressed it may also provide predictive tools supporting the realisation of understanding and the acquisition of wisdom.
An Enterprise Architecture by itself contains neither understanding nor wisdom. Both of these states however can be realised in individuals using contents of the Enterprise Architecture to provide them with the necessary insight. | <urn:uuid:3e9b6244-070b-45ba-ba49-89b39e253ae8> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://eavoices.com/2013/04/22/enterprise-architecture-and-the-knowledge-hierarchy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178350717.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225041034-20210225071034-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.91686 | 298 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Of all the people involved in the successful vaccination of a child, there’s one whose role is crucially important and yet rarely gets the recognition she deserves: the mother.
Mothers around the world go to great lengths to keep their children healthy. They learn about the potential dangers of disease and educate themselves and others. If necessary, they boil their drinking water and prepare their food carefully to keep pathogens in the environment from sickening their families. And when they hear about a new available vaccine, they pause their tasks, take the day off from their work or their errands, collect their children and travel—often far distances—to wherever the vaccines are being administered. That’s exactly what happened in February, when Malawi made history by becoming the first African country to vaccinate children with the new WHO pre-qualified typhoid conjugate vaccine, Typbar-TCV, as part of a study to generate evidence on the impact of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs).
“I am beyond excited about the typhoid vaccine,” said Sphiwe Nderemani, a mother living near Blantyre who enrolled her children in the vaccine study. “Finally, the answer is here. I brought my three children because they are always exposed to contaminated water and food, so chances of getting typhoid are always high.”
Typhoid is a growing threat in Malawi, so Sphiwe is right to worry about typhoid contamination in the environment. Data on the burden of disease in Malawi reveals that children often suffer the most from the growing number of typhoid outbreaks and the rising incidence of multi-drug resistance.
Other mothers, like Eunice Chiwamba, spoke of the personal effect of seeing other children in the community become sick with typhoid. Her husband agreed that having their children enrolled in the vaccine study was a smart decision, because while the vaccine is being provided free of charge through the study, they could have to pay for the cost of the consequences of typhoid, which pose a significant financial burden.
“They say prevention is better than cure,” said Eunice. “I have seen my friend’s child miss school for weeks because of typhoid.
With outbreaks in the southern districts of Zomba, Blantyre, Mangochi, Thyolo, and Mulanje, typhoid is threatening health and well-being across Malawi. Whether individuals have personally fallen ill, have had a family member with the disease, or experienced the associated economic hardships, many have felt the toll of typhoid.
Prince Kachisale, a teenage boy accompanying his younger sister to get vaccinated, attested that witnessing this hardship firsthand was an influential experience. His mother only decided that he should take his sister to participate in the study, he says, “after seeing what our neighbor’s son went through when he was suffering from typhoid.”
Typhoid, a vaccine-preventable disease, disproportionately impacts children and adolescents. The WHO-recommended TCV is a critical tool in the fight against typhoid. For the first time, there is a safe and effective vaccine for all children over six months of age. Malawi moms are embracing the opportunity for their children to participate in the vaccine study and optimistic about the TCV being introduced in Malawi and other countries impacted by this deadly disease.
These participants are part of a double-blind study to generate evidence on the impact of typhoid conjugate vaccines. Half of the participants will receive the typhoid conjugate vaccine, while the other half will receive a control vaccine. Parents, caregivers, and participants over the age of eight are informed about the study and have consented to participate.
Photo Credits: Thoko Chikondi/Sabin Vaccine Institute | <urn:uuid:8e02ed24-e928-44ae-9799-3a2ccfae61ce> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.coalitionagainsttyphoid.org/beyond-excited-malawi-moms-line-up-to-participate-in-qualified-typhoid-conjugate-vaccine-trial/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920134548-20190920160548-00557.warc.gz | en | 0.961909 | 791 | 3.125 | 3 |
Located on the north bank of the River Liffey, Dublin's Four Courts building opened in 1802 and originally held the four courts of Chancery, King's Bench, Exchequer and Common Pleas.
By the early 20th century, the four courts had been replaced but the name retained, and the west wing of the building was being used as the Public Records Office (PRO). The PRO housed many genealogical treasures including Irish census returns, originals wills dating to the 16th century, and more than 1,000 Church of Ireland parish registers filled with baptism, marriage and burial records.
Sadly, nearly all were lost during the Irish Civil War on 30 June 1922 when, after a two-day bombardment, an explosion and fire ravaged the building.
As well as destroying many irreplaceable genealogical records in the Public Records Office, the interior of the Four Courts was seriously damaged and the central dome collapsed.
The buildings have since been restored and the Four Courts sits on the River Liffey as one of the architectural gems of Dublin.
You will hear and read much about this fire at the PRO in the course of your genealogy research.
Too often, it is mentioned alongside a claim that 'ALL' Ireland's records were lost and, as a result, 'tracing your Irish ancestors is an impossibility'. (I wish I had a Euro for every time I've encountered this tale – I’d be exceedingly rich!) It simply isn't true.
Of course it was a catastrophic event. There is no denying that. But while the loss of so many valuable records certainly makes Irish family history challenging, the term 'impossible' is completely misleading. Some important records were nowhere near the flames.
Here's a quick run-through of the main record collections used by Irish genealogy researchers that either survived the fire or were nowhere near the flames .....
..... I could go on!
If you've read through the above, you'll know that a big chunk of early Irish genealogical records was lost in the 1922 fire at the Public Records Office. You'll also know that plenty of family history records survive, and most people – most – can bridge the lost 19th-century censuses to discover at least something about their ancestors in Ireland if they have a reasonable idea of where they lived.
Those hit hardest by the destruction of the PRO are those researchers descended from Church of Ireland families (never more than 25% of the island's population) and those whose ancestors were wealthy enough to make wills (again, a relatively small proportion).
I can't promise that Irish family history outside of these groups is easy peasy. Never mind 'THE 1922 FIRE THAT BURNED ALL THE RECORDS', there are even more record collections that don't survive in their entirety for completely different reasons! But depending on where (in time, as much as in place) your research starts, you have a fair chance of uncovering some part of your Irish heritage. | <urn:uuid:ec6fde55-ae43-4b6e-8b24-a2c975afdb9e> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.irish-genealogy-toolkit.com/irish-records-burned.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511075.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003092549-20231003122549-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.977914 | 611 | 2.671875 | 3 |
STUDENT HEALTH CENTER
Tips for Managing: Nausea/Vomiting/Diarrhea
Nausea is a very unpleasant feeling in the pit of the stomach. A person who is nauseated may feel weak and sweaty and produce lots of saliva. Intense nausea often leads to vomiting, which forces stomach contents up the esophagus and out of the mouth.
After vomiting has stopped for 1 hour, drink 1 ounce of clear liquid every 20 minutes for 1 hour. Clear liquids include apple or grape juice mixed to half strength with water, rehydration drinks, weak tea with sugar, clear broth, and gelatin dessert. Avoid citrus juices.
If vomiting lasts for more than 24 hours, continue to drink a rehydration drink to restore lost fluids and nutrients.
When you are feeling better, begin eating clear soups, mild foods, and liquids until all symptoms have been gone for 12 to 48 hours. Gelatin dessert, dry toast, crackers, and cooked cereal are good choices.
REST in bed until you are feeling better!
Diarrhea occurs when the intestines do not allow the water to be absorbed by the body from the stool. This causes bowel movements to occur more frequently and stools to become watery and loose. There may also be abdominal cramps and nausea.
Don’t eat any food for several hours or until you are feeling better. Take frequent; small sips of water or a rehydration drink.
Avoid antidiarrheal drugs for the first 6 hours after that, use them only if there are no other signs of illnesses, such as fever, cramping or discomfort, or bloody stools. Stop taking antidiarrheal medications after stools thicken.
After first 24 hours, begin eating mild foods, such as rice, dry toast or crackers, bananas, and applesauce. Avoid spicy foods, any other fruits, alcohol, and caffeine drinks until 48 hours after symptoms have disappeared. Avoid dairy products for 3 days. | <urn:uuid:83d09548-963b-48ff-af1f-caa3ff2dbbe2> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.rsu.edu/health-center/healthy-you/2008/0108.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835699.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00326-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929037 | 416 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Prior to FIFA U-20 World Cup Colombia 201, in July and August, discussions on the legacy of the event had started with both the Colombian Football Association (COLFUTBOL) with regard to the launch of the ‘11 for Health’. After first official meetings during the event, F-MARC travelled to Colombia in September to engage with all stakeholders and set up a plan for the gradual implementation of the programme.
Four regions were identified as the starting points: Bogota, Cali, Cartagena, Manicales. As the disease profile in Colombia differs from the one encountered in Africa, for which the programme was originally developed, some changes in the messages were discussed to focus on the major problems such as overweight issues/obesity and drug abuse.
With growing experience in several countries in Africa, certain patterns of implementation had proven successful and were now to be tested in a different setting. A course for coaches was planned in December 2011 for twenty physical exercise teachers and twelve football coaches. The implementation will start about two months later in a total of 12 secondary schools in four different regions, involving altogether about 1200 boys and girls aged 11-12 years.
As in all countries, the effect of the programme on the health knowledge of children will be assessed by a questionnaire completed by them prior to and after the eleven weeks of learning. | <urn:uuid:653d9f7a-9f43-4df0-b198-216496654760> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/footballdevelopment/medical/footballforhealth/projects/colombia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164013027/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133333-00032-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974549 | 274 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The FDA has published three draft guidances designed to help growers and others in the food supply chain minimize or eliminate microbial contamination in tomatoes, leafy greens and melons.
“These new food safety guidelines will facilitate the development of enforceable food safety standards and ensure a safer supply of fresh food for all Americans,” says FDA Commissioner Margaret A. Hamburg, MD.
The guidances will be made final after a public comment period and “will be followed within two years by enforceable standards for fresh produce,” she says.
The recommendations are based on three fundamental food safety principles:
- Prevent harm to consumers
- Use good data and analysis to ensure effective food safety inspections and enforcement of the law
- Quickly identify outbreaks of foodborne illness and stop them
The guidances include recommendations regarding produce growing, harvesting, packing, processing, transportation and distribution. Recordkeeping requirements are also included to enable the FDA to rapidly determine the source of future outbreaks.
The actions taken “will result in safer food in our country, which means healthier children, longer lives and less costly healthcare,” says Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack.
“We commend the FDA for moving forward on initiatives to improve the safety of fresh produce,” adds Jim O’Hara, director of the Produce Safety Project at Georgetown University. “The proposed guidance documents put out for comment address three of the highest-risk commodities, and we hope that the agency will finalize these documents quickly. We also look forward to the agency’s next steps regarding produce safety: issuance of proposed regulations. Science-based, risk-based, enforceable safety standards will restore consumer confidence in foods that are key components of a healthy diet.”
To view the actual draft guidances, follow these links: | <urn:uuid:78ccd7ea-e67c-4c72-9a32-a4a1246b6381> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.organicauthority.com/blog/organic/organic-food/fda-drafts-guidances-on-tomatoes-leafy-greens-melons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463613780.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530031818-20170530051818-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.917548 | 372 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In 10 years ClimateCare has funded improved cookstoves for over 6.5 million people helping tackle one of the developing world’s leading causes of death. Today it calls for more partners to meet its 2020 targets – to improve 20 million lives and cut 20 million tonnes of CO2.
Improved cookstoves reduce indoor air pollution – one of the developing world’s biggest killers, cut fuel costs for families and help tackle climate change. Today, 10 years since ClimateCare pioneered the first ever improved cookstove project funded by carbon finance, it announced that with its corporate and public sector partners it has channelled finance into cookstove projects around the world, improving life for 6.5 million people and cutting 2.6 million tonnes of CO2.
ClimateCare also published ambitious targets to cut 20 million tonnes of CO2 and improve the lives of 20 million people by 2020 – calling for more Corporate and Government partners to fund cookstove and other integrated Climate+Care programmes.
“Everything we do is designed to tackle climate change, alleviate poverty and improve health,” explains CEO Edward Hanrahan. “Provision of improved cookstoves is a great example of an intervention that delivers against all three elements, and in particular improves life for women and girls. We have delivered a huge amount, in partnership with our pioneering corporate partners, but are really only scratching the surface of the issue with these numbers. So, in pursuit of our ambitious 2020 targets, we call on other corporate and government partners to help us scale up investment in cookstove projects alongside the other Climate+Care programmes we specialise in including safe water provision, irrigation and clean energy access.”
Key supporters of cookstove projects include Jaguar Land Rover, who funded the first ever Gold Standard cookstove project through ClimateCare, and who have helped provide stoves to 832,000 families. The Co-operative and Aviva have also made significant contributions helping to fund stoves to 350,000 and 57,000 families respectively.
Nearly 3 billion people in the developing world still cook food and heat their homes with traditional cookstoves or open fires. The Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 estimates that 4 million premature deaths are caused every year from exposure to smoke from these cooking methods – more than HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis combined. The impacts are particularly pronounced for women and girls.
A new calculator launched on the ClimateCare website today highlights the enormous potential for organisations to deliver benefits for both people and the environment by investing in Climate+Care cookstove and safe water programmes. For example, it shows that if everyone voluntarily offsetting carbon emissions did so through a cookstove project, together they could help improve the lives of 432 million people, saving them £7 billion in fuel costs and generating $299 million of employment.
The ClimateCare Cookstove Story
Back in 2004, ClimateCare was the first company in the world to fund an improved cookstove project through carbon finance.
This first project was in Bangladesh, where traditional open fires were replaced with more efficient cookstoves, saving the wood fuel used for cooking ClimateCare worked with Practical Action (formerly ITDG) to extend their work in households and improve cooking methods.
Building on this early work, ClimateCare wrote the first consolidated methodology for cooking projects. ClimateCare then structured funding for a project in Cambodia, which was the first to use the new methodology, where improved cookstoves reduced charcoal requirements by 20%. The project partner, GERES estimates that as well as improving the health of families by reducing exposure to hazardous air pollutants, creating employment through the local manufacture, retailing and maintenance of stoves, and protecting the environment by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reducing deforestation, consumers have saved over $9,000,000 on fuel from the project overall.
This early work paved the way for ClimateCare and others to scale up cookstove provision. Following these initial projects ClimateCare refined the methodology and structured finance for the first ever Gold Standard Cookstove project in Uganda, where Jaguar Land Rover provided upfront investment, making them the first corporate partner to fund improved cookstoves at scale.
A staggering 5,145,312 Gold Standard cookstove credits, from 39 projects have now been issued using the methodology written by ClimateCare with more projects entering the pipeline, leading to even greater impact in future.
Since then ClimateCare has helped structure funding for projects with NGO Relief International in Ghana and secured Results Based Finance for carbon credits from the Swedish Energy Agency for a recent CDM cookstove project – proving that the Climate+Care model also has appeal for public sector funders.
Find out how you can invest in the Climate+Care Cookstove programme at https://climatecare.org/cookstoves/
Supporting the Climate+Care approach
Aviva has supported cookstove projects since 2007 and over the last three years alone, its Climate+Care programme has improved the lives of 395,000 people through clean cookstove and safe water projects, and cut over 250,000 tonnes of CO2.
“If there are issues that are interconnected, you have to have solutions that are interconnected. The way that Climate+Care comes together means there’s a whole raft of benefits that can be gained through an individual programme, so there can be health benefits, there can be education benefits, employment benefits. We think that is a very smart approach.” Zelda Bentham, Group Head of Environment and Climate Change, Aviva
The Co-operative has worked with ClimateCare for 14 years, supporting projects that protect the environment and improve people’s lives.
Ben Norbury explains, that “Climate+Care are intrinsically linked. A lot of businesses, including The Co-operative have had a separate approach to climate change and international development and we’ve seen these approaches overlapping. Now, through Climate+Care we’re taking a more joined up approach, doing climate change mitigation work in our own Fairtrade tea supply chain. For us, there’s a definite business case for the Climate+Care approach and I think other corporates could benefit from considering a similar, integrated programme.”
Jaguar Land Rover
Jaguar Land Rover has set an ambitious target to create opportunities for 12 million people by 2020. It will deliver 5 million of these through support of Climate+Care programmes that both improve lives and protect the environment.
“The integrated Climate+Care approach makes simple business sense” Jonathan Garrett, CSR Director for Jaguar Land Rover.
NOTES TO EDITORS
ClimateCare mobilises the power and scale of private finance to deliver projects with positive environmental and social impacts around the world. We combine the vision of a social enterprise and the commercial experience of an investment bank. Leveraging mainstream funding, we profitably deliver some of the largest, most successful corporate sustainability initiatives in the world.
From offices in Africa, Europe and Asia Pacific we help many of the world’s leading brands, organisations and governments scale up the impact of their initiatives. By investing their resources in projects that directly combat climate change and poverty, improve health and increase community welfare, we build better futures for millions of people around the world.
Find out more at www.climatecare.org
Press enquiries and image requests
Please contact: Rhiannon Szmigielski, ClimateCare
Tel: +44 (0)1865 591000 | <urn:uuid:e799d8fe-f060-410a-a40a-7df6ebb0b377> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://climatecare.org/celebrating-the-power-of-cookstoves-launching-our-new-vision/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591719.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720174340-20180720194340-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.933062 | 1,528 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Business Functions and Organizations
Business functions will be the activities that generate income by providing clients with services and goods. They are divided into core and support functions to help manage this company and its information effectively. Key functions create final products that connect with customer requirements, while supporting functions provide necessary services to core functions.
A function-based perspective can be utilized in conjunction with ability and company models to supply insight into a company’s goals, objectives, functions, and operations. A key big difference between the viewpoints is that an enterprise function is mostly a means to deliver capabilities, while a business represents a way of organizing solutions to meet organization objectives.
For instance , a small business process may well involve receiving customer requests, fulfilling these people and taking care of post-sales processing. Although this technique may involve several people and processes within a department, it really is considered to be an individual business function because their end results will be consistent with the company’s goals and objectives.
Whilst a functional check out can be helpful, it may not specify an organization’s structure and must be personalized for the specific demands of a firm. This is specifically true intended for large firms with multiple business lines. Many of these firms use a hybrid model, with selected core functions being highly centralized whilst others are more decentralized and use more like a company unit.
To be effective, a function leader must discover https://allhomeonlinebusiness.com/what-is-a-business-hierarchy-and-does-it-work the principal customers within the firm (whose needs happen to be most important for the function’s strategic agenda), the function’s core offering to these clients, and how that sets themselves apart in the market. This approach can easily eliminate overlapping activities that result in high priced redundancies and reduces waste materials. | <urn:uuid:7f135c2e-b8c2-466b-80d9-8ab4ab229557> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.keyhantravel.com/business-functions-and-organizations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506669.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924223409-20230925013409-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.937683 | 373 | 2.71875 | 3 |
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path. Instead of sliding a stem into and out of the valve body to actuate a throttling mechanism, rotary valves rely on the rotation of a shaft to actuate the trim. An important advantage of rotary control valves over sliding-stem designs such as the globe valve and diaphragm valve is a virtually obstructionless path for fluid when the valve is wide-open.
In the ball valve design, a spherical ball with a passageway cut through the center rotates to allow fluid more or less access to the passageway. When the passageway is parallel to the direction of fluid motion, the valve is wide open; when the passageway is aligned perpendicular to the direction of fluid motion, the valve is fully shut (closed).
The following set of photographs shows a hand-operated ball valve in three different positions, from nearly full closed to nearly full open (left to right):
Simple ball valves with full-sized bores in the rotating ball are generally better suited for on/off service than for throttling (partially-open) service. A better design of ball valve for throttling service is the characterized or segmented ball valve, shown in various stages of opening in the following set of photographs:
The V-shaped notch cut into the opening lip of the ball provides a narrower area for fluid flow at low opening angles, providing more precise flow control than a plain-bore ball valve.
Butterfly valves are quite simple to understand: the “butterfly” element is a disk that rotates perpendicular to the path of fluid flow. When parallel to the axis of flow, the disk presents minimal obstruction; when perpendicular to the axis, the disk completely blocks any flow. Fluid-tight shut-off is difficult to obtain in the classic butterfly design unless the seating area is lined with a soft (elastic) material.
Disk valves (often referred to as eccentric disk valves, or as high-performance butterfly valves) are a variation on the butterfly design intended to improve seat shut-off. The disk’s center is offset from the shaft centerline, causing it to approach the seat with a “cam” action that results in high seating pressure. Thus, tight shut-off of flow is possible even when using metal seats and disks.
The following photograph shows the body of a Fisher E-plug control valve, with the disk in a partially-open position: | <urn:uuid:87705c8b-5100-4464-879c-c6143738a962> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://control.com/textbook/control-valves/rotary-stem-valves/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141460.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217000519-20200217030519-00370.warc.gz | en | 0.928558 | 518 | 3.109375 | 3 |
OnlinePhD.com's the Awesomeness of Stephen Hawking infographic is a clever visualization of the history behind one of the most notable scientists of our time. The infographic, which is made to appear as a sky map, is subtitled 'Professor, Patient & Total Badass,' in an attempt to make light of Stephen Hawking's notable contributions to the modern understanding of the universe.
Beginning with his birth in Oxford, England in January of 1942, this informative graph is filled with interesting trivia, such as the fact that he had earned his PhD by the age of 23. Most amazingly, Hawkings was given only two to three years to live in 1962 due to a debilitating disease, but has clearly succeeded in making the most of it.
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This article is one of 350,000 experiments. We use crowd filtering, big data and AI to identify insights. | <urn:uuid:de693943-03cf-4cbd-8ebe-02c979f70e03> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.trendhunter.com/trends/awesomeness-of-stephen-hawking-infographic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158766.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923000827-20180923021227-00426.warc.gz | en | 0.945215 | 234 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Lake Dust & Air Quality
Great Salt Lake’s lowering lake levels mean more of the lakebed is exposed. The lakebed is made of fine silts and salts, which are easily carried by the wind into the Wasatch Front’s air. These particles also carry heavy metals.
Communities from Brigham City to Salt Lake are experiencing episodes of very poor air quality and conditions are forecasted to worsen as Great Salt Lake’s water levels are further reduced.
FRIENDS of Great Salt Lake is committed to supporting conservation actions that keep water in Great Salt Lake and our air healthy.
In 2016, FRIENDS of Great Salt Lake awarded the Doyle W. Stephens Scholarship to Derek Mallia, Ph.D. student, University of Utah for his research on "The Impacts of a Shrinking Great Salt Lake on Future Air Quality."
Air Quality will also be addressed at the 2018 Great Salt Lake Issues Forum: Lake Elevated: Keeping the Lake Great to be held May 9, 10 & 11 2018 at the University of Utah Officers Club. Please join us! | <urn:uuid:5c8c298f-c746-4a5d-9667-7719188e5e62> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://fogsl.org/advocacy/air | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202688.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322180106-20190322202106-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.94801 | 223 | 3.1875 | 3 |
A 10-day survey using non-invasive, ground-penetrating technology to locate Holocaust mass graves and killing sites in Rohatyn, Ukraine has just concluded.
The survey was carried out by a team led by Dr. Caroline Sturdy-Colls from the Centre for Archaeology at Staffordshire University. It formed part of a broader project on Recording Cultural Genocide and Killing Sites in Jewish Cemeteries “that focuses on raising awareness of the causes and consequences of cultural genocide and mass killings (using Jewish cemeteries desecrated by the Nazis as a pilot case study), directly tackling racism, xenophobia and hostility in the present.”
The Rohatyn survey was commissioned by Rohatyn Jewish Heritage, a volunteer-led NGO that works to reconnect the history of Rohatyn’s destroyed Jewish community with today’s town and to recover and preserve the town’s devastated Jewish cemeteries. The Cyprus Institute’s Science and Technology in Archaeology Research Centre provided scientific support.
Progress of the survey, starting with the extensive clean-up by volunteers of Rohatyn’s New Jewish Cemetery, was documented daily — with many photos — on the Rohatyn Jewish Heritage Facebook page, as well as on the general Killing Sites project’s Facebook page. Take a look!
A preliminary report by the Archaeology Centre states that:
The survey focused on three sites in the town where witnesses suggest mass killings and burials were carried out. Approximately 3500 of the town’s residents were rounded up and shot at two pits to the south of the town on the 20th March 1942. Thousands more from Rohatyn and nearby towns and villages were killed in ad hoc executions throughout 1942-1943, and during the “Final Aktion” in June 1943. Rohatyn’s old and new Jewish cemeteries were both desecrated by the Nazis.
The international archaeological team used a combination of non-invasive topographic and geophysical survey methods to map the sites and try to locate the mass graves without disturbing the ground. Photogrammetry techniques were also used to record a sample of the surviving headstones in both the old and new Jewish cemeteries.
The results from the survey will be published later this year, in both English and Ukrainian.
(NOTE: Rohatyn Jewish Heritage has begun a crowd-funding campaign to cover the costs of the survey which, it estimates, will amount to more than $24,000. Click here to access the Go Fund Me page.)
Initiated last year, the Recording Cultural Genocide and Killing Sites in Jewish Cemeteries is a two-year research project, funded by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance. The project is a collaboration between Staffordshire University, The Matzevah Foundation and Fundacja Zapomniane.
will adopt a unique interdisciplinary methodology to achieve its aims, utilising techniques from history, archaeology, digital humanities, conservation and community engagement. It will use state-of-the-art recording methods to locate and document evidence of cultural and other forms of genocide involving mass violence.
This, it states, will be achieved by:
(1) Conducting new research into relationships between the destruction of property by Nazis and their collaborators, and the use of religious spaces as killing sites;
(2) Undertaking a series of “social action projects” at selected Jewish cemeteries where cultural genocide and mass killings occurred in the past, and where neglect and vandalism is occurring presently.
(3) Disseminating the results of the research and fieldwork via a state-of-the-art digital platform.
The Rohatyn survey was the second by be completed by the Project. In August 2016, in close partnership with the Matzevah Foundation, it carried out the mapping and restoration of the Jewish cemetery in Oświęcim, Poland (the town outside which the Auschwtiz death camp was built.)
An interdisciplinary, international team from Staffordshire University (UK), The Matzevah Foundation (US) and Fundacja Zapomniane (Poland) located and recorded matzevah within the cemetery grounds using a wide range of forensic archaeological methods. The project […] utilised non-invasive techniques such as Total Station mapping, photogrammetry, laser scanning and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) to create the first accurate plan of the cemetery and the surviving matzevah, to document surviving evidence of the desecration of the cemetery by the Nazis during the war and post-war vandalism, and to identify any below ground evidence of cultural and physical genocide. Drawing upon methods from the digital humanities and games technology, the team will create a highly detailed 3D visualisation of the cemetery and individual matzevah.
Steven D. Reece, the president of the Matzevah Foundation, wrote about the survey and the involvement of the Foundation in the general Killing Sites project, in a Have Your Say essay we published in December 2016, called Working Toward Reconciliation: a Christian’s Involvement in Jewish Cemetery Restoration:
The scope of the project was to pinpoint and record the location of the matzevot within the cemetery confines and to record the data found within the inscriptions upon each matzevah. TMF worked with Staffordshire University staff and students to clear the cemetery of undergrowth, erect matzevah fragments in concrete bases, and recover matzevah fragments. | <urn:uuid:5f9bb9a7-675a-4a04-83cf-a262336db86a> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://jewish-heritage-europe.eu/2017/06/06/ukraine-holocaust-mass-graves-research-at-rohatyn-concluded/%E2%80%9D | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105976.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820053541-20170820073541-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.939406 | 1,148 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Occupational lung diseases are the umber one cause of work-related illnesses in the United States. As of 2016, there were approximately 426,000 workers in the construction equipment operation industry. Each one of these individuals need to beware of all kinds of dangers, especially respirable crystalline silica.
Respirable crystalline silica are 100 times smaller than sand and can rise up during cutting, grinding, sawing, crushing, drilling, and handling stone and other materials. These tiny particles can travel deep into someone’s lungs and cause silicosis, which is an incurable and potentially fatal lung disease. Additionally, respirable crystalline silica can cause lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and kidney disease.
Sadly, 2.3 million people are exposed to silica at work across the United States.
Thankfully, there is an emphasis on raising awareness of crystalline silica across the industrial workforce and how to manage its potential risks. According to OSHA, there is a national standard when it comes to using silica safely for construction jobs.
The standard (29 CFR 1926.1153) requires construction businesses to limit worker exposure to silica and take other steps to protect employees. The standard requires:
“OSHA can provide compliance assistance through a variety of programs, including technical assistance regarding effective safety and health programs, workplace consultations, and training and education,” said an OSHA spokesperson.
Additionally, every worker in the U.S., no matter his or her occupation, has the right to:
- Working conditions that do not pose a rise of serious harm.
- Receive training and information about workplace hazards, prevention methods, and various OSHA standards that apply to their field.
- Review records of work-related illnesses and injuries.
- File a confidential complaint requesting OSHA to inspect their workplace. | <urn:uuid:bc49efdf-b7b6-4f13-a80d-e97003716071> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://madisoncountychamber.org/protecting-the-workforce-from-respirable-crystalline-silica/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711712.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20221210042021-20221210072021-00633.warc.gz | en | 0.940695 | 380 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The importance of STEM education - to adequately prepare the next generation for approaching the knowledge-based economy
For decades improving the Science achievement of students in the U.S. has been the main focus for educators, researchers, and policymakers according to the National Research Council. According to the Congressional Research Council, annual federal appropriations for STEM education are typically in the range of $2.8 billion to $3.4billion. It has become a matter of urgency, as we embrace the Technological Revolution in the 21st century. According to the National Academies of Science Engineering and Medicine, advancement of the STEM workforce will require more than simply increasing the number and expertise of its future professionals. It will also require a marked increase in the cultural diversity of its talent. It’s important to make early STEM education accessible to all socio-economic and racial groups.
According to the World Economic Forum, Technology is rapidly altering the ways we interact and work, linking communities and workers in increasingly sophisticated ways and opening up new opportunities. Young people, therefore, need to develop digital fluency, and STEM skills from an early age if they are to be equipped to thrive in the modern workplace and also in modern society. Learners need a deeper understanding of how to apply technology and innovation, in order to achieve desired results. Education systems, meanwhile, need to ensure technology curriculum are kept up-to-date, while teachers need to have the opportunity to refresh their own skills and knowledge in order to keep pace with external developments. The use of technology should be embedded across the educational experience, to mirror the ways in which technology is now relevant to all sectors and careers. Most jobs of the future will require a basic understanding of math and science. Ten-year employment projections by the US Department of Labor, for example, anticipate that of the 20 fastest-growing occupations for the period between 2016 and 2026, many will require an increased understanding of math or science. Given the importance of STEM in the growth of future workplaces, it is important to ensure access to related education for all socio-economic groups. Girls and women are particularly underrepresented within high value-added STEM disciplines, and it is crucial to find ways to increase their presence. | <urn:uuid:1943fdd9-9f13-4efa-a6bb-21c990d68dfc> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://satapos.com/prepration-for-a-knowledge-based-economy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057337.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922072047-20210922102047-00404.warc.gz | en | 0.94777 | 446 | 3.1875 | 3 |
What is Visual Management?
Visual management is an essential foundation tool of an organisation attempting to operate Lean.
What is Lean? Essentially, “Lean” is a set of conceptual tools and principles derived to help an organisation run more efficiently by continually hunting down and eliminating waste. Waste in this context is defined as any process or output that happens within an organisation that the ‘customer’ of the organisation would not wish to pay for.
Instruct and Keep Safe
Whilst being popularised initially as a foundational tool for Manufacturing organisations operating Lean, Visual Management in its purest forms (sometimes referred to as Visual Control) can be seen in many applications in the modern world. One of the simplest examples of Visual Management that most people can relate to is Traffic Lights. Everyone understands the essential cues these straightforward colour messages communicate no matter the language or location.
Very simply, traffic lights say – It is OK (to proceed), or it’s not OK (to proceed). In this way, Visual Management has the ability to provide instructions everyone can understand that help to keep people safe and away from harm. Further examples of this type of Visual Management would be road traffic signs where the safety message behind the sign is condensed into an easily understood image with little or no actual written language used.
Condition and Abnormality
Visual management is a vital tool in communicating conditions and abnormalities in an organisation adopting lean practices. The Traffic Light colouring system (Red, Amber and Green) is often applied in Visual Management as a means of telling the user if something is OK (green), at risk or questionable (amber) or not OK (red). Examples of this would include-
- A production line is running with no issues – green light.
- A part has been quality checked but is close to being out of standard for specification – amber status magnet.
- A target for the number of units produced in a given time period has not been met – the actual number produced would be written in red.
In this way, Visual Management allows anyone to very quickly see the condition of a process or situation without the need to; find someone to speak to or find documentation that explains both activities being wasteful in nature.
Visual management is effective in communicating to users abnormalities in processes, situations and products. Simple visual cues also help to eliminate: excess time taken on simple tasks, judgement calls and errors or quality problems.
- Visual management informs the user of the standard or usual location of critical pieces of equipment and also when there is an abnormality as the equipment is missing. Tooling shadow boards visually inform the user of two key pieces of information information-A piece of equipment is missing – as there is a space where the tool should be (the abnormality)
- What the specification of the equipment is – by profiling the outside shape of the shadow
Bringing attention to the user that there is an abnormality in that a tool is missing also helps reduce time looking for the tool as it is likely that the tool is in use elsewhere. The alternative, where there is no control demonstrated, could lead to the user needlessly searching through drawers or on worktops when in fact it is possibly in use by a colleague the whole time.
Judgement calls on action to be taken can be eliminated with simple Visual Management devices. Visual minimum/maximum (max/min) level indicators utilise Visual Management to control processes such as stock and inventory quantities. Too much inventory is one of the (Seven deadly) wastes that hinder organisations from being lean. If a stock quantity falls below the visual minimum level, this tells the user of an abnormality and that action is required to replenish the stock. If a stock quantity is above the max stock level, this tells the user of the opposite abnormality and that no action should be taken to replenish until the stock level falls. Another relatable example of visual min/max level indicators is the dip stick used for checking oil levels in a car.
Visual management can be applied to draw attention to potential errors or quality problems. Boundary samples are often utilised in production to supplement part inspection standards by providing a Visual to compare against. An example of this would be highlighted with a paint pen the correct position and quantity of spot welds on a door panel in automotive manufacture. This Visual Management device allows the user to quickly confirm the correct quantity of welds have been applied and are in the correct position.
Knowing the score
Communicating statistical performance levels within an organisation are aided by the use of Visual Management. A helpful comparison here would be that of a sports scoreboard. The scoreboard allows all involved (spectators, players and officials) to keep track of who’s winning, who’s done well (scored) and how long is left. The principles of these simple measures can be directly applied in most organisations. In fact, without simple Visual Management such as this, spending time in and around a business and trying to ascertain if things are going well or not by watching the people and processes would be very difficult. Just in the same way that trying to guess what the situation in a football match is just by observing the player’s actions.
The Visual Management concept of “keeping the score” allows individuals within an organisation to understand if their team is having a good day or bad day. Understanding of performance and “good day/bad day” allows actions to be effectively directed, especially if performance is below that of which is expected.
Tracing issues and rectification actions with Visual Management boards help organisations to drive continuous improvement. Only when an issue has been fully counter-measured should an issue be removed from the Visual Management board in this way, ensuring that the same problem never happens again.
Visual Management boards provide a forum for discussion between individuals and teams. Structured problem solving such as five why and fishbone analysis can be visually facilitated close to the problem or place of work.
Perhaps one of the most widely applicable and fundamental reasons for uptake of Visual Management is the engagement with teams and individuals and the cohesion this engagement provides. Visual Management Boards gives the power to the individuals to –
- Raise team concerns to higher management
- Provide a focal point for team meetings or “huddles”.
- Understand a clearly communicated goal and track progress against this goal | <urn:uuid:4e1a124c-e5a8-4db4-a3fc-57aac22bb9bf> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://v-m-t.co.uk/what-is-visual-management-learn-about-lean/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662601401.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526035036-20220526065036-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.938556 | 1,294 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Voluntary commitment for a better world
Published: 29.10.2020 The fourth iteration of the Equator Principles has been applied since 1 October 2020. The “Equator Principle Financial Institutions” (EPFIs), i.e. the banks that have signed up to the Equator Principles, undertake not to finance any projects that do not meet the current EP4 requirements. But what exactly does that mean?
What are the Equator Principles?
Sabine Lehmann: The Equator Principles are a voluntary framework of rules adopted by banks to ensure compliance with environmental and social standards when financing investment projects that are linked to a particular area. The participating institutions undertake to only finance projects where the borrowers meet the environmental and social criteria laid out in these principles. KfW IPEX-Bank signed up to the Equator Principles on 1 March 2008 and uses them as a framework to underpin its Sustainability Policy.
Why have they been updated?
Sabine Lehmann: Since they were created in 2003, the world has clearly changed – as is repeatedly shown by extreme weather events, or the overuse of resources and pollution of global ecosystems. In order to remain relevant in this dynamic context, it was necessary to move the Equator Principles forward and develop them. They have been revised three times since their creation and since October 1, 2020 the fourth version has been applied.
In which specific areas have they been updated?
Sabine Lehmann: In the latest version, not only has the area of application for finance products been expanded, the subject matter has also been laid out more clearly. In practice, this means that adherence to local regulations regarding compliance with human rights and the rights of indigenous peoples is no longer sufficient. It is more important to apply EP4, the updated Equator Principles. This includes the requirement to obtain “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC) from indigenous people, including in countries like the USA or Australia, who are affected by the proposed projects. Furthermore, the due diligence obligations with regard to climate change have been strengthened considerably: the impact of climate change on the projects and the impact of the financed project on climate change must be taken into account.
The preamble to the latest version sets out that the EPFIs should support the Paris Agreement of 2015 and ensure that reporting conforms with its recommendations. According to the revised EP Principle 2, all projects will be expected to have a climate risk assessment. This means that assessments are no longer limited to projects with negative ecological and social risks (category A or B), but should also be carried out for projects where combined emissions are expected to exceed 100,000 tonnes of CO2 per year (even if the project is not expected to carry any other environmental risks).
According to EP Principle 10 (Reporting and Transparency), since 2015 project companies/sponsors have been required to report on the level of greenhouse gas emissions in category A and category B projects. | <urn:uuid:9cde8bc0-49c3-49b1-a7f8-a96513af24c9> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.kfw-ipex-bank.de/Extension/Explain/Voluntary-commitment-for-a-better-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989819.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518094809-20210518124809-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.953388 | 600 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The dated entries in this pocket notebook are from July-October 1913. The book was used by Edison to record ideas about business matters, experiments to be tried, and other tasks to be performed. Many of the items have been crossed out. The entries at the beginning of the book pertain to the finances of Thomas A. Edison, Inc., and other Edison companies, as well as to Edison’s personal finances. Similar information can be found in PN-13-07-12, and some of the entries in that earlier book appear to have been copied into this one. The remaining entries relate primarily to the development and production of disc records. Included is data on production costs, daily production numbers, and salaries. Also included are notes and instructions about automobile starters, chemicals, batteries, cell regeneration, miner's safety lamps, and kinetophones.
Among the numerous Edison employees mentioned in the book are experimenters Charles T. Dally, William Walter Dinwiddie, Archiebald D. Hoffman, and Sherwood T. (Sam) Moore, principal assistants in the development of disc records; Charles W. Luhr, superintendent of the West Orange laboratory; and Carl H. Wilson, vice president and general manager of Thomas A. Edison, Inc. The pages are unnumbered. Approximately 150 pages have been used. Courtesy of Thomas Edison National Historical Park. | <urn:uuid:1c3bf260-37a2-41f8-bce7-313288a9148f> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://edison.rutgers.edu/NamesSearch/glocpage.php3?gloc=NP097 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172783.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00101-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940133 | 280 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Chitosan within the Preservation of Agricultural Commodities by Silvia Bautista-Baños
English | Jan. 27, 2016 | ISBN: 0128027355 | 384 Pages |MOBI | four MB
Chitosan within the Preservation of Agricultural Commodities presents a cohesive overview of analysis subjects relating to the manufacturing and characterization of chitosan, the event of coatings and fi lms, its useful properties, and antimicrobial potential of this compound on economically necessary agricultural commodities.
The primary part offers with the chemical traits and practical properties of chitosan and new chitosan-based biomaterials meant for meals preservation. The second part covers numerous elements of the management achieved by chitosan on totally different microorganisms affecting numerous horticultural commodities, grains, and ornamentals, and its modes of motion. The third part explores enzymatic and gene expression induction by chitosan software on fruit and greens; the fourth part provides perception on using chitosan nanocomposites in organic fashions related to meals conservation and management of microorganisms.
Analyzes chitosan chemical and practical properties
Explores acquiring, characterizing, and creating chitosan coatings and fi lms for agricultural use
Presents practical properties, antimicrobial potential, and modes of motion of chitosan from a physiological, enzymatic, and molecular perspective
Consists of organic fashions of the exercise of chitosan nanocomposites and nanoparticles | <urn:uuid:b5457681-c11a-4e70-bbeb-625390559c3a> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.downloadmaar.com/chitosan-in-the-preservation-of-agricultural-commodities-by-silvia-bautista-banos-torrent/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118740.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00441-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.857947 | 316 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Blind Men and the Elephant
The Blind Men and the Elephant by John Godfrey Saxon
Type of Initiative: Perspective, Conflict Resolution
Published in: Setting the Conflict Compass, by Michelle Cummings with Mike Anderson
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Men_and_an_Elephant (downloaded on 12/18/06)
Props Needed: You will need at least one copy of the Blind Men poem and one blank sheet of paper for each participant. You will also need multiple writing utensils, such as pencils, markers, crayons, or colored pencils.
Group Size: 1–40
A Note from Mike Anderson: When I was teaching middle school, I was constantly looking for exercises that engaged more than one learning style…something that appealed to the kids that needed something visual. The Blind Men and The Elephant accomplished this. This exercise gave kids (and adults alike) the opportunity to explore differences in perspective without having to be analytical or “find the missing link,” as is the case in so many of the perspective puzzles we use.
- Begin by giving instructions for how to fold the paper. First, fold it in half the long way (like a hotdog), then in half the short way (like a hamburger), and then in half the short way again (like an even smaller hamburger)…now unfold completely. When you open the paper, you should have eight rectangles.
- Have the participants number each rectangle from 1 to 8 starting in the upper-left-hand corner and moving across the paper.
- Say to the group: “As I recite the following poem to you, one stanza at a time, please draw the picture of that stanza that develops in your mind’s eye. There are eight stanzas to the poem; one for each folded rectangle on your piece of paper.”
The Blind Men and the Elephant
It was six men of Indostan, to learning much inclined, who went to see the elephant (Though all of them were blind), that each by observation, might satisfy his mind.
The first approached the elephant, and, happening to fall, against his broad and sturdy side, at once began to bawl: "God bless me! but the elephant, is nothing but a wall!"
The second feeling of the tusk, cried: "Ho! what have we here, so very round and smooth and sharp? To me tis mighty clear, this wonder of an elephant, is very like a spear!"
The third approached the animal, and, happening to take, the squirming trunk within his hands, "I see," quoth he, the elephant is very like a snake!"
The fourth reached out his eager hand, and felt about the knee: "What most this wondrous beast is like, is mighty plain," quoth he; "Tis clear enough the elephant is very like a tree."
The fifth, who chanced to touch the ear, Said; "E'en the blindest man can tell what this resembles most; Deny the fact who can, This marvel of an elephant, is very like a fan!"
The sixth no sooner had begun, about the beast to grope, than, seizing on the swinging tail, that fell within his scope, "I see," quothe he, "the elephant is very like a rope!"
And so these men of Indostan, disputed loud and long, each in his own opinion, exceeding stiff and strong, Though each was partly in the right, and all were in the wrong!
Variations: This activity can also be done in small groups. Each group will get eight large sheets of paper or poster board. The process is the same—read the stanza and then ask the group draw what they see. You will need to allow a few minutes for the small groups to discuss what they “see” when they hear the stanza. Have the group draw one picture per sheet. At the conclusion of the drawing portion, hang the illustrations on the wall.
- What was the premise of the exercise?
- Who was right? Why or why not?
- What did the “blind men” learn?
- How could they have resolved their conflict?
- In your life, have you ever been part of a group that was in a similar situation? What did you do about it?
Purchase from the Training Wheels store: Setting the Conflict Compass
Material in this Online Games Database is copyrighted. Copyright © Training Wheels or by the author who submitted the activity. Permission needed to copy or reproduce. | <urn:uuid:0ce4b726-9eea-4b00-834c-32da93d70afd> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://trainingwheelsgames.com/products/the-blind-men-and-the-elephant | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357935.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226175238-20210226205238-00380.warc.gz | en | 0.964347 | 965 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Agricultural Literacy Curriculum Matrix
Compliments of Cattle Poster
Meat isn't the only product that comes from beef cattle. The by-products of beef production are used to make numerous everyday items like lipstick, perfume, paint, crayons, leather balls, and more. This black line coloring sheet depicts cattle using items that come to us “compliments of cattle.” Students can color cattle doing things like playing basketball, repairing cars, and putting on lipstick. As they are coloring, students can check off the list of everyday items that are made from beef cattle by-products. Download the lesson plan "Beef Basics" for great classroom activities and a shopping list to create your own beef by-products kit. | <urn:uuid:e4202723-8760-4d43-b77e-62edf817e1a7> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://agclassroom.org/matrix/resource/392/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587608.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024235512-20211025025512-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.932955 | 151 | 2.6875 | 3 |
A Brief History of Marshall-Shadeland
The history of Marshall-Shadeland is complex… the area has changed names several times. The largely residential Marshall-Shadeland was annexed by Allegheny City in 1870. The neighborhood is bordered by Woods Run Ave., Riverview Park and Highwood Cemetery. The neighborhood was originally called “Woods Run” after John Ross, a settler there. The neighborhood’s library is still called Woods Run. It was called Shadeland-Halls Grove in 1974 in a Neighborhood Profile by Urban Planning Department. This helped separate the neighborhood from the Woods Run Industrial District.
1977 brought the name Marshall-Shadeland. The 1977 Atlas the name was found in said that the community was named after Archibald M. Marshall, an Irish grocer. The area is predominantly Slovak, with Italians, Russians, Irish and German. Recently, residents of the area have been calling it Brightwood. The City of Pittsburgh’s website even refers to the neighborhood now as “Marshall-Shadeland (Brightwood).”
Fun Facts about Marshall-Shadeland
What’s interesting about Marshall-Shadeland is that the community actually extends west to the Ohio River but ends at California Ave. The area between California Ave. and the river is the home of the State Correctional Institution. The community is quite accessible via public transportation, including 500, 16A, 16B and 16D. Marshall-Shadeland is surrounded by six neighborhoods, including Brighton Heights, California-Kirkbride, Chateau, Manchester, Perry North (Observatory Hill) and Perry South. | <urn:uuid:a4cfb0d2-2d02-4851-ae6d-86a72ee8f761> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://www.pittsburghbeautiful.com/2017/02/18/pittsburgh-neighborhoods-marshall-shadeland-brightwood/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202476.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321010720-20190321032720-00518.warc.gz | en | 0.956559 | 342 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Now the priest of Midian had seven daughters. And they came and drew water, and they filled the troughs to water their father’s flock. Then the shepherds came and drove them away; but Moses stood up and helped them, and watered their flock.
When they came to Reuel their father, he said, “How is it that you have come so soon today?”
And they said, “An Egyptian delivered us from the hand of the shepherds, and he also drew enough water for us and watered the flock.”
So he said to his daughters, “And where is he? Why is it that you have left the man? Call him, that he may eat bread.”
Then Moses was content to live with the man, and he gave Zipporah his daughter to Moses. And she bore him a son. He called his name Gershom [or Gereshom, ger shom, "stranger there"], for he said, “I have been a stranger in a foreign land.”
What Does It Say?
Today's passage takes place in the time of Moses, in the time God prophesied about to Abraham in the previous passage. In the book of Exodus, it follows immediately after the incident where Moses murders an Egyptian who was abusing a Hebrew slave.
Having committed murder, Moses flees out of Pharoah's jurisdiction into the land of Midian, where he meets his first wife. In a classic "meet cute" moment, he helps the daughters of the "priest of Midian" deal with some shepherds who don't know how to share. The text leaves out the details of how Moses drove off the shepherds, but considering his history of violence and shortcomings in public speaking (Exodus 4:10), I'm going to guess he didn't debate the shepherds.
At any rate, Moses' conflict resolution skills earn him the favor of a pagan priest and a free wife. Unlike Abraham, Issac, and Jacob, he does not marry someone of his own ethnicity, of his own people, but a foreign woman. He is a ger to her, someone who "was content to live with the man," that is to say, content to live with a people not his own. And so he names their first son "Stranger Here," confessing that he is a stranger despite living in the land and marrying one of its inhabitants.
Even worse, there is every reason to believe that his wife was a pagan polytheist when they met (and perhaps when they married). Her father was a Midianite priest, and it's hard to believe she had heard of the Jews and converted to the worship of their God before meeting Moses.
This is kind of a big deal. Later in the wanderings of Moses and the Israelites, Moses will sanction the execution of Hebrew men who marry Moabite women and worship their gods (see Numbers 25). And it's not like the taboo against marrying foreign women started at Mt. Sinai - Abraham and Issac in particular go to great lengths to find a woman 'of their country and family' for their sons to marry (see Genesis 24 for example).
And yet, Moses is never taken to task in Scripture for marrying an almost certainly pagan foreigner. In fact, Zipporah is shown in a positive light as she is the one who ultimately circumcises their son (Exodus 4). It's a bizarre relationship that starts with a murder and ends with foreskin-tossing (seriously, Exodus 4:25).
So while it's hard to draw universally valid moral principles from Moses' marriage, we can perhaps get an idea of what the Bible says about ger. Being ger is difficult, painful, and alienating. Even though Moses is "content to live with the man" and content to marry a foreign pagan, he never loses his sense of being a foreigner. Even if he is loved, he is different, strange, foreign. And so he names his son "Stranger There" in memorial to his alienation from his surroundings.
Next: Exodus 12 | <urn:uuid:0efa8238-5e49-42c8-a67a-0dc4f0fd75b0> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://therev3.blogspot.com/2018/05/strangers-in-land-ger-003.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864795.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622201448-20180622221448-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.982846 | 852 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Tuesday, April 17, 2012
The Didache -The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles: A Different Faith – A Different Salvation
Coming very soon - Published by Fifth Estate and available within the month!
Here are a few points covered in the book:
Didache" (pronounced "dih-dah-KAY" or “didah-KEY”) is the Greek word for "teaching" or "doctrine".
The book, “The Didache” is also called “The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles.” It is a treatise,consisting of sixteen short chapters, that dates back to the earliest time of the Christian Church and was considered by some of the Church Fathers as next to Holy Scriptures.
The Didache reveals how the Christians of the first century operated on a day-to-day basis. It is not a gospel and it does not attempt to offer guidance by narrating the life of Jesus. In fact, some of the theology it contains runs counter to the modern interpretation of the theology in the received gospels.
The Didache represents the first concerted effort put forth by church leaders to teach the common person of the early church how to live and worship in the way that the apostles of Jesus had presented to their followers. This was the way of a Jewish Christian.
The Didache describes a way in which gentiles and pagans could be converted, initiated, and brought into the fold to become full participants in a shared Christian life. This unity of process and teaching allowed a community, which believed itself to be poised on the threshold of the end times, to fashion its daily life in order to share the passion of the awaited return of the Kingdom of God as preached by Jesus. In fact, it is the first known instruction manual for Christian converts.
There is evidence of its use specifically by Nazarene synagogues to define and standardize the most important points of the new faith. The Nazarenes were Jews who converted to a sect following Jesus. They were Hellenized Jews on the Syrian border close to Antioch.
Certainly, the Didache was used by Jewish Christians but as Paul influenced the Nazarenes (a sect of which he was thought to be a leader), his followers diverged from the theology in the Didache. The “Pauline Christians” evolved into a separate sect leaving behind the Didache.
The Didache has raised great controversy regarding its date and possible origin. Some scholars dated the text between approximately 49-79 AD. Although this is widely debated it could place the Didache as one of the oldest Christian writings in history and written before three of the Gospels, if not all of the Gospels.
Even though the Didache has been changed and added to over time there is strong evidence to suggest that the earliest section of it may have been penned during the time of the Jerusalem Council, around 50 AD. This would have it playing a role in the early church’s controversy surrounding salvation of the Gentiles as described in the Book of Acts (ca. 50 – 100 C.E with many saying 62-64 C.E.) chapter 15.
Didache may have been written before Matthew, and certainly before Acts (62 – 100 C.E.). When one looks at the discussion between the apostles regarding the law and the gentiles in Acts it appears James, the leader, either changed his mind about keeping the Laws of Moses or was faced with the mass conversion of Gentiles as a new phenomenon. This evolution of insight due to the fact God saved gentiles who were not keeping the laws did not change the message from the Jewish leaders as to who Jesus was and what his mission was, to the Jews and now to the Gentiles. Even though the Gentiles need not keep the law, they must express their faith through a set of actions.
The placement of the Didache in history can be based on the following facts:
• When it was written, churches were still being led by traveling teachers and prophets.
• In its instructions on the appointment of church leaders, it mentions only two classes: bishops and deacons.
• Baptisms are still normally performed in rivers and streams.
• Prophets still preside at the Eucharist.
• The Eucharist or communion is still celebrated in conjunction with the agape or love feast.
• The absence of any theological dogma or discussion.
The ranges is wide in the speculation of the dates for the Didache, between 50 and 100 C.E.
There are clues that the author (or authors) of the Didache were close to either Jesus, or possibly the understudy of an Apostle. The author clearly shared in Jesus’ opinion of the Pharisees as hypocrites (8:1). The author also had intimate knowledge of the Gospel of Matthew, or the “Q” source.
No intact copy of “Q” has ever been found. No reference to the document in early Christian writings has survived. Its existence is inferred from an analysis of the text of Matthew and Luke. Much of the content of Matthew and Luke was derived from the Gospel of Mark. But there were also many passages which appear to have come from another source document called the “Q” document.
Theologians and religious historians believe that Q's text can be reconstructed by analyzing passages that Matthew and Luke have in common. “Q” had to be written much earlier than the four canonical gospels of Mark, Matthew, Luke and John since there are identical passages in Mathew and Luke. It may have been in the first of the 40 or so Gospels that were written and used by the early Christian movements before the controlling faction established what was to be orthodoxy and selected the books which were to become canon.
The Gospel of Q is different from the canonical gospels in that it does not extensively describe events in the life of Jesus. Rather, it is largely a collection of sayings -- similar to the Gospel of Thomas (see “the Gospel of Thomas by Joseph Lumpkin, published by Fifth Estate). Q does not mention the events of Jesus' virgin birth, his selection of 12 disciples, crucifixion, resurrection, or ascension to heaven. It represents those parts of Jesus' teachings that his followers remembered and recorded about 20 years after his death. Jesus is presented as a charismatic teacher, a healer, a simple man filled with the spirit of God. Jesus is also a sage, the personification of Wisdom, and the servant of God.
By putting together the Didache and “Q” we have the gospel, the teaching, and the doctrine of the young church. We have a view into the heart of the first Christians. | <urn:uuid:b1c2a9a9-165c-4dbf-95da-38ee5819ae60> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://josephlumpkin.blogspot.in/2012/04/didache-teaching-of-twelve-apostles.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103167.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817092444-20170817112444-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.975098 | 1,383 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy may alleviate long-term spinal cord damage
Posted on Wednesday, May 10th, 2017
Inflammation following an injury of the spine can be linked to long-term disabilities as a result. This is a natural response, but can limit the amount of blood and oxygen reaching the area, posing a serious problem that will affect recovery time.
The treatment of spinal cord injuries by using HBOT has become more and more popular, with both patients and physicians reporting it has been successful in speeding up healing times. The study into this showed that the HBOT successfully reduced the secondary damage of the injury and the inflammation the body produces. This study has been fantastic for the HBOT industry and so more and more patients can get treatment that helps them recover quickly.
Read more about the study here. | <urn:uuid:486d74dc-2da7-4e72-87bd-ce734523f8d8> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.hyperbaricchambers.net/2017/05/10/hyperbaric-oxygen-therapy-may-alleviate-long-term-spinal-cord-damage-hyperbaric-experts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400188841.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200918190514-20200918220514-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.960119 | 165 | 2.625 | 3 |
St. John’s Church Marker, OC-18
This was the parish church of St. John's Parish, formed in 1680. It was built in 1734. Earlier churches stood at West Point and about one mile north of this site. Carter Braxton, Revolutionary Statesman, was a vestryman. Preserved by joint effort.
Marker Information:Year On Marker: 1965
Geographic Location: King William County
Physical Description of Location: West Point, VA 23181. Located on King William Road (Rt. 30), 1.25 miles southeast of the intersection of King William Road (Rt. 30) and East Garden Road. Marker is on the left when traveling southeast on King William Road (Rt. 30).
Display on Google Maps
Display on Google Earth | <urn:uuid:c696fe04-0adc-4f18-9cf2-e5b450ae4e71> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.markerhistory.com/st-johns-church-marker-oc-18/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541187.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00195-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912252 | 168 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Welcome back to Jamaican & Canadian History on The Janadian Blog!
Please remember to pay close attention to dates as they will be important to future posts. According to the Canadian Encyclopedia, on February 1st, 1806 ...
Enslaved people, understandably, were not always obedient. In her personal correspondence, Elizabeth Russell complained about the behaviour of her slave Peggy and Peggy's son Jupiter. In February of 1806 Russell ran an ad in the Upper Canadian press, advertising Peggy for $150 and Jupiter for $200.
Have history facts of your own to share about Canada or Jamaica?
Leave them below in the comments & be sure to SUBSCRIBE to the Janadian Blog for more Jamaican & Canadian History.
Be Genuine, Be Kind, Be Authentic.
xoxo, The Janadian. | <urn:uuid:56b76eb1-5f63-448e-8ad0-995e5b6a5cd3> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://janadian.ca/fr/blogs/news/our-history-is-365-days-a-year | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057371.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922163121-20210922193121-00597.warc.gz | en | 0.93313 | 170 | 2.5625 | 3 |
and they came to him.
He appointed Twelve, whom he also named Apostles,
that they might be with him
and he might send them forth to preach
and to have authority to drive out demons:
He appointed the Twelve:
Simon, whom he named Peter;
James, son of Zebedee,
and John the brother of James, whom he named Boanerges,
that is, sons of thunder;
Andrew, Philip, Bartholomew,
Matthew, Thomas, James the son of Alphaeus;
Thaddeus, Simon the Cananean,
and Judas Iscariot who betrayed him.
- Mark 3:13-19
Today's Gospel reading depicts the appointment of the Twelve Apostles by Jesus. In it, Jesus is described as sending them forth preach and giving them the authority to drive out demons. The reading then lists their names. These Apostles became the foundation of the early church and are the forerunners of today's bishops. They had authority to teach and, in other places, are given the authority to forgiven sins. In many respects, these twelve men could be considered Jesus' closest confidants and followers.
So why do we still read about the appointment of the Apostles today. The Apostles are meant to serve as an example for all of us about how to follow Christ and be his disciples. Just as they were tasked with going forth and preaching the Good News, so to we must preach the Good News in our world today. We may not have the ability to drive out demons or work miraculous cures, but we do have the ability to serve others and witness to Jesus through that service. This is how we must live out our discipleship today. As St. Francis said: "Always remember to preach the Gospel, and if necessary, use words." | <urn:uuid:595ed54c-df66-450e-8f74-c7952ba682b2> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://keythoughts.weebly.com/home/friday-of-the-second-week-in-ordinary-time | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524679.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716160315-20190716182315-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.973676 | 372 | 2.546875 | 3 |
New robotic system for surgeries
A robotic surgical system worn by hand is developed by a team of Greek and British researchers.
These extra-skeletal tools allow surgeons to make their physical subtle movements while allowing them to “feel”, “see”, control and navigate the surgical environment in the patient’s body.
This robotic medical technology, is being developed in the framework of the European SMARTsurg program, which was recently launched and will be completed by the end of 2019, with almost € 4 million of funding from the EU through Horizon 2020.
The program is co-ordinated by the Bristol Robotics Lab, jointly created by the University of West England and the University of Bristol. The robotic tool is based on a plan of the Greek Robotics Engineer Antonia Tzimanaki of the same workshop.
The Hellenic Center for Research and Technological Development (CERTH) and the Private Medical Center for Orthopedic Surgery for Sports Injuries and Rehabilitation (TheMIS) in Thessaloniki also participate in the program.
Robotic systems of this kind are designed to assist surgeons to improve their performance in urological, cardiovascular and orthopedic procedures, and in the future they can be used in more complex surgeries.
The extra-skeletal tool fits into the doctor’s hand and enters the patient’s body. It has a feel of touch on its robotic fingers, allowing the surgeon to “feel” the tissues and organs, as in a traditional surgery.
The tool will be combined with “smart” glasses (the French company Optinvent) that will be worn by surgeons and with which they will have a realistic live body image as they use the robotic hand-tool. | <urn:uuid:5761821b-aff9-4be6-b0e1-f4dcb8d88083> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://theowl.press/2019/04/16/new-robotic-system-for-surgeries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703536556.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123063713-20210123093713-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.954486 | 364 | 2.78125 | 3 |
A new study has found that women have a poorer quality of life after a stroke than men.
The US research, published in Neurology, assessed the mental and physical health of 1,370 patients three months and a year after a stroke.
Women had more depression and anxiety, pain and discomfort, and more restricted mobility.
The study also says more people survive a stroke now than 10 years ago because of improved treatment and prevention.
The researchers at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, North Carolina, looked at patients who had had a stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA), also known as a mini-stroke.
Quality of life is calculated using a formula that assesses mobility, self-care, everyday activities, depression/anxiety and pain.
At three months, women were more likely than men to report problems with mobility, pain and discomfort, anxiety and depression, but the difference was greatest in those aged over 75.
After a year, women still had lower quality-of-life scores overall than men but the difference between them was smaller.
Prof. Cheryl Bushnell, who led the study, said: “We found that women had a worse quality of life than men up to 12 months following a stroke.”
She said mood, ability to move about, and having pain or discomfort may contribute to the poorer quality of life for women.
Prof. Cheryl Bushnell suggested that women may have less muscle mass than men before their strokes, making it harder to recover.
She added: “As more people survive strokes, physicians and other healthcare providers should pay attention to quality-of-life issues and work to develop better interventions, even gender-specific screening tools, to improve these patients’ lives.” | <urn:uuid:c0962104-74a4-40e3-b97e-233668b066a1> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://bellenews.com/2014/02/10/health/women-have-a-worse-quality-of-life-than-men-following-a-stroke/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039508673.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421035139-20210421065139-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.975664 | 358 | 2.859375 | 3 |
America has a long and storied history of iconic figures who shape how we imagine our cultural past. Perhaps most notable are the hillbillies of Appalachia and the cowboys of the American Southwest during the period when our country expanded westward. While their differences are obvious and recognizable, they pale in comparison to their similarities which have roots stretching back centuries.
The First Hillbillies
Before our great nation was born, the Appalachian Mountains were being settled by Protestants from the province of Ulster in Ireland. Beginning in the 1730’s, settlers originally from lowland Scotland and England made their way to Ulster before crossing the Atlantic. They soon would become known as the Scots-Irish and over the following decades, established roots from Appalachia to the Rocky Mountains.
The origin of the term “hillbilly” has been debated by scholars who believe it is derived from Scottish dialect. The Scottish referred to “hill-folk” as individuals who lived among the hills while “billie” referenced those who followed King William III. It is thought the terms were combined into “hillbilly” by a radical faction named the Cameronians.
The First Cowboys
Almost one hundred years later, the American cowboy we think of today would appear. Westward expansion brought American settlers to Texas in 1821, many of whom were the descendants of the Protestant immigrants turned hillbilly years earlier. Expansive swaths of land and the promise of good fortune awaited them.
For the twenty-five years prior to the Mexican American war, the settlers would encounter Spanish ranch owners known as hacendados. English and hillbilly culture began to meld with Spanish traditions. As their lifestyles merged, a future American icon would emerge – the cowboy.
A Shared Spirit
As the world develops around them, hillbillies and cowboys continue to retain their independent spirit. For many, each represents freedom, individuality, and closeness to nature. And while both are most at home far from the constraints of urbanization, hillbillies and cowboys can be found nearly anywhere within our great country and beyond. | <urn:uuid:8e7e4180-eefe-406d-8980-2079d51f0476> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://hillbillylove.com/blogs/news/hillbilly-roots-cowboy-cool | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703499999.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116014637-20210116044637-00744.warc.gz | en | 0.968382 | 434 | 3.75 | 4 |
Bioengineering Team’s ‘Circuit’ Work May Benefit Gene Therapy
From left: Dr. Leonidas Bleris, associate professor of bioengineering, and Tyler Quarton, bioengineering graduate student, said they hope their work has a big impact on synthetic biology and gene therapy.
Researchers at The University of Texas at Dallas have designed genetic “circuits” out of living cellular material in order to gain a better understanding of how proteins function, with the goal of making improvements.
Tyler Quarton, a bioengineering graduate student, and Dr. Leonidas Bleris, associate professor of bioengineering in the Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, said they hope their work, published in Systems Biology and Applications, has a big impact on synthetic biology and gene therapy.
The Genetic Symphony
Every living cell contains a compilation of genes, which serves as the blueprint for all the biological activity within a cell. Bleris explains this system by comparing genes to musicians. Their collective expression creates a genetic symphony that can invoke a multitude of cellular emotions, calming or exciting the cell when appropriate. Stretching this analogy, the conductor of this symphony, equipped with a waving baton, can quiet an individual or whole section if they begin to play too loudly.
In the genetic context, consider this hushing gesture as the expression of small non-coding RNA molecules called microRNA. They are responsible for the fine-tuning of gene expression — which results in an output such as a protein — through repression. MicroRNA are integral components of a cell’s development and homeostasis. MicroRNA that misfire can contribute to progression of various diseases, including cancer.
Quarton and Bleris engineered a custom microRNA-based system by stitching together pieces of genetic material taken from a variety of living organisms, including humans, viruses and jellyfish. Their plan was to place this system inside human cells and use its output to analyze the nuanced behavior of microRNA.
“We built genetic circuits that operate in individual cells that are able to detail how microRNA repression changes in different biological contexts,” Quarton said.
Quarton said he hopes their research influences future designs of genetic circuits that will be used in personalized medicine and gene therapy. Gene therapy involves transplanting normally functioning genes into cells to replace missing or damaged material in order to correct genetic disorders.
“Synthetic biology is important for gene therapy applications, and our methodology may assist in building more robust and reliable therapeutics in the future.”
Quarton’s background is in physics. He used mathematics and statistics to create simple models that other scientists could use as they develop their own systems.
“These models can help other researchers trying to understand or use microRNAs,” he said. “By using principles of math and physics in synthetic biology, we uncovered specific properties of microRNA that can be used in future applications for targeted and smart therapeutics.”
He also said that this research could shed light on natural genetic redundancies and other diseases where microRNA are not at physiological levels.
“Synthetic biology is important for gene therapy applications, and our methodology may assist in building more robust and reliable therapeutics in the future,” Bleris said.
The study was funded by the National Science Foundation.
Other UT Dallas researchers involved in the work were Kristina Ehrhardt, bioengineering PhD student; James Lee, biotechnology graduate student; Srijaa Kannan, neuroscience senior; Dr. Yi Li, research faculty in bioengineering; and Dr. Lan Ma, assistant professor in bioengineering.
Media Contact: The Office of Media Relations, UT Dallas, (972) 883-2155, [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:c122bd7b-993d-493a-8ec5-63cd551478f1> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://utdallas.edu/news/science-technology/bioengineering-teams-circuit-work-may-benefit-gene/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740733.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815065105-20200815095105-00534.warc.gz | en | 0.919314 | 781 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Topic: Natural Gas
Friday, September 7, 2012
Natural gas generates 31% of Virginia’s energy. Whether it’s powering your house or is the butt of schoolyard jokes – this finite resource is a major player in energy consumption.
Topics Covered: Question Power, Natural, gas, Natural Gas, Watt, power, energy, Measuring Energy, Global, Watt Wall, RVA, resources, Data, stem, science, technology, engineering, Math, Mathematics, Physical Science, chemistry, Force, Motion, Earth Resources, Earth Patterns, Cycles, Changes, numbers, future, green, eco, renewable, Money, Planning, Accounting, fuel, Population | <urn:uuid:a726a84c-fb57-442b-8c6a-194cff969dd2> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://smv.org/explore/natural-gas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064019.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00198-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.808143 | 142 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Since 2010 the Government’s stated aim is that services should be digital by default. However, according to Ofcom (2022) 8 million households in the UK struggle to afford communication services (devices and infrastructure associated with being digitally online).
This lack of access can accentuate hardship, especially when money-saving initiatives are often only available online. For example, in Brighton & Hove, it costs 10% more to purchase an adult saver bus ticket using cash, compared to via a mobile app. When the ‘poor pay more’ because of their digital exclusion, a cycle of disadvantage can ensue.
In our recent discussion about “Digital levelling up in Sussex” (part of the Digit Debates series), the very real repercussions of this digital divide were presented, based on our research and experiences of working with those in digital poverty. What is especially salient from our work is the extent to which digital disadvantages start from a very young age. The popular idea of young people as ‘digital natives’, at ease in the online world with the digital skills needed to access the jobs of the future, contrasts with the reality of digital poverty that many face.
Digital poverty and access to learning
Emma (discussing research undertaken at Brighton and Hove’s Citizens Advice Bureau), passionately conveyed how digital poverty is curtailing learning and access to opportunities for children at school. About 43% of children in the East Brighton ward are living in poverty. When households are struggling to pay their utility bills, cannot afford wi-fi, and seldom have access to digital tools and devices (smartphones, laptops), this has significant repercussions for young people.
Increasingly, schools set homework on creaky learning platforms that children in poverty may only be able to access via their parents’ phones, and that’s if the phones have been ‘charged’, and/or have enough download allowance. Even if children can go online to retrieve homework, learning platforms are often difficult to navigate, and homework can require online (rather than downloadable) action. This again means that some children will be unable to complete work at home.
There are some school subjects that may be especially problematic. For example, art and graphics subjects may require students to spend more time online using artistic packages, and/or may require students to do a lot of printing when submitting work. Without secure wi-fi, access to apps, sufficient download allowances, or access to printers and ink (and the electricity required to service all of this), children in hardship may again miss out.
Lack of access, lack of outcome
When children’s learning is being obstructed by the reliance of ever-stretched schools and teachers utilising online services, educational outcomes will suffer. This puts these children on a path to being further excluded in society. Unable to complete homework, and unable to access communications and opportunities provided by the school, children may be labelled early on as lacking motivation and may miss out on important learning. This was especially evident in lockdown, but with digital schooling becoming the norm, the trend shows worrying signs of escalating. In 2022, only 37% of children from the most impoverished areas of Brighton & Hove left school with basic grades in English and Maths
So, what can educational establishments do?
In today’s cost-of-living crisis, Emma pointed to a number of ways that educational providers (schools, colleges and universities) can help. For example, providing free wi-fi access to children and young people throughout the day, providing equipment loans (devices), and access to charging and plug-points are all good starts. Giving children access to printers and providing offline options for completing homework or receiving school communications, are also recommended.
A participant in Becky’s research noted: “I see the irony of a hugely wired-up institutions be it Universities or the Councils – these buildings that can be literally across the road from the pathetic community centre that is saying ‘oh can we have a few more computers so the kids who don’t have computers at home on this estate can do their homework?’. How on earth can we do better with the vast resources that there are Universities cheek by jowl with people who need that tech assistance and use of kit, that use of broadband.”
Digital access and digital choice
Being ‘forced’ to join a digital world comes at financial, psychological and sociological cost to people with limited means. Research as part of the Euroship project highlights, for example, the impact of increasingly digitalised social protection systems and public services. With ‘privileged insiders’ often dictating the terms and need to be online, for many people (including people in hardship) being excluded from full and carefree online access only serves to amplify and exacerbate inequality.
Our research suggests that going ‘back-to-school’ is a first and vital step towards tangibly progressing a levelling up agenda, and offering the digitally impoverished a genuine right, and choice, to be included. | <urn:uuid:8510b0e2-fb09-469e-b2b4-9e102c2b7eef> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://digit-research.org/blog_article/digital-levelling-up-starting-early-to-tackle-digital-poverty/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00857.warc.gz | en | 0.952107 | 1,039 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Agriculture is not only a major contributor to Australia’s wealth but also a vital source of employment in rural and regional Australia.
Future employment will be impacted by a diverse host of factors ranging from the rise of digital technologies, climate change to demographic and social change and the agricultural industry is not immune from this changing workplace environment.
The industry faces many mega trends surrounding the changing nature of agricultural work. These include:
- Australian agriculture has entered the digital revolution with new technologies holding the potential to move farm production to new levels of sustainability and profitability.
- Climate change brings increased volatility and the need to do more with less resources.
- Societal demographics are shifting with an ageing workforce, and this is compounded by population decreases in areas of rural Australia. | <urn:uuid:ae71a972-2f70-4785-8d49-5119d54486b3> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://usq.edu.au/research/agriculture-agribusiness/leading-cotton-growers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141706569.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20201202083021-20201202113021-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.924825 | 155 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Throughout their time at Whittier, students are exposed to a wide variety of children’s literature and non-fiction writing. Reading comprehension and higher-level thinking are built into all subjects at each grade level. We are dedicated to ensuring that students master their reading and writing skills. A Literacy Specialist is available four days a week to provide targeted support to students who need an extra boost in reading and writing.
Whittier employs the Reader's and Writer's Workshop approach to literacy instruction. Much of this work has been developed and formalized through the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project at Columbia University. A critical component of the Reader's and Writer's Workshop approach is providing students with the time they need to be successful readers and writers. Regular assessments are also important, allowing teachers to develop an understanding of student progress. As students become more proficient in the use of literacy and language, teachers are able to adjust their strategies to meet changing student needs.
The Reader's Workshop begins with student assessment to determine the appropriate level of text complexity for each child. Whittier uses the Fountas & Pinnell benchmark assessments to determine a student’s reading level. Students are provided ready access to level-appropriate books in their classroom, and are given time daily to read and practice reading and comprehension strategies independently.
Thanks to a generous gift from the PTA in early 2017, we have provided each classroom with its own F&P assessment kit, so teachers no longer need to share sets and coordinate testing. This makes it easier for teachers to assess their students whenever they want (at least three times a year), to track growth and adjust reading goals.
Instruction blends whole-group, small needs-based groups, and individual conferring to guide readers through the application of decoding skills and five basic comprehension strategies:
- determining what is important;
- drawing inferences;
- using prior knowledge;
- asking questions; and
- creating mental images.
The Reader's Workshop format gives students tools for selecting and comprehending literature and encourages them to explore different genres, authors, and texts. The program emphasizes the interaction between readers and text. Students learn to make connections with prior knowledge and previously-read texts, and ask clarifying questions when they recognize faulty comprehension.
In the Writer's Workshop, students are exposed to a variety of writing styles (e.g., narrative, expository, persuasive, creative, and fiction), and learn to incorporate the 6 traits of writing:
- word choice; and
Students are invited to live, work, and learn as writers; to observe their lives and the world around them as inspiration for their writing. Students receive direct instruction in mini-lessons—the teacher models a writing strategy and students follow up by practicing the strategy independently. They confer with their teacher and collaborate with other students to revise, edit, publish, and celebrate their work. | <urn:uuid:ab6dcd20-1c38-47f7-ac53-cc28f3352825> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://whittieres.seattleschools.org/academics/academic_curriculum/literacy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170993.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00307-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948359 | 588 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Scaphoid sentence example
- U, ulna; R, radius; c, cuneiform; 1, lunar; s, scaphoid; u, unciform; m, magnum; td, trapezoid; tm, trapezium.
- In none of the existing, and in but few of the extinct types, are collar-bones, or clavicles, developed; and the scaphoid and lunar bones of the carpus are separate.
- On the other hand in the Diplarthra, the tcl group to which the vast majority of modern Ungulates A i n belong, the second or lower row has been shifted altogether towards the inner side of the limb, so that the magnum is brought considerably into relation with the scaphoid, and is entirely removed from the cuneiform, as in most existing mammals.
- The os magnum 1, lunar; sc, scaphoid; u, unciform; of the carpus articulates freely m, magnum; td, trapezoid; tm, with the scaphoid.
- The humerus often has a foramen (entepicondylar) on the inner side of its lower end; the tibia and fibula may be separate or united; but the scaphoid and lunar of the carpus are also united, while the centrale is free.Advertisement
- In the carpus the scaphoid and lunar bones are united.
- In the carpus the scaphoid and lunar are welded, but the centrale remains distinct.
- In the Bathyergoidea the scaphoid and lunar of the carpus are separate, the tibia and fibula united and the clavicles normal.
- The tibia and fibula are separate, but the scaphoid and lunar are united, and the clavicles are generally incomplete.
- The three bones of the first row of the carpus (scaphoid, lunar and cuneiform) are subequal in size.Advertisement
- Scaphoid fractures may not be evident on the initial radiograph, get scaphoid fractures may not be evident on the initial radiograph, get scaphoid views.
- Scaphoid fractures may not be evident on the initial radiograph, get scaphoid views.
- A second guide-wire is placed next to the first wire and at the base of the proximal scaphoid pole.
- News Snippets Philippa Gammell has recently been diagnosed with a broken right wrist scaphoid bone, the original injury having occurred in April 2002.
- This came at a cost tho, as we lost our battling Frenchman Sebastien Tresarrieu to a scaphoid injury.Advertisement
- With use of imaging, the trailing end of the wire is located and is withdrawn until its end reaches the distal scaphoid cortex.
- The difference between the trailing ends of both wires shown in the photograph on the left is the scaphoid length. | <urn:uuid:ea775454-6623-4c4b-a8a1-bb03d12dedc4> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://sentence.yourdictionary.com/scaphoid | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587719.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025154225-20211025184225-00697.warc.gz | en | 0.879532 | 631 | 2.890625 | 3 |
by Jean Enriquez, Manila, Philippines, April 2003
First, let me thank the Netherlands Embassy for allowing me the honor of sharing with you our information and analyses on this very important issue of human rights, particularly that of women and children.
Discussion on this takes an interesting turn as the Philippine Senate passed on third reading the proposed anti-trafficking bill, on March 19, 2003. It has been more or less 8 years since the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women started working on the draft bill with legislators and other advocates, particularly in the Lower House. To us, it showed a historical lack of appreciation of women’s human rights in general, and the urgency to criminalize trafficking in women and children, in particular.
Let me first define trafficking in persons. The UN Protocol on to Prevent, Suppress and punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children defines trafficking as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.
In the Philippines, there remains a lack of national baseline information on the trafficking of Filipino women and children. Several factors that contribute to the dearth of data on the issue are: the underground nature of trafficking; the stigma placed on victims of sexual exploitation; the absence of a law on trafficking that defines the acts; the lack of a name for the problem in the community level and awareness of acts of trafficking as violations of human rights, thus the low rate of reporting; and the same lack of awareness among many government agencies and NGOs, thus the few interventions and documentation of cases.
However, victims and the media report sporadically on cases of trafficking. There are also qualitative studies on cases. The testimonies are alarming in that each victim talk of about 50 to 100 more victims that were exploited along with her in Malaysia, Korea, Japan and countries in Europe and the US. The forms of trafficking also range from the trafficking in the guise of employment, the bride trade, trafficking to sexual exploitation, particularly prostitution and pornography, trafficking of children to armed conflict and others.
Trafficking of women and children happens within and across borders.
The context of trafficking in the Philippines, similar to many countries in the South, is poverty. As the country struggles amid globalization efforts, Filipinos migrate in thousands daily, 72% of those going overseas being women. Women particularly bear the pressure of finding alternatives for their families’ survival. Thus, migration for work – to the cities or overseas – is an option for the desperate – “kapit sa patalim”. Then, as migration continues to be exploited by many sectors, especially recruitment agencies, it becomes the easiest channel for trafficking women and children.
In our studies, we are shocked by the high rate of internal or domestic trafficking, where most victims come from the rural areas and are brought to the cities of the country. The women and children are promised jobs as domestic helpers or salesladies, yet brought to brothels or bars.
In Cebu, Brgy. Camagayan is one of the red light districts within Cebu where almost 90% of the women and children (bars and streets) were trafficked. A large portion of these women came from the different provinces of Mindanao (Cagayan de Oro, General Santos, and Davao) and some came from Pampanga, Bulacan and other provinces within Luzon region. Davao City, Angeles City, Olongapo City, La Union and Baguio City are also destination spots.
The victims are as young as 14 years old, have not finished high school and come from poor families. Many are also victims of abuse early in their lives. The recruiters pay the parents an amount of P2,000. Afterwards, the parents don’t hear of their children anymore.
In January 2002 alone, during the height of the US troops’ “Balikatan” exercises, 35 cases of trafficking in women and children from Davao to Zamboanga were recorded by Talikala, Inc. Their ages range from 15 years old to early 20s. According to the victims, the recruiters went to the places where they (children and street freelancers) could usually be found, telling them that there were customers awaiting them in Zamboanga and that they would be paid in dollars.
In Datu Odin Sinsuat however, there are about 10 videokebars that basically cater to the members of the Philippine Army in Camp Siongco, the marines in Matanog and to the Philippine National Police in Parang. In these bars, there are about 50 women and children from such towns as Marbel, Itulan, Pagadian etc. Some of these children had been prostituted in the streets of Cotabato City and had been sent back to their hometowns by the local government, but could now be found in the bars in Datu Odin Sinsuat.
On crossborder trafficking, the profile of victims are the same: they are young, mostly single, did not finish high school, and come from very poor familes where they are expected to help earn.
Trafficking from Zamboanga del Sur to Malaysia is rampant. Mondays and Wednesdays, 4:00 p.m. is the regular trip for the boat going to Sandakan, Malaysia. “Backdoor trafficking” phenomenon is most prevalent in Bungao, Tawi-tawi. Leaving the country by means of the “backdoor route” is so possible because in Bungao there are available speedboats that will not require any documents and boat ride will only take you 4 hours unlike in Zamboanga where legal documents such as passport are required and the trip usually last for about 16 to 18 hours.
Among the countries where Filipino women and children are abused and prostituted are Hong Kong, Malaysia, Japan, Korea, Nigeria, Cyprus, Greece, Germany, Italy, the US and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands.
Filipino women are also found in the bars of Saipan, but according to a recent study conducted by CATW, some had been abused in prostitution. Entry before 2001 had been easy in spite of the fact that the women only held tourist visas as recruiters from the Philippines had contacts in said US territory that arrange working permits and await the women at the airport. The women are then taken to the clubs and videoke bars as strippers and entertainers.
Majority of the women prostituted in the streets of Hong Kong are locals, Thai and women from Mainland China. Nightclubs are mostly consist of about 70% Filipina and 30%Thai who have entertainer visas for six months. Majority of the women did not realize that they would have to offer escort service when they came to work in the bars of Hong Kong for the first time. While it was not compulsory for the women to engage in escort service, without it they would not be able to pay back the fees they owed agencies that brought them to Hong Kong which amount to HK$20,000 or US$2,565.00. However, some women claimed that in case they refuse to do escort service they would be sent back to their agents. This would mean that the women would either have to pay the unserved portion of their contracts or they would not be allowed to sign another contract to work abroad (Action for REACH OUT, 2001).
Japan has the largest sex market for Asian women with over 150.000 non-Japanese women involved, mainly from the Philippines and Thailand (IOM, 1997). Slightly over half of the female migrants in Japan are Filipino; 40 percent are Thais and the rest are from Thailand, Korea, Columbia and other. It is estimated that foreign women’s earnings in the sex industry account for one to three percent of Japan’s GNP, which equals the military budget.
In a study conducted in 1997 on 2,502 Japanese respondents on why men buy women, the most common reasons given were because they were encouraged by friends or acquaintances (50%), followed by curiosity (46%), psychological needs (29%) and not having a partner (20%). However, information regarding prostitution was obtained not only through word-of –mouth, porn videos and pornographic materials but also from weekly magazines and sports newspapers. The majority of women with whom the Japanese respondents had had sex with were from the Philippines, Korea, Thailand, Taiwan, China, Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, the United States, France, Spain and the Netherlands (“Why Do Men Buy Women in Prostitution? Research Project on Men and Prostitution in Japan”, Making the Harm Visible, CATW, 1999)
In Korea, the economic crisis in 1997 led to further feminization of migrant labor, and there has been an expansion of the number of women who have entered the sex industry in Korea. Foreign entertainers have been chiefly recruited by agencies. The number of agencies increased from 27 in 1998 to 48 in 1999. Most of the women come from the Philippines and Central Asia. There are 4,726 foreigners with entertainer visas working in the clubs around US military bases such as Tongduchon as well as entertainment venues in Seoul. However, KCWU estimates that prostituted Filipinas number around 5,000 at any given time in the camptowns around 99 military bases and installations in Korea.
The women in the bars are supposed to drink more than 200 glasses of juice per month. As it is impossible to do this, they have to “sell tickets” (barfine) to make up for the shortage in their quota. Each “ticket” sold corresponds to a number of juice or lady’s drink. In either case, the women are given only 30% of the drinks and/or 30% of the barfine. If the drinks or tickets fall below the 200 quota, the women receive severe verbal abuse or sometimes beaten or even sold to another club. The women are closely watched and sometimes even forbidden to go out. Their passports are often confiscated and held by the club owners. The foreign women do not want to go out on barfines, particularly with Korean men as they brutally abuse the women (Chu, Soo-ja, The Reality of Immigrant Prostituted Women in South Korea, Saewoomtuh, 2001).
Websites such as Filipinobeauties.com sell not just Filipino but Chinese women as well on the Internet. The charge of 14.95 pounds for a 30-day membership allows access to the name, postal address and full description of the women. Big Apple Oriental Tours in New York advertise the Philippines as a sex tourist spot and organize sex tours for American men to Angeles City (Big Apple Oriental Tours Information and Sign-up Sheet).
Routes of trafficking in the region show that the women and children come mostly from countries in the South, such as the Philippines, and are brought to countries in the North. This is an illustration of the economic power of men in developed countries, as well as their concept of women and children in the South.
However, underdeveloped countries the Philippines are also destination countries. A common variable therefore, is the existence of a demand side, where men expect to be given sexual services and where businesses and other establishments capitalize on the vulnerability brought about by poverty and gender inequality.
Forms of trafficking that can be gleaned from the various national data in Asia are the bride trade, sex tourism, military prostitution, and trafficking in the guise of overseas employment or adoption.
While the victim is the one often seen in trafficking, there are several actors, who exploit that have to be named – recruiter, pimp, conniving airport officials, immigration officials, establishment owner in destination countries, buyers, governments that consider overseas migration as primary employment strategy, and governments that earn from the sex industry.
The above trends also show that:
- Trafficking happens mainly in conjunction with prostitution.
- The ‘consent’ of the victim is immaterial. And this is affirmed by the UN Protocol on Trafficking.
- Gender inequality, racism and impoverishment of women are the core of the trafficking phenomenon.
- There are conscious actors in trafficking, as named, that should be held accountable for it as a crime.
Trafficking is a violation of the following fundamental rights:
- Right to liberty and security of person;
- Right not to be subjected from cruel , inhuman and degrading treatment;
- Right to freedom of movement;
- Right to freedom from discrimination;
- Right to the highest standard attainable of physical and mental health;
- Right to equal protection under the law;
- Right to sexual integrity and autonomy;
Following are the acts of trafficking as embodied in the proposed law:
- To recruit a person for purposes of prostitution or forced labor and slavery-like practices, under any pretext of lawful domestic or overseas employment;
- To offer or contract marriage with women and minors for purposes of offering, selling, or trading him or her to engage in prostitution, or to subject him or her to forced labor or slavery-like practices;
- To introduce or match for a fee, profit, or any other material or economic consideration, any Filipino woman to a foreign national for marriage under a mail-order-bride scheme as provided under Republic Act No. 6955, otherwise known as the “Mail-Order-Bride Law”, for prostitution or forced labor or slavery-like practices, making the preceding as aggravating circumstance, thereby making it punishable under this Act;
- To entice, encourage, or persuade a person by fraud or by deceit, coercion, intimidation, or by abuse of any position of confidence or authority, or having legal charge, including use of parental, sibling, and other authority by family relationship, to engage in prostitution or forced labor and slavery-like practices;
- To maintain or hire a person to engage in prostitution under the pretext of tours and travel plans to the Philippines;
- To recruit persons especially women and minors to engage in prostitution with military forces;
- To recruit through fraud, coercion, violence or deception a child, aged 15 years and below, to engage in armed activities here and abroad;
- To adopt or facilitate the adoption of Filipino minor pursuant to Republic Act No. 8043, otherwise known as the “Inter-Country Adoption Act of 1995”, or employ other similar practices for purposes of forced labor and slavery-like practices or prostitution;
- To send persons abroad under the guise of training or apprenticeship, for prostitution, forced labor or slavery-like practices;
- To produce, print and issue or distribute un-issued, tampered or fake counseling certificates, registration stickers and certificates of any government agency which issues these certificates and stickers as proof of compliance with government regulatory and pre-departure requirements;
- To advertise, publish, print or distribute or cause the advertisement, publication, printing, broadcasting or distribution of any brochure, flyer or any propaganda material, including through information technology, like the internet, that promotes trafficking in persons through marriage or other similar relationships with foreign nationals;
- To facilitate, assist and help in the exit and entry from or to the country at airports and seaports, of persons who are in possession of un-issued, tampered or fake travel documents;
- To confiscate the passport, travel documents and other personal documents of victims of trafficking to prevent them from leaving the country or seeking redress from the government or appropriate agencies.
Recommendations in the local level:
- Lobby for the passage of the anti-trafficking bill.
- Passage of a local ordinance adopting the framework of the proposed anti-trafficking law.
- Operationalization of a Bantay-Recruiter/Bugaw Mechanism
- Inter-agency network that includes NGOs and survivors representatives
- Education in local communities on how to spot a “bugaw”, illegal recruiter or trafficker
- Institutionalization of services by agencies that are responsive to reports on illegal recruitment and trafficking, and are also accessible to the communities.
- Addressing the demand side
- Providing alternatives to survivors | <urn:uuid:bcb43c50-67b7-41ff-a68a-ef61999372f2> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://catwap.wordpress.com/resources/speeches-papers/trafficking-of-women-and-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647498.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320150533-20180320170533-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.954112 | 3,396 | 2.609375 | 3 |
1. What is nuclear physics?
Nuclear physics is the study of atomic nuclei and their energy.
2. Why is the neutron important to nuclear physics?
Most nuclei are strongly positively charged and repel attacking particles. Since the neutron has no atomic charge, it passes through the nucleus' surrounding electrical barrier and opens the atomic nucleus for examination.
3. When Szilard enrolls in the University of Berlin, the physics faculty includes three Nobel Laureates in physics. Who are two of these three and what is one scientific discovery they are famous for?
Two of the three Novel laureates at the University of Berlin are Albert Einstein and Max Planck. Einstein is known for his theory of relativity and Planck discovers a universal constant. (The third is Max von Laue who founds the science of X-ray crystallography.)
4. What is a cyclotron, who patents it, and who produces the first working model?
The cyclotron is a device for accelerating nuclear particles in a circular magnetic field. Szilard patents it, but Ernest Lawrence produces a working model.
This section contains 2,623 words
(approx. 9 pages at 300 words per page) | <urn:uuid:dc9f9a63-725e-4689-bea1-d040dde2f9c1> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/makingatomicbomb/shortessaykey.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589172.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716021858-20180716041858-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.909983 | 248 | 3.71875 | 4 |
By Mike Wall, Space.com
A near-Earth asteroid that will be visited by a NASA spacecraft in 2018 now has a more approachable name — "Bennu" — thanks to a North Carolina third-grader.
Nine-year-old Michael Puzio's suggestion beat out more than 8,000 other entries in an international student contest that sought to rename potentially dangerous asteroid (101955) 1999 RQ36, which is the target of NASA's Osiris-Rex sample-return mission.
"It's great!" Puzio said when told he won the contest. "I'm the first kid I know that named part of the solar system!"[NASA's Osiris-Rex Asteroid Mission in Pictures]
Bennu (pronounced ben-oo) is an Egyptian god usually depicted as a gray heron. Puzio nominated the name because he thought Osiris-Rex's Touch-and-Go Sample Mechanism arm (TAGSAM) and solar panels looked like Bennu's neck and wings, contest officials said.
"The name 'Bennu' struck a chord with many of us right away," Bruce Betts, director of projects for the nonprofit Planetary Society and a judge in the competition, said in a statement. "While there were many great entries, the similarity between the image of the heron and the TAGSAM arm of Osiris-Rex was a clever choice."
The $800 million Osiris-Rex mission — whose name is short for Origins-Spectral Interpretation-Resource Identification-Security-Regolith Explorer — is slated to blast off in September 2016, rendezvous with the 1,840-foot-wide (560-meter-wide) Bennu in 2018 and return pieces of the space rock to Earth in 2023.
Scientists are eager to study such samples for several reasons. Asteroids are composed of primitive material left over from the formation of the solar system more than 4.5 billion years ago, for example, and they may have helped life gain a foothold on Earth by delivering water and complex, carbon-rich molecules to our planet.
"The samples of Bennu returned by Osiris-Rex will allow scientists to peer into the origin of the solar system and gain insights into the origin of life,” Jason Dworkin, an Osiris-Rex project scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., said in a statement.
Bennu is also a potentially hazardous asteroid that has a roughly 1-in-1,000 chance of hitting Earth in 2182, so a detailed study of the space rock could come in handy if humanity ever needs to deflect it or similar space rocks, researchers say.
The "Name that Asteroid!" competition launched last year. It was a partnership involving the University of Arizona, where Osiris-Rex principal investigator Dante Lauretta works; the Planetary Society; and the Lincoln Near Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) survey at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratory.
Contestants, who had to be younger than 18, submitted a name along with a short explanation for their choice. More than 8,000 students from more than 25 countries around the world participated, contest officials said.
"Bennu" will be submitted to the International Astronomical Union, which traditionally has approved official astronomical names for celestial bodies, they added.
- Asteroid Basics: A Space Rock Quiz
- How NASA's Asteroid Sample Return Mission Will Work (Infographic)
- Why Retrieve Samples From Asteroids? | Video
Copyright 2013 Space.com, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. | <urn:uuid:b865862c-10aa-4e78-bfc2-af092a8f9617> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.nbcnews.com/sciencemain/nine-year-old-boy-provides-name-osiris-rexs-target-asteroid-6C9723771 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00572.warc.gz | en | 0.917678 | 755 | 2.890625 | 3 |
- Students will analyze what immigration is and what it means to be an immigrant.
- Students will be able to explain the fundamental factors that cause immigration.
- Students will investigate the history of immigration in the United States from the colonial era to the early twentieth century.
- Students will assess the history and compare it with immigration today.
- Handout A: Family Survey
- Handout B: Background Essay: A Nation of Immigrants – A History of Immigration to 1924
- Handout C: Graphic Organizer
- Handout D: Letter from Mary Garvey, Irish Immigrant, to Her Mother, October 24, 1850
- Push factor
- Pull factor
- New wave immigrants
Distribute and assign for homework Handout A: Family Survey.
Display a large map of the world.
Have students mark with pushpins or markers on the map, where their families originated. Discuss any trends or patterns revealed by the map and the surveys.
Ask your students if their various backgrounds affect the class dynamic. Is this effect positive or negative? Why?
Activity I » 30 minutes
- Distribute Handout B: Background Essay: A Nation of Immigrants – A History of Immigration to 1924 to your students and have them read the document and answer the critical reading questions.
- Divide your class into groups of three to five. Have them fill out columns one through three on Handout C: Graphic Organizer. For each section, they should highlight what they believe motivated the immigrants of that era to migrate and what challenges they faced in doing so.
- Bring the class back together and discuss their responses on the graphic organizer.
- As a class, fill out column four, “Modern Era” and discuss how modern immigrants’ experiences are similar or different than those in the past.
Activity II » 20 minutes
- Have students read Handout D: Letter from Mary Garvey, Irish Immigrant, to Her Mother, October 24, 1850 and answer the critical thinking questions.
- As a class, discuss the responses to the critical thinking questions, tying in the themes discussed in the previous activity.
- Have your students write a letter home from their own immigrant ancestors. In the letters they should cover the same major themes that Mary Garvey touched on in her own letter.
Have your students write a short response to the following writing prompt: Why do you think tensions arise or have arisen between immigrants and natives of a nation? What challenges do you think a nation faces in welcoming immigrants? List and describe any parallels to new students arriving at your school.
Cartoon Analysis: Immigration in the Gilded Age, 1882–1896
Use this primary source imagery to analyze major events in history.
Continuity and Change: Immigration in the United States
Use this lesson toward the end of the unit with the Barack Obama, Keynote Address at the Democratic National Convention, July 27, 2004 Primary Source to discuss the idea of the "American Dream" and its impact on immigration.
Immigration in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
The late nineteenth century experienced one of the largest mass migrations in history, tens of millions of immigrants came to America from Europe, Asia, and North America. Immigrants settled in the United States primarily for economic opportunity afforded by the growing industrial economy and faced challenges upon arriving. The influx of so many immigrants changed American culture and presented unique tensions in American society, leading to a debate over immigration, citizenship, and the restriction of immigration.
Irish and German Immigration DBQ
Use this Lesson to introduce students to the push and pull factors that led to high levels of immigration from Germany and Ireland from 1830 to 1860. Facilitation Notes: This activity is designed for groups of five students. The activity works best if each student only sees their printed primary source. The students should have some background knowledge on the European industrial revolution and its impact on urban growth and immigration in the United States.This lesson targets the foundational skills of analyzing documents, grouping documents, and constructing a thesis as required of the DBQ essay on the AP exam.
Industry and Immigration in the Gilded Age
Use this Lesson with the Cartoon Analysis: Immigration in the Gilded Age, 1882–1896 Primary Source to highlight the way immigrants were regarded and treated during the Gilded Age.
Stephanie Hinnershitz: Chinese Immigration & Exclusion | BRI Scholar Talks
Tony Williams is joined by Dr. Stephanie Hinnershitz, author and assistant professor of history at Cleveland State University, as they discuss her thought-provoking essay on the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 in BRI’s new digital textbook, Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. She chronicles the social, economic, and political factors that compelled many people to immigrate to the United States from China in the late 19th century, as well as the tragic violence and xenophobia that Chinese laborers routinely suffered. How did these tensions culminate in the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, and what impact did this discriminatory law have on society?
Immigration to America | BRI’s Homework Help Series
The rise in immigration to the United States in the 1840's altered the economic, cultural, and political climate of the nation in the first half of the 19th century.
The Anti-Chinese Wall: Immigration Images in the Gilded Age | BRIdge from the Past
Have American views on immigration changed over time? In this episode, Mary walks through "The Anti-Chinese Wall" cartoon by Friedrich Graetz to understand the discriminatory reasons why many Americans objected to Chinese immigration in the late 19th century, and what they revealed about many Americans' beliefs during the time. How did the debate against Chinese immigration turn into the Chinese Exclusion Act? | <urn:uuid:083546fe-54c4-4f02-bc55-658b639b859b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://billofrightsinstitute.org/lessons/history-immigration-united-states | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571153.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810100712-20220810130712-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.927842 | 1,249 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Quantum physics is arguably the most incredibly precise and wide-ranging intellectual achievement of man (only the theory of general relativity can challenge it). As the name suggests, it is a theory of physics, that is to say that it is a theory of how matter interacts with other matter, how the state of the material universe changes in time, and how the observable properties of matter relate to its fundamental structure. It differs from other physical theories because
- It has different premises.
- It has a different formal structure.
- It has different methods of calculation.
- It agrees far better with experiment.
The development of quantum physics is happening in four stages:
- Quantum mechanics, developed from the early twentieth century, was an attempt, in response to experiment, to combine some of the principles of the quantum world-view with a Galilean conception of space and time. It is a self-consistent theory, but ultimately incorrect. It was, however, useful, in establishing many of the principles and methods of quantum physics, and led to better things.
- Relativistic quantum mechanics, developed in the 1920s and 1930s, was the first attempt to merge quantum mechanics with the hyperbolic geometry used by Einstein's in his theory of special relativity. It is not self-consistent, because it it is still built on some aspects of the philosophy of classical physics, and fails to fully embrace the quantum world-view.
- Quantum field theory is the correct way of merging the quantum principles with special relativity. It was developed from the late 1930s, reaching maturity from the 1950s to 1970s. It fully embraces the principles of quantum thought, is self consistent, and is known to describe every almost material interaction, with the status of gravity still being uncertain.
- Quantum gravity will be the merger between quantum field theory and Einstein's theory of gravity (general relativity). It is not yet known what this theory is, but we do know many of the properties it must have.
The "quantum" part of a quantum Thomist indicates that one's philosophy is inspired, in part, by quantum field theory, and is consistent with at least one currently viable model of quantum gravity.
Thomas Aquinas was a thirteenth century philosopher, best known for his clarity of thought, his commentaries and contributions to Aristotelian philosophy, and his works on philosophical theology. Starting from basic premises concerning the nature and possibility of change, he developed a self-consistent philosophical system that had profound implications for the philosophy of religion, ethics, metaphysics and natural philosophy. Natural philosophy is the branch of philosophy that provides those assumptions about nature which every scientist ought to presuppose before they can begin their studies, take any measurements, or develop any theories.
Philosophers and theologians who build on Aquinas' work are known as Thomists. Although currently greatly outnumbered by modern philosophers, who follow the principles laid down by thinkers such as Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant, Wittgenstein and others, Aquinas has maintained a small group of devoted followers who believe that the premises Aquinas accepted are (mostly) correct, and that his rivals made numerous mistakes which Aquinas avoided.
A Quantum Thomist is somebody who is knowledgeable about both quantum field theory and Thomist philosophy, and who believes that a variation of Thomism provides the best possibility for a workable philosophy of quantum physics.
Thomas Aquinas' thought is not superstition. It is a logically rigorous philosophy. That is, it starts from various premises, and reasons from them to reach various conclusions. Some of these conclusions have been used to support various aspects of Roman Catholic dogma, and his work has been incorporated into the best of Roman Catholic theology. The point is, however, that these results of his work are conclusions, carefully constructed from premises drawn from the nature of matter, and what it means for matter to be able to change.
The question we should then be asking is this: are those premises and conclusions consistent with modern science?
Most people's instinctive answer to this is "No." Why? Because they believe that medieval philosophy has been disproved by modern science. They claim that the renaissance and early modern scholars thoroughly refuted classical philosophy, and their arguments were confirmed by the emergence of modern physics. Physicists such as Galileo and Newton were inspired by a set of philosophical principles, and those principles both contradicted Aristotle's premises, led to a physical theory which agreed with experiment, while Aristotle's physics, derived from his own philosophical principles, contradicted experiment. The obvious conclusion was that a (perhaps more developed) variation of the mechanical and empirical philosophy of Galileo, Descartes and Newton was correct, and the older classical philosophy was wrong.
Most modern philosophers therefore take a cursory glance at classical philosophy, read and accept the criticisms of it from the renaissance and early modern periods, and consequently move onto other things. Most people who aren't philosophers don't even look at classical philosophy, but just absorb the view of their teachers.
At first glance, this understanding makes superficial sense. But it is wrong.
- The renaissance philosophers in particular, but also their enlightenment successors, only had a very superficial understanding of the best of medieval philosophy. They misrepresented it, and their arguments against it consequently failed. The only good argument they had was how the then experimental consistency with mechanistic physics supported the mechanical philosophy.
- The medieval physics was based on the medieval natural philosophy and some additional assumptions. It was those additional assumptions, not the philosophy, that led to the predictions that the experiments disproved.
- Galileo and Newton's physics has been shown to be wrong. So if Aristotle's philosophy was abandoned when his physics failed, why wasn't enlightenment philosophy abandoned when its physics failed?
- Almost all of the premises behind the mechanical philosophy directly contradict the findings of quantum field theory.
- Almost all the premises of medieval philosophy are consistent with quantum field theory. The parts of physics used to challenge medieval philosophy were those very aspects overthrown by the quantum revolution.
We no longer live in the nineteenth century. The basis of nineteenth century philosophy has been overthrown. Why do people superstitiously revere the modern philosophers, when the foundations of their thought has been so completely undermined?
- One of the premises of the mechanical philosophy is that the laws of physics operate independently of God.
- This naturally leads to either deism or atheism.
- Deism is the belief that God forged the laws that govern the universe, and then sits back and lets them run.
- Atheism contains the belief that the laws of physics need no divine explanation.
- If the laws of physics operate independently of God, then as our knowledge of them is refined so that more and more of reality is demonstrated to come under their purview, there is less and less of a role for God in the universe.
- God's only remaining possible functions are to construct the laws and set the universe in motion.
- If the laws of physics are a fundamental feature of nature, and the universe has no beginning, then God plays no role, and may as well not be there.
- It is necessary that there is a first principle that starts the chain of causality, establishes the abstract structure that is a part of material substances, and which directs matter towards fulfilling certain tendencies.
- This first principle cannot be part of the material universe (or the material universe as a whole), and exhibits all the attributes of a mind. It is thus an immaterial, uncausable, mind, which we call God.
- A consequence of classical philosophy is that God is active in every aspect of the universe.
- The laws of physics are a description of how God sustains the universe (in the absence of any special circumstances).
- The laws of physics therefore inherit from God their properties of universality, constancy, simplicity, indeterminacy, applicability to everything material, and existence outside of the world of matter.
- This describes (mono-)theism.
If the mechanical philosophy is consistent with science and true, God is absent, and atheism is (ignoring the observational evidence for God) philosophically reasonable, and theism irrational.
If classical philosophy is consistent with science and true, God is ever-present, and atheism is unscientific and irrational.
And if neither philosophy is correct? What then?
- Ethics is the study of goodness, and its practical applications.
- Goodness is best defined as being fit for purpose, or having no internal barriers preventing the fulfilment of one's natural tendencies.
- One of the premises of the mechanical philosophy is that there are no intrinsic purposes or tendencies in matter. Goodness is, in this view, undefinable. There is no such thing as objective morality.
- One of the conclusions of classical philosophy is that the different kinds of being are defined by their inherent tendencies. There is therefore in this philosophy, an objective sense of goodness, and an objective morality which is discoverable through reason.
- The question is, do our values conform to objective moral fact?
- Can we be happy while rebelling against what we by nature are?
For many people, philosophical disputes seem dry, boring, abstract, speculative, and wholly divorced from their day-to-day lives. Endless debates about the details of intellectual systems which are wholly unproven to be true. There is a reason they seem like that: most philosophy is dry, boring, abstract, speculative, and detailed. But it is not irrelevant.
- We unconsciously absorb our views and values from our culture.
- Before the nineteenth century, most people in Western Europe unconsciously adopted the dominant philosophy of the time, Christian theism. And (most of them) lived their lives accordingly (to a certain extent).
- During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the mechanical philosophy started to dominate the universities.
- It spread from the philosophy department to all other areas of study, each of which tried to adopt the `scientific' viewpoint.
- In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, the mechanical philosophy and its children dominated academic culture.
- The next generation of teachers, politicians, and journalists then absorbed the philosophy, just as the physicists were starting to undermine the foundations on what had been built.
- From the 1950s and 1960s, these views started to permeate and then dominate the general population.
- Because the views are taught universally, and because in-depth philosophical study is regarded as dry and boring, people absorb the opinions of the philosophers of three generations ago without giving them careful thought.
- The dominant beliefs in our culture today, the foundations of our ideas concerning morality, politics, economics, religion, education and the nature of science, reflect philosophical fashion from thirty to sixty years ago.
- If that academic fashion was wrong, then we we also be wrong, about many things which affect us deeply. And we, and our society, will suffer on account of that. | <urn:uuid:d6719a18-49d9-4bdd-b84c-646bf244aac1> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://quantum-thomist.co.uk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107879537.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022111909-20201022141909-00624.warc.gz | en | 0.956677 | 2,246 | 3.71875 | 4 |
San Francisco 7th-graders Caleb Leung and Scully Randlett are making a bridge out of white paper and scotch tape.
“We started off with flat paper, and we rolled it up with knitting needles,” Leung explains. “It’s gonna be a full-size cantilever bridge that’s a basic replica of the top half of the Bay Bridge,” Randlett adds. (The old Bay Bridge, that is – the new one’s more complicated.)
Randlett says he’s always been interested in making things – and this program at his school is helping him get some future job experience. “You might want to get a job as an engineer, and someone wants you to build a bridge across a creek or something. You could go back to this and remember – oh yeah, the degree angles is 45 degrees for each one, besides the top two, or something like that.”
The paper bridge is one of a couple dozen exhibits at a two-day STEM Symposium in Sacramento. “STEM” stands for science, technology, engineering and math.
“So many companies are just searching for the talent, and they’re not finding it among our graduates. So we have an imperative, really to improve our interest in science – keep it alive at an early, young age – so that those students will stay the course, take the hard math classes, take the science classes they need to become those future inventors,” says State Superintendent of Public Instruction Tom Torlakson.
The event is drawing some 2,000 educators, students, business leaders and philanthropists. | <urn:uuid:51fd6eb3-df97-4148-99ce-e0d07dc5d61c> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.capradio.org/articles/2013/11/18/calif-educators,-employers-look-to-boost-stem-programs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410665301782.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914032821-00148-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953443 | 347 | 2.65625 | 3 |
- By Dana Sparks
Don't Brush Off That Feeling as a Case of the "Winter Blues"
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that's related to changes in seasons — SAD begins and ends at about the same times every year. If you're like most people with SAD, your symptoms start in the fall and continue into the winter months, sapping your energy and making you feel moody. Don't brush off that yearly feeling as simply a case of the "winter blues" or a seasonal funk that you have to tough out on your own. Take steps to keep your mood and motivation steady throughout the year. Read about symptoms, causes, risk factors and more. | <urn:uuid:2e151485-ec8e-4b2c-a01f-2ea9b2f8d6e9> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/dont-brush-off-that-feeling-as-a-case-of-the-winter-blues/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120844.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00017-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964055 | 145 | 3.203125 | 3 |
In the last couple of weeks I’ve talked a lot about carbs and how our body reacts (or doesn’t) to them depending on the time of day or more accurately how long we’ve gone without them. Today we will continue on with the trend of carbs, this time taking a look at just how big of a difference the different types of carbs really matter what it comes to body composition. Everyone knows you should only eat complex carbs and not simple carbs, right? Certainly all simple carbs are stored directly as fat. Just Google it, there is no doubt about it.
I hope you detected the sarcasm in that last statement, because I was laying it on pretty thick. To get a fair argument what we really need is research that uses similar macronutrient protocols. Meaning the study needs to be consistent, something many studies lack because they don’t control intake of other macros or don’t control how much is eaten overall. Research can get tricky like that. Luckily I was able to track down some pretty solid research that looked into just what we’re looking for.
In a study done by Saris et al. (2000) 398 moderately obese adults were assigned to either a low-fat high simple carb group, a low-fat high complex carb group or a control group. The study went for a total of 6 months and changes in body weight, body composition and blood lipids were measured. At the end of the study there was no significant difference in body weight, body composition or blood lipids between the simple carb group and complex carb group while the control group gained weight. (1)
That may be a pretty shocking result, but simple carbs vs complex carbs is a pretty loose term. One ranking often used is the glycemic index (GI) which is a ranking of carbs on a scale based on how they raise blood sugar after consumption. The lower the GI ranking the slower it is digested and absorbed thus producing a gradual rise in blood sugar and insulin levels while the higher the rating the faster it is digested and absorbed and in turn faster rises in blood sugar and insulin levels. Based on this it is generally considered best to eat mostly low GI foods and avoid high GI foods.
Research published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition in 2004 looked at the role of GI on body weight, body composition and risk factors for type 2 diabetes and ischemic heart disease in overweight healthy adults. During the 10 week study they split participants into two groups, giving them either high GI or low GI test foods. They matched total energy, energy density, dietary fiber and macronutrient composition. At the end of the study the results showed no significant difference in muscle retention or fat loss and it also didn’t affect blood pressure, heart rate, glucose and insulin metabolism or blood lipids and there was even no difference in perceived hunger between the groups. The only difference came with a higher decrease in LDL cholesterol in the low GI group. (2)
A similar study published in the International Journal of Obesity investigated if a diet with a reduced GI had effects on appetite, energy intake, body weight and body composition in overweight and obese women. This crossover study had two consecutive 12 week periods in which low GI foods were replaced with high GI foods, matching macronutrient composition, fiber content and energy density. Once again there was no difference in energy intake, body weight or body composition nor was there a difference in ratings of perceived hunger or fullness. (3)
One thing we don’t know is the exact foods participants were eating in this or how big of a difference there really was in the GI ratings of the foods, but either way it shows it’s entirely possible to change body composition in a similar matter without overly stressing about simple or complex carbs. I’m not suggesting GI values mean nothing, but I am questioning the increased awareness that seems to be out there to completely avoid all high GI foods in your diet.
The other thing that comes to mind is if it matters what your starting point is when trying to change body composition. In a meta-analysis looking at the relations between GI properties and health outcomes it was noted that a diet higher in low GI foods are better for you if you start off unhealthy, but in those who are already healthy there appears to be little to no effect. Therefor those of us who have been into health and fitness for a longer period of time and are already healthy may be able to get away with more high GI foods without adverse effects. (4)
Okay by now I think you get my point. There seems to be good support to show that perhaps high GI / low GI or simple carbs vs complex carbs don’t make a big difference as long as you hit the numbers required for your diet. Now don’t think you can just run out and eat anything you want without any negative consequences. While I’m not saying sugar is a good thing and to eat a lot of, I am saying you can probably eat more sugar than you may think without it hurting your progress. I’m also not suggesting you eat mostly simple carbs, but I am a proponent of not excluding them from your diet and incorporating a more flexible sustainable long-term diet, something we will be talking about in the coming weeks. There is one thing that really stuck out to me about all these studies that may explain why there was no difference in results. That key factor is what we will be talking about next week when we return.
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British Columbia, Crown Land Pre-emption Registers (FamilySearch Historical Records)Edit This Page
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|This article describes a collection of historical records available at FamilySearch.org.|
Access the records: British Columbia, Crown Land Pre-emption Registers, 1860-1971 .
|You can browse through images in this collection by visiting the browse page for British Columbia, Crown Land Pre-emption Registers, 1860-1971.|
These records include registers of pre-emptions, or purchased land that has not been fully surveyed. The registers summarize the information from the pre-emption certificates. The pre-emptions are listed in numerical order, with an alphabetical index at the back of each volume.
Many people in Canada owned land and thus a very high percentage of the population is named in land records. The availability of land attracted many immigrants to Canada and encouraged westward expansion.
Land ownership was generally recorded in an area as soon as settlers began to arrive. These were often the first records available in an area.
The registers include land petitions, fiats and warrants, land grants and patents, and deeds. The federal homestead era in the Prairie Provinces lasted almost 60 years (1872 to 1930). Homestead record files cover all those years.
The British Columbia Archives has a research guide about the pre-emption process used in Canada.
Land Records may contain the following information:
- Name and age of landowner
- Name of spouse
- Names of children, heirs, relatives, and neighbors.
- Place where landowner lived previously.
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Cânakya Pandita: the brâhmin counselor of king Candragupta. Possibly another Candragupta than the one responsible for checking Alexander the Great's invasion of India in the fourth century B.C. Famous for his books about politics and morality (see 12.1: 12).
Câranas: (from carana, 'the feet of') the venerable ones, the ones belonging to a certain vedic school and read the same scripture, the ones of good and moral conduct, those wandering around as singers and actors, those of observance dealing and managing. Also celestial singers or those pasturing and tending.
Cârvâka Muni: the originator of hedonistic philosophy.
Câtuh-hotra: of the four types of sacrifice, see r i t v i k.
Câturmâsya: vow of austerity for a certain period (of about half of July to half of November) of four months within one year during the rainy season in India. For that period one is advised to keep to special vows for personal purification.
- Name for the beginning of a season of four months; or the name for the three sacrifices of vais'vadevam, varuna-praghâsâh and sâkam-edhâh performed at the beginning of the three seasons of four months.
Caitanya: (life force) name of the incarnation of K r i s h n a as K r i s h n a - b h a k ta in 1486 in Navadvîpa, West Bengal. Also named M a h â p r a b h u K r i s h n a - C a i t a n y a and G a u r a n g a. Spoken as: Tsjétanja.
- An a v a t â r a who ± 500 years ago in India appeared to teach mankind the yuga-dharma (the method of realization valid for a certain era or y u g a) of our time, knowing the chanting of the holy names of God, to fight the corrupting influence of k a l i - y u g a. Although He was K r i s h n a Himself, did he play the role of K r i s h n a's devotee, to show us how to awaken our love for Him.
- Reformer of the vedic culture to fight the false authority of dry book wisdom and the caste-system. In de West positioned against impersonalism and voidism.
- The incarnation of the Lord who descended into this world to teach by means of the s a n k î r t a n a - movement how to love God.
Caitanya-caritâmrita: the book of K r i s h n a d â s a K a v i r â j a G o s w â m î about the life and teachings of Lord C a i t a n y a, the Lord of Vedic Reform. The 'New Testament' of the C a i t a n y a - v a i s h n a v a written in the sixteenth century.
Caitanya-vaishnava's: school of devotees of Lord V i s h n u that follow C a i t a n y a. Based on the vedic conclusion: C a i t a n y a is the inscrutable unity in the diversity (a c i n t h y a - b h e d â b h e d a - t a t t v a).
Caittya-guru: (from caitta - belonging to thought, imagined, mental) the internalized g u r u of the Supersoul within mentioned by K r i s h n a in 11.29: 6 in relation to the â c â r y a, the g u r u to the tradition outside.
Cakra: ('wheel, wheel or order of time, cyclic time, circle, totality') term in b h a k t i used for the totality of the celestial sky, or the disc of stars that is our Milky Way, that as a wheel or disc apparently revolves around the polar star but in fact revolves about the center of the galaxy (see S' i s' u m â r a).
- The cyclic, the cyclic of time to the sun and moon and stars, that together with linear time (clock-time, the week-order) and psychological time; the past, the present and the future makes up the basic t r i - k â l i k a, or threefold of time (see also k â l a).
- Also disc of K r i s h n a or S u d a r s' a n a, the acute of His presence or supreme vision of Him; time as the weapon of V i s h n u. A breach with the order of time or the cakra is a fall-down, a betrayal of n i y a m a, or regulation. Consequence: a punishment of the fire of unbounded energy released from the cakra-order, the broken order is the lust that leads to anger and ultimately madness: the head is cut off by the cakra when one remains in offense with K r i s h n a (see S' i s' u p a l a and K â l a, see 6.8: 23 en 9.5, see also the Cakra-order).
- Knots of subtle p r â n i c energies or nâdis located on higher and lowel levels in the body. They, divided in seven serve the meditator in progression opening up the way to the higher destination. The lower centers are: the mûlâdhâra-cakra, at the base of the spine, the svâdhishthhâna-cakra, in the area of the navel, and the manipûra-cakra, in the abdomen or the plexus. The higher centers are that of anâhata-cakra at the heart, the vis'uddhi-cakra in the throat, the ajnâ-cakra between the eyebrows and the sahasâra-cakra at the top of the skull (see 10: 87: 18 and B.G. 6: 13-14). (the M.W. dictionary gives a six division asigning the centres somewhat differently).
Cakravâkî: popular bird, the female crane.
Cakrî: name of the Lord as the wielder of the c a k r a, the disc.
Campaka: the Michelia-Campaka, a very fragrant type of magnolia tree with yellow flowers.
Candâla: 'dog-eaters'. Lowest of man, outcast. V a i s h n a v a term for human trash (see also p a r i a).
- Man of the lowest and most despised kind of a mixed birth (born from a s' û d r a and a b r â h m a n a mother).
Candra: the demigod representing the order of the moon (see also S o m a).
Candrasekhara Âcârya: a great householder devotee of Lord S' r î C a i t a n y a M a h â p r a b h u.
Canto: derivation from k â n d a: part or section, chapter, book. A name for the books or twelve sections of this p u r â n a, the Bhâgavatam.
Catuhsana: 'the four sana's'. The l î l â - a v a t â r a of the Lord in the form of the four K u m â r a s.
Catuh-s'loki: the four essential verses in the B h a g a v a d G î t â and in the S' r î m a d B h â g a v a t a m summarizing the teachings. In the G î t â the verses are found in chapter 10: 8 - 11. For the B h â g a v a t a m these verses are: canto 2.9: 33-36.
Catuh-vidah: the fourfold goals of human life, k â m a, a r t h a, d h a r m a, m o k s h a, see p u r u s h a r t h a s.
Catuh-vidam: the four kinds of foodstuff; carvya (that what is chewed), lehya (that what one licks), cûshya (that what is sucked up) and peya (that what is drunk).
Catur-vyûha: see v y û h a.
Channa-avatâra: name of the covert incarnations of K r i s h n a in K a l i- y u g a: this as opposed to His t r i - y u g a status;
- K r i s h n a as His own devotee: Son, Prophet, s a n n y â s î (see also 7.9: 38).
- Typical example of a channa-incarnation is D a t t a t r e y a appearing as the a v a d h û t a in the first chapters of the U d d h a v a - g î t â discussing the different gurus one may learn from (see 11.7-8).
Chaitya-guru: see c a i t t y a - g u r u.
Cintâmani: "touchstone" with mystical power, mentioned in the v e d i c scriptures (see also K r i s h n a l o k a).
Cit: consciousness. One of the three main characteristics of K r i s h n a (see: s a t - c i t - â n a n d a).
Citi-s'akti: (citi - knowledge; s a k t i - power): The inner or enlightening capacity of the Lord.
Citraketu ('the licht of excellence') a good king, an emperor to all, a king of the v i d y â d a r a s living in Sûrasena, of whom there of the earth was all that one could wish for (see 6.14: 10). Received instruction after his lamentation over a deceased son from N â r a d a and A n g i r â and was blessed by the Lord (in 6.15), but later came to fall down being cursed to be reborn among the demons because of an impudency with mother P â r v a t î (see 6: 17).
Coverings: layers, see k o s h a.
Cupid (K a n d a r p a, K â m a d e v a): the demigod who incites lusty desires in the hearts of the conditioned living entities.
Cyavana: a sage, a recluse, who was disturbed in his meditation by Sukanyâ the daughter of M a n u s' son S'aryâti, who for propitiation forced her to marry him though he was an old man. The a s' v i n s then gave him youth to be a good husband (see 9.3).
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S'rîmad Bhâgavatam | Bhagavad Gîtâ | Nederlandse versie
Feed-back | Links | Downloads | Music | Pictures | What's New | Search | Donations | <urn:uuid:0892acbc-153b-4dc6-a5c7-3cd271977931> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://bhagavata.org/glossary/c.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164710506/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134510-00074-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.866556 | 2,524 | 2.65625 | 3 |
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The use of blockchain technology as a communication tool for a team of robots could provide security and safeguard against deception, according to a study by researchers at MIT and Polytechnic University of Madrid. The research may also have applications in cities where multi-robot systems of self-driving cars are delivering goods and moving people across town.
For example, a team of autonomous drones equipped with advanced sensing equipment is on a mission searching for smoke. Once they spot a wildfire, the leader robots relay directions to a swarm of firefighting drones that speed to the site of the blaze. But if one or more leader robots were hacked by a malicious agent and began sending incorrect directions? A blockchain offers a tamper-proof record of all transactions — in this case, the messages issued by robot team leaders — so follower robots can eventually identify inconsistencies in the information trail.
While a blockchain is typically used as a secure ledger for cryptocurrencies, in its essence it is a list of data structures, known as blocks, that are connected in a chain. In this simulation-based study, the information stored in each block is a set of directions from a leader robot to followers. If a malicious robot attempts to alter the content of a block, it will change the block hash, so the altered block will no longer be connected to the chain. The altered directions could be easily ignored by follower robots.
The blockchain also provides a permanent record of all transactions. Since all followers can eventually see all the directions issued by leader robots, they can see if they have been misled.
The paper was published in IEEE Transactions on Robotics, and sceiencedaily.com reported about it. | <urn:uuid:dc97f3d1-726d-4a28-8db1-5f9175ece6fd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://i-hls.com/archives/110996 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.951465 | 351 | 3.34375 | 3 |
- Current Students
- Faculty & Staff
Volunteering takes up our time, energy, and sometimes, money. It can be hard work. It can find us doing and seeing new things, which can be challenging and even a little scary. So why does anyone even go there?
Because volunteers can make a difference where someone or something needs help. If people never help each other and only care about themselves, the world becomes a crueler, sadder place. But when we volunteer our time, money, or talents, we help make our planet a better, happier home where people work together to make life easier for all.
Here are some of the things you might get in return for your giving:
It looks like being a volunteer gives as much good stuff to you as it does to the people, places, or animals you’re trying to help! That’s the secret of volunteering. People who become volunteers usually lead richer, happier, and more satisfying lives than those who don’t volunteer. | <urn:uuid:2d4e22ef-ddbf-467f-bb53-b36a59925b32> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.unk.edu/academics/health_sciences/volunteeropportunities.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097757.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00206-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955483 | 209 | 2.578125 | 3 |
|Born||4 March 1602|
|Died||4 November 1674|
Kanō Tan'yū (狩野 探幽, 4 March 1602 – 4 November 1674) was one of the foremost Japanese painters of the Kanō school. His original given name was Morinobu; he was the eldest son of Kanō Takanobu and grandson of Kanō Eitoku. Many of the most famous and widely known Kanō works today are by Tan'yū.
In 1617, Tan'yū was appointed by the Tokugawa shogunate to become the shogunate's first official painter. Over the following years, he was given many highly prestigious commissions. Over the 1620s and 1630s, he created a number of large-scale works for Edo Castle, Nijō Castle, Osaka Castle, Nagoya Castle, and Nikkō Tōshō-gū.
Prolific in a variety of painting styles, Tan'yū's most famous works are probably those he produced for these large-scale commissions. They are screens and panels, prime examples of the Momoyama style, depicting natural subjects such as tigers, birds and plants, in bright colors and with extensive use of gold leaf. The gold, often used to represent clouds, water, or other background elements, would reflect what little light was available indoors, brightening a castle's dark rooms.
Tan'yū was also accomplished, however, in monochrome ink painting based on the prototypical style of the Muromachi period, yamato-e compositions in a style similar to that of the Tosa school, and Chinese style scrolls. His most famous yamato-e work is a narrative handscroll depicting the life of Tokugawa Ieyasu, the first Tokugawa shōgun and major figure in Japanese history. It was after this commission, in 1640, that the artist first took on the "artist name" of Tan'yū.
In addition to being a highly honored and respected painter in his own right, Tan'yū was known as a collector and connoisseur of Chinese paintings. He made sketches and kept records of many of the paintings that passed through his studio, brought to him for authentication.
He died in 1674 at the age of 72
- "Portrait of Kanô Tan'yû". e-museum: National Treasures and Important Cultural Properties of National Museums, Japan. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
- Kaputa, Catherine (1985). "Kanō Tan'yū." Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, Tokyo: Kodansha Ltd.
- Brief Biography of Kano Tanyu - Jyuluck-Do Corporation
- Works in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. | <urn:uuid:ec3957a9-7066-4b7e-8f10-b6552ab1b979> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan%C5%8D_Tan%27y%C5%AB | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030336978.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001230322-20221002020322-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.967171 | 642 | 3.125 | 3 |
LUNCH COUNTER DEMONSTRATIONS
Weekly protests at dime store and department store lunch counters were a regular sight in downtown St. Louis during the 1950s. The effort to integrate these lunch counters dated back to 1943 when several organizations conducted a letter writing campaign, urging downtown department stores to end discrimination at lunch counters and to hire black women as sales clerks. The stores ignored these requests. On May 15, 1944, a group of black and white women sat down at the Stix, Baer, and Fuller lunch counter and were denied service. The store manager agreed to serve them only if other lunch counters did so first. Members of the recently formed Citizens' Civil Rights Committee then moved their demonstrations to two nearby stores, Famous-Barr and Scruggs, Vandervoort-Barney. The Committee had limited success. Scruggs-Vandervoort-Barney agreed to serve black patrons at its lunch counter but continued to deny them service at its upstairs dining room.
In 1948, the protests continued under the leadership of the recently-formed Congress on Racial Equality (CORE). Demonstrators distributed leaflets outside Stix, Baer, and Fuller and initiated sit-ins at its lunch counter.
CORE changed its strategy the following year and began to target dime store like Woolworth's. In 1954, CORE resumed its negotiations with the major downtown department stores. After a series of controlled tests, the owners of Famous-Barr and Stix, Baer, and Fuller integrated their first-floor and basement cafeterias. Only in 1958 did the department stores fully desegregate their dining facilities. These were important victories for CORE, but many other establishments in the city still denied equal service to African American customers. Civil rights leaders pushed for a more comprehensive solution by urging local lawmakers to pass a public accommodations bill.
|CORE turns its a attention to racial discrimination at Woolworth’s|
|Lawmakers at City Hall consider a public accommodations bill| | <urn:uuid:1d6f188a-96cb-4183-ab1f-b8ea800f4508> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.umsl.edu/virtualstl/phase2/1950/events/woolworthsdem.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00086-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967307 | 410 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The earliest Leo Belgicus was drawn by the Austrian cartographer Michael Aitzinger in 1583, when the Netherlands were fighting the Eighty Years' War for independence. The motif was inspired by the heraldic figure of the lion, occurring in the coats of arms of several of the Netherlands, namely: Brabant, Flanders, Frisia, Guelders, Hainout, Holland, Limburg, Luxembourg and Zeeland, as well as in those of William of Orange.
Aitzinger's map was the first of many. There were three different designs. In the most common one, the lion's head was located in the northeast of the country and the tail in the southeast. The most famous version is that of Claes Janszoon Visscher, which was published in 1609 on the occasion of the Twelve Years' Truce. A less common design reversed the position of the lion, as shown in the Leo Belgicus by Jodocus Hondius.
The third version was published in the later stages of the war, and after the independence of the Dutch Republic was confirmed in the Peace of Westphalia (1648). It is called the Leo Hollandicus, the Holland Lion, and shows only the province of Holland. One of the earliest versions was published by Visscher around 1625.
Note on the name "Leo Belgicus"
Although the name "Belgica" is now reserved for the Southern Netherlands ("Belgium"), before the division of the Low Countries into a southern and a northern half in the 16th century, the name referred to the entire Low Countries, and was the usual Latin translation of "the Netherlands" (which name then covered the current territory of the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium and a small part of northern France). For example, several contemporary maps of the Dutch Republic, which consisted of the Northern Netherlands, and therefore has almost no intersection with the country of Belgium, show the Latin title Belgium Foederatum.
- For example, the map "Belgium Foederatum" by Matthaeus Seutter, from 1745, which show the current Netherlands.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leo Belgicus.|
- Several versions of the map, Leiden University
- See : Leo Belgicus maps in Antique Map Price and high resolution image source by Swaen.com. | <urn:uuid:cbc89722-facd-4c37-a435-87fc632ed2ac> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Belgicus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398444974.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205404-00277-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952362 | 488 | 3.578125 | 4 |
What Exactly Is Sciatica?
The human spine is like a modern skyscraper.
It defies gravity and defines us as vertical bipeds.
Our spine is the core infrastructure of an organic machine and acts as a conduit for neural structures.
Subjected to ageing, the spine adjusts to the wear and tear of gravity.
The lumbar vertebrae are the five lowest and largest bones of the spinal column.
Much of our body’s weight and stress falls on these lumbar vertebrae.
This can place pressure on one or more of the lumbar nerve roots.
This causes pain in parts or all of the sciatic nerves.
Spine care is vital…
So What Exactly Is Sciatica?
Sciatica (pronounced sigh-at-ih-kah) is a symptom of an underlying medical condition.
Sciatica is not a diagnosis, but rather a description of symptoms.
The main nerve travelling down the leg is the sciatic nerve.
It runs from the lower back and pelvis, through the hip and buttock area, down to the back of each leg.
The sciatic nerve controls many of the muscles in these areas.
Pain associated with the sciatic nerve usually originates when nerve roots in the spinal cord become compressed or damaged.
Did You Know?
In the United states and worldwide, over 3 million visits are made to the emergency room annually for back pain symptoms.
About 84% of people will experience lower back pain in their lifetime.
To help treat back pain, please read
For more information on treatments for sciatica, please read Treating Lower Back Pain In A Few Easy Steps.
Causes Of Sciatica
Usually, this will affect only one side of the lower body.
This is usually caused by a herniated disk in your spine or by a bone spur on your vertebrae.
More rarely, the nerve may be compressed by a tumor.
The sciatic nerve can also be damaged by a disease such as diabetes, but a slipped disc is the most common cause of sciatica.
Unfortunately, sometimes doctors do not find an obvious cause of the pain.
There are other things that may make your back pain worse, they include:
- Being overweight
- Not exercising regularly
- Wearing high heels
- Sleeping on a mattress that is too soft.
Sciatica causes inflammation, pain and often some numbness in the affected leg.
- Numbing, burning or tingling sensations in the legs or toes.
- Extremely painful shooting pains that tend to worsen when walking, sitting, coughing, sneezing or after any physical activity.
- Muscle weakness or poor coordination in the leg or foot.
- A constant pain on the one side of your buttock.
- Lower back pain present with severe leg pain.
Pain or numbness due to sciatica can vary widely.
It may feel like a mild tingling, dull ache, or a burning sensation.
In some cases, the pain is severe enough to cause immobility.
What Are The Risk Factors?
Age, diabetes, obesity, occupation and prolonged sitting all play a part in the development of sciatica.
Treatment is usually focused on relieving the underlying causes of the symptoms.
Most of the time, there is no need for surgery.
For most people, sciatica responds well to self-care.
Lifestyle & Home Remedies
1. Stretch: This may help relieve root compression.
2. Hot/Cold Packs: Relief may be found through alternating hot and cold packs.
3. See A Chiropractor: Recent studies found that chiropractic treatment can be very effective for those suffering from sciatica.
4. Try Acupuncture: Many report relief as soon as the first session has been completed.
5. Practice Yoga: Yoga may help reduce pain and disability by up to 77%.
6. Get A Massage: Trigger-point therapy is best.
The good news is that sciatica can be prevented.
Follow these three simple steps to avoid future back pain.
- Keep your back straight and bend only at the knees.
- Maintain proper posture when you sit.
- Exercise regularly.
Back pain can disrupt your life.
Take care of your spine, please read
If you would like more information on sciatica pain, please read Correct Posture For Treating Back Pain. | <urn:uuid:2f61dcc3-c1e6-4bfd-98b4-b5dbe0f96c26> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://chronicpainblog.com/what-exactly-is-sciatica/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144027.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219030731-20200219060731-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.911266 | 940 | 3.171875 | 3 |
[alert close=”false” type=”info”]From Innovation Game. Updated by Robin Béraud-Sudreau.[/alert]
While creative ideas often form during the brainstorming process of a project, originality can be lost as time goes on. Complicated plans, difficult decisions, and limited resources often force you to resort to used, familiar ideas. This unfortunate phenomenon limits your boundaries, shoving you into the corner of mere potential. To surpass the stagnant stream of stale strategies, you must think outside of the box to generate new, feasible ideas. Ironically, with Gamestorming’s productive game, you will think inside of a box to do so. Use this activity’s visual organization to create original ideas that can be implemented efficiently.
Goal: Form Original Ideas to Implement
Now How Wow : The Game
On a large poster or white board, draw a 2×2 matrix with “originality” on the x-axis and “feasibility” on the y-axis. Label and color the cells to identify the category of each idea, as seen in the image to the right.
- How (yellow): original, difficult to implement – This represents ideas that are innovative, but not feasible. This area is good for setting future goals.
- Now (blue): unoriginal, easy to implement – This is for used ideas that are familiar and known to work well
- Wow (green): original, easy to implement – This category is for creative ideas that can be executed. Aim to form as many ideas in this category as you can.
Next, put large posters around the room and have your players write their ideas on them. Give 9 colored dot stickers (3 yellow, 3 blue, 3 green) to each person. Throughout the game, players will place the respective colored stickers next to the three ideas that they believe are best for each category. After all the dots have been used, determine which ideas have the most stickers of each color to identify if it is a “How,” “Now,” or “Wow” idea. If one idea has an equal amount of blue and green stickers, it is considered blue. If green = yellow, the idea is green.
[one_third_last class=””][team id=”2555″ shape=”rounded” tsclass=””][/one_third_last]
Why it works ?
Just like how authors suffer from “writer’s block,” it is common for workers to experience creative deficits. Fortunately, by collaborating and graphically arranging ideas, participants can expand their boundaries to let their innovative thoughts flow. Also, the extensive input from the players provides multiple perspectives to alter ideas and to ensure the feasibility of the suggestions. Resist the temptation to resort to overused ideas; play How-Now-Wow Matrix to identify what you can do to make your project a success. | <urn:uuid:a1315156-04be-4838-b2cd-2af8b1c57519> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://coach-agile.com/en/2014/06/innovation-game-now-how-wow/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519843.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119232006-20210120022006-00021.warc.gz | en | 0.920792 | 620 | 2.734375 | 3 |
If you’ve ever passed by a field of horses at night, you’ve probably noticed that they rarely lie down to sleep. So why do these mammals sleep standing up?
The answer is one of survival: Horses slumber while standing to balance their need for sleep against the ever-looming threat of predators.
Horses come from a long line of prey animals in the family Equidae, and sleeping on their hooves is an adaptation against predation. “Standing gives them a literal jump on predators and a better chance of getting away than if they were [lying] down,” Karen Waite, an equine specialist at Michigan State University, told Live Science in an email.
Simply put, horses are big animals, and it takes time and energy for them to get off the ground. A standing horse is therefore much better able to run away when roused from sleep. According to BBC Science Focus, the same goes for other large prey herbivores, such as zebras, bison, elephants and giraffes, all of which are capable of sleeping on their feet.
Horses have specialized anatomical features that enable them to stay on their hooves while catching some z’s. These features, known as a “stay apparatus” include a series of tendons and ligaments — soft tissues that connect muscle to bone, and bone to bone, respectively — that run throughout both the forelegs and hind legs, according to Waite. When a horse relaxes its leg muscles, the stay apparatus ligaments and tendons act as tension bands that stabilize the shoulder, knee and ankle joints in the legs. This enables the horse to remain standing without having to maintain much tension in their muscles.
But while horses do most of their sleeping while standing, they do need to lie down for more restorative sleep. “Horses will spend most of their time sleeping standing up, but they don’t actually reach full REM sleep when they’re standing,” Sarah Matlock, a senior instructor of equine behavior at Colorado State University, told Live Science. During rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in humans — when a sleeping individual’s eyes move rapidly under closed eyelids — dreaming can occur, and so muscles become temporarily paralyzed so we don’t act out our dreams. During REM sleep,the brain also consolidates and processes new information for long-term memories. People who don’t get enough REM sleep may experience problems with mental concentration and mood regulation, a weakened immune system and less cell growth.
Adult horses are often able to get by on as little as 5 hours of sleep per day, and they can get most of it while standing up. And while standing horses can achieve “slow-wave,” or deep, dreamless sleep, but an adequately rested horse requires at least 25 minutes of REM sleep per day, which can only happen while lying down, Matlock said.
Because of this, horses must lie down every day. If they don’t, they may experience sleep deprivation, which can be a serious health risk for a horse. For instance, putting it at risk of injury from falling, according to the American Association of Equine Practitioners. “Horses that don’t get enough REM sleep can be misdiagnosed with narcolepsy,” Matlock said. “Like, they might fall over while you’re riding them.”
Because standing while sleeping is an adaptation to avoid predators, horses need to feel comfortable and safe before they are willing to lie down and sleep, Matlock said. In feral horse populations, if multiple horses lie down to get REM sleep at the same time, there will always be at least one horse that remains standing, likely to watch for potential predators.
“If they don’t feel safe in their environment, or they don’t have other horses with them, or if they’re isolated, then they’re less likely to feel safe enough to lay down to sleep,” Matlock said.
Copyright 2023 LiveScience, a Future company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. | <urn:uuid:9c38ef48-d4b8-4ad2-b8bb-5f1869f63072> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://news.netbalaban.net/science/horses-stand-up-to-sleep-but-lie-down-perchance-to-dream/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100531.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204151108-20231204181108-00042.warc.gz | en | 0.948664 | 875 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Campsites around Clark County
Original names for some landmarks are in parentheses. from The Columbian archives
Nov. 2, 1805 (Westbound)
After three days carrying their canoes and gear around the rapids between present day Stevenson, Wash., and Cascade Locks, Ore., Lewis and Clark and the Corps of Discovery continue down Columbia River. They stop at Beacon Rock, estimating height at 800 feet (actual: 848 feet), and continue past Cape Horn, camping on south shore near Rooster Rock.
Nov. 3, 1805 (Westbound)
Continuing downstream, they explore mouth of present day Sandy River and call it the Quicksand River. They spot seals at the mouth of a river on the north shore and name it Seal River, later to become the Washougal River. They make camp on north side of Diamond Island, now Government Island, where Interstate 205 crosses Columbia.
Nov. 4, 1805 (Westbound)
The explorers stop for dinner at a spot near the present Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway bridge in Vancouver. A tomahawk pipe and coat belonging to the explorers are stolen by Indians so Lewis and Clark decide to move on and camp downstream near present day Post Office Lake and Knapp’s Landing. The next day they leave present day Clark County.
March 29, 1806 (Eastbound)
Homeward bound after a wet, dreary winter at Fort Clatsop, they stop to visit Cathlapotle, a Chinook Indian village with 14 long houses, near present day Ridgefield, between the mouths of Lake River and Gee Creek. From Cathlapotle, the explorers travel up Lake River and camp on mainland, probably just north of the confluence of Lake River and Bachelor Slough near present day Carty Lake.
March 30, 1806 (Eastbound)
Back on the Columbia River, they make their way to present day Vancouver area, camping opposite Hayden Island, then called Image Canoe Island, at same place they had stopped for dinner Nov. 4, 1805, when pipe and coat were stolen.
March 31-April 6, 1806 (Eastbound)
They continue east and set up camp in present day port area near Washougal’s 32nd Street. They plan to hunt and dry meat, believing game would be scarce in the Columbia River Gorge. They remain until April 6, making this their longest encampment in the area, eastbound or westbound.
Excursion from Camp 6
April 2, 1806
As hunting continues at the Washougal camp, Clark takes a party, including a native guide, back down the Columbia and finds the Willamette River, which they had missed going and coming because three islands concealed the mouth. They explore it at least to present day St. Johns neighborhood of Portland. They camp there the night of April 2. During this excursion, Clark sees Mount Adams and Mount St. Helens at the same time, becoming first white man to realize there were two different volcanic peaks in southern Washington. They rejoin main party at Washougal April 3.
Camp 7 and Beyond
April 6-13, 1806 (Eastbound)
Party departs Washougal but soon realizes meat is not thoroughly cured. They camp three nights at present day Bridal Veil on Oregon shore to further dry their meat. They then spend four days at present day Cascade Locks getting around the rapids before advancing on April 13 to present day Home Valley. A river flows out of the mountains there that they name the Cruzattes, after a member of the party. It later is renamed the Wind River.
On the Trail
In 1804, Merriweather Lewis and William Clark set off to find a water route to the Pacific Ocean and to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase. Their journey took 2 years four months and sixteen days. They traveled approximately 6,000 miles by boat, canoe, horseback and on foot. Their historic journey provided the nation with valuable information about the western territory, trails for settlers traveling west as well as useful support for the United States claim on Oregon Territory. Lewis and Clark began their journey near St. Louis, IL and traveled as far as what is now modern day Astoria, OR. There are many plans for the 200th year anniversary of this great exploration effort, much of which includes marking of historical campsites along the trail.
Read past articles from The Columbian:
Rediscovering Clark County’s own Atlantis
Clark finally receives his captains bars
Bicentennial opens path for cultural healing
A manifest journey in mapmaking ghost
Station camp may get its historical due
State signs to honor American Indians
Beach holds key spot in tracing of journey
Jewel of a name just might return
Celebration: From 2003 to 2006, in towns and states all along the route from near St. Louis to the Pacific Ocean, the 200th anniversary of the Lewis and Clark Expedition will be celebrated | <urn:uuid:ae1fc6d9-dca2-44fc-90d6-424a5eae2f48> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://history.columbian.com/lewis-and-clark/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487648194.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619111846-20210619141846-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.949358 | 1,023 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Background: Motor vehicle collisions are a significant public health concern. Despite an encouraging downward trend in the number of young driver deaths in recent years, young drivers in BC still have the highest fatality rate per driver in the population. A better understanding of why crashes occur is needed to further reduce the young driver death rate.
Methods: A retrospective analysis was undertaken using data abstracted from BC Coroners Service reports of fatally injured drivers 18 years and younger from 2004 to 2012. Overall annual fatality rates were calculated per 100 000 licensed drivers age 16 to 18. Fatalities were classified using five regions served by the BC Coroners Service: Fraser, Interior, Island, Metro (Vancouver, Burnaby, Delta, and Richmond), and Northern. Factors considered along with the region included age and sex of the deceased, injuries sustained, medical cause of death, vehicle type, vehicle age, vehicle condition, type of crash, number of passengers, weather and lighting conditions, restraint use, drug or alcohol involvement, and speed.
Results: Regional patterns in fatalities were observed, with lower fatality rates in urban areas than in rural areas. As well, a striking number of young drivers from the Interior, Island, and Metro regions of BC were found to have died in nighttime crashes, while youth in other parts of the province were more often involved in daytime crashes. Speed and impairment were common and significant factors in motor vehicle collisions across the province. Nearly one-third of drivers were inadequately restrained. The majority of drivers were the sole occupants in their vehicles at the time of the crash.
Conclusions: More needs to be done to reduce young driver and motorcyclist fatalities. Understanding regional patterns of risk and focusing on speed, nighttime driving, and impairment are imperative when targeting changes in youth behavior at the community level. Advocacy and clinician intervention might include supporting law-enforcement efforts and improved access to public transit, ride sharing, or safe drive programs, and alcohol and drug counseling for youth.
Findings from a retrospective analysis of young driver fatalities can provide a starting point for meaningful action to evaluate and improve road policy, relevant legislation, and the current licensing system.
Traffic fatalities are catastrophic and heartbreaking to families and communities. The World Health Organization recognizes the serious burden of motor vehicle collisions on public health and has reported that more than 1.2 million people are fatally injured every year. Although Canada has among the lowest fatality rates in the world (5.8 per 100 000 in 2011), motor vehicle collisions are still one of the main causes of death among Canadian youth, accounting for 35.0% of all fatalities for 15- to 19-year-olds in 2001.[2,3] Young drivers are of particular concern because they have the highest fatality rate among all road users. Studies estimate that teenagers are involved in 3 times as many deadly collisions per mile driven when compared with other drivers. In BC, motor vehicle collisions are the primary cause of unintentional injury-related hospitalizations and deaths for 15- to 19-year-olds.
The introduction of a graduated licensing program (GLP) in BC in 1998 was a key intervention aimed at addressing particular risk factors for young drivers. The GLP restricts driving hours and passenger numbers, and requires a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.00%. These restrictions are based on research showing that the rate of driver deaths per mile is more than 5 times higher at night than during daylight hours, and that having a passenger younger than 21 years of age increases fatality risk by 44.0%, while having a passenger older than 35 decreases risk by 62.0%. The same research shows that young drivers are more likely to engage in risky behaviors such as speeding and tailgating when other youth are present in the car. Prohibiting passengers for young drivers is associated with a 21.0% reduction in collisions; allowing only one passenger in the vehicle is related to a 7.0% reduction.
Research has shown that lowering the BAC limit for all drivers from 0.10% to 0.08% reduces the risk of crashing, and a 0.05% legal limit reduces risk even further. To enforce BAC limits of 0.05% for Class 5 drivers and 0.00% for GLP drivers, BC employs two types of sobriety checks: random breath testing (all drivers stopped and tested) and selective breath testing (police test those drivers they suspect are impaired). Both types of police checks have been shown to reduce collisions involving impaired drivers.
Research has confirmed that the driving environment also plays a role in crash risk. Rural roads, which are common in BC, are associated with higher young driver collision rates than roads in urban settings. The higher crash incidence is associated with road design (e.g., lack of a median separating traffic, gravel surface, animals on the roadway), and the higher fatality rate is associated with limited law enforcement resources for ensuring seatbelt use, and limited access to medical facilities. Statistics Canada reports that approximately 85.0% of British Columbians resided in urban areas between 2001 and 2011, yet the majority (88.0%) of all traffic fatalities in the province at that time occurred outside of the Greater Vancouver Regional District.[9,10]
Despite an encouraging downward trend in fatal crashes involving young drivers, there is still more to learn about the circumstances that commonly lead to these tragedies. Direct examination of reports from the BC Coroners Service was proposed as a way to identify contributing factors, target key points of intervention, and allow for meaningful evaluation of current or proposed safety programs. With a better understanding of why fatal crashes occur and how patterns in crash circumstances vary throughout BC, clinicians in youth counseling and community health advocacy can be better equipped to counsel teens and parents.
Data on all young drivers and motorcyclists age 0 to 18 years who were fatally injured from 2004 to 2012 were collected retrospectively from BC Coroners Service reports. The age range included children under the legal licensing age in order to capture all relevant cases, including those where the deceased was not actually driving but was considered to be manipulating the vehicle in some way. Overall annual fatality rates were calculated per 100 000 licensed drivers age 16 to 18. Fatalities were classified by area using five regions served by the BC Coroners Service: Fraser, Interior, Island, Metro (Vancouver, Burnaby, Delta, and Richmond), and Northern. The total number of licensed drivers age 16 to 18 in each of these regions during the study period was obtained separately from ICBC upon request. Data were collected for all cases: age and sex of the deceased, injuries sustained, medical cause of death, vehicle type, vehicle age, vehicle condition, type of crash, number of passengers, weather and lighting conditions, restraint use, drug or alcohol involvement, and speed. Crashes were classified as either single-vehicle or multiple-vehicle (two or more) and on-road or off-road (the vehicle traveled onto road shoulder). Where the vehicle was struck in each case (e.g., head-on) was also considered.
A total of 98 young driver and motorcyclist fatalities occurred in BC from 2004 to 2012. Blunt force trauma was the medical cause of death for more than half of the young victims (55.0%) and many died at the scene (75.5%). A slight downward trend in fatalities and fatality rates was observed overall during the study period (Figure 1), with peaks in 2005 and 2008. After 2008, rates declined to less than 7 deaths per 100 000 licensed young drivers in 2012. Regional variation was observed, with fatality rates in largely urban regions (Fraser and Metro) often below rates in largely rural regions (Interior, Island, and Northern). Data for the human, environmental, and vehicular factors considered in the fatalities (Table 1) indicate that more male than female drivers (71.4% versus 28.6%) were involved in fatal crashes, that almost one-third of crashes (31.6%) occurred in July to September, and that the passenger car (56.1%) was the most common vehicle type. Data for other factors considered (Table 2) indicate that nearly one-third of drivers (28.7%) were inadequately restrained, and both speed (45.9%) and impairment (49.0%) were factors. The vast majority of off-road crashes were single-vehicle (94.6%) and half took place at night. As well, a striking number of young drivers from the Interior, Island, and Metro regions of BC died in nighttime crashes, while youth in other parts of the province were more often involved in daytime crashes. More than one-third of the victims were impaired by alcohol (37.8%) and many of these (86.0%) were impaired to a level beyond 0.08% BAC.
When patterns in crash circumstances specific to each region of the province were considered, the concerns common to all regions were speed, impairment, and nighttime driving (Figure 2).
Study results showed a slight downward trend in fatality rates in BC among young drivers and motorcyclists from 2004 to 2012, which could be explained in part by increased efforts to develop targeted national road safety programs. The analysis of data from BC Coroners Service reports suggests that there are regional variations in fatality patterns and that reducing fatalities requires focusing on speed, nighttime driving, and impairment.
Speed was one of the largest contributing factors to crashes across the province. Research shows that the risk of fatality increases exponentially with speeds over 60 km/h and that speed plays a role in determining injury severity, so reducing speed limits can have a positive impact on the number of crashes causing severe injuries. In BC, both fines and roadside vehicle impoundment programs have been implemented to address the problem of speeding. Automated speed enforcement with cameras has also been shown to be an effective strategy for reducing speeds. Although more than half of the drivers in our study were correctly restrained, the number of drivers exceeding the speed limit suggests that seatbelt use must be coupled with speed reduction to be optimally life-saving.
Most drivers were reported to be wearing a seatbelt (63.2%), but in the absence of crash reconstruction, correct restraint use is often overestimated. Since about half (50.9%) of the vehicles of correctly restrained drivers in the study were 10 or more years old at the time of the crash, it is also possible that the restraint systems themselves were out of date, especially in poorly maintained vehicles.
In the absence of faulty restraints, there are other factors that can contribute to fatal outcomes despite correct seatbelt use. Seatbelts do not protect occupants from drowning when the vehicle becomes submerged in water, or prevent fatal injuries caused by significant intrusions. Intrusion can be caused by trees, utility poles, larger vehicles (especially commercial vehicles), or rollovers. One or more of these factors was present in 44 cases (80.0%) where the driver was reported to be correctly restrained. This finding would suggest the need to reduce speeds in order to protect drivers who wear their seatbelts correctly.
It has been well documented that using seatbelts significantly decreases the risk of severe injuries in a crash. Mandatory seatbelt legislation has existed in BC for the last 30 years, yet not all drivers use seatbelts consistently. In BC in 2007, between 20.0% and 40.0% of injured and deceased drivers were unrestrained. Safety campaigns, seatbelt checkpoints, and tickets for violations have been effective in reducing instances of unrestrained drivers and passengers.
Although distraction was not a key finding in this study, current literature has raised concerns that reported rates may not accurately reflect the actual risk of using electronic devices while driving. BC amended the Motor Vehicle Act to prohibit the use of hand-held devices in 2010. Research has confirmed that these devices take the driver’s attention away from the road and lead to cognitive impairments when processing external environmental cues. Further research has demonstrated no difference in distraction experienced by drivers using hands-free devices. BC currently bans hand-held devices for all drivers, as well as hands-free devices for drivers in the GLP. Despite the ban on electronic devices, observational data presented at the World Injury Conference in 2010 highlights a gap between GLP requirements and teen compliance. Oda and colleagues observed teens exiting the parking lot after school in three cities in Canada, including Vancouver. The majority of drivers observed in Vancouver (75.0%) were seen using their cell phones while driving, suggesting that context strongly influences specific driving behaviors. Given the ubiquitous use of cell phones by this age group, our study may underreport the role played by distraction.
The passenger restriction is another key factor in the GLP intended to help reduce distraction, based on the known relationship between crash risk and the presence of other youth in the vehicle. Most drivers in our study were alone at the time of the crash, indicating a high level of compliance with the GLP. This finding does not necessarily contradict previous research. Because crash risk is increased at night and in rural regions, drivers who are tired and have a long drive home after a social event may have difficulty maintaining an alert state, thus increasing the risk of a crash in spite of the protective effect of a passenger restriction.
Further investigation is needed to determine why a striking number of young drivers from the Interior, Island, and Metro regions of BC died in nighttime crashes, while youth in other parts of the province were more often involved in daytime collisions. The problem may be related to aspects of teen culture in these regions, such as availability of public transit or scheduling of school and extracurricular activities, or the problem may be related to road construction and signage.
The risks of nighttime driving might be addressed by reducing speeds, as well as using road design to keep drivers in their correct lane and to help them navigate curves successfully when visibility is compromised. Better lane markings, brighter signage, and wider use of rumble strips may be key to addressing the problem of nighttime highway fatalities. The role of alcohol in nighttime crashes also needs to be addressed, since the largest number of crashes occurred between dusk and dawn, a time when more drivers were found to be impaired.
Almost 38.0% of the victims in the study were impaired by alcohol, and 86.0% of these victims were impaired at a level beyond 0.08% BAC. This finding is consistent with the impaired and fatigued driving habits that are common after social gatherings. Christoforou and colleagues studied social drinking habits in a driving simulation and found that reaction times slowed as BAC increased. For young drivers, the increased risk of a crash is likely due to a lack of driving experience combined with the effects of alcohol and greater risk-taking behavior common among youth.
Drivers in the Interior and Northern regions were most often involved in alcohol-related crashes, despite laws mandating zero BAC for GLP drivers. A 2002 study demonstrated that random breath testing checkpoints led to an 18.0% reduction of alcohol-related crashes, while selective check points produced a 20.0% reduction. However, in rural regions of BC, this type of enforcement can be difficult to implement for economic, geographical, and practical reasons. Despite such challenges, BC passed aggressive legislation in 2010 to get impaired drivers off the road. An evaluation of the Immediate Roadside Prohibition program in 2012 showed enormous reductions in the number of impaired drivers on the road—especially late at night. These preliminary findings indicate an encouraging change in impaired driving behaviors across the province and underscore the vital role of targeted legislation in effecting dramatic reductions.
Limitations of study
The relatively small number of young driver and motorcyclist fatalities from 2004 to 2012 presented challenges when we were analyzing and reporting on the data. To protect privacy and ensure accuracy, data for drivers and motorcyclists were combined for most of the analyses.
One limitation concerns the data for 2012, which may be incomplete in cases still under investigation by the BC Coroners Service. It is important to note, however, that the data reflect the total number of fatalities occurring in BC during the study period and are not a selected sample.
Another limitation is the absence of standardized reporting by coroners, resulting in some missing information about the circumstances of each fatality. Because postmortems were not conducted in every case, many files did not contain details of the types of injuries sustained.
Road crashes continue to be a leading cause of death among youth, despite the downward trend in the overall motor vehicle collision fatality rate. Our study provides insight into the pattern of fatalities among young drivers and motorcyclists in BC for 2004 to 2012, when the most common contributing factors to crashes were high speed, impairment, and nighttime driving.
BC has had many successes in traffic safety over the last decade—most notably in the reduction of alcohol-related road deaths—and these have resulted in an overall decline in the number of motor vehicle collision fatalities. Through the BC Road Safety Strategy 2015 and Beyond, provincial road safety partners have provided a framework for action to make BC roads the safest in North America.
While the data analyzed in this study are limited and incomplete, the findings describe current trends in young driver fatalities in BC and provide a starting point for meaningful action to evaluate and improve road policy, relevant legislation, and the current licensing system.
Improving compliance with GLP requirements has the potential to prevent more fatalities but requires an understanding of the social environment of young drivers and the circumstances that precede the operation of a vehicle. Clinicians from all regions of BC can be better equipped to counsel teens and parents appropriately when they are aware of the particular pattern of youth driver fatalities in their own communities. Targets for community advocacy and clinician intervention might include supporting law-enforcement efforts and improved access to public transit, ride-sharing or safe-drive programs, and alcohol and drug counseling for youth. Future efforts should also seek to clarify the relationship between driving context and crash outcomes in the special case of young drivers.
This article has been peer reviewed.
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Ms Smith and Ms Bobovski are Research Assistants and Highly Qualified Professionals affiliated with the AUTO21 Network of Centres of Excellence. Mr Ishikawa is a Researcher with the BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, a Trainee at the Child and Family Research Institute at BC Children’s Hospital, and a Highly Qualified Professional affiliated with the AUTO21 Network of Centres of Excellence. Ms Rajabali is a Researcher with the BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit. Dr Pike is Director of the BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, an Associate Professor in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of British Columbia, an Associate Scientist at the Child and Family Research Institute, a Researcher affiliated with the AUTO21 Network of Centres of Excellence, and Co-executive Director and spokesperson for the Community against Preventable Injuries.
Above is the information needed to cite this article in your paper or presentation. The International Committee
of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) recommends the following citation style, which is the now nearly universally
accepted citation style for scientific papers:
Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL, Marion DW, Palmer AM, Schiding JK, et al. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:284-7.
About the ICMJE and citation styles
The ICMJE is small group of editors of general medical journals who first met informally in Vancouver, British Columbia, in 1978 to establish guidelines for the format of manuscripts submitted to their journals. The group became known as the Vancouver Group. Its requirements for manuscripts, including formats for bibliographic references developed by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), were first published in 1979. The Vancouver Group expanded and evolved into the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), which meets annually. The ICMJE created the Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals to help authors and editors create and distribute accurate, clear, easily accessible reports of biomedical studies.
An alternate version of ICMJE style is to additionally list the month an issue number, but since most journals use continuous pagination, the shorter form provides sufficient information to locate the reference. The NLM now lists all authors.
BCMJ standard citation style is a slight modification of the ICMJE/NLM style, as follows:
- Only the first three authors are listed, followed by "et al."
- There is no period after the journal name.
- Page numbers are not abbreviated.
For more information on the ICMJE Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals, visit www.icmje.org | <urn:uuid:0002ccd4-93da-458d-9fa4-d7184d954af0> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.bcmj.org/articles/regional-patterns-young-driver-and-motorcyclist-collision-deaths-british-columbia-2004-2012 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598217.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120081337-20200120105337-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.946008 | 5,582 | 2.984375 | 3 |
There are a wide variety of weed problems with pyrethrum and each are often dependent on country, and regions of country where pyrethrum is grown. With this said, it is clear that weeds often have a most detrimental effect on pyrethrin production and yield. Pyrethrum per acre if often less than half normal yields, and perhaps a low as one fourth normal yields if weeds are not controlled. While Australia uses herbicides to control weeds, East Africa relies mainly on organic methods; that being manual weeding. It is important that weed management is most problematic the first year. Once the crop is established, weeds are typically easier to control and have less negative impact on production yields. | <urn:uuid:47f9ba3e-6f38-4efe-af5f-4459e934f81c> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://pyrethrum.com/About_Pyrethrum/Agronomy/Pyrethrum%20Farming%20Conditions/Weeds.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578584186.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423015050-20190423041050-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.964164 | 139 | 2.875 | 3 |
Akseli Gallen-Kallela is one of Finland’s most famous artists from the last century. He specialised in romanticism, painting from local folklore and mythology.
His golden period happened far away from home, in Kenya — where he lived with his family during colonial times.
As part of their centenary independence celebrations on December 6, the Finnish embassy, together with the Gallen-Kallela Museum, decided to tell his story in Kenya.
An exhibition titled Gallen-Kallela in Kenya will be on at the Nairobi National Museum until December 15.
Gallen-Kallela was born in 1865 to a Swedish-speaking family in western Finland. At the age of 16, he left school to pursue art studies at the Finnish Art Society and afterwards trained in Paris for five years.
After finishing his training, Gallen-Kallela’s works were exhibited at some of Europe’s top events, and he travelled extensively. In his early 40s, he wanted to reinvent his techniques away from European circles.
By this time, he had changed his name from Axel to Akseli.
Tuija Wahlroos, director of the Gallen-Kallela Museum, explains: “He was interested in promoting Finnish culture. A number of people changed their names around 1905-1907.” Kallela was the name of his first log house and studio, which he added to his surname.
Gallen-Kallela was considering travelling to the Far East, South America or Madagascar when, in 1906, he met an artist from Reunion Island who told him about Africa.
By June 1909, the Gallen-Kallela family were on a ship headed for British East Africa. From diaries written by Gallen-Kallela’s wife, Mary, and their daughter Kirsti, historians have pieced together their life in Kenya.
The family lived on the outskirts of Nairobi in what is present-day Mathare, and, like Europeans of the time, kept a large staff of local workers. But Gallen-Kallela kept his distance from the British settlers.
“In their writing, they say they did not like how British people were treating the locals, and wanted to live their own life,” said Ms Wahlroos. They learned to speak Kiswahili and the children went to a local school, but they struggled with the English language and eventually were home-schooled by their mother.
Meantime, despite frequent bouts of malaria, Gallen-Kallela’s creativity blossomed and he transitioned into a modern style of art.
Comparing his previous and later works with the paintings done in Kenya, the differences are remarkable. His landscapes and portraits of ethnic people in Kenya are filled with light, bright colours, bold strokes and an impressionist feel.
“He was painting freely, but also showed how skilful he was,” said Anne Pelin, the exhibitions manager at the Gallen-Kallela Museum.
He also collected many cultural and ethnographic objects.
For the Christmas holidays in 1909, the family went on a four-month safari along the Tana River and eastern Kenya, and climbed Mt Kenya.
In October 1910, they had to leave Kenya due to financial constraints and because of the political situation as Finland rose up against Russian rule.
While in Kenya, Gallen-Kallela painted 150 oil paintings, and took about 300 photographs. These, along with other pieces, were exhibited around Europe and the US.
However, the Finnish did not appreciate his new techniques even though “he had wanted to show that he could also renew himself and not only paint the old-fashioned way,” Ms Pelin said. There was also competition from a younger generation who preferred modernist art.
Subsequently, Gallen-Kallela went back to his old style with the Kalevala illustrations, and built a new studio and home. The white house with a thatched roof and tower is now home to the Gallen-Kallela Museum.
Gallen-Kallela showed his Kenya art internationally, including at the 1914 Venice Biennale. However, it was not until 1972, that his works received their due recognition in Finland.
“People were amazed by what he had seen and collected and how they lived,” said Ms Wahlroos.
Artworks and photographs by Gallen-Kallela will be on display at the Nairobi exhibition, and there will be an interactive digital programme mapping the artist’s journey by ship to Kenya. “Visitors can also add their comments if they know more about the objects,” said Ms Pelin. | <urn:uuid:bc602ceb-8da9-4e8b-a2a4-2e1db51838eb> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/Finn-came-to-Kenya-and-painted-/434746-4211242-eypg6rz/com.coremedia.mauritius.cae.contentbeans.MauImageImpl$$%5Bid=288%5D | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645824.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318145821-20180318165821-00683.warc.gz | en | 0.985268 | 995 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Quick Pivot Table Tutorial
Introduction to Pivot Tables
Pivot Table feature is one of the most powerful features in Microsoft Excel. If you have been using Microsoft Excel and have not used the Pivot Table feature you have wasted your life!
My aim is to show every Excel user this wonderful Pivot Table feature. Below is a free tutorial that would take you about 15 minutes to go through. Remember this is only a taster. I will be publishing more tips in the future.
If you have any Pivot Table related questions please post them on this page. I will answer them for you.
So what is a Pivot Table?
If you have your data in a tabular format you can use the Pivot Table tool to analyse the data to get insightful information.
Let us work of the following data in an excel spreadsheet.
|Sales Person||Sales Units||Product||Total Sales Amount|
Let’s get some insight from the data above using the Pivot Table feature. Now before you do that you will need to look at the data to determine what insight can be had from the data. This step is the most important step in producing your Pivot Table report. In other words you must understand you data.
If I was trying to understand the data I will want the answers to the following questions. This will determine if the Pivot Table feature can be used to summarise the data.
- What is this data about
- What details are available
- Are there data fields I can summarise
Try to answer these questions yourself – below are my answers
1. The data is about the sales achievements of some sales people.
2. I know the following details for each record of data.
- The name of the sales person
- The number of units sold
- What they sold
- The amount of money they made on the sale
3. The following fields can be summarised by Sales Person and Product Type.
- Sales units
- Amounts of sale
Hurrah! This is perfect for creating a Pivot Table report. Now let us go ahead and answer the following questions using a Pivot Table report.
I strongly suggest you do the exercise with me. Copy the data range from above and paste it into a blank sheet in an Excel workbook (or spend 5 minutes to key the data in).
Now that we understand the data let us try to answer the following questions using the Pivot Table feature in Excel. Can I also challenge you at this point to use any other method you know to get the answers to the following questions as well. This will help you appreciate the power of the Pivot Table feature more. If you are taking up the challenge please time yourself.
1. Number of sales units by sales person
2. Amount of sales made my each sales person
Follow the link below for a movie demo for the solution.
If you can’t open the video link follow the steps below.
Step 1: Copy the range from above in to a blank excel worksheet into range “A1″.
Step 2: Click any where on the data range and click on “Insert” > “Pivot Table”
Step 3: The Pivot Table Wizard appears on the screen. Notice that the Pivot Table wizard has correctly selected the data range to create the Pivot table. At this stage just select the defaults offered by the Pivot Table Wizard and click ok.
Step 4: The Pivot Table wizard creates a shell to place the data “Fields” found in the data range.
You can place the data based on how you want to view the data. See below for a demonstration | <urn:uuid:f8bd06c7-6a01-41e9-bee6-4d2564ee392b> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://pivottabletips.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929803.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00121-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.865821 | 763 | 2.75 | 3 |
Today we will celebrate International Women's Day. The theme this year sets us a challenge as well as a deadline.
Planet 50-50 by 2030: Step It Up For Gender Equality.
As women make up approximately half of the world's population, gender equality seems only fair, doesn't it?
Can we do it?
In the late 19th century, the demand for the woman's right to vote began with the suffragette movement in the UK. The crusade swept through many countries, fuelling the call for more women's rights throughout the Western world. In 1909, the Socialist Party of America organised the first International Women's Day (IWD) in New York City to honour the 1908 women's strike against appalling working conditions in a garment factory.
Since the first IWD, we have come a long way. Today more women hold positions of power; they are more visible in the boardroom, in politics and in the professional workforce. More girls and young women are educated and make their own decisions about their futures. This is cause for great celebration. We have made a difference.
But these accomplishments, though highly significant, do not point to consistent and international gender equality. They do not embrace us all. All over the world, girls are still married off as children or trafficked into forced labour and sex slavery. In many places women are seen as a commodity like livestock, to be sold or traded. They often meet with horrific violence in their own homes. In Saudi Arabia, women are not allowed to drive. They are made to stand in lines separated from men in restaurants and cafés. They are forbidden to leave their homes without a male chaperone. They have been denied some of the most basic rights to choose.
And so our struggle continues to offer women the freedom to control their own destinies, to live without fear and to be respected for their intellect, wisdom, ideas and humour. We fight to combat inequality in pay, healthcare and education, and we battle discrimination and violence toward women and girls. We strive to give all women - from all cultures and countries - the right to be equal citizens of the world.
As I am of Bangladeshi heritage, I feel strongly for the plight of South Asian women.
Recently, in Bangladesh, a 22-year-old pregnant woman was brutally murdered by her husband of seven months. His rage was fuelled by the fact that her dowry was not large enough to sustain his pleasures. He beat and stabbed her while his family stood by. Unfortunately this is not an isolated incident. Stories like this are very common, but as a woman is seen as belonging to a husband, justice is often not served when she is subjected to abuse.
So how can we create gender equality by 2030?
We can learn about the history of women's rights and the purpose behind IWD. We can celebrate the lives of the suffragettes and the activists who helped us get to where we are.
We can also become more informed about the plight of women all over the world. The statistics of rape and violence against women are outrageous. We can find out more about discrimination in and out of the workplace as well as in and out of our own culture and country.
We can also donate to women's causes, domestically or abroad, or volunteer at a women's shelter, getting to know and reach out to women seeking refuge from poverty or abuse.
We can continue the conversation and speak out for the women of the world.
So on Tuesday 8th March this year, let's remember the long journey we have taken to get to where we are today. Let's celebrate our victories and remember the women who have given their lives to champion women - all women.
But let's also look past the successes and continue the journey toward a truly equal world, where men and women are not the same, but they are equal - where differences are respected and applauded and we work together to create a peaceful and powerful planet.
Let's take this journey beyond our country's and culture's borders and do all that we can to help the women who cannot help themselves. | <urn:uuid:0c64f785-227c-4a04-b4fb-adc560a22226> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/shahida-rahman/womens-struggle-continue-_b_9398810.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125944851.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421012725-20180421032725-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.974103 | 838 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Honey Lemon Tea
iPhoneOgraphy – 16 May 2016 (Day 137/366)
Tea is an aromatic beverage commonly prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured leaves of the Camellia sinensis, an evergreen shrub native to Asia. After water, it is the most widely consumed drink in the world. There are many different types of tea; some teas, like Darjeeling and Chinese greens, have a cooling, slightly bitter, and astringent flavor, while others have vastly different profiles that include sweet, nutty, floral or grassy notes.
Tea originated in southwestern China, where it was used as a medicinal drink. It was popularized as a recreational drink during the Chinese Tang Dynasty, and tea drinking spread to other East Asian countries. Portuguese priests and merchants introduced it to the West during the 16th century. During the 17th century, drinking tea became fashionable among Britons, who started large-scale production and commercialization of the plant in India to bypass a Chinese monopoly at that time.
The phrase herbal tea usually refers to infusions of fruit or herbs made without the tea plant, such as steeps of rosehip, chamomile, or rooibos. These are also known as tisanes or herbal infusions to distinguish them from “tea” as it is commonly construed. | <urn:uuid:a4de6125-9d53-4366-8634-42ca48449cee> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://theinspirationshots.com/2016/05/16/honey-lemon-tea/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202326.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320105319-20190320131319-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.970515 | 277 | 2.640625 | 3 |
FRONTLINE; Truth, War and Consequences
More material is available from this program at the WGBH Archive. If you are a researcher interested in accessing the collection at WGBH, please email email@example.com.
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- Truth, War and Consequences
- Program Number
- Series Description
Premiered January 1983 Since January 1983, FRONTLINE has served as American public television's - PBS - flagship public affairs series. Hailed upon its television broadcast debut as "the last best hope for broadcast documentaries," FRONTLINE's stature over 23 years is reaffirmed each week through incisive documentaries covering the scope and complexity of the human experience. Series release date: 1/1983
- Program Description
FRONTLINE traces the roots of the Iraqi war back to the days immediately following September 11, when Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld ordered the creation of a special intelligence operation to quietly begin looking for evidence that would justify the war. The intelligence reports soon became a part of a continuing struggle between civilians in the Pentagon on one side and the CIA, State Department and uniformed military on the other -- a struggle that would lead to inadequate planning for the aftermath of the war, continuing violence and mounting political problems for the president.
- Asset Type
- Media Type
- Public Affairs
- Chicago: “FRONTLINE; Truth, War and Consequences,” 10/09/2003, WGBH Media Library & Archives, accessed January 19, 2019, http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_C7B4020D74F4496E99DCD67D7C275107.
- MLA: “FRONTLINE; Truth, War and Consequences.” 10/09/2003. WGBH Media Library & Archives. Web. January 19, 2019. <http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_C7B4020D74F4496E99DCD67D7C275107>.
- APA: FRONTLINE; Truth, War and Consequences. Boston, MA: WGBH Media Library & Archives. Retrieved from http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_C7B4020D74F4496E99DCD67D7C275107 | <urn:uuid:93e65e49-2631-4cbe-984d-e0eba83b69cc> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_C7B4020D74F4496E99DCD67D7C275107 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583681597.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119201117-20190119223117-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.872339 | 523 | 2.53125 | 3 |
– Waves 90-feet high on the Cascadia Subduction Zone! Not sure where that is? It’s basically the Pacific coast from Humboldt, California through Oregon and Washington, to southern British Columbia. If you’ve been paying attention, you already know it’s not only an earthquake zone, but a major tsunami zone. The fault is very similar to the one that ruptured near Sumatra on December 26, 2004. And since then, geologists in the Pacific Northwest are adjusting their hazard maps to allow for the possibility of 60-90 foot waves in some coastal towns.
– When will the next catastrophic wave come? Ahh, that’s what everyone wants to know. This week’s news is that it’s been about 600 years between big tsunamis in Sumatra and Thailand. As Sandy Doughton put it in The Seattle Times, that dates it back to the era of Joan of Arc. It’s long enough for the rise and fall of a civilization. You can see the evidence, as it’s beautifully preserved north of Phuket, Thailand. This photo shows the layers of light colored sand from tsunamis, and dark colored soil that builds up in the centuries in between. The woman is a Thai scientist, Kruawun Jankaew, who worked with Brian Atwater of the USGS and University of Washington.
Along the Pacific coast, we also measure in centuries. The last one hit in January of 1700 (the subject of fantastic sleuthing and science by Atwater and recounted in his book, The Orphan Tsunami of 1700). Going further back is less precise, and it may be anywhere in the range of 300-1,000 years between big tsunamis. We could be due now — or it could be beyond our great-great-grandchildren. The fault-lines don’t follow much of a schedule.
– There was no epicenter in 2004. The 2004 Sumatran disaster was huge in many ways. At magnitude 9.2, it’s one of the biggest earthquakes ever recorded. And the fault rupture was nearly 1,000 miles long (as if a single earthquake stretched from Seattle to San Francisco). As Atwater put it, we normally use an image of the quake and tsunami that’s like a pebble dropped into a pond, rippling out in circles. Here’s an example used by the United Nations and the US Agency for International Development
But this is wrong. It’s more like someone threw a long log into the pond — and the tsunami waves rippled out primarily in two directions. Instead of a red dot and circles, imagine a long red line, with waves emanating to the left (Sri Lanka) and right (Thailand). And, if you’re still following this, along Washington and Oregon, we should expect something similar, with a long section of the fault rupturing. | <urn:uuid:ffe6150b-8aab-4c10-a79b-cb60f7a15c2d> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://scienceandwonder.org/2008/10/30/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443738004493.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001222004-00009-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940869 | 615 | 3.203125 | 3 |
TIME: 2.5 HR FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT PRELIMINARY II MARKS: 75
Q.1. (a) Answer each of the following in not more than 2-3 lines—- 5mks
- What is meant by profitability index of a project ?
- What do you understand by Precautionary cash holding ?
- What is meant by financial break even point ?
- What is Gross Working Capital ?
- State the meaning of wealth maximisation?
(b) Emway ltd desires to plan its capital structure with total outlay of Rs 1 crore. Its anticipates the profit before interest and tax @ 20% on capital. The tax rate applicable is 40%. The following three alternatives capital structures are as follows:
All shares and debentures will have FV of Rs 100 are to be fully called up with application.
The co. except to have pay out ratio of 75%. The reasonable return(dividend) on equity shares is 10%.
You are required to:
- Suggest the structure to be adopted to maximize returns to equity holders
- Calculate market price of equity shares. 10mks
Q.2 Swayam siddha limited is setting up a project at a cost of Rs 300 lakhs. It has to decide whether to locate the plant in urban area (UA) or backward area (BA). Locating in backward areas means a cash subsidy of Rs 15 lakhs from the central government. Besides taxable profits to the extent of Rs 20% is exempted for 20 years. The project envisages a borrowing of Rs 20 lakhs in either cases. The cost of borrowing will be 12% in Urban areas and 10% in backward areas. However the revenue costs are bound to be higher in backward areas. The borrowings have to be repaid in 4 equal annual installments beginning from the end of the 4th year with the help of the following information and by using DCF techniques. You are required to suggest the proper location for the project.
|Profit (loss) before interest and depreciation(Rs in lakhs)||Present value factor @ 15%|
|Year||Urban area||Backward area|
The annual depreciation may be taken at Rs 30 lakhs. Interest on borrowings may be worked out at the respective rates. Average rate of tax may be taken at 50%. 15mks
Q.2 Excel ltd provides you with the following information with the request to prepare a statement of working capital
- Total cost of product is Rs. 10 per unit of which 50% is accounted by materials overhead are 2/3 of the labour cost per unit.
- Sales Target Rs Term
Zone A (cost+ 50%) 6,00,000 Cash
Zone B (cost+ 25%) 5,00,000 One month credit
Zone C (cost+20%) 1,92,000 Two month credit
- Other details
- Stocks of both Raw material & finished goods are to be kept for two months, while processing takes one month.
- 20% of suppliers of material are ensured on cash payment, 20% of suppliers are taken on advance payment for 15 days & remaining supplier have agreed to extend one month credit.
- Time lag in payment of wages & O/H is ½ month
- Debtors are valued at cost.
- Cash balance is always kept at 10% of Net working capital inclusive of cash. 15mks
Q.3. Tata corporation Ltd is considering relaxing its present credit policy and is in the process of evaluating 2 proposed policies. Currently the firm had annual credit sales of RS.50 lakh and accounts receivable turnover of 4 times a year. The current level of loss due to bad debts is Rs 1,50,000. The firm is required to give a return of 25 % on the investment in new accounts receivable. The companys variable costs are 70% of the selling price. Given the following information, which is a better option 15mks
Present policy Policy option-1 Policy option-2
Annual credit sales Rs.50,00,000 Rs.60,00,000 Rs.67,50,000
A/c’s receivable 4 3 2.4
Bad debts losses Rs.1,50,000 Rs.3,00,000 Rs.4,50,000
Q.3 A. Aim Ltd is considering merger with MAX ltd. There are no Synergy gains from the merging. Complete the following table if Aim wishes an EPS of Rs.2.80 after the merger.
|Particulars||AIM Ltd.||MAX Ltd.||Merged Entity|
|EAT||Rs.0.1 million||Rs.0.25 million||?|
|Total Market Price||?||?||?|
- Complete the above table. 5mks
Q.3.B The following is the sales forecast for a corporation. The sales are offered net 30 days, 80% of receivable are collected in the month following the month actual sale and 10% are collected each month thereafter, 15% of sales are cash sales. You are requested to prepare a schedule of cash inflow for the month of September, October ,November and December 2009.
Q.3 C Explain the role of finance manager? 5mks
Q.4 .A Transworld Textile equity shares currently sells for Rs.23 per share. The company’s finance maner anticipates a constant growth of 10.5% and at the end of the year dividend of Rs.2.50.
(a) What is the expected rate of return?
(b) If the investors requires 17% return, should he purchase the stocks? 8mks
- Explain Risk & Return Trade off in working capital management? 7mks
Q.4. Write Short notes on: Any 3 15mks
- a) Tools of cash management.
- b) Equity is a free source of capital.
- c) Rationale of capital Expenditure decision.
Q.5. Himesh Ltd agreed to acquire the business of Dhoni Ltd as at 30th June 2010 on which date the Balance Sheet of Dhoni Ltd was as under;
|Equity share capital Fully paid up||300000||Goodwill||70000|
|Dividend Equilisation Reserve||20000||Debtors||18000|
|Creditors||10000||Cash / Bank||28000|
The consideration payable by Himesh Ltd was agreed as under-
- Issue of 45000 equity shares of Rs10 each in Himesh Ltd at an agreed value of Rs 15 per share.
- Cash payment of Rs 2.50 for every Equity Share of Rs10 each in Dhoni Ltd.
The Directors of Himesh Ltd valued Land & Building at Rs 300000, Plant & Machinery at Rs 300000, Stock in Trade at Rs 70000 and Debtors at Book value subject to allowance of 5% for doubtful Debts.
- Show – 1. Statement of Computation of Purchase Consideration
- Journal Entries in the book of Himesh. 15mks | <urn:uuid:876bf62c-519a-4356-adac-b4a02e28480e> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.bms.co.in/financial-management-prelims-question-paper-ii-2014-jinall-classes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104293758.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704015700-20220704045700-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.889592 | 1,848 | 2.625 | 3 |
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- adj. Having good cleavage. Used of minerals.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- adj. Having good cleavage.
- adj. Having attractive cleavage of the breasts.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- adj. Like spar; foliated or lamellar; spathose.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- In mineralogy, having an even lamellar or flatly foliated structure.
Diamond, sir, in extraordinary evidence! in conjunction with specular iron ore, commonly called the red haematite, and the ferrous carbonate, or spathic iron.
Siderite or spathic iron ore occurs as a gangue mineral in some of the gold quartz veins in the central part of the State, but owing to its limited quantity, it is of little economical importance for the manufacture of iron.
The mineralogical character of the iron ores found in the State includes magnetite, red hematite, brown hematite (limonite), siderite (spathic ore), and black band ores.
Again, many minerals, such as crystals, are bounded by plain surfaces, and, with very few exceptions (spathic and hematite iron and dolomite are such exceptions) none are bounded by curved lines and surfaces, while living organisms are bounded by such lines and surfaces.
Throughout the coal-measures of the commonwealth there are vast beds of spathic ore, which will serve when the more available deposits have been exhausted.
The Great South; A Record of Journeys in Louisiana, Texas, the Indian Territory, Missouri, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland
At Pillersee, in Austria, spathic iron ore has been reduced by a mixture of fir-wood charcoal, and air-dry peat in the proportions of three parts by bulk of the former to one of the latter.
It contains, as substances accidentally disseminated in the mass, brown iron-ore, spathic iron, even rock-crystal.
The property of the spathic acid, to corrode flinty substances, has been lately applied by a Mr. Puymaurin, to engrave on glass, as artists engrave on copper, with aquafortis. | <urn:uuid:4cbaf1c0-3e9c-4041-a573-064f0e5db615> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://www.wordnik.com/words/spathic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982939756.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200859-00175-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892679 | 526 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Stories From the Heart: Qi for ASD
Traditional Chinese Medicine Provides a Research Based Approach to Using Medical Qigong to Help Children on the Autism Spectrum
Parents of special needs children often become advocates willing to pursue innovative approaches to helping their children. In my case, my eclectic background as a Harvard-trained developmental psychologist and acupuncturist led me to pursue options offered by Chinese medicine for my own children, who have had sensory integration challenges.
Imagine my surprise in discovering that an American medical doctor trained in classical Chinese medicine had already charted this territory and come away with a comprehensive treatment approach that pulls forward ancient teachings of medical Qigong to treat children with sensory integration challenges, and had published research to demonstrate that her approach supports significant developmental gains in children with ASD.
This Western MD had taken her initiative a step further and was actively placing Qigong in the hands of early intervention specialists and parents via a training program that honors the age old principle that Chinese medicine is fundamentally for families. Dr. Louisa Silva has been publishing research for the past 6 years showing that her intervention, “Qigong Sensory Training”, reduces sensory impairment and improves adaptive behaviors in children with ASD.
Her most recent publication draws on Chinese medical theory to suggest that Autism involves the interplay of impaired sensory development and delayed emergence of self- regulation. Addressing this delay via Qigong can help children fill in missing developmental milestones.
My training provided a lens to review Dr. Silva’s research—which I found compelling enough to invite her to come to the Boston area for the first time to offer her thorough training to occupational therapists and acupuncturists. The training also teaches parents to deliver Qigong massage. My experiences working with children and parents in the program contribute to my enthusiasm over this approach. We are already seeing signs of reduction in sensory impairment in the children novice practitioners are treating.
Through ongoing outreach, Dr. Silva aims to expand the reach of this Qigong Sensory Training Intervention. If you are an open minded parent who wants to engage hands-on in your child’s wellness, consider participating in a QST training near you!
Maria A. Broderick, MAOM, Ed.D., Lic.Ac., practices Chinese medicine with a focus on child and adolescent health and development. Maria is a member of the clinical faculty of the New England School of Acupuncture (www.nesa.edu), where she supervises acupuncture interns in the pediatric in patient unit and the adolescent outpatient clinic at Boston Medical Center. Maria holds a Master’s degree in Oriental Medicine from the New England School of Acupuncture and a doctoral degree in Human Development and Psychology from Harvard University, where she previously served on the Faculty of Education. Maria is a Schweitzer Fellow for Life. She is the Director of Reservoir Family Wellness (www.reservoirfamilywellness), in Acton, MA, where she treats children with ASD with Chinese medicine.
* Stories From the Heart is an ongoing series of user contributed heart warming stories, that shine light on the Autism and special needs experience. | <urn:uuid:78d2be18-43ca-4eec-8c3d-40960a28a8b4> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.autismtoday.com/stories-from-the-heart-qi-for-asd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609404.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528004908-20170528024908-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.944425 | 637 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Our bridges are getting old and many of them are in need of a bit of TLC. If you consider that some of the world’s most famous bridges are now over a century old - the Brooklyn Bridge was built in 1883 – and others are well into old age - The Golden Gate Bridge was constructed in the 1930s – then they’ve understandably seen a lot of wear and tear, especially given the significant increase in traffic volume over the past decades. To help these essential structures last into posterity and remain safe for public use we need projects like bridge rehabilitation.
[Image Source: Wikimedia]
What is bridge rehabilitation?
Bridges are inspected periodically for structural faults that could lead to accidents; if the condition is found to be poor then it can mean replacement of parts or a complete overhaul to get it back in shape. Certain bridges - particularly ones in areas that experience a lot of seismic activity - can develop serious flaws that can result in very costly and time-consuming repairs. Many bridges were built with a theoretical 50-year lifespan and in the America over 150,000 bridges have a status of structurally deficient or functionally obsolete. Most bridges that have reached this stage will need a bridge rehabilitation project; the many others can be protected through preventative maintenance. Obviously, the rehabilitation of all these bridges will place a huge demand on engineering companies and requires a systematic and cost-effective approach given the costs of labor and raw materials.
Currently, bridge preservation is concentrating on preventative maintenance, which is considered a more proactive measure in relation to full-on rehabilitation. The idea is to prevent, delay, or reduce the deterioration of bridges or recondition and restore their functions. This can involve sealing concrete, painting steel, and lubricating bearings. However, rehabilitation is often necessary when restoring the structural integrity or correcting major defects. Replacement of the entire structure is only a last resort. After an inspection finds a serious problem, the first stage is to assess which features of the bridge need improving and whether new functional improvements are necessary, for example the addition of a travel lane. Other examples of what constitutes rehabilitation are: partial or complete deck replacement; superstructure and substructure replacement; and incidental widening. The easiest way to gain an insight into the kind of processes involved is to look at a real life case study.
In the example of Pattullo Bridge between New Westminster and Surrey, Ausenco rehabilitated it over the course of two decades, originally replacing the south approach, seismic upgrades to the south approach and replacement of joint and steel floor beams to the river piers. This was later followed by widening and seismic retrofitting.
There are other considerations to take on board when it comes to bridge rehabilitation. These projects can of course cause major disruptions principally to traffic flow, especially in the case of the Brooklyn Bridge which handles over 100,000 vehicles, pedestrians and cyclists every day. But with proper planning it will be possible to restore our bridges, whether iconic landmarks or not, to their former glory. | <urn:uuid:aed96366-d653-4020-8e9a-878e3035ccde> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://interestingengineering.com/ausenco-engineering-a-bridge-rehabilitation-project | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178373241.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305183324-20210305213324-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.948676 | 609 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Report on Taal (Philippines) — November 1976
Natural Science Event Bulletin, vol. 1, no. 14 (November 1976)
Managing Editor: David Squires.
Taal (Philippines) Strong, frequent eruptions with ashfall through mid-October
Please cite this report as:
Global Volcanism Program, 1976. Report on Taal (Philippines) (Squires, D., ed.). Natural Science Event Bulletin, 1:14. Smithsonian Institution. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.NSEB197611-273070
14.002°N, 120.993°E; summit elev. 311 m
All times are local (unless otherwise noted)
Activity continued through September and early October.
13 September: Voluminous quantities of steam and ash were emitted, causing ashfalls at towns up to 10 km E of the vent. Harmonic tremor was continuous. Intermittent incandescence was reported during the previous week.
14 September: Strong steam and ash eruptions continued until evening, when activity slackened.
15 September: Activity increased around 0700. Just before noon, a strong explosion ejected rock fragments 150 m above the vent and produced an 1,800-m ash. Ash fell on towns surrounding Lake Taal, up to 16 km E and N of the vent. One mm of ash fell in a 20-minute period and a strong stench of sulfur was noted at the volcano station, 4 km from the vent.
17 September: Ash fell continuously on towns east and north of Lake Taal, frequently mixing with rain to fall as mud. Heavy ashfall and sulfur fumes forced the evacuation of Taal Island, except for a skeleton staff remaining at the volcano station. Many work animals had died and many others were ill, probably because of sulfur-contaminated food and water. Harmonic tremor gradually increased in amplitude.
18 September: Ash and sulfur emission decreased slightly in the evening.
19 September: Diminished activity allowed an inspection on the vent area. The new crater formed on the first day of the eruption was steaming weakly. Most activity was from a 100-m-diameter vent within the 1965-70 cone, on which scattered impact craters a few centimeters to 0.7 m across were present up to 500 m from the vent. Harmonic tremor amplitude had declined. Ash emission weakened further in the evening, with occasional brief pauses. Ash clouds took 2-3 minutes to rise 700 m.
20 September: Continuous eruption resumed in the morning. No incandescence was observed. Harmonic tremor amplitude was unchanged. About 100 people had eruption-related diseases: asthmatic bronchitis, gastroenteritis, respiratory tract infection, sore eyes, and allergy.
21-22 September: The eruption weakened considerably.
23 September: Steam and ash emission increased in intensity, but no incandescence was observed. Harmonic tremor amplitude increased.
4 October: The eruption resumed after a "short lull." Ash clouds rose more than 2,100 m, accompanied by lightning, thunderstorms, and harmonic tremor.
5 October: Ash emission, in black to brownish clouds, increased. By afternoon, heavy ashfall, which forced cars to use their headlights, had deposited 2.5 cm of ash in one town near Lake Taal.
7 October: Continuous heavy ashfall forced the evacuation of five towns up to 16 km E and N of the vent. The eruption was accompanied by hollow sounds from within the crater and by harmonic tremor. Profuse emission of white steam was occurring from the source of the 1968 lava flow. A new step fault was noted near the summit of the vent.
8 October: Ash-laden steam clouds were ejected continuously to a height of 500-600 m, depositing ash around Lake Taal. Activity had migrated back to the elongate main vent. Harmonic tremor amplitude began to increase at 0330.
10 October: A reconnaissance at 1200 noted ejection of coarser fragments, accompanied by hollow reverberations, lightning, and thunder. Ash fell SW of the vent (most ash had previously fallen to the N and E). Ash eruption ended at 1650.
11 October: Activity resumed at 0100 with the ejection of brownish ash clouds, accompanied by harmonic tremor.
Geological Summary. Taal is one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines and has produced some of its most powerful historical eruptions. Though not topographically prominent, its prehistorical eruptions have greatly changed the landscape of SW Luzon. The 15 x 20 km Talisay (Taal) caldera is largely filled by Lake Taal, whose 267 km2 surface lies only 3 m above sea level. The maximum depth of the lake is 160 m, and several eruptive centers lie submerged beneath the lake. The 5-km-wide Volcano Island in north-central Lake Taal is the location of all historical eruptions. The island is composed of coalescing small stratovolcanoes, tuff rings, and scoria cones that have grown about 25% in area during historical time. Powerful pyroclastic flows and surges from historical eruptions have caused many fatalities.
Information Contacts: Manila Times-Journal. | <urn:uuid:094dfa7c-2546-47e0-a765-dd550ff09f95> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=10.5479/si.GVP.NSEB197611-273070 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154457.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803092648-20210803122648-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.954158 | 1,096 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Japan's response to the disaster at Fukushima Daiichi in terms of robots has been disappointing so far, but the 5-ton robot developed after the 1995 Kobe earthquake could change that.
Created in 2007 by Tmsuk, T-53 Enyru is a machine with a giant bulldozer and arms attached to debris removal.
Enyru (or "Rescue Dragon") is expected to clear debris from the central highly radioactive for humans and machines to provide better access, but may need to be protected against radiation with lead. Until now, it would be the second robot used in disaster after the first such robot, radiation detector was not used long.
Each arm has six joints Enyru, can lift about 100kg. The machine can be operated directly from the cabin or remotely.
A compact and lightweight version of its predecessor, the T-52 T53 helped efforts that followed the 2007 earthquake that hit Kashiwazaki City in Niigata, a place which is the largest nuclear power capacity in the world.
Despite this experience, only recently sent Tmsuk T-53 to a holding center in Tsukuba, Ibaraki prefecture, north of Tokyo, following a request from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. Remote-controlled robots QinetiQ North America are also in the process of evaluation at the center.
Robots will be sent to the J-Village, a place near the plant in Fukushima, where cars are decontaminated following exposure to radiation. Two iRobot PackBots, often used by the military, have been used to explore inside the reactor building. | <urn:uuid:cddb4de3-c80d-402c-9ad7-d052ff078274> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://euroblogus.blogspot.com/2011/05/enyru-robot-mission-at-fukushima.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119661285.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030101-00013-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956636 | 332 | 3.359375 | 3 |
|Upper and lower pillars
produced by Venus. Shinya Ueda imaged
this pillared Venus at dawn on 11th January 2005 from Osaka, Japan.
Mercury is 0.5º to the right of Venus allowing us to gauge the
total height of the pillars as about 0.4º. Mercury (magnitude
-0.3) was 20X less bright than Venus which accounts for why its pillar
was too faint to show in the photograph. ©2005
Shinya Ueda, shown with permission.
||A pillar produced by a planet
is a rare event. To see one, first find a clear horizon so that the
planet can be seen when only a few degrees high and when the sun is
preferably well below the horizon. A thin layer of cirrus cloud is
needed - perhaps previously indicated by sundogs or a sun pillar at
sunset. Search for a Venus pillar with low power binoculars - but
never when the sun is visible. Move the binoculars to and fro
slightly because faint and diffuse glows then show up better. Be wary
of false sightings caused by lens reflections!
||Venus on 9th April
2002 imaged by Carol Lakomiak of Wisconsin. Carol was photographing
Comet Ikeya-Zhang when she noticed that Venus looked odd. "Without
optical aid, I saw beams of light coming from the top and the bottom
of the planet. They were more pronounced through 11x70 binoculars.
I turned the camera to the west and began to take photos ... "
This 15s, 50mm exposure might well be the first ever image of a "Venus
Image©2002 Carol Lakomiak,
reproduced with permission. | <urn:uuid:fe2e1990-ae1a-406c-ae28-f01b3ce76046> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.atoptics.co.uk/halo/venpill.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049274059.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002114-00150-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912214 | 370 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Our parents said breakfast was the most important meal of the day.
Their parents told them the same thing. The message has been passed down for generations – and yet, about 30 million of us still skip breakfast every day. Study after study show that a healthy breakfast boosts brainpower, curbs hunger, increases energy and decreases weight.
The first tip for a healthy breakfast is to actually eat breakfast. Once you’ve committed to making time in your morning routine, your next step is choosing the right foods. Experts agree that you should aim for a breakfast that combines good carbs and fiber with protein.
- Try oatmeal. Oats have beta-glucan, a form of fiber that may lower cholesterol when eaten regularly. Oats are also rich in potassium and omega-3 fatty acids, which research shows reduce inflammation and may help lower risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, arthritis and heart disease.
- Incorporate whole grains, fruit and eggs. The Alliance for a Healthier Generation says these will keep your body satisfied throughout the morning and your metabolism steady. Eggs have made a major comeback in recent years. Once shunned for being high in dietary cholesterol, but they’re now embraced as a healthy source of protein and nutrients like Vitamin D.
- Cut the bad stuff. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services advises limiting sodium, added sugars, trans fats, saturated fats and refined grains, which translates to avoiding foods like donuts, cinnamon rolls, muffins, syrup and sugar cereals.
If you can already hear your kids protesting, consider this: Missing breakfast can make children hungry and tired, and lead to snacking on junk food later in the day. Research also shows that kids who eat a healthy breakfast miss less school and do better on tests.
So set a positive example for kids! Commit to eating a healthy breakfast every day and finding time to incorporate breakfast into your family routine. It’s never too late listen to your parents’ advice. | <urn:uuid:2fd42c86-936d-465e-856d-ca62b4403fc6> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://redwingymca.org/blog/2013/12/06/297/tips_for_a_healthy_breakfast | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891926.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123111826-20180123131826-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.95265 | 410 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Your browser is not able to view Flash content. Since the resource listed below uses Flash, you will likely have a less than optimal experience if you choose to view that site on this computer or mobile device.
GradesK to 12
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This simple and free online tool allows you to brainstorm ideas and create concept maps with no special software! Bubble.us features some highly interactive abilities: saving your mind...more
This simple and free online tool allows you to brainstorm ideas and create concept maps with no special software! Bubble.us features some highly interactive abilities: saving your mind map as an image, sharing (emailing) your work with a friend, printing your organizer, creating colorful mind map organizers, embedding your work into a website or blog, and working with friends. You are able to "play" at this site without registering; however registration is necessary for saving, embedding, emailing, and other features. NOTE: the free version only allows you to SAVE three maps, so you will want to save your completed maps as images, then deleted them from your membership to make room for more freebies. Here is an example of a bubbl.us map embedded in a page. Click and drag on the background to read more, or try the zoom controls to see more or less.
In the ClassroomClick "Start Here" to type the subject of your concept map. Hitting your Enter key creates a new level (branch) within the map. Tab creates an additional branch on the same level as the current topic. Experiment with the small icons on each "element" to change colors, drag, make new connections, etc. Save and set sharing (read-only or open access) in the area at the right. You can "send" a read-only link via email or copy the embed code from the Menu at lower right), but you cannot find the URL directly from your map. "Send" it to yourself via email to copy the actual URL.
There are countless possibilities at this mental mapping site. Demonstrate the tool on an interactive whiteboard or projector, and then allow students to try to create their own graphic organizers. Use this site for literature activities, research projects, social studies, or science topics of study. Use this site to create family trees. Have students collaborate together (online) to create group mind maps or review charts before tests on a given subject. Have students organize color-code concepts to show what they understand, wonder, question; map out a story, plotline, or LIFETIME; map out a step-by-step process (life cycle); map a real historical event as a choose-your-own-adventure with alternate endings(?) based on pivotal points; plan a "tour" for a "thought museum." Use this mapping website as an alternative to a traditional test, quiz, or homework assignment in literature or social studies: have students demonstrate their understanding by completing a graphic organizer about the main points. To minimize the number of maps on a free account, have students screenshot or print their results to turn them in. See more ideas in the linked example above!
david, TX, Grades: 9 - 12 | <urn:uuid:8e32cde2-8d08-4a60-aca0-f5a7ab28b764> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://teachersfirst.com/single.cfm?id=1207 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997894782.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025814-00089-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.885791 | 657 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The Mummert farm rests along Fair School Road in the Pierceville Run District in southwestern York County. A caption with this photograph, from the York, Pa., Daily Record/Sunday News, states: ‘The buildings, fields, tree lines and wood lots tell the story of the people who farmed the area in the past.’ This area is part of the proposed Pierceville Run Historic Agricultural District, which would illustrate how farming began and how it changed over time. Also of interest: Is mystery railroad the old Shrewsbury narrow gauge?
Pierceville has been in the news.
Pierceville, Codorus Township, is a locale in a remote part of southwestern York County. Indeed, in one of the most remote parts of the county, near the Maryland Line. That region, down Sticks way, is primarily beautiful farms and rolling countryside. The map shows Pierceville is around the intersection of Route 216 and, well, Pierceville Road.
Spoutwood Farm in that region sometimes makes the news because of its May Day Fairie Festival.
A York Daily Record/Sunday News story tells how a piece of that region, Pierceville Run, is under consideration for nomination for the National Register of Historic Places.
All this proves that even in an area of York County in which nothing appears to be happening, something is happening.
Here’s that story (11/13/11) telling about Pierceville Run:
“A small part of southern York County is being nominated as a Historic Agricultural District.
“The Pierceville Run area is being nominated to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Pennsylvania Agricultural History Project.
“The goal is to create a document to help in recognizing and preserving the state’s rich heritage of agricultural buildings and landscapes. The document would be used as Pennsylvania’s official guide for evaluating historic agricultural resources for nomination to the National Register.
“While the document does not nominate or list properties for the National Register, it provides a background for historical organizations and conservation groups wanting to pursue district nominations, said Barb Raid, an architectural historian with Historic York.
” ‘Other counties could use this as a model. The background work is there and all they have to do is plug into it,’ she said.
It would streamline the process of nominating historic agricultural areas and individual properties listed on the National Register.
“Sally McMurry, the head of history and religious studies at Penn State University, chose the Pierceville Run area ‘because its historic buildings and landscapes vividly typify the historic patterns of farming in the historic farming regions of York and Adams counties,’ Raid said.
“The buildings, fields, tree lines and wood lots tell the story of the people who farmed the area, what they raised and how they managed their farms, she said.
“The nomination of the Pierceville Run area is part of the Pennsylvania Agricultural History Project, a collaborative effort involving Penn State University, the state Bureau for Historic Preservation and local historic organizations.
“Examples of two of the farms that are part of the proposed Pierceville Run Historic Agricultural District illustrate how farming began and how it changed over time.
“The 64 acre farm of Peter Smith, or Schmidt in some spellings, is typical of area farms in the late 19th century.
“Smith had two horses, four milk cows, one steer, four sheep and nine hogs. The steer and a few of the hogs were probably slaughtered to provide meat for the family and other hogs were sold at market. Smith grew modest crops, generally less than 300 bushels of wheat, corn, rye, oats and potatoes. The family harvested about ten tons of hay for the milk cows, grew apples that provided cider, vinegar, apple butter and schnitz and made 300 to 500 pounds of butter a year.
“The buildings included a Pennsylvania German center-chimney house, with a full basement and large kitchen hearth, a combination springhouse and summer kitchen, a double crib log barn, with an upper level loft for hay and grain storage and a stable below for the animals, and a heavy timber-framed machine shed with corn crib.
“The land included a woodlot and pasture and even though Smith’s farm was considered small and modest, he had machinery worth $400 well above the state aveage of $166.
“The Fair farm is a good example of how farming changed.
“This farm started out much like the Smith Farm but when Clinton Fair acquired the property around 1905 he put more of an emphasis on raising fewer crops but in larger quantities, corn and hay for livestock and wheat for market.
“Oats were on their way out along with horses and rye declined in popularity for various reasons including Prohibition.
“There was an automobile for transportation, and mules, a stationary gasoline engine, and an electric plant for power. The family raised a steer for meat, and a few cors for milk and butter and put more focus on hogs and chickens. At one point they had 16 pigs, a large number in 1927, and 1400 hens and pullets, serving to illustrate a trend taking place at the time as York County farmers shifted their mix of crops and livestock.
“The barn included a forebay bank barn built around 1905, housing milk cows, the mule and the steer. The chicken house and a large two story hog house date from the early 20th century. A butcher house and springhouse were probably related to hog production.
“The farmhouse, built in 1925, adapted traditional Pennsylvania German features such as a square footprint and banked construction but in a popular modern style and is testimony to the success of Fairs’ farming strategy.
“The landscape retains features that were established at least in the 1930’s and include several distinctively shaped wood lots and crop fields.
Also of interest
Pierceville. How did it get its name? “The Gazetteer of York and Adams Counties” and George Prowell’s history don’t help.
Here’s a wild guess.
That part of York County was heavily Democratic in the 1800s. Codorus Township was a hotbed for candidates of the Jeffersonian and Jacksonian persuasion. In the 1850s, President Franklin Pierce was a Northerner and a Democrat whose was known to have Southern sympathies, like James Buchanan, who followed him. That region of York County was, of course, in the North, and filled with Democrats with Southern sympathies.
Anyone want to weigh in on this?
Codorus Township, in southwestern York County, actually sits out in the Sticks | <urn:uuid:83c2c98d-58a4-4ae9-b4ca-ebc99b57a781> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.yorkblog.com/yorktownsquare/2012/01/31/pierceville-york-county-pa-where-is-that/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637898124.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025818-00026-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955386 | 1,397 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Today the students learned about Agent Modeling. Jenna taught the students how to use a program called Agent Sheets to create a model of the population of rabbits, wolves, and grass using the predator prey relationship. Gradually, the students made the rabbits eat the grass and reproduce while setting the growth of the grass. They were left with the task of editing the behavior of the wolf to eat the rabbits.
After the snack break Bob2 introduced the students to NetLogo, another agent modeling program. The students were given 30 minutes to experiment with a pre-made NetLogo model of their choice that they would then use to practice presentation do's and don'ts to prepare for their presentation days.
Doing presentations, the students were given critiques and helpful input during their presentations. For example:
Connect with the audience of all sides of the room
Use less fillers (i.e., Um, like, yeah)
Make sure to give a brief introduction about your topic
The students enjoyed the feedback that was given to them and are ready for next week's presentations.
After presentations were done, Bob 2 taught the students some basic codes in NetLogo to create turtles that move randomly on the screen. | <urn:uuid:cfd8da2a-051b-4bb7-96a4-cd7bb3400d7f> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.shodor.org/succeed/workshops/archive2006/winter/ssp/overviews/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697974692/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095254-00033-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962458 | 248 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Hurricane Harvey: The week Houston will never forget…
To call Hurricane Harvey a devastating storm would be an understatement. As of Friday, it has been assessed that Harvey caused: one million Texans to evacuate, 185,000+ flooded homes, displacement of over 42,000 Houstonians still housed in shelters and over $23 billion in damages. An unprecedented 800 year storm, Harvey may have covered Houston in water, but he also uncovered the importance of our legacies; our photographs.
The Importance of preserving photos before and after a flood…
Flood victims who were interviewed spoke of their attempt to salvage irreplaceable family photos before and after the flood.
Judy Levison shared, “You realize what’s important: photo albums are the only thing I really care about. So I lifted things into closets as high as I could.” [Bethea, Charles The New Yorker “The View from Houston, As Harvey’s Floodwaters Rise” August 27, 2017]
Jessee Smethermann of Kingwood said, “As we were trying to salvage what we could putting them out to dry, I was noticing the dates they were taken. One of them was a relative from 1897.” [Molestina, Ken CBS News “Family Photos Saved In Spite Of Harvey Destruction” September 4, 2017]
And Sheila Ware sadly explained, “Once you lose pictures that are 50 years old, you are never going to see that again. You have photos to trigger memories, and when they are gone, they are gone.” [Slaydon, Andrea Click 2 Houston “How to recover photos after a flood” September 1, 2017]
Thankfully when photo albums are damaged during a flood, there is still a way to save them. Firstly, bring them indoors. The sun and wind will cause them to curl. Ideally, while images are still wet from floodwater, rinse off any mud or debris with clean, tepid water. Lay each photograph flat onto a towel or blotting paper. Then, with rubber gloves, gently press down on the images to blot the water off of the back of the photograph. Be careful not to rub or scratch the front of the image as this may cause irreparable damage. Change the blotting paper or towel every few hours (as this will help soak up the moisture). Finally, leave images to dry completely. Do not use newspaper or colored paper as this may transfer ink to the images.
Natural disasters force us to take stock of what is truly important in life. The safety of our family, pets and friends is paramount, however the loss of irreplaceable photographs can be heart-breaking. While attempts to move items to higher ground is of course your best option, it’s nice to know that there are ways to save our treasured photographs. | <urn:uuid:0af24137-97d3-4074-b9e3-d09da836ddc0> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.angilewis.com/family-photos-houston-saving-family-photos-angi-lewis-photography/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864019.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621020632-20180621040632-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.96215 | 592 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Through the scientific method, the problems of life are tackled experimentally in order to find always better solutions.
According to a new study by Roberto Cazzolla Gatti, associate professor at Tomsk State University in Russia and Russian biologist Alena Velichevskaya, there is unequivocal evidence that the certification of palm oil does not guarantee “environmental sustainability”. Too bad that the study is anything but scientific, as it ignores the experimental method and therefore the facts of reality.
One of the several conclusions is that the certifications that identify palm oil as sustainable in reality are useless because they do not take into account past deforestation. This reasoning is anti-logical. All plantations, from Italian and European olive oil to sunflower oil (and many others), are the result of centuries-old deforestation. On closer inspection, Europe is a clear example of this. It would be like saying that RSPO (founded in 2004) is responsible for deforestation in the 1980s.
NGO’S AND SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA
The same applies to the doubts raised about RSPO’s ability to stop deforestation. Palm oil is among the essential vegetable fats for the sustainable diet of the future. In 2050, 10 billion people will have to share the planet. Everyone, no one excluded, will need and have the right to feed themselves. Given its unique yield per hectare, palm oil is among the best possible solutions to ensure greater food security.
Boycotting it, it’s not the solution. Strengthening control and protection mechanisms, such as RSPO, is the way to a sustainable future for all, as most environmental organizations at an international level such as WWF and Greenpeace are saying. In fact, there are dozens of NGOs that consider RSPO standards the best current response (though perfectible) to the sustainability problems of the supply chain. Mystifying reality, through the illusion that simple answers to complex problems exist, is dangerous and useless. Science must face today’s problems in order to find new solutions for tomorrow. Otherwise, it will not only be an inefficient loss of energy but also a risky distraction.
A MISTAKE THAT IS WORTH MORE THAN PLANET EARTH
If we want to better analyze the study, we will probably discover some good ones, but this following example is enough to give an idea of how partial and dangerously misleading the reported information is: Gatti says that Palm Oil concessions in Southeast Asia insist on a total of 18 billion hectares. Too bad that the earth’s surface is only 12-15 billion hectares. According to Gatti, therefore, the entire surface of the Earth and more would be covered by Palm Oil plantations. Scientific method, what?
This makes us wonder about the ideological motivations underlining such an imprecise work. Questions on the pool of scientists revising this document are obvious: in order to denigrate palm oil, it seems that the article has been approved with closed eyes. It is a pity that the error is greater than the surface of the Earth itself.
But after all, from the co-designer and contributor of the website “Olio di Palma Insostenibile” (a parody of the Italian Union for Sustainable Palm Oil website) launched in 2016 by the then Member of Italian Parliament Mirko Busto (of 5 Stars Movement), now removed from the web, one can certainly not expect much more.
THE NECESSARY BALANCE (SCIENTIFIC METHOD WANTED)
Global social and economic development has necessarily led to the search for a balance between Man and Nature. Europe itself or the United States have over the years intensively deforested their wooded areas. This, in favour of the creation of new urban spaces, crops and livestock farming.
What happens in palm oil producing countries can be summed up in the same tension towards economic and social development. This, however, does not have to happen in an environmentally negative way. Indonesia is an interesting example. From 2016 to 2019 it reduced its deforestation process by more than 60%. Through corrections and regulatory protections, the country wants to approach growth in a different way, aiming at sustainable growth.
Reforestation seems to be one of the main methods to achieve such a balance. However, this process must be considered on its more global connotation and must therefore be followed by all countries. Here, Indonesia has a good balance. In fact, it has a large amount of preserved forests (about 50-45% of the total available land) and a smaller amount of cultivated land (31% of the total available land). The same goes for the other major palm oil producer, Malaysia. In fact, the country is covered by 62% of forests and 26% of cultivated land, unlike other countries such as Germany, which has a higher amount of cultivated land (50-45% ca.) and a lower amount of forests (33% ca.).
Finally, is Cazzolla Gatti mocking us? Is he aware that researchers should follow scientific method instead of their own ideological bias? | <urn:uuid:94c72291-c866-478b-b724-247bd5c8a137> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.forfreechoice.org/featured/scientific-method-palm-oil/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948609.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327060940-20230327090940-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.950182 | 1,040 | 2.75 | 3 |
The radicals represent one way that the ideas of early reformers were pushed further; many of their ideas had social, economic, and political implications, which is in part why they were seen as so dangerous. Groups that linked Protestant ideas directly to various political and social programs were also threatening. In 1522–3, free imperial knights, who controlled small territories in the Empire and numbered in the thousands, revolted against larger territorial princes. Their grievances were primarily economic and military – knights were becoming less valued because of the military changes traced in chapter 3 , and their small estates could not support them adequately because of infl ation – but they used Lutheran ideas to justify their movement. Armies led by territorial princes quickly suppressed the revolt and burned a number of knights’ castles; the Knights’ Revolt thus succeeded only in making some princes more wary of the new religious ideas. The German Peasants’ War of 1524–6 had much more far-reaching consequences than the Knights’ Revolt. Peasants in many parts of Germany objected to new laws limiting hunting and fi shing rights, rising levels of taxation, and the imposition of labor obligations; in 1524 what began as a protest about fi shing in a forbidden stream quickly became a widespread rebellion, the largest mass uprising in Europe before the French Revolution. Local groups of peasants formed regional revolutionary organizations and military alliances in southwestern and then central and southeastern Germany. In March 1525 a union of these groups issued the Twelve Articles of Memmingen, a manifesto that called for the abolition of serfdom, hunting and fi shing rights, a reduction in taxes and labor services, and the right of the community to elect and dismiss pastors to ensure that the “pure gospel” would be preached. Most dramatically, the Twelve Articles stated that any practice not in accordance with the gospels should be rejected, thus linking the word of God, what was often termed “divine law,” with issues of social justice. All of this was expressed in clear language, and the Articles were published as a small pamphlet that was quickly reprinted many times. The demands of the Twelve Articles were backed by military action, and peasant armies seized castles, noble houses, abbeys, and a few cities; in other cities townspeople themselves revolted, calling for civil rights and religious reform. Peasant and urban armies included former mercenaries, so that they were not completely inexperienced, but they had almost no cavalry or artillery and few fi rearms. Once experienced imperial mercenaries returned from fi ghting in Italy, and the forces of territorial rulers organized to fi ght the revolt, peasant armies were crushed with brutality and vengeance. Though peasant grievances long predated the Reformation, the ideas of Luther and Zwingli about Christian freedom and the reshaping of Christian life certainly infl uenced the way peasant calls for change were expressed. The response by magisterial reformers was uniformly hostile, however; as noted above, in Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants (1525), Luther urged rulers “as God’s sword on earth to knock down, strangle, and stab the insurgents as one would a mad dog.” He and other reformers asserted that their message was not to be linked with economic, social, or political grievances, and that peasants and poor city people owed their superiors obedience. Spiritual reasons never gave individuals the right to oppose political authority by force, an idea Zwingli also affi rmed in Whoever Causes Insurrection (1526). Not surprisingly, the magisterial Reformation lost much of its popular appeal after 1525, though peasants and urban rebels sometimes found a place for their social and religious ideas within radical groups. At the same time as they were reacting so harshly to radicals and peasants, Luther and Zwingli decided to marry, Luther to a former nun, Katharina von Bora (1499–1552), and Zwingli to a Zurich widow, Anna Reinhart (1491–1538); both women quickly had several children. Most other Protestant reformers also married, and their wives had to create a new and respectable role for themselves – that of pastor’s wife – to overcome people viewing them as simply a new type of priest’s concubine. They were living demonstrations of their husbands’ convictions about the superiority of marriage to celibacy, and were expected to be models of wifely obedience and Christian charity. Though they denied its sacramental nature, many Protestant reformers praised marriage in formal treatises, commentaries on the Book of Genesis, household guides, and – most importantly – wedding sermons. They stressed that it had been ordained by God when he presented Eve to Adam, served as a “remedy” for the unavoidable sin of lust, provided a site for the pious rearing of the next generation of God-fearing Christians, and offered husbands and wives companionship and consolation. A proper marriage was one that refl ected both the spiritual equality of men and women and the proper social hierarchy of husbandly authority and wifely obedience. Protestants did not break with medieval scholastic theologians in their idea that women were to be subject to men, a subjection rooted in their original nature and made more pronounced by Eve’s primary responsibility for the Fall. Women were advised to be cheerful rather than grudging in their obedience, for in doing so they demonstrated their willingness to follow God’s plan. Men were urged to treat their wives kindly and considerately, but also to enforce their authority, through physical coercion, if necessary; both continental and English marriage manuals use the metaphor of breaking a horse for teaching a wife obedience, though laws did set limits on the husband’s power to do so. A few women took Luther’s idea about the priesthood of all believers to heart and wrote religious pamphlets and hymns, but no sixteenth-century Protestants offi cially allowed women to hold positions of religious authority, though monarchs such as Elizabeth I and female territorial rulers of the states of the Holy Roman Empire did determine religious policies. Because, in Protestant eyes, marriage was created by God as a remedy for human weakness, marriages in which spouses did not comfort or support one another physically, materially, or emotionally endangered their own souls and the surrounding community. The only solution might be divorce and remarriage, which most Protestants came to allow. Protestant marital courts in Germany, Switzerland, Scandinavia, and later Scotland and France allowed divorce for adultery and impotence, and sometimes for contracting a contagious disease, “malicious” desertion (meaning intentional desertion, as opposed to unintentional desertion such as extended army service), conviction for a capital crime, or deadly assault. Some of them allowed both parties to marry again, and some only the innocent. This was a dramatic change in marital law, as Catholic canon law had allowed only separation from bed and board with no remarriage, but it had a less than dramatic impact. Because marriage created a social and economic unit, divorce was a desperate last resort, and in many Protestant jurisdictions the annual divorce rate hovered around 0.02 to 0.06 per thousand people. (By contrast, the 2000 US divorce rate was 4.1 per thousand people.) This was still higher than the divorce rate in England and Ireland, however, for the Anglican and Anglo-Irish churches rejected divorce and continued to assert the indissolubility of marriage. This rejection led England later to adopt a totally secular divorce process. Beginning in 1670, divorces for adultery were granted by Act of Parliament, a procedure that remained the only avenue for divorce in England until 1857. These acts were very rare; there were only 325 in the entire period from 1670 to 1857, with only four of these fi led by women. | <urn:uuid:4cc78aa7-66c2-4976-9195-c4cdd498e792> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.worldhistory.biz/modern-history/early-modern-europe1450-1789/94548-social-change-and-the-reformation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524502.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716035206-20190716061206-00368.warc.gz | en | 0.976869 | 1,607 | 3.84375 | 4 |
The Nabateans collected and managed water by building elaborate systems of channels, pipes, dams, and underground cisterns. They made great advances in manufacturing ceramic pipes and developed durable, waterproof cement to line and seal porous sandstone cisterns. Secret water collection systems were built far beyond Petra, allowing the Nabateans to travel the deserts unchallenged. Many water collection systems are still in use today by locals, while others have yet to be discovered.
Common in and around Petra. Examples of channels are on both sides of the Siq; pipes are exhibited at the Petra Archaeological Museum north of the Dushara Temple; a cistern is near Petra’s entrance at the GPS coordinates: 30.3268°, 35.4686°. | <urn:uuid:163feca6-6bd9-4b2c-b332-d68259af066e> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://maani.us/jordan/index.php?subject=water | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826306.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214184754-20181214210754-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.94138 | 156 | 3.703125 | 4 |
상간녀소송 Publication of the law is the process by which a legal statute, rule, order or decree becomes the official text. This can include placing legal notices in newspapers of general circulation and/or official newspapers.
If you want to get your work published, be sure to submit it to a high-quality law review. This can help you gain publication experience, and can lead to better job opportunities in the future.
Publication of Statutes
The publication of statutes is a complicated process, which involves many different activities. First, a statute is enacted as a public law (or “Pub. L. No.” in the case of a state law). The numbering runs in sequence, starting anew at each Congress.
The next step is to publish the statute as a session law. Session laws are slip laws bound chronologically by the Congressional sessions (each Congress lasts two years and is divided into two sessions). They are published by the United States government in a compilation called Statutes at Large.
A session law reference consists of the name of the statute, its public law number or equivalent state designation, and the source. In the case of a recently enacted law this may be an electronic version on govinfo, but it will also most likely be a printed volume from the year of enactment. In the case of a historic volume, the date of enactment will be included in parentheses.
Once a statute has been published as a session law, it is assigned to one of several 상간녀소송 types of Code sections. The section in which it appears is determined by a number of factors, including the subject matter of the law and the complexity of the language.
Generally, when a non-amendatory provision is quoted, it will appear in one of the Code sections that correspond to the corresponding Code unit in the original statutory text. However, in some cases, a single non-amendatory provision can be equally relevant to several sections in the Code, such as an effective date that applies to all the amendments in the statute.
If a non-amendatory provision is cited in more than one Code section, it will most often appear as a statutory note. A statutory note can consist of as much as an entire act or as little as a clause.
Whether a statutory note appears as a Code section or as a statutory note is an editorial decision. Sometimes, a statutory note will contain additional notes that will alert the reader to important matters. These notes may include references to popular names of acts and codes, a note explaining that the name of a Code unit is not a precise translation of that corresponding act unit, and other notes that are designed to help the reader navigate the text of the Code.
Publication of Cases
Publication of the law includes publication of statutes, regulations and decisions by a government agency or a court. It also encompasses the circulation of judicial opinions in legal journals or case reports, as well as documents related to cases such as dockets and filings.
In the United States, the Official Publication Guidelines of the US Judicial Conference outline criteria for publication; however, whether a case meets those criteria is at the discretion of the presiding judge. Research examining the patterns of federal district decision publication suggests that some cases are published more frequently than others (Swenson 2004).
A small percentage of all decisions rendered in the federal system are published. Scholars consider these publications to be important for several reasons. For example, many scholars view them as an opportunity to examine the impact of judicial decisions on policy development. In addition, they are a means to examine the effects of judicial behavior on the rule of law.
Another reason for published decisions is that they may help attorneys develop a better understanding of the relevant issues or provide “persuasive authority” in litigation. These documents are also cited more often than other kinds of material, because they articulate an argument that is generally considered to be binding precedent.
Most citations of judicial opinions use the abbreviated form of the case name, followed by a sequential number, the year the decision was decided, and (within the opinion) the paragraph or paragraphs in which the case is cited. These citations provide the reader with a complete reference to the opinion that may help the researcher locate a related case, issue or document.
Researchers have found that a significant proportion of published cases are viewed as of great precedential value by practitioners and judges. These cases are typically those that involve a question of law that advances the understanding of lawyers and others in the profession, or that represent new legal policy that is enacted by the courts.
Although these cases are selected for publication based on a variety of factors, most scholars agree that they represent an accurate sample of the jurisprudence produced by federal district courts. Nevertheless, this sampling may not accurately reflect the overall business of the federal district courts and can lead to erroneous conclusions about the effect of judicial behavior on the rule of law.
Publication of Reports
Publication of the law, whether in the form of a statute, a decision in a court of law or the publication of documents that support a decision, is no small feat. Among the many challenges a publisher faces are the legal minefields of copyright, defamation, contempt of court and other laws of the land.
Fortunately, there are a number of legal aids to help navigate the minefield. First, there are legal databases that offer access to a vast array of resources. Second, there are lawyers who understand the publishing industry and appreciate its business climate. Lawyers who are both knowledgeable and creative can provide invaluable guidance when problems arise.
A report is a document or series of documents that are intended to inform and/or educate a reader about the topic in question. It may be written or drawn up in a variety of formats, including tables, graphs and charts. It is sometimes a voluminous document containing information on several different subjects.
The best way to ensure that a report is a success is to make sure its contents are complete, correct and error-free. It is also important to ensure that the content is indexed and searchable so that readers can find it easily.
There are a number of ways to achieve this goal, most of which involve some type of software. Some of these solutions are free and others require a subscription. The most popular method involves transforming your organization’s reports into PDF files. This is a common approach that can save time and money for your staff, while providing your audience with an easy-to-read document that they can download in their browser. If you are considering this route, the most important thing to keep in mind is that your PDF file must be of high quality and be accompanied by a comprehensive metadata strategy that allows your team to identify who has downloaded it and where they did so.
Publication of Journals
Journals are an essential part of legal research and practice, offering a forum for discussion of the law and a means of advancing the study of the law. This publication can take many forms, including scholarly journals, professional journals, and peer-reviewed law reviews.
Journal publishing is a highly competitive and challenging business. It requires a commitment to high standards of quality and a dedication to continuous improvement. As such, it is important for authors to be familiar with the editorial policies of each journal before submitting their work.
In addition, journals need to establish a data policy that outlines the obligations of the authors related to data that is published in their articles. This should include a definition of when the data are to be made available, the type of license that is to be applied, and the procedures for ensuring compliance with these regulations.
It is important to remember that journal publications often involve data of a high disciplinary or technical complexity, and that the ability to share these data is essential for generating new knowledge from them. For this reason, journals should adopt a strong data policy that encourages the use of open licenses for the data they publish and promotes the long-term preservation and sharing of these data.
Similarly, journals should consider the appropriate hosting and branding of their publications to support long-term university goals and institutional objectives. Digital Commons provides a secure, hosted solution for all types of publications, from literary magazines to peer-reviewed interdisciplinary research journals.
This publication is an international, peer-reviewed journal devoted to a wide variety of topics in the field of law, legal history and philosophy. It publishes articles on the theory of law, the legal process, law and society, and interdisciplinary legal studies.
The journal is indexed in Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), RePEc, vLex Justis, CanLII, and other databases. The journal accepts submissions from all disciplines, and is committed to rapid publication and a rigorous review process.
In addition to the above-mentioned publications, the University of Chicago Law School maintains a number of other journals and research libraries that are active in the field of law. These publications, listed below, have been published by the law school or by its affiliated research centers for some time and represent a range of subject areas, including public health law, human rights, and criminal justice. | <urn:uuid:8b473902-b975-470e-b7f3-dd9382e52e0f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.mrtarheel.com/publication-of-the-law-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510149.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926043538-20230926073538-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.953235 | 1,874 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Known for its role in relieving depression, the neurochemical serotonin may also help the brain execute instantaneous, appropriate behaviors in emergency situations, according to a new Cornell study published Feb. 1 in Science.
The researchers studied brain activity patterns in mice. If a mouse was experiencing a threat, dorsal raphe serotonin neurons would fire during movements. But, when there was a calm, positive environment, these serotonin neurons would fire during pauses in active behavior.
“This switch really surprised us,” said senior author Melissa Warden, assistant professor and the Miriam M. Salpeter Fellow in the Department of Neurobiology and Behavior. “It was our first clue that something really strange might be going on in the brain in emergency situations.”
In emergency fight-or-flight situations, behavioral choices are different from the decisions an animal might make in less-critical situations. For example, if a mouse sits in the middle of an exposed field and a hawk spies it for food, the mouse may see the hawk start to swoop in and the mouse’s survival instinct tells it to run. The escape response is appropriate, Warden said.
“But if the hawk is flying overhead and it hasn’t seen the mouse, but the mouse has seen the hawk, it is appropriate for the mouse to freeze in place to avoid being detected,” she said. “In this situation, freezing in place is a better decision than attempting to flee, because the odds of survival are higher.”
In high-threat situations, stimulating serotonin neurons elicits escape attempts. In lower threat environments, stimulating these neurons causes pausing.
Thus, stimulating serotonin neurons is probably promoting the context-appropriate response. “It may cause animals to react to their environment, to do what’s appropriate in light of the current situation,” Warden said.
Like a global command center, serotonin sends signals all over the brain, she said. Fully understanding how this system prompts different behaviors in different environments may shed light on the role of other systems in the brain.
Said Warden: “Considering the widespread distribution of serotonin neurons throughout the brain, this finding raises the possibility that the ’emergency brain’ operates in a fundamentally different way.”
Source: Read Full Article | <urn:uuid:f6588e48-fbcf-4b99-aef7-72bfd3562e74> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://streetsinc.org/health-problems/fight-or-flight-serotonin-neurons-prompt-brain-to-make-the-right-call/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710734.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130092453-20221130122453-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.930019 | 470 | 3.71875 | 4 |
OFSTED represents the Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills. It examines administrations to ensure that schooling and abilities to students are equal for everyone. Ofsted’s job is to ensure that associations give teaching, training and care administrations in England for all students.
OFSTED is responsible for:
- The examination and guideline of establishments that include independent schools, institutes and childcare offices.
- The review of organisations answerable for selection, adoption, fostering, and other social care institutes.
- The assessment of different administrations for children and youngsters.
- Completing examination on social care and education.
- Giving an account of the above foundations and transferring the data to the public authority.
Education Inspection Framework:
Her Majesty’s Chief Inspector has contrived the education inspection framework (EIF) for use from September 2019. It sets out the rules that apply to the investigation and the principle decisions that overseers when doing assessments of looked after schools, non-affiliated independent schools, academies, education and abilities suppliers enlisted in the early years of England.
The EIF applies to examine various abilities, education, and early years’ settings to guarantee equivalence when students move, starting with one setting then onto the next. It upholds consistency across the assessment of various dispatches.
Principles of EIF:
- They are needed to do the work in manners that empower the administrations they assess and control to improve, be client-centred, and be proficient and powerful in their utilisation of assets.
- They give independent, external assessments and distinguishes what necessities to improve.
- The examination provides important data to guardians, carers, students and managers about the nature of schooling, training and care.
- The framework sets out the decisions that apply to all activity, abilities and early years’ provision.
- Reviewers will agree with significant directions and codes of conduct, and they will consistently attempt to be curious.
- The assessment gives affirmation to society and the public authority that base guidelines of training, abilities and childcare are being met.
- The investigation confirms to the public that public cash is being spent well; and that courses of action for protecting the child are successful.
The Equality Act 2010 and EIF:
- The EIF is expected to be a force of development for all students. The structure and dispatch explicit standards are evident that the assumption is that everyone will get high quality, aspiring training and education.
- Inspectors will evaluate the degree to which the supplier follows the applicable, legitimate obligations set out in the Equality Act 2010, including the Public Sector Equality Duty and the Human Rights Act 1998.
Education and Skills Funding Agency:
Education and Skills Funding Agency (ESFA) assigns huge yearly subsidising to suppliers of schooling and skills and abilities training. They consider suppliers responsible for their exhibition to guarantee their prerequisites for monetary supportability and that they will reliably increase standards.
Ofsted embraces inspective visits in various regions, including the all-new ESFA subsidised suppliers, new, straightforwardly supported apprenticeship suppliers, and subsequently with ungraded schools. These visits will bring about a distributed observing visit report which will incorporate a judgment of deficient, sensible or huge advancement in key regions. Hereafter, consistency with ESFA will advance the subsidising, and in the event of noncompliance, the agreements will end, and further estimates will be taken.
EIF will utilise all the accessible proof to decide a supplier’s general viability, and investigators will consider whether the norm of schooling, training or care is acceptable. If it isn’t, assessors will consider what requirements are to be met.
About us-Ofsted. (2016, May 17). Retrieved February 28, 2021, from https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ofsted/about
Department for Education (DfE). (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2021, from https://www.lpservices.slc.co.uk/contact-information/education-skills-funding-agency-dfe.aspx
Education and Skills funding agency. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2021, from https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/education-and-skills-funding-agency
ESFA POST-16: Intervention and accountability. (2014, June 23). Retrieved February 28, 2021, from https://www.gov.uk/guidance/16-to-19-education-accountability
Jones, G. (2019, November 04). Early reading and the education inspection framework. Retrieved February 28, 2021, from https://educationinspection.blog.gov.uk/2019/11/04/early-reading-and-the-education-inspection-framework/
What is OFSTED?: Educational standards. (2020, September 10). Retrieved February 28, 2021, from https://engage-education.com/blog/video-article/#! | <urn:uuid:1ad21c26-8ea2-4612-9096-3b7f86bb7f4a> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://casscounselling.co.uk/eif-best-practices-and-esfa-compliance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621450.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615145601-20210615175601-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.925952 | 1,031 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Acetic acid, calcium salt
C4H6O4°Ca / (CH3OO)2Ca
Molecular mass: 158.2
ICSC # 1092
TYPES OF HAZARD/ EXPOSURE
ACUTE HAZARDS/ SYMPTOMS
|FIRE||Combustible under specific conditions.||NO open flames.||Water spray, powder.|
|EXPOSURE||PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!|
|•INHALATION||Cough. Sore throat.||Local exhaust or breathing protection.||Fresh air, rest.|
|•SKIN||Redness.||Protective gloves.||Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.|
|•EYES||Redness. Pain.||Safety spectacles.||First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then take to a doctor.|
|•INGESTION||Diarrhoea. Vomiting.||Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.||Rinse mouth. Give plenty of water to drink. Refer for medical attention.|
PHYSICAL STATE; APPEARANCE:
WHITE TO BROWN OR GREY CRYSTALS , WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.
The substance decomposes on heating above 160°C producing acetone vapor and calcium carbonate. Reacts violently with strong acids to produce acetic acid fumes.
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS:
TLV not established. | <urn:uuid:1e9893fd-4c13-45b4-9c15-9ac9988d054a> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://homeandsmallbusinessnetwork.info/niosh/ipcsneng/neng1092.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823478.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019212946-20171019232946-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.656325 | 331 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The solar energy water heater VS air source water heater power consumption
Working principle of the solar water heater
Sunshine through the first layer of the heat pipe according to the second glass of black heat absorption layer, the heat of the sun's light energy absorption, because is sandwiched between two layers of glass vacuum heat insulation, heat cannot gaiden, can only be passed on to the inside of the glass tube of water, the water of the glass tube heating, heating water and light along the glass tube heating surface upwards into the heat preservation water tank, relatively low temperature water in the bucket of backlight surface along the tube into the glass tube, so cycle, the heat preservation water tank in the water heating, thus achieve the goal of hot water.
The working principle of the air source water heater
Air source water heater is using inverse cano principle (in contrast to the air conditioning principle), absorb heat from the cold air, and transferring heat to heat water, to realize the process of heating. The low pressure gas refrigerant suction, converted to high temperature and high pressure gas, and pushed into the condenser (i.e., the tank heat exchange coil), under the function of throttle valve, high temperature and high pressure gas by the gas cooling into liquid in the condenser, and release a lot of energy.The energy released into the water tank, the water is heated up.Release energy and turn it into a liquid refrigerant through the throttle valve into the evaporator (i.e., air heat exchanger), reduced pressure instantly, liquid refrigerant in the low pressure environment and evaporates into gas, absorb a lot of heat.Absorb heat into gas of low pressure refrigerant compressor are inhaled, into the next cycle.
Solar water heaters electric auxiliary is heated directly by electric heating temperature, power consumption;Heat pump water heater
is through the electric compressor work, absorbing heat air heating water temperature, small power consumption, both the solar water heater power consumption compared to a little more, consumer when considering province electric water heater, air source water heater to be given priority. | <urn:uuid:05a67da6-c25e-4a6f-9204-622f83dc1f46> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.gtheatpump.com/The-solar-energy-water-heater-VS-air-source-water-heater-power-consumption.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647545.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320205242-20180320225242-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.913721 | 425 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Presentation on theme: "H. G. Wells Considered one of the most influential 20 th century writers. Words that describe Wells: Novelist Essayist Futurist Historian."— Presentation transcript:
H. G. Wells Considered one of the most influential 20 th century writers. Words that describe Wells: Novelist Essayist Futurist Historian Socialist Teacher
Biographical background B. September 21, 1866 Kent County, England Mother: Sarah Neal, maid to the upper classes Father: Joseph Wells, shopkeeper and professional cricket player The Wells were very poor Parents had troubled marriage and eventually lived apart
Youth: Bookworm to Draper Defining incident: child Herbert becomes avid reader while bedridden after breaking his leg; writing interest develops later Attended Thomas Morley’s Academy Father broke leg; income from playing cricket eliminated => HG drops out of school at 14 to get a job, help support family => Becomes apprentice to a draper (fabric & sewing supplies) => Apprenticeship provides wealth of experience and insight that would influence much of his writing
Higher Education 1883: scholarship to London’s Normal School of Science Studies biology and Darwinism under Thomas Henry Huxley (grandfather of Aldous Huxley, author of Brave New World) Realizes science would serve him well in his writing Unable to complete degree; loses scholarship Financial hardship; moves in with Aunt and Uncle Wells Tutors while studying part-time at uncle’s school Graduates London University, Bachelor of Science with Honors in Zoology
Troubled Relationships 1891 marries cousin Mary; marriage lasts 4 years 1895 marries one of his students, Amy (Jane) Catherine Robbins; 2 sons Numerous relations with other women while married to Jane Two children born to Wells and two other women
The Writer Emerges Novels: Common themes: Evolution: Is human civilization advancing or degrading – physically, intellectually, ethically? Science Progressivism: When and how much should scientific technology intervene to “improve” humanity? Socialism: What happens when the upper classes exploit the lower classes? The future: What would it be like to travel to the future? The moon? To meet an alien?
Quotations from Wells “ History is a race between education and catastrophe. ” “ Adapt or perish, now as ever, is nature's inexorable imperative. ” “If we don't end war, war will end us.” “You have learned something. That always feels at first as if you had lost something.”
The World-Renown Author 1914: Predicted the atomic bomb Coauthored a 3-volume reference book with his son, zoologist and author, George P. Wells, and biologist Sir Julian Huxley, The Science of Life [microbes to human life]. Became a well-travelled celebrity, meeting with world leaders and other exceptional authors. Died August 13, 1946 at his home in Regent’s Park, London Though not engraved on a tombstone (his body was cremated and ashes were dispersed over the sea), he wrote his own epitaph: “I told you so. You damned fools.”
What is science fiction? What are some examples of science fiction books, movies, etc.? What are the defining characteristics of science fiction?
Traits of Science Fiction A setting in the future, an alternate time, or a past that is different from our actual past A setting in space or an invented/alternate word. Characters may be human, alien, or some of each. Technology or scientific principles beyond current advancements or that go against current laws of nature. Discovery or application of new scientific advances (time travel, space travel, etc). New and different political and social systems.
Bibliography [Comic book image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://looky.wordpress.com/2007/02/07/ron-malletts-time-machine/ http://looky.wordpress.com/2007/02/07/ron-malletts-time-machine/ [Black and white portrait photos]. (n.d.) Retrieved from H. G. Wells Photo Gallery, http://colemanzone.com/Time_Machine_Project/wells_pics.htmhttp://colemanzone.com/Time_Machine_Project/wells_pics.htm [Antique sewing kit image]. (n.d.) http://elegantarts.com/index.php?cPath=4http://elegantarts.com/index.php?cPath=4 The Independent. London Street Photography. [Sepia street image with children]. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/arts- entertainment/art/features/london-street-photography- 2217610.html?action=Gallery&ino=16http://www.independent.co.uk/arts- entertainment/art/features/london-street-photography- 2217610.html?action=Gallery&ino=16 Merriman, C. D. “H. G. Wells.” The Literature Network. 2007. 27 March 2011. http://www.online-literature.com/wellshg/.http://www.online-literature.com/wellshg/ | <urn:uuid:c1ad1b72-4848-4410-8bd9-168f2d2725cb> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/4121676/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257650262.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324112821-20180324132821-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.910203 | 1,109 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The laws and rules of different countries are different and their implementation is necessary to maintain a law and order situation in the country. There are various kinds of laws and ordinances made on every subject and every activity of human life. A similar law prevails about the transformation of a child into an adult. As per the law in various countries, any person who is under the age of 18 years is considered to be a child.
Need for a Child Consent Form
As per rules, a child is not allowed legally to take any decisions about him or herself. So this reason if a child engages in any kind of activity then he or she needed a guardian or a parent to give permission to indulge in that activity. The Child consent form is, therefore, a document or written assent by a person to get involved in any particular activity. This is mostly provided by the parents or guardians of the child whereby they agree upon the child’s participation in the process.
Child Consent Form
A child consent form is mostly used in any educational, commercial or research activity. It provides the child and his parents to evaluate the situation and agrees or disagree with a particular proposal. In many cases, the investigator will offer the form to the child and read it to him. the child will be allowed to ask questions regarding the issue and hence get an opportunity to decide on his own.
Preview and download options
Authorization for Consent to Medical Treatment of Minor Child
Microsoft Word File | File size 26 Kb | No. of pages = 1
Authorization for Minor’s Medical Treatment
PDF Format File | File size = 14 Kb | No. of pages =1
Consent to Treat Minor Children
PDF Format File | File size = 16 KB | No. of pages =1 | <urn:uuid:481bcb26-1945-4a58-a9b6-a30b8b5bdda0> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.bestmedicalforms.com/sample-child-consent-form.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038101485.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417041730-20210417071730-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.939748 | 360 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The Electric Force of a Current: Weber and the Surface Charges of Resistive Conductors Carrying Steady Currents (Buy Now
Andre K. T. Assis
The Electric Force of a Current analyzes the electric force between a charge and a circuit carrying a steady current when they are at rest relative to one another. It presents experiments and analytical calculations showing the existence of this force, contrary to the statements of many scientists. The force is proportional to the voltage of the battery connected to the resistive circuit. It also includes calculations of the potential and electric field inside and outside resistive conductors carrying steady currents, and the distribution of charges along the surface of the conductors that generate this field. It contains two appendices that discuss the pioneering and revolutionary works of Wilhelm Weber and Gustav Kirchhoff, and a substantial bibliography of modern literature on the topic. | <urn:uuid:c60c1f90-8a34-4c0c-8c98-1295ea633551> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://db.naturalphilosophy.org/book/?bookid=77 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153899.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729234313-20210730024313-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.912603 | 175 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Today’s Poynter Institute Magazine brings up an issue that is circulating in many households and businesses today. People are deeply concerned about today’s generation and its ability (or inability) to write well. The article includes this quote:
“Just as Socrates was concerned that the invention of writing would make people forgetful, people today are worried about the degree to which we are permanently shaped by digital technologies.”
Before you make a judgment, take a look at the points it makes:
- Increases awareness of mistakes & helps prevent them: people are quick to criticize typos.
- Gives you an opportunity to differentiate yourself by writing well.
- Shows the value of storytelling.
- Proves that language is always evolving, and technology is a healthy part of that evolution.
- Creates new words and meanings.
This important article is a must-read for parents, grandparents, educators, librarians, and businesspeople. It’s not an endorsement for being sloppy, but shows the bright side of something that is a vital component of today’s world. | <urn:uuid:425500ef-6579-4dbd-a0e6-9fe1323052cd> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.ossweb.com/five-ways-social-media-benefits-writing-the-english-language.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986654086.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014173924-20191014201424-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.963332 | 229 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Scientists keep offering reminders that not getting enough sleep will really mess you up.
Swedish research published in Science Advances has found a single night of bad sleep makes fat cells more likely to store fat and breaks down muscle tissue — which might explain why weight gain is a consequence of chronic sleep deprivation and disordered sleep patterns (like those of shift workers).
Study leader Dr Jonathan Cedernaes, from the Department of Neuroscience at Uppsala University, said further research is needed to determine whether diet and exercise can counterbalance the metabolic effects of sleep loss.
RELATED: How to sleep like a sleep expert
Separate research published in Nature Communications this month found sleep loss triggers a vicious cycle that turns you into a "social leper" and increases the risk of loneliness.
A University of California Berkeley team determined sleep-deprived study participants are turned off by social interactions with other people — and that wakeful people are, in turn, turned off by social interactions with the sleep deprived.
The study's senior author Matthew Walker, a UC Berkeley professor of psychology and neuroscience and author of the must-read bestseller Why We Sleep, speculated that humans haven't evolved defences against the sleep loss imposed on us by modern society.
"There’s no biological or social safety net for sleep deprivation as there is for, say, starvation," he said in a statement. "That’s why our physical and mental health implodes so quickly even after the loss of just one or two hours of sleep."
Losing sleep is bad for you — but can you catch up?
"We can't catch up hour-for-hour of the sleep that we've lost … but what happens is that our brain essential compensates for [sleep loss] by having a deeper sleep and having an increase in rapid eye movement sleep," explained Gemma Paech, a sleep scientist at the University of Newcastle, on Today.
However, you can really only "catch up" on sleep that's been lost over a couple of nights — the damage of chronic sleep loss is unlikely to be undone by weekend sleep-ins (which could make your sleep patterns even worse over the long term).
On the bright side, it's possible to "bank" sleep if you know you have a few short nights ahead.
"If you know you're going to have sleep restriction we suggest you try to get a bit of extra sleep to accommodate for that in advance," Paech said.
Writing for The Conversation this month, she said the best way to avoid the adverse effects of sleep loss is to get consistently adequate sleep across the week — which is between seven to nine hours sleep a night, per the the Sleep Health Foundation's recommendation for adults. | <urn:uuid:cd2d4814-ae17-4302-a3e9-81abeeee8f1c> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://coach.nine.com.au/2018/08/24/09/20/sleep-research | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039745762.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119130208-20181119152208-00358.warc.gz | en | 0.955834 | 556 | 3.125 | 3 |
A simple $20 stove may be the ticket to slowing global warming by nearly a fifth, the New York Times reports. Soot—otherwise known as black carbon—is the second-biggest contributor to climate change, and it spews from hundreds of millions of simple stoves in developing countries daily. Installing solar-powered or simply more efficient cookers would drastically reduce the emission of soot particles that both ruin villagers' health and land on glaciers thousands of miles away.
There, the particles absorb the sun's heat and cause significant melting—Himalayan glaciers are expected to shrink 75% by 2020. Scientists see the improved stoves as one of several cheap fixes that could be made while developed nations wrangle over the more difficult task of cutting carbon dioxide emissions, and a quick one at that: While CO2 lingers for years, soot only remains in the atmosphere for a few weeks. "We’re driving fast toward a cliff, and this could buy us time," said a leading climatologist. | <urn:uuid:e9b60bbe-31f3-45ba-a32c-0fff8d818195> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.newser.com/story/56318/third-world-cookstoves-ignite-carbon-debate.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814036.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222061730-20180222081730-00161.warc.gz | en | 0.952526 | 209 | 3.390625 | 3 |
- About Us
Gooding’s Guide to Fitness — The Fountain of Health
Water is a basic element on earth and for our bodies. Depending on a person’s body fat composition, a human body is made up of 50 percent to 70 percent water, and dropping below this percentage means to be dehydrated, and a dehydrated body does not function as efficiently as a well-hydrated one.
It is important to drink enough water for several reasons. Water helps flush out toxins, helps to prevent dehydration headaches, muscle cramps, and improves food digestion. Drinking water can help improve skin complexion, and aid in weight loss. In addition, a well hydrated person is less likely to fatigue and lose coordination, especially during exercise.
According to The American Council on Exercise, it is important to drink a minimum of 3.7 liters for adult males and 2.7 for adult females per day, most of which should be water. Physically active adults should drink more water than the minimum. Specifically, an active adult should drink 17-20 ounces of water before exercising, and drink seven to ten ounces of water every 10 to 20 minutes of exercise. After exercise is complete, a person should drink 16-24 ounces of water for every pound of body weight lost during exercise.
Relying on thirst as an indicator of how much fluid your body needs is not an accurate method to remain adequately hydrated. Studies have shown that if people rely on thirst as an indicator of how much liquid intake they need, they will drink only 50 percent to 75 percent of what they actually need.
Due to clever marketing (aimed mostly at teenagers), sports drinks are gaining popularity among athletes and non-athletes. Even though there are some benefits to drinking them, they are not a substitute for water. As a personal trainer, I hesitate to promote sports drinks for several reasons. First, it seems that people drink them instead of water and no drink is more important you a body’s function than water. Secondly, most sports drinks are high in calories, sugar and some are high in sodium. Because of this, by drinking sports drinks, many people consume more calories and carbohydrates than they burn during a workout.
However, according to The American Council on Exercise, if an athlete sweats heavily for more than 60 minutes, a sports drink will “improve performance and help ensure optimal rehydration.” If you choose to supplement your water intake with sports drinks, choose sports drinks formulated with 6 percent to 8 percent carbohydrates plus at least 100 mg of sodium. Gatorade is the closest to matching these guidelines. If you are not sweating heavily for 60 minutes, I encourage you to drink water instead of a sports drink. Invest in a reusable water bottle, and bring it with you to your workout. In addition, set a goal to refill your water bottle at least several times per day with fresh water.
We can live without soda, sports drinks, alcohol or fruit juice; these are fluids to enjoy in moderation. However, water is a basic and natural element that improves our health in a multitude of ways. I challenge you to track how much water you consume to ensure proper hydration. As always, if you have questions or comments, please do not hesitate to contact me.
Angie Gooding is an educator and a personal trainer certified through ACE (American Council on Exercise) and owner of Inspire Fitness & Training. She lives locally, and trains clients in a private location in Marysville. She can be reached at AngieGooding@comcast.net or www.inspirefitnessandtraining.com. | <urn:uuid:148fb783-ce41-42f5-ac4c-0807b2a38389> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.marysvilleglobe.com/sports/51321482.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999651631/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060731-00034-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953445 | 739 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Preliminary research by the Canadian Paediatric Society found “a significant number of young children” required medical care after ingesting cannabis in the months surrounding legalization last October.
The Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program (CPSP) says it collected 16 reported cases of serious adverse events involving recreational cannabis between September and December 2018.
They include six cases of kids younger than 18 who accidentally ate edibles and one case of accidental exposure. In each case, the cannabis belonged to a parent or caregiver.
Four other cases of exposure were not accidental, although the society could not share more information.
Details surrounding the five other reports were not immediately available, including how the kids were exposed to cannabis, their ages and whether exposure was accidental or not.
The surveillance program defines “adverse events” as all cases in which kids are harmed by cannabis consumption, including injuries that may result from use by another individual, such as a friend or parent who is under the influence of cannabis.
The two-year study will collect data until October 2020. The cannabis data was released Thursday, along with details from several other research projects underway.
“The number of cases involving young children is striking,” Christina Grant, a pediatrician in Halton and co-principal investigator, said Thursday in a release.
“These early results highlight the urgency of prioritizing the needs of children and youth in policy and education initiatives, especially as edibles become legalized later this year.”
The CPSP is a network of 2,700 Canadian pediatricians and pediatric sub specialists. It is a partnership between the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Paediatric Society. | <urn:uuid:d98c1a4d-07b7-4cf5-8782-c747a4264f50> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.canadiangrocer.com/worth-reading/study-suggests-significant-number-of-kids-at-risk-from-edible-cannabis-88094 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738674.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810102345-20200810132345-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.96881 | 346 | 2.578125 | 3 |
1.How to get a good view of larynx during clinical examination
The technique of examination is very important as well the patient's cooperation. Most of the patient can tolerate the examination without having the throat sprayed with local anaesthetic.
Make sure the patient sits properly with the chest forward and the head flexed at neck and extended at atlantoaxial joint (turtle's neck).
Ask the patient to open the mouth moderately wide and stick out the tongue.
Hold the tongue tip gently with slight pull (Do not overpulled- this may cause pain!!!).
Pre-warm the laryngeal mirror or dips once into demisting solution.
Introduce the laryngeal mirror slowly and gently lean against the soft palate and uvula while pushing is gently posteriorly (limited by posterior pharyngeal wall).
Ask the patient to say the word "eeeeee" moderately loud and assessed the base of tongue, hypopharyngeal, and the larynx in a systematic manner.
If 70 degrees endoscope being used, its holding stability can be gained further by leaning it against the upper incisors of the patient or against the examiner's own thumb to act as a support and axis of scope movements.
White balance need to be set unless automatically determined. Focus to an object or white gauze (good for both purposes) at a distance of about 3-4 cm. The final focusing is during the examination itself unless automatically determined.
If transoral examination failed due to overly sensitive or painful throat conditions, we can resort to transnasal flexible laryngoscopic technique. The nostrils and throat of the patient will have to be sprayed with local anaesthetics prior to examinaton.
Avoid making too many attempts on indirect or rigid transoral laryngoscopy (Limit to 3 times is sensible)
See video Examination of Larynx and Pharynx @ YouTube
See video Tips for Great Laryngoscopy @ YouTube
Hope for a better look next time. Good Luck
Traditionally head mirror provides a focus light beam to the area intended to be examined. For indirect laryngeal examination, the light is reflected onto the examination mirror to enable the laryngeal inlet view to be seen while the patient's tongue be held gently. It is an inexpensive technique and still very useful especially when the endoscope in unavailabe for any reason. On the other hand, endoscopic examination provides a superior view and better tolerated by the patient and is recommended for detail examination these days.
2.Do know that you can get shoulder and scapular pain when performing laryngeal surgery?
Surgeon's malposture, poorly adjusted height, hanging elbow and forearm without proper support are few important aspects that need to be considered and corrected. The axis of movements has to be at wrist, while the elbow well supported by using commercialized surgeon's stool with arm rest or simply by resting on adjusted Mayo's table. Surgeon should optimize using both hands during surgery.
The after-effects of malposture varies with frequency of operation and length of surgery. Although the procedure or surgery can be of short duration the effects can be cumulative over times.
So, prevent harmful effect and start performing surgery in a optimal posture
3.How to get further view into subglottis and upper trachea during office endoscopic examination?
The tip of the flexible scope is brought as near to the glottic opening without touching its mucosa. Similarly, the closest and best angle is taken when 70 degrees rigid scope is being used. Ask the patient to breath slowly and steadily at the beginning. As deeper view is needed, the patient is then instructed to breathe in deeply and forcibly as long as he can. This causes the vocal folds to abduct further and sustain its position until subsequent exhalation. During this action, the sublottis and upper trachea can be seen further down up to mid-cervical level.
Throat spray with local anaesthetic and lidocaine drip to the laryngeal inlet is ideal. Beware the risk of laryngeal spasms; this should not be done in stidorous patient unless performed in the operation theathre where tracheostomy facility is avilable. Good view is not possible when the vocal folds are in median/paramedian position as found in abductor vocal cord palsy, arytenoid ankylosis/dislocation, and an pathology causing supraglottic and glottic stenosis. | <urn:uuid:10a53227-c60f-43b4-8f58-00ac29594eea> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.drrahmatorlummc.com/laryngologytips.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400219691.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924163714-20200924193714-00569.warc.gz | en | 0.92517 | 945 | 2.796875 | 3 |
A publication of the Archaeological Institute of America
News and Notes from the World of Archaeology
Catch a Pithecus by the ToeA 4.4-million-year-old skeleton found in Ethiopia belonged to a primate that may have walked upright and had teeth similar to humans. But is she our ancestor?
BluestonehengeOver the past two years, archaeologists have unearthed evidence of a previously unknown stone circle less than two miles from Stonehenge.
Gem of a FindA tiny gemstone etched with Alexander the Great's portrait was found at the Hellenistic port of Tel Dor in Israel.
Bamiyan Now Mine-FreeAfghans hope that archaeologists will return to the sites to conserve them and conduct further research.
World RoundupRecent discoveries around the globe
Off the GridNorthwestern University archaeologist Mark Hauser suggests you see the ruins of Bois Cotlette, a seldom-visited plantation site on the small island of Dominica, between Guadeloupe and Martinique.
Egypt's Model Afterlife
Copper Age Thinkers
The Spy Who Loved Old Stones | <urn:uuid:2e619b81-85d0-46bc-95a9-fc482440ef3f> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://archive.archaeology.org/1001/trenches/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607636.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523122457-20170523142457-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.906272 | 230 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Flowers for Coastal Gardens
The phrase “coastal gardens” evokes a host of memorable images, billowing daisies flanking gray-shingled cottages, bright “dune roses” blooming against an ocean background, or pots of brilliant red geraniums on a wooden pier. North America has an abundance of coastal areas that are home to a wide array of coastal gardens.
The rewards of coastal gardening are many. So are the challenges. Weather can be dramatic and unpredictable. Wind is unrelenting in some locations, and occasionally ferocious. Plants close to the water may be pelted with salt spray. The soil tends to be either thin, rocky or sandy, with a notable lack of nutrients to support plants. Despite all that, flower lovers won’t be denied. The following are a few annual, perennial, and shrub suggestions for common coastal situations:
In summer, plant drought-tolerant annuals tolerant of salt spray that will provide a steady supply of flowers until the first frost strikes. Tall verbena (Verbena bonariensis) is perfect for this, with its tall wands of violet flowers, as is red salvia (Salvia coccinea), which has flowers in shades of red, white, or salmon pink. You might also consider colorful geraniums (Pelargonium hybrids) with beautiful foliage and flowers in bright shades that will tolerate coastal salt spray. (In climates with mild winters, Pelargoniums will survive as perennials.)
Portulaca or moss rose (Portulaca grandiflora) flowers last only one day, but the low-growing plants make up for that by producing new blooms each morning. Like the grandiflora species, ornamental Portulaca oleracea, also called “purslane”, or, less poetically, “little hogweed”, features the same coastal-garden-friendly traits: growing low, spreading, and producing colorful flowers. Grandifloras have slender, almost needle-like leaves, whereas oleraceas feature rounded, fleshy leaves.
Sweet alyssum (Lobularia maritima) is another seaside beauty with spreading mounds of sweetly scented flowers that are typically white, but also come in shades of pink, lavender, and apricot. Plant them in containers or alongside taller annuals and perennials.
Windy sites call for low-growing plants. Think of flowering alpines or rock garden specimens. In the spring, perennial creepers like moss pink (Phlox subulata) and small spring bulbs like ‘Minnow’ daffodils (Narcissus ‘Minnow’) and grape hyacinths (Muscari armeniacum) work well. Those living in warmer climates can rely on African lilies (Agapanthus spp.) with their tall clumps of strap-like green leaves and tall wands of purple, lavender, or white flowers.
Later in the spring, the aptly named sea thrift (Armeria maritima) provides winsome pink or white flowerheads, and also naturalizes nicely. It is also cold hardy, a bonus in cold weather climates with daunting winter winds.
Another mid- to late-spring bloomer available in a range of colors is ice plant (Delosperma spp.), a low grower with daisy-like flowers and creeping succulent foliage. There are many species with variable hardiness, but most thrive in coastal gardens.
Midsummer coastal perennials include blanket flower (Gaillardia x grandiflora), with their deep red and yellow blooms. And, if you love purple coneflowers (Echinacea purpurea) and their kin, you are in luck! These summer bloomers will thrive in lean coastal soil and are available in a wide variety of colors and sizes. They pair well with another drought-tolerant, mid-border plant, yarrow (Achillea millifolium). Colors range from white through to yellow, gold, terra cotta, pink and red. The foliage is delicate and fern-like.
Later in summer, Montauk daisies (Nipponathemum nipponicum) keep the daisy show going, bearing big, yellow-centered daisies on 2- to 4-foot plants. Montauks are mid-border flowers that tend to have ungainly “legs” after the first year, so be sure to prune them back to 1 foot in the spring to maintain bushier growth and denser fall flowering. Plant lower-growing species in front of them.
Numerous species and varieties of sedum (Sedum spp.) or stonecrop (Sempervivum spp.), now all the rage in horticultural circles, provide flowers and other visual interest in summer and fall. Stonecrop flowers are not usually dramatic, but they are attractive as they sprawl along the ground.
For a taller and showier succulent, try a Hylotelephium, formerly part of the Sedum genus. The best known is the dusty-rose-flowered ‘Autumn Joy’, which grows about 18 to 24 inches tall and blooms in late summer or fall. Its flattened flowerheads are also excellent for drying.
Coastal Flowering Shrubs
Many beautiful garden roses are simply too delicate for coastal situations, however, anyone who has ever vacationed on the Atlantic coast has probably seen the roses people call “dune roses” or “beach roses”. This tough, reliable rose is Rosa rugosa, which originates from Japan but has naturalized across many North American coastal regions. Rugosas feature five-petaled blooms in white, pink or dark rose, and wrinkled or “rugose” green leaves. The stems are extremely prickly. After the blossoms fade, rugosas develop large, tomato-like hips that are both decorative and edible. Leaving them on the plants provides additional visual interest and food for birds and small animals.
Another common coastal shrub is shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa). In summer, it produces loads of yellow flowers on bushy plants that are tolerant of wind and salt. White and orange-flowered cultivars also exist.
Planting Coastal Flowers
For exposed areas subject to almost constant wind, trees or lines of tall shrubs can act as effective windbreaks to improve gardening but may be hard to establish. Another option is a sturdy fence or wall, but these can be inappropriate to a site or vulnerable to weather damage. Your best bet it to look at what other gardeners in your area have successfully established as windbreaks and follow suit.
When challenged with sandy or rocky coastal soil, amend beds with good soil or amendments, to keep moisture from draining away so quickly. Start by filling those growing spaces with Fafard Premium Topsoil, which will provide much-needed nourishment to your hungry plants, and finish off with an ample amount of Fafard Premium Natural & Organic Compost. Another option is to grow your coastal plants in containers or raised beds filled with Fafard Ultra Outdoor Planting Mix.
When planting your coastal plants, start with good-size plants and install them in spring, so that they have ample time to acclimate to their surroundings before winter weather sets in.
There are many other flowers fit for coastal conditions. When it comes to selecting flowering plants for your unique coastal garden, the best advice is to look at nearby properties and see what does well. Ask managers of local garden centers and nurseries for expert opinions on the flowering plants that sell best in your particular area. The oldest rule of thumb—“right plant, right place” is especially apt in coastal gardening.
This site may contain content (including images and articles) as well as advice, opinions and statements presented by third parties. Sun Gro does not review these materials for accuracy or reliability and does not endorse the advice, opinions, or statements that may be contained in them. Sun Gro also does not review the materials to determine if they infringe the copyright or other rights of others. These materials are available only for informational purposes and are presented “as is” without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including without limitation warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, and non-infringement. Reliance upon any such opinion, advice, statement or other information is at your own risk. In no event shall Sun Gro Horticulture Distribution, Inc. or any of its affiliates be liable to you for any inaccuracy, error, omission, fact, infringement and the like, resulting from your use of these materials, regardless of cause, or for any damages resulting there from. | <urn:uuid:e2145869-7f9b-4b4a-9393-2147b57a4673> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://fafard.com/flowers-coastal-gardens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256314.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521102417-20190521124417-00197.warc.gz | en | 0.914661 | 1,849 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Autobiography. ( tyler perry: Higher is waiting)
Sociological Content. ( sociology 1-3 PowerPoint should help with the autobiograph
Based on readings in your textbook, The Core, including such topics as sociological theories, socialization, culture, deviance, stratification, gender, the family and religion and other topics, please elaborate on the content topics listed below and integrate these topics into your oral presentation
The sociological content listed below is intended to highlight how the life of your author can be understood in terms of the different concepts, theories, ideas and explanations for behavior that are discussed in the text.
Discuss the early socialization of your author. Include any socialization concepts, theories or information in the text chapter that relate to the author’s early childhood experiences and development, such as significant others and generalized others in the life experiences of your author. These are but some specific concepts from the chapter on socialization-Many others would be applicable.
Sociologists such as Durkheim and sociological theories such as functionalism observe how the social order in which we live is held together by an agreement of shared values and norms that bind a community together. That is, people in a community abide by the rules and regulation of their society because they accept the fundamental values of their society and see its authority structures as legitimate expressions of this consensus. Here, rules and laws are understood as designs to benefit the totality of society and not merely a particular social class. Explain in detail how you see your author adapting to values and norms of the society in which they lived. Did he/she accept/reject this order? Explain why and how you think this is so?
Discuss how any theories of deviance, such as labeling, conflict, strain, differential association or other concepts related to the chapter on deviance help you to understand the experiences of your author. Please be specific and detailed, naming and defining the theory or concept you choose.
Discuss the social class of the author. Did this change or remain the same?
Is there status consistency in the social class and life of the author? Is the author concerned with social mobility? Did he or she experience upward social mobility in his/her life? If Yes, what kind? If no, why do you think that this did not happen?
Which theory of social class (functional or conflict) would be most useful to understand the life of your author? Why this theory?
Durkheim discussed the “functional nature of deviance or crime. Is his explanation applicable in explaining the act/s of deviance committed by your author? If yes or no, be specific in your explanation.
Please explain how the ideas and analyses of race forwarded by sociologist W.E.B. DuBois help you to understand the life and experiences of your author. Be specific.
Discuss the religious life of your author. Is secularization a prominent feature in the life or community of your author?
10. Discuss whether you think that your author was more religious or spiritual and why?
11. Discuss fully whether gender issue or gender inequality played a role in the life experiences of your author? What can you point to in the autobiography to substantiate your view?
12. What social movements occurred during the life of your author? Did any of these have impact on the author? If yes, explain how. If no, discuss at least one major social movement that occurred during the lifetime of your authOR | <urn:uuid:43669787-3a05-4c92-8913-74fce43d326a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://myessayvalet.com/sociology-tyler-perry-american-playwright-project/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101779.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210092457-20231210122457-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.936524 | 710 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Analects of Confucius, is the collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius and his contemporaries.
The Doctrine of the Mean is both a doctrine of Confucianism and also the title of one of the Four Books of Confucian philosophy. The text is attributed to Zisi the only grandson of Confucius.
The Great Learning was one of the Four Books in Confucianism. The Great Learning had come from a chapter in the Classic of Rites which formed one of the Five Classics. It consists of a short main text attributed to the teachings of Confucius and then ten commentary chapters accredited to one of Confucius' disciples
Confucius believed that the welfare of a country depended on the moral cultivation of its people, beginning from the nation's leadership. He believed that individuals could begin to cultivate an all-encompassing sense of virtue through ren, and that the most basic step to cultivating ren was devotion to one's parents and older siblings. He taught that one's individual desires do not need to be suppressed, but that people should be educated to reconcile their desires via rituals and forms of propriety, through which people could demonstrate their respect for others and their responsible roles in society. | <urn:uuid:bcb39209-9e4c-49b0-b94e-eb43ef9970f4> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.moluna.de/buch/4210751-the+analects%2C+the+doctrine+of+the+mean+_-_+the+great+learning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717954.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00232-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965867 | 256 | 3.609375 | 4 |
For a long time, neuroscientists have been attempting find a direct interface to people’s thoughts by reading their brain signals. When we hear or speak words, it generates characteristic patterns of activity in the brain. Researchers have already successfully reconstructed letters that have been read and even spoken using brain signals. So far, it has not proved possible to convert these signals into comprehensible speech. The approaches have mostly used simple computer models to analyze acoustic spectrograms and assign them to the right brain signals.
The team from Columbia University wanted to increase the comprehensibility of the reconstructed speech by linking deep learning with innovations in speech synthesis. In their trial, the researchers combined a speech generation system, a so-called vocoder, with an artificial neural network that converts brain signals into speech. The test subjects were five epilepsy patients. Their electrodes, which were actually implanted for a different purpose, were able to pick up signals from the auditory cortex. ‘We discovered that people were able to understand and repeat 75 percent of the sounds, which is way beyond the level of any previous trial,” says Nima Mesgarani, who is leading the study at Columbia University.
To do this, the speech generation system was initially trained – with the same technology used by Amazon’s Echo or Apple’s Siri. However, the training data in the study did not consist of speech, but rather the brain signals of the patients in reaction to words that were spoken to them. This is how the system was supposed to learn how to identify the patterns that are formed in the brain when certain sounds are heard and the brain signals assign them to certain speech sounds.
In order to test whether the human speech generated in this way could be understood, the scientists got their AI to read the neural signals for the numbers one to nine and convert them into speech – once using the conventional spectrogram technology and once using the speech generation system, the vocoder. Another test was based on short sentences. The researchers played the sound files to eleven volunteers, who had to repeat the right numbers and evaluate the comprehensibility of the speech reconstruction. The result: The combination of the neural network and the vocoders achieved much better results than the two other technologies; in three quarters of the cases, the test subjects understood the right number. What’s more, four times out of five they could tell whether the person was a man or a woman.
Mesgarani hopes that the insights gained could one day lead to people who have no speech (or no longer have speech) only having to think “I need a glass of water” and the system will translate these thoughts into speech. Will it work? Niels Birbaumer, from the University of Tübingen, is skeptical: “Basically, the researchers have only recorded the brain’s reaction to an external stimulus,” which has been possible with other stimuli since electroencephalography (EEG) was first used in 1929. It is likely that several thousand electrodes in the brain would be needed to actually convert thoughts into speech.
The idea of people without the power of speech being able to communicate directly is a future vision that creates optimism. On the other hand, the question arises as to whether players with sinister intentions could also exploit the technology. It would certainly invalidate the notion that “thought is free,” as expressed in the traditional German folk song on freedom of thought, whose lyrics were first published on leaflets around 1780 and have been quoted ever since to voice a desire for freedom and independence in times of political oppression.
We are still a long way away from really being able to read people’s minds with the aid of artificial intelligence – so let’s hope that in the meantime the foundations are successfully laid for ensuring that this technology is not used indiscriminately. After all, here at Rutronik24, we don’t necessarily always want our partners to know what we are thinking about. | <urn:uuid:a73a56ca-9606-4dd7-86d1-68c299bf27e3> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.rutronik.com/en/article/what-are-you-thinking-about-honey/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573065.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917081137-20190917103137-00509.warc.gz | en | 0.970684 | 811 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Proto-punk (or protopunk) is the rock music from the 1960s and early 1970s that presaged the punk rock movement, although they were not labelled as such until after the fact. The musicians were not originally associated with each other, coming from a variety of backgrounds and styles, but they anticipated many of punk's musical and thematic attributes. Proto-punk may also refer to rock acts from the mid-1960s deemed to be influential on later punk, particularly much garage rock.
Most musicians classified as proto-punk are rock performers of the 1960s and early-1970s, with garage rock/art rock bands the Velvet Underground, MC5 and the Stooges considered to be archetypal proto-punk artists, along with later glam rock band the New York Dolls.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-punkProto punk bands starting with 'G': no records found
|Bob Garner||Bob Gaspar||Kim Gardner||Martin Griffin||Rudy Garza|
© Boar 2011 - 2019 | <urn:uuid:45754d80-9c68-4801-b361-ef3003cee64a> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://rockboar.com/index/G/Proto-punk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583763839.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121070334-20190121092334-00564.warc.gz | en | 0.962075 | 221 | 2.609375 | 3 |
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