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Are employment discrimination cases determined by state laws as well as federal discrimination laws?
Federal and state laws prohibiting employment discrimination can be somewhat confusing, since these laws can apply to various types of discrimination across a variety of contexts, from housing to employment. The discrimination laws that apply to any given case will depend largely upon where the case is located and the type of case in question.
How do state laws affect employment discrimination?
For the most part, states do not necessarily need their own laws regarding discrimination in the workplace or during the hiring process, since these situations tend to fall under federal law. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and various federal laws mandate that employers cannot engage in discrimination, either during the hiring process or on the job, due to an employee's race, gender, age, disability, etc.
However, state laws often expand on the protections afforded by the federal laws. For example, states may cover smaller employers since some provisions of the federal civil rights laws apply only if an employer has 15 or more employees. State laws may also protect classes of people that are not necessarily protected by federal laws, for example by instituting laws that protect against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.
There are also various federal and state laws applying to discrimination in a number of other situations aside from employment discrimination. Should a particular state not have a law against a certain type of discrimination, the case will fall under federal law. But if a state does have its own laws, those will tend to work in conjunction with federal law. For this reason, it's important to know what laws in your area apply to any given discrimination situation. Such situations might include housing, public accommodations for the disabled, hate crimes, or any other situation either in or out of the workplace where a person may experience discrimination based on any factors. | <urn:uuid:5ab19c2e-2771-42fa-a142-2a8bbc3856bd> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://employment-law.freeadvice.com/employment-law/job_discrimination/state_law_discrimination.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202131.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319203912-20190319225912-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.955087 | 368 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Welsh language has official status in Wales.
This is set out in the Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011.The Measure does not affect the status of the English language in Wales.
What does official status mean?
Official status has a legal effect, and means that the Welsh language should not be treated less favourably than the English language in Wales.
Prior reference to the status of the Welsh language in Wales may be seen in:
- Government of Wales Act 2006, sections 35(1), 78(1) and (2) and 156(1), and paragraph 8(3) of Schedule 2
- Welsh Language Act 1993, Part 2, and sections 22, 24, 25, 26, and 27(1) and (2) | <urn:uuid:6a20b00e-0811-4ca8-9473-7f4a659e0538> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://www.comisiynyddygymraeg.cymru/English/Commissioner/Pages/Official-status-of-the-Welsh-language-.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221212040.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817104238-20180817124238-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.910843 | 155 | 2.953125 | 3 |
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Row 1, Col 1 What is parallel? Another name for a line of latitude.
1,2 What is a pharaoh? A ruler in ancient Egypt
1,3 What is a consumer? A person who spends money for goods or services
1,4 What was Ancient Greece? The Olympics were founded in _________.
2,1 What is meridian? Another name for a line of longitude
2,2 What is a city-state? A self-governing city that also governs surrounding villages
2,3 What is a depression? A severe slowdown in business caused by high unemployment and falling prices.
2,4 What is Memphis? The capital of Egypts Old Kingdom located on the Nile
3,1 What are the Northern and Western? The United States is located in the_______ Hemisphere and the ________ Hemisphere.
3,2 What is an alliance? A n agreement between countries to work together in war or trade.
3,3 What is a hunter-gatherer? A person of the old Stone Age who met needs by hunting animals or gathering plants.
3,4 Who were Socrates, Plato and Aristotle? Three great philosophers of ancient Greece
4,1 What is population density? The number of people who live in a square mile of a measured area is that areas ______________.
4,2 What is a province? A self-governing region similar to a state.
4,3 What is unemployment rate? Refers to the percent of workers who do not have jobs.
4,4 What are Hieroglyphics? Symbols used in some writing systems such as the one used in ancient Egypt.
5,1 What is a global grid? Shows patterns on a map or globe by crossing of lines of latitude and longitude.
5,2 What is a code of laws? A written set of laws that apply to everyone under a government
5,3 What is the economy and economic system? The way people manage money and resources for the production of goods and services
5,4 Who was Cleopatra? The ruler of the Egyptian government in Alexandria who supported Caesar in the civil war he waged from B.C.
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Holt McDougal, The World before the Opening of the Atlantic Chapter 1.
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WI Chapter 1 Jeopardy Vocabulary WI Cities Midwest Maps Ice Age WI Waterways Q $100 Q $200 Q $300 Q $400 Q $500 Q $100 Q $200 Q $300 Q $400 Q $500 Final.
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Brief Introduction to Geography Ireland / UK. 5 Themes Geography can be broken down into 5 themes As we study Ireland and the UK, we can hopefully start.
The rise & growth of Civilization. Tree of Civilization Agriculture Food Surplus New economic activities Civilization Specialization of LaborTrade& cultural.
History GLE’s: H-1A-M1, M2, M3, M4, M6; H-1C-M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, and M8.
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The Beginnings of Civilization-One Mrs. Cox Paisley IB World History ONE.
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Solar heating systems have different utilities
As fossil fuels are disappearing and electricity costs are raising solar energy being an alternate source of energy is becoming more and more popular among homeowners. Improvements are being brought to these systems in order to meet the requirements of different homes and industries.
Solar energy heating systems are taking the face of the ones that run on electricity, gas or oil.
There are advantages that bring solar heating system over conventional ones. First of all the sun’s energy is free and the systems used to store it are affordable. Also this type of energy has no affect over the environment. You will never run out of solar energy unlike fossil fuels that are vanishing fast. As a last advantage the installation process is simple and also they can run uninterruptedly.
There are two types of harnessing the solar energy: active and passive. Active means that the energy is stored using panels and other systems while passive systems use the windows or walls. Still an active system seems to be more advantageous compared to the passive one.
Solar heating can be used for many things. To heat the water used in a home, to heat the floor and the space in a house, to heat swimming pools and others. As the electricity costs get bigger and bigger and with the effects conventional systems have on the environment solar heating is the best solution available.
Solar energy heating can also be used in industry where they require hot water and steams for different operations. If you want to make a business out of these solar systems you will need to understand all the applications for it. | <urn:uuid:88e8196b-ffcb-4c9c-a37d-c496ccc3d886> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.diyexplore.com/heating/solar-heating-systems-have-different-utilities | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647782.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322073140-20180322093140-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.956276 | 313 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is defined as the amount of oxygen equivalents consumed in the chemical oxidation of organic matter by strong oxidant (e.g., potassium dichromate). The COD value indicates the amount of oxygen which is needed for the oxidation of all organic substances in water in mg/l or g/m3. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is an indirect measurement of the amount of organic matter in a sample. With testing COD, you can measure virtually all organic compounds that can be digested by a digestion reagent.
COD is critical in wastewater for determining the amount of waste (contamination) in the water. Waste that’s high in organic matter requires treatment to reduce the amount of organic waste before discharging into receiving waters. Why does this matter? If wastewater treatment facilities do not reduce organic content of the wastewater before it reaches natural waters, microbes in the receiving water will consume the organic matter. As a result, microbes will consume the oxygen in the receiving water to breakdown the organic waste. This oxygen depletion is called eutrophication and can lead to the death of animal life.
Chemical oxygen demand tests are typically performed on wastewater. The pollution level is calculated by measuring the amount of organic matter in the water. Water with too much organic material can have a negative effect on the environment in which the wastewater is discharged. The COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) is closely related to the laboratory standard method named Dichromate-Method. With this method the chemical oxygen demand is determined during chromic acid digestion of organic loads in wastewater. Based on this method the COD became a commonly used sum parameter in wastewater analysis. It is used for planning of wastewater treatment plants, for controlling the cleaning efficiency and for the calculation of wastewater taxes.
In the United States the TOD (Total Oxygen Demand) has been standardized and is used as a reference to the oxygen demand of organic substances in wastewater. Another clean method to determine the chemical oxygen demand is the electrochemical oxidation using OH-radicals.
With this parameter the total oxygen demand of water can be measured. Even in the 1970s online analyzers for the determination of total oxygen demand (TOD) were available. After the rise in popularity of the COD-dichromate method, the TOD had been suppressed in many countries as the COD analysis prevailed in analysis of wastewater. However, the total oxygen demand is a reliable and reproducible parameter to indicate the oxygen demand of water. In the United States it is standardized with the ASTM D6238 and very commonly used. The TOD correlates easily to the COD. Hence, this parameter is a preferable alternative to the COD measurement. Moreover, it is very suitable for online measurements, especially with the thermal combustion method at 1,200°C.
COD measurement is accomplished in about 3 minutes. Thus, 3 replication measurements per sample can be determined within less than 10 minutes. The QuickCODlab offers enormous time and cost savings in comparison to standard procedures.
An O2 detector determines the oxygen used to digest all the constituents. The determination of the oxygen demand is performed over a wide variety of measurement ranges. The QuickCODlab also reliably measures the real COD in relevant measurement ranges from 5 to 100 mg/l.
The QuickCODlab analyzers use a special thermal combustion method at 1,200°C, which allows a catalyst-free oxidization of the complete sample including any particles. Following which an oxygen detector determines the amount of oxygen consumed by the combustion. This very fast analysis has a cycle time of only 3 minutes and does not require any chemicals. The QuickCODultra analyzer measures the oxygen demand of all oxidizable substances in the wastewater including organic nitrogen.
The COD concentration is calculated by use of this method that is correlated by a factor and the TOC concentration in the wastewater is determined by use of a standard TOC analysis method. The COD/TOC correlation factor is defined by comparing the measured online COD results to those of the laboratory method. This method is well suited to applications where the concentrations of pollution are not subject to strong fluctuations.
With the patented Lead-Dioxide-Electrode OH-radicals are produced. Compared to other oxidants OH-radicals have a significantly higher oxidation potential. Thus, hard to oxidize substances can be fast and easily oxidized without using dangerous chemicals. During the reaction the electricity produced will be measured, which is proportional to the consumed OH-radicals. The OH-radicals are here again directly related to the COD. This method offers a fast, simple, accurate and pollution-free alternative to the common dichromate method (wet chemical method).
Pure water and high purity water are crucial factors of production in numerous processes and industries. Depending on the demand it is used as a raw material, auxiliary or operating material. For water with low particle density, our pure water analyzers are equipped with an injection loop system. Using this closed system like our QuickTOCpurity™ or QuickTOCuv™, influences from ambient air or other influences will be avoided.
Process water is very diverse regarding to its use. This type of water may contain adhesive and/or toxic substances and are characterized by high and fluctuating loads or a wide variety of compositions. Our cost-effective, QuickTOCultra water analyzer is a continuously working TOC measurement system using the UV persulfate oxidation method.
Wastewater is one of the most challenging water types for any TOC online analyzers. With highly fluctuating loads, very high salt concentrations and has high particle density, wastewater needs a robust water analyzer. For the toughest applications, our TOC analyzers are equipped with a unique injection system capable of transporting and measuring a high content of solid matter without any filtration.
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Polydactyl Cats: AKA Hemingway Cats
Ernest Hemingway, prolific American novelist and short story writer, was a pioneer of the 20th Century. His ideology, outlined in his various works of fiction and nonfiction, would go on to shape the remainder of history. A little-known fact about Hemingway (but one that is equally noteworthy) was his love of cats. Specifically, Hemingway had an enormous heart for six-toed cats, or polydactyls. Because of his memorable fondness for these special, more-to-love cats, polydactyls have come to be known colloquially as Hemingway Cats.
The Legend of Hemingway Cats
The story began in the 1930s. Hemingway had just settled into his new home in Key West, Florida where he discovered his newfound love of the American landscape in this corner of the country. During this time, Hemingway was writing A Farewell to Arms, one of his most prolific works. Somewhere in this tumultuous period of his life, Hemingway met a sea captain. This sea captain’s name was Stanley Dexter. According to the legend, sea captains during this time had a preference for polydactyl cats. In fact, this unique type of cat was believed to be good luck for captains on the sea. This is because their extra toes on each foot allowed them to have better balance when out on the rough sea, and this allowed them to be wonderful mouse hunters even during the most tumultuous of sea storms.
Stanley Dexter gifted one of these lucky polydactyl cats to Ernest Hemingway. Hemingway named this cat “Snow White.” And the rest, they say, is history.
About Hemingway Cats
Normally, a cat has five toes on their front paws and four toes on their back paws. Polydactyl cats, however, carry a genetic mutation that provides them with an extra amount of love - in the form of one (or more) extra toe on the front paws (and sometimes even on the back paws!). Cats can be carriers of this genetic defect without physically manifesting the extra toe. Polydactyl cats are not a particular breed, but they have essentially come to be known as a new breed because of the general societal love that people have for this genetic defect. This genetic trait can appear in any breed, such as tabby cats, calicos, tortoiseshell, and many other types. No two Hemingway cats are the same - they vary in color, shape, size, and (of course) personality.
In fact, some humans even seek out this special type of cat to have for their own. Breeding of polydactyls has become a fairly common practice because of the widespread desire to own a polydactyl cat. Predominantly, polydactyl cats are found on the East Coast of the United States and Canada as well as in Wales and South West England. Perhaps it was the sea captains and their love of polydactyls that originally brought the Hemingway cats to the East Coast of America, likely the port city of Boston, Massachusetts. Various nicknames for these polydactyl cats include Hemingway cats, mitten cats, boxing cats, mitten-foot cats, snowshoe cats, and thumb cats.
The Cats at the Ernest Hemingway Home and Museum
Ernest Hemingway’s first cat, Snow White, began it all. Upon receiving this gift from the sea captain Stanley Dexter, Hemingway brought the polydactyl cat back to his Key West home. As time passed, Snow White had litter after litter, and thus the lineage began. After Hemingway died in 1961, the house that he owned in Key West was turned into a museum. Luckily, the clan of cats remained.
To this day, anywhere between 40 to 50 cats live at the Ernest Hemingway Home and Museum. While about half of the current feline residents of the Hemingway house exhibit the physical trait of having extra toes, all of the cats there carry the genetic trait within them. It’s believed that most of the cats at the home are direct descendants of Snow White, and in fact, it’s likely that most of the polydactyls on the small island of Key West are related somehow. To continue the legacy of the Hemingway cats, one kitten is allowed to produce a litter every year and the others are spayed and neutered.
Because Hemingway liked to name his cats after famous people, the same tradition remains at the Ernest Hemingway Home and Museum. All polydactyl cats, old and new, that live at the residence are named after the famous. Some of the cats even come to their given name. You can find a complete list of the name, birthday, and favorite house spot for each cat on the Ernest Hemingway Home and Museum app. For example, one tortoiseshell cat named Gertrude Stein can be found most often on the walkway near the staff housing.
The cats go through nearly two tons of dry cat food every year. The feline residents are routinely fed twice daily (wouldn’t that be a sight to see?) at various spots throughout the home. The cats at the home are well taken care of and undergo routine veterinary care such as ear mite and flea treatment and annual vaccinations. Because of the high quality of care that these cats receive, most of the Hemingway cats in the area live to be very old. When one of the cats reaches the end of their life, however, there is even a special cemetery just for Hemingway cats on the premises.
Visitors come to the Ernest Hemingway Home and Museum from far and wide every year. Not surprisingly, some of these visitors come solely for the Hemingway cats.
At Petozy, we love designing and distributing toys for cats with all amounts of toes to play with and enjoy. That’s why our Petozy cat scratching toy is intended to keep all cats (regardless of toe count) happy and healthy.
Have you ever seen a six-toed cat? Do you have any stories about a special cat in your life? Let us know in the comments below!
Petozy is a brand dedicated to pet and pet owner happiness. The about cats section contains silly articles about cat memes to more serious articles about cat play behavior. Search our articles to see if we can help you with your cat related questions. Or sign-up for our newsletter if you want to get updates when new articles or products are released.
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He is mostly known for his rebellion and his call to action. Essay on Patrick Henry Speech Patrick Henry a devoted patriot and wise man fulfilled a position in the Virginia convention.
Like other famous speakers he used rhetoric devices to persuade his audience to join the fight.
Patrick henry essay. After the Intolerable Acts imposed by King George on the. In 1775 Patrick Henry gave a speech that would change Americas entire lifestyle. Free Patrick Henry Essays and Papers.
The lamp he is talking about shows that the future with Britain will be atrocious. 1 Joshua Matthew Saptho February 7 2021 Book Review Kidd Thomas S. Patrick Henry Rhetoric Essay Essay Example.
He never used his fists or guns to fight for his country but he used a much more powerful weapon at which he held great skill. They instead wanted to reconcile with Britain. Howard Building America Term 1 October 26 2017 Patrick Henry and His Influence Patrick Henry was an American lawyer born in the colony of Virginia while it was under Britains rule.
However the form may have changed. Possibly the greatest orator of his time his. Henrys purpose was to encourage the delegation to take up arms in the form of a militia and actively resist the oppression of Britain.
Essay On Patrick Henry And His Influence 1133 Words 5 Pages. All information listed. Read this Biographies Essay and over 89000 other research documents.
Patrick Henry Patrick Henry was a great patriot. Patrick Henry 527 Words 3 Pages. Page 1 of 50 – About 500 essays.
Borne on May 29th 1736 and died on June 6th 1799 in Brookneal VA. Patrick Henry Maddren has instituted this scholarship for students with a dedication to achieve their educational and career aspirations. Patrick Henry Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death Speech Rhetorical Analysis Essay Essay Example Anastrophe is presented to emphasize the hesitation Henry had when deciding between fighting for his rightful rights or continue to be loyal to King George that he considers as his majesty of heavens.
Henry says Besides sir we shall not fight our battles alone. Johns Church in Richmond Virginia on the issue of the inevitable war with Britain. Patrick Henry a man who helped tip the scales in a time of war by a speech simply because the colonies in the eastern side of the North America wanted freedom from British rule.
A lamp shows us the way forward. The Patrick Maddren Scholarship is a great opportunity for students to complete their college education develop their leadership qualities and build professional networks. Patrick Henry Patrick Henry was a great patriot.
In the speech Henry is attempting to convince the colonists to come together to go to war against Britain. Patrick Henry was a great patriot. Patrick Henry told them that they could never be free under the rule of the British government when he asserted that the British Army was sent over to bind and rivet upon us those chains which the British ministry have been so long forging.
Patrick Henry Speech Rhetorical Analysis In his speech to the Virginia Convention on March 23 1775 lawyer Patrick Henry addressed delegates of the St. Free Essay on Patrick Henry – use this essays as a template to follow while writing your own paper. His speech was the reason The United States was formed.
Analysis Essay on Patrick Henry. Patrick Henrys Speech Slavery had existed for a very long time. View Patrick Henry- Book review essay docx from HIUS 341 at Liberty University Online Academy.
Many colonists did not want to oppose England. Anti-slave laws and abolitionist movement had been there in the past to stop slave trade in Africa. It is still existent.
Possibly the greatest orator of his time his speeches such as Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death struck a cord in the American spirit of those who opposed oppression. He talked with passion and persuasion when he talked to all the delegates at the Virginia convention. He is comparing their history with Britain to walking with a lamp.
Give me Liberty or Give me Death by Patrick Henry is an example of how a powerful persuasive speech can be delivered through a manipulative use of 1 855 626 2755 Free essays. Patrick Henrys speech was a call to action. Click the link and use this high qualitative essay for free.
Here he is using the rhetorical device of an analogy. Patrick Henry Speech Analysis. He never used his fists or guns to fight for his country but he used a much more powerful weapon at which he held great skill.
Patrick Henry Speech Analysis Essay Patrick Henry was a writer during the revolutionary war his speeches helped inspire many to fight and leave from under Britians rule. Find out more on speech for freedom by Patrick Henry in our original paper. Excerpt from Essay.
Pages 4 Give me Liberty or Give me Death by Patrick Henry is an example of how a powerful persuasive speech can be delivered through a manipulative use of language and word choices. He never used his fists or guns to fight for his country. More than 100 000 essay samples Get a 100 Unique paper from best writers.
Essay sample on history by our safe custom writing service. Patrick Henry was American Attorney planter father to 16 children and a husband he was married twice. His speech became known worldwide and forever will be remembered. | <urn:uuid:f7efb631-b7fb-41f4-8b55-cffce1e70122> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.chafeeforgovernor.com/patrick-henry-essay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300343.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117061125-20220117091125-00688.warc.gz | en | 0.964335 | 1,057 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Understanding Ebola Vaccine Development
What are the strategies scientists are using to develop vaccines to prevent Ebola?
By Mary Rushton
Last year an unprecedented outbreak of the highly lethal Ebola virus occurred in the West African countries of Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. This epidemic, which started in 2013, led to over 28,000 infections and has killed more than 11,000 people, making it the largest outbreak of Ebola ever. The number of new cases of Ebola infection declined dramatically since the height of the outbreak, with Liberia recently being declared Ebola-free. But the World Health Organization (WHO) continues to receive reports of new infections and fatalities in Guinea and Sierra Leone.
The most recent Ebola epidemic created a humanitarian crisis as it spread through highly populated corridors of these West African countries. The urgency of responding to the outbreak spurred public health officials, research institutions, and pharmaceutical companies to rapidly accelerate the development and testing of new drugs to treat and vaccines to prevent Ebola infection—none of which currently exist.
Now these efforts are bearing fruit. The first efficacy trial of an Ebola vaccine tested in 4,000 high-risk volunteers from Guinea who had recently been in close contact with Ebola-infected individuals shows a single dose of one vaccine candidate was safe and highly effective—in some cases 100% effective—in preventing Ebola infection.
Ebola is a type of virus called a filovirus and is named after the river where it was discovered in 1976 in the central African country of Zaire, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Since then, 19 major and 14 minor Ebola outbreaks have occurred, primarily in Africa, and four additional species of the virus have been identified. Ebola has a wormlike structure that can infect and quickly overwhelm nearly every cell and organ in the human body. As a result, it is highly fatal. Of the 318 people diagnosed with Ebola during the first outbreak, 288 died—a case fatality rate of 88%. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected blood or bodily fluids.
Circle of protection
The first efficacy trial of an Ebola vaccine candidate provided results earlier this year. The candidate, known as rVSV-ZEBOV, was first developed by the Public Health Agency of Canada and is now manufactured by the pharmaceutical company Merck. The VSV in the candidate’s name stands for vesicular stomatitis virus. This virus, which primarily infects cattle, is disabled and used as what researchers call a viral vector to shuttle a gene from the Ebola virus into the body so that the immune system can create an immune response against it, without an actual Ebola infection occurring.
Scientists are using various viral vectors in HIV vaccine candidates as well, including VSV. Viral vectors are a promising strategy for pathogens like Ebola or HIV, for which a killed or weakened version of the pathogen is not feasible to use in a vaccine.
The efficacy trial of rVSV-ZEBOV in Guinea utilized a strategy called ring vaccination. Ring vaccination is so-named because the close contacts of an infected individual are immunized to create a ring of protection that can control the spread of the virus. Ring vaccination was used to contain the spread of smallpox in developing countries during a highly successful eradication campaign in the 1970s, but it is an unusual approach for testing the efficacy of a vaccine candidate.
In the Guinea trial, some rings of susceptible individuals were vaccinated immediately after the newly Ebola-infected person was identified, while other rings were vaccinated three weeks later, when the period of Ebola infectiousness was ending. This strategy allowed researchers to compare the efficacy between these different rings. It also enabled researchers to forego use of a placebo group.
The interim data published in July showed that none of the individuals in the immediately vaccinated rings contracted Ebola, while in the delayed rings, 16 Ebola infections were reported.
The WHO, with the approval of the Guinea government, plans to continue the trial to gather more conclusive evidence of how well the vaccine candidate induces herd immunity—when a high enough percentage of people are immunized that the chain of infection for contagious diseases is broken and the spread of disease within the community is contained (see VAX March 2015 Primer on Understanding Community Immunity).
Other vaccine candidates
Other Ebola vaccines are also in clinical development. Scientists from the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases’ Vaccine Research Center and pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) recently conducted a Phase II clinical trial in Liberia comparing another viral vector-based vaccine candidate with rVSV-ZEBOV. Both candidates were found to be safe, but a dramatic drop in Ebola incidence in this country is impeding the ability to compare the efficacy of the two vaccines.
Johnson & Johnson and Bavarian Nordic are also developing a two-dose vaccine candidate that employs two different viral vectors. Phase II trials of these candidates are planned for later this year in Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania. Other trials are also underway.
Many of the current Ebola vaccine candidates were developed years ago, but the relative rarity of Ebola prevented researchers from conducting large efficacy trials. This all changed with the scale of the latest outbreak and researchers reacted quickly. Some candidates received regulatory approval to advance from Phase I to Phase III trials in less than a year. And now that one vaccine candidate appears effective, there are calls from public health organizations to make it available, even as researchers collect more conclusive data on the vaccine’s efficacy.
What scientists ultimately learn from these vaccine candidates could affect other viral diseases, such as AIDS, for which scientists are developing and testing a range of viral vector-based vaccine candidates.
Mary Rushton is a freelance writer based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. | <urn:uuid:778f012a-5b83-41cb-8079-99724a0aac0a> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://vaxreport.org/vax-september-2015/890-understanding-ebola-vaccine-development | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511216.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017195553-20181017221053-00414.warc.gz | en | 0.956513 | 1,161 | 3.65625 | 4 |
How a mad queen, a fearful prince, and a corrupt court deceived Napoleon and changed the history of Portugal and Brazil forever
At the end of the summer of 1808, exactly 200 years ago, an unusual event took place as the inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro looked on incredulously. Early in the afternoon on March 7, a naval squadron carrying the crown prince of Portugal, Dom João, and the Portuguese Royal family sailed into Guanabara Bay, fleeing French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte's troops. The sun was shining and the sky was blue. A strong wind was blowing in from the ocean to alleviate the suffocating heat. After a journey of three months and one week, including a five-week stop in Salvador, hundreds of nobleman and illustrious passengers flocked to the ships' rails to contemplate the magnificent vision unfolding before them: a small city with rows of white houses lining the beachfront, perched on the edge of a calm bay framed by tall granite mountains dripping with luxuriant, dark-green forest.
Crossing the Atlantic had been an adventure replete with hardship and suffering. The old, poorly-equipped Portuguese ships and frigates were brimming with people. Overcrowding and the lack of hygiene and sanitation favored the proliferation of pests. On the ship Alfonso de Albuquerque, on which Princess Carlota Joaquina, wife of the crown prince, had traveled, a lice infestation had obliged the noblewomen to shave their heads and throw their wigs into the sea. Their bald heads were anointed with pig fat and dusted with antiseptic powder. This resulted in one of the most comic episodes in the history of the Brazilian court. To protect their heads when they disembarked in Rio de Janeiro, Carlota, her daughters, and other ladies-in-waiting wore turbans. When they saw the princesses dressed like that, the women of Rio de Janeiro assumed it was the latest fashion in Europe. In no time, almost all of them had cut their hair and were using turbans to imitate the Portuguese noblewomen.
Thus began the most noteworthy period of transformation in Rio de Janeiro. The arrival of the Portuguese court was a meeting of two distant worlds hitherto unknown to one another. On one side, there was a European monarchy, stooping under the weight of long velvet coats, shoes with buckles, silk tights, wigs, and decorations, clothes too heavy and dark for the scalding sun of the tropics. On the other side, the colonial, almost African city, whose population was two-thirds Negro, mestizo, and mulatto, replete with slave traders, mule-pack drivers, gold and diamond dealers, sailors, and merchants from the Indies. "Churches, monasteries, forts, and country houses, gleaming white, crown every hill and decorate the bases of their symmetrical, exact peaks, while in the background a curtain of forest overshadows everything," wrote English businessman John Luccock when he arrived in Rio de Janeiro in June of 1808, three months after the arrival of the Portuguese court.
In the early nineteenth century, the city that took in the Portuguese royal family was a major port of call, where practically every ship leaving Europe and the United States stopped before continuing on to Asia, Africa and the recently discovered lands of the South Pacific. A voyage from England to Rio de Janeiro took somewhere from 55 to 80 days. From Rio to Cape Town, in South Africa, it was another 30 to 50 days. To India, 105 to 150 days. To China, 120 to 180 days. To Australia, 70 to 90 days. Protected from wind and storms by the mountains, the calm waters of Guanabara Bay provided ideal shelter for vessel repair and restocking drinking water, jerked beef, sugar, cachaça, tobacco, and firewood. "No colonial port in the world was as well located for general trade as Rio de Janeiro," wrote traveler John Mawe. It was also the largest slave market in the Americas. Its port was always choked with slave ships that had crossed the Atlantic from Africa. According to historian Manolo Garcia Florentino's calculations, no fewer than 850,000 African slaves passed through the port of Rio in the eighteenth century, half of all the Africans brought in captivity to Brazil in the period.
According to the Englishman Luccock, at the time the city had 4,000 homes, with an average of 15 people living in each. That was a total of 60,000 inhabitants. The meticulous Luccock divided the population in the following manner:
16,000 foreigners 1,000 in some way connected with Dom João's court 1,000 public servants 1,000 who lived in the city but whose livelihood came from neighboring lands or ships 700 priests 500 attorneys 200 medical practitioners 40 regular traders 2,000 retailers 4,000 sales clerks, apprentices, and shop attendants 1,250 mechanics 100 tavern owners 300 fishermen 1,000 frontline soldiers 1,000 sailors in the port 1,000 freed black slaves 12,000 slaves 4,000 women as heads of families The population also included approximately 29,000 children, almost half of the total.
From the sea, when the ships sailed into port, it was a peaceful, bucolic village, perfectly integrated with the splendor of the nature around it. From close up, impressions changed quickly. Its problems were its humidity, garbage, and the residents' lack of manners. "The city's cleaning was entirely entrusted to the vultures," wrote historian Oliveira Lima. Alexander Caldcleugh, a foreigner who traveled through Brazil from 1819 to 1821, was impressed by the number of mice infesting the city and surrounding areas. "Many of the best houses are so full of them that it is not uncommon to see them traipsing through dining rooms at meal times," he said.
In the sticky heat of the tropics, laziness and lack of elegance in people's dress and behavior reigned. Emanuel Pohl, a naturalist who accompanied Princess Leopoldina—future Emperor Dom Pedro I's new bride—to Brazil in 1817, observed that the men went around in flip-flops, light pants, and chintz jackets. The women, draped with rosaries and saint pendants, spent most of the day in simple shirts and short skirts. "In happy idleness, they sit around on mats by the windows, with their legs crossed, all day long," wrote Pohl.
Invited to dine at the home of a wealthy family, Luccock was surprised to discover that each person was expected to bring their own knife, "generally broad, sharp, and silver-handled." At the table, he observed that "their fingers are used as often as their forks." Moreover, it was common for someone to serve himself from his neighbor's plate with his hands. "It is considered uncontestable proof of friendship to eat from your neighbor's plate; and, thus, it isn't rare to see the fingers of both simultaneously immersed in a single dish," he said. Fresh meat was a rarity. It came from far away, from distances of up to one thousand kilometers. Traveling along roads in poor conditions, in herds brought from the state of Minas Gerais or the Paraíba Valley, many cattle died along the way from starvation or exhaustion. "Those that made it to the end of the journey arrived at the public slaughterhouse in a pitiful condition," says Luccock. Situated near Rio's city center, the slaughterhouse was a place "of utmost filth." Pork was also sold "in a very unhealthy state." For this reason, the most popular meat was jerked beef, which came from far away, after having being treated with salt and cured in the sun.
In 1803, British naval officer James Tuckey left a curious record of the women of Rio: "Their slightly slanting, big, full, black, shining eyes give a certain degree of vivacity to their dark complexions and lend their countenance some expression. It is, in most cases, the manifestation of an animal vivacity, tempered with the simple and light touch of sensitivity." Tuckey, however, did warn: "Brazilian women have, among others, the awful habit of spitting in public, no matter when, where, or in what situation. Such a habit (. . .) is a powerful obstacle to the reign of female charm."
Healthcare was very poor. "The simplest surgeries were carried out by bloodletters," says historian Oliveira Lima, based on reports by Luccock. In 1798, ten years before the arrival of the Portuguese court, the Rio de Janeiro City Council had proposed a program to a group of doctors to try to eradicate disease in the city. The plan included a study of the illnesses they wished to eliminate. A report by the armada's doctor, Bernardino Antônio Gomes, is shocking: "Endemic diseases in this city include scabies, erysipelas, funguses, yaws, morphea, elephantiasis, pruritus, tungiasis, edemas of the legs, hydroceles, sarcoceles, roundworms, hernias, leucorrhea, dysmenorrhoea, hemorrhoids, dyspepsia, several kinds of convulsions, hepatitis, and different sorts of intermittent and remittent fevers." Researcher Nireu Cavalcanti found documents in the National Archives that provide a notion of what healthcare and medicine were like in Rio de Janeiro in the era of Dom João VI. They are the post-mortem inventories of two doctors, listing their assets. The inventory of Surgeon General Antônio José Pinto, who died in 1798, includes this startling list of "surgical instruments": a large saw, a small saw, a spanner, two straight knives, two pairs of tongs, an eagle's claw, two tourniquets, a monkey wrench, and a large pair of scissors.
Because the water table was quite near the surface, the construction of septic tanks was prohibited. The residents' urine and feces, collected during the night, was taken the next morning to be dumped into the sea by slaves, who carried large barrels of sewage on their backs. Along the way, some of the contents, which were full of ammonia and urea, sloshed onto their skin and, over time, left white stripes on their black backs. For this reason, these slaves were known as "tigers."
Another thing that aroused the curiosity of visitors was the number of Negroes, mulattoes and mestizos in the streets. The slaves did all kinds of manual labor. Among other activities, they were barbers, shoemakers, messengers, basket makers, and sold drinks, desserts, sponge cakes, and coffee. They also carried people and merchandise. In the mornings, hundreds of them would go to fetch water from the fountain at the Carioca Aqueduct, which they transported in barrels similar to the ones they used to carry excrement down to the beach in the late afternoon.
The crown prince went to live in a lovely large palace located in what is now the neighborhood of São Cristóvão, close to the current location of the favela of Mangueira and Maracanã Stadium. The palace was given to the Prince as a present by a prominent slave dealer of the time. His wife, Princess Carlota Joaquina, with whom he did not share the same roof, preferred to stay on an estate next to Botafogo Beach. Even more complicated was finding housing for the court's thousands-strong entourage, who had recently arrived in the still relatively small city of only 60,000 inhabitants. By order of the Count of Arcos, a notorious "lodging" system was created, wherein people's homes had to be handed over to the nobility. The houses chosen had their doors marked with the letters PR, the initials for Príncipe Regente (Crown Prince), which the locals immediately dubbed "Ponha-se na Rua" (Get Out).
With the arrival of the royal family, the city was shaken by a population boom. Between 1808 and 1821 the urban area tripled, as new neighborhoods and parishes were created. The population doubled and the number of slaves tripled, from 12,000 to 36,182. The traffic of animals and carriages became so intense that laws and regulations had to be created to impose discipline. In 1824 Rua Direita became the first street to have numbered houses and two-way traffic with designated lanes. It was a dramatic change for a city that, in 1808, already lacked the space, infrastructure, and services with which to receive the newcomers from Lisbon.
Crime skyrocketed. There were constant robberies and murders. In the port, ships were targeted by pirates. Gangs of hoodlums went through the streets attacking people with knives and blades. Although officially banned, prostitution and gambling took place in broad daylight. "In this city and outlying areas, we have been harassed by thieves," wrote royal archive keeper Luiz Joaquim dos Santos Marrocos in a letter to his father, who had stayed in Lisbon.
Most of the population went around armed. The English consul, James Henderson, was surprised by the number of people who carried knives hidden up their sleeves, "which they take out and use with great skill." Few people risked going out alone after dark. Stone-throwing was a common form of aggression—equivalent to today's stray bullets. In October of 1817, the wife of the American Ambassador, Thomas Sumpter, was struck in the eye by a stone while sitting in her carriage on Rua do Ouvidor. In another incident, during a concert at São João Theater, a stone hit actor Manuel Alves and brought the performance to an end.
The task of imposing order on this chaos was entrusted by Dom João to the court magistrate Paulo Fernandes Viana. Born in Rio de Janeiro and with a degree from the University of Coimbra, Viana was named police superintendent by the judicial writ of May 10, 1808, an office he held until 1821, the year he died. He was "a civilizing agent" in Rio de Janeiro. It was up to him to turn the provincial, uneducated, dirty, and dangerous colonial village into something closer to a European capital, worthy of being the seat of the Portuguese monarchy. His mission included land-filling swamps, organizing the supply of water and food and the removal of trash and sewage, paving and lighting the streets with whale-oil lamps, and building highways, bridges, aqueducts, fountains, promenades, and public squares. It was also his responsibility to police the streets, issue passports, keep an eye on foreigners, inspect the sanitary conditions of slave holding areas, and provide housing for the new inhabitants that the city received with the arrival of the court.
Viana's police officers were relentless and truculent. The most famous of them was Major Miguel Nunes Vidigal. He was the equivalent, 200 years later, of Captain Nascimento in the 2007 film Tropa de Elite (Elite Squad). As commander of the new Royal Guard, Vidigal became the worst nightmare of Rio's criminals. He lay in wait on street corners and popped up out of nowhere at capoeira or percussion sessions, where slaves hung around drinking cachaça until late at night. Not even remotely concerned with legal procedures, he ordered his officers to arrest and beat up any participant in this kind of activity—whether they were a delinquent or just an ordinary citizen having fun. Instead of the military saber, Vidigal's men carried whips with long, heavy handles and strips of leather at the tips. The commander also personally led several assaults on runaway-slave communities in the forests around Rio de Janeiro. In recognition of his services, in 1820, Benedictine monks gave Vidigal land at the foot of the hill known as Morro Dois Irmãos as a present. Invaded by makeshift shacks starting in 1940, the area is now occupied by the favela of Vidigal, which enjoys a privileged view of the beaches of Ipanema and Leblon.
The Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, the first newspaper published in Brazil, went into circulation on September 10, 1808, printed on machines imported from England. However, it only printed news that was pro-government. Reading the advertisements published in the Gazeta is a fun way to observe how the habits of Rio's population in this period grew more sophisticated. In the beginning, they offered simple services and products, a reflection of a colonial society still closed to the world, which imported little and produced almost everything it consumed. These first advertisements included horses and carriages for hire, land and homes for sale, and certain basic services such as lessons in catechism, Portuguese, history, and geography.
One example of an advertisement published in 1808 read: "Good lead horse for carriages for sale. Interested parties should talk to Francisco Borges Mendes, who lives above the store on the corner of João Baptista Alley."
From 1810, the tone and content of the advertisements changed radically. Instead of houses, horses, and slaves, they started offering pianos, books, linens, silk handkerchiefs, champagne, cologne, fans, gloves, china vases, paintings, watches, and an infinity of other imported goods. In the March 2, 1816 edition of the Gazeta, Frenchman Girard advertised his services as "hairdresser to Her Royal Highness, Dona Carlota, Princess of Brazil; Her Royal Highness, the Princess of Wales; and Her Highness, the Duchess of Angoul'me." He then listed the following services: "The latest women's hairstyles from Paris and London; men's and women's haircuts; men's and women's wigs; dyeing of hair, eyebrows, and sideburns with the utmost perfection, without causing any damage to the skin or clothes; and an ointment to make hair grow and thicken." On November 13 of the same year, Bellard, located at #8 Rua do Ouvidor, claims to have received "a new assortment of real and fake jewelry, ladies' hats, French books, dresses, and accessories for modern women, all kinds of perfumes, pendulums, shot guns, and fans."
The clothes and new habits introduced by the court were paraded on performance nights at the São João Theatre or at Sunday mass. On these occasions, an indisputable status symbol was the number of slaves and servants who accompanied their masters through the streets of Rio de Janeiro. The wealthiest and most powerful had the largest entourages and went out of their way to flaunt them as a symbol of their social importance. Prussian Von Leithold said that even top-class prostitutes—"of which there are many"—proudly paraded their convoys through the streets. Those who didn't have their own private servants hired them for holy days and mass. "It is a question of honor to appear in public with a large retinue. They walk through the streets with self-importance and measured steps."
The Invention of Brazil
No other period in the history of Brazil witnessed such profound, decisive, and swift change as the thirteen years in which the Portuguese court remained in Rio de Janeiro. In the space of just one and a half decades, Brazil went from being a backward, ignorant colony to an independent nation.
200 years ago, Brazil didn't exist. At least not as it is today: an integrated country, with well-defined frontiers and inhabitants that consider themselves Brazilians. On the eve of the arrival of the Portuguese court in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil was just a large farm in service of Portugal, without any notion of national identity. The different provinces were more or less autonomous, with no trade or any other kind of relationship with one another, and the only point of reference was the Portuguese government, whose seat was in Lisbon, on the other side of the Atlantic.
This all changed with the arrival of the court. Dom João and his ministry had to create a country out of nothing. Changes began to take place at a startling rate and were to have a great impact on the future of the country. The most important decision made during their stop in Salvador was to open the ports. When they arrived in Rio de Janeiro, they freed Brazil's trade and manufacturing. This, together with the opening of the ports, represented the end of the colonial system. Brazil had been freed from three centuries of Portuguese monopoly and entered the international system of production and trade.
Countless factories began to spring up all over the country. The first ironworks was founded in 1811. Wheat mills and boat, gunpowder, rope, and textile factories were built. The construction of new highways helped shatter the isolation that had reigned between the provinces until then. Steamboats were introduced in 1818. The most distant regions were explored and mapped. Expeditions traveled up the tributaries of the Amazon to their headwaters and established fluvial communication between the states of Mato Grosso and São Paulo.
Ironically, by moving to Brazil, João VI lost it forever. When the court returned to Portugal in 1821, the new country was ready to walk on its own two legs, out from under Portugal's tutelage. The result was Brazil's independence, in 1822.
This copy is for your personal, noncommercial use only. You can order presentation-ready copies for distribution by contacting us at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:11d8a8a6-4ef1-4bef-bf58-d3905869b77e> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.wordswithoutborders.org/article/eighteen-o-eight | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982295358.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195815-00095-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974679 | 4,515 | 2.96875 | 3 |
As housing prices have fluctuated widely in recent years, and wages have stagnated or declined, homeowners are struggling to stay in affordable homes. Given the current economic climate, the issue of housing affordability has spread to those not traditionally perceived as seeking “affordable housing.” More importantly, these households receive little or no public assistance. A new term has been coined to address these emerging households: workforce housing. This group may include teachers, police officers and fire fighters as well as health care workers, retail clerks, administrative personnel and other moderate income workers, all essential to the economic vitality of an area and its success. However defined, the key to housing affordability is that it meets the needs of the people who provide services we depend on. Information found here will help you frame the discussion of workforce housing and housing affordability so that regulators and other groups can best address these issues.
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With home builders facing increasing costs associated with ever expanding local state and federal regulations, it has become increasingly difficult to construct housing in a manner affordable to many Americans.
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Need to document local housing affordability problems, the adverse impacts of higher costs, or the economic benefits of home building? Find out more here. | <urn:uuid:e100ac26-160a-4eca-ba55-2e2fa41d865b> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.nahb.org/page.aspx/category/sectionID=1292 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163065002/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131745-00098-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963035 | 326 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Here you will find answers to the following questions:
- What are the main container materials used in primary packaging?
- Which agents are used to wash final containers?
- What particle and microbial content requirements are the cleaning agents expected to meet, and how are these achieved?
- Which temperatures and quantities of cleaning agent are required and which functional steps are necessary in automatic washing?
- Which changes to the surface should be noted?
- Which washing procedures are common practice?
Stoppers for sterile pharmaceutical products must fulfil the requirements listed in figure 12.D-1.
Figure 12.D-1 Requirements of stoppers
Requirements of stoppers
- Of a suitable hardness, dimensions, and shape for the purpose
- Pre-cleaned by the stopper manufacturer to minimise the presence of fill material residue, colour pigments, and plasticisers
- Must not absorb any of the "packed" pharmaceutical product
- Must not release any substances into the pharmaceutical product
- Smooth surfaces and clean cut edges
- Minimum friability
Stoppers for pharmaceutical purposes are usually made from rubber (vulcanised natural caoutchouc). Due to its high elasticity, the material provides a very good seal against the surface of the bottle neck. The high durability against wear also enables multiple piercing of the stopper without fragments breaking off. The material can be sterilised in super-heated steam, is free from toxic ingredients, and can be cleaned with relative ease. The material can be coloured and produced in varying degrees of hardness. Natural rubber and its synthetic derivatives - butyl or chlorobutyl rubber - are sufficient to meet the relevant application requirements in 90 % of cases.
Any applications for which the requirements are not fulfilled with these elastomers either have very specific requirements (for example, high temperature tolerance, resistance to mineral oil, etc.), or are subject to maximum requirements for safety reasons (for example, seals for test substances, absolute physiological safety, or similar). These problems can be solved by using Teflon-clad stoppers or silicone rubber. The term "silicone" is not applied uniformly. Sometimes it is used to refer to all silicon organic compounds, while sometimes it is used as a more precise definition for certain types of Si bonds. These are synthetically produced polymer compounds in which hydrocarbon residues (usually methyl groups) form long chain, sheet, or spatial structures with silicon atoms, bound by oxygen bridges. The compounds are heat-tolerant, hydrophobic, isolating, not very volatile, not flammable, and barely change viscosity in the case of temperature fluctuations. Depending on the length of the molecular chains and the degree of interlinking, materials are produced in varying states of liquid "silicone oils" or solid "silicone rubber". This material is most commonly used for tubes and gaskets. Silicone rubber is mostly obtained from a reaction between silicon and methyl chloride (Rochow process). The resulting chlorosilane is then fractionated, followed by hydrolysis, condensation, or polymerisation. The beneficial properties of silicon compounds are summarised in figure 12.D-2.
Figure 12.D-2 Properties of silicone compounds
Properties of silicone compounds
- Heat and cold resistance
- High tensile strength
- Physiological indifference
- Resistant to ageing
- Long lifespan
- Hydrophobic behaviour
- Surface activity
- Smooth surface
- Low proportion of volatile substances
Quality and purity are the priority aims of manufacturers who guarantee "pharmaceutical quality". This includes clean room conditions and compliance with standards and internal regulations.
All materials are tested and each of the production steps roling, mixing, shaping, and vulcanising are monitored according to precise specifications. All shaped (punched) stoppers undergo a final inspection. The stoppers are cleaned. Each manufacturer has their own procedure. Since shaping the stoppers in metal trays requires the use of separating media (usually silicone oils), manufacturers must ensure that all traces of any separating medium are removed. The final state of the stoppers after cleaning depends on the cleaning procedure and the cycles used.
12.D.2 Particulate impurities
Attempts to keep stoppers 100 % particle-free by washing are illusionary, due to the elastic nature of the material and its affinity towards particles from the shaping environment. Stoppers can only accurately be described as low in particles. The determination of the number and size of particles on a stopper is a very time consuming and complicated process. The total displacement of particles from the stopper in a washing fluid for particle measurement is necessarily performed as a separate procedure. Once no further particles are displaced from the stopper into a washing fluid specifically designed for this purpose, it is unlikely that the product itself will displace any further particles from a stopper. Of course, this must be proven in comparative studies.
Only the lower part (approx. one third of the stopper surface) of the stopper used in the final container is moistened by the solution, and the stopper can only shed particles in this area.
If the stoppers are sterilised in a steam steriliser (sterilisation bag), the particle status of the stoppers changes once again. The influence of the transport system on the filling machine is also significant for the stoppers (particle emission due to shear forces in the propellant vessel).
It is important that the particle load of the individual stopper must only cause a slight change to the particle content of the pharmaceutical solution in the range of 10 mm/ml and 25 mm/ml (see figure 12.D-3).
Figure 12.D-3 Particle load limits
Particle load limits
for example 20 ml vial (SVP)
for example 100 ml infusion bottle (LVP)
Maximum permitted particle count:
6000 P ³ 10 mm
600 P ³ 25 mm
Maximum permitted particle count:
25 P/ml ³ 10 mm
(corresponds to 2500 P/100 ml container)
3 P/ml ³ 25 mm
(corresponds to 300 P/100 ml container)
(The Japanese pharmacopoeia requires 2 P/ml ³ 25 mm.)
The theoretical causes of particle load in a solution are as follows:
a) Particles from the solution
b) Particles from the laminar flow (LF) air
c) Particles from the internal surface of the final container, which were not removed in the washing procedure (can be determined with the use of suitable laboratory procedures).
d) Particles from the surface of the stopper that comes into contact with the product
Re. a): Particles from the solution (filtered over 0.2 mm membrane filter and 8 to 30 mm needle filter) can be easily measured and are generally not significant. These filtrations minimise a particle count of over 10 mm to far below the permitted particle count.
Re. b): Particle load from the controlled laminar flow (cleanliness grade 100) can be eliminated, because no particles larger than 5 mm are present in the air.
Therefore, only c) and d) are likely influencing variables.
If you want to evaluate the influence of the stopper washing procedure, this must be compared to the particulate quality in the final container for (c) (unless the cleaning is just performed "as well as possible"). During the filling process, final sterilisation, transport, etc., these particles are also shed into the product.
The required quality of the particulate purity of the Final Rinse (WFI 25 P/ml ³ 10 mm and 3 P/ml ³ 25 mm) provides a good basis for the calculation.
Residual moisture (WFI) in containers of sizes between 2 and 250 ml after blowing out with particle-free air is present in quantities ranging between 10 and 150 mg, which corresponds to a particle load of 5 particles ³10 mm and 0.6 particles ³25 mm per object. This is therefore negligible compared to the permitted level of 6,000 particles ³10 mm and 600 particles ³25 mm per container and for 100 ml infusion bottles, 2,500 particles ³10 mm and 300 particles ³25 mm per bottle.
Re. d): The nature of an elastomer and its manufacturing process means that its surface is subject to higher particle load than, for example, a glass surface. It can be assumed that approx. 80 % of the particle load of a product is caused by the stopper sealing system (teflon-clad stoppers show better results).
12.D.2.1 Stopper washing
The washing process must be executed in accordance with a valid SOP and must be incorporated as a work step in the manufacturing instructions.
Reasons for washing stoppers in pharmaceutical operations include:
- The (particulate and microbiological) cleanliness of the stoppers is ensured by your own validated processes.
- The time from cleaning to use can be planned, to guarantee microbiological quality.
- The unification of the surface properties enables bottles to be processed on sealing machines (this is often the main problem with faster filling machines). It is important to keep a detailed record of the delivery status of the stoppers by implementing a goods in check and monitoring.
To remove the particles from the surface without affecting the properties of the stopper, the conditions listed in figure 12.D-4 must be fulfilled.
Figure 12.D-4 Stopper washing
- Washing fluid made from purified water (if necessary with tenside for improved surface moistening)
- Temperature of the washing fluid as high as possible (minimum 70 °C)
- Determine the percentage quantity of the washing fluid/number of stoppers
- Continual separation of particles from the washing fluid by filters (pore size 2 mm) using a circulation pump
- Stoppers moved with minimum friction (if possible, flotation) of the stoppers to prevent any surface changes
- Apply as many boundary layer influences as possible (air/liquid/steam) to the surface of the stopper, which increases the cleaning effect
- Rinse phases and final rinse >80 °C for microbial reduction
- Sterilisation or steam overlay for microbial reduction
These essential cleaning steps are executed with the help of washing machines that control the use of media and include programs to regulate the chronological sequences. Washing machines for this purpose are supplied by several manufacturers. Separate wash programs can be defined and validated depending on the type and quantity of the stoppers (freeze-drying stoppers, injection stoppers, infusion stoppers, etc.). The washed stoppers should be removed from the washing machines into washed and, if necessary, sterilised containers. Stoppers that need to be sterilised in autoclaves should be placed and heat-sealed in particle-free sterilisation bags. Since these washing machines are very expensive and can be laborious to operate, and the quality of the washed stoppers has to be constantly monitored, as an alternative, "ready-to-use" stoppers can be purchased from the manufacturer (accompanied by the appropriate certificate).
12.D.3 Glass containers (ampoules, bottles)
12.D.3.1 Types of glass
Glass containers for pharmaceutical contents are manufactured in glass of varying composition, and are classified into hydrolytic (water resistance) classes 1, 2 and 3. This classification is necessary, since the pharmacopoeias of different countries require that injectible products must only be filled in containers whose hydrolytic surface resistance meets the requirements of glass type 1 (hydrolytic class 1). Glass containers in accordance with hydrolytic class 1 are also known as borosilicate glass, and hydrolytic classes 2 and 3 are known as soda glass. To achieve the hydrolytic classification, the glass must contain a specific mixture of components, which indicates the hardness of the glass as well as the behaviour of the surface in contact with the filled product. It has been determined that the temperatures required for processing glass to make containers cause changes to the internal surface that can have a negative effect on the filled product. This mainly refers to the vaporisation of Na2O that collects on the internal surface. In aqueous solutions, this can lead to changes in the pH value and other interactions. The internal surface of the glass therefore has to be processed. This improves the hydrolytic class of the internal surface, for example, from class 2 to class 1. To improve the hydrolytic class, the glass is treated with ammonium chloride (or ammonium sulphate). During the expansion process at approx. 580 °C, the Na2O residues form a chemical compound with the coating material, which gives the surface a slightly milky appearance. This coating can be easily removed in the initial washing phases during normal cleaning procedures.
Two different procedures are used for manufacturing containers:
- Deformation of glass pipes for ampoules of between 1 and 50 ml and bottles between 5 and 30 ml.
- Production from molten glass by glass blowing, for bottles between 50 and 1000 ml.
Manufacturers of glass containers for the pharmaceutical industry have fulfilled the basic regulations of the GMP requirements by setting up clean rooms after the tempering oven (580 °C) for packaging with plastic trays and cartons in shrink film. It is essential to use a clean room or an LF box for the steps Wrapping in film, Heat sealing and subsequent shrinking, to keep the levels of organisms and particles as low as possible. The different types of packaging are commonly known as safe-pack, hygiene-pack or clean-pack.
The washing processes for ampoules and bottles take place upstream of the filling process in compact lines. These systems consist of a combination of washing machine, sterilisation tunnel, and filling machine. The washing machines are designed as rotary or bar-based systems. The media used are filtered compressed air (0.1 mm), purified water or a WFI connection for supplying the circulatory water (7 mm/2 mm filtration). WFI is prescribed for the final rinse (with a particle filter 20 to 30 mm against particle emission through valve seals and abrasion from pressure pumps). The cleaning procedure comprises the steps listed in figure 12.D-5
Figure 12.D-5 Cleaning procedure for containers
Cleaning procedure for containers
- Blow out with compressed air (0.1 mm particle filtration) or outlet (for infusion bottles with large bottle necks)
- Spray inside and out with purified water via nozzles (using approx. one third of the object volume per spray cycle)
- Blow out with filtered compressed air
- Spray with filtered, purified water
- Spray with filtered compressed air
- Spray with WFI (final rinse, 20 to 30 mm particle filtration)
- Blow out with filtered compressed air
The use of ultrasound in the first stage of the cleaning procedure (the object is filled and transported immersed in water) has been demonstrated to contribute the mechanical detachment of impurities due to a "cavitation" effect (implosion of hollow spaces in the water created by the ultrasound).
When spraying with filtered, purified water, you should ensure that the water can also drain away within the available time phase, as otherwise, only rinse water that contains particles circulates in the object and the particles are not rinsed off in the water.
It is important to use a quantity of rinse water corresponding to approx. 1/3 to 1/2 of the object volume, to ensure that the boundary layer effects of air/fluid can be allowed to act on the internal surface. The number of spray processes depends on the requirements of the pharmaceutical manufacturer.
All washing processes must be validated.
Since the overall washing effect results from the parameters listed in figure 12.D-6, all these parameters must be determined and validated.
Figure 12.D-6 Validation parameters for washing containers
Validation parameters for washing containers
- Purity of the purified water
- Residence time of the object in the water bath with ultrasound
- Temperature of the water bath
- Quantity of splash water
- Spray pressure of the water in object (1 to 3 bar)
- Run-off time/remaining amount of water after blowing out with compressed air (approx. 1.5 bar)
- Number of cycles
The effectiveness of the procedure can be determined by spiking with endotoxins followed by endotoxin reduction, and by deliberate impurification of objects with standard particles (for example, 20 mm standard particles as used for testing particle measuring devices). It is important to remember that the endotoxin reduction will be disproportionately more difficult, since quantities of endotoxin applied to the glass surface structures adhere much more strongly to the surface. A 2-log reduction is normal. When rinsing particles from the surface, the quantities of rinsing agent are less significant. The impact velocity of the rinsing agent and the frequency of repetition of the process are more important factors.
For example: If 99 % of the particles present are rinsed out in one rinse procedure, three rinse procedures will cause a 6 log reduction. This means that more than three cycles will not make a significant difference to particle reduction, but will in the case of endotoxin reduction. In the latter process, the spray pressures and hence also the "penetration depth" into the surface structures are more important. However, these functions are limited by the design of the washing machine, its time settings (residence time of objects in the spray phase), and the output of washed objects per hour.
The final rinse with WFI has a particularly important effect. This stage must ensure that the internal surface quality of the objects matches with the specification of the WFI. Blowing the objects out with filtered compressed air ensures that only a small amount of residual WFI remains in the container (10 to 150 mg), and that any substances contained in this water can be precipitated on the internal surface during the sterilisation process in the hot air tunnel.
12.D.3.4 Ready to fill
In general, these are ampoules or radiation-sterilised plastic containers in sterile packaging which, after passing through an air lock into cleanliness grade B, can be passed to filling machines with LF or clean benches where they are filled with solution. This method of production is suitable if investments for larger machine systems are not feasible and qualification, process validation, and monitoring are too complex given a small number of items.
Stoppers are supplied by the manufacturers in plastic bags as a mass product with several hundred and up to a thousand items per bag. After loading into the washing machine, washing and sterilisation in the washing machine, the stoppers are automatically or semi-automatically ejected into stainless steel transport containers, which are then transported to the capping machine. Here they are mounted onto the pipe connections of the capping machine under LF. The objects can also be output in sterilised transport bags, which are subsequently heat-sealed and later emptied into the transport systems (propellant vessels) of the capping machine.
Stoppers that are supplied by the manufacturer in sterilisation bags "ready to use" must be sterilised in the steam steriliser, removed under grade B conditions, and then loaded into the transport system of the capping machine.
Stoppers that are used for sterilisable final containers, and therefore do not have to be sterile to begin with, should be stored in a cool place until needed. The microbiological load over the planned storage period must be validated.
During processing of the washing process, dry heat sterilisation, and filling stages, glass containers are transported through the compact lines on transport racks, conveyor belts, and helical conveyors. At the end of the process, the objects are transferred to stainless steel or plastic magazines. In these magazines, they can be sterilised and forwarded for visual control.
The above section describes the manufacture, material properties, and delivery packaging of the final containers and their treatment in the washing process. The processes and performance of the washing machines are described, together with the microbiological and particulate values that should be achieved in the washed containers. | <urn:uuid:d0bb4af6-fe45-4b5b-8eca-913bdcefa0db> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.gmpua.com/World/Manu/12/d.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823712.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212022517-20181212044017-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.909279 | 4,179 | 2.53125 | 3 |
A unique cheesemaking tradition has survived in Valtorta, a small town in the Brembana Valley. In the local cooperative dairy, and in the homes, cheesemakers produce Agrì, a small, cylindrical, uncooked-curd cheese made from whole cow’s milk. Its production requires three days of work and particular skill on the cheesemaker’s part. Once, when the journey between Valtorta and the bottom of the valley was anything but easy, the women would mix the “pasta di agro” at home, pack it into panniers and bundles and carry it on foot along mountain paths to nearby Valsassina, where the small cheeses were produced. Agrì has a sweet, aromatic flavor and a delicate scent. | <urn:uuid:3bca537f-da1a-4580-bbab-dc6dbe95766a> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/slow-food-presidia/valtorta-agri/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928486.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00033-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942844 | 169 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Great War at Sea: U.S. Navy Plan Gold
A partir de 12 años
30 minutos aprox.
1 o 2 jugadores
During the early decades of the Twentieth Century, the United States Navy made plans to fight a host of potential enemies. Some of these future wars seemed inevitable, particularly that with Japan. Others depended on changes in current politics, but Navy planners wanted to be prepared just in case.
One of these plans, labeled Gold, studied a potential naval war with France. The United States had stood alongside its oldest ally during the First World War, but in the years immediately afterwards the Navy looked at the potential for radical politicians to change France from friend to foe. Also, the peace negotiations which followed the war revealed deep underlying tensions between the Americans and their European allies; some of the more paranoid came to believe the next war would be between Europe and America.
U.S. Navy Plan Gold is based on these plans. American officers believed the seat of conflict would be the same as that of the undeclared naval war against France in the 1790s: the Caribbean Basin.
U.S. Navy Plan Gold includes the ships projected by the Armee Navale but never built due to the Washington Naval Treaty: the large Gilles and Durand-Viel battle cruisers, Normandie and Lyon class battleships, and the very odd croiseur de combat battleship/carrier design. And of course the Americans receive a number of new ships, such as the alternate Omaha large scout cruiser design.
Fabricante: Avalanche Press Fecha de lanzamiento: 2006 | <urn:uuid:97d07334-38fe-401a-8c20-4f84adfdb93b> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://dungeonmarvels.com/great-war-at-sea-us-navy-plan-gold-10061.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500250.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205063441-20230205093441-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.933012 | 349 | 3.09375 | 3 |
EXTRA! EXTRA! EXTRA!
SPECIAL REPORT HIGH SCHOOL EDITION
Giving Teens Informative Insight for their Brains and their Futures
THE COGNITIVE TIMES!
WHAT MAKES A PHYSICIST’S JOB AND A PRESCHOOL TEACHER’S JOB MORE ALIKE THAN ANY OTHER TWO PROFESSIONS?
Does this title sound like the beginning of a tricky little riddle, perhaps with an uncanny and intriguing answer that is stranger than fiction?
The truest measure of a society’s success is equivalent to the education it provides for its nation’s children, because children are the future of every society. Having said that, should the standard quality of a nation’s whole education system be defined by its version of preschool, specifically, the 3 – 5 year old stage of preschool brain development? We universally accept the wisdom, that the early years are the “foundation for everything in life”, but are we doing all we can to implement its significance and effectiveness?
“Educational reform” has all the necessary appearances of emphasizing how we ought to reformulate the K-12 years of education. But this approach is so wildly incoherent, and analogous to believing that a half-baked cake can still be mixed with an ingredient that was missed during the original mixing process. Yet, in America, this is how we mix and re-mix strategies to aid our ailing education system. The debates and tactics rage on and on, without ever identifying what should be the most obvious solution.
In most western industrialized societies, we believe “a,b,c & 1,2,3” to be the fundamentals of education. It is a staunch belief, and staunch beliefs often dismiss us from doing some very needed critical thinking – the very thing our nation’s young adults are missing the chance to get a firm grip on. In parallel fashion, a,b,c & 1,2,3 are the basic parameters that recent, current and upcoming generations of young adults were cultivated upon when “nursery school” became the fashion. What does that have to do with anything? Well technically speaking it means that we’ve cheated our nation’s children out of receiving a true education.
“Education” and “Brain Development” ought to be completely synonymous in every sense, they should be homogenous, they should be pasteurized together … you get the picture. We are discovering way too much about brain development for these two processes to continue masquerading as separate entities. So what do we do to synthesize and amalgamate them? First, we define the connecting roots for both of these traits, and then we actually connect them – at their root.
Seeking knowledge and seeking out the origins of knowledge are essential to the properties and elements of human brain development – that’s why we do it. Natural Science and Physics are our greatest venues for discovering the roots of knowledge. These fields define the laws, energy and matter of the universe, and are therefore the building blocks for every field of knowledge, including the elements that construct every star, moon, planet and living thing.
Now to state what should be the obvious, these natural laws existed long before we discovered ways of collecting and recording their properties with formal Literacy, or “a,b,c’s” and Numeracy, or “1,2,3’s”. The first stories of humanity and early observations of our world and universe were handed down by word of mouth and pictures – but you already knew that. By the same token, the human brain existed long before alphabets and numbers were discovered. It is at least rumored that the human brain is the most complex thing in the universe, and that it even is a representation, or microcosm of the universe. It seems fitting then, or parallel that our brains’ greatest potential require the same basic elements of knowledge that the universe has required for its structure and development. But we are using far less of our brains’ potentials than we are naturally destined to use, and the peculiar tendency common to that condition is an inadvertent belief that we are exempt from these elemental processes.
It’s time to get back to basics and realize what those elements are. Why is the field of Physics put on such a pedestal? Because it is a field that best answers some of the fundamental and key questions about the universe, which is the source of our existence. These key elements are known in Physics as the “Language of the Universe”, they are one and the same as the fundamental Principles of Mathematics. These fundamental math principles are the description and definition for everything in the universe, including us. Math is everything, and everything is fundamentally mathematical, and whatever you do in life, Math really is your very best friend, even if you dislike Arithmetic. Yes, it’s time we understood the difference.
So, to get back to our riddle, that is, to settle the meaning of this article’s title; “Why are Physicists and Preschool Teachers’ job more alike than any other two professions”? It is very simple. Physicists uncover the Fundamental Principles of Math – or basic laws of the universe, and Preschool Teachers (are supposed) to provide and administer the basics of knowledge – the Fundamental Principles of Math – to every young child. The question is; are Preschool Teachers being trained to do their jobs, and are they allowed to do what their genuine job descriptions actually entail? Sounds like both jobs are equally significant, but maybe it also explains why Physicists win Nobel Prizes, while Preschool Teachers are never even given that consideration.
The bottom line is, as long as we refuse to surrender the belief that a,b,c & 1,2,3 constitute the basics of formal education, we are inadvertently engaging in a futile battle against the fundamental laws and mechanics of universal knowledge. However, if we insist on upholding a,b,c & 1,2,3 as the cornerstones of learning, then they must, at least, be administered by all of the Fundamental Principles of Mathematics, and this is where we falter.
Until we cognitively reconcile with the basic knowledge properties of the universe, as defined by the Fundamental Principles of Math, we can propose and promote every kind of remedial method for reforming our K-12 years of formal schooling. Even when, and if K-12 become, homogenized with genuine brain development, it will eventually point us toward refurbishing the roots of early education, that is specifically, preschool brain development. Whether we choose to imitate the Chinese school standards, or strike a pose with the Finnish system of education, one thing is for sure, and that is that both of these countries must have a more exquisite understanding of the concept that “preschool is the foundation for everything in life”. If “math is everything” and if “preschool is the foundation for everything” – and everything means everything – then preschool is the solution for fixing everything within a nation and its societal progress.
Early Education is officially and formally described as “cognitive development”. What most folks are unaware of is that this term is merely the formal title of “math” for preschoolers. Everything is math and preschoolers are learning the basics of everything. This is all the scientific and Neuro-scientific proof we need to emphasize preschool as the strategy for reforming everything in America – especially our education system.
Of course, there’s one more important ‘P’ in this pod, and it’s “Parenting”. It has everything to do with brain development, because that’s what parenting actually is. When this tripod of Parenting, Preschool teaching, and a Physicist’s job work together in unison for human progress, then the cornerstones for intelligent, compassionate and optimistic societies can be established and built – in conjunction with the authentic traits of intuitive intelligence – ultimately fulfilling the purpose and full potential of humankind. The brain is the answer to human harmony.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, read the Cognitivology® blog at www.cognitivology.wordpress.com
Also visit our website to explore Cognitivology® books at: http://www.ccthedots.com
ASK ALL THE QUESTIONS YOU WANT – WE’LL GIVE THE COGNITIVELY CORRECT
AND INTUITIVELY CORRECT ANSWERS FULL BRAIN POTENTIAL – It is your destiny! | <urn:uuid:23d3988c-d028-447e-b663-d5cc1931b757> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://cognitivology.wordpress.com/category/prefrontal-cortex/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120694.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00049-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940682 | 1,796 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Facts and Events
Henry Timberlake (1730 or 1735 – September 30, 1765) was a colonial Anglo-American officer, journalist, and cartographer. He was born in Virginia and died in England. He is best known for his work as an emissary from the British colonies to the Overhill Cherokee during the 1760s.
Timberlake's account of his journeys to the Cherokee, published as his memoirs in 1765, became a primary source for later studies of their eighteenth-century culture. His detailed descriptions of Cherokee villages, townhouses, weapons, and tools have helped historians and anthropologists identify Cherokee structures and cultural objects uncovered at modern archaeological excavation sites throughout the southern Appalachian region. During the Tellico Archaeological Project, which included a series of salvage excavations conducted in the Little Tennessee River basin in the 1970s, archaeologists used Timberlake's Draught of the Cherokee Country to help locate major Overhill village sites. | <urn:uuid:6238f3fa-eae6-4109-8e27-862193e2bdea> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.werelate.org/wiki/Person:Henry_Timberlake_(6) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246648209.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045728-00153-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975707 | 194 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Researchers at the University of Georgia are helping farmers deal with climate change. They hope to mitigate the effects of drought, hotter temperatures and possible regulation of greenhouse gases.
UGA scientists are sharing a 4-million dollar federal grant with scientists at other universities. The Georgia researchers plan to focus on ways to help poultry producers.
Chicken houses use lots of energy in order to keep birds cool. And UGA Professor Mark Risse says since agriculture emits 10-percent of the nation’s greenhouse gas, farmers may need to deal with more regulations.
“What we’re doing a lot of research on is developing units that would burn poultry litter on the farm and then produce energy from that process.”
Georgia produced more than 36-billion pounds of chicken in 2010 making it the number one producer in the U.S. | <urn:uuid:2cec38ea-82ff-4fe4-8532-e4a812e06e0c> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.gpb.org/news/2011/08/22/researchers-focus-on-chickens | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345777253/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054937-00048-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921915 | 170 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Most of the Indian population is unknown to the fact that fifty-five per cent area of India is highly senstive to earthquakes. That-is-why they are using indigenous methods to construct their houses, which have no resistency to earthquake shocks. This is the major reason which contributes to the severiety of damage. Geoscientists have explained its occurence on the basis of plate tectonics. It is a natural phenomenon and could not be stopped by any means but the extent of destruction could be minimised by following few preventive measures. Therefore, this contribution is being made available to all for taking care in future. This contribution highlights the important issues and problems created by earthquake like-origin of earthquake, casualties and damage, developments after earthquake, dams in relation to earthquake, impacts of earthquake, prediction of earthquakes and protection measures. | <urn:uuid:1b4e9716-aba0-423b-a9a3-6c2fd8d16c1c> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.saujanyabooks.com/details.aspx?id=14889 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643388.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20230527223515-20230528013515-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.970133 | 170 | 3.4375 | 3 |
|The Ring Nebula|
The diversity of colours, shapes, and sizes of planetary nebulae make them fascinating objects. In this photo release Calar Alto presents a rather unique view combining both optical and near-infrared data of the Ring Nebula (M57).
Planetary nebulae are sometimes called "cosmic butterflies". In fact, their beauty and variety deserve the comparison. This image of the Ring Nebula is part of the Documentary Photo Gallery of Calar Alto Observatory and follows the previously released image of the Owl Nebula. Although there are many images of the Ring Nebula, the combination of wavelengths of the image released here, and the careful data process, make us look at this popular object with new eyes.
The Owl and the Ring nebulae are different in several aspects but it is easy to appreciate common traits that identify them as obvious members of the category of planetary nebulae.
Planetary nebulae represent the final stage in the evolution of stars whose masses are smaller than eight times that of the Sun. The approach of the final energy crisis that marks stellar old age transforms the star into a red giant whose stellar winds fill their surroundings with a thin envelope composed mainly from hydrogen gas.
Some thousands of years later, the dying star experiences a faster and more violent process that makes it expel all its external layers. Material from these layers builds up the central and more conspicuous part of the planetary nebula, and is composed not only from hydrogen and helium, but also from other heavier elements produced in the stellar interior during its life of billions of years. The nude stellar core remains abandoned in the centre of the structure in the form of a white dwarf star. The high temperature of the white dwarf makes it emit ultraviolet radiation, which excites the nebular atoms and makes them glow in a process very similar to what occurs inside neon lamps. This mechanism is responsible for the glow of the denser, inner parts of the nebula, but also of the periphery, the nebular halo, corresponding to material expelled by the star long ago as stellar wind.
The different colours of the inner and outer zones are due to the change in physical conditions depending on the distance to the central white dwarf, but they are related, too, to the contrast in chemical composition between the central region and the halo.
The Ring Nebula in Lyra
The Ring Nebula is in the northern constellation of Lyra. It was discovered in 1779 by Antoine Darquier de Pellepoix and by Charles Messier. It is included in the catalogue of diffuse objects of this second astronomer, with number 57. This nebula is placed at 2300 light-years from Earth. It seems to have begun to form 2000 years ago and it is expanding at a velocity of 20-30 km per second. The surface temperature of the central white dwarf is about 120 000 degrees Celsius.
Recent studies indicate that this nebula belongs to the bipolar kind, with a central structure shaped like a cylinder or, perhaps, a hourglass. The symmetry axis of this structure is pointing almost exactly towards the Earth, what induces the characteristic ring-like appearance. The external halo is more spherical, although it contains a number of complex structures, as can be seen in the image.
This photograph combines data obtained through six different filters. Most of the data come from the 1.23 m Zeiss reflector of Calar Alto Observatory, used in the official time of the Andalusian Network for Technological and Scientific Public Outreach (RECTA), together with the Documentary School of Astrophotograpy (DSA). The images were obtained with different integration times through narrow-band filters centred on the emission lines H-alpha and O-III, until completing 18 hours of exposure time as a whole. These data were complemented with wide-band images (filters Johnson B, V and R) obtained with the 3.5 m telescope of Calar Alto, equipped with the camera LAICA, with a total integration time of 3 hours, under poor weather conditions. Also, the image contains 45 minutes of archival infra-red observations performed with the same telescope and the infrared camera Omega 2000, centred on the emission line of molecular hydrogen (2.12 micrometres), that helps to better define the wavefronts in the external, faint halo of the nebula. The narrow-band images were combined with the wide-band ones coding them as three different colour hues: cyan for O-III, red for H-alpha (that, combined with H-beta, gives a violet colour as a result), and red for molecular hydrogen. The data were processed by Vicent Peris, Jack Harvey, Steve Mazlin and José Luis Lamadrid with the program PixInsight. The image covers 10 by 11 arcminutes on the sky. Celestial north is up, celestial east is left.
The extraordinary quality of this image is due to several factors: the quality of the sky during the observations with the 1.23 m telescope, the instruments used, a detailed planning of the observations, and an extremely careful data process. The deconvolution process, applied over the areas with higher signal level, was combined with noise reduction to yield one of the most detailed visions of M57 ever got from the Earth surface. The technique of wavelet decomposition preserves the details of structures with different sizes, and over the whole range of brightness. This way, colours and subtle details are not lost, the stars do not get saturated and stellar colours are evident in all cases except in the extremely bright stars. Check, for instance, the chromatic contrast between the two bright stars inside the nebular hole: the white-bluish hue of the central white dwarf is clearly distinguished from the reddish aspect of the second star, that appears in the line of sight just by chance and bears no relation to the nebula.
The image captures the nebula (central zone and halo), but also a large amount of stars of all colours and an overwhelming quantity of background galaxies. The morphology and colour of many of them can be easily seen. Especially outstanding is the barred spiral galaxy IC 1296, placed at 300 million light-years. A walk across the image reproduced at full size reveals many other galaxies set up as background for field stars (all of them belonging, of course, to our own Galaxy).
High resolution images
Image of the Ring Nebula in Lyra from the Documentary Photo Gallery of Calar Alto Observatory (CAHA-RECTA-DSA). Vicent Peris (DSA/OAUV), José Luis Lamadrid (DSA/CEFCA), Jack Harvey (DSA/SSRO), Steve Mazlin (DSA/SSRO), Ana Guijarro (CAHA). Image scale: 0.15” per pixel. Uncompressed version (TIFF). (76.8 MB)
Image of the Ring Nebula in Lyra from the Documentary Photo Gallery of Calar Alto Observatory (CAHA-RECTA-DSA). Vicent Peris (DSA/OAUV), José Luis Lamadrid (DSA/CEFCA), Jack Harvey (DSA/SSRO), Steve Mazlin (DSA/SSRO), Ana Guijarro (CAHA). Image scale: 0.15” per pixel. Compressed version (JPEG). (5.1 MB)
Astronomy Picture of the Day (November 6th 2009) | <urn:uuid:d1562822-4557-448b-8ad2-fe08e4ffef55> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.caha.es/the-ring-nebula.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637899702.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025819-00023-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924259 | 1,531 | 3.5625 | 4 |
The passive is a grammatical voice that moves an object of a sentence in the active voice into the subject position. The simple present passive is an English verb form that refers to verbs in the present tense, simple aspect, indicative mood, and passive voice.
Formation of the Simple Present Passive
Like most other verb forms in the English language, the simple present passive is periphrastic meaning that that “a phrase of two or more words performs a single grammatical function that would otherwise be expressed by the inflection of a single word.” Verbs in the simple present passive are formed by the present tense form of the verb be plus a past participle (regular or irregular). Note that only transitive verbs (verbs that can take objects) and verbs with verb phrase complements may be conjugated in the passive voice. The verb phrase patterns for the simple present passive are as follows:
- first person singular – am + past participle – I am beaten to work by my boss every day.
- second person singular – are + past participle – You are easily scared by loud noises.
- third person singular – is + past participle – The wind chime is rung by even a light breeze.
- first person plural – are + past participle – We are required to wash our hands frequently.
- second person plural – are + past participle – Are you bothered by your neighbors a lot?
- third person plural – are + past participle – Bagels are delivered to the office each Monday.
Some Englishes also allow for the simple present passive to be formed by the present tense form of the verb get plus a past participle in declarative sentences. The use of get as a passive auxiliary requires the addition of the do operator in interrogative sentences. The verb phrase patterns for the simple present passive with the auxiliary verb get are as follows:
- first person singular – get + past participle – I always get caught by my brother.
- second person singular – get + past participle – Do you ever get punished at work?
- third person singular – gets + past participle – The bathroom gets cleaned once a week.
- first person plural – get + past participle – We get invited to few parties.
- second person plural – get + past participle – You get frightened easily.
- third person plural – get + past participle – Cookies get eaten quickly at my office.
Notice that the present tense of the verb be is irregular in all persons and numbers but that the present tense of the verb get is identical in all persons and numbers except for the third person singular.
Uses of the Simple Present Passive
Like the simple present in the active voice, the simple present passive expresses a discrete action or event in the present or near future. Also like the simple present active, the simple present passive occurs most often in sentences that (1) express discrete actions in the present, (2) describe habits and routines, (3) state general facts and truths, (4) express thoughts and feelings, and (5) describe events in the near future. For example:
- The misbehaving child is scolded by her mother.
- Our mail carrier is barked at every afternoon.
- Crops are destroyed by insects.
- His lover is whisked away by train this evening.
The main grammatical and semantic difference between the simple present in the active voice and the simple present in the passive voice is that the simple present passive allows an object of an active sentence to appear in the subject position. For example, the use of the active voice in The dog chews on the bone means that the subject is the noun phrase The dog and the direct object is the noun phrase the bone. By changing the same sentence into the passive voice — The bone is chewed on by the dog — the original direct object the bone moves into the subject position. Using the passive voice thus allows a speaker to emphasize an object from an active sentence and/or to de-emphasize the subject from an active sentence.
The following visual illustrates the uses of the simple present of English verbs:
The simple present passive expresses discrete actions or states in the present or near future while moving an object from an active sentence into the subject position.
Hopper, Paul J. 1999. A short course in grammar. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Kilby, David. 1984. Descriptive syntax and the English verb. Dover, New Hampshire: Croom Helm.
Leech, Geoffrey N. 2004. Meaning and the English verb. Harlow, English: Pearson Longman. | <urn:uuid:35b0f4e6-3a53-404e-97bc-8de11836e90e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/the-simple-present-passive-of-english-verbs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408828.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00163-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925328 | 960 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Chronic renal failure, aka chronic kidney disease (CKD), can affect dogs or cats but is more common in cats. Over their lifetime, 1 in 3 cats and 1 in 10 dogs could develop CKD. It is typically seen in elderly animals and is usually caused by the wear and tear of aging, although I believe that diet plays a role. How do you know if your pet has it and what is the best treatment plan? To understand CKD we must first explore how normal kidneys function.
Mammals have 2 kidneys on either side of the abdomen, just under the spine and behind the rib cage. These organs have lots of duties and play a role in maintaining red blood cell levels, maintaining appropriate blood pressure and removing toxins and waste products from the body. While kicking waste and toxins out of the body, the kidneys are also tasked with holding on to as much water as they can.
The good news about the kidneys is that under normal circumstances, animals have a lot of reserves in kidney function. Think about it; a person can donate a kidney (which represents ½ of total function) and do just fine. The bad news is that kidneys do not easily regenerate. Once the function is lost, we can’t seem to get it back. You just can’t un-cook a hardboiled egg.
As the kidneys start to fail, they start to leak protein into the urine and lose the ability to hold on to water. This causes the pet to produce more urine – a condition called polyuria or PU. The loss of water causes the pet to have to drink more – a condition called polydipsia or PD. Usually the first signs of CKD are what doctors call PU/PD.
It is important to realize that the loss of water in the urine is causing the animal to drink more and not vice versa. If you think your pet is drinking too much, and take away his water, you may cause dehydration which adversely affects the kidneys. It is imperative that pets with CKD have unlimited access to water.
As CKD progresses, the animal will often lose his appetite and may vomit frequently. This leads to weight loss and weakness. Complicating issues, in the final stages of kidney disease, the pet may become anemic (low red blood cell count). If left to run its course, CKD basically leads to death by starvation.
Until recently, the test result to indicate CKD the earliest was an elevation in the urine protein level. This typically happens when 2/3 of the kidney function is lost. When ¾ of the kidney function is lost, the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and Creatinine start to elevate.
In the past year, a new test has been made available. It can detect CKD up to 1 ½ years before the BUN and Creatinine tests elevate. The new blood test measures symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) which is a bodily waste product that is almost exclusively excreted by the kidneys.
Unfortunately, conventional vets don’t know what to do with this new test. If an otherwise normal pet has an elevated SDMA, we don’t know if it will necessarily lead to CKD. From a holistic point of view, if the kidneys are starting to have problems, there are things we can do.
If you’re concerned about CKD, read next week’s blog for further insight into prevention and treatment. ***Hint – prescription kidney diets are not usually appropriate. | <urn:uuid:079323a0-fbe8-4675-8f4a-0098722ddae4> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://drdougknueven.com/is-your-pet-prone-to-this-deadly-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585460.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022052742-20211022082742-00553.warc.gz | en | 0.961529 | 722 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Read the article to get an understanding of what is a persuasive essay and get topic topics on research paper ideas on different subjects persuasive essay writing made simple (infographic) how to create a persuasive essay outline; what is a persuasive essay and how can you make yours good? A persuasive essay, if you’re unfamiliar, is one in which you have to interesting persuasive essay topics poetry essay example introduction make an sample college essay about yourself argument. aug 12, 2020 · writing in persuasive style is a very important life skill which should be practised and developed from an early age. many more interesting pro gun control argument essay persuasive essay topics paper writing software here. the interesting persuasive essay topics experts at studentsassignmenthelp.com offers top persuasive essay topics for students. essentially, the more controversial the interesting persuasive essay topics topic, the more it’ll pop, and the easier it will be to take a strong essay for or against. persuasive essay writing is an inevitable part of any curriculum. essays on nelson mandela in this article, we highlight some good persuasive speech topics which writing tips for writing an essay in you can use along with different types of persuasive speeches and how to select an appropriate persuasive speech topic how to say works cited in spanish for your article argument essay topics interesting personal essay ideas. our essay about my career essay writings great opening lines for essays are within the reach of homework helps students every student, …. animals are usually interesting persuasive essay topics habituated to be in the open surroundings of nature. jun 11, 2017 · best 100 persuasive essay topics. | <urn:uuid:5943cb13-babc-45e1-8f95-cce01066c378> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://essays-writings-service.com/2020/08/17/interesting-persuasive-essay-topics_yw/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198652.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920192131-20200920222131-00664.warc.gz | en | 0.899071 | 316 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Our British Values
Here at Cleadon Church of England Academy we ensure that principles are promoted which encourage pupils to respect the fundamental British values of democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty and mutual respect and tolerance towards all faiths and beliefs.
The voices of our children can be heard through our elected school council.
Our annual questionnaires enable all staff, pupils and parents to put forward their opinions.
We use yearly elections to appoint House representatives.
Visits from our local MP and visits to the Town Hall provide an insight into local government.
Respect and Tolerance
Through RE we explore the stories and celebrations of a variety of faiths and cultures.
During PHSE we learn how our behaviors effect our own lives and the lives of others.
We take visits to the places of worship that are important to the faiths of others.
We actively challenge pupils, parents or staff who express views opposing our British Values.
Rule of Law
All children are actively encouraged to keep the school rules.
We regularly have visits from law enforcement officers and the fire service to reinforce high expectations of behavior both in school and in the community.
We understand the high expectations of our school and accept the consequences for misguided choices.
We are proud of our school and community and endeavour to live within the expected rules of both.
Our children are actively encouraged to make their own choices within a safe and supportive environment.
Through E-Safety lessons we explore our rights and personal freedoms when using technology.
All children are encouraged to develop independence in their learning.
Challenge and choice within a safe managed environment are key elements in all our lessons. | <urn:uuid:ce11cda7-816c-4a16-8805-c6269df015d8> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.cleadonchurchofenglandacademy.co.uk/learning/smsc/our-british-values | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575076.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922032904-20190922054904-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.927907 | 334 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Jaera albifrons Leach, 1814
Jaera are small, ubiquitous intertidal marine isopods which can be identified to species by the examination of male reproductive structures (specifically the preoperculum) and pereopods. Preopercula can be examined using a binocular dissecting microscope, but examination of pereopods is best done using a compound microscope at low power.
Jaera albifrons (sensu stricto) is one of the 'albifrons' group of species (along with Jaera forsmani, Jaera ischiosetosa and Jaera praehirsuta), all of which have a T-shaped male preoperculum. It can be distinguished from the other species by the presence of an obvious bulge on the distal end of the carpus of the male 6th and 7th pereopods. Males up to 2.4mm, females up to 5.0mm. See further the Identifying Jaera page.
Common around Britain and Ireland under stones in shallow water at HWN, though it is unclear how many older records refer to J. albifons (s.s.) rather than the 'albifrons' group as a whole.
Naylor, E. & A. Brandt. 2015. Intertidal Marine Isopods. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series), No. 3. Field Studies Council, for The Linnean Society of London. | <urn:uuid:273a70a7-1b1e-4a30-9719-d5687d87ecdd> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://bmig.org.uk/species/Jaera-albifrons | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474669.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226225941-20240227015941-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.88709 | 315 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Maxims Law Law and Legal Definition
Maxims are a general principles of law embodied in familiar phrases which are used as guiding truths by both judges and lawyers. They are listed in the codified statutes of most states, and are used to determine the equity of a situation.
"First in time is first in right." "For every wrong there is a remedy." "The law helps the vigilant, before those who sleep on their rights." "Particular expressions qualify those which are general." "He who spares the guilty threatens the innocent." "A public right cannot be changed by private agreement."
An example of a Latin legal maxim is "actio non datur non damnificato". This translates to an action is not given to one who is not injured. | <urn:uuid:ee53226b-86cf-4863-9632-3fb5bf3a544f> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://definitions.uslegal.com/m/maxims-law/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644867.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529141542-20230529171542-00654.warc.gz | en | 0.961616 | 160 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Lignin is complex organic polymers of propyl phenol units, namely, coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, with a minor quantity of p-coumaryl alcohol , The complex of these components is cross-linked together through carbon–carbon, ester, and ether linkages.
Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily. As a renewable raw material, lignin has the potential to extend to any product currently sourced from petrochemical substances.
|Appearance||Black Brown powder|
Lignin is an important constituent of the structural framework in plants forming part of the primary elements of the cell wall. By viewing the point of evolution, lignin has been attributed as the terrestrial variation that allows significant vertical growth.
As an important part of the cell, lignin provides support to plant by communicating rigidity to the cell wall. The plant resists ecological stresses because of building blocks of cell wall .
Lignin provides rigidity to the plants but in aggregation with the hetero-polysaccharides, it enhances flexibility which is central for suitable response to dynamic loads from wind and snow. Additionally, lignin changes the polysaccharide network to make it resistant to foreign organisms.
Lignin helps in the protection of woody tissues from microbial and fungal attack covering the carbohydrate structure, causing reduced availability of enzymes for hydrolysis. Partial solubility and complexity of the lignin makes it tough for degradation by microorganisms .
Still, with the diversity of associations, harmful organisms for wood require the breakage of aryl carbon bonds and aryl ether bonds requiring increasing the cost of production of specific enzymes or developing non-specific pathways for delignification. Additionally, lignin is less hydrophilic in nature than the polysaccharides helping to alter the permeability of cell wall by sealing it and enabling water transport through the vascular tissue .
The aromaticity of lignin lends itself to improving the heat stability of wood. Lignin nature has been broken with separated technical lignin, changing it into carbon fiber by using controlled increased temperature. While lignin is more heat stable but the structure of lignin is greatly obstructed by the thermal change and scientists should be advised that lignin structure can alter by processing at higher temperatures used in the production some thermoplastic materials.
This type of modification comprised of polymerization, loss of hydroxyl group and synthesis of new acidic groups.
- 20kgs or 25kgs woven bags with liner inside.
- According Customers’requirement. | <urn:uuid:a8b6516b-4773-4254-94d3-945534246c84> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.greenagrochem.com/products/lignin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103984681.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702040603-20220702070603-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.892879 | 606 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Preserving our planet’s biodiversity is guided by knowledge of facts gained from scientific inquiry. Whether managing a forest ecosystem, restoring a disturbed habitat, or increasing the number of individuals of an endangered species, all actions are the result of dedicated people with exceptional skills who are devoting their lives to the endeavor. Without talented people there is no conservation. Here are the scientists who make up the Memphis Zoo’s Conservation and Research Team.
Dr. Steve Reichling is Curator of Reptiles, Amphibians, Aquatics, and Small Mammals at the Memphis Zoo. Although heavily involved in the captive management of animals, he also pursues ecological studies in the field, leading him on numerous trips to Central America and the Lesser Antilles. One of his primary focuses is the herpetofauna of the longleaf pine ecosystems in the southeastern United States, summarized in his book Reptiles and Amphibians of the Southern Pine Woods, and he directs conservation programs for the Endangered dusky gopher frog and Louisiana pine snake. In addition to herpetology, he is intensely interested in tarantulas and related primitive spiders, and has been studying them in Belize and Guatemala for many years, resulting in his book Tarantulas of Belize. He received his PhD from the University of Memphis after examining the relationship between maternal care by tarantulas and phenotypic plasticity in the spiderling. He also studies the phylogenetics of tarantulas and has discovered and described a number of new genera and species, and a genus of neotropical pygmy tarantula, Reichlingia, was named after him. | <urn:uuid:6cc06f5a-501c-489d-be8e-3d0a546ef940> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.memphiszoo.org/our-team?staff=3867 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201953.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319093341-20190319115341-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.958869 | 332 | 2.96875 | 3 |
PHA encourages action to prevent falls at home
With one in five over 55s having had a fall at home, the Public Health Agency (PHA) is working in partnership with councils across Northern Ireland during Falls Prevention Awareness Week to raise awareness of the measures we can take at home to prevent falls.
Hilary Johnston, Health and Social Wellbeing Improvement Manager with the PHA, said: “Falls can have a very serious impact, resulting in pain and injury, and in some cases even death. Falls continue to be the leading cause of accidental deaths at home with the incidence of falling increasing as people get older. The Health Survey Northern Ireland 2013/14 shows one in five respondents aged over 55 years reported having had a fall in or around their home in the last two years. The human cost of falling includes distress, pain, injury, loss of confidence, loss of independence, and mortality. Many older people also live in fear that they could fall, and this loss of confidence can significantly impact on their ability to remain independent. Falling also affects the family members and carers of people who fall.”
Hilary said that incorporating small changes into your everyday routine can be really beneficial in preventing an accident at home.
”We can decrease the risk of falling in the home by taking some protective measures such as removing hazards that could cause a trip. Exercise and physical activity – activities that improve muscle strength in our legs, arms, back, shoulders and chest – are also particularly important as we get older and can reduce the risk of falling,” added Hilary.
Steps you can take you can take to help prevent a fall in the home include:
• Keep your stairs free of clutter – do not leave items lying on the stairs that could cause a trip or fall;
• Ensure your home is well lit (use high wattage low energy light bulbs) and always put lights on at night, especially when getting up during the night;
• Remove all loose/ worn mats;
• Avoid trailing leads/ wires.
• If you use slip resistant mats in the bath and shower, ensure they are used appropriately, removing them after use to air dry and cleaning the soap suds that can build up and cause a slip;
• Mop up any water/ spillages as soon as possible,
• Have broken or uneven pathways outdoors repaired.
Your home can be adapted or equipment provided in order to minimise your risk of falling. You can be referred to an Occupational Therapist who can assess your needs and potential safety risks in the home. For social housing tenants you can obtain additional lighting, stair rails and other minor adaptations directly from your housing provider. For more information contact the Home Safety Officer at your local council.
A number of simple checks can also be carried out to reduce the risk:
• Check your eyesight – good vision has a major role in how you maintain your balance. Eye tests are free for everyone over the age of 60;
• Look after your feet – as you get older, the size and shape of your feet may change so always have your feet measured when buying new shoes. Choose footwear that has a back with a strap, velcro or preferably laces to secure them tightly. Avoid high heels and slip-ons;
• Bone health – osteoporosis is known as the silent illness and results in more fragile bones that will break more easily, often as a result of a fall. There are a number of risk factors that can increase your likelihood of developing osteoporosis such as family history, smoking, drinking alcohol, long term immobility, early menopause, previously fractured bones and certain medical conditions. If you think you might be at risk of this condition you should contact your GP;
• Exercise and physical activity – activities that improve muscle strength in our legs, arms, back, shoulders and chest are particularly important as we get older. They can make it easier to get up out of a chair, and improve our posture, co-ordination and balance which reduces our risk of falling. Exercise must be performed at least three times a week for effective falls prevention.
1 in 5 respondents (19%) aged 55+ years reported having had a fall in or around their home in the last 2 years. Source: Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety. Health Survey Northern Ireland, 2013/14. | <urn:uuid:e0dd6b8f-6f96-4d63-a983-8edee9dde81f> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.publichealth.hscni.net/news/pha-encourages-action-prevent-falls-home | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823710.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212000955-20181212022455-00043.warc.gz | en | 0.962664 | 896 | 2.671875 | 3 |
There is a small flock of Conures of about 60 birds in the sea cliffs of Huelo, Maui. They have been there for almost 10 years, and have not caused trouble. The Invasive Species Committee has scheduled their extermination any day now, by shooting. They have not shown factual or documented proof that they are any hazard. Their reports say "if, may. could." Is this any basis for the killing of these highly intelligent, loving birds? Where will this line of reasoning end? Their spokesman already said peacocks should be shot.
Is there any monitoring of this committee as to what they are allowed to exterminate? What type of documentation is required to enact such drastic measures? Is there any legal way of postponing or preventing this violent act? What is the legal determination of "invasive" or "pest?" Thank you for your time.
HISTORY OF HUELO PARROTS
In 1986 or 1987, a pair of pet conures (reportedly Aratinga mitrata -- the
Mitred Conure) were allowed to fly free in the community of Huelo (Maui, HI) by
a resident (hereafter called "The Founder") located 0.5 km southwest of Huelo
Point. From this founding pair, the Huelo flock has increased to approximately
30 individuals by late 1995. "The Founder" (pers. comm.) stated in January 1996
that the age of the original pair was 11 years. He has a large aviary and leaves
the doors open for the birds to come and go as they desire; "they are like
peacocks," he said, "and come when called." He anticipated more offspring to be
produced in 1996 (April or May).
Aratinga species are highly productive in captivity; therefore, in the future, perhaps aviculture will supply the pet trade so that wild caught birds will be in less demand (Clubb 1992). Silva (1993) reported Argentina (setting an export quote of 7000 for 1991) became the sole exporter of Mitred Conures once trade ceased from Peru and Bolivia.
Numerous introduced populations of parrots exist around the world, rarely have these been Aratinga; yet Aratinga pertinax was established on St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, before 1860 (Wiley et al. 1992) -- the likely source of individuals now appearing on nearby islands of St. John, Culebra, Tortola, and Puerto Rico (Silva 1993). Recently additional Aratinga species have become established at new locations -- Aratinga mitrata in Puerto Rico, A. leucophthalmus in Puerto Rico and California, A. canicularis in Puerto Rico, and A. holochlora in Texas (Silva 1993).
Maui � State wildlife officials want to use lethal means to remove a flock of mitered conures from the wild after a nonprofit group failed to capture the parrots and move them to its Maui sanctuary
proposal to survey and track the flock's movements and conduct "land-based control activities" to get rid of them, but state officials hope the project will fly later this summer with the help of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
State wildlife biologist Fern Duvall called Maui's mitered conures "a ticking time bomb," an invasive non-native pest that threatens crops and native forest.
If the growing parrot flock isn't removed from the wild soon, Duvall said, it could become impossible to control, allowing the fruit-eating birds to accelerate the spread of miconia, the state's most-feared weed and target of millions of dollars in eradication work.
Teya Penniman, manager of the Maui Invasive Species Committee, said officials are looking at a $52,000 plan that includes land and air surveys to learn how big the population is, and radio tracking to find out where the birds are flying.
It has not been decided what methods will be used to eradicate them, she said. Officials talked about shooting or trapping and netting, although the latter option would involve rappelling down the precipitous Huelo sea cliffs.
"The goal is to remove all known mitered conures from the wild," Penniman said. "We know it's very controversial. They are beautiful creatures that a lot of people associate with a tropical paradise. But they are not part of Hawai'i."
A flock estimated at 200 birds grew apparently from a single pair released in Huelo in the mid-1980s. Today, the brightly plumed red-and-green conures nest high in the vertical sea cliffs at Huelo Point on Maui's north shore. On most mornings, the flock emerges from its nightly roost with loud shrieking, flies into the windward highlands and returns in the afternoon.
Wildlife officials were considering eradication in 2001, when Maui Animal Rescue and Sanctuary stepped forward with a plan to capture the birds and move them to an aviary at the group's Ha'iku property. Sanctuary officials said they wanted to prevent the state from shooting the birds.
Working with scientists with the World Parrot Trust, sanctuary officials planned to establish a base in Huelo where humane traps and a large cage would be constructed. The plan was to feed the birds and establish a habit of visitation, then shut the door.
The group was issued a yearlong permit to implement the plan. With progress slow, it made inquiries about getting another 12-month permit. That's when money for the project dried up, said Fern Van Sant, a bird veterinarian in San Jose, Calif., who is director of Maui Animal Rescue and Sanctuary.
Van Sant said the group ran into coastal-access problems in Huelo and she started using her own money to see the project through. A last-ditch effort involving a California biologist failed, and the project was abandoned.
"Every direction we turned, there was a roadblock at the end of the road," she said.
Penniman said such species upset the environmental balance of the Islands and put native plants and animals at risk.
Duvall said recent feeding trials have proved that miconia seeds can germinate after passing through the bird's digestive system. With the parrot's ability to fly long distances, he said, the threat worries those trying to stem the spread of invasive weeds.
"They will be a terrible problem if they get into the heartland of the (East Maui) miconia infestation," Duvall said. "It's a ticking time bomb that could change the structure of the forest."
Workers with the USDA's Wildlife Services branch would be hired for the work, but funding remains uncertain, said Mike E. Pitzler, state director of the federal agency. Special year-end money has been requested, he said, but budgetary restrictions make it likely that the state will have to match the money.
Van Sant predicted the state would have trouble removing all the swift-flying birds from the wild.
She said the parrot threat to crops and the environment was being overstated to justify the eradication plan. Although hungry conures eat miconia seeds in controlled experiments, she said it is not known whether they would do so in the wild. Van Sant also thinks there are far fewer birds than the state has suggested.
"I spent more time at that cliff at dawn than anyone else. We took video footage and counted and recounted, and we couldn't come up with 100 birds. It looks like roughly 60 birds to me," she said.
"So the odds that someday these birds are going to become a flock that blackens the sky are not good."
Posted on: Monday, January 8, 2001
It�s a beautiful sight, but one that worries Renate Gassmann-Duvall, a bird veterinarian who has been keeping an eye on the birds for months in a study commissioned by the Maui Invasive Species Committee.
Gassmann-Duvall and other wildlife experts are worried that the flock, estimated at 150 to 200 birds, will continue its rapid growth and spread into other areas, playing havoc with Maui�s environment and agriculture.
Maui officials aren�t the only ones concerned. Parrots have become established on all the major Islands, and their numbers are said to be increasing.
"We�ve got to do something," said Fred Kraus, the state�s alien species coordinator. "We�ve got to deal with it now before the problem gets out of control."
Parrots are just one of many alien species to become established in Hawai�i. In 1994, the federal Office of Technology Assessment declared the state�s alien pest species problem the nation�s worst.
Range of species
Sixteen parrot species have been documented in Hawai�i, from red-crowned Amazon parrots on O�ahu to rose-ring parakeets on Kaua�i and little corella cockatoos on the Big Island.
State wildlife officials are planning to meet with a U.S. Department of Agriculture bird expert from Florida this month to learn more about the options available for dealing with the parrots. The Maui study is the first aimed at trying to learn the scope of the problem on a single island.
Parrots are known as a pest to agriculture, especially to growers of fruit, corn and seed crops. Control efforts already have been launched by farming concerns on the Big Island and on Kaua�i, where three seed-corn companies have permits allowing them to shoot the pesky rose-ring parakeet.
"I don�t think they kill them," said Tom Telfer, Kaua�i district wildlife manager for the state Department of Land and Natural Resources. "They mostly just scare them away."
Scientists say they fear the growing number of parrots will contribute to the degradation of Hawai�i�s native ecosystems by spreading the seeds of invasive weeds far and wide, and by introducing bird diseases. Parrots also are known to kill other birds and compete for nesting space.
In addition, said Kraus, parrots can slow the reproduction of native plants, especially in dryland forests, where native seeds and flowers are vulnerable to foraging. Parrots are known even to destroy plants with their powerful beaks.
"We�re having a hell of a hard time getting natives to reproduce. The last thing we need is something like this to make it harder," Kraus said.
It started with a pair
On Maui, three types of parrots have been identified in the wild. In addition to mitered conures, there is a sizable flock of rose-ring parakeets in East and Upcountry Maui, and a smaller group of Moluccan cockatoos in the Waikapu area, according to Gassmann-Duvall.
The Huelo flock of mitered conures reached its current size from a pair released 14 years ago. Today, the flock nests high in the sea cliffs at Huelo Point on Maui�s north shore.
Gassmann-Duvall said the conures have been seen in pairs and groups of three within larger groups from Ha�iku to Hanawana Point, and flying into mauka areas to feed on rose apples, mountain apples, banyan figs and guavas.
On most mornings, the flock emerges from its nightly roost with loud shrieking and returns with a similarly strident chorus.
"They fly over the house screeching their heads off," said Jonathan Ross, a lifelong Huelo resident who has seen the parrots multiply over the years.
Ross is so annoyed about the problem that he let state wildlife officials onto his 12-acre property so they could shoot a few of the birds to collect for samples. He also said he stands ready to allow eradication efforts anytime state officials wish.
Control options limited
But exterminating parrots is a touchy subject, one that state officials plan to approach with caution. Kraus said the dilemma is that most people think of parrots as pets, and the creatures are intelligent. There are nonlethal options, including hand-capture for sale, but even that could generate controversy among those who believe birds should not be kept in captivity.
"We�ve got to get people to stop releasing the damn things," Kraus said, noting that it is illegal to let a parrot go in the wild.
The spread of parrots especially concerns officials on Maui because the island has so much uninhabited terrain where parrot populations can expand. There may be flocks of wild parrots officials don�t even know about. In 1995, a flock of 30 or so Amazon parrots was seen flying near East Maui�s Twin Falls.
"We don�t know how big the problem is," said Fern Duvall, Gassmann-Duvall�s spouse and a state wildlife biologist on Maui.
If left unchecked, Duvall said, the parrots probably will move into warmer and drier regions of West and South Maui, which have coffee and seed-crop farms.
Duvall, former head of the state�s Olinda Endangered Species Facility, said it is frustrating to discover that so many people are not aware that parrots do not belong here.
"They think they�re just part of the landscape," he said, adding that many works of art in Lahaina�s galleries add to the misconception by depicting parrots in Hawaiian rain forests. | <urn:uuid:21390d31-f1b6-4afd-8bbb-24b8b01cc4a4> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.animalliberationfront.com/News/2008_05/HI-MitredParakeets.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096061.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00193-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958688 | 2,821 | 2.796875 | 3 |
One database keeping track of the growing number of exoplanet discoveries is the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia (exoplanet.eu) administered by astrobiologist Jean Schneider of the Paris-Meudon Observatory. On Friday news of this milestone was announced via the awesome (and free) the Exoplanet iPhone app:
Wait a minute. What was all that news in 2010 about NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope spotting over 1,200 candidate exoplanets? Why is this particular database reporting only 700 discoveries?
The key word here is “candidate.”
Kepler has spotted a slew of alien worlds, but many of these detections require follow-up observations to confirm whether or not they actually exist.
For example, the recent controversy surrounding the potentially habitable exoplanet Gliese 581 g is a result of a follow-up observation of an exoplanet that Kepler (may have) detected, only for it not to be detected by another project — the European Southern Observatory’s (ESO) High Accuracy Radial Velocity for Planetary Searcher (HARPS). The scientific process continues in the aim of confirming — or denying — Gliese 581 g’s candidature.
The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia is reporting 700 confirmed exoplanets,* whereas other projects (such as Kepler) have detected signs of hundreds more that await confirmation — only then will they be added to the database.
Launched in 2009, the Kepler mission has identified 25 confirmed exoplanets and mission scientists are confident that around 80 percent of the growing family of candidates will be proven to exist in the not-too-distant future.
Although 700 identified alien worlds may seem like a tiny number compared with the estimated 50 billion in the Milky Way, we’ve only just begun this profound journey of scientific discovery. We are only just glimpsing the tip of the proverbial exoplanetary iceberg.
Recent exoplanet discoveries include:
*This number differs to NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s “PlanetQuest: New Worlds Atlas” database that currently stands at an exoplanet count of 687. PlanetQuest has a more conservative approach when listing exoplanet discoveries — Schneider’s database displays the discoveries as soon as they are announced.
According to Wesley Traub, chief scientist of NASA’s Exoplanet Exploration Program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., in an interview with SPACE.com, PlanetQuest will list the discovery only when it has been validated, checked, and the study has been accepted for publication. This means the NASA database will always lag behind the European one. | <urn:uuid:b7793cb0-659e-4bac-8e17-b05067247967> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://news.discovery.com/space/astronomy/exoplanet-count-sails-past-700-alien-worlds-111121.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657132646.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011212-00338-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884301 | 549 | 3.328125 | 3 |
How to Write a Scientific Report Step-by-Step with Example
- How to Write a Scientific Report Step-by-Step with Example
- Scientific Report Structure
- 1. Cover page
- 2. Abstract
- 3. Introduction
- 4. Methods and Materials
- 5. Results
- 6. Discussion
- 7. Graphs and Tables
- 8. Conclusion
- 9. References / Bibliography
- 10. Appendices
- Help in Writing a Scientific Report
- Scientific Report Example
- Perception of Different Sugars by Blowflies
- LITERATURE CITED / BIBLIOGRAPHY
Before we start, first of all, let's define why you need writing paper and what a scientific report is?. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce your scientific ideas with received results to the readers. Every document should be written according to certain rules and requirements. Our short guide will be helpful for those people who want to know how to write a scientific report successfully.
Scientific Report Structure
Every report must be well-structured following the main rules. You need to create every part of the paper to get the whole report. According to standards, your document should contain the following parts:
1. Cover page
This page contains such information as your paper's title and author(s) name(s). If your scientific paper will be published, don't forget to ask those people who participated in the research, to give their permission to put their names into the document.
This is a quite short part of your work where you have to make a brief description of your research. Keep in your memory that people will decide to read the whole paper or not after reading the abstract, so try to make this part clear and understandable. This section reflects the main purpose of your own research, that's why it's not a good place to put citations here. Usually, the abstract length shouldn't exceed 250 words.
If you have no idea how to write an introduction for a scientific report, at the start let's define this paragraph's purpose. This section should be a brief presentation of your scientific work, plus you need to give a clear explanation of why you chose this subject and why this report is so important to do. When you are making an introduction for your paper, you can use one of the next variants:
- A short introduction that consists of 2 or 3 sentences that explain what you are going to discover in your work.
- Describe your paper's problem in the introduction, and also include here some information about this problem's history and researches on this subject in the past.
- Explain to readers why you chose this research and tell what new things you are going to bring in your paper.
- Announce to your audience what kind of things you are going to discover in your work.
4. Methods and Materials
Here you should put a list of materials and methods that you use in your report. Keep in mind that this section shouldn't contain any information about your work's results. You just describe what you are going to do during the scientific experiment.
So, finally, here it's a place to put your detailed results. To present all received data to readers properly well-organized, you can use various graphs and tables. Remember that you have just to list your results here without discussion.
Present your results in a consistent manner. For example, if you present the first group of results as percentages, it will be confusing for the reader and difficult to make comparisons of data if later results are presented as fractions or as decimal values. Once again - Do not discuss your results here. Any analysis of your results occurs in the Discussion section.
Discuss your results, mention if they matched your expectations; if not, then explain why. Analyze the received data and put a connection between results and the main questions of your scientific report.
Checklist for the discussion:
- To what extent was each hypothesis supported?
- To what extent are your findings validated or supported by other research?
- Were there unexpected variables that affected your results?
- On reflection, was your research method appropriate?
- Can you account for any differences between your results and other studies?
7. Graphs and Tables
If you follow the rules, all tables and graphs with data should be put in a separate section. Make sure you wrote a short description of each element. This section could be skipped if you don't need to make any tables and graphs (when your work doesn't require this).
In this section, you have to summarize the received results and define if you got an answer to your work's main question. Here you need to mention if your paper is already finished or you suggest making some research in the future.
9. References / Bibliography
This is a part where you should put a list of properly cited sources that you used for writing your report.
A Reference List contains all the resources you have cited in your work, while a Bibliography is a wider list containing all the resources you have consulted (but not necessarily cited) in the preparation of your work.
It is important to check which of these is required, and the preferred format, style of references and presentation requirements of your own department.
When your scientific report is finished, it should be revised thoroughly to find and correct mistakes. You have to check your paper for logical, spelling, and grammar errors, and also make sure you put the right data in graphs and tables. You can use various vocabularies as well as different online services for checking grammar errors. It's better to proofread your document at least two or three times because the scientific report is quite serious and important work that should look perfect.
Appendices (singular ‘Appendix’) provide supporting material to your project.
Examples of such materials include:
- relevant letters to participants and organisations (e.g. regarding the ethics or conduct of the project);
- background reports;
- raw data;
- detailed calculations.
Different types of data are presented in separate appendices. Each appendix must be titled, labelled with a number or letter, and referred to in the body of the report. E.g.:
- The data obtained are summarised below.
- The detailed data are given in Appendix 3.
Appendices are placed at the end of a report, and the contents are not included in the word count.
Help in Writing a Scientific Report
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Scientific Report Example
Perception of Different Sugars by Blowflies
To feed on materials that are healthy for them, flies (order Diptera) use taste receptors on their tarsi to find sugars to ingest. We examined the ability of blowflies to taste monosaccharide and disaccharide sugars as well as saccharin. To do this, we attached flies to the ends of sticks and lowered their feet into solutions with different concentrations of these sugars. We counted a positive response when they lowered their proboscis to feed. The flies responded to sucrose at a lower concentration than they did of glucose, and they didn’t respond to saccharin at all. Our results show that they taste larger sugar molecules more readily than they do smaller ones. They didn’t feed on saccharin because the saccharin we use is actually the sodium salt of saccharin, and they reject salt solutions. Overall, our results show that flies are able to taste and choose foods that are good for them.
All animals rely on senses of taste and smell to find acceptable food for survival. Chemoreceptors are found in the taste buds on the tongue in humans (Campbell, 2008), for example, for tasting food. Studies of sensory physiology have often used insects as experimental subjects because insects can be manipulated with ease and because their sensory-response system is relatively simple (E. Williams, personal communication). Flies are able to taste food by walking on it (Dethier, 1963). Hollow hairs around the proboscis and tarsi contain receptor neurons that can distinguish among water, salts, and sugars, and flies can distinguish among different sugars (Dethier, 1976). These traits enable them to find necessary nutrition.
In this experiment we tested the ability of the blowfly Sarcophaga bullata to taste different sugars and a sugar substitute, saccharin. Because sucrose is so sweet to people, I expected the flies to taste lower concentrations of sucrose than they would of maltose and glucose, sugars that are less sweet to people. Because saccharin is also sweet tasting to people, I expected the flies to respond positively and feed on it as well.
We stuck flies to popsicle sticks by pushing their wings into a sticky wax we rubbed on the sticks. Then we made a dilution series of glucose, maltose, and sucrose in one-half log molar steps (0.003M, 0.01M, 0.03M, 0.1M, 0.3M, and 1M) from the 1M concentrations of the sugars we were given. We tested the flies’ sensory perception by giving each fly the chance to feed from each sugar, starting with the lowest concentration and working up. We rinsed the flies between tests by swishing their feet in distilled water. We counted a positive response whenever a fly lowered its proboscis. To ensure that positive responses were to sugars and not to water, we let them drink distilled water before each test. See the lab handout Taste Reception in Flies (Biology Department, 2000) for details.
Flies responded to high concentrations (1M) of sugar by lowering their proboscis and feeding. The threshold concentration required to elicit a positive response from at least 50% of the flies was lowest for sucrose, while the threshold concentration was highest for glucose (Fig. 1). Hardly any flies responded to saccharin. Based on the results from all the lab groups together, there was a major difference in the response of flies to the sugars and to saccharin (Table 1). When all the sugars were considered together, this difference was significant (t = 10.46, df = 8, p < .05). Also, the response of two flies to saccharin was not statistically different from zero (t = 1.12, df = 8, n.s.).
The results supported my first hypothesis that sucrose would be the most easily detectable sugar by the flies. Flies show a selectivity of response to sugars based on molecular size and structure. Glucose, the smallest of the three sugars, is a monosaccharide. The threshold value of glucose was the highest in this experiment because a higher concentration of this small sugar was needed to elicit a positive response. Maltose and sucrose are both disaccharides but not with the same molecular weight or composition. It has been shown that flies respond better to alpha-glucosidase derivatives than to beta-glucosidase derivatives (Dethier 1975). Because sucrose is an alpha glucosidase derivative, it makes sense that the threshold value for sucrose occurs at a lower concentration than that for maltose. This might also be the reason why sucrose tastes so sweet to people.
My other hypothesis was not supported, however, because the flies did not respond positively to saccharin. The sweetener people use is actually the sodium salt of saccharic acid (Budavari, 1989). Even though it tastes 300 to 500 times as sweet as sucrose to people (Budavari, 1989), flies taste the sodium and so reject saccharin as a salt. Two flies did respond positively to saccharin, but the response of only two flies is not significant, and the lab group that got the positive responses to saccharin may not have rinsed the flies off properly before the test.
Flies taste food with specific cells on their tarsal hairs. Each hair has, in addition to a mechanoreceptor, five distinct cells – alcohol, oil, water, salt, and sugar – that determine its acceptance or rejection of the food (Dethier, 1975). The membranes located on the tarsi are the actual functional receptors since it is their depolarization that propagates the stimulus to the fly (Dethier, 1975). Of the five cells, stimulation of the water and sugar cells induce feeding, while stimulation of the salt, alcohol, and oil receptors inhibit feeding. More specifically, a fly will reject food if the substrate fails to stimulate the sugar or water receptors, stimulates a salt receptor, or causes a different message from normal (e.g., salt and sugar receptors stimulated concurrently) (Dethier 1963).
Flies accept sugars and reject salts as well as unpalatable compounds like alkaloids (Dethier & Bowdan, 1989). This selectivity is a valuable asset to a fly because it helps the fly recognize potentially toxic substances as well as valuable nutrients (H. Cramer, personal communication). Substances such as alcohols and salts could dehydrate the fly and have other harmful effects on its homeostasis (Dethier, 1976). Thus, flies are well adapted to finding food for their own survival.
I thank Prof. Browning for help with the t-test and my lab partners for helping me conduct and understand this experiment.
LITERATURE CITED / BIBLIOGRAPHY
Campbell, N.A., & J.B. Reece. 2008. Biology, 8th ed. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco.
Budavari, S., et al. 1989. The Merck Index. Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ.
Biology Department. 2000. Taste Reception in Flies. Biology 101 Laboratory Manual, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY.
Dethier, V.G. 1963. The Physiology of Insect Senses. Methuen & Co., London
Dethier, V.G. 1976. The Hungry Fly. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Dethier, V.G., & E. Bowdan. 1989. The effect of alkaloids on sugar receptors and the feeding behaviour of the blowfly. Physiological Entomology 14:127-136. | <urn:uuid:1f2678ee-044e-4d51-ad31-3c79e528cf11> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://pro-academic-writers.com/blog/how-to-write-a-scientific-report | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647639.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601074606-20230601104606-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.933217 | 3,318 | 3.296875 | 3 |
With winter fast approaching I decided to pull out my hat collection.
I have many hats I have made myself (newsboys, berets, and knit tams.) But I only had two winter felts, and they were both fedoras. I am not a big fedora fan. At least, not for my own personal wear. I think they look great on others, (especially guys in the 30s) but they just are not my style.
So I decided to change my felt fedoras into cloches because I like those so much better. (And I didn't have any winter cloches.)
Anyhow, it got me to thinking... Who invented the cloche anyhow, and why have I not covered a milliner in my designer of the week?
So this week we have Caroline Reboux (1837–1927) as our feature.
Famous Parisian milliner and French designer she was often known as the "Queen of Milliners."
One of her greatest accomplishments that still lives with us today is the cloche invented in 1908. She has been credited with creating and popularizing it. She also was the first milliner who added veils and the use of coloured veils to hats.
She opened a shop in Paris in 1865 and was based there most of her life. She also opened other stores in Paris and London. Many whom she taught went on to open stores in New York and Chicago.
Caroline Reboux also made the trademark berets that Marlene Dietrich wore. (A style not normally worn by women till then.)
Caroline was a leading milliner and remained so till her death in 1927.
Now for some random cloches. I love the shape and style of the cloche. I need to get me some more!
They are so warm (coming down over the ears and all.) and since they are so snug you don't have to worry about them blowing off.
That's all for now. | <urn:uuid:46f58aeb-9865-401e-ad89-4fee0ab9b4fa> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://sewmanyseams.blogspot.com/2012/11/designer-of-week-caroline-reboux.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159820.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923212605-20180923233005-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.981853 | 410 | 2.609375 | 3 |
National Ed Tech Plan Advocates Radical Reforms in Schools
If there were any doubts about the Obama administration's intentions toward education technology, the United States Department of Education settled them Friday with the release of the first public draft of the National Education Technology Plan (NETP). The 114-page document reveals an intent not only to infuse technology throughout the curriculum (and beyond), but to implement some major--sometimes radical--changes to education itself.
The plan, titled "Transforming American Education: Learning Powered by Technology," sets forth, in part, a manifesto for change, questioning many of the basic structures of American education, enumerating the principles of change that are the foundation for the plan, and setting goals and recommendations for achieving this change.
Questioning Assumptions and Establishing Principles
Some of the assumptions the plan questions are foundational in public education, including age-determined grade levels, measuring achievement through "seat time," keeping students in the same classes throughout the year, and even keeping individual academic disciplines separate. It also, however, seems to advocate a "more is more" approach, continuing Education Secretary Arne Duncan's previous call for longer school days and school weeks (spent in physical classrooms), in addition to the extension of learning though technological means.
The draft also seems to question, at times, the basic premise that K-12 should be limited to the confines of kindergarten through 12th grade. The plan advocates tighter integration between K-12 and higher education, using the phrase "K-16" on a few occasions and referencing "K-12" generally (but not exclusively) in relation to higher education, and, in particular, in the context of collaboration between secondary and post-secondary institutions.
Postsecondary education institutions--community colleges and 4-year colleges and universities--will need to partner more closely with K-12 schools to remove barriers to postsecondary education and put plans of their own in place to decrease dropout rates.
The Department of Education should promote partnerships between two- and four-year postsecondary education institutions, K-12 schools, and educational technology developers in the private and public sectors to design programs and resources to engage students and motivate them to graduate from high school ready for postsecondary education. Support should start as soon as possible in students' educational careers and intensify for students who need it. States, districts, and schools should experiment with such resources as online learning and online tutoring and mentoring, as well as with participatory communities and social networks both within and across education institutions to give students guidance and information about their own learning progress and their opportunities for the future.
Meanwhile, the guiding principles behind NETP, as stated in the draft, follow along these lines as well, rejecting many current practices and favoring new approaches to everything from teaching and assessment to the role of the federal government in education.
At the core is the principle that technology should be the driving force behind implementation of the education plan. As stated in the NETP draft:
The model depends on technology to provide engaging and powerful learning content, resources, and experiences and assessment systems that measure student achievement in more complete, authentic and meaningful ways. Technology-based learning and assessment systems will be pivotal in improving student learning and generating data that can be used to continuously improve the education system at all levels. The model depends on technology to execute collaborative teaching strategies combined with professional learning strategies that better prepare and enhance educators' competencies and expertise over the course of their careers.
The model also depends on every student and educator having Internet access devices and broadband Internet connections and every student and educator being comfortable using them. It depends on technology to redesign and implement processes to produce better outcomes while achieving ever-higher levels of productivity and efficiency across the education system.
The document also lists several other principles on which the plan is based, including:
- The education system is failing in large part owing to a failure to engage students.
- Learning experiences need to change with the times.
- Assessment needs to be more formative.
- Data collected on students would be better used if it could be shared amongst agencies.
- There should be new approaches to teaching, including collaborative teaching teams and technology-driven distance programs.
- Groundwork should be laid to make learning resources available everywhere at all times to all students.
- Industry can serve as a model for leveraging technology.
- The federal government has a larger role to play in education than it has in the past.
Goals and Recommendations
NETP sets out goals in five broad areas: learning, assessment, teaching, infrastructure, and productivity.And it lays out 23 recommendations to help achieve those goals.
In the category of learning, NETP strongly advocates a 21st century skills approach, with a particular emphasis on individualized learning ("instead of a one-size-fits-all curriculum, pace of teaching, and instructional practices"). Specific recommendations include creating new standards and objectives grounded in 21st century skills and designed for use with technology; creating flexible, universally accessible resources; and using technology and "advances in the learning sciences" to enhance education in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM).
The goals set forth for assessment include using assessments as data collection tools that can be applied immediately to improve student achievement. Assessment leading to individualized, continually updated instruction is emphasized.
NETP also sets forth as a goal the transformation of teaching away from its current "solo practitioner" mode, replacing it with "teams of connected educators" working in classrooms that are "fully connected to provide educators with 24/7 access to data and analytic tools as well as to resources that help them act on the insights the data provide."
Recommendations for teaching include:
- The development of collaborative networks and expanded resources for teachers.
- Promotion of technological fluency among teachers through pre-service and in-service development programs.
- Developing "career-long personal learning networks" for teachers using technology.
- Making more learning resources available to teachers through technology, "especially where they are not otherwise available."
- Developing "a teaching force skilled in online instruction."
Infrastructure in the draft NETP is expanded to include not only information technology, including, of course, broadband connectivity, but also "people, processes, learning resources, policies, and sustainable models for continuous improvement...."
Goals set forth for productivity are more complex and incorporate some of the goals in other categories. "To achieve our goal of transforming American education, we must rethink basic assumptions and redesign our education system," according to the NETP draft. "We must apply technology to implement personalized learning and ensure that students are making appropriate progress through our K-16 system so they graduate. These and other initiatives require investment, but tight economic times and basic fiscal responsibility demand that we get more out of each dollar we spend. We must leverage technology to plan, manage, monitor, and report spending to provide decisionmakers with a reliable, accurate, and complete view of the financial performance of our education system at all levels. Such visibility is essential to meeting our goals for educational attainment within the budgets we can afford."
A complete copy of the draft is available on the U.S. Department of Education's Web site here. | <urn:uuid:eb712d41-3860-4beb-9fe0-66f62609cbd6> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://thejournal.com/articles/2010/03/05/national-ed-tech-plan-advocates-radical-reforms-in-schools.aspx?sc_lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106367.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820092918-20170820112918-00596.warc.gz | en | 0.946511 | 1,477 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Virtually, every taxing jurisdiction relies on self-reporting of property additions and deletions. Annual reports are submitted. Municipalities then keep records by taxpayer showing on a cumulative basis, by year of acquisition, what they consider to be the current value of the taxpayer’s overall assets.
To arrive at an assessment value, which is supposed to be at FMV, most tax jurisdictions apply “COST INDEXES’ to prior year acquisitions, in an effort to show what the ‘current cost’ is of the assets still on hand.
Implicit is the assumption that the current cost, based on indexed original cost is the fair market value (FMV) of the assets.
Inasmuch as retirements have to be reported by year of original acquisition, the municipalities’ records purport to show the total current value of all assets owned by the taxpayer as of the reporting date. A moment’s reflection reveals that the accuracy of the tax assessors’ values is going to be a function of the accuracy of the cost indexes and the accuracy of the asset detail submitted by the taxpayer. Errors in either, or both for that matter, will cause companies to pay more tax than they need to.
Cost Indexes represent a shortcut to estimate current FMV. The basic assumption of a cost index is that it purports to reflect changes in selling prices by vendors, purchase prices that would be paid today, were a company to acquire all prior assets at today’s costs.
The construction of a cost index is both simple and complex, as shown by the federal government’s attempts to develop the consumer price index that impacts such things as Social Security payments.
It is simple because it takes a standard complement of assets each year and obtains current price quotes for each item in the index. Weights are usually assigned to individual components based on relative purchases, or use, of the specific item.
Let’s assume a simple fruit and vegetable price index. Every year at the same time (to avoid seasonal influences) the person constructing the index would obtain prices from the local supermarket of carrots, potatoes, and lettuce. The relative weighting of carrots in the index would reflect the relative purchases of carrots by consumers in relation to all other fruits and vegetables a typical family buys.
So the first year of the index construction the statistician would determine typical purchase patterns (or sale patterns if this was to be a store index not a consumer index) of vegetables. If this were a national index then samples would have to be obtained from areas throughout the country since prices of oranges in Florida might differ from oranges in Alaska.
Whatever the final complement of the index, the maintenance of the index on a yearly basis would require getting new price quotes each year, assuming that relative consumption would not change. In other words, even if the price of oranges went up, and the price of lettuce went down, the index assumes constant relative consumption and that people would not substitute grapefruit for oranges or tomatoes for lettuce.
To the extent that relative purchases are not directly influenced by price changes such an index can faithfully reflect price changes in fruits and vegetables consumed by the average family. In the real world, however, prices do change behavior and this makes construction of price indexes quite difficult. In fact, statisticians devote entire lifetimes to refining indexes.
Ones, at this point, may ask themselves if the price of lettuce went up—because of a drought in Calif—but tomatoes produced locally had gone down, would we not use more of one and less of another?
The answer, of course, is that prices do drive consumer behavior. But if the statistician rebalanced the index every year, it would be hard to have a price index; rather you would have an index of how much consumers spend on fruits and vegetables—which is not the same thing as a price index.
Now, to carry the analysis one step further, it is easy to assume that fruits and vegetables hardly change in content or format. A bunch of carrots from ten years ago is going to look identical to a bunch of carrots bought yesterday. A change in price from carrots ten years ago to today undoubtedly reflects only a change in price.
Well, those are fruits and vegetables. In fact, not everyone live in the same business. Keeping consumer expenditures in mind, what if we are trying to develop a price index of computer desktop sets?
Okay. Five years ago very few flat-screen display were sold, and the few flat-screen sets available were very expensive. Over the five-year period, the price of computer desktop sets has gone down—everyone will have either a plasma or LCD set, with size depending on one’s budget. So, how do you develop a price index when the item itself is changing because of technology and customer demand? To put it in a nutshell, developing price indexes of technology items requires a great deal of professional judgment—which is a rare knowledge for the rest of us.
The federal government has the same problem in evaluating the consumer price of new cars. How much of a price increase is attributable to a new GPS system now made standard?
Ten years ago no cars had GPS, now perhaps 50% have them. Undoubtedly, some of the total price increase in autos over that time period reflects new features, and the remainder of the price index reflects true price increases on a ‘‘like for like’’ basis.
In this post I am not trying to make you, the reader, into a statistician, only to point out in easily understood terms the real difficulties in developing, and then using price indexes.
With respect to property taxes, municipalities do apply readily available indexes to all the types of assets owned by taxpayers. But can a price index capture price changes in machine tools where computer controls increase the price but also increase the productivity?
The answer is that price indexes do a good job where changes in technology are absent, or even quite limited; indexes do a poor job where technology and productivity changes are great. This digression was to put the problem of indexes into place, because of the tremendous reliance that municipalities place on the use of indexed original cost. Indexed costs can approximate FMV in certain cases, but in others are more than likely to overstate assessed value relative to true FMV.
Municipalities do make one further adjustment. They apply a depreciation factor to the indexed historical cost to allow for the diminution in utility as an asset gets older and suffers physical wear and tear. Again, as in our discussion earlier about companies using tax depreciation lives for financial reporting, ‘‘rules of thumb’’ or arbitrary lives used by tax authorities simply do not (and cannot) measure actual reductions in value due to physical wear and tear and functional obsolescence.
The end result of these adjustments made by property tax authorities is their own estimate of FMV, not what the company itself might consider its true value. You should keep in mind that in virtually all taxing jurisdiction property taxes are supposed to be collected based on an ad valorem1 approach.
As both statutes state, and court decisions have held: Fair Market Value is defined as the price for which property would exchange between a willing buyer and a willing seller, each having reasonable knowledge of all relevant facts, neither under compulsion to buy or sell, and with equity to both.
The question then has to be asked: if you start with the original cost of an asset (purchased years ago)—and have adjusted it upward by a cost index and downward by a depreciation factor, how close is the resulting amount likely to be to today’s FMV?
Accounting10 years ago
Check Payment Issues Letter [Email] Templates
Accounting11 years ago
What is Journal Entry For Foreign Currency Transactions
Accounting6 years ago
Accounting for Business Acquisition Using Purchase Method
Accounting11 years ago
Journal Entry for Correction Of Errors and Counterbalancing | <urn:uuid:bb5d782c-8c80-41d2-b68c-5eb23741b295> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://accounting-financial-tax.com/2011/11/cost-indexes-and-fair-market-values-on-tax-reporting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578733077.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425193912-20190425215912-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.949414 | 1,631 | 2.84375 | 3 |
What are the Symptoms?
As noted above, the symptoms are distortion of vision (typically straight lines or objects appear wavy or crooked), a dark spot, and blurring of vision. Later, there is a loss of reading vision. This can prevent one from reading, seeing well enough to drive, and/or loss of the ability to recognize the features on a friend’s face. Preservation of peripheral vision permits patients to see large objects and to retain ambulatory vision.
How is it Diagnosed?
AMD is diagnosed by an eye care professional, either an ophthalmologist or optometrist. The diagnosis is based on the characteristic symptoms and signs as noted above. Very important to the diagnosis is actually viewing the changes in the retina by examination with a special instrument, an ophthalmoscope. Other tests are sometimes performed. These include Amsler grid testing and a fluorescein angiogram. In a fluorescein angiographic study, a special dye is injected into a vein in the arm, and photographs are taken of the dye as it passes through the vessels in the back of the eye. This allows the ophthalmologist to identify the abnormal choroidal blood vessels which are causing the problem.
Macular degeneration is one of the leading causes of decreased vision in the United States in patients over age 50. The ability to see fine detail and to read depends on the health of the eye. The macula is a small region of the retina. The fovea is the center of the macula and is the most sensitive part. In age-related macular degeneration, or AMD, sight-threatening changes occur in the macula. These changes occur only rarely in people under 50 and most commonly occur in people over age 60. The degenerative changes that occur fall into two categories, “wet” and “dry” changes. “Dry” signs of AMD include the accumulation of drusen (tiny yellow-white lumps) on the undersurface of the retina, loss of cells in the macula, and deterioration of the pigmented cells under the retina. Of the people with AMD, 80% to 95% have the “dry” type. Some individuals with “dry” AMD can have nearly normal sight, whereas others may notice distortion and blurring while reading. There currently is no known treatment to slow or stop the changes that occur with “dry” AMD. There is an ongoing study to determine if supplemental vitamins and minerals are beneficial, but the results will not be known for some time. Dietary spinach or other green leafy vegetables may help to slow down AMD as well. The “wet” form of AMD is also know as the neovascular or exudative type. Between 5% and 20% of all people with AMD have this form, and they may experience a more rapid loss of vision. In the “wet” form, new blood vessels develop beneath the retina in a layer of tissue called the choroid. These new vessels grow into the macula from the choroid. This process is called choroidal neovascularization or a choroidal neovascular membrane. Generally, the new blood vessels develop at the outer edge of the macula and extend in towards the fovea. These new vessels leak fluid which accumulates under the retina and separates the retina from the underlying layer, creating a localized retinal detachment. The retinal cells in the affected area do not function normally. A person with this typically sees straight lines as wavy or crooked and later in the disease may note a blind spot which corresponds to the area of the macula affected. This process of new vessel formation can also lead to bleeding and scarring, which may produce a permanent loss of reading vision. However, side or peripheral vision is rarely affected.
As mentioned, there is no known treatment for the “dry” form of AMD, although multivitamins and certain dietary elements (such as spinach or collard greens) may help reduce the risk. However, visual aids, such as magnifying lenses with extra bright light, special telescopic or prism glasses, and closed circuit TV, can all be of use in improving reading vision in some patients with the “dry” type of AMD. Patients with the “dry” type of AMD may develop abnormal blood vessels and progress to the “wet” type of AMD. In the “wet” type of AMD, laser therapy is helpful in destroying the abnormal blood vessels, in some cases. This treatment is called laser photocoagulation. A fluorescein angiogram is first done to locate abnormal blood vessels. If the abnormal blood vessels are in a “safe zone,” intense light energy from a laser is focused onto the abnormal blood vessels. If the blood vessels are totally destroyed, this helps preserve vision by preventing the further bleeding or leakage of fluid. Unfortunately, not all patients with “wet” type of AMD are candidates for laser therapy. Sometimes a separate type of angiogram (indocyanine green or ICG angiogram) can be used to determine if treatment is possible. Once a patient has received laser treatment for AMD, they must continue to have regular examinations of the retina so that any additional growth of new vessels can be detected and treated. If the patient notices any new symptoms, he should be examined promptly. Patients with the “dry” type of AMD, as well as patients who have been successfully treated with the “wet” type of AMD, should check their own eyes by using the Amsler grid (a piece of white paper with lines on it in a grid pattern). Patients should check their vision daily by covering one eye and viewing the grid. It helps to place the grid in an area where you can conveniently notice it each day. The lines of the grid appear straight if the macula is normal, and distorted or missing if there is a problem (i.e., abnormal blood vessels or fluid). If any changes are noted in the grid in either eye, the patient should contact his ophthalmologist immediately. The grid is positioned 14″ from the eye on a flat surface which is well-lighted. The eye focuses on the dark spot in the center of the grid. The horizontal and vertical lines should appear straight, and the squares formed by these lines should not be distorted. The Amsler grid should be placed in a convenient spot where it can be easily viewed on a daily basis (i.e., the back of a cabinet door in the bathroom or in the kitchen).
Browse our online store for contacts and other eye care products. | <urn:uuid:72bf2154-77b2-4439-be27-983318398632> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.cnyeyecare.com/macular-degeneration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476592.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304232829-20240305022829-00759.warc.gz | en | 0.936534 | 1,388 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The Greek alphabet is the script for writing the Greek language, developed from the Euclidean alphabet adopted by Athens in . Greece's earlier epichoric alphabets were derived by the 8th century from the Phoenician alphabet. It has at times been used to transcribe other languages; most notably, its Euboean variant was adapted into the Latin script of the Romans and Byzantine Greek was modified among the Bulgarians to create Cyrillic. The alphabet also forms Greece's traditional system of numerals and serves as a source of widely-used international symbols in mathematics and in linguistics, astronomy, and other sciences.
|See more at Wikipedia.org...|
1. the alphabet used by ancient Greeks
Translate the English term Greek alphabet to other languages | <urn:uuid:b7507f71-b210-491c-9e77-987e994e95db> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://translation.babylon.com/english/to-english/Greek%20alphabet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928965.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00006-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947781 | 158 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Are you experiencing tight hips? Find relief with these 3 stretches: Try this adductor rockback.…
With football season in full swing, most of the injury talk revolves around ACL tears and concussion protocols. One overlooked injury that tends to occur more often, especially with football players, is the injury known as turf toe. Although it seems minor, an injury to the 1st MTP (big toe) can lead to other subsequent foot, ankle, knee and hip injuries.
What is turf toe?
In its simplest definition, turf toe is the hyperextension (over-extension) of the big toe joint. This can lead to stretched ligaments and even cause a fracture of the small bones (sesamoid bones) of the big toe joint.
How does it happen?
The mechanism of injury usually resulting in turf toe injuries is most commonly seen when the forefoot (front of the foot) is fixed on the ground, the heel is raised, and a force pushes the big toe into hyperextension. This is mostly seen in American football players, but has also been linked to martial arts, runners, gymnasts, dancers and basketball players.
What can be the implications of this injury?
To most, it would seem that a sprain of the big toe is a mundane injury that can be fixed with rest. While rest is a large component of the healing process, the long-term implications of this injury, if not properly addressed, can be more detrimental than you think.
The big toe plays a crucial role in balance and stability during walking, jogging and running. As the weight is transferred from the heel to the front of the foot, the big toe acts as a lever to allow the foot to push off the ground. An injury to the big toe can alter the entire leg mechanics, leading to compensatory strategies up the entire kinetic chain.
- Excessive foot supination
Landing on the outer half of the foot can cause increased stress on the 3rd, 4th and 5th foot bones, which can lead to stress fractures.
- Increased knee flexion
Inability to use the big toe during push off can result in the inability to fully extend the knee, thus absorbing additional force at the knee while decreasing the power of your stride.
- Decreased hip extension.
With decreased big toe extension and lack of knee extension, the hip is the next area for compensatory mechanisms. While trying to compensate for lack of motion and improve power, the hip can laterally rotate (turn out), putting additional stress and force on the outer aspect of our leg, thereby altering mechanics further. The outer leg muscles become over stressed, leading to muscle imbalances and lack of stability.
In conclusion, an injury to the big toe of the foot can be complex and lead to other injuries. It is important that a medical professional examines an injury to ensure proper management and recovery. | <urn:uuid:381db1e7-ce83-4a81-8519-a93076b80bdd> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://bereact.com/the-truth-about-turf-toe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621627.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615211046-20210616001046-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.932005 | 597 | 2.578125 | 3 |
- Heirloom Vegetable Seeds
- Kale - Siberian Dwarf
Kale - Siberian Dwarf
Approximately 250 seeds per gram.
Siberian Dwarf Kale is an extremely vigorous and a cold hardy plant that can withstand light frost. It is an early variety of Kale that produces high yields of lightly crumpled deep green foliage. Leaves are crunchy and flavourful. Used fresh in salads and on sandwiches or cooked. Dwarf Siberian grows from a crown, like parsley or spinach does. The plant is upright and compact growing upward between 36-40cm (14-16”) tall. A solid pick for planting either in your garden or container planting.
Open pollinated-untreated seeds. For baby Kale leaves sow seeds 5-10cm 2-4" wide along a short row. Sow at approximately 60 seeds/ 30 cm (12”). Clip leaves at 4- 5 weeks old for baby kale. Kale requires good cultivation; mulch or hoe frequently to keep soil loose and weed-free. For earlier harvest, sow seeds indoors in a sunny spot or under plant lights 6 to 8 weeks before outdoor planting date- this works for both the spring and fall. Avoid planting in garden area where cabbage family was grown the year before. Withstands light frost. | <urn:uuid:08f26f22-87a5-465a-a392-cfba16187803> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.wildroseheritageseed.com/store/p212/Kale_-_Siberian_Dwarf.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655244.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609000217-20230609030217-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.885506 | 334 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Emily Post, perhaps the queen of all things mannerly, said this: “Manners are a sensitive awareness of the feelings of others. If you have that awareness, you have good manners, no matter what fork you use.”
I wanted to pause on this Mannerly Monday and evaluate why it is important to teach our children manners. Manners is not about a list of rules. It’s not about how proper our children can be nor how impressed our family and friends will be when they sit through a meal without making a scene. Manners involve thinking about others, treating them as we would wish to be treated, respecting them enough to show self-control in our words and actions.
As we continue on in this series, let’s make sure that our motivation is not to create the most well-mannered child on the block, but to cause our children to be mindful of the situation they’re in and determine how they can most gracefully carry themselves to show consideration of those around them. | <urn:uuid:25c0794f-0ce5-4c07-bf21-3b6f3069ed34> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://girlstogrow.com/2009/03/kudos-to-emily-pos.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888041.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119144931-20180119164931-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.961208 | 212 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Improving the trafficking of cellular proteins in brain cells holds possibilities for new treatments and even prevention for Alzheimer’s disease, results of a new study suggest.
Researchers found that a compound that enhances the shuttling of proteins within cells reduced the production of forerunners of two proteins implicated in brain cell death.
Damage to, and destruction of, brain cells underlies a common form of dementia.
Alzheimer’s affects more than 5 million Americans. It causes loss of memory, thinking, way-finding and reasoning skills, and other debilitating problems. The disease tends to get worse with time. Aging is a major risk factor.
Brain tissue from people with Alzheimer’s disease shows clumping of two types of proteins. One, amyloid beta, accumulates outside of brain cells; the other, called Tau protein, collects within the cells. Both of these toxic proteins are thought to cause the brain-cell death seen in Alzheimer’s.
Recent research suggests that these proteins accumulate because of a defect in the system that ferries proteins within the cell. The proteins are shipped in membrane-bound packages, called endosomes.
The system that shuttles them around the cell is the endosomal network. For proteins to be properly processed, eliminated or recycled, this system must function correctly.
In the new study reported this week, the UW Medicine-led research team used human brain cells created from stem cells. The results showed that a compound that boosts the function of the endosomal network significantly cuts the production of both amyloid beta and a precursor of the Tau protein. The study will be published online in the journal Stem Cell Reports.
The lead author is Jessica Young, assistant professor of pathology at the UW School of Medicine in Seattle. She is a member of the UW Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine.
She noted that the findings suggest that targeting defects in the endosomal network, through the discovery of drugs or other therapeutics, such as gene therapy, may be a promising strategy against Alzheimer’s disease.
In the study, Young and her colleagues obtained skin cells from patients with Alzheimer’s disease and from patients who had no signs of dementia. Because all of a person’s cells share the same genome, the skin cells from patients with Alzheimer’s would contain the same genetic mutations that affect the patients’ brain cells.
The researchers then “reset” the skin cells by reprogramming them to act as stem cells. Such cells, called induced pluripotent stem cells, are capable of developing into any cell type.
Young and her colleagues were thereby able to create neurons that had the same genetic makeup as patients from whom they had collected skin samples.
The lab-grown cells from the Alzheimer’s patients would have the same tendency to generate the excess amount of amyloid beta and the Tau protein precursor that is seen in the brains cells of people with the disorder. This made it possible for the researchers to measure amyloid beta and Tau protein production in these stem cell-derived neurons.
The researchers wanted to see if enhancing the function of the endosomal network, in a laboratory setting, would affect amyloid beta and Tau protein in these human cells.
The scientists tested a compound that had been shown in animal studies to stabilize and boost the function of a protein assembly called the retromer.
The retromer is a key player in directing how the endosomal “packages” are shuttled about in the endosomal network to be delivered to the right destination.
“The network can be thought of as a kind of United Parcel Service with the retromer proteins serving as package labels,” Young said.
The researchers found that the compound, called R33, did enhance the function of the retromer. This led to considerable reduction in the production of both the amyloid beta and the form of tau protein that readily aggregates, phosphorylated-Tau.
The researchers also used the cells to test the hypothesis that production of amyloid beta drives the production of phosphorylated-Tau.
The accumulation of the two proteins seems to be tightly linked. The scientists employed the gene editing tool CRISPR to create cells that did not make the necessary precursor of amyloid beta. Nevertheless, the R33 compound was still efficient at lowering phosphor-Tau. That result indicates that this pathway may work without the assistance of amyloid beta.
“The findings suggest that something upstream is affecting the production of amyloid beta and phosphorylated-Tau independently,” Young said. “So one thing we’re going to work on going forward will be using these cell lines to identify what this upstream defect might be and whether it, too, could be a target for new therapeutics to treat Alzheimer’s.”
Young noted that collaboration among scientists is what is moving the field of Alzheimer’s disease research forward.
Among those collaborating with the UW Medicine team on this project were Lawrence S.B. Goldstein at the University of California, San Diego, in whose laboratory the initial studies were done and where the Alzheimer’s patients’ cells and the control skin cells and fibroblasts were generated; and Scott Small at Columbia University and Gregory Petsko at Weill Cornell Medical College, both of whom pioneered initial work on the R33 molecule.
Source: University of Washington | <urn:uuid:742598f4-0303-426c-8129-ecf22c1ff578> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.technology.org/2018/03/05/stem-cell-study-points-to-new-approach-to-alzheimers-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669809.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118154801-20191118182801-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.942724 | 1,133 | 3.34375 | 3 |
William D Middleton provided the canonical account of the Waldorf platform in his book Grand Central: the world's greatest railway terminal (San Marino CA: Golden West Books, 1977), as follows:
An article titled "Discovering the secrets of Grand Central Terminal," from the Journal-News of 9 Sep 2001, describes the freight elevator used by Pershing.
Its location above the tracks permitted the celebrated hostelry the unique distinction of its own railroad side track in the basement, so to speak. Officially identified as Track 61 in one of Grand Central's storage areas, with a freight elevator providing access to the hotel, the siding was used on occasion for the arrival or departure of distinguished guests traveling by private railroad cars.
General John J Pershing was the first to use it, on a visit to the city in 1938. During the 1944 campaign Franklin D Roosevelt gave a foreign policy address at the Waldorf and then descended into the "basement" to the presidential rail car for the journey home to Hyde Park. On other occasions the siding has been used for such diverse affairs as a 1947 "debut at the Waldorf" for a new 6,000 horsepower diesel locomotive, or for a 1965 "underground party" for pop artist Andy Warhol.
[Metro North spokesman Dan Brucker said that President Roosevelt's] "armor-plated Pierce Arrow car would drive off the train, onto this platform and into the elevator, and it would bring him and his car into the hotel garage." ... The 6-foot-wide elevator, built to accommodate a 6,000-pound armored car, is kept in shape by elevator mechanic Darick Jones. Once at street level, Jones yanks the elevator gates open to reveal 49th Street. Driving an automobile with a slim profile, one could still make a sharp, right U-turn into the Waldorf garage. . . . The locked entrance to the secret station is down a stairway concealed behind a brass door marked 101-121 49th St, below a sign that reads "Metro-North Fire Exit".
The Roosevelt story has taken on new dimensions here, with the automobile riding the train and taking the elevator. Recall that Middleton mentions just one use of the elevator. Many re-tellings of the tale now assume that Roosevelt used the platform routinely. For example, take this account in an academic book, Grand Central Terminal: railroads, engineering, and architecture in New York City by Kurt C Schlichting (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001):
When President Franklin Roosevelt stayed at the Waldorf, his train would stop on the upper level of the underground train yard directly under the hotel. This enabled the president's aides to carry the paralyzed Roosevelt through a special door and then by elevator directly to his room, avoiding the public altogether.
Unfortunately I have been unable to confirm even the one use that Middleton refers to. It must be Roosevelt's visit to the city on 21 October 1944 to address the Foreign Policy Association (see the New York Times). He made a very public arrival with a four hour tour of four boroughs in an open top automobile in the rain, to let the people see him. The secret platform on that trip was outdoors at Bush Terminal: Robert Sherwood, an eye witness, says that's where the train arrived, in his book Roosevelt and Hopkins. Nothing is said about a carfloat, so the private car must have gone through Penn Station and then via Long Island lines.
The Times does not disclose Roosevelt's hotel, but a followup story puts him still in the city the next day, attending a dinner party in his honor at the Astor Hotel. Did he then go to Hyde Park? Roosevelt made no public appearances between the dinner in New York on 22 October and an afternoon press conference in Washington DC on 24 October, but that still doesn't give him much time, and his health was weakening, despite the impression he gave the public. He died in April 1945 of heart disease. It seems most likely to me that he journeyed to Washington on 23 October, ruling out use of the Grand Central platform. There is perhaps still room (but not much) to argue.
I found a BBC interview from 2009 that talks about FDR using it, car and all, and goes down into the bowels of the station with that mentioned Brucker. As a note, I didn't take a tour of Grand Central, although some are offered - has anyone? What do the tour guides say? | <urn:uuid:7f458ce7-af09-429f-9b1d-8c5e56cf9cb4> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.american-presidents.org/2010/11/fdr-and-grand-central.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814290.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222200259-20180222220259-00626.warc.gz | en | 0.958086 | 915 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Everyone has ups and downs in their mood or feelings of “moodiness” once in a while. When these ups and downs begin to interfere with normal everyday activities such as school, work, and relationships, there may be a problem. A person with Bipolar Disorder experiences unusual and extreme shifts in mood, energy levels, and behaviors all at one time. These changes are called “episodes.” Read on to learn more about Bipolar Disorder.
What is Bipolar Disorder?
There are two main types of Bipolar Disorders – Bipolar I and Bipolar II. With both types, there are manic episodes and depressive episodes. There may be mixed episodes with both mania and depression but this is not as common. Symptoms occur every day and last at least one to two weeks and often last longer. If a person only experiences depression, they do not have Bipolar Disorder.
What is a manic episode?
According to the DSM-V (the manual that providers use to diagnose emotional disorders), someone who is having a manic episode will have some of these symptoms:
- Feelings of extreme happiness or ecstasy – feeling like you can do or say anything, such as feeling that one has supernatural powers
- Extreme irritation with a short temper
- Not sleeping very much, but not feeling tired, and having an unusual amount of energy
- Having racing thoughts and difficulty focusing on anything
- Talking very quickly and feeling pressure to keep talking or jumping from one subject to another
- Doing too many activities at once without realizing that it’s too much
- Dangerous or risky behaviors (for example: increased or an unusual amounts of sexual activity, drug use, buying expensive things without the money to pay for them) without thinking about possible consequences
- Unusual thoughts or beliefs that others would not agree with
With mania, the behaviors are extreme and serious enough to interfere with a person’s school, work, and home life.
What is a depressive episode?
A person experiencing a depressive episode will have some of the following symptoms:
- Extreme sadness or emptiness that makes it hard to get out of bed or do normal daily activities
- No interest in fun activities at school, home, or with friends
- Eating too little or eating more than usual
- Sleeping too much or too little
- Extreme low energy and feeling tired all of the time
- Feeling hopeless or guilty
- Having an extremely hard time thinking or focusing at school, work, or at home
- Thinking about hurting themselves, death, or suicide
How is Bipolar II Disorder different from Bipolar I Disorder?
Both Bipolar I Disorder and Bipolar II Disorder consist of both manic and depressive episodes. In Bipolar II, manic episodes are called Hypomania and are less severe than the manic episodes in Bipolar I disorder. Depressive episodes are also less severe. Episodes in Bipolar II may not prevent participation in usual daily activities. In Bipolar I episodes, there is often unusual thoughts or beliefs. This is usually not the case with Bipolar II.
Do a lot of people have Bipolar Disorder?
Even though you may hear a lot about Bipolar Disorder, it’s actually rare. While it’s not certain how many teens have Bipolar Disorder, the rate for adults (age 18 and up) is 1-3% of the US population.
Who gets Bipolar disorder?
Both guys and girls of all ages can have Bipolar Disorder but it is more common in young adults and adults than in children. A person may be more likely to develop Bipolar Disorder if their parents, siblings, or close family members have it. This doesn’t mean that if you have a parent with Bipolar Disorder, that you’ll develop it too. It only means that there’s a greater than average chance. Other factors that lead to the development of Bipolar Disorder are unknown and are being researched.
How do I know if I have Bipolar Disorder?
Someone with Bipolar Disorder will have unusual and extreme changes in mood, behavior, and energy levels every day that last most of the day, for at least a week at a time. This change in mood and behavior would be noticeable to family, friends, co-workers, and teachers. A person with Bipolar Disorder may have a lot of trouble sleeping and being calm, may have unusual and extreme behaviors or may have trouble feeling good enough to do every day things.
What problems can Bipolar Disorder cause?
People who struggle with Bipolar Disorder may have some of these problems:
- Relationship problems – Extreme mood changes can make it hard to get along with family, friends and partners
- School and work problems – Extreme mood changes and unusual thoughts can make it hard to concentrate well in school or at work
- Self-harm behaviors – Some people have thoughts of hurting themselves or attempting suicide
- Substance abuse – Some people start using drugs and alcohol. Drugs and alcohol make the mood changes worse and the disorder harder to diagnose.
- Legal problems – During periods of mania, People may do things that they would not normally do, including illegal activities that may cause them to get into trouble with the law.
How do I get help?
Talk with a parent or adult that you trust if you are concerned that you might have Bipolar Disorder. They can help you find a mental health clinician who is experienced in treating it.
What is the treatment for Bipolar Disorder?
There are many kinds of treatment for Bipolar Disorder, including:
Medication: Different types of medication are usually helpful in treating Bipolar Disorder. A psychiatrist will likely prescribe a medication called a mood stabilizer. This will help keep moods level, preventing too much excitement or depression. There may be other medications that are helpful as well.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): is a type of therapy that can help manage symptoms of manic and depressed episodes.
Family Therapy can help a family figure out how to best support a person with Bipolar Disorder.
Psychoeducation: Educating people and their families on recognizing the symptoms of Bipolar Disorder can be helpful in preventing extreme episodes.
A combination of psychotherapy and medication is usually the most effective treatment. A mental health clinician can recommend the best type of therapy for you.
Source: Read Full Article | <urn:uuid:06ba0d25-adcb-4648-869c-2b0a8bd7cc41> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://healthproblemsnews.com/health-problems/bipolar-disorder/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510225.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926211344-20230927001344-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.952337 | 1,304 | 3.703125 | 4 |
This new translation makes the teachings of ancient China’s second sage relevant for contemporary readers. This ancient text records the teachings of Mencius, China’s ya sheng , or second sage. A philosopher who worked in the fourth century B.C., Mencius studied with the grandson of Confucius and is credited with the development of orthodox Confucianism. Divided into seven chapters, Mencius is composed largely of conversations between the great philosopher and the rulers he sought to guide. Sometimes mystical, sometimes poetic, these teachings are often unpredictable, with startling insights that bring the narrative to life.
David Hinton’s Mencius reveals for the first time the literary vibrancy of this great philosopher and the earnestness behind his faith in humanity. This ancient text records the teachings of Mencius (4th C. B.C.E.), the second original sage in the Confucian tradition, which has shaped Chinese civilization for over two thousand years. In a culture that makes no distinction between those realms we call the heart and the mind, Mencius was the great thinker of the heart, and it was he who added the profound inner dimensions to the Confucian vision.
Such is the enduring magic of the Mencian heart—full of compassionate and practical concern for the human condition, and yet so empty that it contains the ten thousand transformations of the entire cosmos. This volume is the second in a series of translations presenting the four central masterworks of ancient Chinese thought: classics that will stand as definitive translations for our era. Series translator David Hinton is known for the poetic fluency he brings to his award-winning work. His new versions are not only inviting and immensely readable, but they also apply a much-needed consistency to key terms in these texts, lending structural links and philosophical rigor to a canon that has only been rendered in a hodgepodge of styles. Other titles in the series are: Chuang Tzu: The Inner Chapters (1997), The Analects (1988), Tao Te Ching (1999). | <urn:uuid:eff87649-f88d-41e6-9b11-0ad241fdcab4> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.counterpointpress.com/dd-product/mencius/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860776.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618183714-20180618203714-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.943379 | 420 | 2.765625 | 3 |
READING, WRITING AND (LIFE) RULES
Text: Susie Brown
It is a very large job we take on as parents, is it not? Even if we leave all of the book-learning to school, (which of course we wont), we still have a lot of other matters of importance on which we can focus our teaching efforts. Kids have a lot to learn. So do we, even though we are adults; perhaps though, through life, and years, and experiences, we have a few insights to offer. Maybe.
WHAT CAN WE TEACH OUR KIDS?
We teach our kids to be the example kid in class. We teach them to be the one that their classmates go home and tell their parents about at the dinner table because they admire them so. We want them to be the kid that other kids want to be, and not because they are the smartest or the coolest, the fastest or the funniest. Those other kids want to be like ours because ours are the kindest and because they reach out and they include.
We teach our kids that sometimes we have to do things that are scary and big. Sometimes we have to do things we are afraid to do. Even big people suffer from fear. We teach them that by doing these scary things, we grow a little bit, and learn a lot. The world is full of scary things; still, we dont cower. We teach our children how to take a deep breath, and to find our way. The second time wont be as scary.
Social skills and Manners
Children are little monkeys, mimicking what they see their favorite big people doing. They see the food choices we make. They hear the words we use. They see the actions we take. Both good and bad behaviors and interactions; they see and absorb it all. We teach our kids to be the force that embraces rather than rejects. By encouraging our kids to use those big hearts of theirs, and including, we are teaching our kids the beauty of friendship. One can never have too many friends. Lessons can come from more than just books and the classroom. Lessons can be learned anywhere, and you never know from whom you will gain knowledge. Teachers? Absolutely an invaluable resource. Friends? Yes, them too. Those they have not yet had the privilege of meeting? One can never know, so it is best to reach out and include.
We teach our kids that we love them. No.Matter.What. No school or athletic accomplishments can change that; being best does not add to that. They do not have to earn our love or pride and they cannot lose it. There will be scores of contests at school and in life; we dont care if they win a single one of them. We dont care about straight As, if the other kids think they are cute/handsome/beautiful or if they are picked first or last for soccer during class break. We dont care about being the teachers favorite or if they are the pill in the back row. (Well, okay, maybe just a little bit.) Theres no need to have the most art pieces, or to have the best handwriting. We teach our kids that they are loved. Period. Children who are confident in the affection of their parents are happier, more settled, more even-tempered, and more confident.
Values, Preferences and Tolerances
What and who are important to you will likely in turn be important to your kids. Our goal as parents is to make a positive mark on our childrens behaviors, sure, but also on their hearts. We teach our kids to be 100% themselves, to be proud of who that person is, and to help others be all that they can be as well. There is much less to be angry about when we realize what we believe in and stand for does not necessarily resonate for everyone else. And that is 100% okay.
Words and actions matter
We teach our children that they are responsible for their actions. Their actions matter. What one does, every day, has an impact on another person. It is important to be the one taking deliberate action. You are the one acting. Every person is impacting others. Every person is also the one choosing whether to have a positive or a negative impact. We teach our children to choose wisely; it is important. Small words, but generous actions. And they make a big difference. Its powerful to see when kids see how big an impact their caring words can have on others. Words are tools one can use to create warmth, harmony and inclusivity. Words are also tools one can use to harm and impair. It is important to consider wisely the impact one has.
We teach our children when we fall or fail, we dont give up. When we dont hit our mark, we dont throw our hands up. When we step back, it isnt to turn around and leave, but to take a better look, and see how we can try again and maybe do better.
Photo: GEMS Cambridge International School
We teach our children that with gratitude comes awareness of what and who is around us; with gratitude we are more well-balanced and aware of our abilities; with gratitude we are more open and joyful. We teach our kids that a grateful person is a more settled, content and happy person.
We teach our kids how we define home and why that is important. Beyond values, we all define home in a manner that is unique to us. In our home, we embrace where we come from, where weve been, and where wed like to go. We bring Grandma and Grandpa with us, even if they physically reside on a different continent. We Skype, Facetime and Message to keep extended family as present as possible. We bring foods and sounds from home, we wrap these pieces around our little corner of the world, and turn it into a pocket all our own. Pictures, sounds, smells, tastes all glued together in a puzzle that perfectly depicts home. The amazing thing is, no matter how many times we move, no matter how far we travel, we can create this home.
Are we the greatest of educators? Maybe, for certain things. What I know for sure is that the lessons we teach our children are life-long and far-reaching. And maybe, just maybe, they serve us as well as they do our kids. | <urn:uuid:cf316e6d-32ca-498a-9b7a-ce34ea62fdf8> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://ugandaexpatsguide.com/reading-writing-and-life-rules/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864256.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621172638-20180621192638-00529.warc.gz | en | 0.968835 | 1,310 | 2.71875 | 3 |
SINCE the outbreak of African swine fever in the north east of China in August, the contagion has spread nationwide and has now crossed the border into neighbouring Vietnam and Mongolia.
Most recently, the same strain of the virus has been detected further south in Cambodia.
The virus causes haemorrhagic fever, similar to the ebola virus that afflicts humans. Mortality rates are incredibly high in domestic pigs with some strains causing death as quickly as one week after infection.
Unlike swine flu, African swine fever poses no direct health threat to humans as it is not zoonotic, meaning it cannot jump from animals to people. Nevertheless, it is incredibly contagious among pigs and can have severe economic impacts.
The virus that causes the fever cannot replicate outside of a living cell, but it can survive for extended periods without a host. It is also able to endure harsh environments and extreme climatic conditions.
Transmission of the virus can be by ticks, direct contact between infected animals, contaminated animal feed, food scraps, swine offal and people travelling between infested places, all of which make the fever extremely difficult to control and eradicate.
There is currently no approved vaccine for ASF, so control of the disease relies on rigorous sanitary measures such as early detection of outbreaks, destruction of contaminated carcasses and products, disinfection of sites, and most importantly movement restrictions in and away from affected areas.
ASF is widespread in Africa where at least 23 strains of the virus have been identified, and it is mostly spread by wild boar. The virus has also spread through parts of Europe and more recently established itself in Russia, but it has always been relatively well contained.
It is believed the Chinese outbreak spread from eastern Russia as analysis of the virus genome revealed it was almost an exact replica of the virus that was discovered in Siberia in March 2017. This was the first time the disease had been detected in the eastern parts of Russia, and it was only 1000km from the Chinese border. The Kremlin denies this, saying it was transported from Europe in contaminated pork products.
The eventual spread to China was expected, but the way the virus has reacted to its new environment has caught experts across the globe by surprise. Somewhere along the journey, the virus has mutated, and the strain that has infected the Chinese pig herd thrives in the new environment.
Beijing's reaction to the outbreak was slow and authorities have actively downplayed the severity of the disease from the outset.
The situation has been exacerbated by inappropriate biosecurity protocols and the free movement of potential vectors across the country in relatively short time frames. Beijing's reaction to the outbreak was slow and authorities have actively downplayed the severity of the disease from the outset.
Additionally, it seems that not all outbreaks are being conveyed to the authorities due to mistrust and inadequate compensation arrangements. There are reports that some farmers, who suspect infection in their herd, have been selling animals that do not demonstrate symptoms for fear of massive livestock and financial losses.
Beijing recently reported that 1.02 million pigs had been culled from 129 reported cases in the eight months since the outbreak was detected. Unofficial reports suggest the cull is much higher.
According to China's statistics bureau, there were 428m pigs in the country in December last year. This is about half of the world's pig population. However, by the end of March, that figure had fallen to 375m head. Pork producers will undoubtedly be reluctant to restock with the ongoing threat of ASF, but that is a huge decrease in a relatively short time frame.
According to Rabobank, China could lose up to 200m pigs as a result of the epidemic, with fatalities expected in all 31 of its autonomous regions and provinces. That is nearly triple the pig population of the US, and if it came to fruition, there would not be enough pork in the world to fill the void.
China is the biggest global producer and consumer of pork by volume. At 34kg/head, the population is also the third largest per capita consumer in the world. That is expected to rise to more than 50kg by 2026 when the population is projected to be more than 1.4 billion. That is a lot of pork demand.
Domestic supply is reportedly down by as much as 20 per cent already this year, and prices have risen by more than 70pc. The Chinese government is struggling to fill the demand gap. If the availability of pork falls or it becomes too expensive, it could create the kind of domestic unrest Beijing is desperate to avoid.
The ongoing US-China trade war is adding to the woes. The outbreak couldn't have happened at a worse time. When Beijing levied additional import tariffs on US pork last year, many Chinese traders were forced to stop buying as it became too expensive. Now that the requirement for imports has increased, government tariffs, as high as 70pc on some products, are standing in the way.
The decrease in pork production in China will undoubtedly reduce demand for imported grains such as soybeans, corn and sorghum. If pork production drops by 30 per cent, demand for soybeans could reportedly fall by as much as 5pc. This would severely hamper China's capacity to increase imports of US soybeans.
Demand for imported grains may decrease in China, but it will most likely increase the demand for feed grains such as corn and soybean meal in the major pork exporters such as Brazil, Germany and Spain, and the US and Canada (assuming they can both work through their existing China issues).
Australian farmers will not be immune. Demand for feed barley will potentially fall as well as it is a vital ingredient in the Middle Kingdom's stockfeed rations, a significant proportion of which goes to the pork sector. This is on top of the ongoing anti-dumping investigation which has gone extremely quiet in recent months.
The Year of the Pig is quickly turning into hog hell. | <urn:uuid:3c741ff2-8527-45a0-89df-7cd470872626> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.queenslandcountrylife.com.au/story/6109864/chinas-pork-plight-in-year-of-the-pig-grain-brokers-australia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737178.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200807113613-20200807143613-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.978283 | 1,213 | 3.671875 | 4 |
A continent is one of several very large landmasses of the world. Generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria, up to seven regions are commonly regarded as continents. Ordered from largest in size to smallest, they are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.
Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres. It shares the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe and the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with both Europe and Africa. Asia covers an area of 44,579,000 square kilometres (17,212,000 sq mi), about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area.
Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (the first being Asia in both categories). At about 30.3 million square kilometres (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20% of its total land area. With 1.2 billion people as of 2016, it accounts for about 16% of the world's human population.
North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 16.5% of the earth's land area and about 4.8% of its total surface. North America is the third largest continent by area. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7.5% of the world's population.
South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere, mostly in the southern hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere. South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi). Its population as of 2016 has been estimated at more than 420 million. South America ranks fourth in area (after Asia, Africa, and North America) and fifth in population (after Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America).
Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent. It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14,000,000 square kilometres (5,400,000 square miles), it is the fifth-largest continent. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km (1.2 mi; 6,200 ft) in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres (3,930,000 sq mi), or 2% of the Earth's surface (6.8% of land area). Politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a total population of about 741 million (about 11% of world population) as of 2016.
Australia, sometimes known in technical contexts by the names Sahul, Australinea or Meganesia, to distinguish it from the Australian mainland, is a continent comprising mainland Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea, New Britain, and small neighbouring islands (such as Misool and Waigeo, just to the northeast of Maluku Islands at the edge of its continental shelf). Situated in the geographical region of Oceania, it is the smallest of the seven traditional continents in the English conception. Countries within the continent include Australia, Papua New Guinea and, partially, Indonesia. | <urn:uuid:f00e1682-2e0e-43cd-bf3a-59527ca1a9ba> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.x2click.com/earth/countries.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511806.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018105742-20181018131242-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.940016 | 839 | 3.609375 | 4 |
The Centers for Disease Control estimates that approximately 20 percent of US adults use herbal supplements, such as flaxseed. Scientific evidence proving they are effective is scant and often inconclusive. However, many people who take herbal supplements claim that their symptoms improve and they do not develop side effects. However, before using herbal products, first discuss it with your doctor as harmful effects may result, particularly if herbs are taken in the wrong amounts or are combined with other medicines.
Flaxseed, or linseed, is the seed from the flax plant and is available in both seed and powder forms. Flaxseed is a source of fiber and omega-3 fatty acids. The seed can also be dissolved in water or juice when crushed to powder form. Flaxseed doses of 5 to 50g per day have been used in scientific studies. Raw or unripe flaxseed should not be consumed as it may be poisonous.
Flaxseed, most frequently used as a laxative, is also used for conditions such as high cholesterol, menopause, and breast cancer, among others. Flaxseed lowers cholesterol by decreasing cholesterol absorption in the intestine. It may also have beneficial effects on platelets, which cause blood vessel clotting. Flaxseed may be helpful during menopause and benefit certain cancers that need estrogen to grow, such as breast cancer, because the body converts flaxseed into substances called lignans, which interfere with natural estrogen.
Flaxseed is possibly effective for reducing hemoglobin A1c levels, which is the indicator of blood sugar levels in diabetics, decreasing cholesterol levels, improving kidney dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus, and alleviating minor menopausal symptoms. According to NCCAM, studies are currently underway to evaluate the benefits of flaxseed for preventing or treating atherosclerosis, breast cancer, and ovarian cysts.
Flaxseed is usually very well tolerated, but it can cause some stomach problems so it should be taken with a lot of water. According to the NIH, alpha-linoleic acid from flaxseed may raise triglyceride levels; thus, flaxseed should not be taken if triglyceride levels are elevated. Also, because of flaxseed’s estrogen-like effects, it may worsen estrogen-sensitive problems such as cancer of the breast, uterus, or ovaries; endometriosis; and uterine fibroids. Flaxseed should also not be taken if bleeding problems exist. | <urn:uuid:73cef95d-b246-419a-ab6d-628b1d1ef4d3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.livestrong.com/article/374013-health-benefits-medicinal-uses-of-flax-seeds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281421.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00406-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952841 | 510 | 2.625 | 3 |
Food allergies have become much more common in the past several years. Thanks to the internet and social media, we are also much more aware of them causing many daycare centers, childcare providers and schools to ban the most common allergenic foods. And for good reason.
An estimated 1 in 13 school-age children are allergic to at least one food. Kids with food allergies are at increased risk of exposre to these foods in a school setting whether foods have been banned or not. As a parent, it is natural for you to worry but educating yourself is the first step to protecting your child from food allergies.
What is a food allergy?
A food allergy, much like seasonal allergies, is a medical condition in which exposure to a food triggers a harmful immune response that stimulates the release of histamines. This immune response, also called an allergic reaction, occurs because the immune system attacks proteins in the food that are normally harmless. The proteins that trigger the reaction are called allergens.
Many food intolerances are often mistaken for food allergies. Typically a food allergy will cause a rapid onset of symptoms within minutes or up to 1-2 hours after eating a food. These symptoms may include:
- Difficulty breathing
- Swelling of the tongue, mouth or face
- Low blood pressure
- Loss of consciousness
About 40% of children with food allergies have experienced a severe allergic reaction such as anaphylaxis which can be life-threatening.
What the most common food allergies?
The following eight foods account for over 90% of all food allergies.
- Cow’s Milk
- Tree nuts, such as almonds, cashews, pine nuts, walnuts, pistachios
Of these, cow’s milk, eggs and wheat are the most common food allergies among young children. However, in many cases, they tend to resolve as children get older.
An estimated 80% of children with allergies to tree nuts, peanuts, fish and/or shellfish have potential to be allergic to them for the duration of their life.
How are food allergies diagnosed?
It can be difficult to tell the difference between a food intolerance and a true food allergies. If you think your child has a food allergy, it is important to speak to his or her pediatrician. It may be helpful to keep a food log and note any symptoms that you notice in order to prepare for your appointment.
There are several diagnostic tests your child’s doctor may perform to confirm the diagnosis of a food allergy. These may include:
- Dietary review: This is where that food log will come in handy. Your doctor will review the foods eaten, the time of day they were consumed and any symptoms that were experienced to look for patterns or noticeable triggers.
- Skin prick testing: Using a tiny needle, a small amount of food is “pricked” into the skin then monitored for a reaction. With this test, several foods or triggers may be tested at one time.
- Oral food challenge: If a particular problem food is suspected, eating the food in gradually increasing amounts under medical supervision in a controlled environment such as a doctor’s office can help confirm a food allergy.
Blood test: A blood test may be conducted to measure the levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) that are present.
Contact White’s Pediatrics
As part offering comprehensive care for pediatric patients, White’s Pediatrics now offers in-office allergy testing. If you suspect your child has a food allergy, call (706) 876-2130 to schedule an appointment at one of our three convenient locations in Dalton, Chatsworth and Calhoun, Georgia.« 10 Questions to Ask at During Your Child’s Pediatrician Appointment | <urn:uuid:ba5c819b-6604-427f-8baf-96cefbfd1e24> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.whitespediatrics.com/what-all-parents-should-know-about-food-allergies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347435238.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200603144014-20200603174014-00222.warc.gz | en | 0.959303 | 772 | 3.375 | 3 |
Wright, Henry H.
Iowa City: State Historical Society of Iowa
A detailed history of one of Iowa's most famous Civil War regiments compiled mostly by one of only eight men who were with the regiment from the time it was formed in 1861 until it was mustered out in 1865. Presented to Pamplin Historical Park by Charles S. Holtz on 4/21/04: In Honor of Major David J. McCoy by his Great and Great-Great Grandson - Charles S. and Roland A. Holtz Mr. Holtz notes that he learned 3 things in reading this book: 1. The devotion of his troops to General Sherman (also exemplified by the fact that my great grand-father named his first son Sherman). 2. The frequency of rations consisting only of hardtack. 3. Union soldiers at times marched without shoes.
Hardback, 539pp with index, 6" x 9.5"
6125 Boydton Plank Rd.Petersburg,Virginia 23803
Pamplin Historical Park and the National Museum of the Civil War Soldier | <urn:uuid:1fe9c7ac-cabc-4d02-9eec-59bd0fbebec7> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.americanheritage.com/category/collection-keywords/civil-war?page=12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292675.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00056-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948276 | 223 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Eventful History Of The Mutiny And Piratical Seizure Of H.M.S. Bounty: Its Cause And Consequences
The Eventful History of the Mutiny and Piratical Seizure of H.M.S. Bounty: Its Cause and Consequences (1831) by Sir John Barrow is considered the classic account of the mutiny on the Bounty. It includes a description of the island of Tahiti, and a narrative of events from the embarkation of the Bounty in 1787 through to the trial of some of the mutineers in 1792 and the survival of others on Pitcairn Island. The story is told through the medium of the original documents in the case, which Barrow critically evaluates.It was first published in 1831 by John Murray as the 25th volume in their Family Library series. An American edition followed under the title A Description of Pitcairn's island and its Inhabitants: With an Authentic Account of the Mutiny of the Ship Bounty, and of the Subsequent Fortunes of the Mutineers (New York: Harper, 1832). The many later reissues include a 1936 Oxford World's Classics edition.
- Condition: --
HPB condition ratings
- New: Item is brand new, unused and unmarked, in flawless condition.
- Fine/Like New (F): No defects, little usage. May show remainder marks. Older books may show minor flaws.
- Very Good (VG): Shows some signs of wear and is no longer fresh. Attractive. Used textbooks do not come with supplemental materials.
- Good (G): Average used book with all pages present. Possible loose bindings, highlighting, cocked spine or torn dust jackets. Used textbooks do not come with supplemental materials.
- Fair (FR): Obviously well-worn, but no text pages missing. May be without endpapers or title page. Markings do not interfere with readability. Used textbooks do not come with supplemental materials.
- Poor (P): All text is legible but may be soiled and have binding defects. Reading copies and binding copies fall into this category. Used textbooks do not come with supplemental materials.
- Format: Paperback
- Sold by: --
- Language: English
- Publisher: Createspace Independent Pub
- ISBN-13: 9781480212718
- ISBN: 1480212717
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Pea shoots, pea tendrils, pea sprouts…what’s the difference? Pea sprouts are the first thin stems that sprout after planting, are light green, and may or may not have leaves. Pea tendrils are the delicate, curly vines at the top of the stem. Pea shoots are the more mature stems with leaves and tendrils attached. Pea shoots are sometimes called pea tendrils, pea greens or pea tips. | <urn:uuid:0891d36d-45a2-4a2d-bf98-0ff65d800f66> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://seasonalveghead.com/tag/salad-dressing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656833.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609201549-20230609231549-00737.warc.gz | en | 0.919631 | 99 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Many thanks to Renee from School Sparks for her help with this post.
For most families, the first thing that comes to mind when you think of summer vacation with your kids is long afternoons at the pool or running in the sprinklers, popsicles, ice cream, and lots of sun screen. What many parents forget, though, is that the summer can be a wonderful time to help your child develop or maintain critical school readiness skills. Here are 5 ways to keep kids learning this summer:
Simple Summer Schedule
If you’re looking for a simple schedule to give your day structure without feeling overwhelmed, you might like this Summer Gameplan from HowDoesShe. Missy shares a simple way to incorporate exercise, chores, and learning into every morning no matter what the age of your kids, without exhausting mom.
Summer Science Learning
I love these 15 Fun & Hands-on Science Experiments & Explorations from Bern at Mom to 2 Posh Lil Divas. Most use simple household items like baking soda, vinegar, and eggs, so they’re not expensive or hard to do. My kids would love to do the rubber egg experiments, and Oobleck and Flubber are perfect for long days stuck inside because of heat or thunderstorms.
Download a free ebook of Summer Learning Activities compiled by Amy from TeachMama. With over 30 contributors, you’ll get 54 pages of math, science, reading and more. I love the kitchen ideas–with recipes–and indoor play ideas for kids of all ages.
Free Printable Worksheets
You’ll find 500+ free printable kindergarten worksheets at School Sparks. Renee suggests that you infuse a little educational fun into each “indoor session” of the day. For example, if you and your kids come inside to cool off, get dry clothes, or have a quick snack, get into the routine of pulling out an engaging worksheet that helps your child develop or hone existing skills. For example, you could start with the letter A on day 1 and each of the following 25 days introduce another letter in the alphabet. By the time summer is over, your child will have seen each of the 26 letters nearly three times and will likely be a pro at identifying each letter or maybe even writing each letter. There is no reason the summer can’t be a fun–and educational–one for your child!
Read, Read, Read
If you do nothing else, read to your kids this summer, and have them read independently. If they need a little encouragement, try a Summer Reading Program at a store nationwide, or do your local library’s summer reading program. Our library system has a great program that rewards kids with a coupon book for freebies at local restaurants, mini golf, and water park. They love it! If you need some new books for your library list or Kindle, try my recommended 5 Favorite Kids Books for 4-9 Year Olds and 5 Favorite Kids Books for 2-6 Year Olds.
How are you keeping your kids learning this summer? | <urn:uuid:25f3d9b6-094c-46dd-bf82-dc6c4d020e30> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.moneywisemoms.com/5-ways-to-keep-kids-learning-this-summer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689661.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923123156-20170923143156-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.898545 | 636 | 2.78125 | 3 |
For something that’s so huge and majestic, it’s strange how secretive elephants are in the wild. They tend to shy away from humans and keep to themselves. Nowadays, these creatures are being nearly threatened to endangered. If their populations continue to decline, they could end up extinct.
These animals have long been used as symbols and play an important role in the culture of the people living in their natural habitat. For instance, in India, the elephant is considered as a sacred animal. In fact, one of the gods in Hinduism has an elephant head.
There are two species of elephants, African and Asian. Both of these species face a huge threat in habitat loss. Areas where vegetation like grass, bamboo, roots, bark and leaves grow are being destroyed. Some elephants have even gotten into the habit of eating crops like sugarcane and bananas that grow around the area where farmers live.
Like humans, elephants are very social creatures. They build very tight bonds among their herd and are very close to their family members. Herds have a matriarchal system where the group is led by an older and usually bigger female. Elephants can live in groups of 8 to 100 members, depending on the family size and terrain.
Today, there is an estimate of 35,000 to 40,000 wild Asian elephants, and around 450,000 to 700,000 African elephants. A number of conservation groups are doing their best to save these massive, gentle beasts, but hunters and poachers who kill them for their precious ivory trunks are still rampant. | <urn:uuid:fdc792c1-0cd3-490c-a4dd-9ab0dce0350d> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://animals-library.blogspot.hk/2014/05/gentle-giants-elephants-today.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892059.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123171440-20180123191440-00170.warc.gz | en | 0.964913 | 321 | 3.375 | 3 |
Ovid. Love, myths and other stories.
Scuderie del Quirinale.
17 October 2018 – 20 January 2019.
An enthralling survey of ancient myths is the central idea of Ovid’s exhibition at Scuderie del Quirinale in Rome. Ovid interpreted and sometimes created the tradition of classical mythology in his most famous poem, Metamorphoses. He was an aristocrat and an intellectual who clashed with emperor Augustus’ moral reforms. For this reason, Augustus exiled him to Tomis, a remote town on the Black Sea, where the poet died ten years later.
Ovid’s free thinking and open criticism to a moral interpretation of myths is clearly pointed out in the exhibition and well explained in the captions. Starting from the first room, the viewer is well aware of the paramount importance of Ovid’s works both in the past and today. From the Middle Ages to the Renaissance, his books were copied by hand then published in printed editions spreading throughout Europe. Ovid’s words are still meaningful today in the installation in coloured neon, ‘Maxima Proposito (Ovid)’ (2017) by the American artist Joseph Kosuth. It is a selection of writings in English and Latin from Metamorphoses testifying the still relevant and inspirational quality of the myths.
Love is central to Ovid’s oeuvre in all its forms: eroticism, seduction, passion as well as how to discipline desire. His libertine vision was in contrast with Augustus and his wife Livia’s reforms that meant to renew pax deorum (divine harmony) and devotion to the gods, aiming to give stability to the Roman empire. Ovid clashes with this view mocking the gods as frivolous, malicious, ruthless in their revenge and insatiable in love.
The examples are numberless and well explained throughout the exhibition with engrossing works of art, mainly sculptures from the Roman period but also pictures by Botticelli, Tintoretto, Domenichino, Saraceni and Poussin, and thought-provoking descriptions. The ambiguous and falsely chaste image of Venus Pudica (modest Venus), covering her private parts, is revealed in the illicit love affair of Venus and Mars. Another example is in the slaughter of the Niobids, a ferocious massacre of young innocents by the hands of Apollo and Diana. The goddess shows her vengefulness and cruelty in the story of Actaeon as well, who sees her naked by chance and is transformed into a stag then devoured by his own hounds. In a similar way, the satyr Marsyas, who dared challenge Apollo in a music contest, loses and is flayed alive as punishment.
The best example of Ovid’s exposure of the gods’ eccentricities and his criticism of Augustus’ policy, is expressed in the way he narrates Jupiter’s affairs, revealing the lack of morality of the lord of heavens and protector of Rome. Ovid’s Jupiter is a seducer, an insatiable lover, using any means in order to fulfil his desires. His victims are defenceless girls, young men and honest married women he conquers using trickeries and disguises. He transforms into a swan to rape Leda, a white bull to abduct Europa, an eagle to kidnap Ganymede, and golden rain to conquer Danaë. The gods worshipped by Augustus are not impeccable examples of morality, on the contrary, they are capricious and subjected by their passions and whims, eventually cruel to the extreme. Ovid’s undermining of the reputation of the gods brought Augustus to exile him.
The exhibition continues on to the second floor focusing on stories of love, rape and abandonment such as the myths of Ariadne, Proserpina and Ganymede. Love is an obsession, so powerful that it cannot be controlled. It triggers action and eventually transforms the victim in a goddess or dooms her forever. Women are usually powerless in the face of the authority of the gods. They are forced to submit both to rape and to transformation or to invoke transformation to avoid rape as in Apollo and Daphne’s story.
The most tragic story is the myth of Narcissus, where Echo, who is desperately in love with him, consumes herself to the point of being reduced to her voice. Narcissus rejects whoever is in love with him and finally loses his head for his own image reflected in water. As Tiresias predicted ‘so long as he never knows himself’ he will live. This is an ambiguous prophesy that implies the dangers of egocentrism. The only character who seems to thrive after his abduction, rape and abandonment is Ganymede. He is not punished or transformed but ‘promoted’ to the role of cup-bearer of the gods.
At the end of Metamorphoses, Ovid envisages his future everlasting fame. His works will be used by great writers such as Francis Bacon, Dante, Shakespeare, Milton, Joyce, T.S Eliot and Bob Dylan. The poet’s emphasis on change, a constant becoming of all the forms and aspects of the universe, reflects our modern vision of life. This lack of stability, that Ovid took from the philosopher Heraclitus, stresses the proximity of all the forms: humans, gods, animals, plants and minerals. There is a reciprocal influence and a constant tension between the different natures where new shapes keep what is possible of the old ones, which are never completely effaced in the transformation, as Calvino claims in his essay ‘Ovidio e la contiguità universale’ (Ovid and the universal proximity). Eventually, it is not a total change but a process. For the preservation of the species, survival is fundamental: ‘everything changes, nothing dies, the everything flows, and every image is transformed in movement’.
The exhibition shows in an effective, stimulating way how Ovid’s works influenced our culture and storytelling from ancient time until today, thanks to a vision centred on the constant becoming of being human. It entails transformation but also continuity and encompasses all forms present in nature. Interesting descriptions and significant works of art complete the display giving a thorough perspective to the viewer.
Carla Scarano © 2019. | <urn:uuid:915f875c-f13b-454f-8cc1-43fe10861b3f> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://londongrip.co.uk/2019/01/ovid-love-myths-and-other-stories-review-by-carla-scarano/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540484477.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206023204-20191206051204-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.952682 | 1,320 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Title: Snow Friends
Author: M. Christina Butler and Tina Macnaughton
Description: A little bear wakes from his winter nap and has no one to enjoy the snow with. He decides to build a snowman to play with and meets some friends along the way.
Early inferencing and predicting
animal/winter vocabulary (winter animals: bear, rabbit, otter)
Why I like this story: A cute winter story that encourages friendship and thinking about others.
Ideas for use:
Great story for retelling and identifying the story grammar elements (characters, setting, initiating event, etc.). I pair with “Braidy” through Mindwing Concepts. A clear kickoff and plan (bear needs a friend so builds a snowman…)
use to discuss setting (woods, cave). Draw a big winter wood scene and have child add the various winter animals to retell the story.
Good for description as well as the pictures are textured….sparkly, shiny, white, cold snow. etc.
Great for early prediction/inferencing (e.g. What could be under the snow making noise? (rabbit in burrow), what will they use the sticks for?)
Good for modeling and exposing to “why” questions. Why do they need carrots? Why is the rabbit upset? Why is the bear lonely? etc.
Beautiful illustrations for body language and emotions. Have children act out the body language.
Good story to act out in a group or dyad . Use big exercise balls to act as snow balls. One child holds the bottom while the others, “make” the other snow ball. Encourage team work and communication as they roll the balls.
Discuss friendship and thinking of others. Why did the animals make another snowman? (They didn’t want the snowman to be lonely when they left to do other activities). How can they include others?
Submitted by Meghan G. Graham M.S. CCC-SLP
Please support books4all and order this book from Amazon.com | <urn:uuid:2860282b-8791-4f9e-890e-0fd091307082> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://all4mychild.com/snow-friends/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00198-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913781 | 434 | 3.59375 | 4 |
The reason you see terms like health at every size and anti-diet is because of how
harmful dieting is for your body and your mind. People are under the misconception that the smaller your body, the healthier it is, and the larger your body, the unhealthier it is.
But this couldn’t be further from the truth.
Dieting can actually be much more harmful to your body and your overall health than if
you stayed at the weight you were before you started these yo-yo diet patterns. Here
are some different ways being on diets can be harmful to your health.
You Might End Up Gaining More Weight
Believe it or not, having a history of dieting can actually cause you to gain weight,
instead of losing it. Sure, you might lose a few pounds in the short-term, but most diets
fail and many people end up putting the weight back on. A lot of those people gain even
more weight than when they started, due to the refeeding period after restricting. Your
body is going to hold on to all that food in fear of another famine period, and this can
lead to many issues with overeating and not understanding when your body is full.
Nutrient Deficiencies Are Very Common
People who are on diets will often have nutritional deficiencies, even though they feel
like their meals are balanced. The less you eat, the less nutrients you are consuming. If
you are in a severe caloric deficit or eating as few carbs as possible, you are probably
missing out on vitamins and minerals from meat and fish, vegetables, fruits, whole
grains, dairy, and so many more different types of foods.
Macro and Calorie Counting Lead to Unhealthy Choices
Think about a time when you were dieting, whether you were counting macros or trying
to stay in a caloric deficit. Did you always choose the healthiest, most nutritious foods
possible? Probably not. You told yourself you could eat whatever you wanted, as long
as it fit within your calories. Which means you might choose a cookie or processed
snack over a smoothie or oatmeal, just because the calories happened to be the same
or less. You start forgetting about nutrition, and only focus on a number.
The Stress is Damaging to Your Body and Mental Health
You are putting your body and brain through a lot of undue stress when you go on a
diet. There are so many different emotions you go through on this rollercoaster of
restricting your food, having guilt or shame over indulging in something that was off
limits, and over-exercising to burn as many calories as possible. If you find that every
time you start a diet, you have a short high, followed by a period of depression or
anxiety, guess what? That is not your lack of willpower ñ that is your HUNGER.
Unhealthy Habits Replace Healthy Food
Lastly, you might notice that when you are on a diet, you start engaging in unhealthy
habits not related to food. For example, you pick up smoking since it helps to stave off
cravings, or you start drinking calorie-free energy drinks or Diet sodas instead of
snacks, because it temporarily makes you feel full. Think of how much healthier it would
have been just to have a snack? | <urn:uuid:d1fa2a4c-b141-4cd6-93ef-92fff71e2a06> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://fitbodyfitnesstraining.fitness/2019/11/03/how-dieting-harms-your-body/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195967.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129004335-20201129034335-00605.warc.gz | en | 0.958767 | 705 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Outside the Bell Tower of the Tower of London. Photo June 2000.
Among the prisoners who are thought to have been held in the Bell Tower are Sir Thomas More and Bishop John Fisher, in Henry VIII’s reign. And for the longest time, I thought Elizabeth I was held there when she was a princess in Mary I’s reign. Well, it turned out, prompted by a question on my Q&A blog, that Elizabeth was NOT held there, but rather in the royal apartments (which actually makes a lot more sense). And I was surprised to find out that is isn’t known for certain that More and Fisher were held there either. Considering I visited a cell in the Tower in 2000 that was being displayed as “Sir Thomas Mores’s cell”, I thought it was pretty well known. But apparently not! You can learn more at the Historic Royal Palace’s information page on the Bell Tower (PDF). | <urn:uuid:eb0718e4-f496-4e63-a8c3-37f362db17fb> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://tudorhistory.org/blog/2013/02/06/picture-of-the-week-214/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860117783.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161517-00140-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987666 | 197 | 2.609375 | 3 |
As a parent, it is your responsibility to hone the skills of your child even at such a young age. This would prepare them for the actual curriculum and can give them the necessary edge among their classmates. So, take the time to consider the factors below and put your money into good use.
The first thing that these programs need to have would be the holistic approach. Activities for toddlers should be made mostly of games that are educational at the same time. This would allow them to apply their skills naturally and make them strive for excellence. Expert educators would know how to achieve the perfect balance between play and arithmetic concepts.
Music is to be expected too. Students need to be exposed to different mediums for the teachers to assess on whether they are visual or auditory learnings. This would help in putting variety in the lessons and getting them out of their short attention span. What is important is they learn to develop that passion for learning new things.
Puppet making can be recommended as well. Students are very much encouraged to let their creative juices flow. There would be no rules with the creation of the puppets. However, the little ones would have to recognize the likeness of a human being for them to become effective with the next task of roleplaying.
If some of them seem to like painting, that is another thing which the teacher can explore. It is very important to keep these kids interested with their daily routine. As they grow old, the games would become fewer and it would not be that hard for them to adjust since they have already been taught with the sense of responsibility.
Story time can also be a possibility. Imagination needs to be enhanced in the little ones since that would help them excel in their art activities. Just make sure that the stories have been well considered and age appropriate.
For daily physical activities, a few stretches that come with a song would be nice. This would make them feel proud that they have accomplished something in class. It would drive them to participate more.
What is truly important is for activities to be fun yet stimulating at the same time. Prepare your kids for the real world. That is one of the greatest gifts and lifetime treasures which you can give as a parent in this modern environment. | <urn:uuid:e425c35b-c19d-4ee2-8628-f937c55ab9ab> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.hodderheadlineaus.com/the-best-activities-for-toddlers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865411.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523024534-20180523044534-00182.warc.gz | en | 0.987085 | 452 | 3.078125 | 3 |
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Read the magazine story to find out more.
Snail Treatment Reduces Fish Disease in Commercial Production PondsBy Jim Core
September 4, 2002
A new treatment against a freshwater snail that carries a deadly fish parasite reduces the threat of the parasite to farm-raised channel catfish nationwide.
Infected fish develop small cysts in their flesh, often seen as bumps just below the skin. The disease can kill smaller fish and reduces growth among infected fish that survive. Currently, there is no cure. Andrew J. Mitchell, a fishery biologist at the Agricultural Research Service's Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center in Stuttgart, Ark., found that if he could reduce the vector, he could control the disease.
Mitchell's treatment is a shoreline application of copper sulfate and citric acid to production ponds. The formula is applied in the waters around the pond's edge, where the snails live. The concentrated treatment kills the snails, but dilutes as it disperses throughout the pond so it does not harm fish.
The parasite is Bolbophorus confusus, a flatworm found in the intestinal tract of the American white pelican, a migratory, fish-eating bird found throughout the United States and in the lower Mississippi River Delta during winter months. Flatworm eggs are released into catfish ponds, where they hatch and form larvae that infect an intermediate host, the rams-horn snail, Planorbella trivolus. When the larvae mature in the snail, they are released as larval trematodes called cercaria that infect fish. The cycle begins again when the fish are eaten by pelicans.
Reducing the rams-horn snail population breaks the parasite's life cycle midway through its development. The parasites cannot be transmitted from one fish to another.
More than 90 percent of snails were killed in studies. The shoreline treatment is approved for use by the Environmental Protection Agency, and it is being widely used in the Mississippi Delta area. Copper sulfate is already commonly used to curb the growth of nuisance algae in fish ponds.
ARS is the U.S. Department of Agriculture's chief scientific research agency.
More information on the research is in the September 2002 issue of Agricultural Research magazine. | <urn:uuid:e1c70705-e92c-4b44-a7be-0fe571006536> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2002/020904.htm?pf=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657102753.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011142-00200-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946663 | 476 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Paul Buzzard, Ph.D., is the director of conservation for the Detroit Zoological Society.
I recently returned to northern Michigan with staff from the Detroit Zoological Society (DZS), Grand Valley State University (GVSU), and Busch Gardens to continue studying the behavioral ecology and conservation of American martens. American martens are small carnivores that are weasel-like and largely arboreal, which means that they live in trees. They were hunted out in Michigan’s Lower Peninsula by the early 1900’s and reintroduced to the Manistee National Forest nearly 30 years ago.
We are studying the success of marten reintroduction by looking at marten health, survival of their offspring, known as kits, and habitat use. These data will be used to see how the forest can be better managed by the U.S. Forest Service to benefit martens.
DZS veterinarians have helped in the past to put radio-telemetry collars on the martens to track their locations. However, this technique, which involves capturing the martens in live traps, is very labor-intensive, and only provides information on marten locations a few times per week. The DZS provided funds for GPS collars that use satellite positioning data to record marten locations every half hour and gather much more accurate information on marten ranging and habitat use. In fact, we’ve been able to retrieve data from one of the collared martens and it is giving us great information on how the marten is using his habitat.
During this visit, our task was to help set the live traps with venison as a tasty treat for the martens and placing a stinky concoction called “Gusto” around the traps to attract martens from far away. We captured one marten, but as it turns out, that marten had been previously collared. This marten was special, however, because it had been orphaned and fed by GVSU students until its independence. The marten’s mother had been found dead on the side of the road, so the students decided to catch mice and leave kitten chow for the young martens left behind until they reached adulthood.
We also had the opportunity to follow two other martens wearing radio-telemetry collars. We were able to see the tree dens they were using and observe the martens high up in the trees. All in all, it was a wonderful trip.
– Paul Buzzard | <urn:uuid:8083ac65-1b20-4353-958d-fa6967a88339> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://detroitzooblog.org/2015/09/07/notes-from-the-field-martens-in-manistee/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320174.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623202724-20170623222724-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.969397 | 516 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Orinoco piranha - Pygocentrus cariba
Scientific name: Pygocentrus cariba
Common name: Orinoco piranha
Usual size in fish tanks: 24 - 28 cm (9.45 - 11.02 inch)
Recommended pH range for the species: 6.2 - 7
Recommended water hardness (dGH): 6 - 20°N (107.14 - 357.14ppm)
0°C 32°F30°C 86°F
Recommended temperature: 23 - 28 °C (73.4 - 82.4°F)
The way how these fish reproduce: Spawning
Where the species comes from: South America
Temperament to its own species: aggressive/territorial
Temperament toward other fish species: aggressive to smaller
Usual place in the tank: Middle levels
Food and feeding
A very easy fish to feed, Orinoco piranha will accept quality flakes or pellets but needs a varied diet. Alternate the meals with shrimps, prawns, mussels, earth worms, even prepared dog foods.
South America; Orinoco piranhas are found in the Orinoco River Basins.
There are no visible differences between the sexes.
As of yet, there are no reported cases of the fish breeding in the aquarium.
In the wild it is believed that Pygocentrus cariba can live for up to 15 years, in the aquarium their life span will be shorter.
To keep Pygocentrus cariba happy, they will need at least 15 gallons of water per specimen. To keep a group, a tank of 100 gallons will be required. Always treat these fish with respect, they are very fast movers and will soon attack your hand if placed in the tank.
Bought by aqua-fish.net from jjphoto.dk. | <urn:uuid:f13bc042-e41d-4776-8061-e95716260627> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://en.aqua-fish.net/fish/orinoco-piranha | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989820.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518033148-20210518063148-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.826789 | 394 | 3.046875 | 3 |
As historians and members of the American Historical Association, we express our dismay at recent attempts by the Japanese government to suppress statements in history textbooks both in Japan and elsewhere about the euphemistically named „comfort women,“ who suffered under a brutal system of sexual exploitation in the service of the Japanese imperial army during World War II.
Historians continue to debate whether the numbers of women exploited were in the tens of thousands or the hundreds of thousands and what precise role the military played in their procurement. Yet the careful research of historian Yoshimi Yoshiaki in Japanese government archives and the testimonial of survivors throughout Asia have rendered beyond dispute the essential features of a system that amounted to state-sponsored sexual slavery.
As part of its effort to promote patriotic education, the present administration of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe is vocally questioning the established history of the comfort women and seeking to eliminate references to them in school textbooks. Some conservative Japanese politicians have deployed legalistic arguments in order to deny state responsibility, while others have slandered the survivors. Right-wing extremists threaten and intimidate journalists and scholars involved in documenting the system and the stories of its victims.
We recognize that the Japanese government is not alone in seeking to narrate history in its own interest. In the United States, state legislatures and local school boards have sought to re-write school textbooks and craft curricula to eliminate „unpatriotic“ references to the Vietnam War. In 2014 Russia passed a law criminalizing dissemination of what the government deems false information about Soviet activities during World War II. This year, on the 100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, a Turkish citizen can be sent to jail for asserting that the government bears responsibility. The Japanese government, however, is now directly targeting the work of historians both at home and abroad.
On November 7, 2014 the Japanese Foreign Ministry instructed its New York Consulate General to ask McGraw-Hill publishers to correct the depiction of the comfort women in its world history textbook, Traditions and Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past, co-authored by historians Herbert Ziegler and Jerry Bentley.
On January 15, 2015, The Wall Street Journal reported a meeting that took place last December between Japanese diplomats and McGraw-Hill representatives. The publisher refused the Japanese government’s request for erasure of two paragraphs, stating that scholars had established the historical facts about the comfort women. We support the publisher and agree with author Herbert Ziegler that no government should have the right to censor history. We stand with the many historians in Japan and elsewhere who have worked to bring to light the facts about this and other atrocities of World War II.
We practice and produce history to learn from the past. We therefore oppose the efforts of states or special interests to pressure publishers or historians to alter the results of their research for political purposes.
Jeremy Adelman, Princeton University
W. Jelani Cobb, University of Connecticut
Alexis Dudden, University of Connecticut
Sabine Fruhstuck, University of California Santa Barbara
Sheldon Garon, Princeton University
Carol Gluck, Columbia University
Mark Healey, University of Connecticut
Miriam Kingsberg, University of Colorado
Nikolay Koposov, Georgia Institute of Technology
Peter Kuznick, American University
Patrick Manning, University of Pittsburgh
Devin Pendas, Boston College
Mark Selden, Cornell University
Franziska Seraphim, Boston College
Stefan Tanaka, University of California San Diego
Julia Adeney Thomas, Notre Dame University
Jeffrey Wasserstrom, University of California Irvine
Theodore Jun Yoo, University of Hawaii
Wollen Sie diese Erklärung unterstützen?
Zur deutschen Version dieser Erklärung mit einem Formular zur Unterstützung dieser Erklärung. | <urn:uuid:700d34d6-e7dd-47cc-8284-a74c7490ab3e> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://kotoba.japankunde.de/?p=4569 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886476.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116164812-20180116184812-00402.warc.gz | en | 0.90048 | 798 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The definition of polyfills..
The Treehouse instructors all seem to know what polyfills are --but why, in all the contexts where they are used in the courses and the blogs doesn't anyone ever define where the term comes from?
Here's the closest I came to an explaination on the forum of what they are:
..from James Barnett's answer in this forum post: https://teamtreehouse.com/forum/css-resets-modernizr-normalize
After much research I traced the term to a guy named Remy Sharp who discusses the origin of the term "polyfill" in this "What is Polyfill?" blog post:
Note: At the top of the blog post he says it came to him a a coffee shop that polyfill term (meaning I guess "Many Filler") could mean:
so here's his definition:
A polyfill, or polyfiller, is a piece of code (or plugin) that provides the technology that you, the developer, expect the browser to provide natively.
But if you read down a little further you'll find he also made up the term because there is a brand of spackling paste called the product "Polyfilla" that can be put in to walls to cover cracks and holes.
Thus the analogy:
...think of the browsers as a wall with cracks in it. These polyfills help smooth out the cracks and give us a nice smooth wall of browsers to work with.
Oh, and here's another forum quote on polyfills from Kevin Korte:
First, yes, polyfills should be avoided if possible.
..from this forum post:
Sorry, Kevin, but I'm going to use them every chance I get!
Here's some related links:
..and you may be wondering:
What brought this up?
Actually it was this Treehouse Blog post:
This was an extremely hard blog post to find!
Because I was searching for: twisty triangles !
Not once did they mention "twisty" and they only mentioned "triangle" once:
By default, the browser will display a small marker triangle to the left of the summary text that indicates the current state of the <details> element.
These polyfills may come in handy as I'm trying to come up with a cross browser friendly version of my portfolio site...
Question of the day:
I really don't know why treehouse doesn't use use these on it's homepage
(that also functions as a personalized "to do" dashboard for Treehouse members when they are signed in),
to allow members to collapse the to do list to only the parts they want to be reminded of..
However, I'm definitely not in "sync" with the thinking of the Treehouse people..
--which you will clearly see if you read this other forum post:
Oh, I just discovered the full list of forum contests (now discontinued) under the "featured" tab at the top of the forum.
Some of the forum contest posts have a link to the next one.
Why didn't they provide a backward link (to the previous one).
In programming there are some things called "linked lists" that provide such a chaining.
Why wasn't it obvious to some of the developers at Treehouse that this would be useful?
Why? Why? Why!
I guess I'm just tormenting myself trying to understand why Treehouse content produces spent so much time generating content and so little time interlinking said content so students can research things in different ways.
Should I suggest that Treehouse courses and other content make use of
Dewey Decimal call numbers?
I should be pummeled unmercifully for even thinking such a thing...
You might as well ask them to fix the Treehouse Leaderboard page:
..which says "Home" in my Firefox tab instead of "Leaderboard"
I guess because the page source has:
<title>Treehouse | Home</title>
<title>Treehouse | Leaderboard</title> | <urn:uuid:c2ab53d5-1ed4-4a07-ac59-5818e1094407> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://teamtreehouse.com/community/the-definition-of-polyfills | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657134758.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712082512-20200712112512-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.948539 | 853 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Click on the image above to have a sneak preview of the contents.
A fun and informative book that introduces budding young investigators to the world of forensic science! Every crime scene has clues if you know where to look. Examining these clues using forensic methods can help you solve even the most mysterious crimes. In this book, you will learn from forensic experts how to analyse all sorts of evidence, from blood and fibres to soil and prints.
Filled with colourful illustrations, hands-on activities and true crime cases, Discover Forensics is your best guide to thinking like a forensic scientist. By applying the correct techniques and inquiry-based principles – and avoiding the myths that are commonly depicted on TV – you might just uncover the truth of what happened!
- 早报学校 逗号, 《法证专家以科学揭开真相》. Read the article here and here.
- 早报学校 大拇指, 《走近法证科学》. Read the article here.
- 联合早报 . Read the article here. | <urn:uuid:d11bfb41-30fc-483c-9451-323f731ed24c> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.forensicexperts.com.sg/discover-forensics-use-science-investigations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505730.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401100029-20200401130029-00386.warc.gz | en | 0.861421 | 270 | 2.703125 | 3 |
For the first time, scientists have discovered that five major psychiatric disorders—autism, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and schizophrenia—share several common genetic risk factors. In particular, variations in two genes involved in the balance of calcium in brain cells are implicated in several of these disorders and could be a target for new treatments. The findings from the largest ever genetic study of psychiatric illness, published Online First in The Lancet, may help to one day reclassify these disorders on the basis of causes rather than descriptive syndromes.
“This analysis provides the first genome-wide evidence that individual and aggregate molecular genetic risk factors are shared between five childhood-onset or adult-onset psychiatric disorders that are treated as distinct categories in clinical practice”, explains Jordan Smoller from Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, one of the lead researchers.
To examine the possibility of common genetic markers or nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that might affect susceptibility to the five disorders, the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) scanned the genome of 33 332 patients and 27 888 controls of European ancestry.
They identified four risk loci that have significant and overlapping links with all five diseases—regions on chromosomes 3p21 and 10q24, and SNPs in two genes that make components of channels that regulate the flow of calcium in brain cells (CACNA1C; linked to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in previous studies and CACNB2).
Polygenic risk scores confirmed cross-disorder effects, most strongly between adult-onset disorders (bipolar and major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia). Further pathway analysis corroborated that calcium channel activity could play an important role in the development of all five disorders.
According to Smoller, “Significant progress has been made in understanding the genetic risk factors underlying psychiatric disorders. Our results provide new evidence that may inform a move beyond descriptive syndromes in psychiatry and towards classification based on underlying causes. These findings are particularly relevant in view of the imminent revision of classifications in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).”
Writing in a linked Comment, Alessandro Serretti and Chiara Fabbri from the University of Bologna in Italy say, “the present study might contribute to future nosographic [classification] systems, which could be based not only on statistically determined clinical categories, but also on biological pathogenic factors that are pivotal to the identification of suitable treatments.”
They add, “genetics…can contribute to prediction and prevention of psychiatric diseases, along with the identification of molecular targets for new generations of psychotropic drugs.” | <urn:uuid:9ed9adbb-07cf-4eba-bc33-01aa7e7079b1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.news-medical.net/news/20130228/Autism-ADHD-bipolar-disorder-major-depressive-disorder-and-schizophrenia-share-common-genetic-risk-factors.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00097-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91824 | 559 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Foreign keys and primary keys play a crucial part in all relational databases – referential integrity. Referential integrity is essentially the glue that holds together one or more columns between two or more tables. This glue dictates if a value is found in one table, it can then exist in another; primary to foreign relationships.
With referential integrity come more complex situations for manipulating data. This is seen primarily with deletions, although it’s just as prevalent in updates and insertions. The importance of referential integrity comes in preventing corruption of the integrity itself. If referential integrity is compromised, queries may fail, return false information or, in a critical stage, prevent data access all together.
Focusing on delete events, we can take a look at a common but extremely poor practice when a database is designed properly and referential integrity has been implemented and a delete action is attempted but fails.
Let’s say a SQL Developer has been tasked with removing outdated records from a database. This has been found to be safe, provided an archiving strategy is put in place and the items are now archived out to a secondary source. The archiving strategy, however, did not provide a method to remove the original items. Given this, the developer has to remove the items manually at a time not within normal operating hours. The database was designed by the team’s DBA and has implemented a relationship between the table the items need to be removed from and another table for customer ordering details.
CREATE TABLE item_table (itemnumber int PRIMARY KEY IDENTITY(1,1), itemdesc varchar(10), itemstatus tinyint) GO CREATE TABLE cust_item_ordering (custorder_id BIGINT, itemnumber INT, itemqty INT) GO ALTER TABLE cust_item_ordering ADD CONSTRAINT fk_itemnumber FOREIGN KEY (itemnumber) REFERENCES item_table(itemnumber) GO
The customer ordering details table holds data that is automatically inserted and is then replicated to another source for reporting. The developer does not really care too much about the customer ordering details because that data is for reporting and if it doesn’t go over, it simply will not replicate. However, the developer runs a DELETE FROM item_table WHERE itemnumber in (item1, item2) and receives the following error.
Msg 547, Level 16, State 0, Line 1
The DELETE statement conflicted with the REFERENCE constraint “fk_itemnumber”. The conflict occurred in database “QTuner_Design”, table “dbo.cust_item_ordering”, column ‘itemnumber’.
The statement has been terminated.
The developer proceeds to search and finds a solution to get beyond the error. The developer sends the solution to the DBA as follows.
Please execute the following on server A in database B. I’ll let you know when to run the next step when I finish getting something done.
EXEC sp_msforeachtable "ALTER TABLE ? NOCHECK CONSTRAINT all"
We’ll stop here and discuss this situation.
This example is being written exactly how it has played out thousands of times in real-life data teams. It has happened to me hundreds of times and the request has always been denied. Although the request has been denied, I also replied to it with a solution that will maintain the integrity of the database.
Before going into the solution and reasons not to disable the foreign key, I chose this example because it has a common situation in which the primary key is a critical table but the table where the foreign key resides isn’t. The foreign key table has been setup to primarily act as a reporting solution. Even with this situation, the foreign key constraint should not be disabled. If the foreign key constraint is disabled in order to remove the primary key rows, we are breaking the referential integrity of the foreign key table. This can lead to report failures, queries that may need to look back at the primary keys for critical data as it moves through an analytical reporting solution or predictive analytical solutions, from either returning no data or inaccurate data.
The best practice in this situation is to never break the referential integrity of the database. To do so is a form of laziness in maintaining the data as it has been defined by the business needs and overall design implemented to store the data accurately.
The problem still remains: the items in the item_table need to be removed. Initially, we are concerned with the foreign key in the error, fk_itemnumber. However, this could be the initial foreign key violation that we run into. If the statement the developer sent out, which disables all foreign keys in the database, is used, other more critical tables may be directly affected. This becomes a severe issue when the foreign keys are enabled again as the checks will not be done. Given this common problem, approach this situation with a solution that is more stable and follows best practices.
1) Find all FK columns
2) Review those tables and their purpose
3) If it is found feasible to remove all the related data, first remove the FK data, then the PK
Find all FK columns
To find all the FK columns that relate to a specific PK, we can look at the catalog view sys.foreign_keys and sys.foreign_key_columns. Using the two foreign key catalog views with sys.objects and sys.columns, we can obtain all the needed information to further review where to look and what to remove prior to the primary key rows.
SELECT obj_fk.name [Foreign Key Table Name], fk_name.name [Foreign Key Column Name], fk.name [Foreign Key Constraint Name], obj_pk.name [Primary Key Table Name], pk_name.name [Primary Key Column Name] FROM sys.objects obj_fk INNER JOIN sys.foreign_keys fk ON obj_fk.object_id = fk.parent_object_id INNER JOIN sys.foreign_key_columns cols_fk ON fk.object_id = cols_fk.constraint_object_id INNER JOIN sys.columns fk_name ON cols_fk.parent_object_id = fk_name.object_id AND cols_fk.parent_column_id = fk_name.column_id INNER JOIN sys.columns pk_name ON cols_fk.referenced_object_id = pk_name.object_id AND cols_fk.referenced_column_id = pk_name.column_id INNER JOIN sys.objects obj_pk ON fk.referenced_object_id = obj_pk.object_id WHERE obj_pk.name = 'item_table'
In the results, there is another table that has been identified with a foreign key that is tied back to the primary key of itemnumber. This table is much more critical and holds the relationships back to the bill of materials (BOM) tables. This data should be removed prior to the primary key being removed in order to maintain referential integrity.
Remove the Data
To remove the data, first identify if the data should be removed. If the data is passed for removal, remove the foreign key rows and then, last, remove the primary key data.
BEGIN TRY DELETE FROM cust_item_ordering WHERE itemnumber = 99 DELETE FROM itemdetail WHERE itemnumber = 99 DELETE FROM item_table WHERE itemnumber = 99 END TRY BEGIN CATCH SELECT ERROR_NUMBER() AS ErrorNumber; END CATCH
(1 row(s) affected)
(1 row(s) affected)
(1 row(s) affected)
The delete statements execute successfully. This is only due to manually validating the FK data, removing it prior to removing the PK data. Since these steps have been performed, the validity of the data has been maintained – referential integrity.
Referential integrity truly defines and forces the data moving in and out of a database to maintain accuracy and quality. While forcing constraints and other mechanisms put in place to be bypassed may sound like a stable solution, best practices are to always follow the constraints and what they are defining in how to maintain the data.
To protect against situations like this, always run DBCC CHECKCONSTRAINTS periodically to ensure the constraints have been maintained properly. | <urn:uuid:24c02db2-3789-47cd-a364-d6aa28057493> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://blogs.lessthandot.com/index.php/datamgmt/dbadmin/do-not-disable-foreign-keys/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256100.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520182057-20190520204057-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.887798 | 1,822 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Obligations are basically commitments that can be defined by Google as the act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a course of action. Some commitments are derived from the events that you’ve given your word to be present in a particular case. They are the personal relations in which one is indebted for a service or favor. They can be thought of as the things you are forced to partake in and possibly even against your will. A majority of the time in your life you spend on things that you might not necessarily want to do but are necessary and important to the progression of life. Regardless of what we want to do in life we all need to follow through and deliver the promises we make. If you don’t we will then lose credibility and your reputation will suffer. One of the ultimate keys to success is having others believe that you are a reliable person who can be trusted. If no one can trust you, you won’t form strong bonds with other people that are necessary to a happy and successful lifestyle. If you don’t, you will be perceived by the general public in a negative light. Another aspect of obligations is the liabilities. Liabilities can basically be defined as the parts of your life that can be presented as a weakness and potentially leave you vulnerable. If this is the case, then they may be others who are willing to take advantage of you in these conditions and exploit such weaknesses. There are many liabilities that everyone has in life that can basically be considered the baggage we all carry with us in life. It isn’t necessarily a bad thing because such “baggage” can provide meaning in our life like our friends and family. If you have a sick mother you need to take care of, you will take care of her because you love her but it is a liability because people can turn that emotional attachment against you to harm you. You need to make sure they are properly taken care of or managed in attempts to prevent such a weakness from being exploited. If you leave them unchecked or unguarded they may come back to haunt you in your future. You need to take responsibility for your obligations and liabilities and that is a very important step for a successful life. If you can keep your commitments and protect the liabilities you will inevitably have, you are well on your way to have a happy and successful life. Check out more at http://humanpoweredpodcasts.squarespace.com/! | <urn:uuid:af6beb9c-8e46-48a5-aeb1-f8029003b69f> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://allansphilosophyblog.blogspot.com/2010/11/phun-size-philosophy-64-obligations.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607846.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524131951-20170524151951-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.972669 | 500 | 2.609375 | 3 |
By Amy Gillentine
U.S AIR FORCE ACADEMY, Colo. -- Bird strikes cost more than $700 million in damage annually to both military and commercial airplanes -- putting both lives and property at risk.
But a group of cadets at the U.S. Air Force Academy, Colo., are working on ways to scare birds away from the aircraft, particularly during take-offs and landings; when the majority of bird strikes occur.
Led by professors in the Aeronautics Research Center, cadet research focuses on the feasibility of mounting speakers onto airplanes, using noise to frighten the birds away.
Last spring, the cadets proved that noise is an effective deterrent, but are now experimenting to find out if speakers created for helicopter use can also be used on faster aircraft without damaging the speakers or losing volume.
"We are seeing if we can incorporate the type of speakers that are already designed for flight," said Cadet 1st Class Nathan Armes, who designed the wind tunnel experiment. "They really are designed for slower speeds, but we're seeing if they can withstand faster flight."
Helicopters generally travel about 150 mph while planes average about 260 mph. At faster speeds, volume tends to decline. The researchers are attempting to discover if the volume remains at the decibel levels necessary for birds to hear the noise and be scared away from the airplanes -- even at faster speeds.
"The average bird has a hearing between 1,000 hertz and 4,000 hertz," Armes said. "So far, we know the speaker can be heard at 2,000 hertz. We're pushing the speaker beyond its production limits. What we found is that we're losing decibels at faster speeds, but there are some points when it can still be heard."
The cadets are using one of the Academy's wind tunnels to conduct their experiments, and results on the first experiments will be available by the end of January.
"It's definitely within the realm of feasibility," Armes said. "We're still assessing if it's effective at higher levels and at stronger wind speeds."
Cadets are investing still more effort into the idea. Cadet Blake Abrecht is in charge of research into how pilots could react to airplanes equipped with flashing lights and loud sounds to scare birds.
"We want to know if it will interfere with pilots," said Capt. Jeff Newcamp, the Academy instructor overseeing the bird-strike research. "So, we're including that in the flight simulator. If there's an aircraft landing, and there's another plane with flashing light and noise -- how will another pilot respond?"
With about 75 percent of the data collected, Abrecht says they've shown that pilots perform slightly better with the flashing lights and noise.
"Maybe it just helps them concentrate more," he said.
Cadets will finish gathering data this semester, and begin to analyze their results during the spring semester. | <urn:uuid:50d4d4d7-c235-4bd1-84b4-abbe5382fa8f> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://blog.rallypoint.com/2013/12/af-cadets-make-loud-noises-to-save-usaf.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189667.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00593-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951628 | 608 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Interviewer asks the candidate to state his or her name clearly for the recorder.
Interviewer asks to see the candidate's passport and verification of the same.Section 1 –Short Interview (3-4 minute)
- Are you a student or do you have a job?
- What do you like most about your study? What do you usually do in your spare time?
- Describe a well-known person.
- You should say, Who he/she is? What makes him/her famous? Why you admire him/her?
Candidate has to speak about the topic given in the task card (1-2 minutes).Candidate can
use pen or pencil to jot down the points about the topic in task card.
Task card Advertisement
1) What are the forms of advertisement?
2) What are the functions of advertisement?
3) What is the effect of advertisement to people?
Follow up Questions/Discussion / Dialogue ( 4-5 minutes )
- Do you feel bored and disgusted about advertisement?
- What do you think are the criteria of assessing a good piece of advertisement?
- What will happen if unauthoritative advertisements prevail in the market? | <urn:uuid:bea58c39-6fe5-416d-8129-b27c51c4962d> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://ielts-pr.blogspot.com/2011/07/ielts-speaking-sample-test-4.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121665.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00270-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919802 | 247 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The call is part of a campaign to “normalize” childbirth after some studies suggest inducing labour in a first-time mother significantly increases her risk of a C-section.
According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, inductions accounted for 20 per cent of all in-hospital births in Canada (excluding Quebec) in 2006-07, which is up 9% from 1980.
Several factors are driving induction rates, including the number of older first-time mothers, medical legal concerns and convenience.
Induction of labour occurs when medications such as prostaglandin and oxytocin are used when a woman is past her due date to ripen the cervix and get the uterus contracting. It can lead to longer, more painful labour and continuous electronic monitoring of the baby’s heart rate.
The number one risk of induction is that it leads to earlier decisions about a C-section, which now stands at an all-time high in Canada. Nearly 28 per cent of babies were born surgically in Canada in 2007-08, according to a national report released last week. That’s up from five per cent in 1969.
“Once you have used certain methods, such as rupturing the membrane (breaking the waters), we know that you have to have a delivery within 12 hours, otherwise it increases the risk of infection,” said Dr. Andre Lalonde, executive vice president of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada.
Research shows that, in healthy pregnancies, checking the baby’s heart rate after contractions by listening, or using a hand-held device, reduces the risk of interventions.
But a recently released Canadian survey of more than 6,000 women who have given birth in the last few years found most women (91 per cent) experienced electronic fetal monitoring during labour — including 63 per cent who had continuous electronic monitoring.
There is a concern that women, and their doctors, have lost confidence in the ability to give birth without technological interventions.
“The sense of letting nature decide, I think we’ve lost a little bit of that, because everything is so planned down to the minute,” said Dr. William Ehman, a family doctor in Nanaimo, B.C
Families watch the clock as the pregnancy approaches the due date, and, if women start to go over, a nervousness settles in.
“People start calling them. ‘Why haven’t you had your baby?’”
While extremely rare, the risk of a stillbirth increases after 39 to 40 weeks’ gestation, Ehman says.
“When we hear about a woman who has an unexpected stillbirth at 40 weeks and five days, you think, could we have prevented it?”
But, “we know the evidence is clear that, overall, you do much better for the women by not offering induction until after 41 weeks.”
“Nature prepares the uterus better than we can,” Ehman said. “There’s probably a whole host of things that triggers labour in the first place — and mainly it’s probably the baby. So when the baby is ready it facilitates labour by lots of mechanisms that we can’t do.
“We can add these chemicals and get the uterus contracting. But we just know that the numbers say that inductions, if they are done unnecessarily, are going to increase the risk of a C-section.” | <urn:uuid:373eb0ae-2859-4831-b44f-a411b044d680> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.growingyourbaby.com/pregnancy-experts-warn-against-inducing-labour/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512014.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018194005-20181018215505-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.957643 | 727 | 2.75 | 3 |
Have you ever tried breaking a hollow branch of a tree?
It was easy right? you just caught both the ends and bent it at the middle. It broke in seconds. But what about a tree branch that isn’t hollow? Will it be that easy to break it? Of course, No. You will need to spend a bit more time to break it with an axe.
This is also equally applicable to your body. If your body is well-nourished and well postured, stiff and rigid, will it be easy for the outside attackers to harm you?
Which is why you may find yourself in a situation where, how much you work out, it isn’t visible. It feels so irritating.
So, then what is the hurdle, why isn’t your daily workout taking shape?
the reason is the imbalance between your workout routine and your dietary needs
What Is Balancing Workout and Nutrition?
Balancing workout and nutrition mean keeping a watch or control over both and making them function in coordination with each other. Ideally, food and exercise go hand in hand as both their end goal is your fitness.
It considers different aspects like what you eat, how you eat, what time you eat and whether it’s in coordination with when you work out, how you work out, and how long you work out.
Well-balanced coordination between the two is key to a healthy version of you. A healthy diet is needed to supply the essential nutrients like proteins to fuel up your energy to maintain a consistent, thorough workout system.
Why Is Balancing Proper Nutrition and Exercise Important?
When associated with a consistent exercise plan, a healthy nutritious diet keeps your physical and mental health strong and active. In fact, both of them are equally essential for your well-being.
With this ultimate balance, you ensure your body gets the perfect posture, neither too lean nor too bulging.
It not only ensures good health and body but also improved sleep and stabilized mood.
How Does Exercise Change Nutrition Requirements?
Low nutritional diet affects your health adversely. It can lead to health problems like dehydration, weakness, poor health, fatigue, which are the most culpable factors in damaging your workout routine.
Unfortunately, diet is one of the essential human needs that gets heavily ignored. Most of us prefer the taste and presentation of the food instead of its nutritious value, making it easy for deficiencies to make themselves comfortable in your body. The problem starts here!
That’s why fueling up your body with the right nutrition is extremely important to stay fit and healthy
another aspect of a nutrition-exercise combo. As you start losing weight with a regular workout, your energy needs start changing, thus changing your food habits. Carbohydrates being the body’s primary source of energy, your diet needs to include proper amounts of carbs, proteins, amino acids, minerals to maintain and repair your muscle tissues.
How to Balance Workout and Nutrition?
In this section, we will check out some easily doable tips to balance workout and nutrition. These tips if followed thoroughly will start showing results in a few days. Most of the tips are planned out as per the USDA recommendations for diet and exercise.
USDA Recommended Guidelines
Under these guidelines, USDA recommends a daily intake of proteins, fruits & veggies, whole grains, and dairy. These guidelines are considered to be the best to plan out your diet. Even if you try to follow at least the minimum daily serving, it will help you get into a habit to step by step reduce calories from specific portions of your diet rather than omitting it suddenly from your diet.
This way, your metabolism stays active, and you can keep up your energy level for a routine workout.
Split Your Meals
If you split your three times daily meals into six to seven small meals throughout the day, you can stimulate your metabolism all day long. It also helps you lose weight. Planning a short meal right before or after your workout will benefit you even more. It advised splitting carbs for before workout meal and proteins for after workout meals.
Consult an Expert
It is always better to consult an expert dietician or nutritionist to schedule your diet according to your workout goals and health needs. For instance, your workout goal can be gaining weight or losing weight, or neither of them, but to get into shape. With every workout plan, a specific dietary plan can be linked by the nutritionist. Any other health conditions should also be taken into consideration before trying out anything new.
Increase Your Fluid Intake
You need to take a lot of fluids throughout the day. Juices, energy drinks or even plain water will also help as a big miracle.
The only care you need to take is the timing. It would be best if you were particular about the specific intervals between two meals or fluids intake. This encourages cell productions and metabolism boost during these intervals.
Daily Calorie Intake Levels
you need to keep a check on your calorie intake while planning out the short meals.
Schedule an Exercise Plan
schedule a daily workout routine plan of different activities to be designed in a doable manner, and a way that will motivate you to keep going. You are advised to plan a different activity each day to avoid getting bored. The activities can be running, swimming etc.
It would be best if you fixed a specific time for your workout activities. Be it early morning or evening, whatever you are comfortable with.
This will also include planning short workout sessions instead of longer heavy sessions that usually result in fatigue.
Hence, both the diet and workout plans need not be a drastic change, but you have to plan the changes slowly according to your hitherto routine. Both the short interval workouts and split number of meals will balance each other, ensuring a perfect blend of exercise and diet.
Few more tips would be,
Including a lot of cardiovascular exercises to lose weight
Increase intake of dietary supplements like BCAAs
A diet low in carbohydrates and sugar to break down excess fat
Focus on weight training and resistance exercises
So, when are you scheduling a meeting with your nutritionist? Try it now! | <urn:uuid:05d7fee6-39dc-4df8-8703-dd53a82bd062> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://fitreign.com/how-to-balance-workout-and-nutrition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710409.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127141808-20221127171808-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.947522 | 1,264 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The Honours system of the United Kingdom has a long history with the appointment of Knights Bachelor or “bachelor of England” dating back to the Norman Conquest in 1066. Prior to the introduction of the Order of British Empire in 1917 by King George V, appointments to Orders of Chivalry had been exclusive. The outbreak of the First World War and the sacrifices made in all areas of the society led to a desire to widen the Honours systems..
The Order of the Garter: Founded by King Edward III of England. It continues to be the most senior Order of Chivalry. Ladies of the Garter were appointed soon after its founding which continued until King Henry VII discontinued the practice.
The Order of the Thistle: Founded on the 29th May by King James VII of Scotland and James II of England to reward Scottish nationals for their service. The Order originally had 12 Members with admission as a personal gift of the King only.
The Order of the Bath: King George I formally established the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath. Comprised of one class known as Knight Companions, with the post nominals KB, the Order was limited to 35 appointments. In the same year, the Order established a Chapel at Westminster Abbey where the first installation of Knights took place on the 21st June 1725.
The Order of the Bath: The Prince Regent (later George IV) introduced the current three levels of appointments; Knight Grand Cross, Knight Commander and Companion of the Order. The restructure also included admitting a small number of distinguished civilian appointments.
The Order of St Michael and St George: The Order was founded by the Prince Regent (later George IV,) following the Napoleonic Wars to recognise service by citizens in Malta and the Ionian Islands.
The Order of the Thistle: Interest in the Order was revived and King George IV increased the maximum number of appointments in the Order to 16.
The Order of the Bath: Queen Victoria issued new Statutes for the Order, dropping ‘Military’ from the title and allowing civilian appointments to all levels of the Order.
The Order of St Michael and St George: Changes were made to the Order’s Statutes to encompass all British citizens living or serving abroad and allow for greater recognition of services to foreign affairs. This is still at the heart of the Order today.
The Royal Victorian Order: The Order was created by Queen Victoria to recognise personal service to the Sovereign, members of the Royal Family and senior representatives of the Sovereign.
The Order of the Garter: The practice of appointing Ladies of the Garter was revived by King Edward VII when he appointed Queen Alexandra a Lady of the Garter. Lady appointments were restricted to Queen Consorts and not considered ‘Companions’ of the Order.
Order of Merit: King Edward VII created the Order of Merit to award those who had shown “exceptionally meritorious service in our Navy and our Army or who may have rendered exceptionally meritorious service towards the advancement of the Arts, Literature and Sciences”. The Order was open to both men and women with admission the personal gift of the Sovereign.
The Royal Victorian Order: King Edward VII created the Royal Victorian Chain as a personal decoration for Royal personage and eminent British subjects and is considered the highest class of the Royal Victorian Order
The Order of St Michael and St George: A Chapel within St Paul’s Cathedral was dedicated to the Order, with the first Service of Thanksgiving taking place on the 12th June and attended by King Edward VII and the Prince of Wales (later George V), as Grand Master.
The Order of the Thistle: The new ‘Home Chapel’ of the Order was established by King Edward VII at St Giles High Kirk in Edinburgh. Since 1687 and the deposition of King James II and the destruction of the Chapel at the Palace of Holyrood house there had been no Chapel associated with the Order.
Order of the British Empire: King George V created an Order to honour those who had served non-combatant roles during the First World War. This was the first time women were honoured on such a wide scale throughout all levels of the Order.
Companions of Honour: Alongside the creation of the Order of the British Empire, King George V also created the Companions of Honour. The honour was to recognise the achievement of those who have contributed to Arts, Science and Medicine.
Order of the British Empire: The Order of the British Empire was divided into Military and Civil Divisions, which continues to this day.
Knights Bachelor: King George V approved that insignia was to be presented and worn by those who were appointed.
Order of Merit: Statues of the Order expanded to include those belonging the Royal Air Force (RAF).
The Royal Victorian Order: King Edward VIII amended the Statutes of the Order to include the appointment of women, and appointed Queen Mary as the first Dame Grand Cross.
Order of the British Empire: The images of George V and Queen Mary are displayed on the insignia. Queen Mary was appointed Grand Master of the Order and the colour of the ribbon changes from purple to rose pink with grey accents.
The Royal Victorian Order: King George VI dedicated The Queen’s Chapel of the Savoy as the “Home” Chapel of the Order.
Order of the British Empire: It was announced that The King could appoint a person as a Commander, Officer or Member of the Order for gallantry and acts of bravery not in the face of the enemy.
Companions of Honour: Number of appointments was increased to a maximum of 65 Members
Order of the British Empire: On the 20th May, Her Majesty the Queen and His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh, as Grand Master, dedicated the Chapel of the Order of the British Empire.
Knights Bachelor: The Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor established their “Home” Chapel in the Priory Church of St Bartholomew the Great, London.
The Order of St Michael and St George: The Order’s Statutes were updated to allow the inclusion of women to the Order. Evelyn Bark CMG OBE was the first appointment as a Companion in 1967.
The Order of St Michael and St George: The appointment of the Current Grand Master of the Order, His Royal Highness the Duke of Kent.
The Order of Merit: The Order expanded to allow admissions to include Commonwealth Nations that are not Realms. There have been a total of 11 Honorary appointments including, President Eisenhower, Mother Teresa and Nelson Mandela.
The Order of the Bath: Women were officially appointed to the Order. Jean Nunn CB CBE was the first to be appointed as Companion of the Order in the New Year Honours List.
The Order of the Bath: His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales is appointed Great Master of the Order.
Her Majesty The Queen announced a change in the Statutes of both the Order of the Garter and the Order of the Thistle to allow admittance to women.
Order of the British Empire: The British Empire Medal was suspended as part of the reforms to the honours system. The opportunity for the public to nominate someone for an honour was introduced.
The Order of Merit: The Order celebrated its centenary with a Service of Thanksgiving and lunch at St James’s Palace.
Order of the British Empire: A review of the honours system, carried out by Sir Hayden Philips GCB, Permanent Secretary at the Department for Constitutional Affairs, which recommended that chairs of the specialist committees should be independent from the Government.
The Order of the British Empire: The Government’s response to reports by the Public Administration Select Committee (PASC) and Sir Hayden Philips GCB on the honours system, which saw the introduction of a majority of non-civil service experts on the committees.
Knights Bachelor: The Chapel of the Order was moved from St Bartholomew the Great to the Chapel of St Martin’s which is situated within the Crypt at St Paul’s Cathedral.
The Royal Victorian Order: Her Royal Highness the Princess Royal was appointed Grand Master of the Order
The Order of the British Empire: The British Empire Medal was reintroduced starting with 293 BEMs awarded for The Queen’s Diamond Jubilee.
The House of Commons Public Administrations Select Committee published a second report into the honours system calling for reform.
Both the Order of the British Empire and the Companions of Honour celebrated their 100th anniversary. A Service of Thanksgiving at St Paul’s Cathedral was held for the Order of the British Empire.
Companions of Honour: The Chapel Royal at Hampton Court Palace was designated as the “Home” Chapel for the Order.
The Order of St Michael and St George: 200th anniversary of the Order, celebrated by a Service of Thanksgiving at St Paul’s Cathedral.
The Queen’s Birthday Honours List was delayed from its normal publication date in June due to the COVID-19 pandemic. | <urn:uuid:84f1bfb7-c266-4cb2-88ed-78387a431298> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://honours.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/about/history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711360.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208183130-20221208213130-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.961088 | 1,975 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Painted 1888 (160 Kb); Oil on canvas, 27 3/4 x 34 in; Signed, bottom left; Philadelphia Museum of Art. Walter H. Annenberg Collection
By his own description, Seurat set out to discipline the creation of paintings through the systematic application of carefully calculated formulas concerning color, composition, and line, which superseded those works of the older generation of Impressionists. During the second half of the 1880s he laid a foundation for a new, objective mission for the many artists of his own generation who were drawn to his methods. Yet, for all the rigor of intention and application of his theories, the outcome always seemed to comprise a balance of systematic application and poetic expression. This duality is no more apparent than in the vigorously analytical yet subtly evocative painting Gray Weather, Grande Jatte.
This picture shows a dull, overcast summer's day on the Grande Jatte, devoid of the rowers, boaters, and fun seekers who populate the 1886 painting, which contains some forty figures. The idle boats are tied up to the mooring posts driven into the shallows along the bank: a little sailboat on the far left; two punts with pennants (perhaps from their rowing clubs) fluttering from the mooring poles; and a steam-powered craft firmly secured between two other poles, its dinghy tied up separately. As large as the latter boat seems in this context, it is probably just a small pleasure craft of the kind that moves gaily downriver in the 1886 painting, its guide sail, which goes up over the metal arch on the stern, furled away.
The view across the gently flowing river to the suburb of Courbevoie behind a concrete embankment is framed by the trees of the island. A path worn on the grass moves strongly across the foreground, the boldness of its diagonal somewhat dissipated as it weaves in and through the little grove of trees on the left. The surface of the painting is densely, but not evenly covered by a series of small brush strokes applied with great deliberation. Directly placed pure colors alternate within each area of definition: orange/green, blue/yelloy, and white/gray. A border of alternating strokes of red and blue surrounds the entire canvas. The effect is at once freshly panoramic and spatially flattened. As Robert Goldwater noted, the diagonal placement of the tree trunks is balanced by the visual union of the foliage to the surface of the picture plane, just as the strong angle of the path is spatially thwarted by the even horizon of the bank beyond.
It is unusual for Seurat, who was very prudent about his titles, to have given a descriptive title to this painting: "Gray Weather." At least three of his harbor pictures bear the notation `Evening' along with the name of the town in which they were painted, but never was he as specific in noting the climatic nature of the moment as he was here. In this he was drawing close to the intention --at least in title--of the Impressionists, particularly Monet, whose declared purpose was to capture specific climatic effects. Given Seurat's relationship to the older generation of Impressionists and his supposed dependency on their attitudes and style--a link that has been seriously questioned in recent criticism--this is an idea worth testing. Is this, indeed, a closely witnessed record of a temporal and climatic condition in nature?
Felix Feneon, the critic and friend of Seurat, was among the first to note that one of the grave dangers of Divisionist painting was that through its increasing refinement of the applied, separate stroke that characterize its practice, the interaction of colors tended to cancel one another out, creating a somewhat dulled coloristic effect that may have been just the opposite from the vibrancy intended. That is certainly not the case here, where despite the intensity and degree of density of color strokes, the relationship is so refined and delicately balanced that the overall muted effect is as intended. This phenomenon proved a danger only for those followers of Seurat who practiced his Divisionist techniques with less rigor and strongmindedness. The subtlety and degree of forethought exercised here argue for a completely calculated effect, an effect that is described by the title. The strokes, for example, are not applied with an even denseness. They vary markedly in their thickness and degree of color contrast from one zone of the picture to another, just as the priming layer is not applied evenly but, rather, with considerable forethought to align with the bands of pattern within the picture: the lighter path, the water, and the sky are painted directly on unprimed canvas, whereas a white underpainting shows in spaces between the strokes in darker areas, to further enhance the contrasted color strokes and create illusionist space. The final effect is one of great formal lucidity and absoluteness, yet it has a definite sense of the place and the atmosphere in which it was witnessed. The subjective element is in enchanting accord with the objective calculations of its realization; the "scientific" and the "poetic" duality is resolved on the highest possible aesthetic and experimental plane.
The border is painted, allowing the picture to distance itself from its original wooden frame, taking the shadow of the frame away from the image with an aura of gentle vitality. The painted border has been frequently discussed and its originality questioned on the assumption that Seurat returned to this picture at some later date to adjust its surround, as he was known to have done in other cases. However, careful observation of the edge of the picture suggests that this is not the case. The image of the landscape is carefully brought up to a fine edge of exposed, ungrounded canvas well within the perimeter of the outer edge of the canvas. This dark razor line is particularly evident in the highlight of the tree trunk to the right, which plays so effectively in and out of the third dimension, in contrast to the dark border just beyond--with the blue and red alterations applied on the same exposed canvas with great method. | <urn:uuid:2dfebe1e-9ad8-4a99-95b2-a6c2f7c515da> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/seurat/gray-weather/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007510.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00195-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970192 | 1,251 | 2.953125 | 3 |
- Reasons for the disappearances of this species remains unproven, although infection with chytridiomycosis together with habitat loss is strongly suspected.
- Encroaching subsistence agriculture and livestock grazing activities are threats to the buffer zone of Parque Nacional La Muralla and Refugio de Vida Silvestre El Armado.
Craugastor olanchano is a species of frog in the family Craugastoridae. It is endemic to Honduras. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers. | <urn:uuid:a34fdd0e-9640-4002-a3c8-17e132f32166> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://saintfrankie.com/listing/craugastor-olanchano/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989749.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210510204511-20210510234511-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.770195 | 116 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Modern slavery, the severe exploitation of people for personal or commercial gain, has long been an issue in this industry. And most recently, this vulnerable workforce has unwittingly been placed on the front line due to COVID-19 and are under even more risk of exploitation.
However, game-changing initiatives such as the Cleaning Accountability Framework (CAF), cofounded by AustralianSuper, are tackling modern slavery at all touchpoints of the supply chain and helping to mitigate the negative impact of COVID-19 on cleaners’ workplace rights.
Taking action against an exploited workforce
Modern slavery in the cleaning industry is a global problem that’s both complex and systemic. About 150,000 people work as cleaners in Australia, but it’s a largely hidden workforce made up of vulnerable members of the community.
Poonam Datar, Chief Executive Officer of CAF, says the cleaning industry employs many migrant workers, some of whom are on temporary visas.
‘One of the common issues we see is immigration-related threats, coercion and deception, which are criminal offences,’ she says. ‘Often workers can be threatened into working longer hours or taking less pay because the employer or supervisor says they’re going to report them to the authorities.’
The 2019 International Students and Wage Theft in Australia report by the Migrant Worker Justice Initiative found that 77% of international students were paid below minimum wage, and 32% of bachelor’s degree students earned half the minimum wage or less.
Most students in the study knew they were underpaid but believed it was their fault for breaking the law. And 38% of students said they didn’t speak up because they didn’t want ‘problems that might affect my visa’.
The outsourcing of cleaning work and complex contracting agreements also make the industry susceptible to exploitation.
‘As soon as you create a separation between management and the worker you start to lose a bit of sight on what’s happening with that workforce,’ Datar says.
She explains the exploitation is driven by procurement practices that reward rock-bottom pricing.
‘That puts the employer in a difficult situation because in order to win work, they need to put forward a low price bid, which means they can’t pay their workers the right amount,’ Datar adds. ‘They have to cut corners to be able to win work.
‘It feeds the exploitation, and as soon as you feed exploitation, you increase the risk of modern slavery.’
Understanding the impact of modern slavery
Sandra Silea, senior analyst in the Environmental Social and Governance (ESG) team at AustralianSuper, says the most concerning part of modern slavery is the impact on the individual.
‘Modern-day slavery is pretty much the worst outcome for the individual,’ she says. ‘If you’re subject to poor labour practices through your working life, that impacts your long-term financial and life outcomes.
‘If these practices proliferate across different sectors, it has a negative impact on the labour force overall.’
AustralianSuper is a responsible investor that advocates for ethical and transparent workplace practices in the companies it invests in and across the supply chains.
‘We have a long-standing program of integrating labour force and human rights considerations into the investment decision-making process and stewardship activities,’ Sandra adds.
‘If you’re structuring your business in a proper way, making sure workers are equitably treated, are getting all of their entitlements and feel valued, then you see that enhanced cultural sentiment in the business, and people are more likely to be productive and stay with the company longer – and that benefits the bottom line.’
‘Conversely, any business that’s predicated on poor labour practices isn’t going to be profitable in the long term because at some point there will be negative economic outcomes, whether it’s regulatory or reputational.’
Launching CAF – a world first focus on improved labour standards
CAF was founded in 2013 by AustralianSuper, the United Workers Union and a coalition of industry members. It’s a world-first, multi-stakeholder organisation aiming to improve labour standards in Australia.
CAF’s cohort of businesses, government, unions and academics has recognised the problem of systemic and serious exploitation of cleaners and identified a long-term solution at industry level.
That solution is a Building Certification Framework (assessed against an industry-developed CAF 3 Star Standard) with a focus on continuous compliance and empowering workers.
To ensure ethical practices, it involves all touchpoints across the cleaning supply chain: cleaners, tenants, contractors, property owners, facility managers, and investors.
‘Because exploitation is rife throughout the cleaning industry, you’re never going to affect long-term change if you’re just working with one or two stakeholders,’ Datar says. ‘The scheme is designed to work across the industry so that cleaners who move between buildings or companies can be assured of their labour conditions wherever they go.’
Silea says there are two reasons why AustralianSuper is invested in eradicating exploitation.
One is about protecting the 89,0001 AustralianSuper members working in the cleaning industry from exploitation, to help ensure they receive their benefits in retirement.
‘It’s important that members and the rest of the community have fair working conditions and access to all their entitlements, including their superannuation.’
‘Secondly, as an investor, we fundamentally believe that environmental, social and governance (ESG factors) have the ability to impact long-term value for the investments we make. When it comes to the cleaning industry, it’s really important for us as an investor to make sure these poor practices are alleviated so we can create long-term value for our members who have entrusted us with their financial retirement outcomes. Everything we do is in members best interests, to help them achieve their best financial position in retirement.’
Having the demand for change coming from the top of the supply change, at investor level, is an incredibly powerful tool, Datar says.
‘If an investor goes to a fund or property manager and says the building under their management must be CAF certified to comply with its social-impact strategy, it’s as straightforward as that,’ she adds. ‘It sends a clear signal to the real estate market that if you want to continue getting these sorts of investors on board, then you need to be managing your ESG risks.’
Engaging and empowering cleaners
Educating and empowering a vulnerable workforce is a key part of CAF’s work.
‘Cleaners are your eyes and ears on the ground,’ Datar explains. ‘From a risk-management perspective, if you’re not consulting with your workers or if your workforce isn’t empowered to speak up, then you’re never going to effectively manage that risk.’
Silea says the building certification framework is making a genuine difference at an individual level.
‘The feedback we’re getting is that workers are starting to have candid conversations with their employer about workload and resourcing, which weren’t happening before,’ Silea says. ‘So we’re really seeing systemic change down to the individual worker level, and I’m really proud of that.’
The impact of COVID-19 on the cleaning industry
COVID-19 thrust this already vulnerable workforce into the spotlight and onto the frontline.
‘We heard stories of families struggling to put food on the table and having to take on extra shifts in new buildings,’ Datar explains.
But, she adds, there were also stories of humanity.
‘We heard of cleaners saying, ‘I want to give some of my shifts to that worker, because I know they’re really struggling and can’t get financial assistance, so I’m happy to give one away to someone who really needs it.’
Datar says that unsustainable workloads, denial of sick leave and lack of worker voice have become even more of a problem during the pandemic. These exploitative practices lead to poor-quality cleaning, risk of infection spread, and health and safety issues not being raised.
A survey by the United Workers Union in May last year found that 77% of cleaners were worried about losing their jobs amid COVID-19, and 80% were worried about losing hours.
It also revealed that 90% of cleaners were rushing to complete essential cleaning work, and 80% didn’t have enough equipment during COVID-19.
This was in stark contrast to those working in CAF-certified buildings.
A CAF survey from April 2020 of cleaners working in buildings certified by CAF found that 88% of those who had seen their workload increase said there had been hours or staff added to compensate, 94% felt that adequate health and safety measures were being taken, 92% had enough personal protective equipment and 97% were given enough chemicals and equipment.
‘At a time when everyone is operating in such a difficult economic environment, the cleaning industry and cleaners have become more important than ever because the resumption of normal life and the resumption of the economy is reliant on making sure you have a clean and sanitised workplaces, public spaces, community areas and so on,’ Datar says.
And while COVID-19 may have been the catalyst for public conversation around the issues faced by cleaners, Silea says AustralianSuper has always considered these issues to be urgent.
‘The fire in our bellies has already been there for years and years,’ she adds.
And Datar agrees that a focus on the cleaning industry is long overdue. ‘Cleaners do a job that we’re so reliant on for our own health and wellbeing and that of the general community,’ she says. ‘It’s important that we recognise the important role cleaners play in society – and show that we value their contribution.’
This article was written by AustralianSuper in August 2021 This may include general financial advice which doesn’t take into account your personal objectives, situation or needs. Before making a decision consider if the information is right for you and read the relevant Product Disclosure Statement, available at australiansuper.com/pds or by calling 1300 300 273. AustralianSuper Pty Ltd ABN 94 006 457 987, AFSL 233788, Trustee of AustralianSuper ABN 65 714 394 898. | <urn:uuid:1b79ac1a-70bf-4f22-9dd4-babd823c768b> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.cleaningaccountability.org.au/news/australiansuper-and-caf-collaborating-against-an-exploited-workforce/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335491.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930145518-20220930175518-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.961224 | 2,229 | 2.546875 | 3 |
originally published 7/16/2008
At left, Banjo Bluesman John White with a “Why Gourd” Bob Thornburg jumbo gourd banjo. Behind him are examples of fretless Victorian era English banjos.
When most people think banjo, bluegrass comes to mind.
Restricting the instrument to this relatively modern usage misses a long, though mostly unknown and unrecorded, history originating with African slaves in the Caribbean.
Longtime Pickens musician John White, best known for his fiddle-playing in the Yeller Cats, has gone back to roots of the banjo for his first cd, Banjo Blues.
“Taking the banjo back to the pre-recording days,” White said he has developed this blues style and theory based on what makes sense with the way early banjo players used the instrument as well as how the early blues was played.
This style of blues banjo would also have fit the purpose of the early music to provide entertainment and dancing by the slaves. He notes that the African slaves “revolutionized rhythm, scales and notes everywhere they went” playing music mostly for their own entertainment.
Banjos were a prime instrument in minstrel shows, well before they became a staple of bluegrass pickers, but were almost completely replaced by the guitar when recordings started being made of original artists in the rural south.
Listening to both the banjo work and blues produced by musiciants in the 1920s-1930s shows a surprising amount of talent and advanced musicianship, according to White.
“They were amazing,” he said. “They weren’t primitive; they might have been economically depressed, but not primitive by any stretch.”
White said he began experimenting with the blues-use after he purchased a fretless banjo.
The fretless banjo suits blues playing as the early players were slaves who would have been looking for notes and scales they were familiar with from their own culture - tones that would have been difficult to reproduce on a modern fretted banjos.
For the cd, White plays much of it on a “gourd banjo” made from a large gourd sliced in half in the same style as the early slaves who were looking re-create African instruments. These banjos are available online and handmade in several places today. Some other songs on Banjo Blues are played using an early English banjo, also fretless -- again found by White online.
“The banjo has gone full-circle” White says of his playing in an earlier style and with the simple gourd design.
For the album, White plays both instrumentals that he wrote and covers of traditional blues songs such as Wake Up Mama, later made famous by an Allman Brothers cover (Statesboro Blues), and Crazy About You from Little Walter.
Along with the “Why” gourd and a Victorian banjo, White uses a rubbing gourd, a rain stick and a washtub bass, made in Pickens County by Rocky Collins.
In an odd blending, the cd is mostly played on reproductions of the earliest instruments but was recorded at White’s home directly on computer.
White is known locally as both a Pickens High teacher and as the fiddle player with the Yeller Cats since the mid 1990s. The Yeller Cats have recorded some material, but White said they were never satisfied with it and it has never been released. The Yeller Cats continue to play at public events.
A Pickens native, White started playing fiddle with some lessons in college. He learned the basic fundamentals and started “toying with Irish and Celtic music.”
From there he attended some festivals and got into “old timey” music, a style that predates bluegrass, though many casual listeners will group them together as bluegrass.
Even though Pickens and the rest of the North Georgia mountains are home to a dwindling number of true “old-timey” musicians, White said he didn’t grow up with any particular homegrown influences, listening mostly to the commercial music that everyone else did.
White said he had always enjoyed the blues and much of the music on Banjo Blues comes as a result of him “messing around” with the songs he liked on the fretless banjo.
“If you’re in the right mindset, the sounds comes out,” he said.
Although he has heard recordings of early blues musicians saying they learned certain songs from banjo-playing elders, there is little recorded music with the banjo used for the blues.
But White said, “The rhythmic possibilities of the banjo are infinite.” | <urn:uuid:08646c2a-251e-4e9f-ac07-1f7c78e0e792> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.pickensprogressonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68:taking-the-banjo-back-to-the-pre-recording-days-pickens-native-john-white-releases-banjo-blues&catid=50:communityinterest&Itemid=77 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936460472.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074100-00127-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981235 | 999 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Carbon nanotubes are promising elements for optoelectronic components. However so far there were no electronic methods to analyze the ultra fast optoelectronic dynamics of the nanotubes. A team of physicists headed by Professor Alexander Holleitner from the Technische Universitaet Muenchen (TUM) has now come up with a new method to directly measure the dynamics of photo-excited electrons in nanoscale photodetectors. This new measurement technique is about a hundred times faster than any existing method. It allowed the scientists headed by Professor Alexander Holleitner to measure the precise speed of electrons. In the carbon nanotubes the electrons only cover a distance of about 8 ten-thousandths of a millimeter or 800 nanometers in one picosecond.
At the heart of the photodetectors in question are carbon tubes with a diameter of about one nanometer spanning a tiny gap between two gold detectors. The physicists measured the speed of the electrons by means of a special time-resolved laser spectroscopy process – the pump-probe technique. It works by exciting electrons in the carbon nanotube by means of a laser pulse and observing the dynamics of the process using a second laser.
Nanoletters - Time-Resolved Picosecond Photocurrents in Contacted Carbon Nanotubes
We introduce coplanar stripline circuits to resolve the ultrafast photocurrent dynamics of freely suspended carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the time domain. By applying an on-chip pump−probe laser spectroscopy, we demonstrate that CNTs, contacted by metal electrodes, exhibit a picosecond photocurrent response. We find a combination of an optically induced ultrafast displacement current, transport of photogenerated charge carriers at the Fermi velocity to the electrodes, and interband charge-carrier recombination processes to dominate the ultrafast photocurrent of the CNTs.
9 pages of supplemental material
If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on ycombinator or StumbleUpon. Thanks | <urn:uuid:cf8406bf-35d9-425e-bc17-5a1f8609f3de> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.nextbigfuture.com./2011/03/photodetectors-using-carbon-nanotubes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171463.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00502-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.874276 | 434 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Opening with the prophet Elijah's ascent into heaven and closing with the people of Judah's descent to Babylonia, 2 Kings charts the story of the two Israelite kingdoms until their destruction. This commentary unfolds the literary dimensions of 2 Kings, analyzes the strategies through which its words create a world of meaning, and examines the book's tales of prophets, political intrigue, royal apostasy, and religious reform as components of larger patterns.
2 Kings pays attention to the writers' methods of representing human character and of twisting chronological time for literary purposes. It also shows how the contests between kings and prophets are mirrored in the competing structures of regnal synchronization and prophecy-fulfillment. Much more than a common chronicle of royal achievements and disasters, 2 Kings emerges as a powerful history that creates memories and forges identities for its Jewish readers.
"2 Kings" is divided into four parts including Part One The Story of Elisha: 2 Kings 1:1-8:6"; Part Two "Revolutions in Aram, Israel, and Judah: 2 Kings 8:7-13:25"; Part Three "Turmoil and Tragedy for Israel: 2 Kings 14-17"; and Part Four "Renewal and Catastrophe for Judah: 2 Kings 18-25."
"Robert L. Cohn is professor of religion and holds the Philip and Muriel Berman Chair in Jewish studies at Lafayette College. Under the auspices of the American Jewish Committee, he lectured on Jewish interpretations of the Bible as the first American Jewish-scholar-in-residence at four Roman Catholic seminaries in Poland."" | <urn:uuid:81dcf921-d4bb-40e9-9fa9-65588191d6bb> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://www.cokesbury.com/forms/ProductDetail.aspx?pid=490857 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824204.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00151-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915625 | 328 | 2.703125 | 3 |
In this contribution we outline the history of the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sports.
Strictly speaking, the first case of doping would have occurred in the Court of Eden, when Adam and Eve tasted the forbidden fruit in order to gain divine powers.
The Chinese chewed the herb Ma Huang or sea grape in 5,000 BC, because of its stimulatory action by the natural ephedrine it contains,.
To increase their stamina during long marches, the Arabs chewed young Qat twigs (Catha Edulis).
Doping has been taken since the dawn of time. For centuries, the Indians of the Andean mountain chewed cocoa leaves or drank cocoa tea to improve their stamina or to protect themselves from altitude sickness. By chewing coca their breathing and oxygen exchange is improived and it also regulates the glucose consumption.
The Tarahumara indians from the North of Mexico used peyote for their running competitions, which lasted several days and were part of the fertility ritual. Peyote has the same effects as Strychnine. The Lophophora williamsii, peyote or peyotl is a small thorny spherical cactus that grows in the south of the United States and in Mexico and is known for its large amount of psychoactive alkaloids with mescaline-like effects that can lead to hallucinations.
The Australian Aborigines ate the Pituri plant because of its stimulating effect. The leaves contain nicotine, scopolamine and hyosciamines, giving a stimulating, euphoric, antispasmodic and analgesic effect.
Doping is by no means a modern concept. According to Norwegian mythology, the use of reinforcing remedies was found among the Berserkers, strong Norwegian warriors who dressed in bear's skins, which they had killed personnaly. They went to battle nude and to improve their performance and to feel no pain, they gave took Bufotenin, a deadly alkaloid taken from the skin of toads, and Amanita mushrooms, causing them to go into ecstasy.
During their religious ceremonies, the members of the South African Kaffer tribe used a primitive stimulating drink, which they called "dop". The 'dop' of the Zulu warriors was an alcoholic drink brewed from grape peel and cola.
During running or walking contests in West Africa, the use of Cola Accuminata, a nut containing 2% catechin / caffeine, was very normal.
In ancient times people learned about the anabolic and androgenic function of the testicles by observing the effects of castration on pets. Moreover people ate the testicles, heart, brain and liver of animals to cure diseases and to promote performance and vitality. | <urn:uuid:bf867831-0222-41ed-a8b9-d2e2e2148949> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.medicosport.eu/en/doping-and-sports/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525793.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718190635-20190718212635-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.964811 | 567 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Neural networks are a robust method to machine studying, permitting computer systems to know photographs, acknowledge speech, translate sentences, play Go, and way more. As a lot as we’re utilizing neural networks in our expertise at Google, there’s extra to study how these methods accomplish these feats. For instance, neural networks can discover ways to acknowledge photographs much more precisely than any program we immediately write, however we don’t actually understand how precisely they determine whether or not a canine in an image is a Retriever, a Beagle, or a German Shepherd.
We’ve been working for a number of years to raised grasp how neural networks function. Last week we shared new analysis on how these methods come collectively to offer us a deeper understanding of why networks make the selections they do—however first, let’s take a step again to clarify how we acquired right here.
Neural networks encompass a collection of “layers,” and their understanding of a picture evolves over the course of a number of layers. In 2015, we began a undertaking referred to as DeepDream to get a way of what neural networks “see” on the totally different layers. Itled to a a lot bigger analysis undertaking that may not solely develop stunning artwork, but in addition make clear the interior workings of neural networks.
Last 12 months, we shared new work on this topic, exhibiting how methods constructing on DeepDream—and plenty of glorious analysis from our colleagues around the globe—will help us discover how neural networks construct up their understanding of photographs. We confirmed that neural networks construct on earlier layers to detect extra refined concepts and finally attain advanced conclusions. For occasion, early layers detect edges and textures of photographs, however later layers progress to detecting components of objects.
Last week we launched one other milestone in our analysis: an exploration of how totally different methods for understanding neural networks match collectively into an even bigger image.
This work, which we have printed within the on-line journal Distill, explores how totally different methods enable us to “stand in the midst of a neural community” and see how selections made at a person level affect a remaining output. For occasion, we will see how a community detects a “floppy ear,” after which that will increase the likelihood that the picture shall be labeled as a Labrador Retriever or Beagle.
In one instance, we discover which neurons activate in response to totally different inputs—a sort of “MRI for neural networks.” The community has some floppy ear detectors that actually like this canine!
We may also see how totally different neurons in the midst of the community—like these floppy ear detectors—have an effect on the choice to categorise a picture as a Labrador Retriever or tiger cat.
If you wish to be taught extra, take a look at our interactive paper, printed in Distill. We’ve additionally open sourced our neural web visualization library, Lucid, so you can also make these visualizations, too.
This article sources info from The Keyword | <urn:uuid:36dcd109-1d52-4f37-ab45-0fc15e93e323> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://hugethinking.com/post/understanding-inner-workings-neural-networks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651465.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324225928-20180325005928-00713.warc.gz | en | 0.926243 | 632 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Cricket is a sport that has 22 players and two on-field umpires. But what does a third umpire do? When was the technology-assisted umpire introduced in cricket? The third umpire has been around since 1992 and has significantly impacted the game of cricket.
This third umpire’s main job is to review decisions made by the two on-field umpires. They have the authority to overturn a decision if deemed to be a mistake by the on-field umpires. During the game, a third umpire checks no-ball, run-outs, stumpings, catches, etc.
With the help of the third umpire, cricket has become more exciting, as everything is now more accurate and reliable. So if you want to learn more about the third umpire in cricket, read on!
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Table of Contents
Third Umpire in Cricket
The importance of the third umpire in cricket cannot be overstated. The third umpire, also known as the TV umpire, is responsible for scrutinizing video replays and ensuring the decisions made by the on-field umpire are correct. From adjudicating no-balls to run-outs and deciding on the legitimacy of a catch, the third umpire plays a critical role in the game.
The third umpire is also responsible for communicating with the on-field umpires to provide advice and clarification during the game.
The History of the Third Umpire
Mahinda Wijesinghe, a former Sri Lankan domestic cricketer, proposed the third umpire idea. Introducing a TV umpire was intended to help reduce the number of incorrect decisions made by the two on-field umpires and provide a more accurate and reliable decision-making process. The third umpire was first used in a Test match between South Africa and India in 1992.
Initially, the third umpire reviewed the other two umpires’ decisions. If the third umpire disagreed with their decision, the TV umpire had the authority to overturn it. Since then, the third umpire’s duties have changed.
Also read: Strategic Time Out Meaning
Duties of Third Umpire in Cricket Match
The third umpire in cricket is responsible for assisting the on-field umpires. The primary duties of the third umpire include the following:
Cricket Third Umpire Technology
The third umpire sits away from the field of play and has the help of various technologies to review the decisions made by the two on-field umpires. The most common technology used by the third umpire is the television replay.
Other technologies that the third umpire may use include the Hawkeye system, which uses computer animation to simulate the trajectory of a cricket ball, and the HotSpot system, which uses infrared technology to detect contact between the bat and the ball.
The Impact of the Third Umpire on the Game
The introduction of the third umpire has significantly impacted the game of cricket. Adding a third umpire has helped reduce mistakes made on the field. Because of the addition of the third umpire, the judgments made during a game of cricket are now more accurate, which has helped to make the game more exciting and fair.
How Does the Third Umpire Make Decisions?
The third umpire makes decisions with the help of video replays and technologies like HotSpot, Snickometer, etc. The third umpire will usually review every detail before making the final decision.
How Do the On-Field Umpires and Third Umpires Work Together?
The on-field umpires and the third umpire work together to ensure that the game is played fairly. A decision may be referred to the third umpire if the two on-field umpires aren’t convinced. The third umpire can then overturn the decision if they feel the on-field umpires made a mistake.
Final Thoughts on Third Umpire in Cricket Match
The addition of a third umpire in cricket has dramatically influenced cricket. The TV umpires have improved the fairness and precision of decision-making, reducing umpiring mistakes in a match.
The use of technology has also led to increased transparency and accountability in the game. The third umpire has become a crucial component of cricket and is evolving along with technological improvements.
Frequently Asked Questions on Third Umpire
The third umpire is responsible for making a final call on those decisions referred to them by the on-field umpires.
The third umpire was first seen in a Test match between South Africa and India in 1992.
Yes, a player can request a review of a decision made by the on-field umpire. It is known as the Decision Review System (DRS). | <urn:uuid:7dbaa243-9675-4308-8c4e-5e1126187447> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://inputtoolsoffline.com/third-umpire-the-ultimate-decision-maker-in-cricket/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510967.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002033129-20231002063129-00775.warc.gz | en | 0.9776 | 996 | 3.21875 | 3 |
|Figure 1. Larval stage of Oulema melanopus with characteristic feeding damage visible on leaf.|
Give priority to following factors when selecting monitoring sites:
□ Choose fields and sections of the fields with past or present damage symptoms.
□ Choose fields that are well irrigated (leaves are dark green in color), including young, lush crops. Areas of a field that are under stress and not as lush (yellow) are less likely to support CLB.
□ Monitor fields located along riparian corridors, roads and railroads.
□ Survey field areas that are close to brush cover or weeds, easy to access, or are nearby sheltered areas such as hedge rows, forest edges, fence lines, etc.
Focus your site selection on the following host plant priorities:
□ First - winter wheat. If no winter wheat is present then;
□ Second - other cereal crops (barley, wheat, oats, and rye). If no cereal crops are present then;
□ Third - hay crops. If no hay crops or cereal crops are present then;
□ Fourth - ditches and water corridors
Sweep-net Sampling for Adults and Larvae:
● A sweep is defined as a one pass (from left to right, executing a full 180 degrees) through the upper foliage of the crop using a 37.5 cm diameter sweep-net.
● A sample is defined as 100 sweeps taken at a moderate walking pace collected 4-5 meters inside the border of a field.
● At each site, four samples should be collected, totaling 400 sweeps per site. The contents of each sample should be visually inspected for life stages of CLB and all suspect specimens should be retained for identification.
● Because the CLB larvae are covered in a sticky secretion, they are often covered in debris and are very difficult to see within a sweep-net sample.
● To help determine the presence of CLB, place the contents of the sweep net into a large plastic bag for observation.
Both the adults and larvae severely damage plants by chewing out long strips of tissue between the veins of leaves (Fig. 1), leaving only a thin membrane. When damage is extensive, leaves turn whitish. | <urn:uuid:84d92b48-2ec7-4201-af92-17a344a44f0d> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://prairiepestmonitoring.blogspot.com/2016/07/weekly-update-july-20-2016-wk-12-cereal.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154042.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731011529-20210731041529-00710.warc.gz | en | 0.940508 | 459 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The current world scenario demands sustainable and Eco-friendly architecture so that we, the citizens of the world, can benefit from them in the future. With similar thoughts, certain architectural designs have been created that stand out as wonderful examples of sustainable architecture. 10 such examples of sustainable architecture are listed here for your information.
1. Solar Plaza Fargo
The Solar Plaza Fargo, a mega project in North Dakota in USA, is a great example of sustainable architectural development. This project, built on a sprawling site area of 90,000 sq. ft., has a large solar panel surface in it that's covered by a glass layer. The project houses both residential and commercial use structures. A lot of use of glass has been made in the construction of the structure so as to let natural sunlight enter the interiors of the buildings. The design of the project encourages and allows space for plantations, sun dial and a central fountain.The parametric design helps to harness solar power through the frameless PV solar panels. This makes Solar Plaza Fargo capable of producing 70,000kWh units per month which totals to 850,000kWh units per year which is around half of the total requirement of the project.
2. Charleston sustainable architecture by Wagner
The designer of Charleston, Mathew David Wagner, is a professor at Virginia Tech's School of Architecture & Design who believes in the creation of eco-friendly structures. The design of Charleston includes a group of independent structures that are meant to be used as gathering spaces for different outdoor activities which actually are done indoors. Charleston also includes a range of sustainable elements that boost green practices such as provision for storing storm water, exploitation of natural light, cross ventilation, appropriate shading and high albedo surfaces.
3. Georgian CCHR
The CCHR or Center for Civil and Human Rights in Atlanta in Georgia, designed by Antoine Predock Architect in collaboration with Moody - Nolan and Perdock Frane, boasts of sustainable architecture that includes green roof and photovoltaic cells. The roof garden works as the cooling system of the building while the photovoltaic panels are fitted at the most beneficial solar orientation. The architecture of this building also includes various other Eco-friendly features like holding and filtering rain water. The design of the building aims at fossil fuel consumption reduction, utilization of the mass of the earth for heat exchange and introduction of fresh air.
4. Bullitt Center
Cascadia Center for Sustainable Design and Construction, Bullitt foundation's new headquarters, is supposedly the most sustainable design for a commercial building in the world. To be set up in North America, the design includes a photovoltaic power plant which is to generate all the needed power for the building. Not only that, the architecture will also include a 50,000 gallon reservoir that will collect rainwater which then will be treated so that it is suitable for consumption.
5. Lycee Jean Moulin
Lycee Jean Moulin is a school in Revin in France that has been built following green practices. The design developed by OFF Architecture along with Jeans Giacinto and Duncan Lewis Scape Architecture is so off-beat that from a distance it is difficult to locate the structure of the building as it blends so well with green landscape of the hilly location. The terraces of the school are layered by grass and therefore do not break the beautiful, natural, green look of the hills.
6. Project Eco Link
Named as the Eco Link project and designed by architects like Junkai Jian and Jinqi Huang, this is a huge passenger terminal building that is located on a river side. The structure designed in an asymmetrical form with a sloping demeanor allows a lot of natural light inside the building. The building's design allows rainwater harvesting that can be used to meet the water requirement of the irrigation and other plantations and vegetation which are located inside the compound of the structure. The project has solar panels in its roofs that would generate solar power to meet the power requirement of the project.
7. Egyptian Fine Arts Center
This design created for a new Fine arts center to be set up in Helwan in Egypt is a great example of sustainable architecture. The designer, Moatesem Esmat of Mataria Engineering School, has included various green features in this brilliant, futuristic design. While wind and solar energy would be used to power the premises of this fine arts center, provision for rain harvesting has also been looked into. A lot of the place of this design is covered by greenery and the places that are to be used as courtyards include mechanism so as to allow natural light and ventilation.
8. Wuhan Energy Flower
Apart from being an astonishingly beautiful creation, this flower-shaped building designed by Grontmij and Soeters Van Eldonk Architects hosts a lot of efficiently used green features like rainwater harvesting, solar panels attached to the roofs, solar chimney etc. While rainwater harvesting and solar power generated through solar panels help to meet the water and power requirement of the building, solar chimney in the middle of the structure helps to maximize natural ventilation. The rim around the bowl functions as a sunroof and helps to heat and cool the structure. The pistil made in vertical axis wind turbines collect renewable energy for the building. This design is the first one in the entire world to be accredited by the BREEM outstanding award.
9. Sustainable Circular Taiwan Tower
The Taiwan Tower, designed by STL Architects, is the tallest structure in the city of Taichung. This circular tower has been designed to resist the force of wind along with making the most of renewable sources of energy. The architecture of this structure eliminates the need of mechanical cooling or heating of the building thus saving a large quantity of energy. The central part of the tower is lighter and holds lesser material while saving more of energy.
10. Sustainable educational complex in Denmark
Named UCN IMAGO, this educational complex designed for University College Nordjylland is a sustainable architectural design created by GPP architects. To be set up in Aalborg in Denmark, the design consists of four buildings around a common space. The design has been planned considering the impact on the environment and therefore the entire concept surrounds around energy efficiency. The architects plan to use solar power to meet the energy requirement of the buildings while making the balconies and overhangs of the common central space act as green sunshades. | <urn:uuid:abbbf269-d534-4085-b5b9-bd0f18290bd0> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://hr.luxim.org/mediji/Novice/10examplesofsustainablearchitectureforthefuture | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542246.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00285-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942813 | 1,306 | 3.1875 | 3 |
August 17, 2011 Leave a comment
One of which the habitat of monkeys in Bali is Ubud Monkey Forest, a small rain forest dwelt by some group of monkeys and other ropical animals. It is located in the hearth of Ubud Village, precisely located in the region of Padang Tegal Village, Ubud Sub district and Gianyar Regency. Monkey Forests in Balinese language called Wanara, Wana are spread out in the island and Ubud Monkey Forest
itself own very important function of the continuity the monkey habitat in Bali. Meanwhile the local community own important role to keep this forest naturally in order to all wild animals able to live smoothly.
Ubud Monkey Forest is dwelt by 200 monkeys, pertained to long tail inclusive macaques or macaca fascicularis group which owns the wide disseminating area. Among the amount monkeys living in this forest, there are 23 adult male, 79 adult female and 98 still baby. All the monkeys in this forest consisted of three groups, dwell certain area and use the certain place and certain time. However, it also happened that entire group can use the forest and whenever two groups are Read more of this post | <urn:uuid:5d8294a7-8b8c-4a06-b360-34567b74d638> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://balihot.wordpress.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982296020.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195816-00216-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935695 | 244 | 2.84375 | 3 |
What is... Foreign Exchange?
Foreign Exchange, also known as FX, forex, or the “currency market”, is the largest and most fluid market in the world. But what is it?
According to Investopedia, Foreign Exchange is: “the market in which participants are able to buy, sell, exchange and speculate on currencies” and are made up of “banks, commercial companies, central banks, investment management firms, hedge funds, and retail forex brokers and investors.”
For people not in the trading business however, Foreign Exchange refers to everything involved in changing one currency for another. Whether for business or your holidays; you take a particular amount of a currency you wish to change, go to a vendor, and get a set amount of another currency back, determined by the exchange rate.
So what’s the trouble?
Although in theory you should get back the same amount of money in one currency that the exchange rate says is worth the money you paid in of your own, merchants will often charge a commission fee for the service or reduce the rate they will exchange currency at.
What does that look like? Imagine a diner charges £3 for food but asks for £20 entry fee, and a different diner charges £8 for food but no entry fee; they may both end up more expensive - depending how much you intend to eat - than a diner that charges £3 on the door and £5 for food.
In the same way, the exchange rates actually on offer and fees paid to obtain them vary, and what is most value for money depends on how much you intend to spend.
"services banks provide often come with hidden charges and fees, many of which customers have no idea about"
But it’s not just extortionate airport services that are charging you for the ability to spend your own money. Foreign Exchange services banks provide often come with hidden charges and fees, many of which customers have no idea about.
So, to save money when spending abroad and navigate the complex world of speculation, ever changing exchange markets, and sudden currency devaluations, here are 5 steps to get the most out of your money and beat the currency sharks:
(1) Know the exchange rate
The best way to avoid getting ripped off is to know what you’d expect to get in an exchange based purely on the exchange rate. Some services charge fees so high that you get far less than the advertised value, while others provide free services on far worse exchange rates than competitors, again losing you money. Know the rate, and you are more likely to spot a good deal, and avoid the bad ones.
(2) Know when to buy...
"it isn’t always in your interest to buy just before you travel"
Whether you travel frequently or know there’s a holiday coming up, the value of a currency changes a lot, which means that it isn’t always in your interest to buy just before you travel. If you see the exchange you will soon need is plateauing or just beginning to drop, you may want to buy some reserves early. This is especially true if the currency in question is widely accepted, such as the US Dollar or Euro.
(3) ...and know where to buy
No airports. In 2012, the Post Office estimated that £21 million was wasted by British travellers a year by waiting to exchange in the airport just before a holiday, mainly due to extortionate fees on low value transactions.
Instead, you can order money online to be picked up at the airport, or check the rates at your local bank or building society, which are often a significant improvement. Remember that the cost to you may vary depending on how much you seek to exchange, so be ready to be flexible with how much you wish to pay in.
(4) Be aware of “Dynamic Currency Conversion”
When using credit cards abroad for purchases, retailers may charge you hidden fees for billing you in your home currency instead of the cheaper local one, and may not even tell you when they do it by default. Make sure you ask to be billed in the local currency if you are unsure.
You can read more about how to avoid Dynamic Currency Conversion from Curve user Rob in our #CurveMoments series.
(5) Keep track of your cards
Certain cards are good for certain services abroad, but most charge hidden fees or have hidden costs users aren’t aware of. Why not make it easier?
With Curve there are no currency conversion fees, and we only add 1% on top of the Mastercard wholesale rate. To withdraw cash from any foreign ATM, we charge a flat rate of £2 to recover the costs. And by adding currency cards, you can spend currencies in their home territory completely for free. Easy.
Frequent flier and well-travelled money manager? Curve helps you get more from your money, at home or abroad.
Curve is a single card and app that combines all your existing bank cards into one. The app and card allow you to upload and spend from all your bank cards using just one Curve MasterCard, unlocking benefits such as: saving money abroad with super low foreign exchange fees, keeping on top of your spending on-the-go with real time notifications, and managing your spending in the app with receipt and expense management tools - all in one place. Download Curve today on Android or iOS | <urn:uuid:f55db065-71e0-456f-8dfb-b72b763e7c05> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://blog.imaginecurve.com/what-is-foreign-exchange/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120349.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00161-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952008 | 1,117 | 2.625 | 3 |
EUROEVOL research reveals prehistoric agricultural hot spot
21 November 2012
The study, undertaken by the European Research Council-funded EUROEVOL project in collaboration with Plymouth University suggests that stone-age Scots were at the vanguard of an agricultural revolution 6,000 years ago that swept away vast swathes of forestry and changed Britain’s landscape. Wiltshire, home to Stonehenge, was believed to be the cradle of British farming, but this new research provides evidence that early Scots who lived during the Neolithic Age (4000BC to 2500BC) destroyed fertile, deciduous woodland to make way for cereal crops around the same time that large areas of southern England were being stripped of their forests.
The finding is significant because it challenges the widely held notion that Britain’s agricultural revolution started in England.
The research results, obtained using carbon dating of ancient cereal grains recovered from archaeological sites and historic pollen records to help determine the origin and spread of Neolithic farming in Britain, are receiving media coverage.
Stephen Shennan, who is leading the 4-year ERC-funded project investigating the cultural evolution of neolithic Europe, reported on how Europe's first farmers came, then went ('a dramatic history of booms and busts') in a presentation at the recent American Anthropological Association meeting in San Francisco, California.
The aim of the EUROEVOL project is to provide the basis for a new account of the role of farming in transforming early European societies, c.6000-2000 calBC, focusing on the western half of temperate Europe, where the available data are best, and integrating culture historical patterns, for example in monuments, with demographic, economic and social processes.
The European Research Council's mission is to encourage the highest quality research in Europe through competitive funding and to support investigator-initiated frontier research across all fields of research, on the basis of scientific excellence. | <urn:uuid:5f70d0b7-564a-497d-b53f-944d85404dc5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/calendar/articles/20121121b | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00183-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928237 | 390 | 3.8125 | 4 |
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Calcium is an essential mineral, required by our bodies at all ages, not just during growth years. The two most common supplement forms of calcium are calcium carbonate and calcium citrate.
The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for calcium are shown below:
|Age Group||Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) per Day||Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) per Day|
|19 to 50 years||1,000 mg||2,500 mg|
|51 to 70 years||1,200 mg female; 1,000 mg male||2,000 mg|
|71 years and up||1,200 mg||2,000 mg|
|Kids and Youth|
|1 to 3 years||700 mg||2,500 mg|
|4 to 8 years||1,000 mg||2,500 mg|
|9 to 18 years||1,300 mg||3,000 mg|
Pregnant or lactating women 14 to 18 years
|Pregnant or lactating women 19 to 50 years||1,000 mg||2,500 mg|
Note: For very young children, the reference levels provided are adequate intake (AI): 200 mg/day for infants up to 6 months old, and 260 mg for infants between 7 to 12 months old. There is no actual recommended dietary intake for these age groups.
What Does Calcium Do?
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. Ninety-nine percent of it is stored within our bones and teeth, with 1% circulating as serum calcium in the blood. The metabolism of calcium in the body is very tightly regulated, and the body uses the bones and teeth as both the source and the reserve of calcium to maintain serum calcium levels. Calcium is important in the maintenance of healthy bones and teeth, as many of us know, but it is also involved in ensuring proper muscle function, nerve transmission, cellular signaling, vascular contraction and dilation, and hormone secretion. Calcium is also needed for blood to clot.
Top Calcium-Rich Foods
Here are some of the richest calcium sources in the diet:
|Food||Calcium per serving|
|Plain yogurt, 6 oz||~ 300 mg|
|Fruit-flavored yogurt, 6 oz||~ 200 to 250 mg|
|Sardines, Atlantic, 3 oz||351 mg|
|Mozzarella cheese, 1.5 oz||333 mg|
|Sardines, 3 oz||325 mg|
|Cheddar cheese, 1.5 oz||307 mg|
|Milk, nonfat, 1 cup||299 mg|
|Milk, reduced fat, 1 cup||293 mg|
|Milk, whole, 1 cup||276 mg|
|Non-dairy milk alternatives (e.g., rice, soy, nut), calcium fortified, 1 cup||200 to 300 mg depending on manufacturer|
|Collard greens, chopped, cooked, 1 cup||268 mg|
|Sesame seeds, 3 tbs||264 mg|
|Tofu, firm, 1/2 cup (made with calcium sulfate)*||253 mg|
|Sardine, Pacific, canned with bones, 3 oz||214 mg|
|Spinach, frozen (chopped or leaf), 1 cup||201 mg|
|Salmon, sockeye, canned 3 oz||197 mg|
|Mustard greens, boiled, drained, 1 cup||165 mg|
*Two common coagulating agents used to prepare tofu are magnesium chloride (nigari) and calcium sulfate. Tofu made with calcium sulfate will contain more calcium than nigari-style tofu.
Calcium is better absorbed under acidic conditions. Stomach acid production increases in the presence of food. Therefore, if you choose to take calcium supplements, it is best to take the supplement with a meal. There is a difference: calcium citrate – such as in Citracal and Solgar – is the “acidic” form and can therefore be taken on an empty stomach, whereas calcium carbonate – such as in Tums and Caltrate – is the “alkaline” form, which should be taken with a meal. In either case, taking the supplement with food will ensure you are optimizing the absorption of calcium. The efficiency of absorption decreases as calcium intake increases, so it is best to break up the doses throughout the day (no more than 500 mg at once).
Nutrition Facts Label and the % Daily Value
In the US: The daily value for calcium is 1,000 mg, which is the same level as the DRI for adults age 19-50. The % daily value gives you an idea of how much calcium is in the food you eat. The number you see on the Nutrition Facts label is a percentage calculated by dividing the amount of calcium in one serving of the food by the daily value. So, for example, a cup of calcium-fortified soy milk containing 200 mg calcium per serving would have 20% of the daily value (DV) for calcium. Foods containing 20% or more of the DV is considered to provide a high level of calcium.
In Canada: The daily value for calcium is 1,100 mg, which is slightly higher than the DRI level for adults. Using the same example, the cup of calcium-fortified soy milk containing 200 mg calcium would be labeled as containing 18% DV. Health Canada considers a food to deliver a high level of calcium if it contains 15% DV or higher per serving.
Magnesium: Both calcium and magnesium play important roles in bone formation and nerve and muscle functions.
Phosphorus: Phosphorus is needed alongside calcium in the maintenance of healthy bones and teeth.
Vitamin D: Vitamin D is required for calcium to be absorbed and metabolized properly in the body.
Vitamin K: Both calcium and Vitamin K are needed to help blood platelets form a clot at the site of a wound.
Sofia believes in bringing back fun and pleasure into everyday eating. She loves cooking, and is constantly experimenting with ingredients, creating recipes and trying them out on family and friends. Her latest interest lies in finding realistic and practical ways of environmentally-friendly food/eating habits. | <urn:uuid:41bc2b3d-bdda-478b-b9bf-3ba31743de41> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.healthcastle.com/calcium/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446706285.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20221126080725-20221126110725-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.893907 | 1,352 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Kenneth S. Greenberg, ed. The Confessions of Nat Turner and Related Documents. Boston: St. Martin's Press, 1996. xii + 148 pp. (paper), ISBN 978-0-312-11207-3; $39.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-312-16051-7.
Reviewed by Neil Sapper (Amarillo College)
Published on H-Review (July, 1997)
Nat Turner Reader
The Bedford Series on History and Culture, under the guidance of Advisory Editors Natalie Zemon Davis and Ernest R. May, is based upon the premise that students can study the past as historians do. Each volume in the series (Nat Turner is the fifth.) contains an important document or group of documents. Joining the document is some element of historical narrative--an introduction or a biographical essay--that gives readers an analysis of primary source material and places that material in historical context. Each volume in the Bedford Series is short enough and inexpensive enough (in the opinion of the Advisory Editors) to be a reasonable one-week assignment in a college history course.
In the preface to the reader, Kenneth S. Greenberg acknowledges that compared to slave rebellions in Latin America and the Caribbean the Nat Turner Rebellion was quite small. Sixty to eighty active slave rebels killed sixty or fewer white victims in August 1831. However, Greenberg argues that the Nat Turner Rebellion is a vitally important event in our history, for the insight it provides about slavery, the nature of antebellum society, and African- American traditions about resistance to slavery is significant. To understand the historical significance of the Nat Turner Rebellion, Greenberg poses several questions for readers:
(1) Who was Nat Turner? (2) What were his thoughts and motives? (3) Was he part of the African-American tradition of slave resistance or was he unique? (4) What led to the insurrection in Southampton County, Virginia? (5) How did masters and political leaders react to the rebellion? (6) What do these reactions reveal about the ruling group's attitudes toward slavery and slaves? (7) How did African-Americans react to the rebellion? (8) What were the ultimate results of the revolt?
These are excellent focus questions for students, for working through primary sources is never an easy task for undergraduates.
A teacher adopting this documentary reader could serve students well by creating a pre-assignment handout for students that contains Greenberg's eight focus questions. Students seldom, if ever, read an author's prefatory remarks and these focus questions would help students or other readers in understanding the historical significance of the Nat Turner Rebellion.
Greenberg's introduction (The Confessions of Nat Turner: Text and Context) contains the following:
(1) "Nat Turner: The Man and the Rebellion"
(2) "The Setting"--including maps of Southampton County, Virginia and the path of the Nat Turner Rebellion
(3) "The Text" (The Confessions of Nat Turner)
(4) "Slave Rebellions and Resistance"
(5) "The Aftermath of the Rebellion"
(6) "The Virginia Debate Over Emancipation"
(7) "Retelling the Story" (with emphasis on the controversy surrounding William Styron's historical novel)
Greenberg supplies 74 endnotes for this introductory essay. The most appealing aspect of Greenberg's concluding segment on the recent historiography of the Nat Turner Rebellion is his observation that this event has been relatively unexplored since 1975 (Stephen B. Oates' biography of Nat Turner). Greenberg concludes, "We are ready for a new retelling of the Nat Turner story. Perhaps some reader of this volume will begin the project." This is an excellent suggestion for those teachers who also guide the work of graduate students.
The Confessions of Nat Turner is a deposition taken by a white attorney and slave owner named Thomas R. Gray. Over a period of three days, November 1-3, 1831, Gray transcribed Turner's words along with his own notes and queries and then cross-examined Turner to supply missing information and reconcile inconsistencies in the account. This reader provides the deposition in full with original spelling throughout. This document is a rich source of unprecedented information about slavery and slave resistance. Nothing else like it exists in the literature of slave rebellions.
In addition, Greenberg provides fourteen documents to illuminate or clarify the historical context of the rebellion and its aftermath. The first, a Richmond newspaper account, is one of the earliest published reports of the rebellion. The second, written by a reporter on the scene, describes the carnage of the revolt. A third newspaper report provides more details about the incident confirmed later in Nat Turner's deposition. A fourth document is an editorial written by William Lloyd Garrison in The Liberator after the revolt. Garrison denies the proslavery argument that his publication inflamed Nat Turner. Instead, Garrison blames the hypocrisy of slave owners who brutalize slaves while simultaneously proclaiming a love of liberty. The fifth document is another reportorial account of the revolt in Southampton County. The sixth is a newspaper account of the trials of several slave rebels. The seventh is an anonymous letter to the editor of a Richmond newspaper that provides one of the most thorough accounts of the insurrection written before The Confessions of Nat Turner.
The document collection continues with the eighth narrative, by a resident of Southampton County, and recounts the capture of Nat Turner. The ninth document is a contemporary account of Nat Turner's death. The tenth document is an excerpt collection from twelve trial records of the slave rebels who participated in the revolt. The eleventh document is Nat Turner's trial record. Judicial processes were swift in this case: authorities apprehended Turner on October 3, completed a one- day trial on November 5, and hanged Turner on November 11, 1831. The twelfth document is an excerpt from the diary of Virginia Governor John Floyd during the Nat Turner insurrection. The thirteenth document is a letter from Virginia Governor Floyd to South Carolina Governor James Hamilton, Jr. in which the Virginian advocates gradual emancipation to prevent future rebellions. Finally, the fourteenth document is an essay by Thomas R. Dew, "Abolition of Negro Slavery." Dew's analysis of the Virginia's legislature's debate over emancipation in the aftermath of the Nat Turner revolt became the linchpin of antebellum proslavery ideology. This collection of fourteen documents is a rich and varied mosaic of antebellum slavery and its ideology.
In a helpful appendix, Greenberg supplies a detailed chronology beginning with the earliest slave rebellion in New York in 1712 through Nat Turner's birth on October 2,1800. The chronology provides special emphasis for 1831, and Greenberg continues to highlight the major events relevant for slavery in the United States until the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865. Greenberg also supplies readers with twenty-two questions for consideration that range from "1. Describe Nat Turner's family and the nature of his childhood. Characterize his personality and core values." to "22. Why should Americans of the twentieth century be interested in studying the Nat Turner Rebellion?" Teachers might use these questions as a pool of questions from which three or four could be chosen at random for an examination over this reading.
The crown jewel of Greenberg's appendices is a selected bibliography providing a thorough list of the monographs dealing with the Nat Turner Rebellion, the Virginia Aftermath of the Nat Turner Rebellion, and African-American Religion, Rebellion, and Resistance. In addition, Greenberg also includes the salient articles in scholarly journals under the same rubrics. He concludes the appended resources with a detailed index.
The Confessions of Nat Turner and Related Documents is an excellent collection of readings about this historical event. This reader would be most appropriate for courses with emphasis on antebellum slavery and abolitionism. It is a fine addition to the Bedford Series in History and Culture. And it is timely. At the conclusion of his introductory essay, Greenberg recalls that a National Public Radio program in November 1994 about William Styron's 1967 novel (The Confessions of Nat Turner) duplicated much of the passion and heat of the debate over that book in 1967-1968. As Greenberg notes, the same racial divisions that split the nation in the 1960s continue to divide it in the 1990s. Teachers who want their students to address the problem of the color line in the antebellum era (and our own time), will find this book helpful in their quest.
Copyright [c] 1997 by H-Net, all rights reserved. Persons may copy this work for nonprofit educational use if they give proper credit to the author and the list. For other permission, please contact H-Net@H-Net.MSU.EDU
If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the list discussion logs at: http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl.
Neil Sapper. Review of Greenberg, Kenneth S., ed., The Confessions of Nat Turner and Related Documents.
H-Review, H-Net Reviews.
Copyright © 1997 by H-Net, all rights reserved. H-Net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author, web location, date of publication, originating list, and H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online. For any other proposed use, contact the Reviews editorial staff at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:792f123a-31d2-4853-9e02-08fbe60750aa> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=1085 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535925433.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014525-00022-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9224 | 1,952 | 2.890625 | 3 |
June 7, 2018
The Causes of Western Existential Anxiety
The Western world is in crisis.
People feel left behind as wealth disparity widens and traditional means to create "The American Dream" - or more broadly, the Western middle class dream - no longer work. It used to be that a working class job would support a family and retirement. This notion has evaporated, leaving a vast swath of the population with existential anxiety. And they want answers.
But what caused this? Why did the formula for a middle class life change? And why is Western democracy in crisis?
This is not easy to answer. There is a multitude of variables converging to brew a toxic social and economic cocktail. Three of most prominent variables are technology, globalism and productivity growth.
New technologies have helped automate various production processes. This means that machines and computers have helped eliminate many of the solid working class jobs in the Western world.
Moreover, with an abundance of workers, but shrinking supply of jobs, labor power has weakened. Consequently, wages, benefits, pensions and job security have weakened for those who remain employed in production processes. Invariably, technology has left millions of working class people in the dust.
Unfortunately, automation technology has only begun to replace humans. Over the next decade millions more jobs - from truckers to processing clerks - are expected to be replaced by lines of code.
The free movement of labor and capital has benefited the world in aggregate. However, large portions of the population has suffered as manufacturing plants moved overseas to emerging markets (like China), jobs were off-shored to cheaper countries and cheaper imports overtook domestically produced items. While domestic consumers benefited immensely from cheaper iPhones, TVs, clothes and more, the old world manufacturing jobs were destroyed. China's entrance to the World Trade Organization in 2001 precipitated this decline by suddenly flooding the global market with cheap labor.
Rising productivity benefited all Western nations. Institutional memory is one that believes high productivity growth is a given. The Industrial Revolution brought the steam engine, electricity, combustion engine and petroleum to the world. These technologies lifted the fortunes of Western society for about two centuries as new and increasingly better ways to utilize these technologies were developed. Everything from manufacturing to transportation to laundry were revolutionized. In the 1980s the personal computer entered the mainstream. During the 1990s, the Internet expanded. These two developments raised raw processing and communications power to unimaginable levels. Altogether the developments over the past couple hundred years created massive amounts of wealth that was relatively painlessly spread across society - even to those who were otherwise left behind - via social welfare programs.
Unfortunately things have changed. Since roughly the year 2000, overall productivity growth has stagnated. We are still becoming more productive, but not at the same rates as during the past couple centuries. It is quite possible that the productivity explosion of the modern human era is an aberration in human history. Mankind made a number of discoveries that are very difficult to replicate. For instance, oil and electricity can only be discovered once. It will take a revolutionary new energy source to replicate the benefits bestowed on Western civilization by oil and electricity. At the same time, mankind is running out of new ways to make big productivity gains using the old discoveries. So productivity growth has slowed.
This means that wealth creation as a society slows. Wealth is still being created but not at the previous pace. So the spoils are more likely to be hoarded, as opposed to shared with those left behind. This would help explain widening income disparity while the rich become richer.
A Wicked Cocktail
Technological change, globalization and productivity declines are creating existential anxiety for millions of working class people living across the Western world. While owners of capital flourish, working class folks, like coal miners and machine operators, no longer have a role in their economies and are suffering.
What do they do? How do they pay their bills? The heroes of the working class past are now relics of an old world economy, but remain every bit as relevant in the voting booth.
This is a world built by liberalism and centrist conservatism. Indeed, the Republican demi-god - Ronald Reagan - was an unapologist globalist. Classic liberal ideals, such as the free movement of goods, people and capital were exalted by centrist conservatives during the final decades of the productivity boom. Today, these ideologies are seen as elitist.
The new Republican ideology is one that expels the empiricism and logic of the past. For these things no longer matter when your world has crumbled around you. Instead, a new conservatism has arisen - one that speaks to the heart rather than the mind. As long as people hear what they want, facts don't matter.
How many parents of terminally ill children reassuringly lie that "everything will be OK"? Even the child who deep down knows the truth seeks comfort in the lie. Who can blame anyone for seeking comfort, despite the cognitive dissonance required? As long as people feel hopeless they will welcome the lie, even if it clearly conflict with science, facts and empiricism.
The half of America that is bearing the brunt of the economic and social upheaval caused by technological change, globalism and productivity declines have now put their faith in a man that taps directly to the vein of their crumbling existence. By broadcasting what was traditionally said behind closed doors and by trading platitudes for likes, this type of man defies convention, which usually included a blend of rhetoric and fact. But with the unconventional comes more unconventional.
This man doesn't play the part, throws things off kilter and defies accepted norms. This man tweets constitutional threats and broods incessantly over petty squabbles. At the same time, he is the bare-chested strongman riding on horseback making unsubstantiated claims that he will make things great again. He is the opiate for the pained relics of an industrial era.
Don't let your iPhones, Netflix and Instagram fool you - we are undergoing the natural demise of an economic era of unusual productivity growth and wealth creation. With economic and social agitation comes political upheaval. Unless the world again discovers new fundamental and groundbreaking technologies rivaling those of the Industrial Revolution, societal polarization and Western existential anxiety will only worsen. | <urn:uuid:223421df-2ac9-47f1-92e6-74d7c6444864> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.risktopia.com/2018/06/the-causes-of-western-existential.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864300.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621211603-20180621231603-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.954386 | 1,273 | 2.75 | 3 |
Bihar Board Class 11th English Book Solutions Precis Writing
Bihar Board Class 11 English Precis Writing
1. Make a precis of the following passage giving a suitable title. [7 Marks]
The problem that confronts most of us is whether the individual is merely the instrument of society or the aid of society. Are you and I as individuals to be used, directed, educated, controlled, shaped as a certain pattern by society and government or does society, the state, exist for the individual? Is the individual the end of society or is he merely a puppet to be taught, exploited, butchered as an instrument of war? That is the problem of the world-whether the individual is a mere instrument of society, a plaything of influences to be moulded or whether society exists for the individual.
How are you going to find this out? It is a serious problem, is it not? If the individual is merely an instrument of society, then society is much more important than the individual. If that is true, then we must give up individuality and work for society, our whole educational system must be entirely revolutionized and the individual turned into an instrument to be used and destroyed. But if society exists for the individual, then the function of society is not to make him conform to any pattern but to give him the feel, the urge of freedom. So, we have to find out which is false. [ 213 words ]
Title: The Individual and the Society
Most of us are confused about the role and function of the individual and the society, whether the individual is instrument or the aid of the society and government. Whether the individual is a mere instrument of society or society exists for the individual is a universal problem. If society is more important then individuality can’t exist, but if society exists for the individual then it must give him the feeling of freedom. [ 72 words ]
2. Make a precis of the following passage giving a suitable title. [7 Marks]
Why is society crumbling, as it surely is? One of the fundamental reasons is that the individual, you, has ceased to be creative. It will explain what I mean. You and I have become imitative; we are copying outwardly and inwardly. Outwardly, when learning techniques, when communicating with each other on the verbal level, naturally there must be some imitation, copy. I copy words. To become an engineer I must leam the technique, the use the technique to build a bridge. There must be a certain amount of imitation, copying in outward technique, but when there is inward psychological imitation, surely we cause to be creative. Our education, our social structure, our so-called religious life, are all based on imitation, that is, I fit into a particular social or religious formula. I have ceased to be a real individual.
Title: Individuals and Society Are interrelated
The fundamental reason of the society being broken is loss of its creativeness. We have become imitative, outwardly while learning and communicating a technique. An engineer learns the technique and use it building a bridge. Being imitative inwardly we cease to be creative and a real citizen.
3. Make a precis of the following passage giving a suitable title. [7Marks]
All the great religious teachers of mankind have assisted on this: that man ought not to live for themselves alone. We ought .not, they have said, to spend all our time and energy in getting just what we want for ourselves, power and money and importance in die world, we ought to serve something greater than ourselves, whether a god or a cause or our fellowmen. It is by serving this something greater than men will forget themselves and so achieve happiness. This or something like it is what the great religions have taught, and it is one of the most important of the things that civilization means. It is also the hardest to learn and practise. In fact, most people have found if much too hard.
Title: Teaching of great religions
All the great religious teachers of mankind insisted to serve something greater than to spend our time and energy on our wants. Though it is hardest to learn and which great religions have taught to achieve happiness and what civilization means. [42words]
4. Make a precis of the following passage giving a suitable title. [7Marks]
Educated women have to play the role of teachers. An educated lady can serve the country in the humble capacity of a teacher. The education of children depends mainly upon women. They can teach as well as amuse. They can do research work in art, literature, philosophy and science. We are fortunate in having very intelligent girls *who are anxious to have training in foreign countries. They are being given a scholarship by the Government of India and many of them have proceeded to western countries and have made their mark as educationists. Women can also render social service whenever there is flood, famine, earthquake or some natural calamity. It is also during the war that they can be of utmost utility to their nation. In free India ladies are being given training in first aid, use of gun and rifles and some of them are getting training as drivers and pilots. The defence of the country is a matter of great importance to all arid women should share the burden with men. [ 172 words ]
Title: The Role of Educated Women
Educated women serve the nation in many ways, by educating children, undertaking research work in art, literature, philosophy, science and higher education in foreign countries. They can render social services in natural calamities like flood, famine and earthquake. During the war their utmost contribution to the nation is the job of first aid, nursing, pilot and many other activities. [ 58 words ]
5. Make a precis of the following passage giving a suitable title. [7 Marks]
Human life consists of a succession of small events, each of which is comparatively unimportant and yet the happiness and success of every man; depends upon the manner in which these small events are dealt with. Character is built upon little things—little things well and honourably transacted. The ‘success of a man in business depends upon the attention to little things. The comfort of a household is the result of small things well-arranged. Good government can only be accomplished in the same way by well-regulated provisions for the doing of little things.
Accumulation of knowledge and experience of the most valuable kind is the result of little bits of knowledge and experience carefully treasured up. Those who learn nothing or accumulate nothing in life are set down as failures because they have neglected little things. They may themselves consider | that the world has gone against them but, in fact, they have been their own enemies. [ 156 words ]
Title: Way of Success
Though small-events in human life are unimportant, still the happiness and ( success of every man and the good government depends on the manners of its dealings. Those who remain without accumulation of knowledge and experience, in life are set-down as failures because of neglecting little-things. They become ’ disillusioned, but really they have been their own enemies. – [55 words]
6. Make a precis of the following passage giving a suitable title. [7Marks]
I Today our society abounds with persons, who are mad after their own interest. In Sarvodaya, however, one has to be solicitous of other’s interest. I Man’s nature will have to be changed. Values of life will have to be re-valued. For, if the individual does not change even if exploitation is put out once, it will reappear afterwards. This is a high ideal no doubt, but is capable of being attained. That can be done by making a beginning somewhere.
Bhoodan is the process whereby we can reach this goal. The land problem is a problem that affects crores of people. Hence, the Bhoodan movement makes a direct appeal to the masses and would inevitably cast its influence on their approach and way to life. [ 124 words ]
Title: Sarvodaya and Bhoodan
Persons and after their own interest become desirous of other’s interest in “Sarvodaya”. High-ideals will appear in revalue of life. Bhoodan solves land-problem by making direct appeal to the masses which would inevitably casts its influence on their way to life. [ 41 words ]
7. Make a precis of the following passage giving a suitable title. [TMarks]
Kiran was a universal favourite with her family and neighbours, so that when she fall seriously ill they were all anxious. The wise villagers thought it shameless for the husband to make so much fuss about a mere wife and even to suggest a change of air and asked if shared supposed that no woman had, ever been ill before or whether he had found out that the folk of the place to l which he meant to take her were immortal. Did he imagine that the write to fate did not mn there ? But Sharat and his mother turned a deaf ear to them thinking that the life of .their darling was of greater importance than the united wisdom of a village. So Sharat went to Chander Nagar, and Kiran recovered though she was still very weak. There was a pinch look on her face which filled the beholders with pity, and made their heart tremble, as they thought how narrowly she had escaped death. [ 180 words ]
Title: Kiran’s Illness
Popular Kiran’s serious illness grieved her relations and neighbours. Her husband Sharat, desired her climatic change but the so-called wise villagers opposed the idea as foolish and shameless, but to her husband and mother-in¬law, her life was dearer than villager’s opinion. Therefore, they took her to Chander Nagar where she recovered, although still look weak. She had a narrow escape from death. [60 words ]
8. Make a precis of the following passage giving a suitable title. [7 Marks]
If today I have a quarrel with another man, I do not get beaten merely because I am physically weaker and he can knock me down. I go to law, and the law will decide as fairly as it can between the two of us. Thus, in disputes between man and man, right has taken the place of might. Moreover, the law protects me from robbery and violence. Nobody may come and break into my house, steal my goods, or run off with my children. Of course, there are burglars, but they are very rare, and the laws punishes them whenever it catches them.
It difficult for us to realise how much this safety means. Without safety those high activities of making which make up civilization could not go on. The inventor could not invent, the scientist find out or the artist make beautiful things. [ 146 words ]
Title: The law of the land
In case of a quarrel, law protects physically weaker person, by deciding faily. Nobody can dare to steal my goods or run-off with my children. Civilization made up of higher activities of mankind is meaningless without safety. The inventors could not invent, the scientist find out or the artist make beautiful things. [ 50 words ]
9. Make a precis of the following passage giving a suitable title. [7 Marks]
The very abundance of books, an increasing and confusing abundance in our days, makes it important to know how to choose’promptly and judiciously among them if one is not to spend as much time in the mere choice as in the perusal of the books that are selected. On this subject the first advice I venture to submit is to secure and to read only the best books. There are plenty of them, far more than you will ever find time to read. And when a wide range of excellent works is so readily obtainable, it is surely unfortunate to waste valuable minutes on any others. You may ask what I mean by best books. Passing by for the moment those publications which in each of the great languages of the world we call classics, I mean by the best books those from which you receive most, and can carry away most in the form of either knowledge or stimulation. [ 160 words ]
Title: Choice of Books
Innumerable books are published now-a-days. Naturally, there is no time to read even the best ones which are available in large numbers, One should, therefore, read only the best books and not to spend much time in perusal of the books. Besides classic best books are those that give maximum of wisdom and inspiration. [ 54 words ]
10. Makea precisofthefollowingpasage giving a suitable title. [7 marks]
Now Jumman had an old relation, a material aunt. who had some property. This she transferred to him by a deed on the understanding that she would be well-looked after. So long as the deed remained unregistered, none was so obliging to the old lady as her review none so considerate to her. Her every wish was anticipated and carefully carried out. But everything changed the moment the deed was registered. Jumman wh6 used to wit dotingly on his old aunt now become supremely indifferent. His wife. chairman, went even further. She grudged even the little food that the old lady ate. No meal was now served to her without chairman letting loose a barber two dipped in gall or position. [123 words]
Jumman had an old aunt. She had some property. She gave it to Jumman on assurance that he would maintain her. Before the registration he was hospitable to her but after registration he requested her. His wife’s treatment was worse. [ 40 words ]
11. Make a precis of the following passage giving a suitable title. [7 Marks]
The cinema is an outstanding wonder of this modem age. Apart from the great pleasure it gives us, it is a means of entertainment. It is in many ways, an education in itself, and no regular patron of the cinema can ever be called illiterate. The cinema is also a very valuable asset to educationists in imparting knowledge. The fdm companies, from time to time, produce historical pictures, and-these pictures are of great assistance to the teacher of history. A couple of hours spent in the company of historical personages dressed in the proper dress of the period can teach us far more than we can learn from a whole week’s browsing in a history textbook. Even some of Shakespeare’s dramas and comedies have been filmed and we thereby gain a much better idea of the play than would be possible from a casual reading of it. [ 146 words ] | <urn:uuid:99d9bf50-f75d-4936-8ef5-d7bbb49f6daf> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://biharboardsolutions.com/bihar-board-class-11-english-precis-writing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991378.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20210515070344-20210515100344-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.96861 | 3,050 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Members of Development Assistance Committee, the world’s major donor countries, and other donors, have adopted an Action Plan to support poor countries trying to cope with the economic and financial crisis.
Globally, aid has risen and most donors are so far holding to their promises in the face of the crisis. In fact, participants to the meeting welcomed the announcement by the Obama administration of its proposal to double its foreign assistance over the next five years. But, despite this trend, some DAC members have decreased their aid and others are unlikely to meet their commitments. Only renewed efforts will bring the collective aid performance back on track, especially for Africa. As the major international institutions respond quickly to emerging needs with the funds they have available, there is a risk that this money will soon run out. The action plan calls on the DAC donor community to ensure that these institutions can count on the financial support they need to backstop developing countries over the medium term.
The global downturn is affecting developing countries - the least responsible for the crisis, and the least able to cope with its impact. Low-income countries, in particular, were already weakened by the food and energy crises. The stakes are now high: The World Bank estimates that, as a result of the crisis, 53 million more people will have to live on less than USD 1.25 a day. Eckhard Deutscher, Chair of the Development Assistance Committee, warns “We must not allow the current crisis to push millions of people back into poverty, reversing the progress for which developing countries have worked so hard”.
Open trade, investment support and private sector development are critical to the development of poor countries. Yet they also need aid to mitigate short-term pressures and move towards strong, clean and fair growth. The Development Cooperation Minister of Luxembourg, Jean-Louis Schiltz, emphasizes, “Predictable financing for development is key. Above and beyond aid, we must use all available policy options to ensure that developing countries come through the crisis and continue progress towards their development goals.”
In the action plan, Members of the Development Assistance Committee agree to assist developing countries by:
meeting their existing aid commitments, in particular in Africa.
helping low-income countries finance both short- and long-term priorities.
making the most effective possible use of aid.
financing international institutions in a timely and predictable manner .
tackling the crisis using all instruments available, not just official aid.
For further information, journalists are invited to contact Helen Fisher at the OECD's Media Division (tel. +33 (0) 1 45 24 80 97).
Action Plan to support poor countries trying to cope with the economic and financial crisis | <urn:uuid:cb135783-c70d-4bbc-92f4-fa907fdea184> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.oecd.org/development/povertyreduction/majordonorsadoptplantosupportpoorcountriesincrisisduringthehighlevelmeetingatoecdon27-28may2009.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119648148.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030048-00187-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939036 | 552 | 2.5625 | 3 |
In the first chapter (17 pages) strong essays: the pearl by john steinbeck essay - the pearl by john steinbeck the pearl by john steinbeck this book. The pearl opens with a short preface—a single paragraph of text stating that the tale of the pearl chapter summaries john steinbeck quiz, and essay save time. Chapter 6 – the pearl jot notes conflict important nots questions jot notes in chapter 1, kino did not interfere with the ants as they. John steinbeck in the town they tell the story of the great pearl- how it was found chapter 1 kino awakened in the near dark. In ways has kino changed by chapter 3 english homework 2nd october 2011 essay title: in what ways has kino changed by the the pearl demonstrates an. Imagery and mood of the pearl essays in the book the pearl in the third chapter steinbeck describes the town as a colonial animal(21.
The pearl: essay q&a, free study guides and book notes including comprehensive chapter analysis, complete summary analysis, author biography information, character. The pearl by john steinbeck summarize what happens in the first chapter again at the end of the chapter, juana wants to throw the pearl away because it is evil. Essays english 10 files audiobook: the pearl by john steinbeck (all parts) the pearl the pearl by john steinbeck audiobook: chapter 1. Chapter 1 context study questions & essay kino’s inner soundtrack highlights the pearl’s original conception as a film project—the audience would. The pearl chapter 1 comprehension/discussion questions1 what are the main character’s names 2 how would you describe their economic status 3.
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The pearl is a novella by american author john steinbeck, first published in 1947 it is the story of a pearl diver, kino, and explores man's nature as well as greed. The pearl chapters 1-5 chapter 1 1 in what ways does steinbeck show the depth of feeling between kino and juana steinbeck shows the depth of feeling. Transcript of the pearl by john steinbeck ( chapter 3 ) the pearl by john steinbeck kino found the pearl of the world the pearl by john steinbeck presented by cindy. The pearl chapter 1 by john steinbeck, audiobook read by education monkey's mike vanemon. | <urn:uuid:3b48b5a2-fb2f-4add-a83f-6136733430dd> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://tfhomeworkckyy.newsglobal.us/the-pearl-1st-chapter-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867493.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625053151-20180625073151-00614.warc.gz | en | 0.918199 | 747 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Their report is consistent with those of other twin survivors who said Mengele was their protector as much as their persecutor.
Until you feel that you are freed from this persecutor, it would be criminal to bind a loving woman to you and your destiny.
She gave a faint scream and drew back with a shudder at the sight of their persecutor.
Nero had now become the persecutor and the most bitter enemy of all righteousness.
Why, who is it but you who are the persecutor of this poor lone creature?
The popular ideal of a persecutor is very far from the truth.
The persecutor had asked for blood, and blood had been granted him.
Tryphna has just been telling me that he was once a persecutor.
The heart of England was sound and true; she was a victim, not a persecutor.
It shows that St. Paul was in the habit of alluding to the fact that he had been a persecutor.
early 15c., from Anglo-French persecutour, Old French persecutor "persecutor, enemy" (12c., Modern French persécuteur), from Latin persecutor, agent noun from persequi (see persecution).
mid-15c., "to oppress for the holding of a belief or opinion," from Middle French persécuter "pursue, torment, open legal action" (14c.), from Latin persecutus, past participle of persequi "to pursue" (see persecution). Related: Persecuted; persecuting. | <urn:uuid:bfe44918-896f-4237-bc45-3df397dd0f5c> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.dictionary.com/browse/persecutor?qsrc=2446 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982291143.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195811-00270-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982186 | 322 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Many people have never heard of Mesothelioma and are unaware of its symptoms. Although considered a rare form of cancer, each year the number of cases grows. With the prevalence of this disease on the rise, it is critical to understand why and how Mesothelioma develops and what courses of action can be taken in the event of diagnosis. The following is a list of frequently asked questions and answers that will provide you with some information on Mesothelioma, and the legal issues surrounding it.
What is Mesothelioma?
Mesothelioma is the term used to describe a cancerous tumor found in the mesothelial cells of an organ. The organs where this form of cancer is most commonly found are the lungs, heart and abdominal organs. Pleural Mesothelioma is cancer of the lung lining and is the most common form of Mesothelioma.
What causes Mesothelioma?
Mesothelioma is almost always caused by exposure to asbestos. Asbestos is often found in building materials used before the mid 1970’s. In addition, materials such as pipes, boiler insulation, floor, ceiling and roof tiles may contain asbestos.
How much asbestos exposure will cause Mesothelioma?
Generally, the probability of developing this form of cancer is in accordance with the length of time you are exposed to asbestos. Also, your health is at risk if your exposure to asbestos is intense. It should be noted that Mesothelioma has a latency period of 20 to 50 years. This means that you may develop the disease long after your exposure to asbestos. On average, people tend to develop Mesothelioma somewhere between 35 and 40 years after exposure.
How quickly does Mesothelioma progress?
The onset of Mesothelioma is quite slow. Patients will begin to experience symptoms such as lower back pain and chest pain. These symptoms may also be accompanied by weight loss, fever and difficulty breathing. Unfortunately, once Mesothelioma develops, it quickly becomes aggressive and treatment must be sought immediately.
Can Mesothelioma be treated?
Doctors are able to use several traditional methods of cancer treatment for Mesothelioma, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation. Like all forms of cancer, detecting the disease at the earliest stage possible greatly increases the patient’s chances for survival. If you have worked in an industry such as construction or suspect that you may have been exposed to asbestos, be alert for symptoms and contact your doctor immediately.
What legal courses of action can be taken?
Anyone suffering from Mesothelioma is entitled to compensation from asbestos manufacturers. Additionally, if you are the spouse or child of someone who has died from Mesothelioma, you are entitled to file a claim and seek compensation. | <urn:uuid:801c922d-1795-4369-875e-cfeca7235a59> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.simstat.com/frequently-asked-questions-about-mesothelioma/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987829458.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023043257-20191023070757-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.958009 | 585 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Is "no" - a negative pronoun, adverb or something else?
There was no reply.
The song was no strain on her voice.
What do you think about this?
Negative sentences with introductory "there" are formed in the usual way for the verbs which are their predicates, that is, by means of appropriate auxiliaries for all the verbs but to be. In the latter case two negative constructions are possible:
a) either with the negative pronoun no, as in:
There was no sign of him in the hall.
There is no knowing when he will come...(http://doclecture.net/1-7538.html) | <urn:uuid:2224ac3c-75be-420b-935a-fd04673fd015> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/72484/what-part-of-speech-is-no-negative-pronoun-adverb-or-something-else | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304471.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124023407-20220124053407-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.96846 | 146 | 2.5625 | 3 |
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Sword of Dyrnwyn On-Line Magazine
Volume 26, Issue No. 3 Beltane, or May Day, Issue May 1, 2007
Table of Contents |
Beltane | Tree of the Month | Circle Ritual
Organizational News | Transitions | Classes | Y Tylwyth TegNews | Classifieds | Recommended Books
New Book Reviews | Recipes | Georgia News | Worldwide News | Becoming Legal | Bangor Institute
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History and Meaning of Beltane
(Beltane May Day)
Kipling: Oh,do not tell the Priest of our plight,
Or he would call it a sin;
But we have been out in the woods all night,
A-conjuring Summer in!
All fires were extinguished on the eve of Beltane. This is one of the fire festival at which Balefires would be started across the country with a new fire that had been started by the Druid. All hearths would be rekindled with the fresh flame at sunrise. Actually the preparation for Beltane would start a few days before it, with the gathering of the nine sacred woods used for the kindling of the fire. At dawn the Bel-fire or Need-fire would be started and then torches fit from it to be carried home to relight the hearth fires. According to Robert Graves, the Beltane need-fire was kindled by drilling an oak plank with specific incantations and the fire had special properties. Irish traditions call for the first Beltane fire to be lit by the High King, then all the others were lit. A "little voice" tells me that the fires were lit by the Head Arch Druid and the other "fifths" or kingdoms were lit in an East, West, South, and North direction, by their Arch Druids or Lords of the area to form a circle of protection around the Island.
It is celebrated as an early agricultural festival accompanying the first turning of the herds out to wild pasture. The rituals were held to promote fertility. The cattle were driven between the Belfires to protect them from ills and to ensure fertility. Contact with the fire was interpreted as symbolic contact with the sun. People also jumped the fire for fertility and prosperity.
It was a time of fun and games. The time of planting is finished and a time of waiting begins. The Beltane Games were a time to test the young warriors against each other in friendly matches, archery contests, feasting, dancing, story telling and a chance for people to get together.
It is also considered as the coming together of the God and Goddess in fertile union to add new life to the crops and hasten their growth. "Beltane" means "~Fire of Bel", the Sun God who's accession feast we now celebrate. Bel or Belinos, being associated with the Apollo and Baal. As a side note; Bel, Belinos, Balor or Belenus are traced back to Baal, they all mean Lord. They are more of a Fire God than a solar god. Also the Irish and Scottish word for the sun is "grian", another is "Mor", they are both feminine. So the Irish and Scots both thought of the Sun as female, a giver of life.
As summer begins, weather becomes warmer, and the plant world blossoms, an exuberant mood prevails. It is a time of unabashed sexuality and passion. Young people spend the entire night in the woods "a-maying", and dance around the phallic Maypole the next morning. Older married couples may remove their wedding rings (and the restrictions they imply) for this one night. May morning is a magical time for "wild" water (dew, flowing streams, and springs) which is collected and used to bathe in for beauty, or to drink for health.
Some Beltane traditions are: Make a rope out of the tail hair of Cattle and drag it in the dew chanting "Milk of this one down, milk of that one up, into my own big pail" to ensure a good milk supply. Bannocks cakes made with milk, eggs and oatmeal by hand and not suppose to come into contact with steel were made up until the end of the 19th century. To stop enchantments from fairies, rowan crosses were hung and people and animals sprinkled with water from sacred wells. The rowan branch is hung over the house fire on May Day to preserve the fire itself from bewitchment (the house fire being symbolic of the luck of the house.
The May Queen (and often King) is chosen from among the young people, and they go singing from door to door throughout the town carrying flowers or the May tree, soliciting donations for a merrymaking in return for the "blessing of May". In some rituals, a King and Queen May symbolize the male and female principles of productivity This is symbolic of bestowing and sharing of the new creative power that is stirring in the world. As the kids go from door to door, the May Bride often sings to the effect that those who give wilt get of nature's bounty through the year.
In parts of France, some jilted youth will lie in a field on May Day and pretend to sleep. If any village girl is willing to marry him, she goes and wakes him with a kiss; the pair then go to the village inn together and lead the dance which announces their engagement. The boy is called "the betrothed of May."
Branches and flowers were brought back and woven into garlands of intersecting hoops with two balls dangling within the circle. It was supposedly made out of rowan and marsh marigolds. This is still done in some Irish villages today. Also staying up all night and dancing among the crops was traditional. Some say that is were the tradition that witches fly on broomstick came from. That the old pagans use to dance with phallic staffs and jump as high as they could because that was as high as the crops would grow.
The last known public Beltane festival was held on Arran was as late as 1895. The Beltane fires and festivals went on all over the Scottish Highlands until the mid-nineteenth century. Beltane rites still are carried over at several places today. The famous Cloutie Well (the Blue Well or Well of youth) on Culloden moor in Inverness-shire is still visited on the first Sunday of May and strips of cloth are stilll left there on the trees. Arthur seat in Edinburgh, people still climb to the top of this summit to watch the May sunrise.
The Christian religion substitute for Beltane was celebrated as "Roodmas". In Germany, it was the feast of Saint Walpurga or "Walpurgisnacht". Later when the Christian church took over the Beltane observances, a service was held in the church, followed by a procession to the fields or hills, where the priest kindled the fire and blessed field and animals.
The astrological date for Beltane is around May 5 when the sun reaches 15 degrees Taurus, this was the original time of the Sabbat. It is believed that Beltane was not adjusted when the calendar was recalculated and it should be closer to that date. This is a "power point" in astrology and is shown in the Tarot as the Bull in the cards World and Wheel of fortune.
Hawthorn, Whitethorn or May is the Goddess tree whose white flowers indicate the time of Beltane, the Good Fires, which burn away the evils of winter and signal the start of the Goddess' reign again. Thorns are protective trees and Whitethorn, Quickthorn and Hawthorn are all sacred to the Goddess. The Celtic letter name was Uath. There was a strong taboo on breaking hawthorn branches or bringing them into the house except on May Day. Then sprigs are cut for the Goddess. This taboo is still strong for the Irish for they loath to cut a lone hawthorn, a fairy tree.
Sycamore is a God tree and has a long magical association, for its leaves are often those shown on foliated heads of the God of Nature, Jack in the Green, found as a pub sign and in old churches. The wood is used green for carving and is often used for Welsh 'love spoons" given as tokens of betrothal at around May Day. The phallic May Pole were put up on many a village green as folk celebrated the marriage of the White Goddess (Marian) to the Green Man or Robin Hood.
A few of Beltane's Historical/mythological events are from the ancient Irish 'Book of Invasions'. The first settler of Ireland, Partholan, arrived on May 1st; and it was on May 1st that the plague came which destroyed his people. The landing of the Tuatha De Danaan in Ireland and years later, the Tuatha De Danann were conquered by the Milesians on May Day. In Welsh myth, the perennial battle between Gwythur and Gwyn for the love of Creudylad took place each May Day; and it was on May Eve that Teirnyon lost his colts and found Pryderi. And Queen Guinevere's 'abduction' by Meliagrance. May is named in honor of the goddess Maia, originally a Greek mountain nymph, later identified as the most beautiful of the Seven Sisters, the Pleiades. By Zeus, she is also the mother of Hermes, god of magic. Maia's parents were Atlas and Pleione, a sea nymph.
I will end this with a thought from one of my favorite singers, Jethro Tull.
For the May Day is the great day,
Sung along the old straight track.
And those who ancient lines did ley
Will heed this song that calls them back.
Celli Laughing Coyote
The Sword of Dynion Mwyn provides news, views, and other information primarily of and for the students, members and friends of The Welsh Tradition of Dynion Mwyn and selected members of the International Pagan Community. The Sword is the official journal of the Church of Dynion Mwyn, and has a section which is devoted to the Southeastern Pagan Alliance (SEPA). We are primarily interested in news of topical interest, and articles pertaining to Witchcraft, Wicca, the Occult and Paganism. Deadline for the Beltane, 2007 issue is May 15, 2007. All submissions must include legal name and address. Names will be withheld or magickal names substituted on request. Subscription lists, names, addresses, etc. are not given out or sold. All news and articles should be submitted by the 1st of the month proceeding the issue date.
The Sword is published at the eight sacred festivals of the year during the months of: December, February, March, May, June, August, September, and November. Circulation: 10642
Content: The ideas expressed herein are those of the authors and not those of The Church of Dynion Mwyn, it's covens and groves (except where noted), nor the editors of The Sword of Dynion Mwyn. We will not knowingly print oathbound material, gossip, or rumors. The Sword of Dynion Mwyn cannot vouch for any product, services, or contact identified herein. The Sword of Dynion Mwyn reserves the right to refuse any advertisement that it finds inappropriate.
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Carbohydrates are an essential macronutrient that play a crucial role in providing energy to the body. They are classified into three main categories: sugar, starch, and fiber. Each type of carbohydrate has unique properties and health benefits, and it’s important to understand the differences between them in order to make informed dietary choices.
Sugar is a simple carbohydrate that is composed of just one or two molecules. These types of carbohydrates are quickly absorbed by the body, providing a quick source of energy. However, consuming too much sugar can lead to weight gain and an increased risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. Examples of sugar include glucose, fructose, and lactose.
- Glucose is the main source of energy for the body and is found in fruits, vegetables, and grains.
- Fructose is found naturally in fruits and is often used as a sweetener in processed foods.
- Lactose is the sugar found in milk and dairy products. It is important to limit the intake of added sugars and choose natural sources of sugar, such as fruits, as a source of sweetness.
Starch is a complex carbohydrate that is composed of long chains of glucose molecules. It is found in plants and is the body’s main source of energy. Examples of starch include potatoes,rice, and wheat. These types of carbohydrates are broken down into glucose by the body and provide energy.
They are also a good source of vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Unlike sugar, consuming complex carbohydrates in moderate amounts can be beneficial for health. Whole grains are a great source of complex carbohydrates and provide a range of essential nutrients, such as B vitamins, magnesium, and zinc.
Fiber is another type of carbohydrate that is also considered a complex carbohydrate. However, unlike sugar and starch, fiber is not digested by the body. It is instead passed through the digestive system and helps to promote regular bowel movements and lower cholesterol levels.
Fiber can also help to control blood sugar levels and may reduce the risk of certain diseases. Examples of fiber include fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. It is recommended to aim for at least 25-30 grams of fiber per day from a variety of sources.
Processed and Complex Carbohydrates
Processed carbohydrates are found in foods that have been altered or refined. These types of carbohydrates are often high in added sugars and provide little nutritional value. Examples of processed carbohydrates include white bread, pastries, and sugary drinks. These foods are often high in calories and low in nutrients and can lead to weight gain and chronic disease.
In contrast, complex carbohydrates are found in whole, unprocessed foods such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. These types of carbohydrates are rich in fiber and other nutrients, and they break down more slowly in the body, providing sustained energy. It is important to limit the intake of processed carbohydrates and choose complex carbohydrates as the main source of energy.
Refined and Unrefined Carbohydrates
Another important distinction is between refined and unrefined carbohydrates. Refined
carbohydrates, such as white bread, white pasta, and sugary cereals, have had the outer bran and germ removed during processing, reducing the number of vitamins, minerals, and fiber. On the other hand, unrefined carbohydrates, such as whole wheat bread, whole wheat pasta, and oatmeal, retain their natural nutrients and are considered healthier choices
The Glycemic Index
It is also worth noting that some carbohydrates are considered “low-glycemic” while others are considered “;high-glycemic”. The glycemic index (GI) is a measure of how quickly a food raises blood sugar levels. High-glycemic foods, such as white bread and sugary drinks, are rapidly absorbed by the body and cause a spike in blood sugar. This can lead to a quick release of insulin, which can lead to a crash in energy levels and cravings for more sugar.
Low-glycemic foods, such as whole grains, fruits and vegetables, have a slower digestion rate and release sugar into the bloodstream gradually, helping to maintain stable blood sugar levels. Choosing low-glycemic carbohydrates can help to control appetite, improve energy levels, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes.
There are various ways to classify carbohydrates, but one common classification system is based on their chemical structure and includes seven classes:
- Monosaccharides: These are the simplest form of carbohydrates and include glucose, fructose, and galactose. They cannot be broken down further and are easily absorbed by the body.
- Disaccharides: These are made up of two monosaccharides bonded together, such as sucrose (glucose + fructose) and lactose (glucose + galactose). They are also easily absorbed by the body.
- Oligosaccharides: These are made up of 3 to 10 monosaccharides bonded together. They can be found in some fruits, vegetables, and grains and are not easily absorbed by the body.
- Polysaccharides: These are made up of many monosaccharides bonded together and include starches and fibers. Starches are found in plants and are broken down by the body into glucose for energy, while fibers are not digestible and help promote regular bowel movements.
- Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP): These are a type of complex carbohydrate found in plant-based foods and include cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins. They are not easily digested by the body and have a beneficial effect on the gut and overall health.
- Glycoconjugates: These are complex carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to other molecules, such as proteins or lipids. They are found in cell membranes and are important for cell-cell recognition, and cell signaling.
- Glycosaminoglycans: These are long chains of repeating disaccharide units that are found in the extracellular matrix and are important for maintaining the structure and function of connective tissue such as cartilage and tendons.
It’s worth noting that this classification is not absolute and the boundaries between classes are not always clear-cut, but the classification helps to understand the structural characteristics of the different types of carbohydrates.
Some carbohydrates are considered “good” carbs and others are considered “bad” carbs. Good carbs are nutrient-dense and provide a range of essential vitamins, minerals, and fiber. They are typically found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes. Bad carbs, on the other hand,are typically low in nutrients and high in added sugars.
They are found in processed foods such as white bread, sugary drinks, and pastries. It’s important to aim for a balance of good and bad carbs in the diet, with a focus on consuming more good carbs for optimal health. Speak to your nutritionist or physician to develop a healthy eating plan that includes good carbohydrates and cuts out the bad. From Spatz we recommend you to avoid added sugars if you wear the gastric balloon. | <urn:uuid:1cc879cf-017f-48a6-800e-ac093d313f57> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.spatzmedical.com/differences-between-different-types-of-carbohydrates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948765.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328042424-20230328072424-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.953484 | 1,487 | 4.0625 | 4 |
cry1Ab Transgene Segregation Patterns of GM Maize DocumentedSeptember 16, 2020
Genetically modified (GM) maize from Brazil and South Africa were used to determine the segregation patterns of the transgene cry1Ab, which is responsible for certain pest resistance. The results are expected to make an impact in a small farmer's selection behavior in consideration of the plant's insecticidal trait.
Maize is a key crop for both countries. Farmers mostly grow GM hybrid maize for commercial systems while small-scale systems often rely on open pollinated varieties (OPV). The study was conducted to understand the relationship among the transgene expression rate, the GM product's transgene concentration results, and the insect pest bioactivity after the gene flow from GM hybrid maize to the non-GM near-isogenic hybrid maize (ISOs), and OPVs. Two segregation patterns were modeled to measure the cry1Ab transgene expression, the Cry1Ab protein concentration, and the pest survival, using F1, F2 crosses and backcrosses with GM, ISO and OPV maize varieties from the two countries. Results showed that cry1Ab transgene was stably expressed in both ISO and OPV genetic backgrounds. The introgression exhibited consistent concentrations of Cry1Ab toxins similar to the GM parental maize. Furthermore, most crosses suggested the expected Mendelian segregation pattern.
The scientists who conducted the study suggested that while transcription from the cry1Ab transgene is able to determine the presence of the Cry1Ab protein, the mRNA levels do not reflect the end Cry1Ab protein concentrations in the plant on its own. This may affect the effectiveness of insect resistance management programs in situations with complex crop genetic backgrounds. This may then lead to the fixation of the trait in a wider population, thus influencing the genetic diversity of varieties planted by small-scale farmers.
Read the full paper in PLOS.
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- Comparison Between GM and Non-GM Maize Shows No Difference in Composition, Agronomic Traits
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The Crop Biotech Update is a weekly newsletter of ISAAA, a not-for-profit organization. The CBU is distributed for free to over 23,000 subscribers worldwide to inform them about the key developments in biosciences, especially in agricultural biotechnology. Your support will help us in our mission to feed the world with knowledge. You can help by donating as little as $10.
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- Gene Drive Supplement (July 27, 2022)
Subscribe to CBU: | <urn:uuid:14e22f6d-ba9b-4ce5-a01d-18d6b01e2008> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.isaaa.org/kc/cropbiotechupdate/article/default.asp?ID=18335 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.892314 | 856 | 2.953125 | 3 |
By the age of eighteen, the average adult has a total of 32 teeth, 16 teeth on the top and 16 on the bottom. Each tooth in the mouth has a specific name and function. The teeth in the front of the mouth are ideal for grasping and biting food into smaller pieces. The back teeth or molar teeth are used to grind food up into a consistency suitable for swallowing.
The average mouth is only made to hold 28 teeth. It can be painful when there is 32 teeth trying to fit into a mouth that holds only 28 teeth. These four other teeth are your third molars, also known as wisdom teeth. This is why wisdom tooth removal is so common.
Wisdom teeth are the third and final set of molars to develop in the mouth. They tend to appear during the late teens or early twenties. Many people live their whole lives with healthy, fully developed wisdom teeth without pain. However, the misalignment or impact of wisdom teeth commonly leads to a medical recommendation of extraction. Some of the possible problems related to not removing your wisdom teeth include:
The most frequent clinical problem we see is a localized gum infection. Without enough room for total eruption, the gum tissue around the wisdom tooth can become irritated and infected, resulting in recurrent pain, swelling, and problems with chewing and/or swallowing.
Misaligned wisdom teeth are often positioned horizontally or angled toward or away from the teeth and may cause damage to the surrounding teeth or jaw, resulting in pain. These teeth may be hard to clean because of their positioning, allowing plaque and other debris to build up, which can lead to decay or infection of the teeth or surrounding tissue. Impacted wisdom teeth are those that either do not break through the gums or remain trapped in the jawbone or surrounding tissue due to the lack of space in the dental arch.
Wisdom tooth removal is among the most common oral surgery procedures. Wisdom teeth often need to be removed if they grow in sideways or become positioned against another tooth (referred to as impacted). Usually, wisdom tooth removal is performed under IV sedation or laughing gas. When possible, early removal is recommended to avoid future problems and to decrease the surgical risk of the procedure.
Call 716-800-2592 To Schedule A Wisdom Teeth Consultation! | <urn:uuid:f7bade12-c8f9-4d35-be32-e68ddb229ee4> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.familydentalwny.com/wisdom-tooth-removal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826049.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023130351-20171023150351-00879.warc.gz | en | 0.952686 | 465 | 3.453125 | 3 |
If you've ever taken a test in the United States, you most likely have seen a Scantron form, also known as bubble sheets, which is strip of machine-readable paper developed and manufactured by the Scantron company for multiple choice tests.
However, if you are not familiar with standardized testing or have not taken tests in the U.S., then the small piece of paper with scattered bubbles on them may look foreign to you. The following step-by-step article will help you learn how to properly use a Scantron form.
How do I fill out a Scantron form?
1. Write your name
Write your name on the bottom right-hand side. You will need to include the date, subject and test number. This is how most standard Scantron forms will look, and these are typically used for tests or quizzes as an answer key for test scoring.
Continue to Step 2 if you have a larger Scantron test that requires you to write in your name and fill in the bubbles.
2. Use the provided boxes
Write you last name, first and middle initial in the provided boxes. Below the boxes, fill in the appropriate letter for each letter in your name. Completely fill in the bubbles with your pencil.
Depending on the type of test you are taking such as a student test, enrollment exam, or civil service exam, additional information may be required. These may or may not include a student ID number, Social Security number or date of birth. Make sure all of the appropriate information and corresponding bubbles are filled in.
3. Start filling out answers
Start filling out your correct answers on the Scantron answer sheet. You will be given a test that you will most likely not write on. You will need to make sure each question of the test corresponds with the correct numbers you fill out on your Scantron form.
4. A for True or B for False
Fill in either A for "true" or B for "False" if you are given true or false questions on the multiple choice test. The letters T and F should be shown above the letters you need to fill in before the first answer.
5. Review your filled out form
Make sure you have completely filled in each correct answer to the test on the Scantron form and that the questions on the test match up with the answers on the Scantron form. If you erased any markings, make sure that it is completely erased so that it is not picked up by the Scantron machine. You have now successfully used a Scantron form, and you're ready to turn in your test.
Your Scantron score will be the number of correct answers you get out of the total number of questions on the test, depending on how your test coordinator uses the assessment. This will be your raw score.
Things to Bring
- Always have a sharpened #2 pencil.
- Completely fill in the circles.
- Know your student id number.
- Ask the test coordinator if you are able to write on the test version.
- If you're not sure about information the Scantron asks for, ask the person leading the tests what you're supposed to write.
- Make sure no marks are left after erasing.
- Don't make too dark or heavy a mark that it wears the paper down and makes it pop up.
- Always have a sharpened #2 pencil. Completely fill in the circles. If you're not sure about information the Scantron asks for, ask the person leading the tests what you're supposed to write. Make sure no marks are left after erasing. Don't make too dark or heavy a mark that it wears the paper down. | <urn:uuid:767b3e53-0a71-4a08-996d-548cddd757bf> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.theclassroom.com/use-scantrons-5104693.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710789.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201021257-20221201051257-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.914752 | 787 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Gilbert and Ellice Islands
The Gilbert and Ellice Islands were a British protectorate from 1892 and colony from 1916. They are formed from two groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean. On 1 January 1976 the islands were split into two different colonies that became independent states. The Gilbert Islands have been the biggest part of the nation of Kiribati since 1979, and the Ellice Islands became Tuvalu in 1978. | <urn:uuid:1979a7d4-e909-49a9-9897-1f39dbd771f8> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645261055.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031421-00130-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982793 | 86 | 3.140625 | 3 |
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