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A recent study looked at paternal and maternal psychiatric history and risk of preterm and early term birth. It was a nation-wide study using Swedish registers.
“It has been known for some time that women who are clinically anxious or depressed are more likely to deliver a child prematurely,” study author Michael E. Silverman told us. “Indeed, considerable evidence now exists showing a relationship between various psychiatric illnesses and the likelihood of delivering a premature infant.”
Preterm birth is a significant public health concern, given its association with numerous adverse childhood outcomes, many extending into adulthood including behavioral problems, cognitive issues, mental health conditions, neurological disorders, asthma, increased likelihood of infections, and potential visual challenges.
“Historically, society has blamed mothers for these obstetric and developmental outcomes,” Silverman told us. “In the 1940s, it was believed poor or deficient mothering behaviors caused autism and schizophrenia. More recently, food allergy, hyperactivity, depression, and even transsexualism have been blamed on the mother.”
There were three primary objectives of the study: First, researchers sought to explore the risk of preterm birth associated with the father’s psychiatric history; second, to determine the risk of preterm birth when both parents have a history of psychiatric illness; third, to clarify the full range of psychiatric disorders and their association with preterm birth.
Using the Swedish health and population registries, researchers explored approximately 1.5 million births, representing all live deliveries to Nordic-born individuals over 19 years (1997-2016). Notably, the Swedish registries cover the country’s entire population; therefore, this was a population-inclusive study.
“Based on the combination of the previous work in this area, and the understanding that psychological illness in the gestational parent is associated with a higher risk of premature delivery, we had reason to believe that we would see increased risk when the non-gestational partner also had a psychiatric illness,” Silverman told us. “But, as far as we know, this is the first nationally inclusive, large population-based study to comprehensively examine the full gestational range by psychiatric diagnoses for both parents.”
While the relationship between maternal psychiatric illness has been established, less is known about the paternal role in preterm delivery, and even less is known about the possible role of the various types of psychiatric illness. To better understand the underlying mechanisms associated with psychiatric illness and preterm delivery, it is essential to disentangle psychiatric history contributions from both the gestational and non-gestational parents.
The study was conducted by analyzing data on all live births to Nordic parents in Sweden between 1997 and 2016 using the Swedish Health and Population Registries. Psychiatric diagnoses were obtained from the National Patient Register and data on gestational age from the Swedish Medical Birth Register.
“There were 1.5 million births in the cohort, of which 15% were born to parents with a diagnosis,” Silverman told us. “We observed a trend towards earlier gestational age in offspring born to parents with psychiatric disorders.”
For parents without a diagnosis, 5.8% of babies were born preterm. A paternal diagnosis increased the risk to 6.3% of births, and a maternal diagnosis increased the risk to 7.3%. However, when both parents were diagnosed with a psychiatric illness, the risk of preterm birth was greatest, affecting 8.3% of births.
“The dose-dependent pattern of premature delivery observed with the increasing number of co-occurring psychiatric disorders from different diagnostic categories in the non-gestational and gestational parents was an interesting observation,” Silverman told us. “Preterm birth is a public health concern. Given the relationship between psychiatric history in either parent and preterm delivery, we believe it is essential for those responsible for delivering babies, namely obstetricians, to ask their patients about any relevant psychiatric history to plan for possible obstetric complications. Future studies should examine whether additional social support and prenatal care for families with psychiatric histories could impact gestational age.”
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Inserts are classified as two general types: those held in place by external threads and those that use some means other than threads (knurls, grooves, interference fit) for their holding power.
Externally threaded inserts can be further divided into three types:
Wire-thread inserts: These precision coils of diamond-shaped stainless wire form both internal and external threads. They are screwed into pretapped holes to provide an accurate standard internal thread for screws, bolts, or studs.
Solid self-tapping/self-threading inserts: These thread-cutting or thread-forming external threads are for use in either drilled or cored holes. Thread-cutting types have thread interruptions on the external threads in the form of slots or holes to provide cutting edges similar to a tap. Thread-forming types have external threads shaped in a series of lobes to form threads in the base material. Self-threading types create no chips.
Solid bushing: >These inserts use a number of locking techniques to match most situations. One version has built-in locking keys that are driven in after the insert is in place to provide rotation resistance. Other two-piece inserts have a separate key ring or serrated locking ring to provide the torsional resistance.
Modified or distorted external-thread inserts are used to create an interference fit with the tapped hole through a swaging action. Nylon plugs and strips attached to inserts may also provide locking action.
Inserts without external threads used in drilled or cored holes include:
Molded-in inserts: Used in thermosets, thermoplastics, rubber, and ceramics, they have one or more external knurled sections. Cast-in inserts, which are similar, are used on nonferrous metals.
Pressed-in inserts: These have external retention rings, knurls, or other elements for locking the insert in the base material. Some designs have slotted segments that are forced into the hole when the fastening screw engages the internal thread. Others have integral washers or cones that expand the locking segments as the insert is driven into the hole.
Ultrasonic inserts: Solid bushings with annular and longitudinal grooves prevent both pullout and rotation after installation. These are used only on thermoplastics.
Sandwich-panel inserts: These are used on honeycomb and composite sandwich panels, in either one or two-piece construction. The one-piece type is usually applied on one side of a panel with a potting compound to obtain the required strength. The two-piece construction is usually swaged together with some interlocking feature and applied through both sides of the panel.
Some specialty inserts provide an external male thread or other fastening means. One insert is the stud insert. This may have any of the previously listed holding and locking configurations on one end and a standard thread on the opposite end.
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Colorful sea star vanishes from California coast devastating marine ecology, fisheries
Six years after it was stricken by a wasting disease off the northern California coast, the sunflower sea star - one of the most colorful starfish in the ocean - has all but vanished, and the domino effect threatens to unravel an entire marine ecosystem.
The cause of the sea star's demise is a mystery, but it coincided with a warming event in the Pacific Ocean, possibly tied to the climate, that lasted for two years ending in 2015. It heated vast stretches of water in patches, and likely exacerbated the disease, according to a new study released Wednesday.
"I've never seen a decline of this magnitude of a species so important," Drew Harvell, the lead author of the study, published in the journal Science Advances, that documented the sunflower sea star's retreat into possible extinction off California and Oregon.
If the study had a purpose, she said, it was to call attention to the sea star's demise so that federal officials would take action to list it as endangered and work to save it, possibly with a breeding program using sunflower stars that are surviving in parts of Washington, Alaska and Canada.
"It's big news and cause for major management action," Harvell said. "We felt there wasn't enough attention."
Harvell and her team of researchers traced the sea star's decline using diver surveys of shallow waters. Between 2006 and 2014, divers saw "anywhere from two to 100 stars during their dives," the study said.
After that, they saw total devastation. In at least 60 percent of surveys in Washington and Canada, no sunflower sea stars were seen. In California and Oregon, 100 percent of surveys recorded the unthinkable: zero sightings.
The coastal Pacific is the only place sunflower sea stars are known to exist. It's been three years since divers have spotted one below Washington.
Their disappearance could not have come at a worse time.
Sunflower sea stars started dying off around the time that the population of their favorite prey, purple sea urchins, exploded. The voracious urchins feed on vegetation that is key to the ecosystem in that area of the Pacific - bull kelp forests that support young fish, snails, crabs, birds and a range of other animals.
Over the last few years, California's fifth largest fishery, red sea urchins harvested for sushi, has cratered. A once teeming population of decorative snails called abalone, which drew tourists and professional divers, has also crashed. Both animals rely on kelp to survive, and their combined loss has cost the state tens of millions of dollars, according to economists.
Scientists are wondering if the freak warming anomaly, disease and their adverse effects are sign of things to come.
"What happens before anything else is you get this coincidence between ocean warming and the outbreak of the disease that took out the sea star," said Mark Carr, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biological for the University of California at Santa Cruz. "We've been trying to understand why. We have never seen this kind of disease outbreak in sea stars, and we've been trying to understand how the hell it happened."
"We know we're going to see more warming in the future because of global climate change," Carr said, "so who knows if we will see more of these purple urchin outbreaks. You do wonder whether we're transitioning into a new environmental dynamic that we just haven't seen in the past."
Wednesday's study focuses on the demise of the sunflower sea star, a top predator in the tidal waters in California and Oregon that was as common as a robin, researchers said. Like wolves that control deer populations and bats that control crop-eating moths, they kept purple urchins under control for 600 miles.
With the sea stars on the prowl, purple urchins cowered in cracks and crevices of coral and waited for broken kelp leaves to float their way. "They scared the heck out of them. They caused them to stampede trying to get out of their way," Harvell said.
But with sea stars virtually annihilated, the urchins spread out across the ocean floor by the tens of thousands and gobbled the forests. The affected areas have a grim nickname: urchin barrens.
The sunflower sea star is a member of a species once known as starfish. Marine biologists changed the name because, among other things, they're not fish. Also, the sunflower isn't star shaped. It looks more like the sun.
It's an eye-popping sight, a technicolored creature that can grow as big as an SUV hubcap. Individuals often live together on coral in large pastel communities, and they move across the ocean floor using dozens of squiggly arms.
"They are pretty incredible. They can get to be, like, three feet across, so giant," said Cynthia Catton, an environmental scientist for the California Fish and Wildlife Service. She went diving with a friend from New Hampshire who saw one for the first time. "I think her reaction was telling. They're just this alien. They've got 20-plus arms moving independently, gliding across the reef. It's fascinating to watch."
The way sunflower sea stars wasted from disease is as grisly as they are beautiful. They melted and dissolved as if in a horror film. And they were trapped. In the beginning, when the disease was first detected, it was thought that warmer tidal waters were a killing field. But the study showed no evidence that deeper and colder depths are a refuge.
Scientists are more concerned about the bleak outlook for bull kelp forests is more worrisome because it holds up an ecosystem. When it disappeared, so did other animals and aspects of California's economy.
"California has very reduced kelp cover," Steve Lonhardt, a marine ecologist for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. "Bull kelp is missing from San Francisco Bay to Point Marina, a tremendous stretch of coast. Areas where there was kelp forest is dominated by urchins. People along those coasts are extremely alarmed because the kelp supports the red urchin fishery."
A kelp forest is habitat "for literally hundreds of thousands of marine organisms," Lonhardt said. "So when you lose that . . . imagine all the birds and insects that rely on trees. Kelp is delicious. Everything in the marine system loves to eat kelp."
To lose kelp is to lose a diet and nutrients, the cornerstone of the food web. Herons can walk in the middle of the ocean on a thick and healthy kelp forest and hunt for juvenile fish. Otters wrap themselves in it to take naps.
"Now it's just blue open water" in the north Pacific, Lonhardt said. And untold numbers of purple urchins at the ocean bottom, waiting to eat it when it tries to recover.
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The NCERT Books for class 11 Psychology are available here to help students in the learning process. Most of the questions that appear in the CBSE exams are asked from the NCERT books and can help you score the top marks in the Psychology exams. These Books are written by teachers who are experts in their respective fields and have provided an intuitive method to understand the fundamental concepts on these topics.
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As Chicago lays the groundwork for a new casino, people imprisoned in Illinois gamble with their health every time they take a drink of water. When most people think of places with poor drinking water, images of poor and underdeveloped countries spring to mind. That’s why the tragedy of Flint, Michigan, was so shocking: people wondered how that could happen in the United States. But it’s not uncommon—last year the Guardian reported that some 25 million Americans drink from contaminated water supplies. Some of those people are here at Stateville Correctional Center.
The water at Stateville has a long history of contaminants. “I’ve been hearing about contaminated water for years from prisoners,” Alan Mills, executive director of the Uptown People’s Law Center, told The Appeal in March. Mills also noted that prisoners have complained that the water is often brown, sometimes smells like sewage, and has black flecks in it. Stateville was built in the 1920s, and its infrastructure—including the plumbing—is crumbling. Prisoners are worried that its pipes contain lead, and the corrosion from these pipes is the reason for the brown water. The prisoners’ complaints of discolored and strange-tasting water have been on record with the Uptown People’s Law Center since 2013.
This past spring, IDOC and the Illinois Department of Public Health announced that Legionella bacteria was detected at Stateville. It was later revealed that water in five other prisons had also tested positive for the bacteria. Shari Stone-Mediatore, managing director of Parole Illinois, told The Appeal in April that she was “appalled that the IDOC seems to be more concerned with covering up the problem than with protecting the health of the people in their custody.”
On March 5, Legionella bacteria was found right here in C-House, where I currently live. Inspectors found it in one empty cell. They did not test in any of the inhabited cells, nor did they test the showers, a known breeding ground for Legionella. Aaron Packman, director of the Northwestern Center for Water Research, told The Appeal that contaminated showers are “a big concern.” The showers were not tested here, or at any of the other prisons.
Janet E. Stout, a microbiologist at the University of Pittsburgh and the president and director of the Special Pathogens Laboratory, which specializes in Legionella detection and control, told The Appeal that inspectors need to test multiple locations at a site to understand the full scale of the bacteria’s spread. Water testing at Stateville is haphazard at best. In January, the Reader reported that the company responsible for lead testing on Stateville’s water did not follow federal guidelines.
It wasn’t until March 11 that they finally told the prison population they found Legionella in our drinking water. This is how the IDOC cares for those of us in prison. They claimed to have flushed the system several times; however, Legionella bacteria grows in shower heads and faucets, and in stagnant water, like wells from our very source. They began to pass out bottled water every day, yet the water is not purified like IDOC claims, but comes from a facility also found to have had Legionella there as well. They only allow two 20-ounce bottles per person. This is not enough. The IDOC is not providing enough water for the basic needs of its roughly 2,200 men inside Stateville.
In the 1990s through the mid-2000s, the water at Stateville contained high levels of lithium, and more than twice the level of radium permitted by federal guidelines. In 2000, the EPA found the prison was violating federal limits for radium in the water; in 2003, it found Stateville had achieved compliance with those limits. But it wasn’t until the late 2000s that the prison changed water sources to our current well.
The IDOC and the prison administration have long known of the health risks associated with the drinking water here. Several years ago, an internal memo revealed that IDOC advised all staff not to drink the water here at Stateville, and provided employees with bottled water. The prisoners were never told of the health risks in consuming the water, and so were unable to protect themselves, nor were the prisoners provided with bottled water. For years IDOC knew the water was bad, and of the associated health risks, and kept silent.
Legionella bacteria is only one in a long list of problems facing prisoners and their drinking water. Prisons in Illinois have a long history of providing contaminated drinking water to prisoners. This particular issue is not a new one. One person at Stateville was diagnosed with Legionnaires’ disease in 2015, and in 2020 two prisoners in Pontiac Correctional Center contracted it. While it is treatable, one out of every ten people who get sick with Legionnaires’ disease will die. It is especially deadly to people over 50, current or former smokers, and those with underlying illnesses. It is truly a crapshoot every time we drink the water.
Local activists have been calling for greater oversight of the state’s prisons by calling for the Illinois Department of Public Health to create a task force for monitoring and investigating contaminated water in prison. Jennifer Vollen-Katz, the executive director of the John Howard Association, told Injustice Watch that more oversight “is critical to improving the sanitation, hygiene, and safety issues that are rife within Illinois facilities.” IDOC cannot be trusted to either conduct the testing, or reveal the results. The oversight must come from an outside agency.
How can people in prison feel like they can be a productive member of society when they don’t even feel human? Dogs in animal shelters are given clean water and good food full of all the vitamins and nutrients to ensure they are healthy. IDOC feeds us a diet below nutritional standards, and food that is old, stale, and sometimes rotten. Dogs at a shelter get walked every day. We get to go outside twice a week—and only if enough staff show up for them to run the yard. If dogs were given contaminated and potentially deadly water, protesters would line the streets. We are given contaminated and potentially deadly water every day and the state does not care. Our water is not only bad for our physical health, but for our mental health as well. The people here know that they’re valued less than a dog.
Fresh, reliable drinking water is a basic human right—one that most people take for granted. Every day we drink the water from our faucets without a second thought.
Imagine how it feels to gamble with your health and your life every time you’re thirsty. No one should have to worry about dying from their drinking water. The real casino is right here in IDOC. We gamble every day.
Feeds,Region: Chicago,Multimedia,City: Chicago
via Chicago Reader https://ift.tt/fuxnFR9
July 20, 2022 at 02:44PM
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||This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (September 2012)|
Breitbart in November 1923
February 22, 1883|
Stryków, Congress Poland
|Died||October 12, 1925
|Known for||Strongman feats|
Siegmund Breitbart (22 February 1883 – 12 October 1925) (Yiddish: זיגמונד ברייטברט), also known popularly as Zishe or Sische Breitbart (Yiddish: זישה ברייטברט), was a Polish-born circus performer, vaudeville strongman and Jewish folklore hero. He was known as the "Strongest Man in the World" and Eisenkönig ("Ironking") during the 1920s.
Breitbart performed extensively in Europe and America touring with the Circus Busch using a strength act themed to fit his former background as a blacksmith. He bent iron bars around his arm in floral patterns, bit through iron chains or tore them apart, and even broke horseshoes in half. As a showman, Breitbart feats also included holding back two whipped horses, pulling a wagon-load of people with his teeth and supporting enormous weights, such as automobiles loaded with up to 10 passengers, while lying on his back. Stones would be broken by sledgehammers on his chest. He also lifted a baby elephant, and while holding on to the elephant, he climbed a ladder and held a locomotive wheel by rope in his teeth while three men were suspended from the wheel.
Breitbart took one of the most popular feats among the strongmen of the era and made it part of his act. During The Tomb of Hercules, a bridge was built across his chest and heavy animals such as a bull, or an elephant, were paraded over the boards. But Breitbart took it a step further, he would support a motordrome on his chest while two men chased each other on motorcycles inside.
Seizing on the mail-order muscle development course craze of the time, Breitbart authored a book titled Muscular Power and the Breitbart mail-order course. The course was based around body-weight exercises and a special "Breitbart Apparatus", a progressive resistance exerciser made to simulate steel bending movements.
Breitbart died eight weeks after he accidentally hurt himself during a strongman demonstration in Germany. He was stabbed in the knee by a spike he drove through five 1-inch-thick (25 mm) oak boards using only his bare hands. The wound became infected, which led to fatal blood poisoning. Although he endured 10 operations in which both legs were amputated, the infection was too severe. Breitbart died in October 1925. He was buried in the Adass-Jisroel cemetery in Berlin.
He was also the inspiration for the children's book Zishe the Strongman by Robert Rubenstein, from Kar-Ben Publishing.
- Siegmund Breitbart at the Internet Movie Database
- American Strength Legends: Siegmund "Zisha" Breitbart
- Siegmund Breitbart's Muscle Builder Apparatus
- Siegmund "Zishe" Breitbart Biography at J-Grit: The Internet Index of Tough Jews
- "Discussion in Forward". Archived from the original on 2003-01-07.
- Webpage dedicated to Zishe Breitbart
- Book website for Zishe the Strongman
- Gordon, Mel (Summer 2011). ""Step Right Up & Meet the World’s Mightiest Human— A Jewish Strongman from Poland Who Some Say Inspired the Creation of Superman!!!"". Reform Judaism Magazine. Retrieved 30 Sep 2013.
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By J. K. Costain,C. Coruh
Read or Download Basic Theory in Reflection Seismology: with MATHEMATICA Notebooks and Examples on CD-ROM: 1 (Handbook of Geophysical Exploration: Seismic Exploration) PDF
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CAGUAS, Puerto Rico — At least 4,645 people died as a result of Hurricane Maria and its devastation across Puerto Rico last year, according to a new Harvard study released Tuesday, an estimate that far exceeds the official government death toll, which stands at 64.
The study, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, found that health-care disruption for the elderly and the loss of basic utility services for the chronically ill had significant impacts across the U.S. territory, which was thrown into chaos after the September hurricane wiped out the electrical grid and had widespread impacts on infrastructure. Some communities were entirely cut off for weeks amid road closures and communications failures.
Researchers in the United States and Puerto Rico, led by scientists at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, calculated the number of deaths by surveying nearly 3,300 randomly chosen households across the island and comparing the estimated post-hurricane death rate to the mortality rate for the year before. Their surveys indicated that the mortality rate was 14.3 deaths per 1,000 residents from Sept. 20 through Dec. 31, 2017, a 62 percent increase in the mortality rate compared to 2016, or 4,645 "excess deaths."
"Our results indicate that the official death count of 64 is a substantial underestimate of the true burden of mortality after Hurricane Maria," the authors wrote.
The official death estimates have drawn sharp criticism from experts and local residents, and the new study criticized Puerto Rico's methods for counting the dead — and its lack of transparency in sharing information — as detrimental to planning for future natural disasters. The authors called for patients, communities and doctors to develop contingency plans for natural disasters.
Maria caused $90 billion in damage, making it the third-costliest tropical cyclone in the United States since 1900, the researchers said.
More than eight months after Hurricane Maria devastated Puerto Rico, the island's slow recovery has been marked by a persistent lack of water, a faltering power grid and a lack of essential services — all of which have imperiled the lives of many residents who have been struggling to get back on their feet, especially the infirm and those in remote areas, some of which were the hardest hit in September.
Counting the dead in such natural disasters is always a difficult task, even under ideal circumstances; in Puerto Rico it was hampered by numerous systemic failures and what the Harvard researchers found was a complex method for certifying the deaths in San Juan. The researchers noted that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says that deaths can be directly attributed to storms like Maria if they are caused by forces related to the event, from flying debris to loss of medical services; in Puerto Rico such deaths continued for months.
Among those who died as a result of medical service lapses was Ivette Leon, 54, a Boy Scout den mother who died on Nov. 29, about 18 hours after she was released from the hospital in post-hurricane Puerto Rico. Leon had fallen ill, suffering from pain all over her body, vomiting and chills. Physicians told her it was an infection, gave her medication, and released her to her family.
Miliana Montanez cradled her mother's head as she lay dying on the floor of her bedroom here in Caguas, gasping for air and pleading for help.
There was nothing her family could do. It took 20 minutes to find cell reception to make a 911 call. Nonworking traffic signals slowed down the ambulance struggling to reach their neighborhood through crippling congestion.
Leon's eyes bulged in terror as she described to her daughter the tiny points of light that appeared before her eyes moments before it was all over. She took one last exasperated gulp of air. That's when paramedics arrived. Far too late.
"The worst part was knowing I could do nothing to help her," said Montanez, a 29-year-old mother of two. "Knowing she didn't die peacefully means I will never have closure."
Leon's death reverberated through her family and her community. Her son, a college student in a town two hours away, sees no point in coming home anymore. Her husband is withdrawn and is close to losing his job. Her daughter struggles to understand what happened as she fights off despair and anger recalling all the chaos that revolved around Leon's last moments on the floor of her home.
Puerto Rico's government faced immediate scrutiny after initially reporting that 16 people had died as a result of the storm, which strafed much of the island on Sept. 20. That number more than doubled after President Donald Trump visited in October, when he specifically noted the low death toll. The number kept rising until early December, when authorities said 64 had died.
The official toll included a variety of people from across Puerto Rico, such as those who suffered injuries, were swept away in floodwaters, or were unable to reach hospitals while facing severe medical conditions. No. 56 was a person from the city of Carolina who was bleeding from the mouth but could not reach a hospital in the days after the storm. Once arrived, the patient was diagnosed with pneumonia and died of kidney failure. No. 43, from Juncos, suffered from respiratory ailments and went to the hospital — only to be released because of the coming storm. That person later returned, dead.
The new study indicates there probably were thousands more, like Leon, who died in the weeks and months that followed but were not counted. Their deaths have long raised questions about the manner and integrity of the Puerto Rico government's protocols for certifying hurricane-related deaths.
Gov. Ricardo Rosselló's administration did not immediately release mortality data nor did officials provide much information publicly about the process officials were using to count the dead. But officials and physicians acknowledged privately that there were probably many, many more deaths and bodies piling up in morgues across the island.
After pressure from Congress and statistical analyses from news organizations that put the death toll at higher than 1,000, Rosselló enlisted the help of George Washington University experts to review the government's death certification process. He promised that "regardless of what the death certificate says," each death would be inspected closely to ensure a correct tally.
"This is about more than numbers, these are lives: real people, leaving behind loved ones and families," Rosselló said at a news conference in late February.
Lynn Goldman, dean of GW's Milken Institute School of Public Health, expects an initial report to be released in coming weeks. The school's findings will include the first government-sponsored attempt by researchers and epidemiologists to quantify Hurricane Maria's deadliness. Experts are assessing statistical mortality data and plan to dive into medical records and to interview family members of those who have passed, though the scope and funding of the deeper investigation is still unclear, as its timing.
Some cases are obviously storm-related, Goldman said, such as someone dying after a tree branch falls on his head while clearing debris or someone who suffers a heart attack during the storm and was unable to get help. But death certificates bearing the phrase "natural causes" will require further investigation.
The Center for Investigative Journalism in Puerto Rico has gone to court in an effort to seek the island's Department of Health and Demographic Registry's mortality data for the months since November, the last month information was available. The Puerto Rico Institute of Statistics also announced in recent weeks it would perform an independent death count and use subpoena powers to retrieve the data. Spokesman Eric Perlloni Alayon said in a statement the government is still trying to verify the death toll and does not plan to release any new data.
The Harvard researchers reported that there are several reasons the death toll in Puerto Rico has been drastically underestimated. Every disaster-related death, they said, must be confirmed by the government's Forensic Sciences Institute, which requires that bodies by brought to San Juan or that a medical examiner travel to the local municipality. And it can be difficult to track indirect deaths from a worsening of chronic conditions due to the storm.
The researchers said that the government of Puerto Rico stopped sharing mortality data with the public in December 2017.
"As the United States prepares for its next hurricane season, it will be critical to review how disaster-related deaths will be counted, in order to mobilize an appropriate response operation and account for the fate of those affected," the authors wrote.
What happened to their loved ones?
Many families here are awaiting clarity on what happened to their loved ones when "natural causes" became the only explanation. That is what was written on Leon's death certificate the morning a local law enforcement official brought the document to the family home. The Puerto Rico Department of Justice's Yamil Juarbe said in a statement it is customary for local officials in these cases to review bodies for any signs of trauma and talk to relatives to learn about the deceased's medical history. That information is collected and sent to the central office of the Institute of Forensic Sciences.
Leon's family said her name was misspelled on the death certificate and her death was incorrectly attributed to diabetes; they say she did not have any known chronic diseases. Officials later corrected the documents, but it was one of several indignities and oversights the family tracked.
Leon's demise began with a virus, and the first signs appeared as she was delivering donations to families of Boy Scouts who had lost their homes in another city, Humacao. During Thanksgiving week, Leon had planned a feast for her family but felt too sick to finish the turkey. She seasoned the bird and a local bakery roasted it. Then the vomiting and diarrhea struck her.
She sought treatment at Auxilio Mutuo, a private hospital in San Juan, one of the few to remain open during the electrical outages because of a power generator. The hospital never lost water service or electricity, said hospital spokeswoman Sofia Luqui, and the 600-bed facility experienced higher than usual patient volume after several other hospitals were forced to close.
Leon arrived on the afternoon of Nov. 27 and waited hours overnight before a doctor told her she had diverticulitis and prescribed antibiotics. Leon was never admitted but spent those hours hooked to medical equipment in the emergency room. The next afternoon Leon was sent home with prescription drugs but did not improve. At 7 a.m. the following morning, Montanez said her father summoned her to the family home because Leon was short of breath.
It took 20 minutes to obtain cell reception and call 911 from their metropolitan Caguas neighborhood. It took another 10 minutes, records show, before the ambulance could reach Leon's home because of road congestion and failing traffic lights. Paramedics tried to revive Leon using CPR, but she was already dead upon their arrival. Montanez tried for days to have an autopsy performed, but she said no government agency or private medical organization had the capacity to conduct one.
Per her wishes, Leon was cremated a few days later in a rushed ceremony because the funeral home was damaged by the storm and was facing an influx of bodies.
"Nobody was ready. This was a monster and we all had to improvise," said Victor Torres, general manager of Borinquen Memorial in Caguas. "But we did the best we could."
Montanez stays awake many nights replaying her mother's last days. She tries to remember the woman who joked so often, and so wryly, that her children often weren't sure when she was being serious. She recalls how Leon gave each of her neighbors a whistle to call for help in an emergency during Puerto Rico's prolonged blackout, and how she organized trick-or-treating by lantern light for the children in the barrio so they wouldn't miss out on Halloween after the hurricane.
But mostly Montanez thinks about the storm. The darkness. The lack of services. It should have been different, she says.
"Everything failed. From day one, everything was failing," Montanez said. "There are many stories like ours."
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There’s a new friend on the street and her name is Julia! Sesame Street Workshop‘s new initiative is designed to bring awareness to autism and with Julia’s help, they’re off to a great start.
According to People, the program was created for families with children ages 2 to 5, includes resources such as a downloadable app, digital story cards designed to make daily life tasks easier for families of children with autism and storybook materials for providers and caregivers.
“Children with autism are five times more likely to get bullied,” senior vice president of U.S. social impact, Dr. Jeanette Betancourt, shared with PEOPLE. “And with one in 68 children having autism, that’s a lot of bullying. Our goal is to bring forth what all children share in common, not their differences. Children with autism share in the joy of playing and loving and being friends and being part of a group.
You can keep up with Sesame’s dialogue about this initiative using the hashtag #SeeAmazing on Twitter and Instagram.
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Virginia is hardly the San Andreas Fault, but the area does have a long recorded history of seismic activity, stretching back before the United States was even a country.
On February 21, 1774, a strong earthquake shook Richmond, Fredericksburg, and points south all the way into North Carolina. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, some buildings around the Commonwealth were rocked off their foundations, and the quake "terrified the inhabitants greatly."
Several strong quakes occurred throughout the 19th century, and in 1897, the Commonwealth experienced an event that equaled the earthquake felt on August 23. That quake started in Giles County, and tremors were reported from Pennsylvania to Georgia.
According to the USGS, earthquakes on the East Coast are not as frequent as on the West Coast, but when they do occur, the effects are felt across a broader area.
Although an earthquake of today's magnitude is unusual, smaller tremors are not uncommon, taking place periodically throughout the year. On October 30 of 2010, a small quake registering 2.1 caused a shudder in Virginia.
Across all of the United States, there have been 2,793 earthquakes in 2011, 31 of which have been between 5.0 and 5.9 on the scale.
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Historical and Geographical Background:
Situated on the confines of Mysia and Ionia. According to Pliny it was known in earlier times as Pelopia and Euhippia. The city was known as “Pelopia” (Greek language: Πελοπία), but it was named Thyateira (Θυάτειρα) by king Seleucus I Nicator in 290 BC. He was at war with Lysimachus when he learned that his wife had given birth to a daughter. Its prosperity received a new impulse under the Roman Emperor Vespasian. The city contained a number of corporate guilds, as potters, tanners, weavers, robe-makers, and dyers. It was from Thyatira that Lydia the purple-seller of Philippi came, Paul’s first European convert, (Read the following;
Act_16:14 And a certain woman named Lydia, a seller of purple of the city of Thyatira, one reverencing God, listened, whose heart the Lord opened thoroughly to pay attention to the things being spoken by Paul.
Act_16:40 And going out from the prison, they went into the house of Lydia. And seeing the brothers, they exhorted them, and went out.).
The numerous streams of the adjacent country were full of leeches. The principal deity of the city was Apollo, worshipped as the Sun-God under the surname Tyrimnas. A shrine outside the walls was dedicated to Sambatha, a sibyl. The place was never of paramount political importance.
Map of the Asia Minor area with location of Thyatira
Nicator named it “Thyatira” (Greek, “thygater”, for daughter) on being informed that a daughter had been born to him. Thyateira (also Thyatira) was the name of the modern Turkish city of Akhisar (“white castle”). The name comes from Koine Greek “Θυάτειρα” (Thuateira). The Turkish equivalent of Thyateira is Tepe Mezarlığı, meaning hill graveyard.
This city became well known for the center for trade guilds. Memberships were compulsory and also essentials for the privileged and purpose of trading. Corporate bodies, well organized must add, providing few benefits and taking actions in their interests. Each guild was under the patronage of a pagan deity, to whom were paid proceedings, feast and in other meaningful manner every year to that particular pagan deity. The believer must be a participant of the pagan activity which also had an essential appeal to the flesh. This was very difficult to the new believer in Christ because there is only One God and Savior, Jesus Christ the Only Lord and Way.
In 1922, the Patriarch of Constantinople appointed an Exarch for Western and Central Europe with the title Archbishop of Thyateira. The current Archbishop of Thyateira (since 1988) is Gregorios Theocharous. The Archbishop of Thyateira resides in London and has pastoral responsibility for the Greek Orthodox Church in the United Kingdom. The see of Thyatira is also included, without archiepiscopal rank, in the Catholic Church’s list of titular sees.
This particular assembly represent the medieval papacy (600 A.D. to 1500 A.D.). Among all the seven assemblies, this particular one was the least of them in a geographical area (size of the city was the smallest among the seven assemblies) but the longest of the letters dictated by the Lord to John.
Let’s start with the Bible Study of this particular assembly.
(18) And to the angel of the assembly in Thyatira, write: These things says the Son of God, the One having His eyes as a flame of fire, and His feet like burnished brass:
In the previous verse please notice once again, as in the past messages send by the Lord to the other assemblies that he called his angel that have the specific task of the delivery of this message or letter. As always this is very important because the Lord is confining this important task to someone that He can trust and knows will not let Him down during the process of the delivery of the letter. There a few remarkable moments described by the Bible in where some of the messengers of the Lord had been intercepted by the devil and it has been trying in a delivery manner by the devil, to interfered and intercept such message, to either stop totally the delivery or delay until the very last minute such delivery. It is why the Lord name specifically angels for the delivery of messages. Here is an example of this event;
(12) And he said to me, Do not fear, Daniel. For from the first day that you set your heart to understand and to humble yourself before your God, your words were heard. And I have come because of your words.
(13) But the king of the kingdom of Persia withstood me twenty one days. But, lo, Michael, one of the first rulers, came to help me. And I stayed there with the kings of Persia.
In the same command voice the Lord said… “, write”… This particular command was designated to John, whose is used by the Lord as a scribed for the message.
The Lord God continues His dictation to John by saying the following;…” These things says the Son of God, the One having His eyes as a flame of fire, and His feet like burnished brass:”, and the first thing you must noticed is the pluralistic term God uses at the beginning of the message in relation to the different subjects He wants us to know. Right after the Lord is described as (the below charts are based on the LITV Bible (Literal Translation of the Bible) (you will find this translation on http://www.e-Sword.net this is a trusted and completely free of charge software)):
The Son of GOD
36 verses found, 37 matches
|Matthew||5 verses found||5 matches|
|Mark||2 verses found||2 matches|
|Luke||4 verses found||4 matches|
|John||7 verses found||7 matches|
|Acts||2 verses found||2 matches|
|Romans||1 verse found||1 match|
|2 Corinthians||1 verse found||1 match|
|Galatians||1 verse found||1 match|
|Ephesians||1 verse found||1 match|
|Hebrews||4 verses found||4 matches|
|1 John||7 verses found||8 matches|
|Revelation||1 verse found||1 match|
the One having His eyes as a flame of fire
1 verse found, 1 match
|Revelation||1 verse found||1 match|
His feet like burnished brass
2 verses found, 2 matches
|Revelation||2 verses found||2 matches|
These are all attributes that only you can find them under the New Testament.
(Rev 2:19) I know your works, and the love, and the ministry, and the faith, and your patience, and your works; and the last being more than the first.
In the above verse the Lord started by indicating the positive points of the assembly of Thyatira. Keep in mind that the Lord always see us for what we are and how we are.
The first He mentioned is that the Lord knows her “works”, but also noticed how in this particular translation the last word is also the one that is at the beginning of this assembly positives points. There is a big difference among the two, and that is that the first one is about their labor in the field of the Gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ.
- (Verb) work extremely hard or incessantly.
“We toiled away”
- (Synonyms) work hard, labor, exert oneself, slave (away), grind away, strive, work one’s fingers to the bone, put one’s nose to the grindstone.
- (Noun) exhausting physical labor.
“a life of toil”
- (Synonyms) hard work, labor, exertion, slaving, drudgery, effort, industry, ‘blood, sweat, and tears.
G2041 (ἔργον / ergon)
From ἔργω ergō (a primary but obsolete word; to work); toil (as an effort or occupation); by implication an act: – deed, doing, labour, work.
Total KJV occurrences: 176
And the second one is in regard to the “deeds” of the assembly, this is very noticeable when the Lord indicated that “…the last being more than the first…”. All of these attributes are connected to the “fruits of the Spirit”;
Gal_5:22 But the fruit of the Spirit is: love, joy, peace, long-suffering, kindness, goodness, faith,
Eph_5:9 For the fruit of the Spirit is in all goodness and righteousness and truth,
- G26 ἀγάπη / agapē
From G25; love, that is, affection or benevolence; specifically (plural) a love feast: – (feast of) charity ([-ably]), dear, love.
Total KJV occurrences: 116
- G1248 διακονία / diakonia
From G1249; attendance (as a servant, etc.); figuratively (eleemosynary) aid, (official) service (especially of the Christian teacher, or technically of the diaconate): – (ad-) minister (-ing, -tration, -try), office, relief, service (-ing).
Total KJV occurrences: 34
- G4102 πίστις / pistis
From G3982; persuasion, that is, credence; moral conviction (of religious truth, or the truthfulness of God or a religious teacher), especially reliance upon Christ for salvation; abstractly constancy in such profession; by extension the system of religious (Gospel) truth itself: – assurance, belief, believe, faith, fidelity.
Total KJV occurrences: 244
- G5281 ὑπομονή / hupomonē
From G5278; cheerful (or hopeful) endurance, constancy: – enduring, patience, patient continuance (waiting).
Total KJV occurrences: 32
- Works ( this particular used of this word at the end of the attributes of this assembly are more like “Deeds”).
In all these attributable gifts given by the Lord to this assembly, they were working in conjunction, none of them bigger than the other, until…
(Rev 2:20 LITV) But I have a few things against you, that you allow the woman Jezebel to teach, she saying herself to be a prophetess, and to cause My slaves to go astray, and to commit fornication, and to eat idol sacrifices.
Now here is the only point that this particular assembly neglected:
Enabling outside sources to infiltrate into the cell of the Body of Christ (please notice that I am indicating this as a “cell of the Body of Christ” and not the “Body of Christ”) and not stopping such actions. As a result of enabling this outside intervention of this woman, a chaos was created and the gears of the Gospel were not turning properly if so. Some of the consequences of this inadvertent event are:
- Belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (especially Christian) doctrine.
“Huss was burned for heresy”
- Synonyms: dissension, dissent, nonconformity, heterodoxy, unorthodoxy, apostasy, blasphemy, freethinking; agnosticism, atheism, nonbelief; idolatry, paganism
“an age in which scientists were often accused of heresy”
- Opinion profoundly at odds with what is generally accepted.
- Implosion of the cell of the Body of Christ
- Ignorance purposely or inadvertently of the Word of God
- Unavailability of the Holy Spirit for the understanding the Word of God (Holy Bible)
- Spiritual fornication which is one of the most difficult sins to be recognized by the human mind when is out of the influence of the Holy spirit
- Co-participating with the idol sacrifices
- Many more
Let’s have a review of who was “Jezebel”:
There is a total of 20 verses with 23 matches of her name in the Holy Bible, indicating to us how important is to understand the When, Why and How of Jezebel.
1st King16:31 talks about how this particular woman became part of the history of Israel (Northern Kingdom). Ahab (Omri’s son (Omri was the king that the people of the Northern Kingdom considered to be the founder of such, even though there were kings before him)) after becoming the king of Israel married a “Sidonian Princess” with the name of “Jezebel” and by doing so, Ahab offers his loyalty and worshiping to their deity “Baal”.
The queen Jezebel wanting to keep her religious believe among the people of Israel, demanded to replace all in the high places of the kingdom the altars from the ones dedicated to “YHWH” and in place of them to put the ones belong to Ba’al and was dedicated to eradicating the worshiping to “YHWH” in the land of Israel by also killing the prophets of GOD, read 1st King 18:4, 1st King 18:13. It is amazing to me, the kind of demonic spirit this woman was posses with that Elijah (the prophet of GOD) was not afraid of confronting the false prophets from Ba’al, nor the army but with a single treat from this woman Elijah escaped trembling and hiding in a cave, read 1st King 19:2.
During this time, there was a farmer with a small but beautiful vineyard, his name was Naboth and who was a man of God. The Ahab desired Naboth vineyard but unable to acquire it, his wife Jezebel promised to him (Ahab) to get the vineyard as a present for him. Utilizing many non-legal and non-truthful ways had the people of Israel stoning Naboth and as a result of the death of him the property passed to Ahab’s hands, read 1st King 21:5 – 1st King 21:15.
It was not until GOD Himself demanded from His prophet Elijah to hit the road and to understand that He had many more of His prophets to do the task if it was necessary, to talk to the king Ahab. In conclusion, Jezebel was push out of the window of her palace and ate by the dogs, read 1st King 21:23, 2nd King 9:10 – 2nd King 9:37.
Background on the City of Zidon (Sidon) and their deity Ba’al:
The city flourished as part of a loose confederacy of city-states spread along the coast of the land of Canaan. Although they shared “a common linguistic, cultural, and religious inheritance, the region was very rarely politically united, with each city operating as a sovereign state ruled over by a king or local dynast” (Miles, 26). This brought Sidon into competition with the other states of Phoenicia for trade and, especially, with the city of Tyre. In the 10th century BCE, the balance of power shifted to Tyre primarily due to the leadership of that city’s kings, Abibaal and, after him, his son Hiram. Tyre forged trade agreements with the newly minted kingdom of Israel-Judah and her king David. This agreement made Tyre wealthy and Sidon, trying to compete, entered into their own pacts with the kingdom of Israel including the marriage of the Sidonian princess Jezebel, daughter of Ethbaal, to King Ahab of Israel (a story famous from the Bible). Jezebel’s insistence on maintaining her own religion and personal identity was an affront to a number of Ahab’s subjects and, most notably, the prophet Elijah who denounced her. Jezebel and Ahab’s rule was ended by a coup by the general Jehu and, with it, Sidonian trade agreements with Israel.
The Purple dye is what gave the Phoenicians their name from the Greeks, Phoinkes, and meaning `the purple people’ and although it would come to be commonly associated with the city of Tyre, its manufacture was originally at Sidon.
Ba’al was a Phoenician deity that among other powers attributed to him were being judge of the gods, the lord of the wind and weather, controller of the rain, storm, thunder and lighting. It was also attributed to him the renewal of the vegetation every year.
There are a few things in common with this particular assembly and Jezebel:
- They were knowledgeable of the purple dye process /trade
- They were not unaware nor ignorant of the Word of GOD
- They were given the gift of repentance for them to take the step forward and recognize their sinning life
- Jezebel was brought to be part of the People of GOD / Thyatira were a cell of the Body of Christ
- The Chaldean priest who interpreted the esoteric doctrines of the Babylonians mysteries was called “Peter”, The Catholic church foundation of their principles is that their founder was the apostle “Peter” (by no means I am implying that the apostle Peter is not an apostle of the Lord Jesus, but in the other hand is one of the most important apostle for the Body of Christ).
- The insignia wore by the Babylonian priest above mentioned had two keys; one for the deity Janus and the other for Cybele. The Catholic Church have both symbols on the arms of the Papal garment symbolizing spiritual authority.
- The danger to Thyatira assembly came not by the persecution from the gentile world nor by the animosity of the Jewish attitudes, but instead came from within and so the same for the people of the kingdom of Israel when they brought such Jezebel to their lives.
- Jezebel acquired by “inquisition” Naboth’s vineyard and during the medieval the Catholic Church did so including the “Dark Ages” period.
(Rev 2:21 LITV) And I gave time to her that she might repent of her fornication. And she did not repent.
(Rev 2:22 LITV) Behold, I am throwing her into a bed, and into great affliction those committing adultery with her, unless they repent of their works.
The same way God offered to Jezebel the opportunity to repent, so He is doing with the members of the cell of the Body of Christ from the Assembly of Thyatira.
Joh 3:14-18 LITV
(14) And even as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, so must the Son of Man be lifted up,
(15) that everyone believing into Him should not perish, but have everlasting life.
(16) For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that everyone believing into Him should not perish, but have everlasting life.
(17) For God did not send His Son into the world that He might judge the world, but that the world might be saved through Him.
(18) The one believing into Him is not condemned; but the one not believing has already been condemned, for he has not believed into the name of the only begotten Son of God.
Notice how the Lord indicate, He will throw Jezebel “into a bed”, this particular expression is an expression of pain and immobilization, as if she will be a “disable/handicap” woman. If you remember the Jezebel in the narrative from the Book of Kings was thrown from the castle window and the dogs ate her to the point of no recognition, but of course that was her physical body. There is a second death and that is where the subject has no choice in the matter and no more opportunities are offer.
The Lord continue saying how He will put into “Great Affliction” those committing adultery with her.
Please notice how the Lord is using the verb “committing”, as an indicative of a continual and present action of the verb, indicative that those are the ones not repenting for their actions as Jezebel did.
The other important point to observe here is the point of the terms “”Great Affliction” = “Great Tribulation”:
- Great = G3173 μέγας – megas
- Including the prolonged forms, femine μεγάλη megalē, plural μέγάλοι megaloi, etc.; compare also G3176, G3187], big (literally or figuratively, in a very wide application): – (+ fear) exceedingly, great (-est), high, large, loud, mighty, + (be) sore (afraid), strong, X to years.
- Total KJV occurrences: 195
- Affliction = G2347 θλίψις – thlipsis
- From G2346; pressure (literally or figuratively): – afflicted, (-tion), anguish, burdened, persecution, tribulation, trouble.
- Total KJV occurrences: 45
This particular term is not used but only for the moment in where the biggest event in human history will take place other than the “Coming of the Lord” of course. This cannot be confuse with a tribulation, nor with a difficulties, nor for that matter with problems, under no circumstances should be so, but understand this is what is called in the Bible “The Great Tribulation”. Unless of course they will repent of their actions, then and only then they will not go thru such event.
Rev 2:23 LITV
(23) And I will kill her children with death; and all the assemblies will know that I am the One searching the inner parts and hearts. And I will give to each of you according to your works.
The Lord make very clear that the punishment for her children will be death, such sin cannot have any root left, must be taken completely out of the heart of the Body of Christ. Look the way the Lord indicate how “all the assemblies”, as a plural noun, expressing that this will apply not just to the Thyatira assembly, which is this letter send to but to the rest of the assemblies.
Many times over, this part of the verse is interpreted as if we are save by works, which based on the Bible we are save by Grace, but the Lord and the Word of God doesn’t contradict itself at all. This is because the Lord is talking here as if the Grace is no longer in action on earth, but under the “Great Tribulation” process in where your actions will take you out to the throne of God after being decapitated and in Heaven, wash out by the “Blood of the Lamb”:
Rev 7:14 LITV
(14) And I said to him, Sir, you know. And he said to me, These are those coming out of the great tribulation; and they washed their robes and whitened them in the blood of the Lamb.
This is because there is no one that will go to the Father but Thru Him (Jesus Christ our Lord):
Joh 14:6 LITV
(6) Jesus said to him, I am the Way, and the Truth, and the Life. No one comes to the Father except through Me.
Rev 2:24-25 LITV
(24) But I say to you and to the rest in Thyatira, as many as do not have this teaching, and who did not know the deep things of Satan, as they say: I am not casting another burden on you;
(25) but what you have, hold until I shall come.
Observe how the Lord is making clear that this is for everyone that is reading this letter and not only to the assembly of Thyatira, the Lord says “…But I say to you and to the rest of Thyatira…”. Indication that it is directed to the reader of this letter whether he is from the assembly of Thyatira or not and including Thyatira members.
Also and in a clear form the Lord indicates that those that are not mixed or infected with the teachings or doctrine of Jezebel and those that did not know the deep things of Satan are going to pass thru such burden. In contrast with the deep things of God, of which we are call to pursue them and ask for them in prayer to receive them through the Holy Spirit on knowledge, wisdom and understand of the Word of God. Read below:
1Co 2:10-15 LITV
(10) But God revealed them to us by His Spirit, for the Spirit searches all things, even the depths of God.
(11) For who among men knows the things of a man, except the spirit of a man within him? So also no one has known the things of God except the Spirit of God.
(12) But we have not received the spirit of the world, but the Spirit from God, so that we might know the things that are freely given to us by God.
(13) Which things we also speak, not in words taught in human wisdom, but in Words taught of the Holy Spirit, comparing spiritual things with spiritual things.
(14) But a natural man does not receive the things of the Spirit of God, for they are foolishness to him, and he is not able to know them, because they are spiritually discerned.
(15) But the spiritual one discerns all things, but he is discerned by no one.
Rev 2:26-27 LITV
(26) And the one overcoming, and the one keeping My works until the end, “I will give to him authority over the nations,”
(27) and “He will shepherd them with an iron staff” (they are “broken to pieces like clay vessels”), as I also have received from My Father. Psa. 2:8, 9
On verses 26 and 27, is the promise to the overcoming, but in this particular case, the overcomer must also keep the works of God until the end, but if you remember at the beginning of the letter there are two ways in where this term is expressed:
- This is in where the member of the Body of Christ must work in every level to start the fields of the Gospel of the Lord. In where, as in human terms we say, blood, sweat and tears are brought to the field hoping the labor will be enough and that the seed of the Gospel is in a good grounds for it to grow and sustained the storms.
- Our main job as a members of the Body of Christ is to live a life in Christ like behavior by feeding the hungry, protecting the homeless and the widow, promoting the Gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ, Discipleship others and in prayer and supplication to ask the Lord for the Body of Christ and Israel protection waiting patiently for the Coming of the Lord.
The Lord says He will give to those that do as He ask, authority over the nations to the point of shepherd them with an iron staff. That is an incredible authority, like no one ever will have, supervised by the Lord Jesus our Savior. Look in the parenthesis of the verse on how the Lord says that these nations are broken to pieces like clay vessels and that reminds me the vision that the prophet Daniel had of the statue in different metals, where the feet were a mix of Clay and Iron (please referred to my earlier Bible Study in this web in regard to the Book of Daniel).
Also if you read Psalm 2, which is in where it is a reference of the above verse, please notice that there are three speakers in that Psalm (Please read Psalm 2).
Rev 2:28-29 LITV
(28) And I will give to him the Morning Star.
(29) The one who has an ear, hear what the Spirit says to the assemblies.
But that is not all that the Lord is given away, there is more, much more.
He is giving “the Morning Star”, I tell you that we already have the Morning Star which is Jesus Christ our Lord. Of course the Lord closes the Letter with the advice to everyone that either are listening or reading these letters (not just the Thyatira letter) not just to read them, but to hear them and put them into practice.
God Bless You !
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Introduction to Banking Business
The word “bank” is derived from the Italian word “banca” for bench or counter. With the expansion of trade across the world, banking started flourishing with more exchange of currencies and deposits. But was soon practically destroyed after the fall of Roman Expire due to decline n trade which led to decrease in need for transferring money for financing trade.
Later we have had the Bank of Bengal, Bank of Madras and Bank of Bombay which later were merged and became Imperial Bank of India. This was again nationalized to become State Bank of India. Reserve Bank of India came in to existence in 1935, which controls the entire Banking activity in India. The structure of Banking industry in India can be described as under.
Today, several forms of banking exist, giving consumers a choice in the way they manage their money. Most people do a combination of at least two banking types. However, the type of banking a consumer uses normally is based on convenience.
The advantage of walk in Banking is the face to face connection established between the banker and a customer. Also unlike a Drive Thru and ATM banking, a person can apply for a loan and invest money during a walk in thus developing a rapport.
(B) Drive thru Banking
It is probably the least popular form of banking today, but is still used enough by consumers to create a need for it. It allows consumers to stay in their while and drive up to a machine equipped with container, chute and intercom. This machine is connected to a bank and is run by one or two bank letters. A person can withdraw or deposit money at a drive thru and the bank teller and banker use it to communicate and discuss the specific banking request.
(C) ATM Banking
It is very popular because it gives a person 24 hour access to his bank account. Walk in and drive thru banking do not offer this perk. In order to use an ATM, a person must have an ATM card with personal identification number (PIN) and access to an ATM machine. Any ATM machine can be used, but charges apply for not complying with certain conditions stipulated.
(D) Online Banking
It allows a person to get on to the internet and sign into their bank. This process is achieved with the use of a PIN, different from the one used for the ATM card. By going to the website of a bank, a consumer gets into his account, withdraws money, deposits money, pays bills, requests for loans and invests money. Online banking is growing in popularity because of its convenience.
These different types of banking give a consumer the power and convenience of choice. Thus, a bank can play an useful role in promoting the economic development of any country. Banks’ lending and investment activities lead to changes in the quantity of money in circulation which in turn influence the nature and quality of production.
Therefore, banks have been rightly crowned as ‘the nerve’ centre of all economic activity. Also Banks play an important role in the day to day life of every consumer Now let us understand more about the common banking business transacted in our country
- Accepting Deposits
Accepting deposits is considered to be one of the major functions of commercial banks. Banks accept deposits and lend it to others and earn interest. Basically, the money is accepted as deposit for safe keeping. Banks also pay interest on these deposits. To attract depositors banks maintain different types of accounts. Some of them can be more explained as under:
Fixed Deposit Accounts: The account which is opened for a fixed period by depositing a particular sum is known as a fixed deposit account. The money deposited in this account cannot be withdrawn before expiry of period, however attracts a penalty (which is not applicable on Retail Deposits these days), if withdrawn prematurely. A high rate of interest than that of a Savings Account is paid on these deposits.
Current Deposit Account: Current deposit accounts are mostly opened by businessmen and traders/corporates, who deposit and withdraw money number of times in a day. Banks do not pay interest on these deposit accounts. The bank collects certain charges from depositors for services rendered therein.
Saving Account: Saving account as the name suggests is to encourage the Savings habit of individuals. They are opened with a minimum initial deposit. A minimum balance has to be maintained in account as prescribed by every bank. Some restrictions are imposed on depositors regarding number of deposits/withdrawals and amount to be withdrawn during a particular period (a month or a quarter).
Recurring Deposit Account: The purpose of these accounts is to encourage Savings in the minds of public, particularly those belonging to fixed income group. A Fixed amount is deposited at regular intervals for a fixed term and repaid on maturity.
- Granting of Loans and Advances
Besides accepting deposits, the other important function of commercial banks is granting loans to the public. After keeping a portion of deposits received as reserve the rest is extended as loan. Different types of loans and advances are:
- Call Money: These are generally short term credits ranging from one day to fort night. Call money is extended even overnight through the Call money The rate of interest depends upon the conditions prevailing in money market.
- Overdraft: Here, a customer has the leverage to withdraw money from his current account when the available balance is zero. For the amount overdrawn, interest is charged at an agreed rate. Overdraft is allowed normally against the security of negotiable Instruments only to the credit worthy customers which can be extended either with or without any security.
- Cash Credit: In a cash credit, Banks advance loans against the customers’ current assets/personal The borrower has an option to withdraw the funds as and when required with in a limit stipulated. The cash credit limit depends on the debtor’s needs and his capacity to repay. The bank charges interest only on the debit balance in the account.
- Discounting of Bills: Under this type of lending, Banks discount the customers’ collection bills. A commission or discount charges are levied on the amount availed. The holder of a bill gets money immediately without waiting for its realization. If the bill of exchange is dishonored on due date the bank can recover the amount from the customer and banks also have the legal recourse to recover the dues if any.
- Direct Loan: Direct Loans are usually secured against some collateral security. Payments are either made to the borrower directly or through Payment order or Demand Draft. Interest is charged on the entire loan amount. Repayment of loan is made either in installments or in lump sum.
- Secondary Functions
The important Secondary Services rendered by banks are:
- Sale and Purchase of Securities: On behalf of a customer, commercial banks sell and purchase securities of private companies as well as government securities and bonds.
- Transfer of Funds: Commercial Banks also provide facilities to transfer funds from one place to another place through various remittance processes viz Bank draft, Cheques, Mail transfers etc.
- Collection and Payment of Credit Instrument: Commercial Banks collect and make payment on behalf of their customers negotiable instruments and also do the services of remitting rent, income tax fees, insurance premium etc.
- Locker Facility: Commercial Banks provide locker facilities to their customers, wherein customers can keep gold, silver and important documents.
- Letter of Credit: Letter of credit is one which certifies the credit worthiness of the customers and are issued by commercial banks. There are various types of Letters of Credit issued.
- Collection of Information: Commercial Banks also collect the information relating to Industry, trade, commerce and are made available to their customers.
- Facilities to NRI: Various facilities are extended to Non Residents. To name a few – Opening of NRE/NRO accounts, FCNR and RFC accounts, Providing remittance facilities, Extending Import And Export Credits, Opening of Foreign LCs and Bank Guarantees, Entering to various Treasury transactions, Booking of various forward contracts, Hedging business, and providing Foreign Exchange advices.
- Issue of Traveller’s Cheque and Credit Card: Commercial Banks issue travelers cheques and credit cards to their customers. They can travel without the fear of theft and loss of money. Credit cards are also used to make payment for purchases so that individuals need not carry cash.
- Foreign Exchange: Commercial banks provide various Foreign Exchange solutions to their customers and provide guidelines on FEMA regulations.
- Issuing of Gift Cheques: Commercial Banks issue gift cheques in various denominations of INR 11, INR 51, INR 101,INR 501 etc.
- Educational Loans: Commercial Banks also provide educational loan to students for higher studies at simple rate of interest.
- Consumer Finance: Commercial Banks provide consumer finance for purchase of consumer durables like televisions, refrigerators etc.
- Automated Teller Machine/KIOSKS: Now a days with the help of an ATM, we can deposit or withdraw money from our account any time. Further, recently HDFC has come out with the proposal of sanctioning and approving Loans through ATMs.
- Investment Banking: Banks also provide investment banking services, which include, Securitization (Take over of loans), Mergers and Acquisitions, maintenance of customers’ Investment portfolios related to their Wealth management, Providing guidelines on managing a company etc.,
OTHER IMPORTANT SERVICES
Remittance can be made by a customer to different places through various means like:
- Remittance through Payorder or a Demand Draft.
- Remittance through NEFT or RTGS.
- In a Core Banking Solution environment, it is convenient for transfer through the customers’ account, PAN India, if both the parties maintain the account with the same bank.
- Different ways of remitting money through a Mobile is the order of the day. The Technology has been exploited to its maximum to provide the best customer service. Inter Bank Mobile Payment system has made revolution in this direction.
- SWIFT is another way of remittances that could be effected for any Foreign exchange remittance or transactions.
- A cheque sent through the normal clearing is another way of remitting money from one end to another.
- Electronic Clearing System has come handy in remittances through ECS Debit or ECS Credit.
There are different services, rendered by banks, which are numerous in number. Banking has become a part of our today’s life, and our dependency on banking industry is increasing day by day.
Of course, Bankers face a great challenge in the days to come.
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Digital signage, also called dynamic signage, is a specialized form of slivercasting in which video or multimedia content is displayed in public places for informational or advertising purposes. A digital sign usually consists of a computer or playback device connected to a large, bright digital screen such as an LCD or plasma display.
Digital signage is used in department stores, schools, libraries, office buildings, medical facilities, airports, train and bus stations, banks, auto dealerships and other public venues. If the display is connected to a computer, the data on the screen can be updated in real time by means of an Internet or proprietary network connection. Data transmission and storage are streamlined by compression to minimize file size. The system can employ multiple screens if an extra-large display is desired.
There are several advantages to the use of digital signs instead of paper signs. Digital signs can be updated at will by remote control while paper signs require individual replacement and physical travel to sign sites by personnel. Because digital signs require no paper or paint, they are more environmentally friendly than traditional signs. Digital signs can be animated and can deliver sound as well as visual content.
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Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Financial, Acronyms, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
have(hæv; unstressed həv, əv; for 26 usually hæf)
v.andauxiliary v., pres. sing. 1stand2nd pers. have, v.t.
have- Coming through Proto-Germanic khaben, it was from Indo-European kap-, meaning "possession."
Have is one of the most common verbs in English. It is used in many different ways. Its other forms are has, having, had.
Have is often an auxiliary verb.
Have, has, and had are not usually pronounced in full when they come after a pronoun or noun. When you write down what someone says, you usually represent have, has, and had as 've, 's, and 'd after a pronoun. You can also represent has as 's after a noun.
Have to is often used to say that someone must do something.
Have is often used in front of a noun phrase to say that someone does something.
Have can also be used to say that someone arranges for something to be done. When have is used like this, it is followed by a noun phrase and an -ed participle.
Have is often used to show possession.
In conversation and less formal writing, have got can be used instead of 'have' to show possession.
Don't use a progressive form in any of the following ways:
- Don't use a progressive form when you are talking about ownership. For example, don't say 'I am having a collection of old coins'. Say 'I have a collection of old coins' or 'I've got a collection of old coins'.
- Don't use a progressive form when you are talking about relationships. Don't say 'I am having three sisters' or 'I am having a lot of friends'.
- Don't use a progressive form to say that someone or something has a particular feature. For example, don't say 'He is having a beard'.
- Don't use a progressive form to say that someone has an illness or disease. For example, don't say 'She is having a bad cold'.
- Don't use a progressive form to say how much time someone has in which to do something. For example, don't say 'He is having plenty of time to get to the airport'.
Here are some ways in which you do use a progressive form of have:
- You use a progressive form to say that an activity is taking place. For example, you say 'He is having a bath at the moment'. Don't say 'He has a bath at the moment'.
- You use a progressive form to say that an activity will take place at a particular time in the future. For example, you can say 'I'm having lunch with Barbara tomorrow'.
- You also use a progressive form to talk about continuous or repeated actions, events, or experiences. For example, you can say 'I am having driving lessons'.
Have and take are both commonly used with nouns as their objects to indicate that someone performs an action or takes part in an activity. With some nouns, you can use either have or take with the same meaning. For example, you can say 'Have a look at this' or 'Take a look at this'. Similarly, you can say 'We have our holidays in August' or 'We take our holidays in August'.
There is often a difference between British and American usage. For example, British speakers usually say 'He had a bath', while American speakers say 'He took a bath'.
When talking about some activities, American speakers often use take. For example, they say 'He took a walk' or 'She took a nap'. British speakers would say 'He went for a walk' or 'She had a nap'.
Past participle: had
|Noun||1.||have - a person who possesses great material wealth|
individual, mortal, person, somebody, someone, soul - a human being; "there was too much for one person to do"
affluent - an affluent person; a person who is financially well off; "the so-called emerging affluents"
Croesus - a very wealthy man
fat cat - a wealthy and privileged person
millionairess - a woman millionaire
plutocrat - someone who exercises power by virtue of wealth
millionaire - a person whose material wealth is valued at more than a million dollars
billionaire - a very rich person whose material wealth is valued at more than a billion dollars
multi-billionaire - a very rich person whose material wealth is valued at many billions of dollars
|Verb||1.||have - have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense; "She has $1,000 in the bank"; "He has got two beautiful daughters"; "She holds a Master's degree from Harvard"|
maintain, sustain, keep - supply with necessities and support; "She alone sustained her family"; "The money will sustain our good cause"; "There's little to earn and many to keep"
keep, hold on - retain possession of; "Can I keep my old stuffed animals?"; "She kept her maiden name after she married"
keep - look after; be the keeper of; have charge of; "He keeps the shop when I am gone"
maintain, keep - maintain for use and service; "I keep a car in the countryside"; "She keeps an apartment in Paris for her shopping trips"
keep - have as a supply; "I always keep batteries in the freezer"; "keep food for a week in the pantry"; "She keeps a sixpack and a week's worth of supplies in the refrigerator"
hold, bear - have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices; "She bears the title of Duchess"; "He held the governorship for almost a decade"
carry - have or possess something abstract; "I carry her image in my mind's eye"; "I will carry the secret to my grave"; "I carry these thoughts in the back of my head"; "I carry a lot of life insurance"
|2.||have - have as a feature; "This restaurant features the most famous chefs in France"|
wear - have or show an appearance of; "wear one's hair in a certain way"
carry - have a certain range; "This rifle carries for 3,000 feet"
have, have got, hold - have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense; "She has $1,000 in the bank"; "He has got two beautiful daughters"; "She holds a Master's degree from Harvard"
own, possess, have - have ownership or possession of; "He owns three houses in Florida"; "How many cars does she have?"
carry - be equipped with (a mast or sail); "This boat can only carry a small sail"
bear - have; "bear a resemblance"; "bear a signature"
give off - have as a by-product; "The big cities gave off so many wonderful American qualities"
star - feature as the star; "The movie stars Dustin Hoffman as an autistic man"
sport, boast, feature - wear or display in an ostentatious or proud manner; "she was sporting a new hat"
possess - have as an attribute, knowledge, or skill; "he possesses great knowledge about the Middle East"
bristle - have or be thickly covered with or as if with bristles; "bristling leaves"
bristle, abound, burst - be in a state of movement or action; "The room abounded with screaming children"; "The garden bristled with toddlers"
brim - be completely full; "His eyes brimmed with tears"
carry, pack, take - have with oneself; have on one's person; "She always takes an umbrella"; "I always carry money"; "She packs a gun when she goes into the mountains"
read, say - have or contain a certain wording or form; "The passage reads as follows"; "What does the law say?"
wear - have in one's aspect; wear an expression of one's attitude or personality; "He always wears a smile"
carry - have as an inherent or characteristic feature or have as a consequence; "This new washer carries a two year guarantee"; "The loan carries a high interest rate"; "this undertaking carries many dangers"; "She carries her mother's genes"; "These bonds carry warrants"; "The restaurant carries an unusual name"
|3.||have - go through (mental or physical states or experiences); "get an idea"; "experience vertigo"; "get nauseous"; "receive injuries"; "have a feeling"|
suffer, sustain, have, get - undergo (as of injuries and illnesses); "She suffered a fracture in the accident"; "He had an insulin shock after eating three candy bars"; "She got a bruise on her leg"; "He got his arm broken in the scuffle"
undergo - pass through; "The chemical undergoes a sudden change"; "The fluid undergoes shear"; "undergo a strange sensation"
take - experience or feel or submit to; "Take a test"; "Take the plunge"
horripilate - have one's hair stand on end and get goosebumps; "I horripilate when I see violence on television"
|4.||have - have ownership or possession of; "He owns three houses in Florida"; "How many cars does she have?"|
prepossess - possess beforehand
|5.||have - cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition; "He got his squad on the ball"; "This let me in for a big surprise"; "He got a girl into trouble"|
|6.||have - serve oneself to, or consume regularly; "Have another bowl of chicken soup!"; "I don't take sugar in my coffee"|
hit - consume to excess; "hit the bottle"
eat - eat a meal; take a meal; "We did not eat until 10 P.M. because there were so many phone calls"; "I didn't eat yet, so I gladly accept your invitation"
eat - take in solid food; "She was eating a banana"; "What did you eat for dinner last night?"
drink, imbibe - take in liquids; "The patient must drink several liters each day"; "The children like to drink soda"
eat, feed - take in food; used of animals only; "This dog doesn't eat certain kinds of meat"; "What do whales eat?"
sample, taste, try, try out - take a sample of; "Try these new crackers"; "Sample the regional dishes"
smoke - inhale and exhale smoke from cigarettes, cigars, pipes; "We never smoked marijuana"; "Do you smoke?"
swallow, get down - pass through the esophagus as part of eating or drinking; "Swallow the raw fish--it won't kill you!"
sup - take solid or liquid food into the mouth a little at a time either by drinking or by eating with a spoon
|7.||have - have a personal or business relationship with someone; "have a postdoc"; "have an assistant"; "have a lover"|
interact - act together or towards others or with others; "He should interact more with his colleagues"
|8.||have - organize or be responsible for; "hold a reception"; "have, throw, or make a party"; "give a course"|
direct - be in charge of
|9.||have - have left; "I have two years left"; "I don't have any money left"; "They have two more years before they retire"|
leave - have left or have as a remainder; "That left the four of us"; "19 minus 8 leaves 11"
|10.||have - be confronted with; "What do we have here?"; "Now we have a fine mess"|
|11.||have - undergo; "The stocks had a fast run-up"|
change - undergo a change; become different in essence; losing one's or its original nature; "She changed completely as she grew older"; "The weather changed last night"
|12.||have - suffer from; be ill with; "She has arthritis"|
|13.||have - cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner; "The ads induced me to buy a VCR"; "My children finally got me to buy a computer"; "My wife made me buy a new sofa"|
decide - cause to decide; "This new development finally decided me!"
persuade - cause somebody to adopt a certain position, belief, or course of action; twist somebody's arm; "You can't persuade me to buy this ugly vase!"
bring - induce or persuade; "The confession of one of the accused brought the others to admit to the crime as well"
solicit - incite, move, or persuade to some act of lawlessness or insubordination; "He was accused of soliciting his colleagues to destroy the documents"
encourage - spur on; "His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife"
let - actively cause something to happen; "I let it be known that I was not interested"
lead - cause to undertake a certain action; "Her greed led her to forge the checks"
suborn - induce to commit perjury or give false testimony; "The President tried to suborn false witnesses"
|14.||have - receive willingly something given or offered; "The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter"; "I won't have this dog in my house!"; "Please accept my present"|
receive, have - get something; come into possession of; "receive payment"; "receive a gift"; "receive letters from the front"
acquire, get - come into the possession of something concrete or abstract; "She got a lot of paintings from her uncle"; "They acquired a new pet"; "Get your results the next day"; "Get permission to take a few days off from work"
admit, take on, accept, take - admit into a group or community; "accept students for graduate study"; "We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member"
welcome - accept gladly; "I welcome your proposals"
|15.||have - get something; come into possession of; "receive payment"; "receive a gift"; "receive letters from the front"|
hustle - get by trying hard; "she hustled a free lunch from the waiter"
accept - receive (a report) officially, as from a committee
fence - receive stolen goods
acquire, get - come into the possession of something concrete or abstract; "She got a lot of paintings from her uncle"; "They acquired a new pet"; "Get your results the next day"; "Get permission to take a few days off from work"
accept, take, have - receive willingly something given or offered; "The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter"; "I won't have this dog in my house!"; "Please accept my present"
graduate - receive an academic degree upon completion of one's studies; "She graduated in 1990"
inherit - receive by genetic transmission; "I inherited my good eyesight from my mother"
|16.||have - undergo (as of injuries and illnesses); "She suffered a fracture in the accident"; "He had an insulin shock after eating three candy bars"; "She got a bruise on her leg"; "He got his arm broken in the scuffle"|
cramp - suffer from sudden painful contraction of a muscle
have - suffer from; be ill with; "She has arthritis"
|17.||have - achieve a point or goal; "Nicklaus had a 70"; "The Brazilian team got 4 goals"; "She made 29 points that day"|
make - act in a certain way so as to acquire; "make friends"; "make enemies"
|18.||have - cause to be born; "My wife had twins yesterday!"|
twin - give birth to twins
drop - give birth; used for animals; "The cow dropped her calf this morning"
foal - give birth to a foal; "the mare foaled"
cub - give birth to cubs; "bears cub every year"
kitten - have kittens; "our cat kittened again this year"
lamb - give birth to a lamb; "the ewe lambed"
litter - give birth to a litter of animals
fawn - have fawns; "deer fawn"
have a bun in the oven, gestate, expect, bear, carry - be pregnant with; "She is bearing his child"; "The are expecting another child in January"; "I am carrying his child"
|19.||have - have sex with; archaic use; "He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable"|
bonk, do it, eff, fuck, get it on, get laid, have a go at it, have intercourse, have it away, have it off, have sex, be intimate, lie with, roll in the hay, screw, sleep together, sleep with, make love, hump, jazz, love, bed, bang, make out, know - have sexual intercourse with; "This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm"; "Adam knew Eve"; "Were you ever intimate with this man?"
have[hæv] (has (3rd pers sing present) (had (pt, pp)))
he's got or he has blue eyes → tiene los ojos azules
have you got or do you have 10p? → ¿tienes diez peniques?
have you got or do you have any brothers or sisters? → ¿tienes hermanos?
she had her eyes closed → tenía los ojos cerrados
he hasn't got or he doesn't have any friends → no tiene amigos
I've got or I have a friend staying next week → tengo a un amigo en casa la semana que viene
I've got or I have an idea → tengo una idea
I haven't got a washing-machine → no tengo lavadora
all or everything I have is yours → todo lo que tengo es tuyo
you must give it all or everything you have → tienes que emplearte a fondo
you must put all or everything you have into it → tienes que emplearte a fondo
can I have a pencil please? → ¿me puedes dar un lápiz, por favor?
the book has no name on it → el libro no lleva or tiene el nombre del dueño
I've got or I have no Spanish → no sé español
to have something to do → tener algo que hacer
I've got some letters to write → tengo algunas cartas que escribir
I've got or I have nothing to do → no tengo nada que hacer
haven't you got anything to do? → ¿no tienes nada que hacer?
hello, what have we here? → vaya, vaya, ¿qué tenemos aquí?
see also handy 1
see also ready A1.1
what are we having for lunch? → ¿que vamos a comer?
we had ice-cream for dessert → tomamos helado de postre
to have something to eat/drink → comer/beber algo, tomar algo
what will you have? → ¿qué quieres tomar?, ¿qué vas a tomar?
I'll have a coffee → tomaré un café
will you have some more? → ¿te sirvo más?
thank you for having me → gracias por su hospitalidad
you can have my ticket → puedes quedarte con mi billete
we had some help from the government → recibimos ayuda del gobierno
I had a letter from John → tuve carta de Juan, recibí una carta de Juan
I must have them by this afternoon → necesito tenerlos para esta tarde
to have no news → no tener noticias
they had a lot of wedding presents → recibieron or les hicieron muchos regalos de boda
we had a lot of visitors (at home) → tuvimos muchas visitas; (at exhibition etc) → tuvimos muchos visitantes
it's not to be had anywhere → no se consigue en ninguna parte
there was no bread to be had → no quedaba pan en ningún sitio → no podía conseguirse pan en ningún sitio
which one will you have? → ¿cuál quiere?
can I have your name please? → ¿me da su nombre, por favor?
you can have it or I'll let you have it for £10 → te lo dejo en 10 libras, te lo puedes llevar por 10 libras, te lo vendo por 10 libras
what did she have? → ¿qué ha tenido?
she had a boy → ha tenido un niño
I have him in my power → lo tengo en mi poder
he had him by the throat → lo tenía agarrado por la garganta
I have it on good authority that → me consta que ..., sé a ciencia cierta que ..., sé de buena tinta que ...
I've got it! → ¡ya!
you have me there, there you have me → ahí sí que me has pillado
we can't have that → eso no se puede consentir
I won't have this nonsense → no voy a consentir or tolerar estas tonterías
I won't have it! → no lo voy a consentir or tolerar
she won't have it said that → no consiente or tolera que digan que ...
I won't have him risking his neck on that motorbike → no voy a consentir que se juegue el cuello en esa moto
to have a pleasant afternoon/evening → pasar una tarde agradable
have a nice day! → ¡que pases un buen día!
I had a horrible day at school today → he tenido un día horrible en el colegio
what sort of day have you had? → ¿qué tal día has tenido?
he had us confused → nos tenía confundidos
to have sth done → hacer que se haga algo, mandar hacer algo
we had our luggage brought up → mandamos subir el equipaje
I've had the brakes checked → he mandado revisar los frenos
to have a suit made → (mandar) hacerse un traje
to have one's hair cut → cortarse el pelo
they had him killed → lo mataron
to have sb do sth → mandar a algn hacer algo
he had me do it again → me hizo hacerlo otra vez, me hizo que lo hiciese otra vez
I had him clean the car → le hice limpiar el coche
what would you have me do? (o.f.) → ¿qué quiere que haga?
I'll have you know that → quiero que sepas que ...
to have sth happen she had her bag stolen → le robaron el bolso
he had his arm broken → le rompieron el brazo
to have sb doing sth she soon had them all reading and writing (= organized them) → enseguida los puso a leer y a escribir; (= taught them) → enseguida les habían enseñado a leer y a escribir
to have sth against sb/sth → tener algo en contra de algn/algo
to have had it you've had it now! he knows all about it → ¡ahora sí que te la has cargado! se ha enterado de todo
this sofa has had it → este sofá ya no da para más
I've had it up to here with his nonsense → estoy hasta la coronilla or hasta el moño de sus tonterías
to have it that he will have it that he is right → insiste en que tiene razón
rumour has it that → corre la voz de que ...
to be had you've been had! → ¡te han engañado!
to have to do with → tener que ver con
that's got or that has nothing to do with it! → ¡eso no tiene nada que ver!
you'd better not have anything to do with him → más te vale no tener tratos con él
to let sb have sth (= give) → dar algo a algn; (= lend) → dejar algo a algn, prestar algo a algn
I'll let you have my reply tomorrow → les daré mi respuesta mañana
let me have your address → dame tus señas
let me have your pen for a moment → déjame el boli un momento
let him have it! → ¡dale!
what have you ... and what have you → ... y qué sé yo qué más
would have it as ill-luck or fate would have it → desgraciadamente
see also luck A
I've already seen that film → ya he visto esa película
he's been very kind → ha sido muy amable
has he gone? → ¿se ha ido?
hasn't he told you? → ¿no te lo ha dicho?
she said she had spoken to them → dijo que había hablado con ellos
had you phoned me > or if you had phoned me I would have come round (frm) → si me hubieras llamado habría venido
never having seen it before, I → como no lo había visto antes, ...
having finished or when he had finished, he left → cuando terminó or cuando hubo terminado, se fue
see also just 1.3 SINCE
they've done more than we have → ellos han hecho más que nosotros
he hasn't worked as hard as you have → él no ha trabajado tanto como tú
"he's already eaten" - "so have I" → -él ya ha comido -yo también
"we haven't had any news yet" - "neither have we" → -no hemos tenido noticias todavía -nosotros tampoco
"you've made a mistake" - "no I haven't!" → -has cometido un error -no es verdad or cierto
"we haven't paid" - "yes we have!" → -no hemos pagado -¡qué sí!
"he's got a new job" - "oh has he?" → -tiene un trabajo nuevo -¿ah, sí?
"you've written it twice" - "so I have!" → -lo has escrito dos veces -es verdad or cierto
"have you read the book?" - "yes, I have" → -¿has leído el libro? -sí
"has he told you?" - "no, he hasn't" → -¿te lo ha dicho? -no
he has never met her, but I have → él no la ha llegado a conocer, pero yo sí
have you ever been there? if you have → ¿has estado alguna vez allí? si es así ...
have you tried it? if you haven't → ¿lo has probado? (porque) si no ...
see also so A5
see also nor 2
I've got to or I have to finish this work → tengo que terminar este trabajo
have we got to or do we have to leave early? → ¿tenemos que salir temprano?
I haven't got to or I don't have to wear glasses → no necesito (usar) gafas
I shall have to go and see her → tendré que ir a verla
it will just have to wait till tomorrow → tendrá que esperar hasta mañana
he had to pay all the money back → tuvo que devolver todo el dinero
she was having to get up at six each morning → tenía que levantarse a las seis cada mañana
this has to be a mistake → esto tiene que ser un error
do you have to make such a noise? → ¿tienes que hacer tanto ruido?
you didn't have to tell her! → ¡no tenías por qué decírselo!
it's nice not to have to work on Saturdays → es un gusto no tener que trabajar los sábados
it has to be done this way → tiene que hacerse de este modo
does it have to be ironed? → ¿hay que plancharlo?
Sarah was a joy to have around → era una delicia tener a Sarah cerca
a great guy to have around → un tipo estupendo para tenerlo a tu lado
the sort of player I'd like to have around → el tipo de jugador con el que me gustaría contar
we're having some people around → tenemos invitados
we must have the Corks back soon → habrá que devolverles la invitación a los Cork dentro de poco
they never have anyone back → nunca devuelven la invitación a nadie
we are having the Smiths down for a few days → los Smith vienen a pasar unos días con nosotros or en casa
to have the plumber in → llamar al fontanero
to have visitors in → tener invitados
let's have the next one in → que pase el siguiente
the children have got a week off for half term → los niños tienen una semana de vacaciones a mitad del trimestre
he had the panelling off in no time → quitó las mamparas en un santiamén
be careful or you'll have the pans off! → ¡ten cuidado, no vayas a tirar las cacerolas!
she had on a beautiful black evening dress → llevaba (puesto) un precioso vestido de noche negro
see also nothing A
have you anything on tomorrow? → ¿tienes algo que hacer mañana?, ¿tienes compromiso para mañana?
we'll have the paint on in no time → lo tendremos pintado en un santiamén
he's having you on! → te está tomando el pelo
to have one's tonsils out → operarse de las amígdalas
we had to have the old boiler out → tuvimos que quitar la caldera vieja
we'll have the piano out in a trice → enseguida sacamos el piano
we're having some people over → tenemos invitados
we had them over to dinner last week → vinieron a cenar la semana pasada
watch out, you'll have the coffee over! → ¡cuidado, que vas a volcar or tirar el café!
he was had up for assault → le llevaron a juicio por asalto
have[ˈhæv](STRONG) [həv] [had] [ˈhæd](STRONG) [həd] (pt, pp)
to have arrived → être arrivé(e)
They have arrived → Ils sont arrivés.
to have gone → être parti(e)
Has he gone? → Est-ce qu'il est parti?
He's done it, hasn't he? → Il l'a fait, non?, Il l'a fait, n'est-ce pas?
You've done it, haven't you? → Vous l'avez fait, non?, Vous l'avez fait, n'est-ce pas?
Have you got any money? - No, I haven't! → Est-ce que tu as de l'argent? - Non, je n'en ai pas!
You haven't been listening! - Yes, I have! → Tu n'as pas écouté! - Mais si!
I've been there before, have you? → J'y suis déjà allé, et vous ?
so I have! (= you're right) → ah oui !, oui c'est vrai!
She has to do it → Elle doit le faire., Il faut qu'elle le fasse.
You don't have to tell her → Vous n'êtes pas obligé de le lui dire.
to have got to do sth → devoir faire qch, être obligé(e) de faire qch
She's got to do it → Elle doit le faire., Elle est obligée de le faire.
That has to be true → Ça doit être vrai.
Have you got a sister? → Tu as une sœur?
Do you have a sister? → Tu as une sœur?
He's got blue eyes → Il a les yeux bleus.
He has dark hair → Il a les cheveux bruns.
May I have your address? → Puis-je avoir votre adresse ?
He had his breakfast → Il a pris son petit-déjeuner.
to have dinner → dîner
to have lunch → déjeuner
Let me have a try → Laissez-moi essayer.
Let me have a look → Laissez-moi regarder.
to have one's hair cut → se faire couper les cheveux
to have sb do sth → faire faire qch à qn
to have a cold → avoir un rhume
I've got a cold → J'ai un rhume.
to have flu → avoir la grippe
to have an operation → se faire opérer
I won't have it! → Je ne l'accepte pas!
Unless you hurry up, you've had it → Si tu ne te dépêches pas, tu es fichu.
I've had it. Let's finish for this evening → J'en ai marre. Arrêtons-nous là pour ce soir.
I didn't know you had it in you! → Je ne savais que tu en étais capable!
Legend has it that → La légende raconte que ...
as rumour has it → comme le bruit court
to be having sb on (British) → faire marcher qn
to have it out with sb (= settle a problem) → s'expliquer (franchement) avec qn
havepret, ptp <had>, 3rd pers sing present <has>
to have seen/heard/eaten → gesehen/gehört/gegessen haben; I have/had seen → ich habe/hatte gesehen; I have not/had not or I haven’t/I hadn’t seen him → ich habe/hatte ihn nicht gesehen; had I seen him, if I had seen him → hätte ich ihn gesehen, wenn ich ihn gesehen hätte; having seen him (= after I had) → als ich ihn gesehen hatte; having realized this (= since I had) → nachdem ich das erkannt hatte; having said that he left → nachdem or als er das gesagt hatte, ging er
I have lived or have been living here for 10 years/since January → ich wohne or lebe schon 10 Jahre/seit Januar hier
to have gone/run → gegangen/gelaufen sein; you HAVE grown! → du bist aber gewachsen!; to have been → gewesen sein; I have been to London → ich bin in London gewesen; I have been against this for years → ich bin schon seit Jahren dagegen
? to have to do sth (= to be obliged) → etw tun müssen; I have (got esp Brit) to do it → ich muss es tun or machen; have you got to go now? (Brit) do you have to go now? → müssen Sie jetzt (wirklich) unbedingt gehen?; do you have to make such a noise? → müssen Sie (unbedingt) so viel Lärm machen?; she was having to get up at 6 o’clock each morning → sie musste jeden Morgen um 6 Uhr aufstehen; we’ve had to go and see her twice this week → wir mussten diese Woche schon zweimal zu ihr (hin); the letter will have to be written tomorrow → der Brief muss morgen unbedingt geschrieben werden; I’m afraid it has to be → das muss leider sein; it’s got to be or it has to be the biggest scandal this year → das ist todsicher der (größte) Skandal des Jahres
? don’t/doesn’t have to or (esp Brit) haven’t/hasn’t got to I haven’t got to do it (esp Brit) I don’t have to do it → ich muss es nicht tun, ich brauche es nicht zu tun; you didn’t have to tell her → das mussten Sie ihr nicht unbedingt sagen, das hätten Sie ihr nicht unbedingt sagen müssen or brauchen; he hasn’t got to work (esp Brit) he doesn’t have to work → er braucht nicht zu arbeiten, er muss nicht arbeiten
? to let sb have sth → jdm etw geben; please let me have your address → geben Sie mir bitte Ihre Adresse; I’ll let you have it for £50 → ich gebe es dir für £ 50
? to have sth done
→ etw tun lassen; to have one’s hair cut → sich (dat) → die Haare schneiden lassen; to have a suit made → sich (dat) → einen Anzug machen lassen; I had my cases brought up → ich habe (mir) meine Koffer nach oben bringen lassen; have it mended → geben Sie es in Reparatur, lassen Sie es reparieren; they had him shot → sie ließen ihn erschießen
he had his car stolen → man hat ihm sein Auto gestohlen; he had his arm broken → er hat/hatte einen gebrochenen Arm; I’ve had three windows broken → (bei) mir sind drei Fenster eingeworfen worden
? to have sb do sth
→ jdn etw tun lassen; I had him wash the car → ich ließ ihn den Wagen waschen; I’ll have you know … → Sie müssen nämlich wissen …
I had my friends turn against me → ich musste es erleben, wie or dass sich meine Freunde gegen mich wandten
? to have sb doing sth she had us all helping with the dinner → nach ihrer Ermunterung halfen wir alle mit dem Abendessen; she soon had them all reading and writing → dank ihres Engagements konnten alle schon bald lesen und schreiben
? to have had it (inf) he has had it with politics → er hat von der Politik die Nase voll (inf); that coat has had it → der Mantel ist im Eimer (inf); if I miss the last bus, I’ve had it → wenn ich den letzten Bus verpasse, bin ich geliefert (inf) → or ist der Ofen aus (inf)
? let him have it! (inf) → gibs ihm! (inf)
? have it your own way → machen Sie es or halten Sie es, wie Sie wollen
? to be had (inf: = tricked) you’ve been had! → da hat man dich übers Ohr gehauen (inf)
? have around vt always separate
? have at vi +prep obj (old) → angreifen; she had at me with her umbrella → sie ging mit ihrem Regenschirm auf mich los
? have away vt always separate to have it away with somebody (inf) → es mit jdm treiben (inf)
? have back vt sep → zurückhaben
? have down vt
? have in vt always separate
? have off vt always separate
? have on vt sep (= wear) → anhaben; radio, TV → anhaben vt always separate
? have out vt always separate
? have over or (esp Brit) round vt always separate → (bei sich) zu Besuch haben; (= invite) → (zu sich) einladen
? have up vt always separate
have(hӕv) – 3rd person singular present tense has (hӕz) : past tense, past participle had (hӕd) : short forms I've (ӕiv) (I have), you've (juːv) (you have), he's (hiːz) (he has), she's (ʃiːz) (she has), it's (its) (it has), we've (wiːv) (we have), they've (ðeiv) (they have), I'd (aid) (I had), you'd (juːd) (you had), he'd (hiːd) (he had), she'd (ʃiːd) (she had), it'd (ˈitəd) (it had), we'd (wiːd) (we had), they'd (ðeid) (they had): negative short forms hadn't (ˈhӕdnt) (had not), hasn't (ˈhӕznt) (has not), haven't (ˈhӕvnt) (have not) – verb
have→ أُصِيبَ بِ, يَمْلِك mít er, have haben, schlimm έχω tener olla, olla jollakulla avoir, ressentir imati avere （病気などに）かかっている, 持っている ~을 겪다 hebben ha mieć Forma verbal, ter иметь ha ได้, รู้สึก เป็นโรค sahip olmak cảm giác, có 得, 有
- What do I do if I have an accident?
- What facilities do you have here?
- Do we have time to visit the town?
- Sorry, I don't have any change
- Where can I have this prescription filled? (US)
Where can I get this prescription made up? (UK)
- What facilities do you have for disabled people?
- Have you eaten?
- I'll have the same
- What non-alcoholic drinks do you have?
- What liqueurs do you have?
- What fish dishes do you have?
- What kinds of sandwiches do you have? (US)
What kind of sandwiches do you have? (UK)
- What flavors do you have? (US)
What flavours do you have? (UK)
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Until the establishment of Fort Anderson, the Hudson's Bay Company obtained their furs from Inuvialuit living in the coastal regions of the western Canadian Arctic at their Peel River Post (later relocated and named Fort McPherson). The post was established in 1840. However, for the first years that Peel River Post was in operation the local Dene - the Gwich’in - discouraged Inuvialuit from trading directly with the HBC, and operated as middlemen in the fur trade. Direct visits by Inuvialuit to the post began in 1853, but continuing hostilities with the Gwich’in and the long distances that had to be travelled limited the extent of the trade with the Inuvialuit.
In 1859, a small group of Inuvialuit travelled from the mouth of the Mackenzie River to the regional HBC headquarters at Fort Simpson to request that a trading post be built in Inuvialuit territory. The HBC agreed, but concerned about the reputation of Inuvialuit living at the mouth of the Mackenzie River being hostile, they decided instead to build the post further to the east. Several years previously, with the idea of extending trade to the Inuvialuit already in mind, the Chief Factor of the HBC, James Anderson, had dispatched Roderick MacFarlane from Fort Good Hope to explore the valley of a river known locally as the ‘Beghula’ (a type of whitefish known today as Inconnu) River that flowed into Liverpool Bay, an area occupied by Inuvialuit.
MacFarlane first travelled to the area in 1857. He encountered Inuvialuit at camps on the river, and proceeded to travel downstream towards its mouth. Before arriving at Liverpool Bay he met a large group of Inuvialuit who had travelled there from the Mackenzie River area who clearly were hostile to him, and he had to flee. Undeterred by this experience, he returned in the winters of 1858 and 1859 to trade with the Inuvialuit and experienced no further difficulties.
In 1860, McFarlane was given orders to establish a trading post on the river that had now been re-named after Chief Factor James Anderson. He chose a location on the east bank of the river in a forested area far upstream of Liverpool Bay for the post. Construction began the next spring, and the post was completed before the onset of winter. Fort Anderson was built with defense in mind. It was surrounded by a square palisade approximately 50 metres on each side, with a raised platform running along the walls on the inside that were attached to a 6 metre-high lookout, or ‘bastion’, at each corner. Inside was a ‘master’s house’, a house for the employees, and two storehouses: one for trade goods, and the other for furs.
Roderick MacFarlane remained in charge of at Fort Anderson after trade with Inuvialuit had commenced. There was a staff of between 4 and 6 people based at the post. Trade goods – primarily tobacco, beads and iron tools - and supplies needed to operate the post were brought in from Fort Good Hope in winter by dog team, and furs were shipped out the same way. For the first few years the number of skins, primarily fox, which were traded justified the expense of operating a remote trading post. However, the optimistic predictions for its success were short-lived.
In the Fall of 1865 an outbreak of measles at Fort Anderson resulted in the death of approximately 150 of the local people. With the death of so many hunters and trappers who were vital to its existence, the HBC ordered MacFarlane to close Fort Anderson, and it was abandoned in June 1866. Years later, Anglican Missionary Isaac Stringer heard from Mackenzie River Inuvialuit that the fort had burned to the ground not long after it was abandoned.
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Ladies Take a Note; a typical plastic chemical can cause breast cancer, warns a new study. Endocrine-disrupting chemical – commonly found the chemical in polycarbonate hard plastics, currency bills and a number of thermal paper receipts can potentially interfere with the hormones of the body and can add on to the aggressiveness of breast cancer, revealed the new study, conducted by a team of researchers from Oakland University in Michigan.
Bisphenol S (BPS) – an alternative to the chemical bisphenol A (BPA), commonly used in the plastic industry, is likely to act like oestrogens in enlarging the risks and ferociousness of breast cancer cells. According to the National Cancer Institute, most of the breast cancer cases are responsive to oestrogens, and 55 to 65% of women who become heir to a damaging mutation in the BRCA1 gene are at higher risks of developing breast cancer.
Sumi Dinda, the principal investigator of the study and an Associate Professor at Oakland University in Michigan, said, “If a woman has a transmuted BRAC1 genetic material and utilises the products containing Bisphenol S or BPS, then she is at higher risks of developing breast cancer. Adding to the statement, Sumi Dinda added, “in spite of hopes for a safer substitute to BPA, our experiment has confirmed that BPS can show signs of similar estrogen-copying behaviour to BPA and eventually can heighten the risks of breast cancer among women.”
For the study, the research team used two commercially presented breast cancer cell lines, acquired from women with estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer and reveal the cancer cells to altering strengths of BPS or to a dormant matter as a control. In relation to the control, after 24 hours BPS is found to intensify the protein idiom in oestrogens receptor and BRCA1, as did oestrogens. After a six-days-long treatment procedure with BPS, the researchers reportedly found the breast cancer cells in both cell lines to increase in number by 12% at the lowest dose of 4 micromolar, while at highest doses of eight micromolar, the cancer cells allegedly hiked by 60%.
The complete results of the experiment were presented at ENDO 2017, the 99th annual meeting of the Endocrine Society, going on to Orlando.
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Health is a central component to anyone’s life, and even if one discounts major injuries or illnesses such as cancer or broken legs, there are hazards out there that today’s adults are urged to watch out for, and whenever minor injuries or wounds are suffered, one should know what to do, and what not to do. Pain care is often just a phone call or Internet search away, and pain care can be a major aspect of any walk in clinic for wound treatment such as a sunburn or sports injury. Pain care does not have to be intimidating; it can get a person back into good health in due time. What dangers are out there, and how can they be avoided? What can a walk in clinic do for wounds and pain care?
Everyday items and locations can have potential hazards, so vigilance for these dangers is recommended. A beach, while an enjoyable place for sun and sand, can be dangerous, and not just from wildlife. Signs will be posted by city officials for marine life hazards such as manta rays, stinging jellyfish (especially deadly ones like box jellyfish), and sharks. Fatalities from sharks are not necessarily common, but sharks can easily smell blood or find a thrashing person in the water and quickly approach for an attack. Jellyfish, meanwhile, can deliver painful stings that irritate the skin and may even cause breathing issues, and they can be difficult to see in the water. For these reasons, warning signs of marine life should be taken very seriously.
Man made hazards are present, too. The state of California is known for its many beaches, and it has around 840 miles of coastline, where residents and vacationing guests may go surfing, sailing, or play volleyball on the beach. In the sand and water, however, lie hazards. Broken glass, such as from bottles, may be hidden just under the surface, and sharp glass may slice someone’s bare foot on contact. Sometimes, medical needles may be discarded in the sand as well, presenting a similar hazard. The hazard of drowning is an obvious one at the beach, so one should be careful to only swim if they have the skills for it, and to stay near other people in case of trouble. Even the sun overhead can be a problem, since its UV rays can cause sunburn and, in rare and serious cases, melanomas. Pain care may often involve sunburns.
Pain Care at Clinics
Whether or not someone visited a beach in California or Florida, clinics are common, affordable, and fast options for anyone with a non life threatening condition. Broken fingers or toes, sunburns, the cold or flu, rashes, food allergies (that don’t constrict breathing), light cuts, and more can be treated at such clinics, which may sometimes see as many as three patients per hour, and wait times may be around 15 minutes. Nurses and assistant physicians on hand can use their own expertise and tools to address these ailments, as well as fill out or refill prescription drugs as needed. Retail clinics are built into major retailers such as Walgreens, Wal-Mart, and Target, making them easy to find since the retailer itself wants to be easily found, and it will have ample parking space. And in the rare case where a clinic patient needs more than pain care, the clinic’s staff may refer them to a hospital to visit the ER.
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Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) symptoms include snoring, pauses in the breathing when sleeping including gasping or choking spells, and daytime sleepiness. Many people also complain of a dry mouth, chronic sore throat, a morning headache, and difficulty concentrating during the day. OSA can occur due to obstructing tissues of nose, mouth, or throat causing obstruction when laying down to sleep. During sleep, these muscles are more relaxed and cause the airway to be blocked.
Excessive weight gain or obesity in addition to an enlarged neck circumstance are often present in patients who experience symptoms. It is important to be evaluated and treated for this condition as OSA can put patients at increased risk for heart attacks and stroke including several other medical conditions.
OSA can be diagnosed by a sleep specialist by evaluation through a sleep study. If the patient is found to have obstructive sleep apnea, a sleep machine called a CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) can be used to improve symptoms. Weight loss, smoking cessation, and discontinuation of alcohol (especially before bed) is also known to help more milder causes of sleep apnea. Lastly, if other therapies have not been effective, you may be referred to an ENT specialist to discuss procedures to enlarge the airway.
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Empathy is a powerful tool that you can use to help you connect with other people, which will increase your feelings of oneness. When you can identify a person’s emotional state it gives you more information about that person, which allows you to make a more informed decision about how you’ll interact with or communicate with them. The more you understand someone, the better you’ll communicate with them. Greater empathy could get you a job or the love of your life one day. Empathy can prevent arguments before they start, and end fights before they get out of hand. Why wonder what someone is feeling or thinking when you can know?
Empathy is the ability to identify or sense what another person is feeling. It’s like seeing through someone else’s eyes. Empathy should not be confused with compassion, which is the desire to alleviate the suffering of another, and sometimes contains empathy, but really goes beyond it. You can act compassionately even when you do not empathize with a person’s emotional state or situation.
Some people are naturally empathic, but it’s a skill that can be developed with practice. Here are 5 steps you can take that will lead to greater empathy:
1. Listen intently to others
Do you ever find yourself in an interesting or heated conversation and all you’re doing is thinking about what you’re going to say next without really hearing what the other person is saying? If you’re not listening, how can you understand their points? And if you’re not listening to them, there’s a real good chance they’re not listening to you! The next time you find yourself in a conversation with someone, listen intently. Quiet the chatter in your own mind and really listen to what the other person is saying. You might hear something you would normally have missed. Don’t decide in advance what you’re going to say. Just listen. When you do this, you’ll begin picking up feelings and emotions from the person talking which will help you understand them better. Then when you respond, you’re coming from a place of understanding.
2. Imitate body language
Many years ago Steve and I went to a Tony Robbins Firewalk seminar. During one portion we had to break into groups of three. I found myself paired up with two men I’d never met. Person A was supposed to think of a time in their lives when they were having a strong emotional reaction. They were then supposed to get into that state again. Person B was supposed to exactly model Person A’s physiology. And Person C was there to make sure that Person A and Person B were a total match down to eyelids twitching or blinking. So in our case, Person A got into a state and I had to model his physiology. One of my legs was jumping up and down, my breathing was fast, and my hands were clawing at my legs. Once Person C said we were a match I was supposed to say what emotion I was feeling. I said, “I feel really nervous right now. In fact, I feel like I’m about to jump out of an airplane.” Person A exclaimed, “Oh my God! That’s the exact memory I was thinking of. The first time I jumped out of an airplane.” Not only did I pick up on his emotion correctly, I knew the exact memory he was having. Total stranger. Picked it right out of his brain, or I should say, his physiology.
So what do you think would happen if you modeled or imitated the physiology of the person you’re talking to? Right! You will understand them better, you may even discover you have telepathy. 🙂 Modeling the physiology of other people will increase your empathy.
3. Put yourself in their shoes
One of the best ways to increase your empathy is to imagine what life is like in someone else’s shoes. Most people won’t go to the trouble, but if you can imagine what someone else might be going through, it will increase your level of empathy by a huge factor. The next time you’re with someone who is going through a rough time, or even a really exciting time, take a moment to get out of your own head and imagine what they’re feeling. Then ask them if that’s how they’re feeling. “Hey Johnny, I heard you lost your job. I imagine you’re feeling a depressed and anxious, right?” Or, “Sophia, congratulations on becoming a grandmother. You must be feeling excited!” See what she says.
You can do this with total strangers too. Ever witness a car accident and think, “Glad that wasn’t me,” or “I can’t be late for work so I hope they clear this out of the way fast!” That’s not empathy. Next time take a moment to imagine what the people involved in the accident are feeling. “Wow, I’ll bet that person is really shaken up. I hope he’s alright.” Spare a thought for your fellow man. But for the grace of God, it could have been you. If you offer help, that’s compassion, or what I like to think of as empathy in action.
4. Show understanding
Think about the last time you felt totally and completely understood by someone. Feels good doesn’t it? Return the favor. The next time a friend, child, or your partner is telling you about something that happened to them show that you are listening by repeating back what you heard. “So what you’re telling me is that you feel lonely when I go out every weekend with the boys and you want me to spend more time with you. Is that right?” This is also called empathic listening. It works great in an argument. The next time you’re fighting with someone listen to what they’re saying, don’t interrupt, and then repeat back to them your understanding of what they just said. I cannot tell you how powerful this is. Refrain from making your own point until your partner indicates he or she feels completely understood. They’ll be more willing to hear you speak when you’ve shown you’re willing to understand their point of view first.
5. Expand your awareness
You don’t live in a bubble, even though sometimes it might feel like it. The world doesn’t revolve around you either. You’re sharing it with billions of people. Expand your awareness of what other people are doing. For fun sit down in a crowded place like a movie theater, mall, bookstore, etc. and do some people-watching. You’ll see people who are in a hurry, people arguing with each other, people who are worried, teen boys checking out teen girls, and all manner of behavior. See if you can discern what’s going on.
I’ve often had interesting conversations with strangers when I see them struggling with something (or someone), or if I see them doing something I can totally relate to. I remember standing in my favorite vegetarian restaurant in Los Angeles one time and I saw a guy drinking a chocolate shake. Like I’d known him for years I said, “Oh, is that one of those non-dairy chocolate shakes you got there? Those are the best aren’t they?” He smiled and said, “Yeah, they’re sooo good. You should get one.” To which I replied, “Yeah, maybe I will. But I also love their fruit tart so I gotta pick my poison, know what I mean?” He said, “Yeah, their chocolate and vanilla swirl cake is also really good. But I love the shakes too.” Not a terribly meaningful conversation but a connection was made. He wandered around the store a bit and eventually came back to me and asked me out. I told him I was married and off he went.
This sort of interaction comes very naturally to me. Don’t be afraid to say something to a total stranger if you can sense they’ll be receptive to a conversation. I find the best way to treat people is as if we’ve known each other for a long time. I know it seems odd to approach a total stranger like this, but it works. People want to connect. People want to feel understood. People like friendly people. Be friendly people.
Increase your empathy and you increase your power and love. Feel at one with your fellow man. I think most people want to be empathized with. When you show you understand someone’s feelings you honor their human experience, and they’re more likely to honor yours.
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Updated August 1, 2021 with more taxa Eogranivora now nests with Cretaceous megapodes leading to toothed crown birds.
This was predicted
by the large reptile tree (LRT, 1054 taxa, subset Fig. 3) and overlooked by the original authors due to a lack of an accurate tracing of the skull. Extant birds had their origin in the Early Cretaceous… they just have not been discovered there, until now.
Eogranivora edentulata (Zheng et al. 2018; Early Cretaceous, Yixian Fm. Aptian, 125 mya; STM35-3) was earlier referred to Hongshanornis by (Zheng et al. 2011) who found evidence for an avian crop, along with feathers, gastroliths and seeds in the present specimen. Distinct from the holotype of Hongshanornis, Eogranivora is toothless.
With larger wings and a smaller body
Eogranivora would have been a better flyer than extant chickens.
You may remember
the highly derived penguins first appear in the Paleocene. The appearance of volant chickens in the Early Cretaceous makes this easier (more gradual), and falsifies the earlier widely-held hypothesis of a fast radiation of extant birds shortly after the K-T extinction event.
This could have been a big news event.
Unfortunately, it falls to bloggers to make the importance of this fossil widely known.
Zheng X, O’Connor JK, Wang X, Wang Y and Zhou Z 2018. Reinterpretation of a previously described Jehol bird clarifies early trophic evolution in the Ornithuromorpha. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 285: 20172494
Zheng X-T, Martin LD, Zhou Z-H, Burnham DA, Zhang F-C and Miao D 2011. Fossil evidence of avian crops from the Early Cretaceous of China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. USA 108: 15 904–907
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Only recently discovered and still under much dispute, dark energy has proven baffling to physicists, mathematicians, and astronomers alike.
In a talk Tuesday evening as a part of a monthly series of introductory astrophysics seminars, Christopher W. Stubbs, a professor of physics and astronomy, provided insight into the nebulous concept dubbed “dark energy,” the cause of the universe’s expansion.
“One of the points I really want to make for you this evening is that you are right now, right this second, living through an intellectual revolution every bit as important as the advent of quantum mechanics,” said Stubbs. “When we finally understand [dark energy], it will completely change the way we think about physics.”
To contextualize the problem, Stubbs explained that the “vacuum of space” where dark energy functions is often mischaracterized as “nothingness.” It is, in fact, “a highly complicated, seething foam of processes.” Dark energy is the force that drives these processes.
Originally, theories miscalculated the “energetic content of the vacuum,” or the energy produced by these processes. The initial estimate, 10 to the 120th power, was, in Stubbs’s words, “the wrongest calculation in all of physics.”
Unsatisfied with this theory, Stubbs and his colleagues decided that the only way to determine the real answer was to directly measure it.
Stubbs came up with what he said seemed like a rather arbitrary number: 0.7. In response to people’s confusion, Stubbs stated, “The fact that this number is not 10 to the 120 power and also not 0...has thrown everyone for a loop.”
Students said they were intrigued by the lecture and its controversial yet captivating content, as well as the chance to discuss such a pivotal discovery with such a preeminent scholar.
“I felt that this talk was a great, intimate event,” said Nina L. Hooper ’16. “It was great being so close to someone who had a significant impact on his field and hearing from him how it all works in fairly basic terms.”
Indeed, Stubbs emphasized his belief that these discoveries should not be limited to technical jargon.
“I think these issues go to the heart of a long standing craving for humans to understand our place in the universe and understand how it’s all going to turn out,” Stubbs said. “We’re just lucky to be the ambassadors who get to go and worry about it full time.”
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Everything you need to know about painful hips, and how to treat them
Hip pain is a common occurrence and can affect people of all ages. One in five of all people aged over sixty five can be affected and also younger patients, who may have pain that has been triggered by abnormalities from birth, or who have engaged in inappropriate exercises at a young age.
We’ve put together this short guide to help you recognise the main causes of hip pain and the surgical and non surgical options for remedy and recovery.
The hip joint is one of the largest joints in the body and serves in locomotion as the thigh moves forwards and backwards. The hip joint can also rotate when sitting and with changes of direction when walking.
The hip joint is where the ball of the thigh bone known as the femur joins the pelvis at a socket called the acetabulum. There is cartilage covering both the bone of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis in the hip joint. A joint lining tissue called the synovium tissue produces fluid that lubricates the joint and provides nutrients to the cartilage of the joint and the ligaments around the hip joint attach the femur bone to the bony pelvis. There are a number of muscles and tendons that glide around the hip joint and tiny fluid sacs called bursar which provide gliding surfaces for the muscles and tendons. Major arteries and veins also pass the front of the hip joint.
Symptoms of hip pain can vary such as limping, joint pain, groin pain, a loss of motion, warmth, swelling, tenderness in the area, and difficulty sleeping on the hip side at night. These symptoms can vary from being very mild to extremely severe and need the appropriate treatment in order to resolve.
Common causes of this type of hip pain include Osteoarthritis which causes joint pain, stiffness and the inability to move the joint, and rheumatoid arthritis which makes joints swollen, stiff and painful. Rheumatoid arthritis over time can damage not only the joints, but also cartilage and other nearby bone.
Causes can also include hip fractures which are cracks or breaks at the top of the thigh bone. These are usually caused by a fall or injury but may occasionally be due to health conditions such as cancer as this significantly weakens the hip bone.
Disorders that cause unusual bone growth can cause considerable hip pain and also conditions such as septic arthritis which is inflammation caused by bacterial infection or ankylosing spondylitis which is a long term condition where the spine and other areas of the body become inflamed.
There are various treatments available to combat hip pain. Surgery is usually only an option when the pain, swelling, and stiffness of the joint is severe and when it is seriously affecting the quality of life of the person on a day to day basis. For example everyday tasks become impossible and working and socialising is seriously hindered or made impossible.
Surgery options: Hip Replacement
A hip replacement can be carried out under a general anaesthetic but could also be performed with only an epidural. A surgeon will make an incision into the hip, remove the damaged hip joint and replace it with an artificial joint made of metal alloy or ceramic. Hip replacement is a common type of surgery and is necessary when the hip joint is worn or damaged to the extent where mobility is reduced and pain is experienced even whilst resting. Most hip replacements are carried out on people between the ages of sixty to eighty and a modern artificial hip joint is designed to last for at least 15 years and provides a significant reduction in pain and an increased range of motion.
In the replacement. The surgeon actually removes the existing hip joint completely. The upper part of the thigh bone/femur is removed and the natural socket for the head of the femur is hollowed out. A socket is fitted into the hollow in the pelvis. A short, angled metal shaft called the stem with a smooth ball on its upper end is placed into the hollow of the thigh bone. The cup and stem may be pressed into place or fixed with acrylic cement. The prosthetic parts can be cemented or uncemented.
Minimally Invasive Hip Replacement
This procedure mirrors the hip replacement but uses a smaller cut of around four inches and uses specially designed instruments to perform the surgery. As the incision is smaller, there is less post-operative pain.
In a resurfacing procedure (which is the treatment that Andy Murray had done), the femoral head is not removed but instead is trimmed and capped with a smooth metal covering. The damaged bone and cartilage within the socket is removed and replaced with a metal shell. There are advantages to this surgery in that it will be easier to revise at a later date if needed and there is a decreased risk of hip dislocation, however there are considerable disadvantages also. There is risk of femoral head fracture and a risk of metal ion released as there is friction between the two surfaces. Resurfacing is also not suitable for every patient. They are usually younger, less than 60 years of age, of larger frame, possessing stronger, healthier bone, and usually men. Older, smaller females would have serious risks of complication.
Hip replacements have become routine procedures, however like all surgery options, there are risks.
One of the risks of this type of surgery is loosening of the joint itself. This can happen in up to 10% of cases and causes pain and a feeling that the joint is unstable. Loosening can be caused by the shaft of the prosthesis becoming loose in the hollow of the thigh bone or due to thinning of the bone around the implant. It can occur at any time but usually occurs 10-15 years after the surgery. Hip dislocation occurs in up to 3% of patients. The hip joint comes out of the socket. This is most likely to happen in the first few months after surgery when the hip is still healing. Further surgery is then required to put the joint back into place and this is never easy.
Other risks include wear and tear of the artificial sockets, which may lead to replacement surgery, joint stiffening, where soft tissues harden around the implant causing reduced mobility, and blood clots and infections.
If the hip replacement joint starts wearing out, revision surgery will have to be performed and the joint replaced again. The original prosthesis may fail due to infection, dislocation, or a fracture to the thigh bone and will need revising. Hip revision surgery is more complicated and risky than the original surgery itself. This is because the surgeon has to first take out the existing artificial hip joint, may have to reconstruct some of the bone, and then replace with a new joint. The operation is larger, longer and does not always function as well as the original prosthesis.
The recovery after hip surgery depends on certain factors such as the patients age, original fitness, and the condition of the joints and muscles. Most hip replacement patients are able to walk within the same day or next day after surgery. Most patients can resume a normal level of activity within the first 3 to 6 weeks but once light activity becomes possible, healthy exercise must be incorporated to aid in recovery.
Recovery also depends on factors after surgery such as paying attention to diet and weight, exercise and physiotherapy to promote blood flow and prevent clots.
Alternative non invasive procedures
There are several options to be considered in order to avoid complicated surgery and still alleviate pain and regain motion:
Medication: Usually the first line of treatment for hip pain due to osteoarthritis.
Exercise: Exercise strengthens the muscles around the hip and can improve hip flexibility. This can lead to reduced pain and better function. In some cases, however, exercising can worsen hip pain.
Physical Therapy: A physical therapist can develop a program to reduce symptoms such as pain and swelling, strengthen the hip and improve function.
Weight Loss: The hips are weight-bearing joints. Those with hip arthritis are often overweight. The stress caused by excessive body weight multiplies with activities such as running or climbing up steps.
Physical Aids: Physical aids such as braces or walkers help take stress off the hips. They are recommended for those who have considerable pain or are in danger of losing balance and falling.
Injections: If pain is more intense, your doctor may recommend joint injections such as corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid. Corticosteroids help reduce inflammation and hyaluronic acid helps improve the lubricative properties of joint fluid.
PRP Therapy: newer regenerative medicine treatments such as platelet-rich plasma which harness the body’s healing potential. Cells from your own body are obtained, processed, and injected into the hip joint to promote healing and regeneration.
“Just 3 months after Lipogems® treatment, I can now walk down the stairs. The injections are 100% better to the point that I would never know I had pain there.” – patient testimonial.
1 hour treatment shows improvement in 75% of patients.
These minimally invasive regenerative alternatives offer pain relief when hip pain has become difficult to live with. In this hip stem cell therapy, Lipogems® adipose tissue transfer and platelet rich plasma provides a non surgical option for people with severe hip pain. This minimally invasive treatment decreases inflammation, stops the progression of arthritic damage and repairs joint cartilage.
This treatment has now helped over 30,000 patients worldwide with life changing results. The treatment consists of AMPP® injections which use your body’s own stem cells from a combination of Lipogems® and PRP therapy to treat the pain and inflammation. It is an alternative to surgery but can also be used after surgery to aid healing. It harnesses natural repair cells removed from body fat to target the problems affecting hip joints, tendons, ligaments and muscles.
PRP supports the body’s self healing processes. With a higher concentration of growth factors that are typically found in blood,these injections support the restoration of injured tissue and inhibit painful inflammation.
Dr Konrad Slynarski commentated on the development of this exciting and effective new therapy, ‘We can now offer stem cell therapy that is easy to do and non surgical. Injection therapy can become the first line treatment for patients for hip problems which helps improve pain and function that can last for many years.’
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The Covid-19 pandemic has laid bare the deep structural rifts in modern capitalist economies. It has exposed and exacerbated the long-lasting systemic inequalities in income, wealth, healthcare, housing, and other aspects of economic success across a variety of dimensions including class, gender, race, regions, and nations. This workshop explores the causes of economic inequality in contemporary capitalist economies and its consequences for the economy and society in the post-pandemic reality, as well as what steps can be taken to alleviate economic inequality in the future. Drawing from a variety of theoretical and interdisciplinary insights, the workshop encourages you to reflect on your personal experiences of inequality and aims to challenge the way in which the issue is typically approached in economics.
Since 2007, central banks of industrialized countries have counteracted financial instability, recession, and deflationary risks with unprecedented monetary policy operations. While generally regarded as successful, these measures also led to an exceptional increase in the size of central bank balance sheets. The book first introduces the subject by explaining monetary policy operations in normal times, including the key instruments (open market operations, standing facilities, reserve requirements, and the collateral framework).
This is an introductory level core course in macroeconomics for those expecting to take further courses in economics. It provides a theoretical and applied approach of introductory macroeconomics, with an international perspective and applications to account for the growing importance of the global economy and the rising openness of economies.
Financial Evolution at the Speed of Thought A new evolutionary explanation of markets and investor behaviorHalf of all Americans have money in the stock market yet economists can t agree on whether investors and markets are rational and efficient as modern financial theory assumes or irrational and inefficient as behavioral …
After completing the module, participants should be able to understand the economic consequences of gender inequality. They should be able to explain the contradictions between capital and care, analyze the labor market with a gender perspective and develop the ability to describe phenomena such as public policies taking into account "gender" as a category of analysis.
How the brain works, how we learn, and why we sometimes make stupid mistakes.
This article, looks at the complex interaction between an urban economy and the vegetation within that urban area. In summary, numerous studies have found a positive link between increased vegetation and social as well as personal health. It makes a case for increasing urban vegetation as a way to benefit local economies.
Here we look at the effect of the 2008 Climate Change Act passed in Parliament in the United Kingdom as an effort to curb emissions in all sectors. The Act aside from setting goals to become a low-carbon economy sets up an independent committee on Climate Change to ensure the implementation of policies to comply with the ultimate goal of 80% reduction in total emissions in 2050. I make use of the Synthetic Control Method (SCM) to create a comparative case study in which the creation of a synthetic UK serves as a counterfactual where the treatment never occurred (Cunningham, 2018).
This is a hands on four chapter course to learn how to better understand and act when faced with complex situations By the end of the course students will be able to take a story from the news describe what makes the situation complex and identify opportunities for effective action …
This Perspective argues that ergodicity — a foundational concept in equilibrium statistical physics — is wrongly assumed in much of the quantitative economics literature. By evaluating the extent to which dynamical problems can be replaced by probabilistic ones, many economics puzzles become resolvable in a natural and empirically testable fashion.
The need for the movement Black Lives Matter and the tragic events that preceded it are the clear manifestation of the problem of discrimination today, which we all intuitively perceive as a poignant socio-economic question of our times.
Mainstream economic narratives notably the concept of comparative advantage trade theory which assumes the equal balance of power between parties are deployed to support the merits of Global Value Chains that the global integration via trade creates mutual gains for both developed and developing countries This narrative is advanced in …
What determines the status of women in different communities? What role is played by women’s labor (inside and outside of the home)? By cultural norms regarding sexuality and reproduction? By racial/ethnic identity? By religious traditions? After some brief theoretical grounding, this course will address these questions by examining the economic, political, social, and cultural histories of women in the various racial/ethnic groups that make up the US today.
This course introduces students to the relevance of gender relations in economics as a discipline and in economic processes and outcomes.
This course is an introduction to Development Economics and is concerned with how economists have sought to explain how the process of economic growth occurs, and how – or whether – that delivers improved well-being of people.
Complexity economics and institutional economics are complementary approaches to studying the economy. They can pool their methods and foundational theories to explain the mechanisms that underlie economies.
Why is money more valuable than the paper on which it is printed Monetarists link the value of money to its supply and demand believing the latter depends on the total value of the commodities it circulates According to Prabhat Patnaik this logic is flawed In his view in any …
Since the Middle Ages, literature has portrayed the economic world in poetry, drama, stories and novels. The complexity of human realities highlights crucial aspects of the economy. The nexus linking characters to their economic environment is central in a new genre, the "economic novel", that puts forth economic choices and events to narrate social behavior, individual desires, and even non-economic decisions.
We live in a world that is increasingly difficult to understand. It is not just changing: it is metamorphosing. Change implies that some things change but other things remain the same capitalism changes, but some aspects of capitalism remain as they always were. Metamorphosis implies a much more radical transformation in which the old certainties of modern society are falling away and something quite new is emerging.
This book is a welcome consolidation and extension of the recent expanding debates on happiness and economics. Happiness and economics, as a new field for research, is now of pivotal interest particularly to welfare economists and psychologists. This Handbook provides an unprecedented forum for discussion of the economic issues relating to happiness.
Is or has economics ever been the imperial social science? Could or should it ever be so? These are the central concerns of this book. It involves a critical reflection on the process of how economics became the way it is, in terms of a narrow and intolerant orthodoxy, that has, nonetheless, increasingly directed its attention to appropriating the subject matter of other social sciences through the process termed "economics imperialism".
Examine what would happen if we were to deploy blockchain technology at the sovereign level and use it to create a decentralized cashless economy. This book explains how finance and economics work today, and how the convergence of various technologies related to the financial sector can help us find solutions to problems, such as excessive debt creation, banks getting too big to fail, and shadow banking.
Until the end of the early 1970s, from a history of economic thought perspective, the mainstream in economics was pluralist, but once neoclassical economics became totally dominant it claimed the mainstream as its own. Since then, alternative views and schools of economics increasingly became minorities in the discipline and were considered 'heterodox'.
In a changing world that has been shaken by economic, social, financial, and ecological crises, it becomes increasingly clear that new approaches to economics are needed for both theoretical and empirical research; for applied economics as well as policy advice.
Leigh Phillips and Michal Rozworski examine the apparent contradiction between the demise of real-existing socialism and the rise of large corporations engaging in planning every day, making a strong argument that these planning efforts should be transformed to now fulfil the needs of the people.
This book is intended as a textbook for a course in behavioural economics for advanced undergraduate and graduate students who have already learned basic economics. The book will also be useful for introducing behavioural economics to researchers. Unlike some general audience books that discuss behavioural economics, this book does not take the position of negating traditional economics completely.
The book critically engages with various Marxian perspectives on the dynamics on development and social progress It specifically engages with some key words in Marxian theory including Marx s early work on capitalist development and his later works on underdeveloped Russia Lenin s thesis on imperialism as a hurdle for …
The Great Recession 2.0 is unfolding before our very eyes. It is still in its early phase. But dynamics have been set in motion that are not easily stopped, or even slowed. If the virus effect were resolved by early summer—as some politicians wishfully believe—the economic dynamics set in motion would still continue. The US and global economies have been seriously ‘wounded’ and will not recover easily or soon. Those who believe it will be a ‘V-shape’ recovery are deluding themselves. Economists among them should know better but are among the most confused. They only need to look at historical parallels to convince themselves otherwise.
What made the false assumption that saving the economy at all cost during a pandemic so popular? This paper discusses different pathways through the COVID-19 pandemic at national and international level, and their consequences on the health of citizens and their economies.
The Currency of Politics explains why only through greater awareness of the historical limits of monetary politics can we begin to articulate more democratic conceptions of money.
In this essay, the principle of capital accumulation, as well as the idea of homo economicus as the basis of the growth model, are located and analyzed from a feminist perspective. The sufficiency approach is presented as an alternative to these two economic logics.
In this essay the authors argue for a wider concept of care work that includes community building, civic engagement and environmental activism. On the basis of the case of Cargonomia, a grassroot initiative in Budapest, they show that such a wider concept of care work could allow for different narratives that promote sustainable lifestyles with a milder environmental and social impact on the planet and its communities.
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Business & Policy Environmental Policy European Union Pledges to Fight Plastic Pollution By Katherine Martinko Senior Writer University of Toronto Katherine Martinko is a writer and expert in sustainable living. She holds a degree in English Literature and History from the University of Toronto. our editorial process Twitter Twitter Katherine Martinko Updated October 11, 2018 CC BY 2.0. Kate Ter Haar -- A sad sight we've all seen too often Share Twitter Pinterest Email Business & Policy Corporate Responsibility Environmental Policy Economics Food Issues But its strategy would be far more effective if it focused on reusables, not recycling. The European Union announced today that it will take aggressive action on plastic. This is happy news to those who have long been concerned about the serious effects of plastic on the environment. The topic is finally hitting mainstream discourse, triggered by events such as China's new ban on plastic imports and BBC's Blue Planet II getting people talking in ways they never have before. Even UK prime minister Theresa May released a plastic plan last week that, despite lacking teeth, indicated awareness of an enormous problem. Regarding the EU's new promise to take action: The EU commission met in Brussels to put together its own plastic strategy that will "change minds in Europe, potentially tax damaging behaviour, and modernise plastics production and collection by investing €350m (£310m) in research." Frans Timmerman, a former Dutch diplomat and vice-president of the commission, told The Guardian that the plan will clamp down on "single-use plastics that take five seconds to produce, you use it for five minutes and it takes 500 years to break down again." The main targets will be items such as single-use straws, colored plastic bottles, coffee cups, lids, disposable cutlery, stirrers, and takeout packaging. Timmerman said: "We are going to choke on plastic if we don’t do anything about this. How many millions of straws do we use every day across Europe?It’s urgent because of the change in the Chinese position. We can’t export these plastics any more to China. The knee-jerk reaction is that we will have to burn or bury it here. Let’s use this opportunity to show we can also recycle it here." While it's a wonderful move in the right direction, I do feel concern about Timmerman's repeated emphasis on recycling being a solution. One of the commission's main goals is to increase the current plastics recycling rate from 30 percent to 55 percent by 2030; but anyone who's familiar with the plastic problem will know that won't help much. No matter how dedicated people are to recycling, neither the infrastructure nor the economic value exists for recyclers to recycle everything they get, especially now that China's out of the picture. Even if plastic is recycled, it can only be down-cycled, always reformed into a lesser version of itself, until eventually it goes to landfill. What we need is a focus on instituting reusables and banning single-use plastics -- not just telling people to recycle. We need a full-on elimination of unnecessary, superfluous plastics from our lives, together with investment in innovative, safely biodegradable packaging alternatives. If only the EU would take that on as its project.
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Ageing is a normal process that most organisms go through, even our favourite superheros. Some organisms live longer than others with Mayflies living approximately 24 hours to the Greenland Shark with potential lifespans of up to 512 years. There are even some organisms that are considered biologically immortal (besides Logan) with no lifespan like particular species of jellyfish that turn back the clock, reverting to a younger version of themselves. It has been hypothesized that humans will only ever be able to live to around 120 years biologically but there is not accurate way of knowing. What if the process of ageing could be treated, prevented or even reversed like Logan? It all comes down to our ability to repair damage.
Ageing is an interesting process and there have been issues with identifying the natural progression as well as results associated with ageing. Some signs that we considered to be normal socially might be precursors for potential disease whereas symptoms associated with particular diseases might be you’re getting older. Most people associate you becoming grumpy as you get older as a norm but research shows that from the age of 30, your personality doesn’t really change and drastic changes could be due to disease. Alternatively loss of lung tissues elasticity, diminished enzyme activity, hardening of arteries (atherosclerosis), hearing loss, sexual tissue atrophy and prostate enlargement are considered normal parts of ageing depending on which age they occur and speed of progression. The process itself still has many unanswered questions with potential for further exploration but what do we know so far?
The biological factors of ageing can be broken up into damage related ageing and programmed ageing. Damage related is the accumulation of damage that an organism sustains over time whereas programmed is the adherence to a ‘biological timeline’ as the processes of repair become less effective over time. There are numerous aspects that are associated with ageing that is the target for research and brands that can be broken up into genetic, environmental and behavioural. For example research is being performed in areas associated with DNA methylation, telomeres and NAD+ (components of programmed) and investigation also into the clearing of accumulated waste, accumulated errors in DNA and free radical damage (components of damage related). Let’s look into telomeres and NAD+, and accumulated wastes within the body.
Few people in the world have undergone gene therapy to try and counter the effects of ageing with some treating it like a disease. An example of such a person is Elizabeth Parrish who, 2 years ago, used her company BioViva to inject herself with 2 gene therapies. One targeted telomeres and the other her muscles. Telomeres are ‘caps’ that sit on the end of chromosomes to protect them from damage during cell division. These ‘caps’ shorten with every replication so they have been used as a ‘molecular clock’. As they get shorter, there is an increased potential for errors to occur but it must be noted that these have not entirely been linked with lifespan. Regardless, Elizabeth injected herself with telomerase therapy to lengthen her telomeres and theoretical lengthen her life. She also injected herself with a myostatin inhibitor that aimed at increasing her muscle mass. Weeks after the treatment, Elizabeth underwent a plethora of tests to assess her biology and changes from original measurements made before the treatment. They found that her telomeres had lengthened (600 base pairs), adding an equivalent of 20 years of resilience to her DNA, and that her muscle mass had increased, intramuscular fat had decreased, inflammation levels had decreased and also had increased sensitivity to insulin. All these factors and more are associated to the prevention and delay of symptoms associated with ageing and poor health. This is the future could become a normal prescription, like a vaccine, to counter age or misused by gym junkies. This is but one person and further study into the long term effects needs to be done first.
I previously wrote an article on NAD+ that had linked its involvement with ageing; since then, there has been some development. NAD+ has shown to have a key role in regulating protein interactions that are associated with DNA repair. Through the administration of a NAD+ precursor, NMN or Nicotinamide mononucleotide, researchers hope to increase the amount of NAD+ present and therefore increase the ability of your DNA and cells to repair themselves. After one week of treatment, the cells of older mice could not be distinguished from the cells of younger mice in the sense of structural integrity and functionality. Since then, this ‘pill’ has caught the attention of NASA as they want to use this research to be able to prescribe the drug to astronauts in an attempt to decrease the cellular damage associated with the radiation levels outside of Earth’s atmosphere. This peak in interest will hopefully increase the funding and resulting increase in investigation by scientists.
There are also issues associated with the buildup of wastes such as metabolites from normal cellular activity that negatively affect the human body. Research is getting very closed to removing the buildup of a protein associated with Parkinson’s disease; alpha-synuclein. The protein buildup causes neurons to essentially die but, thanks to research done at The Michael J. Fox Foundation, drugs like phenylbutyrate might prevent this from happening in the future. The drug works by activating a protective gene already found in the brain that moves the proteins into the bloodstream to remove them from the area. Scientists hope that research in this area will lead to a new line of treatments associated with immunotherapies (using the bodies own defenses), pharmacogenetics (drugs custom build for the patient), stem cell therapies and gene modification therapies. Further investigation will hopefully allow for more metabolites to be targeted in the future.
If you’re not willing to take drugs or inject yourself with gene therapies to have Wolverine-esk repairing abilities then there are still behavioral aspects that you can change to increase the longevity of your body. New research has shown that high intensity interval training (HIIT) can reverse some of the negative aspects of cellular ageing better than other exercise routines. All training methods assessed found to improve lean mass and insulin sensitivity but HIIT also improved mitochondrial respiration and aerobic capacity. This combined to enhance the synthesis of new proteins; aiding in cellular repair. To get the full list of benefits though associated with the study, published in Cell Metabolism, HIIT needs to be combined with resistance training a couple of times a week to increase muscle strength; aided by the increased protein synthesis. So whether it it be gene therapies, drugs or just changing some of the aspects of your lifestyle, there are a couple of ways to assist in adding a couple of more years to that precious life of yours. Now, I’m still trying to find a study on getting adamantium fused to my skeleton; maybe in the next 5 to 10 years.
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Bike Drive for Kids
That first bike ride was amazing. There was so much freedom riding down the hill to town, adrenaline pumping and wind ripping through your hair- pure exhilaration.
Sadly, whether due to poverty or broken equipment many kids are left without a good bike to ride. Riding a bike is a great way for kids and anyone to stay healthy. A study completed by the Danish Research Center OPUS found that kids that walk or bike to school had better concentration than those who didn't. In the video above the general manager of Working Bikes describes how children need to get outside.
"Many of our youth... stay inside and watch television, they play video games. And while I can appreciate that... We want them to have physical activity with their friends again." Paul Fitzgerald General Manager of Working Bikes
Not only does the program get kids outside but it doesn't force them too. Instead, they are excited about it. One child talked about his mission with his new bike.
"[I can] ride around with my friends and we could go to the park... instead of having to walk a lot of blocks in the hot sun." Bike Receiver
Help Your Community
Whether or not you have a local bike donation program already in place, this is a great way to give back! If you have an active community program, consider the following:
- Gathering bikes from your neighborhood and friends to give as donations to the program. If there isn't one near you, collect bicycles from your local area (yard sales are a great resource), and then contact local schools or social workers who can match them with needy children.
- A bicycle camp is another great idea! If you collect a larger number of bikes, consider having a time and place they can come to learn to ride their bikes safely and make sure the bikes are adjusted correctly.
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It didn't take long for the defenders of slavery, or at least of the status quo, to recognize the disruptive potential of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Stowe and her book were directly attacked in reviews, editorials and articles, but it was also recognized that this particular fire would have to be fought with fire -- i.e. that novels were needed to respond to Stowe's novel. See these two editorials, in the PENNSYLVANIAN and the SOUTHERN PRESS (for this second piece, just read the first three paragraphs; we'll get to Aunt Phillis' Cabin in a second).|
Between the publication of Uncle Tom and the start of the Civil War, about two dozen "anti-Tom" novels were written. This week we'll look at selections from 8 of them. All the novels for today's class were written by women.
At least one of the score or so of songs written in the early 1850s about or for Uncle Tom's Cabin was this pro-slavery attack on Stowe called "Aunt Harriet Beecha Stowe" (1853). It was clearly written for the minstrel stage, and sung in Baltimore, which was a slave-holding city. I don't know how widely performed elsewhere it was.
Many of the "anti-Tom" novels were illustrated, an indication of the amount of capital apologists for slavery were prepared to invest in the attempt to contest Stowe's novel by providing alternative representations of slavery or alternative social evils to target. Take at least a quick look at all the "Before 1865" images at this link.
This was the best-selling of the "anti-Tom" fictions. I want you to read about 80 pages from it, in the following chapters: "Preface," Chapter 1, Chapter 3, Chapters 9-11, 26, and "Concluding Remarks."
Bookseller's Ad in Richmond Dispatch (August 1852)
Dover Morning Star (October 1852)
Independent (October 1852)
New Englander (November 1852)
Just read Chapter 1, "Introduction" (15 pages).
Read Chapters 2 and 20 (18 pages).
Read Chapters 7, 15 and 20 (40 pages).
Read Chapters 1, 5, 9, 15, 17, 19-22, 28, 33 and 37 (50 pages).
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By Janet Spencer
The more research is done, the clearer it becomes there isn’t always a clear line between being left-handed and right-handed. Are you a lefty, righty, or something in between?
LEFTY OR RIGHTY?
• The language center in the brain is located in the left hemisphere for about 99% of right-handers. The original theory was that the brains of lefties and righties would be mirror images of each other, and therefore the language center would be located in the right hemisphere for most left-handers. Surprisingly, the invention of the MRI and fMRI proved this to be untrue; the language center is located in the left hemisphere for about 70% of lefties.
• Those who favor their right hand also tend to favor other body parts on the right side of the body to a certain degree: 80% prefer their right foot (when kicking a ball); 70% their right eye (when looking through a telescope); 60% their right ear (when listening on the phone). The split is not the same with lefties, however: 40% favor their right eye instead of their left, and about half are right-footed.
• President Gerald Ford was right-handed whenever he did things while standing up, such as throwing things or playing a sport, but he was left-handed when doing things while seated, including writing and eating.
LEFTY OR RIGHTY?
• Babe Ruth wrote and ate with his right hand but batted and pitched left-handed. In fact, research indicates that up to 30% of left-handers write with their left but throw with their right. Similarly, Ronald Reagan used his right hand for forks and pens but twirled the guns in his movies with his left. When he once threw out the first pitch at a baseball game, he used his right hand, and the pitch went wild, landing in the stands.
• This is typical for ambidextrous people, who tend to divide tasks between hands. These people might more accurately be called “mixed-handed.” Truly ambidextrous people can perform all tasks equally well with both hands, whether they are opening jars, drawing a picture, dealing cards, shaving, or striking a match. Experts estimate that only 1% of the population is fully ambidextrous, using both hands equally well.
• Left-handed people tend to have an advantage in some competitive sports such as boxing, tennis, fencing, volleyball, judo, and karate, perhaps because their right-handed opponents are accustomed to playing other right-handed people and are surprised when some moves come “out of left field.” However, one neuroscientist theorizes that left-handers get their edge because visual processing, movement control, and three-dimensional planning are all located in the same hemisphere, whereas a righty has to coordinate information between the left and the right hemisphere. This process would only take a few milliseconds, but it could explain why lefties have an advantage.
• More than a third of Major League baseball pitchers are lefties, a rate three times higher than the general population. Additionally, 49% of top hitters in baseball have been left-handed. On the other “hand” only 4% of top golfers throughout history have been left-handed.
LEFTY OR RIGHTY?
• Several tests determine how strongly a person is either left- or right-oriented. Designed in 1971 by neuropsychologist Richard Oldfield, the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory measures just exactly how left- or right-handed a person is. Given a list of typical tasks, respondents are asked if they perform each job with the left or right hand or both: using a spoon or toothbrush, writing, throwing, etc. Many people demonstrate a mix of using both hands.
• The Purdue Pegboard test consists of two parallel rows of 30 holes. A dish at the bottom holds 30 pegs that fit the holes and 30 metal donuts that fit on top of the pegs. Test subjects put the pegs in the holes and then place the donuts on top of the pegs as quickly as they can, first using their dominant hand and then using the other. A researcher stands by with a stopwatch to chart the results.
• One unusual evaluation involves a virtual reality environment where a target constantly moves. Test subjects try to hit the target with a cursor, first using one hand and then the other, all while being immersed in the virtual reality world where they cannot see their hands. During the first session, researchers ask them to focus on speed. The second time around, they are asked to focus on accuracy. Test after test shows that the dominant hand performs better in speed tests, while the non-dominant hand consistently displays superior accuracy.
• People who are neurologically or developmentally disabled tend to be inconsistent with which hand they use. This is particularly true if they never learn to write.
• A 2013 study published in “Psychology Today” examined 119 diverse animal species, looking for signs of limb preference. Can crabs be right- or left-clawed? Can turtles? Or is this something unique to humans?
LEFTY OR RIGHTY?
• Researchers found that 51% of species studied exhibited a definite preference for which limb they used most. However, 32% of species studied failed to demonstrate the species-wide preference so prevalent in humans. The other 68% did. For instance, Japanese blue crabs crack shells almost exclusively with their right claws. Pacific leatherback turtles show a strong preference for their right flipper when burying their eggs. Parrots prefer their left foot for picking up objects 90% of the time.
• A 2015 study funded by National Geographic showed that by far the majority of kangaroos are left-pawed. Another study found that the red-necked wallaby, a marsupial, demonstrates a definite hand preference when walking on two legs but not when on all fours. Even the octopus has a favored arm among the eight it has to choose from, while also exhibiting an absolute preference for which eye it uses. Cats, dogs, and most other four-legged species are split 50-50.
• Mice tend to have a 50-50 split when it comes to preferring one paw over the other. One research project attempted to deliberately breed a line of left-pawed mice by allowing only pairs of left-pawed parents to reproduce. Even after 15 successive generations, each newborn mouse still had a 50-50 chance of being left- or right-pawed.
• One researcher studied fetuses in the womb, tracking which thumb they sucked. They took 1,000 ultrasound scans of 75 infants and followed those children until they reached the age of ten. Of 60 infants who sucked their right thumb in the womb, 100% grew up to be right-handed. Of the 15 who sucked their left thumb, ten were left-handed and the other five were right-handed. This still stands as one of the most accurate predictors of the handedness of a yet-unborn child.
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The novel Crime and Punishment, by Feodor Dostoevsky, depicts the moral dilemmas of Raskolnikov after he commits a heinous crime by murdering two innocent people. Two critics, Joseph Frank and George McKenna, have pondered whether or not the murders committed by Raskolnikov were moral or immoral. They debate whether Raskolnikov's motives justified his actions. Both critics give unique and contrasting views on the morality of Raskolnikov's motives and actions. In this paper, I will show the conflicting views that each of the critics has towards the morality of the main character, Raskolnikov, while giving my outlook on the topic.
Joseph Frank believes that the actions of an individual are justified as long as his or her motives benefit society. "In this period, for various reasons, we find a shift from the ideals of Utopian Socialism, with its semi-religious glorification of the people, to that of an embittered elitism, which stressed the right of a superior individual to act independently for the welfare of humanity" (Frank 572). Raskolnikov believed his actions would benefit the poverty, crime-stricken community in which he lived. He believed that the crimes he committed were not necessarily crimes, but a way he could better humanity. By killing the pawnbroker, and consequently, her sister, he felt that there would be no more stealing from the poor, from people like him. He believed crime would decline because it would keep people from stealing from those in poverty. People would no longer take from him or others to turn it into wealth for themselves. .
The other critic, George McKenna, proves in his article that Raskolnikov's actions were unacceptable. Raskolnikov kills Alena because he feels she is useless and feeds off the poor of society. She does this by convincing poor people to turn in their possessions for money. Raskolnikov's actions may actually have benefited society, but he does not have the authority to judge whether one's life is useless and to take that person's life.
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Your picture here Your Own Ideas and Responses Why are these things you listed important? Hans being sent to war was important because it meant he couldn't work or make money for liesel and rosa. When they were bombed it was the beginning of the end of the story, Hans had died rudy had died rosa had died all of the characters were dead except for liesel. It meant that max would be sent to a concentration camp and would surely be killed.
Wiesel uses a lot of very detailed descriptions and expresses his feelings in a way that we easily start to trust him. He knows that this is one of the most terrible periods in the history and he tries “to help prevent history from repeating itself” (Wiesel VII). “He does not want his past to become [the children’s] future” and that is why he writes his book to be seen by the people who do not realize how poorly people were treated (Wiesel XV). These two quotes from Night show that the holocaust shouldn’t be repeated. The author shows this with all of the feelings, facts and descriptions he uses.
“The search is over, Montag is dead; a crime against society has been avenged.” (Bradbury 142). In the end, the government couldn’t find Montag, but because everyone was watching the search for him on their TV’s, the government killed an innocent man pretending it was Montag. The society was glad Montag was dead, even though it wasn 't really him.
Just Mercy really makes the reader think as they read and makes them sympathize with the plights of both Stevenson and his clients. Stevenson’s novel definitely deserves to belong on the bestseller
The story, “2BR02B” by Kurt Vonnegut tells the story of a world where there is controlled population, old aged and diseases were overcome, and the world was seemingly positive. In this place humans call their home, certain people volunteer to ie, and the population continued to stay controlled. The Wehling family are expecting three triplets, but they must need to find 3 people to sacrifice. Dr.Hitz, Leora Duncan, and the father of the newborn children are killed, with the painter creating an amazing mural willing to be killed after seeing all the deaths unfold. This leads to the question, is the world really worth sacrificing yourself for others?
Impact of Edgar Allan Poe on American Culture “Words have no power to impress the mind without the exquisite horror of their reality” (Edgar Allan Poe). For many readers, when they hear the name “Edgar Allan Poe” they think of horror and suspense. Additionally, the pictures and themes made by Edgar Allan Poe had a huge impact on the accompanying ages and works of different writers, with the goal that they even moved toward becoming submerged into the pop culture. During this time Edgar Allan Poe was becoming a prosperous writer, two of his most famous works are, “The Raven.” and “The Fall of the House of Usher.”
Not only was all of his enemies whom he had killed previously were now living again, his brother Hades (The king of the underworld) was now complaining of the rareness of new arrivals. "Men could only have life and death," thought Zeus. "It is forbidden to exceed this limit. And besides, if this amount of medical art fell into the wrong hands it could do massive damage." Zeus now knew what he had to do, he had to kill Asclepius.
This sentence is just one statement, however it has so many hidden meanings, that it can be considered one of the most important statement in the story. Colonel’s statement shows his characteristics, foreshadows things, and even is one of the main themes in this short story. What is the reason to live, if a person can’t live with the things they loved and had pleasant memories with. This statement summarizes the theme of the Colonel’s statement. Ray Bradbury, wants to convey this message to his readers about what happens when someone who loved something has to sacrifice and has to suffer.
Anyone would enjoy this book and the characters and their dialogue are priceless. The author Tim O`Brian shows what many of the vietnam vet`s experienced during and after the
“A good war story is not simply about blood and death. It examines war as a transformation in the lives of those affected.” Comment on this statement, making close reference to David Malouf’s Fly Away Peter. War is a subject that fascinates us all in many ways; our reasoning is usually out of pure curiosity as most of us have never been, although we know that war is hell on earth. Know one wants to read or watch a war story filled with blood and death, what a miserable way to spend your time, but it is just a fact about war that can not be ignored.
Macbeth states that he is not born from a woman like the witches said in one of the prophecies rather he is ripped out of her mother 's womb. Macduff made a decision to do the right thing which was to fight for his country and for Malcolm to be king. Macbeth’s decision to murder changed his whole way of life negatively. With that being said, what goes around does come around.
Ricky Williams told ADAA (Anxiety And Depression Association Of America) that he 23 years old , a millionaires and have everything that he could have but he wasn 't happy. “I felt extremely isolated from my friends and family because
The mass suicide in Jonestown is easily one of the most infamous events in modern history. The saying “Drink the Kool-Aid” is from this event and still used to this day. The mass suicide happened in 1978, yet people still have so many questions. They cannot wrap their minds on why people would just follow a man to another country and kill themselves. I believe they do not understand what being in a group can cause and what some would do just because of being in that group.
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culiar customs and habits of thought of the wilder tribes of Sioux a strong, typical aboriginal race and let us not be afraid or ashamed to admit that barbarism has valuable lessons for civilization.
The first thing about them to attract the attention of a stranger would probably be their dress. The ignorant and narrow-minded sneer at it because it is unlike the one to which they are accustomed to them it is nothing but " savage finery." The cosmopolitan observer, who recognizes the real superiority of most of the " na- tional costumes " of European and Asiatic countries to that con- ventional standard ugly, extravagant, and unhygienic which seems unhappily destined to supplant them this man perceives immediately the beauty and propriety of the Indian's dress.
The blanket is convenient, comfortable, and eminently grace- ful. The fringed buckskin hunting-shirt, leggings, and mocca- sins have been approved and adopted for more than a century by the intelligent frontiersman, as the best thing possible for the hunter in color, cut, and material. The moccasin especially is ac- knowledged to be the most perfect foot-covering ever invented. Absolutely comfortable, ornamental, and appropriate, it is worn very commonly by white men, and women too, who have to do with Indians or live near them, and it is the last article of native dress which the " civilized " Indian unwillingly resigns.
The loose, scant robe of the women, with wide flowing sleeves, is almost exactly similar to the well-known Japanese dress, and it is therefore unnecessary to affirm that it is pretty, modest, delight- fully comfortable, and ingeniously adapted to the necessities of a primitive existence. I have myself worn it in the wilderness with complete satisfaction, and know by experience how fully it meets the various exigencies of camp life. It requires only five yards of calico, and can be made in two hours ! Oh for the ease and free- dom, physical, mental, and moral, of a fixed standard of feminine dress which neither deforms, exaggerates, indelicately displays, nor ridiculously cumbers the female form a dress suitable for all women upon every occasion, and requiring small outlay of time or money or thought! What we all really admire is the healthy, beautiful woman not the elaborate toilet and a bit of artistic coloring or graceful lines of drapery are as attainable in a five- cent calico as in a five-dollar brocade.
Another lesson, which many over-civilized people are already learning, is that of outdoor life life close to Nature. Does not he who "camps out" all summer in the Adirondacks or on the sea-beaches become for the time being a healthy and happy sav- age ? It is scarcely worth while to expatiate upon the sanitary virtues of camp life as much for the mind as for the body. Every really natural, vigorous, live, thinking person dreads the enervat-
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ANTONIO DI VINCENZO
A fame linked inextricably to the Basilica of San Petronio. It is that of Antonio di Vincenzo, Bolognese architect, who lived in the fourteenth century. There are little news about him: he was instructed to direct the work for the construction of a remarkable project, such as the basilica, so he had to be certainly a well-known and respected professional. We know that he traveled a lot around Italy, visiting Florence, Milan and Venice. Places that could have given him some inspiration for the work he was called to head in Bologna, but not more than this is known. The architectural style given to the basilica represents something different from all the other monuments, something brand new.
On the life of Antonio di Vincenzo we know that he was born around 1350. He gets noticed when he is entrusted with the works of the Basilica of San Petronio, which begin with the solemn laying of the foundation stone in 1390. The works will go on for many years, so many that the Bolognese architect will never get the chace to see them ended. In fact, he died in the early 1400s, leaving his project incomplete.
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Yes, there are rivers in the sky! Atmospheric rivers, to be exact, are narrow bands of moisture that regularly form above the Pacific Ocean and flow towards North America’s west coast, drenching it in rain and packing it with snow. These rivers, which transport more water than the Amazon or the Mississippi, have a far-reaching impact - even on the food you may be eating today.
With this week’s January 14 sailing of NOAA’s largest ship, the Ronald H. Brown, a major investigation of atmospheric rivers named CalWater 2015 is now underway.
The Energy Department today announced $2.5 million for a new project to research the atmospheric processes that generate wind in mountain-valley regions. This in-depth research, conducted by Vaisala of Louisville, Colorado, will be used to improve the wind industry’s weather models for short-term wind forecasts, especially for those issued less than 15 hours in advance. With access to better forecasts, wind energy plant operators and industry professionals can ensure wind turbines operate closer to maximum capacity, leading to lower energy costs for consumers.
According to a new NOAA-sponsored study, natural oceanic and atmospheric patterns are the primary drivers behind California's ongoing drought. A high pressure ridge off the West Coast (typical of historic droughts) prevailed for three winters, blocking important wet season storms, with ocean surface temperature patterns making such a ridge much more likely. Typically, the winter season in California provides the state with a majority of its annual snow and rainfall that replenish water supplies for communities and ecosystems.
Weather forecasters rely on an incredibly large amount of information when they make forecasts and issue warnings. A new system, activated by NOAA’s National Weather Service last week, quickly harnesses the tremendous amount of weather data from multiple sources, intelligently integrates the information, and provides a detailed picture of the current weather.
NOAA researchers set out this week on a two-week mission to fly over the Arctic to measure how much the ice has melted over the summer and gauge the speed of this fall’s refreezing of sea ice. This is the second year in a row scientists have flown above Arctic waters. Data gathered from both years is testing a hypothesis that increased summer heat stored in the newly sea-ice free areas of the Arctic Ocean lead to surface heat fluxes in autumn that are large enough to have impacts on atmospheric temperature, humidity, wind and cloud distributions.
Last September’s widespread flooding in northeast Colorado, which saw just over 17 inches of rain in one week in the city of Boulder, was not made more likely or more intense by the effects of human-induced climate change, according to a new NOAA-led study published today in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.
Deborah H. Lee, the chief of water management for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ Great Lakes and Ohio River Division, has been named the new director of NOAA’s Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL). Lee is slated to begin on December 1, 2014.
The Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) - or "NOAA Research" - provides the research foundation for understanding the complex systems that support our planet. Working in partnership with other organizational units of the NOAA, a bureau of the Department of Commerce, NOAA Research enables better forecasts, earlier warnings for natural disasters, and a greater understanding of the Earth. Our role is to provide unbiased science to better manage the environment, nationally, and globally.
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Wednesday, January 30, 2008
Russia's Terriers of Oppression
The Black Russian Terrier may be the only breed of dog ever created by a state purely to subjugate its people.
The Black Russian Terrier was created by the Russian military, beginning in the 1930s with the intent of creating a heavy aggressive but tractable dog capable of patrolling prisons, military bases, and border areas during brutal Russian winters. In addition to patrol work, dogs were occassionally expected to pull carts, locate land mines, and aid wounded men.
The Black Russian Terrier is essentially a cross between three breeds: Giant Schnauzers, Airedales, and Rottweilers, with a little Newfoundland,Caucasian Ovcharka, Great Dane and Eastern European Shepherd blood thrown in for confusion.
Breed uniformity was achieved over a 20-year period by the state-owned Red Star Kennel whose sole function was to provide dogs to the Soviet armed services for border control and prison patrol.
The first breed standard was approved in 1958, with dogs standing 27-30 inches tall and weighing from 80-145 pounds. The personalities of Black Russian Terriers are quite variable, and the dog is prone to hip dysplasia as the Russians did no x-raying of hips during their breeding program.
The coat of the Black Russian Terrier takes some keeping up, as it is a long-haired breed requiring regular combing and brushing, as well as scissoring every two months or so.
The Black Russian terrier entered the AKC in July of 2004.
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Effect of telehealth on use of secondary care and mortality: findings from the Whole System Demonstrator cluster randomised trial
BMJ Research 2012:
Efforts worldwide are dealing with the increasing prevalence of chronic disease among an ageing population. The past decade has seen the growing use of telehealth as one possible approach to this problem. Telehealth involves the remote exchange of data between a patient and healthcare professionals as part of the patient’s diagnosis and healthcare management.1 2 Examples include the monitoring of blood pressure and blood glucose. Telehealth may help patients to better understand their health conditions by providing tools for self monitoring, encourage better self management of health problems, and alert professional support if devices signal a problem. As a consequence, telehealth promises better quality and more appropriate care for each patient, as well as more efficient use of healthcare resources by reducing the need for expensive hospital care.
Some research suggests that telehealth can have a positive effect on patients with chronic disease, such as improved patient experiences, clinical indicators, and quality of life, and reduced use of secondary healthcare (including emergency hospital admissions).1 2 Yet, other studies have found either no effect or a negative effect.3 4 Furthermore, such evidence is usually based on assimilating findings from a number of small trials, which could be difficult to generalise,3 and with many of these trials not meeting robust evaluation standards.4 5 A recent review of self monitoring of blood glucose for people with diabetes concluded that there was a need for large controlled trials.6
Investment in telehealth has often been justified partly on the basis that its cost can be recovered by reductions in the use of secondary healthcare.7 However, assessing the scale of such an effect is complicated. Simple study designs comparing stages before and after an intervention can produce misleading results by not having a control group to compare with, particularly if the patients selected for intervention have a history of emergency care. Such patients have a tendency to show reductions in use of emergency care over time (that is, regression to the mean).8 Therefore, in the absence of a control group, whether observed reductions are the effect of the intervention is unclear.
Analyses of hospital use are further complicated by the fact that the distribution of admissions across patients can be highly skewed. Some high risk patients account for a very high proportion of admissions.9 Therefore, small differences in the risk profile of patients receiving the intervention can greatly affect observed outcomes in terms of hospital admission. Several predictive risk models have been developed that use information from a person’s health history to predict future hospital use,1011 and can offer an opportunity for case mix adjustment. A further limitation on the size of previous evaluation studies has been the costs of obtaining information from patients, but it is now possible to extract information from operational administrative systems and use secure data linkage procedures to track resource use. Read more
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Jules Verne wrote a book called Mysterious Island complete with strange creatures and the wet dock for Captain Nemo's Nautilus. Today a new island has been formed with less than monstrous creatures and being invaded by the human species.
"France's 'Mysterious Island' Now Threatened by Ravers"
August 13th, 2010
August 13th, 2010
In January of 2009, a hellish storm packing 125-mile per hour winds raked the Gironde estuary in western France, whipped the sea into a frenzy, leveled trees on land, and killed 26 people.
And in its wake, a strange new island was born.
Storms often pile sand and sediment high enough to form small protrusions from the waves -- but they are usually swept away by tides or the next squall. But this island is something else; its 11 acres (250 at low tide) are still intact after weathering another fierce storm, cyclone Xynthia, earlier this year. Locals call it "l'ile mysterieuse" -- "the mysterious island," after the Jules Verne novel -- but it remains officially unnamed, and does not appear on any maps.
But scientists have ventured out to the island, watching fascinated as plants, birds, insects, and other life forms colonize its pristine shores. According to an article in The Guardian today:
"So far, we've recorded the appearance of 12 different plant species, and some 30 invertebrates, of which about a third have a sustainable existence on the island," said Jean-Marc Thirion, an environmental scientist who heads local conservation group OBIOS. "The resident invertebrates feed off the rejections of sea gulls and on tiny flies that themselves are finding food in the clumps of sea rocket," he added.
Thirion has even discovered spiders, which he deduces were wind-born, and ants, probably carried on flotsam.
"You would normally only get the chance to record all these developments with a volcanic creation, and I can't think of anywhere else in Europe where an opportunity like this has occurred in recent history."
There's just one problem: people are so transfixed by the island that tourists are flocking to it. A rave was even held there. Needless to say, this doesn't bode well for newly-established wildlife.
Local activists are struggling to get it protected. But the entire estuary is due to become a protected zone next year, which would include the still unnamed stretch of land.
Jules Verne's Mysterious Island [Audio Book]
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Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary Online + Mobile powered by Unbound Medicine. Find 65,000 medical and nursing definitions. Download to iPhone, iPad, and Android. Explore these free sample topics:
-- The first section of this topic is shown below --
[L. tinea, bookworm]
Any fungal skin disease occurring on various parts of the body.
There are two types of findings. Superficial findings include scaling, slight itching, reddish or grayish patches, and dry, brittle hair that is easily extracted with the hair shaft. Deep findings include flat, reddish, kerion-like tumors, whose surfaces are studded with dead or broken hairs or by gaping follicular orifices. Nodules may be broken down in the center, discharging pus through dilated follicular openings.
Griseofulvin, terbinafine, or ketoconazole is given orally for all types of true trichophyton infections. Local treatment alone is of little benefit in ringworm of the scalp, nails, and, in most cases the feet. Topical preparations containing fungicidal agents are useful for tinea cruris and tinea pedis.
Personal hygiene is important in controlling these two common diseases. The use of antiseptic foot baths to control tinea pedis does not prevent spread of the infection from one person to another. Those affected should not let others use their personal items such as clothes, towels, and sports equipment.
Tinea of the scalp, tinea capitis, is particularly resistant if it is due to Microsporum audouinii. It should not be treated topically. Systemic griseofulvin is quite effective.
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A Children's History of Malaysia
Aimed at children from ten upwards, this history is written in a readable, narrative and conversational style, as one would expect from one of Malaysia's best known story tellers. Considering his audience, he manages to deal with controversial issues, such as World War II and 'The Emergency' in a sensitive way. 277 pages with appendices and a bibliography.
Weight 0.5kg. Post free within Malaysia
Published by Pelanduk Publications, Subang Jaya, Malaysia 2008.
Condition: New. Paperback
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I am working on a losing cargo problem. I have a box of mass 12.7kg that rests on the flat floor of my truck. My coefficents of friction between the box and floor are u8 =0.180 and uk=0.160. TMy truck stops at a stop sign and then starts to move with an acceleration of 2.15m/s2 . (That s squared.) So if the box is a distance 1.81m from the rear of the truck when I start it, how much time will elapse before the box falls of my truck?
Assume the free fall acceleration to be g=9.80m/s2.(That's s squared)
Also how far does my truck travel in this amount of time . Assume the free fall acceleration to be g=9.80 /s2 (That's s squared.)
Thanks for your help!
For the object to move, it must at first overcome the force of static friction. So first we will check whether the mass will get that amount of force when the truck accelerates.
Force of static friction, F_s = mu * mg = 0.18*12.7*9.8 = 22.4 N
Now, the truck starts to move with an acceleration of 2.15m/s^2, which exerts a force of m*a on ...
Solution shows all steps required to understand and solve similar problems.
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Metabolic syndrome is a group of risk factors of metabolic origin that increase the risk of diabetes , coronary heart disease , stroke , and peripheral artery disease . These diseases are the leading killers in the US. While there are genetic factors that influence this syndrome, it is also largely affected by lifestyle choices.
In a study published in Circulation , researchers reviewed the effect of a western diet on the development of metabolic syndrome. The study was done by the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health at the University of Minnesota. They found that a western pattern diet, heavy in red meat, starches and sweets, promoted the syndrome. However, dairy consumption may actually provide some protection.
About the Study
The prospective cohort study followed 9,514 participants for nine years. The participants' ages ranged from 45-64 years. Their dietary intake was determined to be either western style or prudent style based on dietary journals. At the end of nine years 3,782 participants had developed metabolic syndrome. Reviewing the collected information and accounting for other factors such as physical activity, smoking, and calorie intake, the study found:
- Consumption of a western diet was linked with higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome.
- Consumption of meat, fried foods, and diet soda were individually linked to higher risk of metabolic syndrome.
- Dairy consumption appeared to decrease the risk of metabolic syndrome.
This type of study can allow many confounding factors to enter, which means the results may be distorted. However, the study is an indicator that this topic is worthy of future research with more controlled studies.
How Does This Affect You?
Better dietary choices have proven to be effective against the diseases and conditions associated with metabolic syndrome. In general, diets low in saturated fats and high in fruits, vegetables, and grains are recommended for optimal health. Other lifestyle changes such as increased physical activity and not smoking have been shown to help with prevention as well.
Gradually add small changes to your lifestyle. Talk to a health professional such as a dietitian to develop balanced meal plans that reduce poor food choices and increase beneficial foods. See your doctor regularly to monitor your blood pressure, blood glucose, and cholesterol levels. If you have any health issues, get timely treatment.
- Reviewer: Larissa J. Lucas, MD
- Review Date: 08/2008 -
- Update Date: 08/11/2008 -
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Garden pests come in all shapes and sizes depending on where you live, and what time of year it is, and they can make gardening a challenging endeavor, to say the least.
Before I started EarthKind, I grew 2 acres of organic garden fruits and veggies alongside our 1100-acre farm. It was too much to do without employing the in-kind services nature provides for giving back to a healthy ecosystem. As a certified Master Gardner, I knew maintaining soil health was essential, so I chose natural amendments like herbs, spices, worms, and organic minerals to create a thriving ecosystem for my plants. When I got that right, gardening was no longer a scary endeavor filled with harmful chemicals or uncertainty from pest damage.
I’ve put together my top tips for you to combat garden pests naturally, without killing or poisoning the pests or produce with harsh chemicals.
Try these 10 proven ways from your friends at EarthKind
- Healthy soil is the most important pest deterrent to start with. Why? Because healthy soil creates healthy plants. Weakened plants lose their natural resistance and attract pests like a magnet. Ask for a soil test of your garden soil at your local extension agent before you even go to your local greenhouse. Make sure it has the right PH, and organic matter to do the job. My favorite organic matter is composted sheep manure (6 plus months old.) Sheep manure doesn’t pass through weed seeds like horse and cattle manure does, it won’t burn the roots by getting too hot after you work it in. Plus, it provides the beneficial microbes, essential nutrients, and the organic matter a garden needs. Follow directions carefully when you use any kind of manure, as there are dozens of options.
- Birds are my second favorite pest guard. They eat hundreds, sometimes thousands, of insects a day, and are a natural and attractive garden resident. Plant a tree nearby or hang a birdhouse to attract them. Add a birdbath to provide water to attract them if a natural water source is not nearby. Keep the bird feeder clean and the water fresh to prevent mosquito larvae from taking up residence. Note: when using birdseed, steer clear of neonicotinoid-treated birdseed. The Journal of Science published a research study late 2019, claiming that migrating birds who ate the equivalent of just one or two neonic treated seeds, suffered immediate weight loss, delaying normal migration and severely harming their chances of survival.
- Sprinkling food grade diatomaceous earth along the soil around plants will create an abrasive barrier to prevent crawling insects/cabbage worms from reaching your brassicas. These garden pests only use them as a hatchery, spoiling your cabbages, brussels sprouts, and cauliflower. This method protected hundreds of plants from damage in my garden. Other Master Gardeners say it works for watermelon, squash, and cantaloupe too.
- If it’s too late, and the tiny worms have already shown up, mix up a liter of water, and 3 tsp of cayenne pepper. Place in a spray bottle and treat the leaves of the affected plants and those directly next to them. Also spray along the soil, as the worms will climb down the stems and look for a less painful plant to feed on. Watch closely for a week or so. Spray again after rain or watering if needed.
- For potato beetles, I’ve tried everything under the sun, and have found that a watchful eye is the most reliable, cheapest, and the easiest. To stop the problem before it starts, carefully inspect the underside of the potato plant leaves while weeding, or watering. Once the plant is 5-7” tall with several leaves, you’ll spot little bright orange dots, about the size of a pinhead, with eggs inside. Once you find them, destroy them all, and the beetles will not return the rest of the year. It takes just seconds to do once the first few show up.
- A multi-purpose pest spray can be made with a mixture of 2 Tablespoons Dr. Bronner’s lavender (or peppermint) liquid soap and warm water in a 10” spray bottle. I’ve successfully used this to treat the leaves of melons and tomatoes that had leaf mold and aphid damage.
- Use garden lime and lightly dust green beans with it to repel Japanese beetles. Planting rosemary nearby as a beneficial repellent helps too!
- Grasshoppers can cause havoc in a garden. Birds like bluebirds, blue jays and hawks eat them. So do insects such as praying mantises, dragonflies, and carpenter ants. Yes, ants living in close proximity can be a friend in the garden if there are grasshoppers, stink bugs, or cockroaches for food. If not, they’ll farm aphids for the sugary honeydew poo they produce. Keeping free-range chickens or guinea hens will keep grasshoppers in check too.
- To keep rabbits, deer, squirrels, and groundhogs out of the garden, scatter organic blood meal on the ground between rows of vegetables, or ask your hairdresser for clippings to spread around the garden perimeter. The smell of humans keeps them at bay. A more expensive option is to apply a spray of coyote urine from a hunting supply store. Coyotes are predators to smaller animals. This usually takes care of an exceedingly difficult rabbit or squirrel problem.
- This last tip is a word of caution. There’s been a record number of snake bites in NC this spring due to so many people planting gardens during the Covid-19 pandemic. This is partially because rodent numbers are higher than normal due to restaurants and sporting center closures. Rodents are communal pests that eat garbage. Wherever there are rodents, snakes aren’t far behind. Overstocked pantries, with paper towels for bedding, and dog food close by (a mouse’s favorite meal) require protection. Don’t leave dog food out overnight; cover the container and place pouches of Stay Away® Rodent in storage areas — the botanical ingredient, balsam for oil, has been effectively repelling mice since 2007.
Bonus tip: Don’t forget to protect yourself from pests that can harm your health, like ticks and mosquitoes, with EarthKind’s skin-friendly Stay Away® Mosquitoes.
Do you have any tried and true tips you’d like to share? Please share them in the comment section. Happy gardening!
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Situated on the shores of Lake Ohrid, the town of Ohrid is one of the oldest human settlements in Europe. Built mainly between the 7th and 19th centuries, it has the oldest Slav monastery (St Pantelejmon) and more than 800 Byzantine-style icons dating from the 11th to the end of the 14th century. After those of the Tretiakov Gallery in Moscow, this is considered to be the most important collection of icons in the world
image by wikicommons
Writing, education and Slavonic culture – all spread out from Ohrid in the 7th to 19th centuries. It is a cultural centre of great importance for the history not only of this part of the Balkan Peninsula, but also for all nations of the Slavonic tongue and for world history and literature, with precious manuscripts and other rarities. This city and its historic-cultural region are located in a natural setting of exceptional beauty, while its architecture represents the best preserved and most complete ensemble of ancient urban architecture of the Slavic lands.
Ohrid is one of the most ancient human settlements in Europe, containing as it does Neolithic archaeological sites and others from the Bronze Age and the Hellenistic period. With its numerous prehistoric sites and its traces of the material culture of more than 5,000 years ago, Ohrid is indeed an archaeological treasury and the surroundings of the lake can be styled a magical land of archaeology. More than 250 archaeological sites with material remains dating from between the Neolithic period and the late Middle Ages have been excavated.
Within the very heart of the present city of Ohrid lies the antique city of Lichnid, significant and rich, as is its successor. The metamorphosis of ancient Lichnid into medieval Ohrid took from the 6th to the 9th century, creating one of the most significant medieval cities in the Balkans. The Ohrid saga reveals memories of the birth of Slavic literacy and culture in the works of St Clement and St Naum; St Clement is worshipped as a patron of the city: his three decades of work in the city (886-916) initiated the foundation of the Clement Slavic University.
In the old part of the town lying on the hillside below the double ridge of Lake Ohrid, which came into existence in a remote geological period as a result of tectonic shifts, are to be found remains of ancient temples and basilicas as well as numerous churches and chapels, built from the 9th to the 14th centuries.
The ancient Slavonic St Clement’s Monastery of St Panteleimon at Plaosnik was resanctified on 11 August 2002 when, after many years, the remains of St Clement of Ohrid, the first Slavic Bishop (893) and founder of the Macedonian Orthodox Church, were returned to this temple.
Archaeological excavations of the cathedral church of St Sophia, which is situated at the foot of the hilly part of Ohrid and close to the lake, show that it was built on the foundations of an early Christian basilica and was reconstructed at the time of Archbishop Leo (1037-56). The name of Theoranius, one of the most important painters of the 14th century, has been discovered on the archangel’s sword in the ‘Repentance of David’ fresco on the first floor in the Church of St Sophia and on painted frescoes and icons for the other churches of Ohrid. The frescoes of St Clement’s Church of the Holy Mother of God are primarily distinguished by the artists’ obvious tendency towards individual characterization of the portraits and a marked effort to move away from iconographic stereotypes.
On the pillars in the narthex of St Naum two inscriptions are to be found: made by priests, they are valuable documentary evidence of the development of the Glagolitic and Cyrillic scripts in the Ohrid region. The monumental Early Christian Episcopal Church lies in the hilly part of Ohrid. The Church of St John the Evangelist (or Theologian) at Kaneo, built and decorated towards the end of the 13th century, is of great relevance to a study of Ohrid’s medieval monuments as it is a highly successful combination of Byzantine and Armenian elements. The other monuments of Ohrid are Samuel’s Fortress, with its enceinte of medieval ramparts, and the classical theatre built about 2,000 years ago, either in the late Hellenistic period or shortly after the Roman occupation. The town’s architecture represents, with its old typical streets and houses and its particular atmosphere around old squares, the best preserved and most complete ensemble of ancient urban architecture of this part of Europe.
In 1979, the Committee decided to inscribe the Ohrid Lake on the World Heritage List under natural criteria (iii). In 1980, this property was extended to include the cultural and historical area, and cultural criteria (i)(iii)(iv) were added.
Original source: UNESCO/CLT/WHC
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Here's the latest article from the Astronomy site at BellaOnline.com.
Searching for extrasolar planets
There are pictures of fewer than two dozen planets orbiting stars outside the Solar System. But astronomers have discovered nearly six hundred of them. How do they find what they can't see?
This week I've gone to the edge of the visible universe and you can too. Virtually, of course, with a map.
It's probably impossible to grasp the immensity of the universe, but here's a website that tries to show us the visible universe on different scales.
It starts with a map of the stars within 12.5 light years of us. That's next door in astronomical terms, but a star that's 12.5 light years away is about 74 trillion miles away and its light takes twelve and a half years to reach us.
From the first map you can keep zooming out, each zoom expanding the map by 10-20 times. So you move out through the Milky Way and to the satellite galaxies. These are smaller galaxies gravitationally bound to our Milky Way. Further on is the Virgo Supercluster, which is made up of groups of galaxies which are gravitationally bound. This is really still our local area, as there are some ten million superclusters in the visible universe.
If you find it difficult to understand the map of the nearest stars, there is a helpful list which tells you their full names and some information about them. There is also a glossary at the end.
Please visit astronomy.bellaonline.com for even more great content about Astronomy.
To participate in online discussions, this site has a community forum all about Astronomy located here -
I hope to hear from you sometime soon, either in the forum or in response to this email message. I welcome your feedback!
Do pass this message along to family and friends who might also be interested. Remember it's free and without obligation.
Mona Evans, Astronomy Editor
One of hundreds of sites at BellaOnline.com
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A new species of dinosaur has been discovered in China.
Details of the discovery made by Tetsuto Miyashita, Lida Xing and professor Philip Currie have been published in a new article in the Journal of Vertebrate Palentology.
Measuring about 15 metres in length, the long-necked dinosaur named Qijianglong (pronounced CHI-jyang-lon) roamed what is now China about 160 million years ago, in the Late Jurassic period. The name translates as ‘dragon of Qijiang’, as it was found near Qijiang City, close to Chongqing.
Qijianglong belonged to a group of dinosaurs called mamenchisaurids, which were characterised by extremely long necks, sometimes measuring up to half their overall body length. Most long-necked dinosaurs, referred to as sauropods, have necks measuring only one third of the length of their bodies.
The site where the fossil was found had originally been discovered by construction workers in 2006. Excavations at the site eventually unearthed a series of large necked vertebrae in the ground. Remarkably, the head of the dinosaur was still attached to the neck. “It is rare to find a head and neck of a long-necked dinosaur together because the head is so small and easily detached after the animal dies”, Miyashita explained.
The discovery of a well-preserved braincase and skull roof has provided the team with rare insights into the neurocranial anatomy of mamenchisaurids. Qijianglong’s well-preserved skull and neck have revealed a unique combination of neuro-anatomical characteristics in the species. This could provide a huge leap forward in the study of mamenchisaurids, whose anatomy up until now has been poorly understood.
Qijianglong represents a very different species from other mamenchisaurids. The creature was unique as its neck vertebrae were filled with air pockets, meaning that despite its enormous size the neck was relatively lightweight.
It was also found that the joints between vertebrae were remarkable. Qijianlong had interlocking joints, meaning that its neck was much more mobile when bending vertically than horizontally. It is possible that Qijianlong used its neck to reach food high in the tree tops, rather than forage on the ground.
“Qijianglong is a cool animal. If you imagine a big animal that is half-neck, you can see that evolution can do quite extraordinary things.” says Miyashita.
Mamenchisaurids are only found in Asia. The discovery of Qijianglong shows that there could have been striking differences among the species, mirroring the diversity found between long-necked dinosaurs from other continents.
“Qijianglong shows that long-necked dinosaurs diversified in unique ways in Asia during Jurassic times—something very special was going on in that continent,” said Miyashita. “Nowhere else we can find dinosaurs with longer necks than those in China. The new dinosaur tells us that these extreme species thrived in isolation from the rest of the world.”
Miyashita believes that mamenchisaurids evolved and diversified into many different forms at a time when other long-necked dinosaurs were becoming extinct in Asia. It remains a mystery why mamenchisaurids did not migrate to other continents, although it has been theorised that some kind of geographical barrier could have stopped them from spreading.
The Qijianglong skeleton is now housed in a museum in Qijiang. Miyashita speculated that the ancient Chinese could have stumbled across the fossil of a long-necked dinosaur and imagined it to be a dragon – a mythical creature popular in ancient Chinese stories.
Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons user: Steveoc 86
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On April 26, 1886, blues songstress Ma Rainey was born in Columbus, Georgia. Known as "Mother of the Blues," Rainey, born Gertrude Pridgett, is credited as the first popular entertainer to incorporate the blues style into her performances.
She married comedian William "Pa" Rainey in 1904 and the couple toured together throughout the South. Her travels exposed her to the burgeoning blues scene and, by 1905, she was thrilling audiences with the soulful style. Between 1923 to 1928, she made over 100 recordings, including one of her best known hits, “Bo-Weavil Blues" (1923), and worked with a number of luminaries, including Bessie Smith and Louis Armstrong. Her music is also noted as the muse for Harlem Renaissance poets such as Langston Hughes and Sterling Brown.
At 53, she passed away from a heart attack in 1939. Rainey was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990.
BET National News - Keep up to date with breaking news stories from around the nation, including headlines from the hip hop and entertainment world. Click here to subscribe to our newsletter.
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An electric current through a conductor will produce a magnetic field at right angles to the direction of electron flow. If that conductor is wrapped into a coil shape, the magnetic field produced will be oriented along the length of the coil. The greater the current, the greater the strength of the magnetic field, all other factors being equal:
Inductors react against changes in current because of the energy stored in this magnetic field. When we construct a transformer from two inductor coils around a common iron core, we use this field to transfer energy from one coil to the other. However, there are simpler and more direct uses for electromagnetic fields than the applications we've seen with inductors and transformers. The magnetic field produced by a coil of current-carrying wire can be used to exert a mechanical force on any magnetic object, just as we can use a permanent magnet to attract magnetic objects, except that this magnet (formed by the coil) can be turned on or off by switching the current on or off through the coil.
If we place a magnetic object near such a coil for the purpose of making that object move when we energize the coil with electric current, we have what is called a solenoid. The movable magnetic object is called an armature, and most armatures can be moved with either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC) energizing the coil. The polarity of the magnetic field is irrelevant for the purpose of attracting an iron armature. Solenoids can be used to electrically open door latches, open or shut valves, move robotic limbs, and even actuate electric switch mechanisms. However, if a solenoid is used to actuate a set of switch contacts, we have a device so useful it deserves its own name: the relay.
Relays are extremely useful when we have a need to control a large amount of current and/or voltage with a small electrical signal. The relay coil which produces the magnetic field may only consume fractions of a watt of power, while the contacts closed or opened by that magnetic field may be able to conduct hundreds of times that amount of power to a load. In effect, a relay acts as a binary (on or off) amplifier.
Just as with transistors, the relay's ability to control one electrical signal with another finds application in the construction of logic functions. This topic will be covered in greater detail in another lesson. For now, the relay's "amplifying" ability will be explored.
In the above schematic, the relay's coil is energized by the low-voltage (12 VDC) source, while the single-pole, single-throw (SPST) contact interrupts the high-voltage (480 VAC) circuit. It is quite likely that the current required to energize the relay coil will be hundreds of times less than the current rating of the contact. Typical relay coil currents are well below 1 amp, while typical contact ratings for industrial relays are at least 10 amps.
One relay coil/armature assembly may be used to actuate more than one set of contacts. Those contacts may be normally-open, normally-closed, or any combination of the two. As with switches, the "normal" state of a relay's contacts is that state when the coil is de-energized, just as you would find the relay sitting on a shelf, not connected to any circuit.
Relay contacts may be open-air pads of metal alloy, mercury tubes, or even magnetic reeds, just as with other types of switches. The choice of contacts in a relay depends on the same factors which dictate contact choice in other types of switches. Open-air contacts are the best for high-current applications, but their tendency to corrode and spark may cause problems in some industrial environments. Mercury and reed contacts are sparkless and won't corrode, but they tend to be limited in current-carrying capacity.
Shown here are three small relays (about two inches in height, each), installed on a panel as part of an electrical control system at a municipal water treatment plant:
The relay units shown here are called "octal-base," because they plug into matching sockets, the electrical connections secured via eight metal pins on the relay bottom. The screw terminal connections you see in the photograph where wires connect to the relays are actually part of the socket assembly, into which each relay is plugged. This type of construction facilitates easy removal and replacement of the relay(s) in the event of failure.
Aside from the ability to allow a relatively small electric signal to switch a relatively large electric signal, relays also offer electrical isolation between coil and contact circuits. This means that the coil circuit and contact circuit(s) are electrically insulated from one another. One circuit may be DC and the other AC (such as in the example circuit shown earlier), and/or they may be at completely different voltage levels, across the connections or from connections to ground.
While relays are essentially binary devices, either being completely on or completely off, there are operating conditions where their state may be indeterminate, just as with semiconductor logic gates. In order for a relay to positively "pull in" the armature to actuate the contact(s), there must be a certain minimum amount of current through the coil. This minimum amount is called the pull-in current, and it is analogous to the minimum input voltage that a logic gate requires to guarantee a "high" state (typically 2 Volts for TTL, 3.5 Volts for CMOS). Once the armature is pulled closer to the coil's center, however, it takes less magnetic field flux (less coil current) to hold it there. Therefore, the coil current must drop below a value significantly lower than the pull-in current before the armature "drops out" to its spring-loaded position and the contacts resume their normal state. This current level is called the drop-out current, and it is analogous to the maximum input voltage that a logic gate input will allow to guarantee a "low" state (typically 0.8 Volts for TTL, 1.5 Volts for CMOS).
The hysteresis, or difference between pull-in and drop-out currents, results in operation that is similar to a Schmitt trigger logic gate. Pull-in and drop-out currents (and voltages) vary widely from relay to relay, and are specified by the manufacturer.
When a relay is used to switch a large amount of electrical power through its contacts, it is designated by a special name: contactor. Contactors typically have multiple contacts, and those contacts are usually (but not always) normally-open, so that power to the load is shut off when the coil is de-energized. Perhaps the most common industrial use for contactors is the control of electric motors.
The top three contacts switch the respective phases of the incoming 3-phase AC power, typically at least 480 Volts for motors 1 horsepower or greater. The lowest contact is an "auxiliary" contact which has a current rating much lower than that of the large motor power contacts, but is actuated by the same armature as the power contacts. The auxiliary contact is often used in a relay logic circuit, or for some other part of the motor control scheme, typically switching 120 Volt AC power instead of the motor voltage. One contactor may have several auxiliary contacts, either normally-open or normally-closed, if required.
The three "opposed-question-mark" shaped devices in series with each phase going to the motor are called overload heaters. Each "heater" element is a low-resistance strip of metal intended to heat up as the motor draws current. If the temperature of any of these heater elements reaches a critical point (equivalent to a moderate overloading of the motor), a normally-closed switch contact (not shown in the diagram) will spring open. This normally-closed contact is usually connected in series with the relay coil, so that when it opens the relay will automatically de-energize, thereby shutting off power to the motor. We will see more of this overload protection wiring in the next chapter. Overload heaters are intended to provide overcurrent protection for large electric motors, unlike circuit breakers and fuses which serve the primary purpose of providing overcurrent protection for power conductors.
Overload heater function is often misunderstood. They are not fuses; that is, it is not their function to burn open and directly break the circuit as a fuse is designed to do. Rather, overload heaters are designed to thermally mimic the heating characteristic of the particular electric motor to be protected. All motors have thermal characteristics, including the amount of heat energy generated by resistive dissipation (I2R), the thermal transfer characteristics of heat "conducted" to the cooling medium through the metal frame of the motor, the physical mass and specific heat of the materials constituting the motor, etc. These characteristics are mimicked by the overload heater on a miniature scale: when the motor heats up toward its critical temperature, so will the heater toward its critical temperature, ideally at the same rate and approach curve. Thus, the overload contact, in sensing heater temperature with a thermo-mechanical mechanism, will sense an analogue of the real motor. If the overload contact trips due to excessive heater temperature, it will be an indication that the real motor has reached its critical temperature (or, would have done so in a short while). After tripping, the heaters are supposed to cool down at the same rate and approach curve as the real motor, so that they indicate an accurate proportion of the motor's thermal condition, and will not allow power to be re-applied until the motor is truly ready for start-up again.
Shown here is a contactor for a three-phase electric motor, installed on a panel as part of an electrical control system at a municipal water treatment plant:
Three-phase, 480 volt AC power comes in to the three normally-open contacts at the top of the contactor via screw terminals labeled "L1," "L2," and "L3" (The "L2" terminal is hidden behind a square-shaped "snubber" circuit connected across the contactor's coil terminals). Power to the motor exits the overload heater assembly at the bottom of this device via screw terminals labeled "T1," "T2," and "T3."
The overload heater units themselves are black, square-shaped blocks with the label "W34," indicating a particular thermal response for a certain horsepower and temperature rating of electric motor. If an electric motor of differing power and/or temperature ratings were to be substituted for the one presently in service, the overload heater units would have to be replaced with units having a thermal response suitable for the new motor. The motor manufacturer can provide information on the appropriate heater units to use.
A white pushbutton located between the "T1" and "T2" line heaters serves as a way to manually re-set the normally-closed switch contact back to its normal state after having been tripped by excessive heater temperature. Wire connections to the "overload" switch contact may be seen at the lower-right of the photograph, near a label reading "NC" (normally-closed). On this particular overload unit, a small "window" with the label "Tripped" indicates a tripped condition by means of a colored flag. In this photograph, there is no "tripped" condition, and the indicator appears clear.
As a footnote, heater elements may be used as a crude current shunt resistor for determining whether or not a motor is drawing current when the contactor is closed. There may be times when you're working on a motor control circuit, where the contactor is located far away from the motor itself. How do you know if the motor is consuming power when the contactor coil is energized and the armature has been pulled in? If the motor's windings are burnt open, you could be sending voltage to the motor through the contactor contacts, but still have zero current, and thus no motion from the motor shaft. If a clamp-on ammeter isn't available to measure line current, you can take your multimeter and measure millivoltage across each heater element: if the current is zero, the voltage across the heater will be zero (unless the heater element itself is open, in which case the voltage across it will be large); if there is current going to the motor through that phase of the contactor, you will read a definite millivoltage across that heater:
This is an especially useful trick to use for troubleshooting 3-phase AC motors, to see if one phase winding is burnt open or disconnected, which will result in a rapidly destructive condition known as "single-phasing." If one of the lines carrying power to the motor is open, it will not have any current through it (as indicated by a 0.00 mV reading across its heater), although the other two lines will (as indicated by small amounts of voltage dropped across the respective heaters).
Some relays are constructed with a kind of "shock absorber" mechanism attached to the armature which prevents immediate, full motion when the coil is either energized or de-energized. This addition gives the relay the property of time-delay actuation. Time-delay relays can be constructed to delay armature motion on coil energization, de-energization, or both.
Time-delay relay contacts must be specified not only as either normally-open or normally-closed, but whether the delay operates in the direction of closing or in the direction of opening. The following is a description of the four basic types of time-delay relay contacts.
First we have the normally-open, timed-closed (NOTC) contact. This type of contact is normally open when the coil is unpowered (de-energized). The contact is closed by the application of power to the relay coil, but only after the coil has been continuously powered for the specified amount of time. In other words, the direction of the contact's motion (either to close or to open) is identical to a regular NO contact, but there is a delay in closing direction. Because the delay occurs in the direction of coil energization, this type of contact is alternatively known as a normally-open, on-delay:
The following is a timing diagram of this relay contact's operation:
Next we have the normally-open, timed-open (NOTO) contact. Like the NOTC contact, this type of contact is normally open when the coil is unpowered (de-energized), and closed by the application of power to the relay coil. However, unlike the NOTC contact, the timing action occurs upon de-energization of the coil rather than upon energization. Because the delay occurs in the direction of coil de-energization, this type of contact is alternatively known as a normally-open, off-delay:
The following is a timing diagram of this relay contact's operation:
Next we have the normally-closed, timed-open (NCTO) contact. This type of contact is normally closed when the coil is unpowered (de-energized). The contact is opened with the application of power to the relay coil, but only after the coil has been continuously powered for the specified amount of time. In other words, the direction of the contact's motion (either to close or to open) is identical to a regular NC contact, but there is a delay in the opening direction. Because the delay occurs in the direction of coil energization, this type of contact is alternatively known as a normally-closed, on-delay:
The following is a timing diagram of this relay contact's operation:
Finally we have the normally-closed, timed-closed (NCTC) contact. Like the NCTO contact, this type of contact is normally closed when the coil is unpowered (de-energized), and opened by the application of power to the relay coil. However, unlike the NCTO contact, the timing action occurs upon de-energization of the coil rather than upon energization. Because the delay occurs in the direction of coil de-energization, this type of contact is alternatively known as a normally-closed, off-delay:
The following is a timing diagram of this relay contact's operation:
Time-delay relays are very important for use in industrial control logic circuits. Some examples of their use include:
The older, mechanical time-delay relays used pneumatic dashpots or fluid-filled piston/cylinder arrangements to provide the "shock absorbing" needed to delay the motion of the armature. Newer designs of time-delay relays use electronic circuits with resistor-capacitor (RC) networks to generate a time delay, then energize a normal (instantaneous) electromechanical relay coil with the electronic circuit's output. The electronic-timer relays are more versatile than the older, mechanical models, and less prone to failure. Many models provide advanced timer features such as "one-shot" (one measured output pulse for every transition of the input from de-energized to energized), "recycle" (repeated on/off output cycles for as long as the input connection is energized) and "watchdog" (changes state if the input signal does not repeatedly cycle on and off).
The "watchdog" timer is especially useful for monitoring of computer systems. If a computer is being used to control a critical process, it is usually recommended to have an automatic alarm to detect computer "lockup" (an abnormal halting of program execution due to any number of causes). An easy way to set up such a monitoring system is to have the computer regularly energize and de-energize the coil of a watchdog timer relay (similar to the output of the "recycle" timer). If the computer execution halts for any reason, the signal it outputs to the watchdog relay coil will stop cycling and freeze in one or the other state. A short time thereafter, the watchdog relay will "time out" and signal a problem.
A special type of relay is one which monitors the current, voltage, frequency, or any other type of electric power measurement either from a generating source or to a load for the purpose of triggering a circuit breaker to open in the event of an abnormal condition. These relays are referred to in the electrical power industry as protective relays.
The circuit breakers which are used to switch large quantities of electric power on and off are actually electromechanical relays, themselves. Unlike the circuit breakers found in residential and commercial use which determine when to trip (open) by means of a bimetallic strip inside that bends when it gets too hot from overcurrent, large industrial circuit breakers must be "told" by an external device when to open. Such breakers have two electromagnetic coils inside: one to close the breaker contacts and one to open them. The "trip" coil can be energized by one or more protective relays, as well as by hand switches, connected to switch 125 Volt DC power. DC power is used because it allows for a battery bank to supply close/trip power to the breaker control circuits in the event of a complete (AC) power failure.
Protective relays can monitor large AC currents by means of current transformers (CT's), which encircle the current-carrying conductors exiting a large circuit breaker, transformer, generator, or other device. Current transformers step down the monitored current to a secondary (output) range of 0 to 5 amps AC to power the protective relay. The current relay uses this 0-5 amp signal to power its internal mechanism, closing a contact to switch 125 Volt DC power to the breaker's trip coil if the monitored current becomes excessive.
Likewise, (protective) voltage relays can monitor high AC voltages by means of voltage, or potential, transformers (PT's) which step down the monitored voltage to a secondary range of 0 to 120 Volts AC, typically. Like (protective) current relays, this voltage signal powers the internal mechanism of the relay, closing a contact to switch 125 Volt DC power to the breaker's trip coil is the monitored voltage becomes excessive.
There are many types of protective relays, some with highly specialized functions. Not all monitor voltage or current, either. They all, however, share the common feature of outputting a contact closure signal which can be used to switch power to a breaker trip coil, close coil, or operator alarm panel. Most protective relay functions have been categorized into an ANSI standard number code. Here are a few examples from that code list:
ANSI protective relay designation numbers
12 = Overspeed 24 = Overexcitation 25 = Syncrocheck 27 = Bus/Line undervoltage 32 = Reverse power (anti-motoring) 38 = Stator overtemp (RTD) 39 = Bearing vibration 40 = Loss of excitation 46 = Negative sequence undercurrent (phase current imbalance) 47 = Negative sequence undervoltage (phase voltage imbalance) 49 = Bearing overtemp (RTD) 50 = Instantaneous overcurrent 51 = Time overcurrent 51V = Time overcurrent -- voltage restrained 55 = Power factor 59 = Bus overvoltage 60FL = Voltage transformer fuse failure 67 = Phase/Ground directional current 79 = Autoreclose 81 = Bus over/underfrequency
As versatile as electromechanical relays can be, they do suffer many limitations. They can be expensive to build, have a limited contact cycle life, take up a lot of room, and switch slowly, compared to modern semiconductor devices. These limitations are especially true for large power contactor relays. To address these limitations, many relay manufacturers offer "solid-state" relays, which use an SCR, TRIAC, or transistor output instead of mechanical contacts to switch the controlled power. The output device (SCR, TRIAC, or transistor) is optically-coupled to an LED light source inside the relay. The relay is turned on by energizing this LED, usually with low-voltage DC power. This optical isolation between input to output rivals the best that electromechanical relays can offer.
Being solid-state devices, there are no moving parts to wear out, and they are able to switch on and off much faster than any mechanical relay armature can move. There is no sparking between contacts, and no problems with contact corrosion. However, solid-state relays are still too expensive to build in very high current ratings, and so electromechanical contactors continue to dominate that application in industry today.
One significant advantage of a solid-state SCR or TRIAC relay over an electromechanical device is its natural tendency to open the AC circuit only at a point of zero load current. Because SCR's and TRIAC's are thyristors, their inherent hysteresis maintains circuit continuity after the LED is de-energized until the AC current falls below a threshold value (the holding current). In practical terms what this means is the circuit will never be interrupted in the middle of a sine wave peak. Such untimely interruptions in a circuit containing substantial inductance would normally produce large voltage spikes due to the sudden magnetic field collapse around the inductance. This will not happen in a circuit broken by an SCR or TRIAC. This feature is called zero-crossover switching.
One disadvantage of solid state relays is their tendency to fail "shorted" on their outputs, while electromechanical relay contacts tend to fail "open." In either case, it is possible for a relay to fail in the other mode, but these are the most common failures. Because a "fail-open" state is generally considered safer than a "fail-closed" state, electromechanical relays are still favored over their solid-state counterparts in many applications.
Lessons In Electric Circuits copyright (C) 2000-2015 Tony R. Kuphaldt, under the terms and conditions of the Design Science License.
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The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast five design patterns. An explanation of design patterns begins the paper. After the explanation are sections on Adapter, Facade, Factory Method, Observer, and Proxy. A conclusion completes the paper. Definition and Explanation
According to SourceMaking (2010), "In software engineering, a design pattern is a general repeatable solution to a commonly occurring problem in software design" (para. 1). Transforming a design pattern directly into code is not possible as it is not a complete design. Rather, a design pattern is a description or template for how to solve a problem with use in many different situations (SourceMaking, 2010).
Design patterns concern themselves with three primary uses or families. Families include creational design patterns, structural design patterns, and behavioral design patterns. Creational design patterns revolve around class instantiation. Structural design patterns are specific to class and object composition. Behavioral design patterns are about object communication. Adapter
Adapter is a structural design pattern. According to SourceMaking (2010), "Adapter is about creating an intermediary abstraction that translates, or maps, the old component to the new system" (Discussion, para. 3). In other words, Adapter allows for component reuse when implementing a new system. An analogy is attaching a composite to HDMI adapter between a gaming system and an HDTV. Without the adapter, the ability to display video in HD quality is not possible. Adapter works the same way, allowing for functionality between otherwise incompatible systems. Another word for Adapter is wrapper. In comparing with the Facade design pattern the difference is Facade defines a new interface and Adapter reuses and existing interface (SourceMaking, 2010). Facade
Facade, like Adapter is a wrapper and a structural design pattern. Unlike Adapter, the...
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People & Events
Virgina recognizes slavery
1661 - 1663
|Resource Bank Contents|
The transformation from indentured servitude (servants contracted to work for a set amount of time) to racial slavery didn't happen overnight. There are no laws regarding slavery early in Virginia's history. By 1640, the Virginia courts had sentenced at least one black servant to slavery . . .
Three servants working for a farmer named Hugh Gwyn ran away to Maryland. Two were white; one was black. They were captured in Maryland and returned to Jamestown, where the court sentenced all three to thirty lashes -- a severe punishment even by the standards of 17th-century Virginia. The two white men were sentenced toan additional four years of servitude -- one more year for Gwyn followed by three more for the colony. But, in addition to the whipping, the black man, a man named John Punch, was ordered to "serve his said master or his assigns for the time of his natural Life here or elsewhere." John Punch no longer had hope for freedom.
It wasn't until 1661 that a reference to slavery entered into Virginia law, and this law was directed at white servants -- at those who ran away with a black servant. The following year, the colony went one step further by stating that children born would be bonded or free according to the status of the mother.
The transformation had begun, but it wouldn't be until the Slave Codes of 1705 that the status of African Americans would be sealed.
Virginia's slave codes
Peter Wood on inheriting the mother's slave status
Peter Wood on the shift from indentured servitude to lifelong slavery
Betty Wood on Christianity and slavery
Peter Wood on the difference between being a slave and a servant
Timothy Breen on the relationship between black slaves and white indentured servants
Margaret Washington on the change from indentured labor towards enslaved labor
Part 1: Narrative | Resource Bank Contents | Teacher's Guide
Africans in America: Home | Resource Bank Index | Search | Shop
WGBH | PBS Online | ©
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'Click' is a theme-based monthly food photography event.
Q: Where did I click this picture?
A: In my apartment complex. My apartment lawns most of the time resemble a vegetable garden with herbs and lemon plants. Early this year I found this kale and I could not resist clicking it.
Q: What is kale?
A: Tender kale greens can provide an intense addition to salads, particularly when combined with other such strongly-flavored ingredients as dry-roasted peanuts, tamari-roasted almonds, or red pepper flakes.
Kale is considered to be a highly nutritious vegetable, with powerful antioxidant properties and is anti-inflammatory. Kale is very high in beta carotene, vitamin K, vitamin A, vitamin C, lutein and zeaxanthin and reasonably rich in calcium. Because of its high vitamin K content, patients taking anti-coagulants such as warfarin are encouraged to avoid this food since it increases the vitamin K concentration in the blood which is what the drugs are often attempting to lower. This effectively lowers the effective dose of the drug.
Many varieties of kale are referred to as "flowering kales" and are grown mainly for their ornamental leaves, which are brilliant white, red, pink, lavender, blue or violet in the interior or the rosette, (rosette - meaning - A cluster of leaves growing in crowded circles from a common center or crown). Most plants sold as "ornamental cabbage" are in fact kales. Ornamental kale is every bit as edible as any other variety, provided it has not been treated with pesticides or other harmful chemicals.
Click here to learn more about Kale.
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Scottish-Americans have a saying,
"Scratch most any American and you'll find a Scottish grandmother just about skin
Few North Americans have observed a Scottish
piper, a young kilted dancer, or an elegantly clad male in formal Highland apparel without
identifying him or her as Scottish. The attire, the music and instruments,
even the carriage of the individuals is distinctive.
These folk are the representatives of a culture as rich and as old as any of the native
strains brought into the Americas. During these olden days, their surnames
dominated any grouping in which they were numbered, familiar today as Dallas,
Houston, Albany, or Cooperstown and yes, definitely
Scottsdale. But, after naming the countryside they also assimilated, blending
in so successfully into the infant American society they became almost un-distinctive. The
kilt that belonged to Grandpa was consumed by dust and moths, bagpipes forgotten in the
attic until beyond restoration, and the tunes no longer familiar.
Estimates vary, but given the preponderance of Scottish surnames, including those carried
by individuals whose family origins are vague or totally forgotten, a good 25 million of
the North American populace owes some genetic influence to that smallish country to the
north of England.
The Scottish Heritage Society of Iowa is comprised of Scottish-Americans dedicated to
preserving the hallmarks of their ancestral inheritance. Some play the pipes, others have
preserved and resurrected the dance forms of the Scottish country dances, a few have
hand-carved and strung the old Gaelic or Celtic harp with the familiar Highland
hump, several have learned the songs or have mastered the Scottish fiddle style.
They want to preserve all this for the many Scottish-Americans. They want to be a
gathering place for themselves and the sprinkling of native born Scots now in the
Americas. They want to be connected with where they came from and who they really
We invite all to join us. Those who are fractional-Scottish or no part at all, but
interested in the many things we docooking, dancing, studying history and culture.
We have Norwegian-Scots, Iranian-Scots, German-Scots, and everything in-between! We have
some wonderfully special adopted Scots who chose us, not knowing from whom
they were descended. They like our style, or appreciate the good malt whisky from the
Highlands and thought we might be up to some good.
All groups have a maturation cycle of infancy, maturity, and old age. The Greater Iowa
chapter is the longest standing in Iowa, founded in Des Moines in 1975. This nucleus
included the children and grandchildren of one of the predecessor groups of the
Robert Burns Club or the St. Andrews Society dating back to
the early days of Des Moines. This latter assembly lost members and momentum as the
country was swept into World War II, Korea, and Viet Nam conflicts.
We welcome your interest in our organization as a symbol of on-going Scottish strength.
The Scottish Heritage Society of Greater Iowa meets at 2:30 p.m. on the 3rd Sunday of the
month during February, March, April, September, and October at St. Lukes Episcopal
Church, 3424 Forest Avenue, Des Moines, Iowa. Additional special events include the Robert
Burns Supper in January, participation in the Salisbury May Festival, June Picnic, St.
Andrew's Banquet in November, and a Christmas Celebration.
Click here to go to The Scottish Heritage Society of Iowa web site
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“Thousands of families of ill-fated Muslims, many of them refugees from Bihar, who chose Pakistan at the time of the partition riots in 1947, were mercilessly wiped out. Women were raped, or had their breasts torn out with specially-fashioned knives. Children did not escape the horror; the lucky ones were killed with their parents”, says Anthony Mascarenhas in a newspaper article titled ‘Genocide’ published back in June 1971. In the recent history of our own homeland the story of the Bihari women, who were raped during the carnage of 1971 is shrouded. The saga of their sacrifices, their surrender to patriotism and their humiliation as community is obscured. It is taxing, tiring and tricky to fathom the melancholy of ancestor who coped with two migrations — one in 1947 and second time in 1971. To evade a special and communal mourning for 46 years is arduous. Biharis are the Urdu-speaking people with many having a native proficiency in Bengali language as well, who got settled in the former east wing of Pakistan after migrating from India in 1947. They maintained a pro-(West) Pakistani stance, supported the Pakistani armed forces and also opposed the separation of the eastern wing. Hence, when conditions leading to the making of Bangladesh ripened, they faced vengeance from Bengali mobs and militias. An estimated 1,000 to 150,0,00 people were killed. Many married Bihari women and single girls were abducted and braved sexual assaults including rape. In the aftermath of the Dhaka Fall on December 16, 1971, 300,000 Biharis who escaped from becoming the prisoner of war and mob killings were stranded in one-room houses as stateless refugees, as the planes that were supposed to take them to Pakistan never arrived. In 1978, the Pakistani government stripped stranded Biharis of their Pakistani citizenship. Nearly 100,000 of them still live in horrifically rotten camps. The honourable Bangladeshi Supreme Court did rule that Biharis were eligible for Bangladesh citizenship in 1972. After all these years, some of them have still preserved their Pakistani passports and identity proofs. The Red Cross facilitated the initial repatriation of a few thousands to Pakistan that was ultimately interrupted due to the reluctance of Pakistani authorities. General Musharraf who on his visit to Bangladesh while in office as President of Pakistan, rightly apologised for the atrocities in 1971. He took a morally bold step in 2002 by stating, “Your brothers and sisters in Pakistan share the pain of the events in 1971. The excesses committed during the unfortunate period are regretted. Let us bury the past in the spirit of magnanimity. Let not the light of the future be dimmed.” That admittance probably did not envelop the rape of Bihari women and guarantees of return of the citizenship to the unfortunate patriotic people. Rape in times of wars is one of the ways of violently achieving strategic social, economic, political and military objectives. In modern times, scores of activists, psychologists, and scholars have broadly admitted this strategic rape theory Different documents enclose haunting and heartrending narratives on the most brutal acts of war rape against unarmed women of Sierra Leone, Liberia, Bosnia, Guatemala, Yugoslavia, DRC, and Myanmar besides many developed countries. Rape in times of wars is one of the ways of violently achieving strategic social, economic, political and military objectives. In modern times, scores of activists, psychologists, and scholars have broadly admitted this strategic rape theory. The study of deviant dealings, like involvement of civilians and soldiers in mass murder, the backing of mass bloodshed by the elected leadership, incrimination of victims of rape, culture of absolution for perpetrators etc. has also engrossed researchers. The subject of the state-regulated gender identities and their legitimisation by the elites was dealt by Dr Bina D’Costa in 2011 with a critical feminist perspective in her book Nation building, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia. Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971, a book by Prof Yasmin Saikia, in 2010, describes how the war is viewed in the three countries; Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. It is remembered as the ‘war of liberation’ for Bangladesh, for India, a triumphant settling of scores with Pakistan and in Pakistan, it is an act of betrayal by the Bengalis. According to Saika, Pakistani and Indian soldiers and Bengali militiamen raped and tortured women on a mass scale. Pakistan’s narrative is given in the book Creation of Bangladesh: Myths Exploded that was published in 2016. The author, Dr Junaid Ahmed, a Pakistani scholar lost his family members including parents, in the mayhem of 1971. What remains elapsed is the bearing of a complex continuum of sexual violence on Bihari women and their successive generations who lost their self esteem. The international law took its first notice of war rape, in 1949, with the Article 27 of the Fourth Geneva Convention that explicitly prohibits wartime rape and enforced prostitution. The embargoes were reinforced by the 1977 Additional Protocols to the 1949 Geneva Conventions. However, judging rape as a war crime and crime against humanity is a relatively recent forward move. The rampant rapes of women in the former Yugoslavia in 1992, obtained the thoughtfulness of the UN Security Council thus affirming on 18 December 1992, that “massive, organised and systematic detention and rape of women, in particular Muslim women, in Bosnia and Herzegovina” as an international crime that must be addressed. The formation of International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda was after the rape of 100,000 and 250,000 Rwandan women in 1994. The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, in force since July 2002, includes rape and any other form of sexual violence as a crime against humanity when it is committed in an extensive or systematic way. The case of raped Bihari women has yet to be accessed by the international laws. The raped Bihari women and stranded families were neither an invented story nor collateral damages. They are real humans who must be remembered, respected and rehabilitated. They should be our official reminders for the validity of peace and call for righteous measures. Our leadership has to take an intellectual risk. Wounds are healed through closure not concealment. The calling of our destiny guides must include consoling of Bangladeshi and Pakistani women who lived through the era of 1971. The writer is a gender expert, researcher, activist and a free thinker. She tweets @survivorwins Published in Daily Times, December 4th 2017.
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posted on Jul, 24 2013 @ 04:13 AM
Originally posted by qmantoo
Dont bother shouting "ROCK". Of course they are rocks. I never said they were NOT rocks, did I? I am sure you can see what is unusual, but in case
you cannot, it is the fact that there is one triangle on top of another larger one and they are both the same orientation and angle and artistically
placed with the same size border on both sides. Thats what is odd about it.
Show me the same kind of thing on earth if you think this is commonplace - but it has to be similar with one smaller shape on top of another similar
larger shape and positioned the same orientation.
Probably won't be able to find exactly the same, as weathering won't produce identical formations. The others have provided you examples of
artificial looking but naturally formed rock formations, which honestly are more impressive than yours.
Which is just what this looks like. I can't dig up any pictures, but as something of a rock hound I've seen similar formations in sandstone around
rivers . If you look up sedimentary rocks and cleavage (and are really careful with Google) you'll probably find some examples eventually.
I mean, looking at it as someone who looks at a lot of rocks... I just see a naturally formed rock.
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| 0.974469
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PHP is a server-side scripting language which is mostly used for web development. It was originally created as an array of CGI binaries written in C before being converted into scripting language, and later executed by an interpreter. The name originally stood for Personal Home Page. It is now PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor or the recursive invocation PHP, Hypertext Preprocessor. PHP’s first version was a reimplementation of a subset from Perl.
PHP’s initial major release was in June of 2004 (Version 4.0) which it came with a number of options that have since been added as the language has increased. PHP is free software that is made available under the PHP License. This license protects its copyright and permits the use of PHP on any platform , including Windows and Linux. There are no restrictions regarding its use for commercial or non-commercial projects.
The ability to learn PHP can bring many benefits
1. More jobs available
The skilled programmers who know PHP programming will always be able to find work. The demand for these skills has risen dramatically in the past few years. Web publishing platforms open source like WordPress are becoming more popular. They utilize PHP behind the scenes to drive their content management systems (CMS). Web developers with PHP expertise are required to manage and configure these kinds of websites.
2. Free resources
There are many free resources available online including tutorials, code fragments and discussion forums that you can use to learn how to program in PHP. Learning this language requires only your time as well as the costs for online courses.
3. Simple language in the language
PHP is a breeze to learn even for those who’ve never coded before. There are many helpful tutorials online to help you begin programming in PHP quickly. You can also find a variety of sources online to help you solve any issues that may arise while learning.
4. For those who are just beginning
The process of learning PHP is not difficult to master. PHP is popular with a lot of users that makes it extremely useful for coming up with solutions to issues encountered using PHP It also has numerous free resources online for learning how to utilize PHP.
5. Open source CMS options
One of the benefits of learning PHP is the fact that there are numerous open source content management systems (CMS) that are readily available. Open open source CMS platforms let you build your own website without cost through the use of a simple command in the PHP terminal. The most popular open source CMS platform is WordPress but it’s also used in Joomla! and Drupal among others.
Conclusion: PHP is the best programming language for building dynamic websites and online applications that are interactive swift, quick, and with no complex code. Many of the most popular websites on the web use PHP, such as Yahoo!, Facebook and Twitter. Mail, YouTube and more. With our assistance during this stage of your search, selecting a new technology platform is no longer a hassle. Get in touch with us to discuss what these advantages can do to make your life easier as an entrepreneur – not only now but for years to in the years to.
If you want to learn more, click PHP tutorials
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OK, not that klnd of paper weight!
Paper 101 – Basic Weights and Sizes for Paper
Choosing the best paper for your print project can be very confusing and is often an oversight. Most of us do not realize that having sound knowledge of the basics of paper weights and sizes is just as important in creating a lasting impression with your printed design. This also determines the price of paper and the most suitable methods of printing for the selected stock.
What Exactly Is Paper Weight?
When referring to paper weight, it is not as much about the actual weight as it is about the density of the sheet of paper. In European countries, they refer to the weight of paper in GSM (grams per square meter), however in the United States, we call it “basis weight.”
The weight of paper is calculated using the base sizes of paper sheets and is equal to the uncut ream weight for each base size, measured in pounds. Different paper types do not have the same starting base size so basis weights will not correspond. When specifying your stock, it is really important to choose the correct base size and basis weight as this impacts the cost of paper heavily.
What Is Paper Base Size?
Some areas of the world, such as North America and Canada, do not use international paper sizes, but rather opt for letter, legal, executive, and ledger/tabloid paper sizes. It is recommended that you choose the paper size that best suits your project at the very beginning. It is best to familiarize yourself with the different size specifications of paper globally to best ensure the printed product turns out exactly how you intend it to.
The paper weight and base size you choose ultimately determines the paper thickness and type of paper you need to source for your print job.
What Types Of Paper Are There?
The most common paper type used in offices, schools and homes. It is also known as writing paper and can be used for everyday printing, as well as formal stationery such as letterheads.
A popular paper used for commercial printing of brochures, flyers, and high-end stationery.
Mostly used for printing books, magazines, catalogs, and posters, this paper is available in both coated and uncoated varieties.
More commonly known as cardstock, cover paper is thick and stiff to the touch. It is used mainly for business cards, menus, invitations, and greeting cards.
The type of paper regularly used for folders and postcards due to the stiffness of the stock.
A highly durable and hard-wearing paper. Because of the nature of this paper, it is often used for in-store signs, table promo cards in restaurants, swing tags, door hangers and some packaging.
Before you finalize any printing project, it is smart to consult with a print expert to be certain you have chosen the most suitable paper for your project in the correct weight and size, as well as the most competitive price for the quality and finish you desire. It is also a good idea to request paper samples to assess the physical nature of the paper is what you have in mind.
Paper and print go together like peas and carrots. By learning as much as you can about your craft and having a solid foundation in the basics, you will have a head start in the creative process. You can make decisions knowing you will achieve the over-all finish you are looking for, and your client will be impressed by how knowledgeable you are, and how mindful you are of their bottom line.
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Any musician worth his salt has to have the ability to listen. When you are practicing at home or up on stage, it is essential to have the ability to feel the intricacies of your device and nuances of your playing. When playing together a group of musicians rely upon their ears; members play off of each other’s tools to provide energy and soul to the operation. There are ways to avoid this every musician should understand what a hearing test can show after years of misuse and their ears work although loud noises will cause damage to your ears. Your ear includes many tiny sensors deep in the ear canal. These hairs respond to any noise that transforms the sound and enters them your brain can comprehend. They are also delicate since these hairs are so accurate. These hairs die; causing permanent damage and can sew when exposed to loud noises. A hearing test can determine how much damage was done using the system.
A decibel is a unit of measurement used to assess sound’s quantity. Decibel levels that are higher have greater risks of doing harm but there is. Trouble starts occurring around the mark that is 100dB. Decibel ratings that are lower will not cause harm but within a period of a couple hours your ears can begin to suffer. Greater decibel levels 110dB – 120dB may lead to damage after only a couple of minutes and anything over 120dB can cause irreversible damage almost instantly. Considering that clock in 120dB, this is a cause of concern for many musicians. You can think about a hearing evaluation to assess the damage if you have been enjoying for years with no ear protection. Now that you understand that you are in danger, there are options to prevent damage. Foam earplugs and earmuffs are the products but are part of the reason that ear protection turns off artists.
Ear plugs that are Inexpensive muffle frequencies that musicians rely on which make their use undesirable. Recently earplugs made for musicians that decrease have been developed by producers. These are more helpful to a musician. For those create a long term investment in their ears which should be everybody really fitted ear buds are getting increasingly more popular. The ear bud produces a Best Bluetooth Auxiliary Adapters on your ears audiologists create a mould of your ear. These kinds of buds provide protection and the quality. Your tech ought to be able to recommend a fitted ear bud if you opt to have a hearing test. Some of them offer systems for monitoring which channels the mixture from the system that is audio in your ear for a suitable volume. If you think you have experienced some loss, a hearing evaluation damage was done and how to prevent damage.
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Set in 1846, El Corrido de California portrays the experience of the Segura family of Californios (the term for Spanish colonists and early settlers of California) as they face the impending invasion by the United States. Although California still belonged to the Mexican Republic, local leaders like Don Gerónimo Segura, an alcalde (a local mayor/judge) had autonomy. To understand the characters and the events of the play, it is helpful to consider California’s relationship to Mexico and the US at the time, and the forces driving the national conflicts in the background of the play.
In the early 18th century, revolutionary ideas about democracy and independence were rising around the world. Miguel Hidalgo Y Costilla, known as the founding father of Mexican independence, was inspired by these ideas. Costilla found support from the middle-class Criollos (the Mexican-born offspring of the upper-caste Spaniards), as well as a few former royalist army officers. The efforts seeking independence for Mexico became known as La Conspiracion de Queretaro (The Queretaro Conspiracy).
Costilla began Mexico’s fight for independence at midnight on September 16, 1810. The War of Independence lasted 11 years, during which revolutionary heroes Hidalgo, José María Morelos y Pavón, and Vicente Guerrero mobilized the Indian, Mestizo (people of mixed Spanish and Indigenous descent), and enslaved Black populations into the war effort by invoking the ideals of civil rights and racial equality.
In 1813, Morelos summoned the first independent congress and issued Los Sentimientos de la Nación (The Feelings of the Nation). In it, Morelos declared that the Americas should be free from monarchies, governments should emanate from the people, and all laws should be discussed in congress and affirmed by popular vote. The document recognized equality for all people and abolished caste distinctions, torture, and, significantly, slavery. Morelos, a mixed-race leader with Black, Indigenous, and European heritage, attempted to gain US President James Madison’s support for Mexican independence, which he argued pursued the same ideals as the American revolution. But American leaders were alarmed by Mexico’s looming abolition of slavery, particularly at a time when rebellions of Blacks and Native Americans in Spanish Florida seemed to pose a threat to white dominion in America.
Mexico formally declared its independence in 1821 and was promptly recognized by neighboring countries in South and North America as an independent nation.
Mexico was a large country. It included Texas and the land now known as New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, California, and part of Colorado. During its first years as a republic, Mexico experienced huge political instability, including various attempts at reconquest by the Spanish Crown, the first French intervention (which was partly subsidized by the United States), and many political disagreements between liberal and conservative groups, all of which left the country politically and economically vulnerable to the US invasion.
The large territory known as Alta California in 1846 encompassed land across today’s California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico. The earliest Spanish settlers came to California in the late 17th century, traveling northward from Mexico. Spain established a series of presidios (military forts) along California’s coastline, and created a system of Franciscan-run missions to exert control over the native population. Small towns or pueblos developed around the missions and presidios. The Spanish crown maintained control over its California territory by giving provisional land grants to select civilians (though technically the monarchy still owned the land). An alcalde, a local mayor/judge who governed over the pueblos, was appointed to serve as representative of the crown.
About 25 years before El Corrido de California begins, Alta California experienced a period of growth and independence. Under the new Mexican Republic, the mission properties were removed from the Franciscans. The land was re-granted to Mexican citizens, and for the first time, to select foreigners who swore allegiance to Catholicism. These grants were no longer subject to government control, so more land became privately owned.
A new economy built around rancheros (cattle ranchers) like the Segura family took hold along the coast, with beef and cow hides as the key commodities. Californios now had much more freedom to trade with foreigners than under Spanish rule, and merchants from Britain, Canada, France, and the United States became part of the economy. John Sutter, a German-born businessman, arrived in San Francisco in 1839 and established a large fort, which would be a stopover for the white settlers who were now entering California from the Oregon border. Many of these settlers were trappers and hunters, as well as sailors who arrived in San Francisco and stayed. It took just a few years for the new white settlers to grow resistant to Mexican authority, leading to the 1846 Bear Flag Rebellion (see below).
Alta California was organized into two districts. The larger population inhabited the Southern towns: Los Angeles, San Diego, and Santa Bárbara (the setting of the play), while the northern, less-populated district included the towns of San Luis Obispo, Puerto de Monterey, San Francisco, and Sonoma. The alcaldes remained important local rulers. Living far from the capital in Mexico City, Californios grew resistant to intervention from the central government. The last Mexican-appointed governor, Manuel Micheltorena, was so unpopular that the Californios rose up in revolt. He fled in 1845, and the Californios appointed native-born Pio Pico, a local ranchero with African heritage, as their governor. Californios thus obtained unofficial home rule, the ability to govern themselves, for a short time before the US invasion.
The term “Manifest Destiny” was used for the very first time in 1845 by John L. O’Sullivan in a pitch for the annexation of Texas to the US. The term conveys the idea that imperialistic expansion was the God-given right and the destiny of the US. This idea justified several expansionist wars, including the invasion of Mexican territory in 1846, which permitted the forced acquisition of what is now known as the Southwest.
The term has its basis in “Anglo-Saxonism,” a racial belief that emerged in Britain in the 1500s, asserting the specifically Anglo-Saxon superiority of the Caucasian race, and that was revived with aggressive nationalism by American intellectuals in the 19th century. This belief conveys a conviction that “inferior peoples” must not only assimilate to the “superior institutions'' but must ultimately be exterminated. The same Anglo-Saxons classified the “inferior peoples” and racialized any group that stood in the way of their imperialistic expansionism. Thus, the concept of “Manifest Destiny” was used to justify slavery in the south, and the removal or genocide of Native Americans in the West.
After its independence, Mexico abolished slavery, providing a safe haven for many enslaved people from the US. This created tension between the U.S and the Mexican governments. In 1826, the US tried to negotiate a treaty with Mexico for the surrender of fugitive slaves that might attempt to escape to the Mexican Republic, but the Mexican Congress denounced slavery and rejected the treaty.
In the years preceding the war with Mexico, debates raged over the role of slavery in US foreign policy. The desire for the aquisition of the Mexican territories was meant to “tip the scales” in favor of slave-owning states. In 1836, John Quincy Adams stood up in Congress to denounce Texas’s fight for independence as “a war between slavery and emancipation, (in which) every possible measure has been made, to drive us into the war, on the side of slavery.” Adams praised the abolitionist sentiments of the Mexican people, while exposing the aggression of the Anglo-Saxon expansionist values of the white settlers against Blacks, Seminoles, and Mexicans.
Before and during the Mexican-American War many abolitionist newspapers denounced the American expansion to the west as a means to expand the institution of slavery, while praising the Mexican values of equality and liberty for all. In a letter published by the National Anti-Slavery Standard in 1847, Frederick Douglass critiziced the US goverment and exposed its real intentions for the acquisition of the West:
The real character of our Government is being espoused…. The present administration is justly regarded as a combination of land-pirates and free-booters. Our gallant army in Mexico is looked upon as a band of legalized murderers and plunderers. Our psalm-singing, praying, pro-slavery priesthood are stamped with hypocrisy; and all their pretentions to a love of God, while they hate and neglect their fellow-man, is branded as imprudent blasphemy.
El Corrido de California takes place in 1846, against the background of a war already in motion. US President James K. Polk based his 1844 campaign on a message of manifest destiny and the importance of acquiring all lands across the North American continent. Specifically, Polk set his sights on territory in southern Texas and all of Mexico’s Alta California.
Some of the earliest tensions between Mexico and the United States focused on Texas. White Anglo settlers flooded into Texas soon after the Mexican independence, and soon outnumbered the Spanish-speaking Tejanos. These Anglo settlers brought aspirations for both a democratic government and a slavery-driven economy. In 1836, they rebelled against the Mexican government and declared an independent “Lone Star Republic.” In the Velasco Treaty, Texas guaranteed to Mexico that it would not join the US, but in 1845, it joined the union as a slave-holding state.
One of Polk’s first acts as President was to order US troops to occupy the area on the Rio Grande—150 miles south of the border Mexico had initially negotiated with Texas as part of its independence. Prior to any overt military aggression, this occupation was perceived as a provocation, both by Mexicans and by American opponents of Polk’s expansion policy.
Polk sent John Slidell, a Congressman and supporter of his goals, to Mexico with an offer to settle the Rio Grande as Texas’s southern border for $3.25 million, and to purchase California for $3 million. Mexico rejected Slidell’s diplomatic credentials and his purchase offers, which gave Polk the basis he needed to discuss a declaration of war with his cabinet. Soon afterwards, Mexican troops attacked a unit of American soldiers in the disputed Texas border territory, and Polk officially declared war against Mexico in May, 1846.
While much of the war was fought on land in Northern Mexico, primarily around the Rio Grande, Polk’s key objective was the conquest of California. Conflict between the Californios and the white settlers was brewing even before news of the war reached California. The rebellion of white settlers known as the “Bear Flag Rebellion” set the stage for a full-scale conquest by the US. In February 1846, the unannounced arrival of US Captain John C. Frémont and a troop of 60 American soldiers, claiming to be on a scientific expedition raised Mexican suspicions. In April of 1846, José Castro, the governor of Alta California, threatened to revoke the land grants previously issued by Mexico to some American settlers. The settlers asked Frémont to aid their cause, and though he initially claimed neutrality (while encouraging resistance), he and his troops joined their armed rebellion in June. Frémont and the American rebels captured the town of Sonoma, then moved south to take a poorly-armed Mexican fort near San Francisco. They declared an independent California Republic and raised a flag bearing a single star and the image of a grizzly. The independent republic lasted mere weeks, but it paved the way for the US to challenge Mexico’s claims to California. The rebels soon learned that America was at war with Mexico, and when an US battleship arrived at Monterey Harbor, Frémont and his men enlisted in the official US military operations.
Over the next two years, US troops conquered Northern Mexico from three directions: from southern Texas, moving southward into the Mexican state of Monterrey; from New Mexico moving west to California; and along the California coastline, aided by the US Navy. In Northern California, most of the Californios submitted without resistance to the US; however many Californios perceived the Americans as unjust invaders and took a stand to fight for their land. In September 1846, a small group of Californios drove US troops out of Los Angeles and took back control of the town. The Americans retreated, and for about six months, Californios held control of its southern district, including Santa Bárbara and San Diego. The Mexican government, facing attacks from the US on multiple fronts, was unable to provide more support; however, the Californios held their ground against the US until they were eventually outnumbered and defeated in January 1847. In Apuntes para la historia de la guerra entre México y los Estados Unidos (Notes on the History of the War between Mexico and the United States), published in 1848, a contemporary Mexican historian wrote:
This was the last effort that the children of California made in favor of the freedom and independence of their country, whose defense will always do them honor, because without resources, without elements and without instruction, they launched into an unequal struggle, in which more than once they made the invaders know what a people can do when it fights in defense of its rights.
El Corrido de California demonstrates the nationalism and pride that motivated Californios’ resistance. It also offers a critical portrayal of some of the actual Americans who would be instrumental to the conquest of California, including Navy Commodore Robert Stockton, Lt. Archibald Gillespie, and the wealthy trader Abel Stearns.
The war continued until February 1848, when Mexico surrendered and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed. Although Polk served only one term, he accomplished all of his objectives to expand the US’s hold on the continent. Despite the calls by some Americans to seize all of Mexico, the US ended up with about half: including all of California and New Mexico, and the expansion of Texas to the Rio Grande. Polk had given little heed to how the slavery debate would escalate as the nation nearly doubled in size as it expanded to the West—thereby escalating a conflict that would lead to the Civil War. In the newly conquered California, Mexican thinkers and journalists continued to express their criticism against slavery, denouncing the US's attempt to expand slavery in Latin America.
El Corrido de California ends with the words of South Carolina Senator John Calhoun during the debate over the treaty. A defender of slavery and soon-to-be leader of Southern succession, Calhoun opposed aquiring Mexican land because he feared the increase of non-white American citizens. At its heart, El Corrido de California gives voice to the identity and history of the Mexican-American people: portraying the pride with which the Californios fought for their rightful place on their own lands, and honoring their role as original inhabitants of the Southwestern territory.
The Mexican corrido is oral storytelling, usually in song form. It reached its peak in the first decade of the 19th century during the Mexican revolution. The origin of the corrido is a polemical topic among Mexican scholars. Some relate the genre to the Spanish Romance, an oral and literary tradition characteristic of the Iberic and Spanish regions. Others relate it to indigenous Pre-Hispanic oral traditions. Still others believe that the corrido is a result of mestizaje, the blend of Spanish and indigenous cultures. Corridos often focus on epic, political, and historical events, but many of them also tell the stories of everyday hardships of working class people. Throughout history, this musical expression has served as a source of information and has been used for educational purposes.
After the Mexican-American War, corridos were popular among Mexicans in the newly conquered California, serving a similar function to that of the blues in Black American culture. They provided a common way for Mexicans to build community and to find identity. Today, corridos continue to be well-liked among Mexican and Mexican-American communities, evolving throughout the years to accommodate different musical trends and subgenres. An example of an original corrido written just after the Mexican-American war can be heard here.
Upstage Guide: The Refocus ProjectReturn to the Table of Contents and learn more.
Barreiro, Alejo, et al. Apuntes para la historia de la guerra entre México y los Estados Unidos. Translated by Ana Cantoran Viramontes, edited by Alcaraz, Ramón, México, Tip. de M. Payno hijo, 1848.
“Bear Flag Revolt, June 1846.” Golden Gate National Recreation Area California. National Park Service. 28 February 2015.
Chávez, Ernesto ed. The U.S. War with Mexico: A Brief History with Documents. Bedford/St. Martin's, 2008, pp 118-120.
Creason, Glen. “CityDig: Border Problems of the 19th Century.” Los Angeles Magazine. 16 September 2015.
“Early California History: An Overview.” COLLECTION: California as I Saw It: First-Person Narratives of California's Early Years, 1849 to 1900. Library of Congress, ND.
Grivas, Theodore. “Alcalde Rule: The Nature of Local Government in Spanish and Mexican California.” California Historical Society Quarterly, vol. 40, no. 1, 1961, pp. 11–32.
“HISTORY: Fast Facts on Alta California.” Los Californianos. 2021. Accessed 18 July 2022.
“John Slidell.” A Continent Divided: The U.S.-Mexico War. Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, UT Arlington Library Special Collections, 2022.
“La Conspiración de Querétaro (1810).” Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional, Gobierno de México, Momentos Estelares.
“La Revolución Mexicana y los Estados Unidos.” COLLECTION: México de la Independencia a la Reforma, 1800-1857. Library of Congress.
“209 Aniversario de la independencia de México.” Biblioteca de Publicaciones Oficiales del Gobierno de la República. 13 September 2019.
“Las Revoluciones de México. El Proceso Independentista de México.” Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México, 2015.
Porrúa, Miguel Angel. Documentos para la Historia del México Independiente 1800-1938. Editorial, Porrua, 2010, pp. 290-306.
“Federalismo y Centralismo.” Portal Académico Universidad Autónoma de México.
“The Myth of Manifest Destiny.” Jstor Daily. 5 May 2002.
Robert C. Bannister. (1982). "Review Of "Race And Manifest Destiny: The Origins Of Racial AngloSaxonism" By R. Horsman." Pennsylvania Magazine Of History And Biography. Volume 106, Issue 2. 309-310.
“Speech of John Quincy Adams on the Joint resolutions for distributing rations to the distressed fugitives from indian hostilities in the states of Alabama and Georgia, 1836 May 25.” Keith Read, Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, The University of Georgia Libraries, Digital Library of Georgia.
Ortiz, Paul. An African American and Latinx History of the United States. Beacon Press, 2018, pp. 33-53.
Pinheiro, John C. “James K. Polk: Impact and Legacy.” Miller Center, UVA, 26 June 2017.
“REMEMBER THE ALAMO: The Republic of Texas.” American Experience. PBS. ND.
“Sentimientos de la Nación.” Orden Jurídico, Constitución de 1813, Gobierno de México.
“The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.” Hispanic Reading Room, Hispanic Division. The Library of Congress, 9 Mar. 2022.
“War In The West.” A Continent Divided: The U.S.-Mexico War. Center for Greater Southwestern Studies,UT Arlington Library Special Collections, 2022.
Zinn, Howard. A People's History of the United States. New York: Harper & Row, 1990, pp 149-169.
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The construction industry is notoriously inexact, and any project is filled with uncertainty. What mysterious ruins will be found digging for the foundations? What critical components will not be delivered on time? Who’s even going to turn up on site today? As a casual viewer of Grand Designs will tell you, budgets and schedules are hopelessly inexact, and the inability to make construction more efficient and reliable has held the industry back for a long time. But when Meg Hillier, chair of the public accounts committee, recently suggested to Building that the cost of refurbishing the Houses of Parliament would be ‘at least’ £12 billion, three times the official estimate of £4 billion, even the most cynical ears should have pricked up. What on earth could possibly justify a cost of that magnitude?
To help put this into perspective, when the Scottish Parliament building at Holyrood was completed in 2003, its construction process was considered to have been such a fiasco that the Fraser Inquiry was held. What had occurred such that the original budget of £50 million had ended up costing the taxpayer more than £400 million? This was widely thought a scandal, and the errors of inexperienced clients and panglossian contractors, not to mention the disruption of the architect and main client’s sudden deaths, were quite the embarrassment.
Before work has commenced in Westminster, where do we expect that money to be going? The complex as a whole contains buildings that were built nine centuries ago, although the majority was erected in the building programme from 1840–70. Since that time, within and without, there have been endless partial refurbishments and repairs, from the damage sustained in the Second World War to a constant process of making good and retouching. The Pugin decorations, key to the visual image of the parliament, are artworks in and of themselves and require specialist conservation. The general fabric of the building is old and decrepit, stonework is spalling and crumbling, which itself requires particular and expensive craftsmanship to repair, while the Thames is constantly trying to break through the foundations. But beyond this, the mechanical systems of the building are stretched way beyond limits. Decades of upgraded electrical circuits, IT infrastructure, heating, cooling, ventilation, fire safety and of course security mean that, understood as a system, the Houses of Parliament are constantly on the verge of collapse, conflagration, or both.
It may well be a red herring to think of this project as being comparable to other buildings, rather, perhaps a large infrastructure project such as Crossrail (£19bn and counting) is a better comparison. But Crossrail has involved digging massive tunnels directly underneath central London, and it’s right to ask what could possibly be making up these sums for just one large building.
One major part of the process is emptying out the Palace of Westminster, which means that the MPs and all their staff will have to occupy other premises temporarily. Those sites will need to be upgraded to be made fully secure and functional for the peculiar business of parliament, which is a massive undertaking. The most recent proposal for this was to convert various nearby buildings including a new temporary House of Commons in Richmond House on Whitehall, an interesting neo-Tudor postmodern building by William Whitfield, a proposal that the Twentieth Century Society and others campaigned against. Even this part of the process was potentially a £1bn project, while other suggestions included relocating parliament out of London entirely for the duration.
In this context, £12 billion represents a colossal builder’s sucking of teeth, as the myriad variables involved, from the presence of asbestos to precise IT requirements decades from now, have barely begun to be listed, let alone quantified, and that’s before we even get near thinking about fluctuating building costs in the wake of Brexit and Covid. Indeed, a week after Hillier’s admission, Building reported that the project is years away from having anything like a firm set of costs, and many reams of reports will be needed before anything other than a vague guess can be hazarded. But in construction, provisional sums tend to resolve upwards, and it all begins to force the question on the country as a whole, of whether or not this is all worth it?
The great value, but also potential liability, of a parliament building is that it plays such a fundamental representational role for the nation. In smoother times this normally works through metaphors of order, justice, morality and so forth, and architecturally this can range from the borrowed gravitas of neoclassicism, such as the US Capitol, to the more recent metaphoric transparency of the rebuilt Reichstag or poetic modernism of the Scottish Parliament. In London, Charles Barry and Pugin’s Gothic revival played, at the time, a role of suggesting the strong Christian virtue of this then-most powerful of nations, an organic social form for the first industrialised nation. More recently this meaning has transmuted into something to do with ‘heritage’, as the view of the House of Parliament from Westminster bridge, with accompanying Routemaster bus, has become such an important part of the global image of the UK as a tourist destination, its glories in the past.
In more negative times, as recently demonstrated with the storming of the Capitol, the representational role of a parliament is as a lightning rod of discontent – the heart of the problem, so to speak – and the prominence of the parliament is that of a palace set against the people. Faced with this potentially vast taxpayer’s bill, it’s hard not to conclude, in the case of the UK, that parliament represents something deeper about the national psyche. Could it be that our famous system of muddling through, of tinkering rather than systematising, our parsimonious inability to make hay when the sun shines, has led to this predicament? After decades of its custodians refusing to face the music, it is easy to imagine parliament as an old mansion collecting rain in buckets placed all around, and the representatives of the people as a host of Miss Havershams.
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How Do Electricity Shortages Affect Industry? Evidence from India
88 Pages Posted: 19 Mar 2014 Last revised: 2 Aug 2021
Date Written: March 2014
We estimate the effects of electricity shortages on Indian manufacturers, instrumenting with supply shifts from hydroelectric power availability. We estimate that India’s average reported level of shortages reduces the average plant’s revenues and producer surplus by five to ten percent, but average productivity losses are significantly smaller because most inputs can be stored during outages. Shortages distort the plant size distribution, as there are significant economies of scale in generator costs and shortages more severely affect plants without generators. Simulations show that offering interruptible retail electricity contracts could substantially reduce the impact of shortages.
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation
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The humanitarian impact of the deadly Typhoon Haiyan has been massive since its landfall on 8 November 2013. The Philippines authorities have reported that as of 27 November, the death toll is about 5,500 people. Up to 10 -13 million people have been affected by the storm across 44 provinces with over 1.1 million houses damaged, about half of which have been completely destroyed.
Close to three weeks since Typhoon Haiyan made the landfall, national and international emergency relief assistance have been reaching many of the most affected communities. Access to the affected communicates is improving, although there remain huge logistical challenges due to congestion of airports in Tacloban and Cebu. Concerns remain for more remote communities in the small islands to the north of Cebu and Panay, which are much harder to reach.
Despite the scope and scale of the disaster, the Filipino people are demonstrating their resilience. It is clear that many communities are moving into the recovery phase, and the primary focus is shelter. Mid and longer-term recovery plans are now being developed to cover livelihood and more permanent shelter needs. The health need is also gradually shifting from emergency health to public health and primary health services.
Red Cross Actions
Philippine Red Cross
The following actions have been completed by 23 November 2013:
The PRC has provided more than 36,000 families with food and reached more than 19,000 people with hygiene kits as well as health/hygiene promotion activities; Two health stations have been set up, providing medical service and consultations to over 1,700 people. In addition, over 17,700 people living in overcrowded conditions at evacuation centers have been reached with health and hygiene promotion messages; PRC has established 29 Welfare Desks which provide one-stop services including restoring family links (RFL) and psychosocial support. So far about 28,600 people have been assisted with this programme; A blood bank in Leyte provincial hospital run by PRC is now functional; PRC has mobilized over 6,200 volunteers (over 60% of total PRC volunteers) to support the operation. A total of 29 PRC chapters in the affected areas have been operational since the start of the disaster, supported by an additional 14 chapters from across the country.
International Red Cross
Emergency Appeal was launched by International Red Cross on 12 November for a total of CHF 87 million (approximately HKD 730 million) to support 136,000 families (approximately 680,000 people) with food, clean water, shelter and other essential relief over a period of 18 months; At present, 11 Emergency Response Units (ERUs) and 2 Rapid Deployment Hospitals are deployed with the capacity in logistics, IT/telecom, relief, water and sanitation and health care to most affected areas;
The two basic health care ERUs are fully operational since 21 November and over the course of two days, have treated 173 patients; A Water and Sanitation Emergency Response Unit (ERU) is in Tolosa, filling a crucial gap in water supply. The team has been distributing 60 cubic meters of water per day. Hong Kong Red Cross Actions The Hong Kong Red Cross (HKRC) has launched an emergency appeal to the Hong Kong public since 12 November for donations to support its typhoon relief operations in the areas. HKRC also staged street fundraising activities in five spots across the territory on 17 November. As of 27 November, a total of approximately HKD 13.6 million has been received from the generosity of HK public.
A total of HK$3.5 million has been allocated by the HKRC for emergency relief in the Philippines, providing 3,250 family hygiene kits and supporting 6,750 families with food pack, blankets and sleeping mats. In total it will benefit about 50,000 people.
HKRC has deployed 4 medical volunteers to support International Red Cross to the Philippines to deliver emergency health care service to the affected people. All the four volunteers have arrived in the disaster-hit areas (Leyte, Cebu and Samar) and started providing the services.
HKRC has deployed one expert in restoring family link (RFL) to support the Philippine Red Cross on tracing activities aiming to help those who lost touch with their family members.
Psycho-social support has been provided to Hong Kong Public. By 18 November, a total of 68 times of Psychological Support Service were provided. Around 180 Filipino participants attended the psycho-education session conducted by the HKRC at the Philippine Consulate on 17 November. Another 80 Filipino domestic helpers were approached by the community outreach by volunteers. English and Tagalog version of the pamphlets about the post-disaster psychological well-being and self care were distributed.
Please call 2802-0016, fax to 2802-0017 or email to firstname.lastname@example.org.
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The Martyr Sozontes
Commemorated on September 7
The Martyr Sozontes, a native of Likaonea, was a shepherd. He read the Holy Scriptures attentively, and he loved to share his knowledge about the One God with the shepherds who gathered together with him. He brought many to the faith in Christ and to Baptism. By night-time once, when he sat under an oak tree, he had a vision foretelling his deed of martyrdom for Christ. He set off to the city of Cilician Pompeiopolis, where a festal pagan celebration was being prepared for a golden idol, standing in a pagan temple. Unseen by anyone, saint Sozontes went into the pagan temple and broke off the hand of the idol, and having smashed it he gave the gold to the poor. The missing hands of the idol caused an uproar and commotion in the city: many were under suspicion, given over to interrogation and torture. Not wanting to be the cause ofd suffering for other people, Saint Sozontes went to the emperor Maximian (284-305) and declared, that it was he that broke the hand from the idol. "I did this, – he said, – so that ye might see the lack of power of your god, which offered me no resistance. It is not a god, but rather a deaf and dumb idol. I wanted to smash it all into pieces, so that people would no longer worship its wrought hands". The emperor in a fitful rage commanded that Saint Sozontes be tortured mercilessly. They hung him up and struck at him with iron claws, and then they put on his legs iron shackles with nails inside and took him through the city. After this they again suspended him and beat him with iron rods until his bones broke. In these terrible torments Saint Sozontes gave up his spirit to God (+ c. 304). By decree of the emperor, slaves set a strong fire so as to burn the body of the martyr, but suddenly lightning flashed, it thundered loudly and a strong rain poured down over the flames of the fire. Christians took the body of the martyr by night and gave it over to burial. By his grave and at the place where he had the vision, there occurred healing of many of the sick. A church later was built in memory of the sufferings of the holy martyr.
© 1996-2001 by translator Fr. S. Janos.
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Author: Brian Wu PhD. MD Candidate, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA; Chief Editor: Hon A/Prof Amanda Oakley, Dermatologist, Hamilton, New Zealand, February 2016.
Adams-Oliver syndrome is a rare condition characterised by various malformations of the limbs and abnormal skin development, particularly on the scalp.
Adams-Oliver syndrome is also known as:
Adams-Oliver syndrome is considered to be very rare, with an incidence of about 1 in 225,000 live births. The aetiology is unknown. However:
Adams-Oliver syndrome is caused by genetic mutations in at least 6 genes:
The primary features of Adams-Oliver syndrome include:
Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and symptoms, patient/family history and imaging.
There is no cure for Adams-Oliver syndrome; treatment focuses in on symptom management and can include:
Long-term prognosis for Adams-Oliver syndrome is difficult to predict: it is not adequately described in medical literature due to a dearth of cases.
It should be noted that, in absence of major abnormalities, those with this condition should have a normal lifespan.
© 2019 DermNet New Zealand Trust.
DermNet NZ does not provide an online consultation service. If you have any concerns with your skin or its treatment, see a dermatologist for advice.
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Acts 8 Philip and the Ethiopian Preschool Letter Coloring
Description: In this Philip and the Ethiopian activity page, we’ll take a key letter from each lesson for your kids to learn about and color. Just one more way to help your Acts 8 PreK lesson stick!
More From This Lesson: Acts 8 Philip and the Ethiopian Preschool Lesson
The Acts 8 Philip and the Ethiopian Preschool lesson tells of how the Apostle Philip follows the command of an angel to go to Gaza. On the way Philip encounters an Ethiopian man reading Isaiah 53. The Ethiopian isn't far from being baptized! Inside this PreK Bible lesson you’ll find a beautiful Bible video, easy-to-use curriculum, and fun printable activities that include coloring pages, mazes, connect-the-dots, word picture match and more!
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AMA Format Citation Generator for Newspaper Article
Whenever you need to write an urgent paper it makes you stay up all night long. It results in a ready assignment though with no list of reference. No matter how well you have prepared your task it will be graded poorly. Take into account the following fact if a paper is deprived of a reference list it is doomed to failure. That is why start preparing your bibliography gradually. If your teacher assigned you to write your course paper in AMA referencing style look up AMA style 10th edition on the Internet. It contains the latest changes which have been implemented. In this article we are going to tell you how online citation generator works when you deal with newspapers.
AMA Referencing Style for a Newspaper
Firstly, you need to figure out how free AMA newspaper citation generator functions. Here we are going to present you a concise instruction. Once you have found AMA newspaper citation generator the first thing you do is inserting a website address of your article into a needed window. AMA referencing style for a newspaper will be quickly done automatically. Upon placing the website address you will see:
Author of Webpage: Edward Lucas
Title of Webpage: Our ignorance opens the door to cybercriminals
Name of Website: The Times
Date Accessed/Viewed: 15.02.2017
On pressing the button “generate” you will get the full reference that looks like that:
- Lucas E. Our ignorance opens the door to cybercriminals. the Times. http://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/comment/our-ignorance-opens-the-door-to-cybercriminals-cchsb8cz3. Accessed February 15, 2017.
This is the example of correctly done reference by means of AMA format citation generator for newspaper article. Don’t forget to write a superscript above in order to indicate the passage which prompted you to certain conclusions.
You will breeze through creating your bibliography thanks to technologies of 21st century. Nowadays, there is no need for boring manual typing.
AMA in-Text Newspaper Citation
Now, let’s take an example when you need to create AMA in-text newspaper citation. We are using such a source as The Guardian. The algorithm of your actions is the same as with the previous example. Mind the number of the superscript placing above: “And women have to become incredibly modest and flawless, hiding a past that had very often embraced modernity but that couldn’t keep on embracing it.” ² This is your in-text citation number 2. This figure links your citation with the list of reference. Insert the web address of your article. Here what you have:
Author of Webpage: Sam Johns
Title of Webpage: Voices of Spanish women
Name of Website: The Guardian
Date Accessed/Viewed: 15.02.2017
Afterward, press the button “generate” firmly and get your reference linked with in-text citation.
The challenge of newspaper article citation is not so scary. If your assignment contains 100 pages or even more the list of reference might be placed on 10 pages. It will take you a short period of time including the part with AMA citation generator.
We hope this article will be of a great help for student who are faced with AMA referencing style. Carry out requirements of your teachers at the highest level!
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Also available in
Informational (nonfiction) 1,775 words, Level T (Grade 3), Lexile 860L.Severe Weather is a factual text that discusses temperature, air pressure, wind, and moisture, which combine to form various kinds of weather patterns. Thunderstorms, tornadoes, hurricanes, and blizzards are all forms of extreme weather that are discussed in this book. The book also talks about safety precautions that people can take to minimize the risk of injury during severe weather.
Printable and Projectable Book at Raz-Plus.com
Use of Raz-Plus.com materials requires the purchase of a subscription to Raz-Plus.com.
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Here are answers to some questions I’ve gotten about the Electoral College since Election Day:
Q. What is the Electoral College?
A. It’s not an educational institution! The term “college” is a typical 18th century latinate usage, based on the Latin word “collegium,” meaning a club or guild. (This another example of why knowledge of Latin is so important to constitutional studies.) The “Electoral College” is a collective phrase for all presidential electors. The “college” never actually meets in one place. To avoid mob behavior and undue special interest influence, the Constitution requires that each state’s electors convene in their state capital and vote there.
Q. Where does the Electoral College get its power?
A. From the American people, acting through the Constitution. This is one of a number of cases in which the Constitution delegates special functions to persons or entities not part of the federal government or not acting in their usual governmental capacities. In addition to delegating presidential election to the Electoral College, the Constitution grants special powers and duties to state legislatures, state governors, conventions, individual houses of Congress, and so forth.
Q. Who chooses the Electoral College members?
A. Each state legislature determines how that state’s electors are chosen. Since about 1860, all state legislatures have delegated the authority to the voters. That could be changed, however. For example, if the Supreme Court had not stopped the Florida “Bush vs. Gore” recount in 2000, the Florida state legislature could have appointed its own electors. Because the Florida legislature was Republican, there really was no uncertainty about how the national election would turn out. The widespread belief that the election results were unknown was partly a product of constitutional and political ignorance, partly media spin, and partly political manipulation.
Q. How is the number of members of the Electoral College calculated?
A. The Constitution specifies that the District of Columbia gets the same number as the smallest state (now three) and that each state gets as many electors as it has both Senators and Representatives.
Q Where did the Electoral College number come from?
A. The District of Columbia received its right to choose electors from the 23th Amendment. The Senator + Representative formula is a survival of early proposals in the Constitutional Convention that the president be elected by Congress.
Q. What is the role of the House of Representatives in presidential elections?
A. If no candidate wins a majority of the electoral vote, the outgoing (lameduck) House chooses the next president from among the top three candidates. In doing so, the House votes by state—that is, each state delegation gets one vote, and a majority of states is necessary to elect. In 2000 (as now) the House was Republican, both per capita and by state delegation—which was another reason the so-called uncertainty that year was illusory.
Q. May the Electoral College vote for anyone they wish?
A. Yes. State laws bind many electors, but the constitutionality of those laws is questionable. Even if they are valid, state laws can’t stop an elector from voting as he wishes. They can only punish him after the fact.
Q. Do you favor adopting direct popular election for the president and vice president?
A. At one time I did, but I’ve been persuaded that direct popular election would be impractical, and probably would increase greatly the chances of election fraud. In close races, it would necessitate a national recount. In 2000, the recount was limited to Florida, but under a popular vote system it would have been national. That could have created uncertainty lasting many months, possibly leading to constitutional crisis.
Q. Any other reasons to keep the Electoral College?
A. Yes. People think the country is divided now—but direct popular election could make the situation much worse. It would encourage regional candidates and encourage national candidates to focus on running up big totals in some regions rather than working to attract truly national support. Such a development could even raise the chances of civil war.
Q. Civil war? Come on! Really?
A. Yes. Under the Electoral College system a purely regional candidate has won only once. That was in 1860. Election of a candidate supported only by one section and widely loathed elsewhere led directly to civil war. (Note: I am NOT saying Lincoln shouldn’t have been elected.)
A. Any other reasons for supporting the Electoral College?
The Electoral College offers another five weeks or so after the popular election in which Americans get a “second look.” If in the interim the presidential candidate dies or becomes incapacitated or new information surfaces that radically change the previously-assumed facts, then the electors may choose someone else.
Q. Who regulates the presidential election and specifically the election of the Electoral College?
A. In recent decades, Congress has adopted various measures to regulate the presidential election. The Supreme Court has upheld congressional regulation of presidential elections, but without serious analysis. From the standpoint of the Constitution, however, those measures are almost certainly unconstitutional. The Constitution and associated history are clear that the election of each state’s presidential electors are regulated by the state legislatures.
Q. What is the practical result of electing a candidate who wins a majority in the Electoral College but not a majority of the popular vote?
A. A candidate may win a majority of the electoral college while winning only a plurality of the popular vote (e.g., in 1992 and 1996) or while failing to win even a plurality (as in 2000 and 2016). Both means the candidate was elected president, but the presidential election provides no popular mandate for any particular program (although accompanying elections for Congress may provide a mandate). This kind of election result means the new president must exercise great political skill during the coming term in office.
You have to qualify those statements if the reason the candidate didn’t win a majority or plurality was because other candidates politically closer to the winner than to the loser siphoned off support from the winner. A particularly dicey situation arises if a major candidate wins a popular plurality only because a third party candidate takes from the runner up (as in 1992).
Q. Currently there is a campaign to convince presidential electors supporting Donald Trump to switch to other candidates. Is that legitimate?
A. It’s technically legal, if that is what you mean. It is profoundly disturbing, however, because it seeks to interject into the Electoral College the kind of stampeding pressures the institution was created to avoid. It is further evidence that we have in our midst a large number of political activists who reject the very premises of American constitutional government.
Latest posts by Rob Natelson (see all)
- New Info on the Constitution’s Ratification. Part II: New Hampshire - May 21, 2018
- New Info on the Constitution’s Ratification. Part I: South Carolina - May 11, 2018
- Unconstitutional? Extra-Constitutional? What’s the Difference? - April 25, 2018
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Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?
IPM is an approach to solving pest problems by applying our knowledge
about pests to prevent them from damaging crops, harming animals,
infesting buildings or otherwise interfering with our livelihood or
enjoyment of life. IPM means responding to pest problems with the most
effective, least-risk option.
Under IPM, actions are taken to control pests only when their numbers
are likely to exceed acceptable levels. Any action taken is designed to
target the troublesome pest, and limit the impact on other organisms and
Applying pesticides to crops, animals, buildings or landscapes on a
routine basis, regardless of need, is not IPM. Applications of
pesticides are always the last resort in an IPM program.
Agricultural "IPM Year" graphic and text courtesy of Cornell
What are the Principles and Practices of IPM?
Agricultural IPM and Structural IPM (also known as Urban or Building IPM) differ in many ways but share the same basic principles of prevention, monitoring, careful analysis of risk, and risk-reduction. Some key practices of Agricultural IPM include:
Soil Preparation: Growers give their plants a head start on
pest problems by choosing the proper site, testing the soil, rotating
crops, creating raised beds where necessary, and providing sufficient
Planting: Growers plant crops that tolerate common problems,
altering planting time and spacing to discourage certain diseases and
Forecasting: Weather data
are consulted to predict if and when
pest outbreaks will occur. Treatments can then be properly timed,
preventing crop damage and saving sprays.
Pest Trapping: Traps that are attractive to insects are used so
that growers can pinpoint when the pest has arrived and decide whether
control is justified.
Monitoring: Growers inspect representative areas of the fields
regularly to determine whether pests are approaching a damaging level.
Thresholds: Before treating, growers wait until pest populations
reach a scientifically determined level that could cause economic
damage. Until that threshold is reached, the cost of yield and quality
loss will be less than the cost for control.
Cultural Controls: The pest's environment it then disrupted by
turning under crop residues, sterilizing greenhouse tools, and
Biological Controls: It is necessary for growers to conserve the
many beneficial natural enemies already at work. They import and use
additional biologicals where effective.
Chemical Controls: Growers select the most effective and
appropriate pesticide and properly calibrate sprayers. They then verify
that weather conditions will permit good coverage without undue drift.
Recordkeeping: Records of pest traps, weather and treatment are
kept for use in pest management decisions.
Urban or Structural IPM is the practice of managing pests in human structures and urban environments using proactive, preventative, knowledge-based and low-risk methods. Structural IPM's key practices include:
Inspection and Monitoring: Pest management professionals perform close inspections of structures and landscaping to accurately diagnose pest problems and their sources. They employ monitoring devices such as bait stations and insect sticky traps to stay fully informed about pest populations and pest-conducive conditions.
Sanitation, Pest-Proofing and Exclusion: Nutrition sources, breeding grounds and pest harborage are identified and eliminated to remove supporting conditions for pests. Methods of entry for pests are identified and sealed up, effectively barring them from structures.
Communication: Pest management professionals educate building occupants about pest-conducive conditions, pest biology and behavior, and on effective methods of management that they can take to prevent, report and manage pests.
Recordkeeping: Pest management professionals keep detailed records of pest trap catches, pesticide applications and recommendations to occupants for full transparency and justification of the actions they take.
Low-Risk Pesticides: If pesticide use is necessary, pest management professionals select products with an educated awareness and a careful assessment of their risk. They limit themselves to low-risk formulations such as baits, gels and dusts, applied in ways intended to minimize risk to non-target organisms. This may include applying pesticides in inaccessible voids, cracks and crevices and in locked and affixed bait stations. In general, they avoid treating exposed baseboards and surfaces with spray-applied, residual-active pesticides.
Back to Top of Page
Who can use
Anyone who deals with pest problems can use IPM. Farmers,
greenhouse growers, facility managers, grounds maintenance personnel, pest management professionals, homeowners and apartment dwellers can all learn how to apply least-risk solutions
to prevent pest trouble or respond to problems when they arise.
What are pesticide
Pesticide hazards include
acute, immediate toxicity to humans and other non-target organisms;
chronic or long-term toxicity such as cancer; and environmental contamination of the air, or ground and surface water. Information on many
of these potential hazards for specific pesticides can be found on
pesticide labels, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) and resources such
as the National Pesticide Information Center or the Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Pesticide Database.
Recent studies document the need for continued
reductions in hazardous pesticide use and practices. The Heinz Center's State of the Nation's Ecosystems evaluation of our nation’s
ecosystems in 2002 reported that seventy-five percent of streams tested had more than five pesticide contaminants.
A 2006 US Geological Survey review of 51 studies over ten years reported that 96% of fish, 100% of surface water, and 33% of major aquifers sampled from 1992 to 2001 contained one or more pesticides. Nearly 10% of stream sites and 1.2% of ground water sites in agricultural areas, and 6.7% of stream and 4.8% of ground water site in urban areas contained pesticides at concentrations exceeding benchmarks for human health derived from US EPA standards and guidelines for drinking water.
The adult human body is similarly contaminated with pesticides, pesticide-related compounds and other synthetic chemicals. A
2002 study led by Mount Sinai School of Medicine researchers found an average of 91 industrial compounds, pollutants and other chemicals in the blood and urine of nine volunteers.
A total of 167 chemicals were found in these individuals, none of whom worked with chemicals occupationally or lived near industrial facilities. Of the 167 chemicals found, 17 were pesticides or pesticide breakdown products. Seventy-six were carcinogens, 94 neurotoxins, and 79 developmental or reproductive toxins.
Pests can also become resistant to pesticides, increasing control
costs, crop losses or other pest damage. Many natural enemies of pests
are killed by pesticides, freeing pests from these natural controls.
According to a US General
Accountability Office report in 1999, information is currently not collected to fully document the extent of pest problems and pesticide use.
Data on impacts of pest infestation and pesticide use on children as well as the general public are lacking. Data of short-term illnesses due to pesticide exposure are
limited. Documentation would be difficult to obtain even if concerted efforts were made due to the multiple potential causes for short and long-term symptoms and illnesses associated with exposure to pests and pesticides.
These unknown or poorly understood potential hazards argue for additional levels of protection including exposures to multiple pesticides, at home, at school and in the diet; exposure to chemicals in combination with pesticides such as pharmaceuticals, industrial compounds and personal care products; and the general difficulty in attributing chronic illnesses to any one particular cause.
Pesticides are powerful
tools for responding to persistent pest problems.
It’s not smart, effective or affordable to use these tools when they
are not necessary. Using IPM to prevent pest problems and
minimize reliance on pesticides is the best solution for
a healthy environment for everyone.
Back to Top of Page
Are all pesticides "bad"?
Most pesticide problems are caused by a small number of the
pesticides available today. Many low hazard pesticides are available, and
more are being developed each year from both naturally occurring and
synthetic materials. However, pesticide use without regard to need or
potential hazard is always a poor choice, and rarely solves pest problems.
Improvements in pest management are
needed, and pesticides will likely always be a part of the
solution. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), malaria continues to kill more than 1 million annually.
Asthma incidence and asthma-associated morbidity is increasing in inner city children in the U.S.
Asthma is associated with cockroach allergen sensitivity and exposure as well as exposure to pesticides.
(Download a review
of pest and pesticide associations with asthma in PDF format.)
Other persistent and emerging pest problems include vectored human and animal diseases such as West Nile virus, Eastern equine encephalitis and Lyme disease; plant pests and diseases such as emerald ash borer and soybean rust; and more than 170 noxious aquatic, terrestrial or parasitic weeds continue to challenge pest managers in the U.S. and elsewhere, and demand effective pest management measures.
Since 2003, the majority of new pesticide registrations have met
criteria set by EPA for "reduced risk" including lower hazards
to human health and non-target organisms, and reduce potential for contamination of groundwater, surface water, and other environmental resources.
These EPA "reduced risk" pesticides include biopesticides,
which are naturally occurring substances, microorganisms, or pesticidal substances produced by plants containing genetic material introduced specifically to control pests.
How does IPM reduce
IPM reduces hazards by reducing overall pesticide use, using
least hazardous pesticides when there is a demonstrated need, and taking
special protective measures to reduce pesticide exposure living
organisms and the environment.
does IPM differ from Organic?
IPM allows the use of pesticides, fertilizers and other
materials made from synthetic materials when necessary. Organic certification programs
largely restrict allowable pesticides to those made from natural materials. Pesticides
used in organic programs can also have harmful effects on humans,
animals and the environment, and must be used carefully and only when
needed. IPM strategies can also help organic programs reduce hazards when used in conjunction. For more information on what makes something "organic," read about the different certifying bodies and the standards they use.
Back to Top of Page
is "IPM Certification"?
Certification implies that
a professional, product or service meets a well-defined standard. Certification can be a powerful tool to demonstrate to customers,
neighbors and peers in your profession that your pest management
practices meet the highest standards for reduced hazard and effectiveness.
Many programs include IPM as a standard that must
be met prior to certification. Not all programs require IPM performance to
the same degree - some programs have minimal IPM requirements and other truly
seek to identify top IPM performers. For an independent rating of many
certification programs addressing pest management, visit www.ecolabels.org.
The IPM Institute has worked with public
agencies, non-governmental organizations and industry to develop and implement
meaningful programs incorporating IPM standards. Clients have included
Whole Foods Market, Food Alliance, Protected Harvest, SYSCO Corporation and the Universities of
Wisconsin, Florida, Cornell and Rutgers.
Green Shield Certified is a structural pest management certification program for pest management providers, facilities and programs, created and administered by the IPM Institute. Green Shield Certified's standards were based on IPM STAR, the IPM Institute's award-winning IPM certification program for public schools and childcare facilities.
Back to Top of Page
can my products or services become IPM Certified?
Pest control operators, farmers, buildings and grounds
managers, wildlife management specialists, crop consultants and others
can have their products or
services certified under a variety of programs that use IPM as a
To find out if you or your organization, products or services are
eligible for certification, contact the IPM
Institute. Anyone can join the Institute and support its efforts to
reduce pesticide hazards.
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This GCSE Physics quiz on light takes a second look at lenses. When the word lens was first used, it was defined as 'a piece of glass to regulate light rays'. The word comes from the Latin name for the lentil plant as the lentils themselves have a similar shape to the bi-convex pieces of glass that were used at the time for magnifying things. Since that time (the end of the 17th century), many different forms of lens have been devised. They are also made from many different substances, including plastic and there are even gravitational lenses. These are objects in space that have such a large gravitational attraction that they can bend light.
The earliest lenses were convex, so therefore they are classed as being converging lenses - lenses that bring rays of light to a place called the focal point.
At the focal point, they create an image that can be seen on a screen. This made them useful as they acted as a magnifying glass, but they could also be used to focus the Sun's heat on a small area. The heat was concentrated and they could be used to start fires. A lens that is flat on one side has the prefix plano- so a convex lens that is flat on one side is called a plano-convex lens. Lenses with concave surfaces cause light rays to diverge (spread apart) and are therefore referred to as diverging lenses.
Some lenses are more powerful than others, more curvature means that they will bend light through a larger angle and the focal length will be shorter. The power of a lens is measured in dioptres. A more powerful lens will bring light to a focus closer than a less powerful lens so the dioptre is defined as the reciprocal of the focal length. Theoretically a dioptre has the SI units of m-1 but it is not an officially recognised SI unit and can be written just as the number, without units. It is of particular use to opticians as it is a lot easier to specify a lens of a certain power to correct sight defects.
Lenses refract different wavelengths of light through different angles so white light that passes through a lens is split into its constituent colours. This is called chromatic aberration and was a big problem to makers of early optical instruments. Chromatic aberration makes an image less sharp and you can see a coloured 'halo' around the edges. When you are looking at tiny objects or distant objects like stars and planets, it is unhelpful as they appear to be slightly fuzzy. It was eventually discovered that different types of glass had different chromatic aberration and that putting two types of glass together to form a compound lens solved the problem. A lens system that does not suffer from chromatic aberration is described as being achromatic.
The eye is an optical instrument and often crops up in questions about optics in physics GCSE papers. You need therefore to be familiar with the main parts of the eye and their functions. The part of the eye that focusses the light is the lens. The shape of the lens is controlled by the ciliary muscles. To view distant objects, the shape of the lens needs to be changed to be thinner and vice-versa. The light rays are focussed onto the retina. The changes in the lens that allow it to be focused on near and far objects is called accommodation.
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Based on Loyd #19. The purpose of this experiment is to utilize the properties of pendulum oscillation to verify constants such as gravity. In this experiment, students will determine how the period of a pendulum is dependent only on the length of the pendulum and not the mass of the object.
|Weight Hangers, 100g||JE-105A-D42, D43, D45||1 per table|
|Timer, - MyChron, Battery||JE-105A-D62||1 per table|
|1 per table|
|Pendulum Bobs (Balls)||JE-105A-D92||1 per table|
|Meter Stick - 2.00m||JE-105A-(105 Door-L)||1 per table|
|Clamp, Pendulum||JE-105A-D65||1 per table|
This lab requires laptops. The computer cart containing the laptops can be wheeled by faculty into the lab room.
Make sure that the room has plenty of paper.
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That neat and tidy map of tastes on the tongue you learned in school is all wrong
Everybody has seen the tongue map – that little diagram of the tongue with different sections neatly cordoned off for different taste receptors. Sweet in the front, salty and sour on the sides and bitter at the back.
It’s possibly the most recognizable symbol in the study of taste, but it’s wrong. In fact, it was debunked by chemosensory scientists (the folks who study how organs, like the tongue, respond to chemical stimuli) long ago.
The ability to taste sweet, salty, sour and bitter isn’t sectioned off to different parts of the tongue. The receptors that pick up these tastes are actually distributed all over. We’ve know this for a long time.
And yet you probably saw the map in school when you learned about taste. So where did it come from?
Origins of the taste map
That familiar but not-quite-right map has its roots in a 1901 paper, Zur Psychophysik des Geschmackssinnes, by German scientist David P Hänig.
Hänig set out to measure the thresholds for taste perception around the edges of the tongue (what he referred to as the “taste belt”) by dripping stimuli corresponding to salty, sweet, sour and bitter tastes in intervals around the edges of the tongue.
It is true that the tip and edges of the tongue are particularly sensitive to tastes, as these areas contain many tiny sensory organs called taste buds.
Hänig found that there was some variation around the tongue in how much stimulus it took for a taste to register. Though his research never tested for the now-accepted fifth basic taste, umami (the savory taste of glutamate, as in monosodium glutamate or MSG), Hänig’s hypothesis generally holds up. Different parts of the tongue do have a lower threshold for perceiving certain tastes, but these differences are rather minute.
MesserWoland via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA
The problem isn’t with Hänig’s findings. It’s how he decided to present that information. When Hänig published his results, he included a line graph of his measurements. The graph plots the relative change in sensitivity for each taste from one point to the next, not against other tastes.
It was more of an artistic interpretation of his measurements than an accurate representation of them. And that made it look as though different parts of the tongue were responsible for different tastes, rather than showing that some parts of the tongue were slightly more sensitive to certain tastes than others.
But that artful interpretation still doesn’t get us to the taste map. For that, we need to look to Edwin G Boring. In the 1940s, this graph was reimagined by Boring, a Harvard psychology professor, in his book Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology.
Boring’s version also had no meaningful scale, leading to each taste’s most sensitive area being sectioned off in what we now know as the tongue map.
Long in dispute
In the decades since the tongue map was created, many researchers have refuted it.
Indeed, results from a number of experiments indicate that all areas of the mouth containing taste buds – including several parts of the tongue, the soft palate (on the roof of your mouth) and the throat – are sensitive to all taste qualities.
Our understanding of how taste information is carried from the tongue to the brain shows that individual taste qualities are not restricted to a single region of the tongue. There are two cranial nerves responsible for taste perception in different areas of the tongue: the glossopharyngeal nerve in the back and the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve in the front. If tastes were exclusive to their respective areas, then damage to the chorda tympani, for instance, would take away one’s ability to taste sweet.
In 1965, surgeon TR Bull found that subjects who had had their chorda tympani cut in medical procedures also reported no loss of taste. And in 1993, Linda Bartoshuk from the University of Florida found that by applying anesthesia to the chorda tympani nerve, not only could subjects still perceive a sweet taste, but they could taste it even more intensely.
Molecular biologists weigh in
Modern molecular biology also argues against the tongue map. Over the past 15 years, researchers have identified many of the receptor proteins found on taste cells in the mouth that are critical for detecting taste molecules.
For example, we now know that everything that we perceive to be sweet can activate the same receptor, while bitter compounds activate a completely different type of receptor.
Boy via www.shutterstock.com.
If the tongue map were correct, one would expect sweet receptors to be localized to the front of the tongue and bitter receptors restricted to the back. But this is not the case. Rather, each receptor type is found across all taste areas in the mouth.
Despite the scientific evidence, the tongue map has burrowed its way into common knowledge and is still taught in many classrooms and textbooks today.
The true test doesn’t require a laboratory, though. Brew a cup of coffee. Crack open a soda. Touch a salted pretzel to the tip of the tongue. In any test, it becomes clear the tongue can perceive these tastes all over.
This piece was coauthored by Drew Wilson, communications specialist at the University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste.
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Have a question? Need assistance? Use our online form to ask a librarian for help.
Ellen Terrell, Business Reference Specialist, Science, Technology & Business Division
Created: September 2020
Last Updated: November 2021
Get connected to the Library’s large and diverse collections related to science, technology, and business through our Inside Adams Blog. This blog also features upcoming events and collection displays, classes and orientations, new research guides, and more.
How people work has evolved. Offices with desks have become open space plans, collaborative space, standing desks. Technology made possible alternate arrangements like hotelling, telework, and shared workspaces. This guide is an attempt to present sources related to the history and development the office, its equipment, and how we work. We hope that it can help those who are researching the machines themselves, as well as those researching the impact those machines had and will have on the development of the modern office and how we work. While the guide does not include every available resource, it should provide a good place to start for anyone interested in the topic.
For the equipment that has been included, we have mostly focused on the more obvious machines like typewriters, computers, telephones, and copiers, though we have also included a few that while not typically "office," are closely work-related. We have chosen not to include those inventions that are larger in scope like the light bulb, the elevator, and even air conditioning even though these had a major impact on the modern working environment.
Part of the Science, Technology & Business Division at the Library of Congress, Business Reference Services is the starting point for conducting research at the Library of Congress in the subject areas of business and economics. Here, reference specialists in specific subject areas of business assist patrons in formulating search strategies and gaining access to the information and materials contained in the Library's rich collections of business and economics materials.
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4 Answers | Add Yours
The European powers were able to conquer such broad territories so quickly because of their technological superiority. No country that got colonized had anywhere near to the technology (or the economic power that comes with technology and leads in a spiral to more technology) that the Europeans (and Americans had).
As an example of the power of technology, think about how China and Japan reacted to the West. China tried to turn inward and keep the West out. Japan, instead, had the Meiji Restoration and industrialized. This is the major reason why Japan became a power and China was essentially colonized.
The British Empire far exceeded any else during this time frame. All other countries were attempting to replicate or compete with what England had done. The Continental Powers, notably Germany, had recently unified after centuries of "Balkanization" and the resulting Nationalism created, in Germany, at least, a desire for a Germanic Empire, stretching from Germany proper through the Middle East, in addition to colonies in Africa. Much of Europe cast influence to Africa, simply because they could as organized industrial powers, and if they did not, would be helping other European colonizing efforts by default. So the race was on. The increasing conflicts along colonial borders eventually came home in 1914, and Europe tore itself apart.
There was also intense competition between empires at this time. No less than the Germans, Russians, British, French, Austro-Hungarians and Ottomans were trying to expand their territory and influence. For most of them, this meant Africa and Asia would be the colonial targets.
This competition made them move more aggressively to colonize than they perhaps would have normally, and gave them a short term advantage when combined with the technology. There was a rush before all the profitable, attractive colonies were gone, in other words.
These were also nationalist empires, and quite racist. While not an advantage directly, just as with competition, it was a powerful motivator and justification for their actions.
The convergence of technology and unabashed industry helped to enhance imperialistic claims at the end of the 19th and start of the 20th centuries. Advances in technology allowed greater machinery to help deliver imperialistic claims and hopes into reality and also assisted in subjugating those who opposed it. The proliferation of capital and industry helped to not only finance imperialism, but start the process of setting up satellite branches of companies in other nations. Additionally, the income growth helped to influence government policy and practice with dollar diplomacy and ensuring that imperialistic practices were in line with proper business techniques. The collusion of both big business and government action ensured that imperialistic practices could be carried on a larger and more enduring scale.
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Created by Updated on Jan 22, 2013
Hi Just want to know how to make children understand that we should not speak lie ... as my daughter for no reason she speak lie which is bothering me . i have explained her still its a same & she is very naughty
| Jan 22, 2013
Hi Simran. How old is your daughter? Well, I had a similar experience with my 3 year old a few months back. Firstly, I realized that she did not lie to cover up a mistake. In most cases it was mostly something she forgot she did. For instance, if she dropped a glass full of water on the carpet and I was not around to see it, she would forget about it and when I would come across the glass on a wet patch of carpet and ask her, she would deny having done it. After a few similar instances, I realized that she did not lie on purpose. But then there were instances where she did start denying having done things, like once she fed her snack to our pet dog and told me that she ate it all!! That got me really angry but instead of scolding or punishing her, I told her the story of Pinocchio. I told her how he lied and had no friends and his nose kept growing long with each lie he said. I added my own twists to the story to adapt to her surroundings. This had an immediate impact on her & she stopped hiding things or denying doing something. Now she her comes to me and admits if she has done something wrong. You may try to explain to her with the help of stories. You may also help her understand that you will not get angry if she makes a mistake, instead admitting to having done something will make you happy. Good Luck :)
| Feb 05, 2013
Simran, children actually understand truth and lies at a very young age and they understand very clearly that small lies can save them from a lot of trouble. Like eating every thing on their plate or brushing properly. Some children also go into a world of make believe, and they will lie about having imaginary friends or things they thought they did. These two are different. In the second example, children dont understand the difference between reality and imagination yet. They will outgrow it soon. In the first case, they are trying to avoid doing certain things. The trick it is to deal with it like a joke, laugh about it and still explain that you will not be fooled by such small lies. The pinocchio story is quite effective, as Anurima pointed out, I have tried it myself. However, now whenever my daughter tells me "I have brushed ma" she looks at me knowing that I will call her bluff. And yes, Anurima's suggestion is a golden rule- keep communication lines open. Your child should never be afraid to tell you the truth. Every child lies, its their quick escape. But they should know that you are a safe haven to understand their little faults and love them nevertheless.
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HE well was deep, and therefore the rope had to be a long one; it was heavy work turning the handle when any one had to raise a bucketful of water over the edge of the well. Though the water was clear, the sun never looked down far enough into the well to mirror itself in the waters; but as far as its beams could reach, green things grew forth between the stones in the sides of the well.
Down below dwelt a family of the Toad race. They had, in fact, come head-over-heels down the well, in the person of the old Mother-Toad, who was still alive. The green Frogs, who had been established there a long time, and swam about in the water, called them “well-guests.” But the new-comers seemed determined to stay where they were, for they found it very agreeable living “in a dry place,” as they called the wet stones.
The Mother-Frog had once been a traveller. She happened to be in the water-bucket when it was drawn up, but the light became too strong for her, and she got a pain in her eyes. Fortunately she scrambled out of the bucket; but she fell into the water with a terrible flop, and had to lie sick for three days with pains in her back. She certainly had not much to tell of the things up above, but she knew this, and all the Frogs knew it, that the well was not all the world. The Mother-Toad might have told this and that, if she had chosen, but she never answered when they asked her anything, and so they left off asking.
“She’s thick, and fat and ugly,” said the young green Frogs; “and her children will be just as ugly as she is.”
“That may be,” retorted the mother-Toad, “but one of them has a jewel in his head, or else I have the jewel.”
The young frogs listened and stared; and as these words did not please them, they made grimaces and dived down under the water. But the little Toads kicked up their hind legs from mere pride, for each of them thought that he must have the jewel; and then they sat and held their heads quite still. But at length they asked what it was that made them so proud, and what kind of a thing a jewel might be.
“Oh, it is such a splendid and precious thing, that I cannot describe it,” said the Mother-Toad. “It’s something which one carries about for one’s own pleasure, and that makes other people angry. But don’t ask me any questions, for I shan’t answer you.”
“Well, I haven’t got the jewel,” said the smallest of the Toads; she was as ugly as a toad can be. “Why should I have such a precious thing? And if it makes others angry, it can’t give me any pleasure. No, I only wish I could get to the edge of the well, and look out; it must be beautiful up there.”
“You’d better stay where you are,” said the old Mother-Toad, “for you know everything here, and you can tell what you have. Take care of the bucket, for it will crush you to death; and even if you get into it safely, you may fall out. And it’s not every one who falls so cleverly as I did, and gets away with whole legs and whole bones.”
“Quack!” said the little Toad; and that’s just as if one of us were to say, “Aha!”
She had an immense desire to get to the edge of the well, and to look over; she felt such a longing for the green, up there; and the next morning, when it chanced that the bucket was being drawn up, filled with water, and stopped for a moment just in front of the stone on which the Toad sat, the little creature’s heart moved within it, and our Toad jumped into the filled bucket, which presently was drawn to the top, and emptied out.
“Ugh, you beast!” said the farm laborer who emptied the bucket, when he saw the toad. “You’re the ugliest thing I’ve seen for one while.” And he made a kick with his wooden shoe at the toad, which just escaped being crushed by managing to scramble into the nettles which grew high by the well’s brink. Here she saw stem by stem, but she looked up also; the sun shone through the leaves, which were quite transparent; and she felt as a person would feel who steps suddenly into a great forest, where the sun looks in between the branches and leaves.
“It’s much nicer here than down in the well! I should like to stay here my whole life long!” said the little Toad. So she lay there for an hour, yes, for two hours. “I wonder what is to be found up here? As I have come so far, I must try to go still farther.” And so she crawled on as fast as she could crawl, and got out upon the highway, where the sun shone upon her, and the dust powdered her all over as she marched across the way.
“I’ve got to a dry place. now, and no mistake,” said the Toad. “It’s almost too much of a good thing here; it tickles one so.”
She came to the ditch; and forget-me-nots were growing there, and meadow-sweet; and a very little way off was a hedge of whitethorn, and elder bushes grew there, too, and bindweed with white flowers. Gay colors were to be seen here, and a butterfly, too, was flitting by. The Toad thought it was a flower which had broken loose that it might look about better in the world, which was quite a natural thing to do.
“If one could only make such a journey as that!” said the Toad. “Croak! how capital that would be.”
Eight days and eight nights she stayed by the well, and experienced no want of provisions. On the ninth day she thought, “Forward! onward!” But what could she find more charming and beautiful? Perhaps a little toad or a few green frogs. During the last night there had been a sound borne on the breeze, as if there were cousins in the neighborhood.
“It’s a glorious thing to live! glorious to get out of the well, and to lie among the stinging-nettles, and to crawl along the dusty road. But onward, onward! that we may find frogs or a little toad. We can’t do without that; nature alone is not enough for one.” And so she went forward on her journey.
She came out into the open field, to a great pond, round about which grew reeds; and she walked into it.
“It will be too damp for you here,” said the Frogs; “but you are very welcome! Are you a he or a she? But it doesn’t matter; you are equally welcome.”
And she was invited to the concert in the evening—the family concert; great enthusiasm and thin voices; we know the sort of thing. No refreshments were given, only there was plenty to drink, for the whole pond was free.
“Now I shall resume my journey,” said the little Toad; for she always felt a longing for something better.
She saw the stars shining, so large and so bright, and she saw the moon gleaming; and then she saw the sun rise, and mount higher and higher.
“Perhaps after all, I am still in a well, only in a larger well. I must get higher yet; I feel a great restlessness and longing.” And when the moon became round and full, the poor creature thought, “I wonder if that is the bucket which will be let down, and into which I must step to get higher up? Or is the sun the great bucket? How great it is! how bright it is! It can take up all. I must look out, that I may not miss the opportunity. Oh, how it seems to shine in my head! I don’t think the jewel can shine brighter. But I haven’t the jewel; not that I cry about that—no, I must go higher up, into splendor and joy! I feel so confident, and yet I am afraid. It’s a difficult step to take, and yet it must be taken. Onward, therefore, straight onward!”
She took a few steps, such as a crawling animal may take, and soon found herself on a road beside which people dwelt; but there were flower gardens as well as kitchen gardens. And she sat down to rest by a kitchen garden.
“What a number of different creatures there are that I never knew! and how beautiful and great the world is! But one must look round in it, and not stay in one spot.” And then she hopped into the kitchen garden. “How green it is here! how beautiful it is here!”
“I know that,” said the Caterpillar, on the leaf, “my leaf is the largest here. It hides half the world from me, but I don’t care for the world.”
“Cluck, cluck!” And some fowls came. They tripped about in the cabbage garden. The Fowl who marched at the head of them had a long sight, and she spied the Caterpillar on the green leaf, and pecked at it, so that the Caterpillar fell on the ground, where it twisted and writhed.
The Fowl looked at it first with one eye and then with the other, for she did not know what the end of this writhing would be.
“It doesn’t do that with a good will,” thought the Fowl, and lifted up her head to peck at the Caterpillar.
The Toad was so horrified at this, that she came crawling straight up towards the Fowl.
“Aha, it has allies,” quoth the Fowl. “Just look at the crawling thing!” And then the Fowl turned away. “I don’t care for the little green morsel; it would only tickle my throat.” The other fowls took the same view of it, and they all turned away together.
“I writhed myself free,” said the Caterpillar. “What a good thing it is when one has presence of mind! But the hardest thing remains to be done, and that is to get on my leaf again. Where is it?”
And the little Toad came up and expressed her sympathy. She was glad that in her ugliness she had frightened the fowls.
“What do you mean by that?” cried the Caterpillar. “I wriggled myself free from the Fowl. You are very disagreeable to look at. Cannot I be left in peace on my own property? Now I smell cabbage; now I am near my leaf. Nothing is so beautiful as property. But I must go higher up.”
“Yes, higher up,” said the little Toad; “higher-up! She feels just as I do; but she’s not in a good humor to-day. That’s because of the fright. We all want to go higher up.” And she looked up as high as ever she could.
The stork sat in his nest on the roof of the farm-house. He clapped with his beak, and the Mother-stork clapped with hers.
“How high up they live!” thought the Toad. “If one could only get as high as that!”
In the farm-house lived two young students; the one was a poet and the other a scientific searcher into the secrets of nature. The one sang and wrote joyously of everything that God had created, and how it was mirrored in his heart. He sang it out clearly, sweetly, richly, in well-sounding verses; while the other investigated created matter itself, and even cut it open where need was. He looked upon God’s creation as a great sum in arithmetic—subtracted, multiplied, and tried to know it within and without, and to talk with understanding concerning it; and that was a very sensible thing; and he spoke joyously and cleverly of it. They were good, joyful men, those two,
“There sits a good specimen of a toad,” said the naturalist. “I must have that fellow in a bottle of spirits.”
“You have two of them already,” replied the poet. “Let the thing sit there and enjoy its life.”
“But it’s so wonderfully ugly,” persisted the first.
“Yes, if we could find the jewel in its head,” said the poet, “I too should be for cutting it open.”
“A jewel!” cried the naturalist. “You seem to know a great deal about natural history.”
“But is there not something beautiful in the popular belief that just as the toad is the ugliest of animals, it should often carry the most precious jewel in its head? Is it not just the same thing with men? What a jewel that was that Aesop had, and still more, Socrates!”
The Toad did not hear any more, nor did she understand half of what she had heard. The two friends walked on, and thus she escaped the fate of being bottled up in spirits.
“Those two also were speaking of the jewel,” said the Toad to herself. “What a good thing that I have not got it! I might have been in a very disagreeable position.”
Now there was a clapping on the roof of the farm-house. Father-Stork was making a speech to his family, and his family was glancing down at the two young men in the kitchen garden.
“Man is the most conceited creature!” said the Stork. “Listen how their jaws are wagging; and for all that they can’t clap properly. They boast of their gifts of eloquence and their language! Yes, a fine language truly! Why, it changes in every day’s journey we make. One of them doesn’t understand another. Now, we can speak our language over the whole earth—up in the North and in Egypt. And then men are not able to fly, moreover. They rush along by means of an invention they call ’railway;’ but they often break their necks over it. It makes my beak turn cold when I think of it. The world could get on without men. We could do without them very well, so long as we only keep frogs and earth-worms.”
“That was a powerful speech,” thought the little Toad. “What a great man that is yonder! and how high he sits! Higher than ever I saw any one sit yet; and how he can swim!” she cried, as the Stork soared away through the air with outspread pinions.
And the Mother-Stork began talking in the nest, and told about Egypt and the waters of the Nile, and the incomparable mud that was to be found in that strange land; and all this sounded new and very charming to the little Toad.
“I must go to Egypt!” said she. “If the Stork or one of his young ones would only take me! I would oblige him in return. Yes, I shall get to Egypt, for I feel so happy! All the longing and all the pleasure that I feel is much better than having a jewel in one’s head.”
And it was just she who had the jewel. That jewel was the continual striving and desire to go upward—ever upward. It gleamed in her head, gleamed in joy, beamed brightly in her longing.
Then, suddenly, up came the Stork. He had seen the Toad in the grass, and stooped down and seized the little creature anything but gently. The Stork’s beak pinched her, and the wind whistled; it was not exactly agreeable, but she was going upward—upward towards Egypt— and she knew it; and that was why her eyes gleamed, and a spark seemed to fly out of them.
The body was dead—the Toad was killed! But the spark that had shot forth from her eyes; what became of that?
The sunbeam took it up; the sunbeam carried the jewel from the head of the toad. Whither?
Ask not the naturalist; rather ask the poet. He will tell it thee under the guise of a fairy tale; and the Caterpillar on the cabbage, and the Stork family belong to the story. Think! the Caterpillar is changed, and turns into a beautiful butterfly; the Stork family flies over mountains and seas, to the distant Africa, and yet finds the shortest way home to the same country—to the same roof. Nay, that is almost too improbable; and yet it is true. You may ask the naturalist, he will confess it is so; and you know it yourself, for you have seen it.
But the jewel in the head of the toad?
Seek it in the sun; see it there if you can.
The brightness is too dazzling there. We have not yet such eyes as can see into the glories which God has created, but we shall receive them by-and-by; and that will be the most beautiful story of all, and we shall all have our share in it.
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Baby Gorilla – level 3
Keepers at San Diego Zoo Safari Park in California were in for a surprise when they came to work one morning, as a baby gorilla had been born overnight. However, they did not get to see much of the baby.
Gorilla babies are really tiny – only between 1.6 to 2 kilograms, and the moms hold them very close to their chests, so often what you’ll see is only a little bit of face and maybe a foot or a hand sticking out.
The baby girl was born to mum Cocoa and dad Winston, and she is their second child together. The infant becomes the eighth member of the park’s troop of western lowland gorillas, which are part of a critically endangered species.
You can watch the video news lower on this page.
LEARN 3000 WORDS with NEWS IN LEVELS
News in Levels is designed to teach you 3000 words in English. Please follow the instructions
How to improve your English with News in Levels:
- Do the test at Test Languages.
- Go to your level. Go to Level 1 if you know 1-1000 words. Go to Level 2 if you know 1000-2000 words. Go to Level 3 if you know 2000-3000 words.
- Read two news articles every day.
- Read the news articles from the day before and check if you remember all new words.
- Listen to the news from today and read the text at the same time.
- Listen to the news from today without reading the text.
- Answer the question under today’s news and write the answer in the comments.
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Summary: This looks at the Biblical doctrine of the Trinity from the testimonies of the church fathers and from the Old Testament.
Historically, the greatest attack on the doctrine of the Trinity has been targeted at the person of Jesus Christ. Heresy has primarily centered around the question of ‘who Jesus is’. Therefore, up to this point I have focused on the identity and deity of Jesus Christ. If someone does not believe that Jesus is fully God, they can’t understand the concept of the Trinity. If Jesus was not fully God, He is no different than Mohammed, Buddha and countless other religious icons claimed by the world religions. If Jesus was merely a man, the world would be correct in its claim that all religions point to the same God. However, since Jesus was God, He has the right to claim that no one comes to the Father except by Him. No longer is the cross just another symbol, but it is the doorway to salvation that God Himself created by His own sacrifice and His own blood. Because Jesus is God, all the other religions challenge our allegiance to the one true God. God did not pay our debt to sin through Buddha. God did not provide works or methods in which to redeem ourselves. God paid our debt by becoming our sin so that we can become His righteousness through Jesus Christ. As Jesus said, “Most assuredly, I say to you, he who does not enter the sheepfold by the door, but climbs up some other way, the same is a thief and a robber.” (John 10:1).
So we can see that this is an essential doctrine. On the deity and eternal personhood of Christ, the Christian faith hangs. Other religions claim to be Christian, but unless they come through the door of the cross, they and their leaders are robbers and thieves. There is no other way. Only God has the right to pay for sins and only God can redeem our souls from the justice demanded by the law. I can’t redeem myself, nor can any religious icon. Only Jesus Christ was God and only He has the right to pardon our sins. Only He paid the debt so I could be pardoned.
The first point of contention in the question of the Trinity is, ‘who gets to define what the Trinity means’? Anti-Trinitarians argue that the Trinity means three persons, thus there are three gods. However, it only makes sense to allow those who hold a certain doctrine to be the ones who define what the doctrine teaches. In this sense, rather than presenting the definition in my words, I will let the early church speak. In 160 AD, Athenagoras wrote that the church believes:
“they hold the Father to be God, and the Son God, and the Holy Spirit, and declare their union and their distinction in order.”
The church believed that the Father, Son and Holy Spirit are God in one union and distinct from each other. Iranaeus spelled the Trinitarian belief with the following statement:
The Church, though dispersed throughout the whole world, even to the ends of the earth, has received from the apostles and their disciples this faith: ...one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven, and earth, and the sea, and all things that are in them; and in one Christ Jesus, the Son of God, who became incarnate for our salvation; and in the Holy Spirit, who proclaimed through the prophets the dispensations of God, and the advents, and the birth from a virgin, and the passion, and the resurrection from the dead, and the ascension into heaven in the flesh of the beloved Christ Jesus, our Lord, and His manifestation from heaven in the glory of the Father ‘to gather all things in one,’ and to raise up anew all flesh of the whole human race, in order that to Christ Jesus, our Lord, and God, and Savior, and King, according to the will of the invisible Father, ‘every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth, and that every tongue should confess; to him, and that He should execute just judgment towards all.
Though he never used the word ‘Trinity’, Iranaeus spelled out the modern belief in the Trinity. One God, three persons. This was written over 145 years prior to the council of Nicaea. In 190 AD, Clement of Alexandria stated:
“I understand nothing else than the Holy Trinity to be meant; for the third is the Holy Spirit, and the Son is the second, by whom all things were made according to the will of the Father.”
“There was then, a Word importing an unbeginning eternity; as also the Word itself, that is, the Son of God, who being, by equality of substance, one with the Father, is eternal and uncreated.”
Clearly we can see that the church believed in the Trinity long before the Council of Nicaea where the critics argue it was invented. Clement was one of the first writers to use the term ‘Holy Trinity’. The word ‘Trinity’ is a Latin word that means ‘three in one’.
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The electric utility industry has spent vast amounts of money on cybersecurity, an investment that has steadily escalated since the Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) Reliability Standards became effective in 2008. Those investments, and the increasingly strict CIP Reliability Standards, were intended to address fears that hackers could use the industrial control systems and other computer systems that control the electric system to cause a blackout. Until recently, that threat was hypothetical. Now, for the first time, public reports have emerged of hackers taking down part of an electric grid.
In late December 2015, hackers allegedly infected several of Ukraine’s power authorities, causing blackouts that lasted several hours and affected thousands of people. Ukrainian authorities confirmed that malicious software infected several control systems, which disabled those systems and resulted in a power outage. The malware, known to have been involved in attacks since 2007, was reportedly embedded in Microsoft Office documents and was retrofitted to include code targeting power stations and other critical infrastructure. Although the geopolitical circumstances in Ukraine are drastically different from those faced by electric utilities in the United States, the attack provides a “proof of concept,” demonstrating that it is possible for an attacker to cause a widespread blackout—the threat is no longer hypothetical.
For those electric utilities already subject to CIP Reliability Standards, there are three key takeaways:
- First, the threat is real. This has the benefit of creating greater corporate awareness, but the risk of greater awareness by regulators as well. Although recent changes to the Federal Power Act provide the federal government with the ability to direct short-term emergency actions in response to threats to electric infrastructure, an appetite for new authority and greater regulation continues in these areas.
- Second, strict implementation of the CIP requirements for malware protections can pay dividends in protecting critical computer systems. Recent reports suggest that known malware was used to gain access to these systems and cover up the signs of the intrusion.
- Third, protecting against malware cannot be a purely automated process; human error likely permitted the malware’s initial introduction into the utility’s systems. Reports suggest that the malware may have been introduced through macros in Microsoft Office documents, which employees opened as a result of spear-fishing attacks. Such attacks use social engineering to convince preselected email recipients to open apparently innocuous documents or click on apparently safe links. In reality, those actions cause malicious programs to download or run on the recipient’s computer, spreading throughout the connected network. A timely reminder that utility employees, particularly those with access to critical utility systems, should receive training on identifying and handling spear-fishing attacks as part of their regular security training. Such training, although not required by the existing CIP Reliability Standards, could be part of the quarterly CIP security awareness efforts required under CIP-004-5.1 R1.1.
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Shiow Chin Tan 20 August 2009 | EN Termites – top target for Malaysian pest control [KUALA LUMPUR] A new scuttle fly species that shows potential as a biological agent in the control of termite infestations has been discovered in Malaysia. Neoh Kok-Boon, a PhD student at the School of Biological Sciences of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), discovered the new species while excavating mounds of the termite species Macrotemes gilvus at the university's Minden campus in Penang state. "He noticed there were some termite soldiers that looked very different from the normal ones," says Lee Chow-Yang, Neoh's supervisor and professor of urban entomology at the school's Vector Control Research Unit. The termite soldiers died within several days, Lee told SciDev.Net, and researchers noticed live flies in the container with the dead termites. They later found that fly larvae grew within a host's head until they were ready to pupate, giving infected termites enlarged heads. The flies then moved down through the termite's body, eventually breaking through the abdominal wall, killing the host in the process. The researchers' findings are published in the latest issue of Sociobiology but Neoh cautions that more research is needed before the fly, named Misotermes mindeni, can be confirmed as an effective agent for controlling termite infestations. "First, we'd like to determine the mechanism of parasitism of the fly," he says, adding that another PhD student in his department is researching this aspect of the new species. This work will probably take several years to complete, he says. According to the university, termite control costs the country about 50 million Malaysian ringgit (US$14 million) a year. The cost for South-East Asia was recently put at around US$400 million but the repair bill for termite damage is believed to be 3–4 times higher. Henry Disney, senior research ssociate in the Department of Zoology at Cambridge University in the UK, confirmed that M. mindeni was a previously unknown species of scuttle fly. In 2007, Lee's team discovered another new insect species on the Minden campus — a cricket (Myrmecophilus leei).
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What is the pituitary gland?
The pituitary gland is a pea-sized bit of tissue at the bottom of your brain. Glands are organs that make and release hormones into your blood. Hormones are chemicals that stimulate other cells or tissues into action. The pituitary gland puts out many different hormones. Each pituitary hormone controls a different gland and body function.
The pituitary gland is controlled by a part of the brain called the hypothalamus.
Locating the Pituitary Gland
What are pituitary hormones?
Each pituitary hormone controls different glands and body functions.
Pituitary hormones include:
ACTH: Controls your adrenal gland Overview of the Adrenal Glands Glands make and release hormones. Hormones are chemicals that stimulate other cells or tissues into action. Because hormones are in your blood, they travel throughout your body. They can affect... read more hormones, which affect heart rate, blood pressure, and the balance of salt and water in your body
Growth hormone: Controls how fast and big your body grows
Thyroid-stimulating hormone: Controls your thyroid gland Overview of the Thyroid Gland Your thyroid is a gland below the Adam’s apple in the front of your neck. Glands make and release hormones. Hormones stimulate other cells or tissues into action. The thyroid makes thyroid hormones... read more hormones, which control how fast your body's chemical functions work
LH and FSH: Control your sex hormones testosterone and estrogen, which affect fertility
Prolactin: Controls the production of breast milk
What happens if your pituitary gland doesn't work right?
Your pituitary gland may:
Not make enough hormones
Make too many hormones
Sometimes there's a problem with only one pituitary hormone. Other times, you have a problem with many or all of the hormones.
If your pituitary gland produces too much, or not enough, of a hormone, you can get health problems such as:
Excessive thirst and urination, which can dehydrate you (central diabetes insipidus Central Diabetes Insipidus Central diabetes insipidus is not having enough of a hormone called vasopressin. Hormones are chemicals that stimulate other cells or tissues into action. Vasopressin is a hormone that signals... read more )
What causes problems with the pituitary gland?
Causes of pituitary gland problems include:
A head injury
How can doctors tell if I have pituitary gland problems?
Doctors suspect pituitary gland problems from your symptoms. They'll do tests such as:
CT scan Computed Tomography A CT scan uses a large machine shaped like a large donut to take x-rays from many angles. A computer then takes the x-rays and creates many detailed pictures of the inside of your body. Each... read more or MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) MRI is a test that uses a machine with a powerful magnet to make pictures of the inside of your body. A computer records changes in the magnetic field around your body. The computer then uses... read more of the brain to see if your pituitary gland has grown or shrunk
Blood tests measuring hormone levels from the hypothalamus, pituitary, and other glands
How do doctors treat pituitary gland problems?
Treatment depends on the type of problem you have. It may include:
Medicine to counteract the effect of too many hormones
Surgery to remove a tumor
Hormone therapy to replace hormones your body doesn't make enough of
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Chevra Kadisha - function, communal role; role of women, secrecy, Kabbalistic influences, money, recruiting, social functions, Zayin Adar; Textual sources: Biblical, Rabbinic, Medieval, modern; Historical Overviews: Jewish Burial Societies - development in Europe and America till today; landsmanshaft, Goodman, Tri-Partite Commission, Kavod v'Nichum; Toward New Policies on Jewish Funeral Practices.
Compassion, Active Listening, Bikkur cholim, illness, Jewish hospitals; healing movement, chaplaincy, hospice, viddui, death preparation: legacy writing, ethical will, organ and tissue donation; teshuvot: helping families make funeral and burial arrangements; counseling of mourners, supporting the mourner beyond shiva.
Organizing, Training, Education - Communal, Chevra Kadisha and leadership; organizing: the basics, raising communal awareness, pre-planning; pre-paying, using agreements and contracts; death education and training for children and adults – pitfalls/blocks. Working with grief: mourning and healing; Issues: Legal, health, role of rabbi, financial, support, structure, first responders, seudah havraha (meal of comfort), leading Shiva services, studying Mishnah in the Shiva House, mourner follow-up, recruiting and training, resources, Hebrew terminology; Use of drashot in training; Prayer.
Ritual Practice - How and why traditional practices evolved: funeral, shiva, shloshim, yahrtzeit, Yizkor, unveiling, keriah; the Funeral Service: hesped, 23rd Psalm, el malei rachamim, pall bearers, procession, stops, burial, book burial, amputations, autopsy, suicide, viewing and embalming, cremation, liners, kaddish, monument design, mausoleums, genealogy, intermarried burials . Legal sources: classic and modern, Orthodox, Conservative, Reform; Theology: God, afterlife, soul.
Funerals and Burials - Ethics, Rabban Gamliel, leadership, ostentatiousness, embarrassment, poverty. Evolution of funeral homes: embalming, viewing; working with funeral homes: building a tahara room, contracts; starting a new funeral home, buying an existing funeral home, non-profit funeral homes; evolution of cemeteries: cave burial, catacombs, communal burial, municipal, military, private, and non-profit ownership, cemetery ownership, landsmanschaft, federations of cemeteries; acquiring land, zoning, cemetery grid layout, recordkeeping, sales, contracts, rules; purchasing: GPL, transportation, service location, casket, opening and closing, liners, monuments, perpetual care; cemetery future: landscaping, sacred ground, consecration, synagogue cooperation, abandonment, corporate buy-out; disaster planning. Federal Trade Commission, Canadian Regulations; medical examiner, autopsy, organ and tissue donation.
By the end of the program, students will have developed theoretical and practical expertise in the halachot, minhagim, logistics and finances surrounding serious illness, death, funerals, burial, mourning, and legacy preparation, including ethical wills. Students will be prepared to work with and assist grieving families before and after death and to organize and train volunteers to perform these mitzvot in their communities.Will students attend? Over 3/4 of a million people have visited www.jewish-funerals.org, Kavod v'Nichumâ's website. The Chevra Kadisha Conferences are well attended and have generated enthusiastic response. There is a hunger for in-depth education. The Gamliel Institute can fill this critical void in education and service delivery and has the potential to change the current culture surrounding end of life issues in the Jewish community – from denial and neglect to awareness, acceptance, and healthy integration into family and community life. Interested in learning more? Rabbi Stuart Kelman 1003 Mariposa Avenue Berkeley, CA 94707 510-524-5886 firstname.lastname@example.org For additional information about Kavod v'Nichum see www.Jewish-funerals.org
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Air travel is part of everyday life yet the technology behind it is anything but common. Aerospace encompasses everything from commercial travel, military to space travel. At Advanced Optowave Corporation, we are looking at different methods of laser machining for this industry that can provide the next technical breakthrough for either machining Hastelloy, Inconel, Silicon Carbide and Single Crystal Nickel components found in jet engines such as turbine blades, down to simple marking of components for traceability.
Overall, anything that has to do with the aerospace industry needs to revolve around safety as a first concern of the passengers or payload and the equipment, and this all starts with keeping the integrity of the material throughout the manufacturing process and then into operation.
Traceability is one area where laser processing has been introduced in the last 10 years for the aerospace industry. Currently, regulations still exist that limit only certain components and composites to be laser marked. This is due to the fact that some lasers can introduce heat into the material causing micro-fractures to the material.
With our AOFemto™ femtosecond laser, we are able to eliminate the HAZ (heat affected zone) and allow for marking that does not cause the micro-cracking affect. In turn, this can be a game changer for companies that need to mark their critical parts. There is no other laser marking method that will allow the mark to hold up under the harsh environmental conditions found in the aerospace market.
Turbine engines are designed to run at extremely high temperatures. The combustion and the high-pressure section of the engine experience temperatures at times that exceed the melting point of the materials used in those sections.
Engine manufacturers place thousands of small cooling holes in the high-temperature components that are used to dissipate the heat and help cool the turbine blades and combustor liners. In order for the holes to perform their necessary function, the output of these small holes needs to be shaped so the colder air is forced to travel along the surface of the blade. Advance Optowave’s AONano™ product is perfectly aligned to produce these holes.
New materials are continually being developed for turbine engines but as we see in other markets with new materials they are proving to be difficult for traditional machining methods and for the traditional nanosecond lasers. Advance Optowave’s Ultrashort pulse lasers are proving to be ideal for machining these unique materials with precise geometries that are required for turbine blades and vanes.
With increasing fuel cost and regulations to lower jet engine emissions, aerospace companies are looking at ways to improve fuel economy and lower their emissions. Some of the ways they are achieving their goals are with new materials and new cooling hole geometries all designed to increase airflow through the engine and increase the combustibility. With the use of lasers, engine designers are able to realize their designs and create new unique components and manufacturing methods that allow them to push the limits of these engines to produce a more efficient, cleaner turbine platform.
Your Laser Solution for Aerospace Applications
With the advancements in the aerospace industry, there will always be a need to improve the manufacturing processes. Lasers have become the next generation manufacturing tool for this industry. At Advanced Optowave Corporation, we offer the traditional AONano™ product line for general machining all the way to the ultrashort pulse laser processing with the AOPico™ and AOFemto™ lasers for more unique and athermal machining capabilities.
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Poverty, Dietary Imbalance and Sickness among Casual Labourer Households in Shillong (India)
The objective of this study is to bring out the case of poverty, undernourishment and health conditions of casual labourers in Shillong, the capital city of Meghalaya, India. Casual labourers are those workers who work for a very short duration (for a few hours, a day or at most a few days under a single contract) for an employer, and who are (usually) paid for their labour either at the end of the contract or at the end of a day. The study is based on the primary data collected from 125 casual labourer households with 688 family members. Overall, it is found that casual labourer households in Shillong are poor; their per capita income (per month) is Rs. 516.6 on an average and they spend a meager amount (Rs. 252.9 only or 48.95 percent of income) on food articles yielding energy. Some 38.4 percent of these households are below poverty line (fixed at Rs. 396 per capita per month). Poorer households have larger family size. Consequently, some 46.5 percent persons in the sample households are below poverty line. The mean energy intake of these households is slightly less than 1600 calories per person per day. The average energy intake among the BPL households is a meager 1307.66 calories per person per day. Only 19 households have calorie intake larger than 2000, and of them only 14 get more than 2200 calories. Of 125 households, the majority (93) have no milk consumption. Overall, carbohydrates supply 76.5 percent of the energy intake and the contribution of proteins to the calorie intake is ranging between 9.55 and 10.64 percent across different income and food habit groups with the mean value of 10.16 percent. Irrespective of the per capita income group that they belong to, the casual labourer households, without a single exception, eat diets deficient in proteins far below the prescribed norms. Of the total number of 688 persons in 125 households, 72 (8.14 percent) are found chronically sick. Among the 72 sick persons, 56 (78.78 percent) are in the BPL income group, 34 (47.22 percent) are children in 0-14 years age group, and 23 (31.94 percent) are adult women. Among the sick, the overwhelming majority indicates nutritional deficiency. Children and women are hit most hard by the dietary imbalance in food. Logit analysis of incidence of sickness suggests that the probability of a person being sick is very high (0.5 or more) in the extremely poor households. The probability of finding a sick person at about per capita income of Rs. 600 per month is 0.10 and it declines sharply with an increase in income.
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Mishra, SK & Lyngskor, JW, 2003. "Real Wages of Casual Labourers in Shillong (India)," MPRA Paper 1810, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- SK Mishra & JW Lyngskor, 2005.
"Nutritional Aspects of Poverty among Casual Labourer Households in Shillong (India),"
- SK Mishra & JW Lyngskor, 2005. "Nutritional Aspects of Poverty among Casual Labourer Households in Shillong (India)," Urban/Regional 0504006, EconWPA, revised 23 Apr 2005.
When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wpa:wuwpur:0505004. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.
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This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables.
This little book makes no claim to originality. The author states that there is no similar compendium in the German language, and he has compiled this manual from a variety of sources. Points of note are the excellent illustrations, the key table to the identification of parasites and ova and the good paper and print. The book should have a wide use in countries in which German is spoken.
Kompendium der parasitischen Wurmer in Menschen.. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1948;81(4):604. doi:10.1001/archinte.1948.00220220175019
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Megabazus: Persian general, known to have conducted several campaigns in Europe in the last quarter of the sixth century BCE.
Our most important source for the career of Megabazus are the Histories by the Greek researcher Herodotus of Halicarnassus (fifth century BCE). He was with king Darius I the Great during his ill-fated expedition against the Scythians and remained in Europe after this campaign. As commander of the Persian army, he was ordered to pacify Thrace. This may have happened in the years after 513.
He conquered Perinthus, a Greek town on the shores of the Sea of Marmora (modern Eregli), and subdued the Paeonians, who live along the upper reaches of the river Strymon in the west of modern Bulgaria. Although it is not mentioned, he must have added Ennea Hodoi on the lower Strymon as well, because this is a vital link between the conquered territories. The nearby port of Eïon appears to have been made the Persian capital. After this, he concluded a treaty with Macedonia, which became a vassal kingdom. After these successes, Megabazus returned to Persia.
So far Herodotus. There is independent confirmation of his words, because the list of countries subjected to king Darius on his tomb at Naqš-i Rustam (finished in 492?) is longer than the list that is included in the Behistun inscription (finished 519). Among the additions are the Thracians and the Yaunâ takabarâ, "Ionians with sun hats", i.e., Macedonians.
From the tablets found at Persepolis, we know that Megabazus' son Megabates was satrap of Arachosia, Gandara and Paricania. Probably, he is the same as the man who subdued Thrace and Macedonia. Megabates' son Megabazus was one of the fleet-commanders during the Persian campaign against Greece in 480 BCE.
According to Herodotus, the older Megabazus had several other sons: Bubares, Oebares and Pherendates. (The Greek author ignores Megabates.) The Greek researcher also records a brief Persian eulogy of Megabazus:
Darius once paid this man a high compliment: wishing to eat some pomegranates, he had just opened the first of them, when his brother Artabanus asked him which of his possessions he would like to be multiplied to a number as great as the seeds in a pomegranate. Darius' answer was: "Megabazus".note[Herodotus, Histories 4.142; tr. Aubrey de Selincourt.]
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UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. — Seasoning your food generously with herbs and spices isn’t just a great way to make your meals tastier — new research found it may have benefits for your heart’s health, as well.
In a controlled-feeding study, the researchers found that seasoning foods with 6.5 grams, or about 1.3 teaspoons, of herbs and spices a day was linked with lower blood pressure after four weeks.
Penny Kris-Etherton, Evan Pugh University Professor of Nutritional Sciences, and Kristina Petersen, assistant professor of nutritional sciences at Texas Tech University and co-principal investigator of the study while at Penn State, said the findings offer people a simple way to help improve their heart health.
“Adding herbs and spices to your food is a great way to add flavor without adding extra sodium, sugar or saturated fat,” Kris-Etherton said. “And, if you go a step further and add these seasonings to foods that are really good for you, like fruits and vegetables, you can potentially get even more health benefits by consuming that extra produce.”
According to the researchers, cardiometabolic diseases like heart disease, strokes and type two diabetes continue to be one of the leading causes of death in the United States. One of the ways health professionals aim to improve heart health is by monitoring and improving blood pressure.
One way people can improve their blood pressure is by limiting their sodium intake, usually by adding less salt to their meals. Petersen said that while people have long been encouraged to season their food with herbs and spices instead of salt to boost flavor without added sodium, less was known about whether herbs and spices have health benefits of their own.
“As nutritionists, we’re interested in new ways we can use diet to benefit health, and cardiovascular health in particular,” Petersen said. “We were curious about how herbs and spices could affect heart health, since they are versatile and can be added to many different types of food.”
For the study, the researchers recruited 71 people with risk factors for heart disease. Every participant consumed every spice diet — one low, one moderate, and one high in herbs and spices — in a random order for four weeks each, with a two-week break between each diet period. Blood samples were drawn from each participant at the beginning of the study as well as after each diet period.
All three diets were based on an average American diet — reflective of what a typical American consumes in a day — but with three different doses of herbs and spices added. The low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose diets included approximately 0.5 grams, 3.2 grams and 6.5 grams of herbs and spices, respectively, a day.
The doses included a blend of 24 different herbs and spices, ranging from basil and thyme to cinnamon and turmeric, designed to simulate the way people use different herbs and spices throughout the day while cooking.
The researchers found that after consuming the diet including a high dose of herbs and spices, participants had lower systolic blood pressure than after the diet with the medium dose. Participants also had lower diastolic blood pressure after the diet with a high dose of herbs and spices than after the diet with a low dose.
Kris-Etherton said the results — recently published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition — were especially exciting to her because the diets in the study were not designed to be specifically heart healthy, and only differed from an average diet by the amount of herbs and spices added.
“I think it’s really significant that participants consumed an average American diet throughout the study and we still found these results,” Kris-Etherton said. “We didn’t decrease sodium, we didn’t increase fruits and vegetables, we just added herbs and spices. It begs the next question that if we did alter the diet in these ways, how much better would the results be?”
The researchers said that in the future, additional studies designed to incorporate herbs and spices into a healthy dietary pattern lower in salt, added sugars and solid fats could help guide future dietary recommendations.
Kristin Davis, graduate student at Penn State; Connie Rogers, associate professor of nutritional sciences and physiology at Penn State; David Proctor, professor of kinesiology and physiology at Penn State; and Sheila West, professor of biobehavioral health at Penn State, also participated in this work.
The McCormick Science Institute and National Institutes of Health helped support this research.
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Warmstoppers of Government Science Recontextualize Weather
Global warming aka climate change science is a wildly popular example of modern appropriation art and like Andy Warhol’s can of soup, it’s gone viral. “Inherent in our understanding of appropriation,” says wiki, “is the concept that the new work recontextualizes whatever it borrows to create the new work. In most cases the original ‘thing’ remains accessible as the original, without change.” The thing is we still have weather. And, we still have climate, which is nothing more than a backwards glance at 30 years or more of past weather.
In the new context, climate becomes a surreal unfolding of a disaster in progress that the art of climate science discovers along with its cause. All of the evidence for global warming and by extension, all official concerns about our future climate, subsists only in the digital world of simulation and the computer programs of climatologists who have artfully rigged the practice of science against theory, observation and the scientific method. It’s as if Western academia believes it can copyright climate forecasting and has the right to protect from scrutiny its methods for predicting climate change.
As artists, global warming alarmists create new ways of thinking about ordinary daily events. Although the mundane workings of nature generally go unnoticed they sometimes transcend the usual, becoming inconvenient and occasionally threatening to life and property and even culturally memorable. Weather and climate have played major roles in human affairs throughout history –e.g., the migration of civilizations due to unrelenting drought or Napoleon losing 90% of his army to the Russian winter.
The practitioners of global warming alarmism as modern art have become the seers of our future, essentially recasting and distinguishing themselves from the rainmakers of old to present day warmstoppers. Academia’s warmbusters tilt at apparitions and like the philosopher’s stone they translate disparate natural occurrences like record-breaking snowfall in Boston and researchers getting stuck in an Antarctic ice flow into webs of evidence that prove modern man is guilty of causing warming around the world. Like rainmakers, these artists of warming also have become proactive participants in promising to change our future. Even their methods are the same: marketing to governments their ability to change weather and ultimately the climate by manipulating various chemicals in our environment.
The biggest difference between these commercial climate artists of today and past creators with similar themes is that, while academia’s artists also promise to save people from certain doom in the near future, the consumers of climate art are actually killing people today. Looking at the the Quadrant article by Tony Thomas (The Little Paper That Shames the Dailies), I don’t think the comparison of the Charlie Hebdo massacre to the suppression tactics of global warming alarmists is out of line. Just because it’s not possible to calculate the millions of lives sacrificed on the altar of liberal fascism, that doesn’t mean we should be unaware that the Left is on a killing spree against the world’s poor with its pogrom against CO2 which serves only to raise the cost and decrease the availability of life-saving, culture-enriching energy.
Popular art changes with the times. An absence of any significant global warming going on 2 decades – the long hiatus – severely tests a willing suspension of disbelief among the gullible concerning warmstopper’s artful stories of post-apocalyptic life on Earth. Colder winters every passing year with record-breaking snowfall in recent years in the heartland of liberal anti-capitalism in America may begin to white out the Left’s appreciation for the surreal art of climate prediction with its emphasis an ever hotter future caused by ever more people aspiring to come in out of the cold. Polar bears seen falling from the sky in bloody splatters against 50-story office buildings and then in heaps along miles of asphalt highways below has certainly become a passé art form; and, Western academia may come to believe climate scientists would do well to learn enough introductory statistics to begin painting with a brush and not just buckets of red paint.
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While some medications are used to treat the hot, swollen joint, other medications are used to prevent further attacks of gout. With any of these medications, call your doctor if you think you are having problems from them or if they are not working.
Medicines used to treat acute gout and/or prevent further attacks are as follows:
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- Examples include indomethacin (Indocin), ibuprofen (Advil), and naproxen (Aleve). Newer drugs such as celecoxib (Celebrex) can also be used. Aspirin should not be used for this condition.
- High doses of anti-inflammatory medications are needed to control the inflammation and can be tapered off within a couple of weeks.
- Tell your doctor about your other health problems, particularly if you have a history of peptic ulcer disease or intestinal bleeding, if you are taking warfarin (Coumadin), or if you have problems with your kidney function.
- The primary complications of these medications include upset stomach, bleeding ulcers, and decreased kidney function.
- Colchicine (Colcrys)
- This medication is given in two different ways, either to treat the acute attack of arthritis or to prevent recurring attacks.
- To treat the hot, swollen joint, colchicine is given rapidly (generally, two tablets at once followed by another tablet an hour later).
- To help prevent an attack from coming back, colchicine can be given once or twice a day. While the chronic use of colchicine can reduce the attacks of gout, it does not prevent the accumulation of uric acid that can lead to joint damage even without attacks of hot, swollen joints.
- Tell your doctor if you have any problems with your kidney or liver function.
- Corticosteroids such as prednisone (Meticorten, Sterapred, Sterapred DS) are generally given when your doctor feels this is a safer approach than using NSAIDs.
- When given by mouth, high-dose corticosteroids are used initially and tapered off within a couple of weeks. It is important to take these medications as prescribed to avoid problems.
- Some complications with the short-term use of corticosteroids include altered mood, elevated blood pressure, and problems with control of glucose in patients with diabetes.
- Corticosteroids can also be injected into the swollen joint. Resting the joint temporarily, after it is injected with steroids, can be helpful.
- Occasionally, corticosteroids or a related compound, corticotropin (ACTH), can also be injected into the muscle or given intravenously.
Medicines in addition to low-dose colchicine used to prevent further attacks of gout and lower the level of uric acid in the blood include the following.
- Probenecid (Benemid)
- This medication helps the body eliminate excess uric acid through the kidneys and into the urine.
- You should drink at least 2 liters of fluid a day while taking this medication (to help prevent uric acid kidney stones from forming).
- Advise your doctor if you have kidney problems or a history of kidney stones or if you are taking aspirin. You may need to take allopurinol (see below) instead.
- There are a number of drug interactions with probenecid, so you should advise your doctor of your other medications. If you are prescribed a new medication, let your doctor know that you are taking probenecid.
- This medication decreases the formation of uric acid by the body and is a very reliable way to lower the blood uric acid level. Allopurinol is currently the gold standard of maintenance therapy.
- Advise your doctor if you have kidney problems. Allopurinol can be still used, but the dose may need to be adjusted.
- Common side effects include stomach pain, headache, diarrhea, and rash.
- Discontinue allopurinol if you develop a rash or a fever, and call your doctor.
- A very rare risk of allopurinol hypersensitivity exists. This problem can cause a severe skin rash, fever, kidney failure, liver failure, bone marrow failure, and can be fatal.
- Advise your doctor if you are taking azathioprine (Azasan, Imuran), 6-mercaptopurine, or cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Cytoxan Lyophilized, Neosar); dose adjustments of allopurinol may be needed.
- Ampicillin (Principen) is more likely to cause a rash if you are taking allopurinol.
- Febuxostat (Uloric)
- Febuxostat is first new medication developed specifically for the control of gout in over 40 years.
- Febuxostat decreases the formation of uric acid by the body and is a very reliable way to lower the blood uric acid level.
- Febuxostat can be used in patients with mild to moderate kidney impairment.
- Febuxostat should not be taken with 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), or azathioprine.
It is important to understand that these maintenance medications are used to lower the uric acid well below normal to prevent recurrent gouty arthritis attacks. Generally, doctors want the blood uric acid level to be below 6.0 mg/dL. This level of uric acid is referred to as the "target level" or "goal" of therapy.
Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 3/27/2014
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Patient Comments & Reviews
The eMedicineHealth doctors ask about Gout:
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How Hydrogen Works
Human, animal, and cell studies show that hydrogen exerts its beneficial effects via three primary methods.
- It instantaneously converts toxic hydroxyl radicals to water (H2 + 2 * OH -> 2H2O).
- It maintains the homeostatic levels of our body’s antioxidants (e.g. glutathione).
- It has a beneficial effect on cell signaling, cell metabolism, and gene expression, which gives it anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and anti-aging effects.
Hydrogen is Natural and Safe
Hydrogen gas is not a foreign substance like a drug or pharmaceutical that is alien to the body. After a fiber rich meal, our gut bacteria produce hydrogen gas, which diffuses into the blood and exerts many beneficial effects. According to the research, drinking water that contains solubilized hydrogen gas is the most effective method to deliver hydrogen to the body. Interestingly, it is also the oldest method. Since the dawn of time, there has been talk of natural healing spring waters and the mythical fountains of youth with stories of miraculous healings and outstanding longevity. These stories seem to be but fables and legends; however, recent investigations of some of these healing waters in Japan; Tlacote, Mexico; Nadone, India; Lourdes, France, etc. all show that these waters are therapeutic, and that they contain available dissolved hydrogen gas.
It makes sense that because hydrogen has been so intimately involved in the origins of life, it would still benefit us today. Perhaps this is why we developed a symbiotic relationship with the H2 producing bacteria in our guts, and also why nature produced springs rich in hydrogen gas: to benefit its creations. Hydrogen appears to benefit all forms of life including plants.
Hydrogen in Ionized Water
The bio medical field was caught by surprise in 2007, when an article published in the prestigious journal of Nature Medicine demonstrated that something as natural and simple as molecular hydrogen could have such stunning biological benefits. With the new understanding of the active role of hydrogen gas, we are now able to understand why thousands of people benefited from “ionized water”. Many people taught that the increased pH was the cause of the benefits but now we know that it is molecular hydrogen dissolved is the true cause of benefits.
Ionized water is produced via electrolysis, which separates water to available oxygen gas and hydrogen gas (2H2O -> O2 + 2H2), which would dissolve into the water. In 1965, the Japanese Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare approved ionized water as a medical substance to help with various gastrointestinal symptoms. However, the numerous clinical reports and empirical evidence of therapeutic benefits clearly demonstrated that this water contained molecular hydrogen which has been shown to be a therapeutic agent. It is now well recognized that H2 gas is the great secret. Research has shown that removal of the hydrogen gas in ionized water eliminates the benefits, and addition of extra hydrogen gas to the water increases the therapeutic benefits.
Revolutionary Echo® H2 Tablets
These products all had low solubility, low hydrogen-producing capability, low effectiveness, and when added to water, produced unaesthetic and unpalatable drinking water. Nevertheless, numerous people have experienced miraculous benefits from using these products, but a new development was badly needed.
Finally in mid-2014 an industry expert in manufacturing and product development, joined hands with a well-recognized authority on molecular hydrogen, and together through months of tests, measurements, chemistry calculations and headaches, they created the ultimate hydrogen tablet. The Echo® H2 tablet is designed to be added to ≈500 mL of water and wait for 10-20 minutes as millions of molecular hydrogen nano-bubbles are produced, and then drink. One Echo® H2 tablet can produce a 2-6.5 ppm of H2 concentration, which is 1 – 4 times more than any other hydrogen-producing tablets.
Natural & Therapeutic Ingredients
The Echo® H2 tablet contains only natural, Gluten Free ingredients in a proprietary patent pending formula that includes magnesium, Advantose 100 (Maltose), malic acid, magnesium fumarate, fumaric acid that work synergistically in the formula and also in the body.
Magnesium is an essential mineral for the body and is required by over 300 enzymes as a metal ion co factor. Many people have poor diets and are slightly deficient in this vital mineral.
Malic acid and fumaric acid are natural organic molecules produced in the mitochondria during the citric acid cycle. Malic acid can improve the function of the mitochondria and has potential ergogenic benefits. Fumaric acid has some medicinal properties including its ability to activate the Nrf2 pathway, which helps in detoxification and antioxidation.
Reported Benefits of Hydrogen Tablet
Numerous people have experienced the benefits of these new tablets and can attest to their miraculous ability to help the body, do what it does best. Many people suffering from recalcitrant pain due injuries and aging have had their pain alleviated; athletes are training harder and breaking more records than ever before. People are sleeping deeper and can function better with less sleep. People find that they have more energy throughout the day and are able to stay mentally alert and focused for longer periods of time.
Benefits of Hydrogen
Here is a shot summary of just a few of the many benefits of hydrogen gas.
- Smallest, most bio available
- Selective—only scavenges bad radicals
- Converts radicals to water—no toxic byproduct)
- Improves the body’s antioxidant system (Glutathione, catalase, SOD)
- Helps lower excessive oxidative stress)
- Protects against radiation damage
- Stimulates energy metabolism to help prevent weight gain
- Supports glucose homeostasis
- Stabilizes cholesterol levels
- May help prevents erectile dysfunction
- Decreases lactate (lactic acid) build up during exercise
- Supports cognitive function
- Prevents age-related decline in cognitive capacity
- Extremely high safety, no toxic affects
- The water tastes smooth and light
- Alkaline pH
- Alkaline stabilizing ingredients
- Essential magnesium, which is a required co factor for over 300 enzymes
- Hydrates faster than bottled water
For references and more information/studies/testimonials/articles/etc. visit:
Benefits Of Echo® Hydrogen Enriched Water..
- Molecular Hydrogen- cellular hydration, converts free radicals into water molecules
- Better Hydration- increases energy, detoxification
- Healthier You – Boosts the Immune System
- Increased Energy- due to being hydrated
- Improve Athletic Performance- less fatigue
- Workout recovery time cut in half
Uses of H2 Water – Alkaline..
- Energy increase
- Immune system boost
- Digestive disorders
- Weight loss
- Acid reflux
- Natural non-abrasive astringent for the face
- Water with O2 to hydrate and nourish household plants
- Promotes healing of superficial cuts, scrapes and burns due to Hypochlorus Acid and O2
- Topical skin cleansing agent capable of killing bacteria and some viruses. (Hypochlorus Acid)
Echo® Beauty Water – Uses
- Wash face- astringent
- Fight acne; tone skin
- Rinse vegetables & fruit
- Water plants
- Heal cuts & scrapes faster
- Heal skin issues & burns
- Mouth rinse to kill bacteria
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1924: Astronomer Edwin Hubble announces that the spiral nebula Andromeda is actually a galaxy and that the Milky Way is just one of many galaxies in the universe.
Before Copernicus and Galileo, humans thought our world was the center of creation. Then (except for a few notable stragglers) we learned that the sun and planets did not revolve around the Earth, and we discovered that our sun — though the center of our solar system and vitally important to us — was not the center of the universe or even a major star in our galaxy.
But we still grandiosely thought our own dear Milky Way contained all or most of the stars in existence. We were about to be knocked off our egotistical little pedestal once again.
Edwin Hubble was born in Missouri in 1889 and moved to Chicago in 1898. In high school, he broke the state record in the high jump, and went on to play basketball for the University of Chicago. He won a Rhodes scholarship and studied law at Oxford. He earned a Ph.D. in astronomy, but practiced law in Kentucky. After serving in World War I and rising to the rank of major, he got bored with law and returned to astronomy.
He trained the powerful new 100-inch telescope at Mount Wilson in Southern California on spiral nebulae. These fuzzy patches of light in the sky were generally thought to be clouds of gas or dust within our galaxy, which was presumed to include everything in the universe except the Magellanic Clouds. Some nebulae seemed to contain a few stars, but nothing like the multitudes of the Milky Way.
Hubble not only found a number of stars in Andromeda, he found Cepheid variable stars. These stars vary from bright to dim, and a very smart Harvard computationist named Henrietta Leavitt had discovered in 1912 that you could measure distance with them. Given the brightness of the star and its period — the length of time it takes to go from bright to dim and back again — you could determine how far away it is.
Hubble used Leavitt’s formula to calculate that Andromeda was approximately 860,000 light years away. That’s more than eight times the distance to the farthest stars in the Milky Way. This conclusively proved that the nebulae are separate star systems and that our galaxy is not the universe.
Cosmic though it was, the news did not make the front page of The New York Times. The paper did notice the following Feb. 25 that Hubble and a public health researcher split a $1,000 prize ($12,500 in today’s money) from the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Hubble went on to discover another couple of dozen galaxies. Before the 1920s were over, he added another astronomical achievement to his reputation. By analyzing the Doppler effect on the spectroscopic signals of receding stars, he established that their red shift was proportional to their distance.
Photo: Edwin Hubble’s 1920s observations of Andromeda (whose ultraviolet spectrum is rendered here) expanded our notions of the size and nature of a universe that is itself expanding.
Galaxy Evolution Explorer image courtesy NASA.
This article first appeared on Wired.com Dec. 30, 2008.
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Go to Cyber Semiotic Institute home page
Go to Course Outline
Thus very young children do have some understanding of spatial relationships and respond to test situations with strategies of combination. As children reach their second year they can combine more than 2 items and can also construct and deconstruct sets and reconstruct them again. These abilities are evidence of cognitive elements present in the early development of humans. The Colobus and Macaque monkeys also tested for these abilities develop more slowly than the humans but by 22 months are not capable of reconstructing a set after it has been dismantled.
What does this tell us about facial gestures. It tells us that very young humans are very responsive to objects and social forces around them. By 10 months of age they can convey emotional states by such activities as arm waving, smiling, clapping and banging their feet (Zinober and Matlew 1986). They can also turn away in refusal of food, or refuse to make eye contact. Since much of the type of nonverbal communication that we have been discussing in these lectures is not occurring at the fore front of consciousness even in adults, these activities are not likely to be reinforced as "communicative" activities, however much they may be reinforced as indications of pleasure or social interaction.
However, at the same age of around ten months children also begin to use gestures as indicators of what they want or attempts to control the behaviour of another person. In these situations for example, the child may hold its arms up while vocalizing as a signal that it wants to be picked up. They may also begin to reach for things in an effort to get them, to nod in a positive indication and to hold the hand out with palm open when it wants something. At this age non verbal vocalizations often accompany some of these gestures. As the vocabulary improves words are often inserted into this sequence and interpreted as requests by the parents. These kinds of behaviours are often reinforced by caregivers who make an effort to respond to the child's request for a variety of reasons. As this interplay of gesture, vocalization and response occurs, especially if sets of objects or actions are being constructed and reconstructed and multiple related sets are formed -- cognitive constructions are being mapped and by "the end of their second year infants begin to map their cognitive constructions onto each other" (Langer 1993 pp 303). This is the beginning of the development of second-order hierarchic cognition which is past what seems to be achievable by Cebus and rhesus monkeys.
On the other hand monkeys do develop their abilities to communicate non-vocally from a very early stage of their lives. Infant macaques of only one week old are beginning to use the rhythmic opening and closing of the mouth that derives from a suckling response, in social situations. This behaviour is a pattern which neonates have for purposes of feeding, but in social groups a new mother is the focus of intense contact by other animals. Since lip smacks and teeth chatters are among the most frequent positive social gestures, newborns are exposed to both their mothers and her visitors exhibiting these gestures with great frequency and intensity. In my experience with infant barbary macaques, they will begin to look at approaching animals who are lip smacking and make efforts to open and close their mouths. An additional aspect of the gesture is the rhythmic hand clasp in which the approaching animal will often grab some part of the mother's body and squeeze it with her hand while lip smacking when she is close enough. This is usually seen for the most part in very intense lip smacking interactions, and may actually derive from an infants hand movements of spasmodic clutching seen while nursing is occurring. Infants of one week of age are not yet able to locomote on their own, and can barely stand by themselves and yet they begin to show aspects of a social gesture in correct context. As the infant grows older and continues this behaviour, approaching animals, and the mother orient to the infant and increase their lip smacking intensity, even if the ultimate focus of the meeting is maternal grooming and not the infant. Mothers also lipsmack to their infant and groom them, thus reinforcing the positive social nature of this gesture for infant monkeys.
In barbary macaques, males have also been observed using the lipsmack as a positive gesture to infants. Burton (1970) recounts observations of a male leader crouching on his ventrum with his head down at the infants level, but a few feet away, lipsmacking at the infant. The infant's response to this was to attempt to move towards the male. This was difficult because the infant's limbs were not yet coordinated enough to allow walking, so the result was the infant dragging itself with its arms towards the male. As the infant approached the male would either pick it up and lipsmack, or back up and encourage the infant to continue approaching by continuing to lipsmack to it. Thus the infant has the opportunity to learn that lipsmack can be associated with a friendly approach by another animal for purposes of grooming, or can accompany an approach by it to another animal.
Young infants who approach older ones and are threatened frequently do not appear to respond with avoidance until they have been pushed away to hit at a few times, or until such an interaction is terminated by the infant's mother retrieving it from the situation. Young primates seem to be treated so positively by older group members that their first experiences or rejections seem incomprehensible to them. These remarks are derived from my current investigations of adult infant interaction in Macaca fasucularis, the crab-eating macaque. I have been investigating responses towards infants of different ages by males by mothers and by females who are not the infants' mother.
The negative behaviours by wild males do not usually begin until nearly 10 weeks of age, and consist mainly of 'threat' and "look at" -- which could be considered a precursor of threat. The mothers and non-mother females begin negative behaviours early (week 2) and these include leave, restrain, threat and grab. There is a distinct difference between the frequency of positive and negative behaviours towards infants from the first two week of life on. The mothers and non-maternal females vary between 15 and 20% positive behaviours compared with 2% (mother) and 8% (non-mothers) of negative behaviour in colony infants, while the males show little behaviour of either type until 10 weeks. Thus the infant's early socialization is generally from the females with sit by, hold, and groom being the most frequent positive behaviours and leave, vocalize, and restrain/retrieve being the most frequent negative ones. The clearest message that seems to be sent to infants by these adults is that leaving and vocalizing are two behaviours indicating refusal to interact while sit by, hold and groom indicate positive interactions. Actual threats, hits, bites or other truly aversive behaviour is very rare indeed. As a result infants must learn to interpret quite subtle expressions of behaviour. As suggested above, infants don't seem to begin to respond to these subtle communications until they are actively chastised a few times, after which they begin to respond to more subtle cues.
The corresponding behaviours by infants show a high frequency of 'cling' which could be interpreted as a biological imperative, followed by 'sit by' 'play' and 'approach'. In other words the infants are learning that spatial contiguity is an important message in developing interaction patterns for their groups. Infants begin to express their preferences by their changing pattern of approach, leave and follow as they mature. These are a very basic level of communication, but are the beginnings of taking responsibility for their own interaction patterns up to 24 weeks of age.
As Tomassello (1990) says the social environment (of primates) exerts a powerful influence on learning both individually and socially even though actual behaviours are not being reproduced exactly from one individual to the one that is learning. This caveat functions to clarify the difference between actions that may be similar between group members and serve the same goal (emualtion) and actions which are a very exact copying of behaviour by one individual from another (imitation). According to Tomassello (and others), most copying of behaviour in primates is really emulation rather than imitation. I would argue that in the literature on gesture -- including pointing and learning sign language -- that I have read that children are acquiring their gestures also by emulation rather than imitation in that strict sense of the term. The communicative content is shaped by the interaction between the mother and infant by social behaviours being transformed into intentionally produced communication signals. This "conventionalization" between mothers and infants depends to a large extent on the mother's pattern and responsiveness to the infant's behaviour. In the discussion of developing pointing in children several possibilities are suggested as the basis for the gesture. These include reaching for, indicating or desire for and drawing attention to. In fact during ages 5 to 10 months from 60-100% of the infants' pointing are ignored by the mother. This changes at about month 10 when infants seem to begin to pay much more attention when the mother points to things. Mothers often respond to a point by referring to the object verbally ("yes what a nice doggie") without making a move towards it themselves. Thus the infant does not generally have a gesture to copy, or get possession of the object, -- which might be considered to be the objective if pointing was a modified reaching. Lock et al. conclude that the pointing gesture "is not derived from either indicative gestures or failed reaches" (Lock et al. 1990 pg 33). They see the action as becoming coordinated with a frame of interaction in which the pointing actually has referents that the mother will respond to. The infant is exploring the world around it and the mother responds in ways that make sense to her.
This type of communication ties into symbolic play, in which the infant represents the actions of people and objects and which begins to develop from 13 to 21 months, according to Lock (1993). Combinatorial skills in which words and motor actions contribute to pretense play also develop between 12 and 30 months of age. Thus the developing vocal abilities are supported by gestures which contribute functionally to the message without necessarily having truly symbolic input to it. Also social imitation which begins in the first year of life provides scaffolding needed for developing factors such as presentation of the infant's own facial features (Parker, et al 1994). Once the infant is able not only to give attention to another, but to recognize when attention is being directed towards it the infant can attend to the others attention in such a way that recognition of the self and others develops in parallel. This allows the young individual to notice and profit by sequences and orientation of behaviour seen in others.
This is a very important aspect when considering cultural differences between gesture patterns in different populations. Not only are the forms of the gestures different from culture to culture but factors considered appropriate to respond to also differ. The very early age that children begin to interact with the world around them is thus a very relevant aspect of how deeply and unconsciously human have internalized many of the relevant gestures that they respond to. These may not be gestures per se -- symbols with explicit meanings but the non-verbal body language which happens at a very subliminal level.
The quality of individual movement patterns, some of which can express anxiety or tension, can become established very early in life. The frequency of physical contact with infants under 3 months of age seems to affect the whole organism from breathing pattern to gastro intestinal tract to sleeping patterns and general responsiveness. Some research on handling in neonatal animals suggests that it is not even necessarily the quality of touching, but the stimulation of the cutaneous surface which is the relevant factor. The neonate nursing from the breast stimulates the mouth and nose, which influences breathing patterns. Long deep breaths coordinated with deep suckling seem to be more calming than rapid shallow breathing. This will influence later speaking patterns and maybe even susceptibility to respiratory ailments such as asthma and rhinitis. A pattern of deeper, calmer breathing will influence the physical expression and tension levels in the body, which provide nonverbal cues to an observor.
Gastro intestinal tract development and function can also be influenced by parental response patterns to infants. If infants are frequently held, rocked, and nursed their crying frequency seems to decrease by u to 70% which is particularly noticeable in colicky infants, who previous to the experiment had cued about 2 1/2 times as much as controls (Montagu, 1986). The cutaneous stimulation may well have an effect both by reducing tension and inducing relaxation which allows the intestine to work more efficiently, and also by direct influence of promoting the development of nervous response to external stimulation. Since the inside of the digestive tract from mouth to anus is really a part of the external surface of an individual, promotion of nerve sensor response in one part to pressure or stimulation may also promote maturation of nervous sensors in other parts of the skin such that they infants muscular and gladualar response to the pressure of food in the gut may be more prompt and efficient thus promoting the digestion of food, rather than letting it sit in the stomach and intestines where it can ferment and produce the gas which results in so much pain and fussiness of a colicky baby.
These basic physiological aspects of nerve and responses occur very early in development but may easily lay a foundation for patterns of interaction with the world. The types of messages sent are subliminal and undirected, but can certainly be perceived and responded to by others. Even when infants are interacting with each other or with adults, their tension levels, willingness to interact and level of organization will affect the outcome.
The learning patterns of children and young primates, both in and out of awareness are molded by parents and caregivers as well as others who provide information without the information value of the behaviours being explicit to caregivers. This is the kind of interaction characterized by King (1994) as information donation. However, just because the information is made available, does not ensure that it will be acquired by the infant. Humans who are very directed towards the success of learning use direct teaching, repeated exemplars and reinforcement to promote acquisition by children. Primates in most cases are much less directed but their infants do learn both by observation and experience. Monkey mothers may direct the infant's attention to signals being put forward by others in cases where, for example, an infant approaches another adult. If the one approached shows positive social behaviours such as lipsmacks, the mother may not intervene while if the other shows signs of arousal such as piloerection, threat stares or 'push away' they mother may go and retrieve the infant from the other's vicinity. This may serve to indicated to the infants the difference between positive and negative responses and the appropriate way to respond to each. A lot of acquisition of social skills in monkeys occurs during play with same aged animals in which infants get to practice the use of such relatively stereotyped gestures as the play face, and learn how to interpret the validity of such gestures expressed by others. They also acquire quite a lot of social finesse by trial and error as well as observation, correction and support.
The basic aspects of learning non-verbal communication skills may rest on physiological or hard wired foundations, but the physical maturation of the infant, its developing ability to cognitively organize the world, and above all its social experience, develop the structure of communication in culturally acceptable patterns whether the infant is primate or human. The purpose of this lecture is to reinforce that these learning patterns may not consciously be about communication but none-the-less serve a communicative function to a very profound degree.
King, B.J. (1994) The Information Continuum. SAR Press. Santa Fe.
Langer, J. (1993) "Comparative Cognitive Development." In: Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution. Eds. K.R. Gibson and T. Ingold. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. pp 300-313.
Lock, A. (1993) "Human Language Development and Object Manipulation: Their Relation in Ontogeny and its Possible Relivance for Phylogentic Questions." In: Tools, Language and Cognition. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. pp 279-299.
Lock, A, Young A., Service, V. and Chandler, P. (1990). "Some Observations on the Origin of the Pointing Gesture." In: From Gesture to Language in Hearing and Deaf Children. Eds. Voltera and C.J. Ertins. Springer-Verlag. New York. pp 42-55.
Montagu, A. (1986) Touching. 3rd ed. Harper and Row. New York.
Parker, S. Mitchell, R (1994). "Evolving Self Awareness." In: Self Awareness in Animals and Humans. ed. S. Parker, R. Mitchell and M. Boccia. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. pp 413-428.
Tomasello, M. (1990) "Cultural Transmission in Chimpanzee Tool Use and Signalling." In: Language and Intelligence in Monkeys and Apes eds. S.T. Parker and k. Gibson. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. pp 274-311.
Zinober, B and Martlew, M.(1986) "The Development of Communicative Gestures." In: Children's Single Word Speech. ed. M. Barrett. Chichester Wiley. pp 183-215.
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THIS Could Soon Be Banned From Supermarket Checkouts
Public health experts are calling for Australia's supermarket giants to remove all junk food and soft drinks from their checkouts.
A first-of-its-kind study conducted by the Global Obesity Centre at Deakin University has assessed the nutrition policies of Australia's major supermarkets, finding they could be doing much more to encourage healthy eating.
"Unhealthy diets and obesity are leading contributors to poor health in Australia. Tackling the issue requires a comprehensive societal response, including government policy and wide-scale action from the food industry, which includes our supermarkets," lead author Associate Professor Gary Sacks said.
Researchers rated the policies of Woolworths, Coles, Aldi and IGA out of 100 in the review which examined six key areas including nutrition labelling, promotion practices and product accessibility.
The data included publicly available information collected until the end of 2017 plus policy information provided by the retailers.
The information was then assessed using the 'Business Impact Assessment - Obesity and Population Nutrition tool' developed by INFORMAS, a global network of public health researchers that monitor food environments worldwide.
Woolworths ranked the highest, scoring 46 out of 100, while IGA scored just eight points.
"Their food labelling was where they scored pretty well, most of the supermarkets have committed to rolling-out the government's Health Star Rating system that makes it easy to see which products are healthy," Prof Sacks said.
Woolworths also scored "okay" when it came to promoting healthy food, but they "fell down" due to the heavy promotion of unhealthy food, Prof Sacks said.
"The supermarkets are quite vocal about being healthy places to shop but the reality is once you are in the store there is heaps of promotion of unhealthy food," he said.
"The end-of-aisle displays are typically filled with unhealthy products, it's just chocolate and soft drinks at the checkouts; so it's just really hard to stick to a nice healthy basket of food when you are surrounded by all of that."
In the UK several supermarkets have committed to providing healthy checkouts with no chocolates, soft drinks or lollies on display and the researchers are calling for Australia to follow suit.
"The key is that those supermarkets have done it which means it's feasible, they haven't gone out of business and that is evidence that supermarkets can make that move and they are still viable as a business," said Prof Sacks.
The researchers have also called for the supermarkets to have fewer price discounts on chocolates and chips and instead make healthy, fresh produce for affordable.
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The Savannah area. First led by Tomochichi and then by his nephew and heir Toonahowi, they consisted of about 200 people and contained a mix of Lower Creeks and Yamasees. Most eventually reintegrated themselves with the Lower Creeks to avoid future confrontation with European intruders.
Before the Yamacraws' formation, the Creeks and the Yamasees dominated the region now known as the state of Georgia. Both nations came under the economic influence of British traders based out of Charleston, South Carolina. As the Indians slid further into debt, the British required immediate payment in the forms of deerskins and/or Indian slaves. Rather than submit to these demands, the Yamasees attacked British traders and settlers in backcountry South Carolina in 1715, resulting in the Yamasee War, and the Creeks joined their relatives in the fight. When hostilities ended two years later, the Creeks, led by Brims, were quick to reestablish trade with the British, which offended their Yamasee allies, who instead linked with the Spanish out of St. Augustine, in present-day Florida.
Indians Savannah River, choosing the site for its vacancy, its proximity to British traders, and its spiritual significance as the resting place of Tomochichi's ancestors. Here they created a new town and prospered quietly until more British settlers, led by James Edward Oglethorpe, arrived in February 1733. Tomochichi negotiated with Oglethorpe and agreed to move his village upstream from the new outpost that would become Savannah. The two men became strong allies and helped to maintain communication among the various ethnic groups in the area at that time. Many Yamacraws returned inland and rejoined their Lower Creek kinsmen as more British colonists settled in Georgia. With Tomochichi's death in 1739 and Toonahowi's death in 1743, the Yamacraws ceased to be an influential force.
The Yamacraws followed many of the same traditions shared by all southeastern Indians, including political organization based on towns and familial connections centered around clans. British treaty negotiations with the Lower Creeks in May 1733 suggest that the Creeks accepted the Yamacraws as a branch of their larger polity, which opened the possibilities for additional kinship ties and for the return of repentant individuals. The Yamacraws believed in one god and an afterlife and that spirits inhabited all objects, natural and man-made. Since the group developed in the years after contact with whites, the Yamacraws were already familiar with European traders and had acquired the diplomatic skills necessary to negotiate shrewdly with newcomers and to choose their alliances carefully. They understood the importance of trade and relied upon outposts like the one Mary Musgrove, a Creek-British woman, operated nearby to supply them with certain items in exchange for deerskins and other native goods.
The Yamacraws, as a subsidiary of the Lower Creeks, lasted for less than two decades before merging with that larger nation to avoid encroaching British settlers.
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A List of Products that Contain Plastic Microbeads
By Alex Hamilton
You don’t litter, you have a reusable water bottle and you put your groceries in cloth bags. But what’s in your shower?
In the past decade, cosmetic companies have increased their output of products with plastic microbeads. Most of these are advertised with the words “scrub” or “exfoliating.” On the ingredients list, “polyethylene” and “polypropylene” are red flags: Both are just types of plastic.
Plastic bags and bottles turn into microplastics through a process of degradation, breaking down into smaller and smaller pieces. Microbeads, on the other hand, are already tiny—under 10mm in diameter—by the time they enter watersheds. The beads are small enough that they slip right through water treatment facility filters and into watersheds. Once they make it through, they attract the toxins present in low concentrations in a body of water.
Growing familiarity with microbeads, their effects and their ubiquity (90% of ocean surface water samples collected for ASC’s Microplastics project were contaminated) has led to increased public resistance to their use. New data shows that the Great Lakes have up to 1.7 million microplastic particles per square mile of surface water, and governments surrounding the lakes have been the most active.
Illinois has banned the sale of products with microbeads; Ohio and New York are considering doing the same, as is Toronto. New Jersey Congressman Frank Pallone Jr. introduced a bill to implement a ban nationwide by 2018, and New York Senator Kirsten Gillibrand has proposed similar legislation. Major cosmetics companies have taken note: Unilever is phasing out plastic microbeads by 2015, and L’Oreal will do the same by 2017.
For now, though, plastic microbeads are easy to buy and use. Luckily, they’re also easy to avoid.
Tips on avoiding products with microbeads:
–Check ingredients labels for polyethylene and polypropylene.
–An app has been released which allows you to simply scan a bar code with your smartphone camera to determine if a product has microbeads.
–Check out the list below of popular U.S. products with microbeads. The complete list is available here.
–Don’t worry! There are plenty of exfoliants without microbeads, most of which use biodegradable and filterable products like jojoba, vitamin C paste and volcanic minerals. You can find a list of some of the best from Allure magazine here.
PRODUCTS THAT CONTAIN PLASTIC MICROBEADS
Aveeno Active Naturals Positively Radiant Skin Brightening Daily Scrub
Aveeno Active Naturals Positively Ageless Resurfacing Scrub with Vitamin C
Aveeno Active Naturals Clear Complexion Cream Cleanser
Bath & Body Works Pure Paradise 2-in-1 Body Scrub and Wash
Clean & Clear Advantage 3-in 1 Exfoliating Cleanser
Clean & Clear Morning Burst Facial Scrub - Oil Free
Clean & Clear Blackhead Eraser Scrub - Oil Free
Clean & Clear Deep Action Exfoliating Scrub - Oil Free
Clean & Clear Daily Pore Cleanser - Oil Free
Clearasil Reckit Benckiser Daily Clear - Refreshing Superfruit Scrub
Clinque Estée Lauder Companies 7 Day Scrub Cream Rinse-Off Formula
Clinque Estée Lauder Companies Exfoliating Scrub
CVS Pharmacy Oil-free acne scrub
Dermalogica Clear Start - Blackhead Clearing Pore Control Scrub
Hempz Sandalwood & Apple Herbal Body Scrub
Kiehl's Facial Fuel-Energizing Scrub - Skin Buffer for Men
Kiehl's Clearly Corrective - Skin Brightening Exfoliator
Olay Prof. Exfoliating Renewal Cleanser
Rite Aid Renewal DIY Regenerating Cleanser
Rite Aid Renewal Regenerating Micro Refining Cream
Rite Aid Renewal Acne Body Scrub Clear
Rite Aid Renewal Acne Wash Daily Scrub Oil-Free
Rite Aid Renewal Bright Skin Daily Face Scrub
Rite Aid Renewal Exfoliating Cleanser
Up & Up (Target Brand) Exfoliating Body Wash - Pomegranate Seeds
Up & Up (Target Brand) Blackhead Facial Scrub with Salicylic Acid
Up & Up (Target Brand) Acne Wash Oil-Free Pink Grapefruit Foaming Scrub
Up & Up (Target Brand) Renewing Cleanser
Victoria's Secret 2-in-1 Wash and Scrub
Walgreens Blackhead Clearing Scrub
Crest Pro Health
Crest Pro Health for Me
Crest Complete Multi Benefit
Crest 3D White
Crest 3D White Luxe
Read the Landmark Notes blog:
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Recent research from UK and London Skip Hire Specialists, Enviro Skip Hire, shows that over half of the UK’s population ‘miss’ opportunities to recycle from home.
According to a 2020 European research study, with 282.4 tonnes of waste produced per year, the UK comes in third place overall. With nearly 400 tonnes of garbage produced, Germany came out on top. France, where 310.4 tonnes of waste are produced, came in second place.
What does 2023 data show?
- Northern Ireland was the only country in the UK where the recycling rate didn’t increase
- UK’s biodegradable waste, sent to landfill, increased by 0.7 million tonnes in 2020
Managing Director, James Rubin, says that “New data also demonstrates that recycling is, in fact, evolving into a custom in the UK. It’s obvious that the trend is going in the correct direction because over 85% of the population actively recycles.
The need for landfills and other expensive waste disposal techniques will decrease as recycling rates rise. Examples of products made from recycled plastic include clothing and electricals.
What does the future of recycling hold? Governments, towns, and organisations are likely to explore for more creative ways to deal with waste and waste disposal. By aiming to increase the nation’s recycling rate by 50% by 2023, the UK might even take a page out of the USA’s book.
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This small but pretty little bug is a Two-Lined Spittlebug (Prosapia bicincta). They are approximately 3/8 of in inch long and somewhat thick bodied. They are black with two orangish-yellow stripes and red eyes. There is a mark right behind the thorax that is very heart-like in shape.They are very common in meadows, and other grassy areas throughout the Eastern United States. Usually you will see the signs of the nymphs much more often than you will see the adults.
Just look for the spit!
Females lay eggs in the fall that overwinter. In the spring the eggs hatch and the young nymphs begin feeding. As nymphs they hide out in this foamy, spit-like substance that is attached to various plant stems. They will feed on the juices from the plant all tucked away safe and sound inside this very unique camo. There seems to be some debate as to what purpose the spit has.....some feel it may keep the nymph from drying out or desiccating. It may also be a form of protection from enemies that may want to feed on them.
The adults feed on holly predominantly. Ornamental plants and turf grasses can be harmed by the feeding habits of the nymphs and the adults. This usually will not happen if plants or grasses are healthy. Should a large infestation occur then measures may be needed to remove them from your yard. I have hundreds of these little guys around our farm, I rarely see much damage because of them.
For me these globs of spit on the plants is a sure sign that summer is in full swing. Starting in about late May or early June they are everywhere. There is no end to the wonderful, unique and crazy ways that insects can protect themselves or hide away from predators. Spit, in my opinion , ranks right up there at the top.
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Gates of Delhi
The Gates of Delhi were built in Delhi, India, under dynastic rulers in the period that could be dated from the 8th century to the 20th century. They are the gates of the ancient city of Lal Kot or Qila Rai Pithora, also called the first city of Delhi (period 731-1311) in Mehrauli – Qutb Complex; the gates in the second city of Siri Fort (1304); the gates in the third city Tughlaqabad (1321–23); the gates in the fourth city of Jahanpanah’s of (mid-14th century); the gates in the fifth city of Feruzabad (1354); the sixth city of Dilli Sher Shahi's (Shergarh) gates (1534), near Purana Qila; the gates built in the seventh city Shahjahanabad of (mid 17th century); and the gates in the eighth modern city New Delhi of British Raj (1931s) in Lutyens' Delhi of the British rule.In 1611, the European merchant William Finch had described Delhi as the city of seven castles (forts) and 52 gates. More gates were built after that period during the Mughal rule and during the British rule. Currently, only 13 gates exist in good condition, while all others are in ruins or have been demolished. Like all gates denote, the direction of the destination station is the starting name of the gate.
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Datamoshing images, also known as databending or glitching images can be done in a number of ways, some of the most interesting glitches are accomplished by using the Processing programming language. From the beginning the Processing language, was designed as a first programming language. It was inspired by earlier languages like BASIC and Logo.
If you don’t have the time or inclination to glitch images using scripts you can use dedicated apps such as Glitch for iOS.
To get started download and install the latest version of Processing, version 3.1.1 at the time of writing this. I’ve written a simple script you can download here, you’ll have to unzip it once it’s downloaded. Once you’ve installed and opened Processing you can load the script by accessing the menu.
File > Open
And navigating to the SimpleGlitch.pde script file. In the script, which are referred to as sketches in Processing, you’ll need to change the following lines to point the script at the image you want to pixel sort:
// image path is relative to sketch directory PImage img; String imgFileName = "MyImage"; String fileType = "jpg";
In the simple glitch sketch we’re doing a little more. For each pixel in the image the script generates some random numbers to determine whether or not to glitch that pixel. It also keeps track of whether or not the previous pixel was glitched by setting the previousPixelGlitched variable to true or false, if it was, there’s a higher chance that the code will glitch the current pixel. This type of structure will result in lines of glitched pixels, rather that just randomly positioned glitched pixels, which ends up looking like static.
The sketch generates a new random color for the randomColor variable before glitching any pixels and each time a pixel is not glitched. This means that each line of glitched pixels will have a new random color available to it.
// random color // 0-255, red, green, blue, alpha color randomColor = color(random(255), random(255), random(255), 255);
The sketch generates another random number, this time between .5 and 1, and uses this as a mix ratio to mix the random color with the current pixel’s color.
// percentage to mix float mixPercentage = .5 + random(50)/100; // mix colors by random percentage of new random color img.pixels[y + x * img.height] = lerpColor(pixelColor, randomColor, mixPercentage);
For the featured image of this post I adjusted the random color generator to always use 255 (the maximum) blue and thus the resulting image contains colors from the cool range of the spectrum.
In short, this script creates lines of random length and of random colors and mixes them into the original image. I also added some commented out lines that illustrate how to apply filters to the entire image in Processing, uncomment them to see how they affect the result.
// apply some filters // https://processing.org/reference/filter_.html // posterize filter // filter(POSTERIZE, 4); // dilate filter // filter(DILATE);
Some ideas for experimenting with this script might be changing the mixPercentage randomness, or, as I did, adjust the random color to be less random by replacing any of the three random(255) with a number between 0 and 255. Instead of glitching pixels randomly you could use a counter, or geometric function (sin, cos, etc) in the loop to glitch pixels in mathematical patterns.
If you’re feeling intimidated by the simple glitch script I created a super simple glitch script you can download here. The super simple glitch script doesn’t actually do anything except loop through each pixel in the image, so it’s ready for experimentation. #corruptabsolutely
iOS (iPhone, iPad)
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THE MAP OF STRUTHOF
All the roads depicted on the map were built by the internees of the camp of Struthof. Given the nature of the terrain (sandstone), many internees died (they called the main road "the road of 10,000 skulls"). The gas chamber was situated outside the camp: in fact it was built with a few modifications after the design of a room used by the SS for training in the use of gas masks against tear gas.
Those who wish details on this drawing and a few items about the "revisionist" challenges may click here.
This explains the modest cost of the transformation (236.08 Reichsmarks) of the chamber; the work consisted mainly in the installation of a peephole, of a funnel and of a tap for the introduction of salts releasing hydrocyanic acid in the presence of water (additionally a repainting, from an extension of an external pipe). The chamber was already virtually airtight[?].
Afterwards, for the experiments that had to do with phosgene, an extraction rod with a measure on the end was set at the center of the entry door. You can see it in the documents that follow.
We have of course the plan of the gas chamber, but the official documents for them which we have been able to find were in hard-to-read photocopies. The chamber is very simple. It consists of the introduction chute, a glass peephole, a powered exhaust by means of an external chimney, a central grille on the floor used for cleaning.
The gas chamber, after the murders and the phosgene gas tests was used anew for training against tear gas; the cyanide gas introduction mechanism had no need to be removed, nor the observation glass, and the mechanism therefore was found and analyzed: one can still see the funnel at the museum of Besancon (the pipe itself was lost after the analysis, but we will see later that this has no importance given the method of gassing used.)
For the experiments involving phosgene, a small modification was however introduced; a measuring rod across the door. The evacuation motor, assorted things and even this rod were still present at the liberation of the camp, as we see in the photos: the rod was mistakenly interpreted initially as being the mechanism for introduction of the gas.
Struthof home page
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What is Eye Tracking Technology?
Eye tracking is by no means a new development and is in short, the measurement of eye activity. The application of eye tracking within a research context includes tracking line of sight, how the pupil reacts to different stimuli and for how long the eye concentrates in one place, i.e. at a particular stimulus. You wouldn’t believe the insight that can be gained from examining respondent eye behaviour - not always a conscious decision.
Modern eye trackers are available in two forms, remote (screen based or desktop) which tracks activity from a distance and head-mounted (mobile) which tracks activity at close range. I have included features of both types below as per Eye Tracking: The Ultimate Pocket Guide:
- Mounted below or placed close to a computer or screen
- Respondent is seated in front of eye tracker
- Recommended for observations of any screen-based stimulus material in lab settings including pictures, videos, and websites, offline stimuli (magazines, books, etc.), and other small visuals (small shelf studies, etc.)
- Mounted onto lightweight eyeglass frames
- Respondent is able to walk around freely
- Recommended for observing objects and task performance in any real-life or virtual environments (usability studies, product testing, etc.)
Both types of eye tracking device have advantages and disadvantages (e.g. distributary, environmental and the ability to record spontaneous results) but ultimately are available for the use of tracking eye movement in market research purposes.
Application of Eye Tracking Technology in Digital Research
Our eyes are the portal through which we determine what we choose to pay attention to. To unlock both the conscious and unconscious patterns of customer and potential customer interest is a very powerful ability for any brand’s marketing department.
Market researchers use eye tracking technology for various reasons across a variety of stimuli (websites, packaging, advertising, and many more) and situations, the behaviour of a shopper in-store for example. Using eye tracking technology allows the researcher to literally see through the eyes of the participant and what either captured their attention and/or what was ignored in any given situation. In turn this data can be analysed to identify patterns between participants to predict the success of the stimuli (whatever form it may take). Depth can be added to studies involving any type of visual using this technology.
If the researcher did not use eye tracking technology, when asking a participant to describe their feelings towards a piece of stimulus, in what order they viewed it, how long they lingered over certain areas, etc., the researcher is relying on participants conscious recall to give an accurate account.
With eye tracking technology the researcher has the physical data from the real-time experience, not only making the research more reliable, but also more detailed.
Virtual reality is also a consideration here. It has the potential to save both businesses and researchers time and money. Virtual reality allows the participant to be submerged in a situation where their surroundings (360 degrees) are determined by what is showing on their headset, so instead of your participant physically going into a store to experience it, you can take them there virtually.
Fove, a San Francisco-based company founded in 2014, has developed a headset that combines virtual reality and eye tracking. This has a strong application in the gaming industry currently, where the eye movements are used to control aspects of the game. However, as this technology develops and other companies enter and establish their position within the market, the applications for such a methodology in market research are endless.
Adding Value to Digital Research
Analysing the visual path of participants in response to stimuli can identify patterns of both similarities and differences in participant behaviour. It can be used to see what was viewed and when as well as what was ignored giving an overall perspective of how the participant ‘saw’ the stimuli or experience.
In the context of a market research project where stimuli is reviewed or an experience has been studied, eye tracking technology can provide the researcher with physical knowledge of what is attractive and attention grabbing and what is less likely to provoke a response or action. To be able to present evidence like this is a powerful tool for researchers.
In the context of business application, companies can use the insight from virtual reality and/or eye tracking technology in the development of their marketing strategies, website designs, in-store layouts and displays – the list is endless.
Eye tracking technology has a lot to offer market research and as the capability and popularity of virtual reality grows, I think the use of these technologies combined will also, both for business and pleasure.
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Xeloda (chemical name: capecitabine) is a chemotherapy medicine often used in combination with other anticancer medicines. Typically, it’s used to treat advanced-stage breast cancer that has stopped responding to certain other chemotherapy medicines. Xeloda is taken orally as a pill.
Treatment given before surgery to weaken or shrink the cancer is called neoadjuvant treatment. Neoadjuvant treatment often is recommended when the breast cancer is large, aggressive, and/or has spread beyond the breast to surrounding tissue.
One way doctors judge the effectiveness of neoadjuvant treatment is to look at the tissue removed during surgery to see if any cancer cells are present. If no cancer cells are there, doctors call it a “pathologic complete response.” If there are cancer cells in the tissue removed, doctors say there is “residual disease” because it’s likely that there may still be some cancer cells in the body. Many doctors believe that a pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant treatment means the cancer is less likely to come back.
A Japanese study has found that women diagnosed with early-stage, HER2-negative breast cancer with residual disease who were treated with Xeloda after surgery had better survival compared to women who didn’t get chemotherapy after surgery.
The study was presented on Dec. 9, 2015 at the 2015 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. Read the abstract of “A phase III trial of adjuvant capecitabine in breast cancer patients with HER2-negative pathologic residual invasive disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CREATE-X, JBCRG-04).”
Disease-free survival is how long a woman lives without the cancer coming back (recurrence). Overall survival is how long a woman lives with or without the cancer coming back.
In the study, 885 women diagnosed with HER2-negative breast cancer that was stage I to stage IIIB received neoadjuvant chemotherapy with a regimen that contained an anthracycline and/or a taxane chemotherapy medicine and were found to have residual disease after surgery.
Adriamycin (chemical name: doxorubicin) and Ellence (chemical name: epirubicin) are examples of anthracyclines. Taxol (chemical name: paclitaxel) and Taxotere (chemical name: docetaxel) are examples of taxanes.
After surgery, the women were randomly assigned to receive either:
- standard treatment: radiation and hormonal therapy (if the cancer was hormone-receptor-positive), but no chemotherapy
- standard treatment plus eight cycles of Xeloda
Half the women in the study were younger than 48 and half were older; 58% of them were premenopausal. About 63% of the cancers were hormone-receptor-positive.
After about 5 years of follow-up, the researchers found that women who were treated with Xeloda after surgery had better disease-free survival than women who didn’t get chemotherapy after surgery:
- 74.1% of the women treated with Xeloda were alive with no recurrence
- 67.7% of the women who didn’t get chemotherapy were alive with no recurrence
Xeloda also improved overall survival:
- 89.2% of the women treated with Xeloda were alive
- 83.9% of the women who didn’t get chemotherapy were alive
When the researchers grouped the women by age, hormone-receptor-status, cancer grade, or type of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, they found that Xeloda still improved survival.
"Overall survival was significantly improved by capecitabine adjuvant therapy for non-pathologic complete response or node-positive patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy," said Masakazu Toi, M.D., Ph.D., of Kyoto University Hospital. "The balance of benefit and toxicity would favor the use of capecitabine in the post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy situation, but prediction for the therapeutic benefit needs to be investigated further."
Like most chemotherapy medicines, Xeloda can cause side effects.
In the study, 45% of the women completed all eight cycles of Xeloda. About 30% of the women had to take a lower dose of Xeloda because of side effects and 22.5% of the women stopped taking Xeloda because of side effects.
The most common side effects in the study were:
- neutropenia (low white blood cell count)
- hand-foot syndrome
If you’ve been diagnosed with early-stage, HER2-negative breast cancer and did not have a pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, you might want to talk to your doctor about this study, especially if the cancer was large or involved more than one or two lymph nodes. While using Xeloda in this way isn’t the standard of care, you and your doctor can figure out if Xeloda after surgery might be a good fit for you and your unique situation.
For more information, including common regimens and side effects, visit the Breastcancer.org Chemotherapy section.
Read more Research News from the 2015 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium:
- Kadcyla Improves Survival in Women Diagnosed With Metastatic, HER2-Positive Disease That’s Stopped Responding to Herceptin and Tykerb
- Arimidex or Tamoxifen Reduce Recurrence Risk After DCIS Equally Well in Postmenopausal Women, Choice Depends on Age, Side Effects
- Study Suggests Premenopausal Women With Certain Type of Breast Cancer Don’t Benefit From Chemotherapy
- Lumpectomy Plus Radiation May Offer Survival Benefits for Early-Stage Disease
- Prolia Reduces Recurrence Risk of Hormone-Receptor-Positive Disease in Women Taking Aromatase Inhibitors
- Triple-Negative Disease May Have New Treatment Option
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This is the first lesson for my class as they start a new school year. The focus of the lesson is to encourage and help students to be excited to study God’s Word. The lesson was prepared for older elementary students and can be adapted as needed for your ministry needs.
Bible Story: God’s Word is Alive!
Scripture: Selected Scriptures Below
Target Age Group: Age 9 – 11 (U.S. 3rd – 5th Grade)
Learning Context: Sunday School
Target Time Frame: 60 minutes
Printer Friendly Bible Lesson: PRINT this lesson plan
You Can Help: Please share your feedback and suggestions to improve this children’s Bible lesson. Click here to respond
Supply List: Bibles, objects that symbolize the Word of God (seeds, hammer, etc.), puppet, real food, toy food, children’s fictional book,
Learning Goal: Students will learn that because God’s Word is alive and powerful it is important for believers to daily study and apply what they learn.
Learning Activity #1: God’s Word is:
Double-edged Sword (toy sword)
|Hebrews 4:12 “For the Word of God is living and active. Sharper than any double-edged sword, it penetrates even to the soul and spirit, joints and marrow; it judges the thoughts and attitudes of the heart.”|
|Jeremiah 20:9 “But if I say, “I will not mention Him or speak any more in His Name, His Word is in my heart like a fire, a fire shut up in my bones.”Luke 24:32 “They asked each other, “Were not our hearts burning within us while He talked with us on the road and opened the Scriptures to us?”|
|Jeremiah 23:29””Is not My Word like fire,” declares the LORD, “and like a hammer that breaks a rock in pieces?”Ezekiel 11:19 “I will give them an undivided heart and put a new spirit in them; I will remove from them their heart of stone and give them a heart of flesh.”|
|Luke 8:11 “This is the meaning of the parable: The seed is the Word of God.”|
|Psalm 119:105 “Your Word is a lamp to my feet and a light for my path.”|
|Proverbs 4:22-23 “For they are life to those who find them, healing and health to all their flesh. Keep and guard your heart with all vigilance and above all that you guard, for out of it flow the springs of life. (Amplified)|
|Matthew 4:4 “Jesus answered, “It is written: ‘Man does not live on bread alone, but on every word that comes from the mouth of God.’.”|
|James 1:22-24 “Do not merely listen to the Word, and so deceive yourselves. Do what it says. Anyone who listens to the word but does not do what it says is like a man who looks at his face in a mirror and after looking at himself goes away and immediately forgets what he looks like.”|
|Ephesians 5:26-27 “to make her holy, cleansing her by the washing of washing with water through the Word, and to present her to Himself as a radiant church, without stain or wrinkle or any other blemish, but holy and blameless.”|
Learning Activity #2: Live vs Dead: Use a puppet and have a student feed real food to the puppet. Is this food going to help this puppet grow? No because the puppet is not alive. Now use a toy food product (fake fruit or vegetable) and give to student. Will this food help Jim to nourish his body and grow? No because it is not real food. Living people need real food. In the same way a person who believes in the Lord Jesus needs to feed his spirit to nourish and mature in their relationship with God. How does a believer feed his spirit? (Allow responses) If we were going to go a step further with our puppet/fake food example would this book (children’s book) make a believer grow and mature? Why or why not? Unlike the Bible this book is not real. It might teach us life lessons but it is not alive. Did you know that God’s Word is alive? (Memory verse) (Another option is to use a fake plant and live plant, use an empty watering can to water the live plant and pretend like you are going to pour the water on the fake plant.)
Memory Verse: Hebrews 4:12 “For the Word of God is living and active. Sharper than any double-edged sword, it penetrates even to dividing soul and spirit, joints and marrow; it judges the thoughts and attitudes of the heart.”
Bible Lesson: God’s Word is Alive!
In a bag place these items: toy sword, matches, hammer, seed packet, flash light, medicine bottle, food item, hand mirror. As students take an item out of the bag say, “How does this _____make us think about the Bible?” Today we are going to focus on God’s Word and why and how believers study God’s Word.
On the board have the phrase God’s Word Is _______. (Alive) Let students solve the phrase by guessing letters.
What does it mean when we say God’s word is alive? Let’s turn to John 1 and read verses 1-2. From these verses who is the Word? (God) In Revelation 19:13 when Jesus returns as King His Name is the Word of God. Jesus is God and is alive. Jesus is the Word of God making His Words alive. Each one of us is holding in our hands an amazing treasure! We are holding the very Words of God written for us to hear His voice.
Why do believers study God’s Word? This seems like a silly question when we truly understand that we hold in our hands the very Word of God. As believers we would want to hear what God has to say from His Word so we can walk closely in obedience to His instructions to us.
Reasons believers study God’s Word:
- To nourish and mature-1 Peter 2:2 “Like newborn babies, crave pure spiritual milk, so that by it you may grow up in your salvation,” Hebrews 5:14 “But solid food is for the mature, who by constant usehave trained themselves to distinguish good from evil.”
- Believers need to study God’s Word to feed their spirit and to mature in their understanding of God and His Word.
- To stand strong-Ephesians 6:10,14 “Finally, be strong in the Lord and in His mighty power. Stand firm then, with the belt of truth buckled around your waist…”
- Believers need to study God’s word to stand firm against spiritual attacks.
- To recognize truth from lies-Matthew 24:4-5 “Jesus answered: “Watch out that no one deceives you. For many will come in My Name, claiming, ‘I am the Christ,’ and will deceive many.” 1 John 4:1 “Dear friends, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they are from God, because many false prophets have gone out into the world.”
- Believers need to study God’s Word to know God’s truth and recognize the Devil’s lies.
Who instructs believers to understand God’s Word?
- The Holy Spirit-John 16:13 “But when He, the Spirit of truth comes, He will guide you into all truth. He will not speak on His own; He will speak only what He hears and He will tell you what is yet to come.” John 14:26 “But the Counselor, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in My (Jesus), will teach you all things and will remind you of everything I have said to you.”
Last year many of you studied the Book of Acts. We learned that the Holy Spirit is the third Person of the Trinity who comes to live in the heart of everyone who believes in the Lord Jesus as Savior.
- If you are a believer you always have a Teacher to help you as you read and study God’s Word.
How should believers respond to God’s Word?
When Paul was traveling as a missionary he went to a place called Berea. The Bereans are a good example for how all believers should respond to the Word of God.
Read Acts 17:11. International Standard Version “These people were more receptive than those in Thessalonica. They were very willing to receive the message, and every day they carefully examined the Scriptures to see if those things were so.”
- What is the response of this group of people to the Good News? (Eager, attentive, believe)
- The Bereans were listening to Paul teach but they didn’t just accept what he said was true, they went home and every day searched the Scriptures to see for themselves if he was teaching the truth. (Studying and comparing helped them to recognize truth from lies.)
2 Timothy 2:15 (KJV) “Study to shew thyself approved unto God, a workman that needeth not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth.”
As a class we are going to be learning a method to study the Bible called the inductive study method. To give you an idea of what inductive means we are going to look at our take home page (Discipleland) to discover deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning.
Studying God’s Word is exciting because His Word is alive! As we have discussed why we should study God’s Word it is my prayer that this week you would take time each day to truly read and study God’s Word.
Close in prayer.
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