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Accessibility in User-Centered Design: Reporting Usability Testing
The Evaluating for Accessibility page provides guidance on incorporating accessibility into common evaluation methods, including standards review, heuristic evaluation, design walkthroughs, and informal evaluation with users with disabilities. The Usability Testing section is an overview of usability testing with participants with disabilities.
Analyzing data from and reporting on a usability study that includes participants with disabilities involves the following considerations:
- Distinguishing Between Accessibility and Usability Issues
- Including Relevant Study Parameters
- Being Careful about Categorizations and Comparisons
- Clarifying Conclusions
- Writing about People with Disabilities
In addition to finding accessibility problems, usability testing with participants with disabilities will find general usability problems that impact all users, that is, including users without disabilities.
Understand the difference between accessibility and general usability. The "Accessibility related to usability" section in the Background chapter discusses the relationship between accessibility and usability. There is not a clear distinction between accessibility for people with disabilities and general usability for all. Some things are clearly accessibility; some are clearly usability; and many things are in a gray area where accessibility and usability overlap.
One way to start looking at the distinction between the two is to categorize interface problems:
- Usability problems impact all users equally, regardless of ability; that is, a person with a disability is not disadvantaged to a greater extent by usability issues than a person without a disability.
- Accessibility problems decrease access to a product by people with disabilities. When a person with a disability is at a disadvantage relative to a person without a disability, it is an accessibility issue.
The distinction between usability and accessibility is especially difficult to define when considering cognitive and language disabilities. Many of the accessibility guidelines to improve accessibility for people with cognitive disabilities are the same as general usability guidelines. The distinction is further blurred by the fact that features for people with disabilities benefit people without disabilities because of situational limitations (that is, limitations from circumstance, environment, or device—such as using a mobile phone in bright sunlight with one hand because you're holding a sleeping baby with the other), and accessibility increases general usability.
Another point to cloud the distinction is “usable accessibility”—how usable are accessibility solutions. For example, if a website uses images for navigation and there's no alt text, the site is clearly not accessible. If the site has frustratingly verbose alt text (such as "This image is a line art drawing of a dark green magnifying glass. If you click on it, it will take you to the Search page for this Acme Company website" instead of just "Search"), one might say that the site is technically accessible because there is alt text; however, the alt text is so bad that the usability of the site is awful for anyone who relies on alt text.
Distinguish between usability and accessibility issues, as appropriate. When designing products, it's rarely useful to differentiate between usability and accessibility. However, there are times when such a distinction is important, such as when looking at discrimination against people with disabilities and when defining specific accessibility standards. In some usability test reporting it may be important to distinguish between accessibility and usability problems.
When usability test reports are used internally to improve the usability of the product for all users, it is usually not necessary to distinguish between usability and accessibility issues. However, when usability test reports make statements about accessibility, it can be vital to distinguish between usability and accessibility issues.
There can be problems when people don't understand the issues around the distinction between usability and accessibility.
A research study reported results on website accessibility without clearly separating general usability issues not related to accessibility. Because usability issues were mixed with accessibility issues, the study reported incorrect conclusions about web accessibility guidelines.
Academic discussions of accessibility and usability can actually harm the cause of accessibility if they are not presented carefully for people who don't understand the complexity of the issue.
Include relevant study details in published reports of usability testing with people with disabilities. In order for readers to understand and use study data, you may need to include more details than usual on the scope of the study and the evaluation parameters, such as testing methods and user characteristics. For example, in some study reports you may only generally list the software used; however, in a study that includes screen readers, it is usually important to also list version numbers and even customization settings because these impact study results and their applicability to other situations.
Include relevant participant characteristics in the report, and don't include irrelevant participant information. Generally internal reports for product design need little participant information; whereas a public research report might need more.
A participant's specific medical diagnosis and personal history are usually not relevant. Information that usually is relevant includes the adaptive strategies and assistive technologies used and the participant's experience with similar products. For example, that the participant has been blind from birth and has been using a mobile phone for 5 years is relevant; whereas, the medical condition that caused blindness is probably not relevant.
Confirm that any categorizations are appropriate and useful. See "Careful with categorization" in the Planning Usability Testing section.
Confirm that any comparisons are appropriate and useful. Be careful about reporting comparisons, especially with small sample sizes.
In one case, a published usability test report compared data between participants with disabilities and participants without disabilities. The products evaluated had poor accessibility and thus the results showed poor performance by participants with disabilities. Had the study included accessible products, it could have shown that it was the inaccessibility of the products that caused the poor performance, instead of leaving some readers to conclude that participants with disabilities always have poorer performance.
Clearly indicate what the report asserts and what it does not assert, especially when people who are not familiar with accessibility evaluation will likely read the report. For example, if a study included only participants who are blind, its report should clarify that it did not evaluate conformance to accessibility guidelines and that it does not apply to all people with visual disabilities, nor people with other disabilities. Thus the report can help readers draw appropriate conclusions.
Avoid the pitfall that a few participants represent all people with disabilities, as explained in the "Individual Differences" section of Analysis Phase.
Successful usability test results do not guarantee that the product is accessible to all people with disabilities, nor that it conforms to accessibility standards. Even large-scale usability studies cannot cover the diversity of disabilities, adaptive strategies, and assistive technologies. Use other evaluation techniques described in Evaluating for Accessibility to help cover the diversity, and standards review to determine if a product meets standards.
Use appropriate language to refer to people with and without disabilities. See "Use 'people first' language" and "Avoid potentially offensive terms or euphemisms" in the Interacting with People with Disabilities chapter for more guidance related to writing about people with disabilities.
When referring to participants who are not disabled, use "people without disabilities" or "nondisabled." Avoid "normal," "able-bodied," and "healthy," in contrast with people with disabilities.
In writing usability reports, don't portray a successful participant with a disability as superhuman or a hero. Report about participants with disabilities in the same tone that you would use in writing about any usability test participant.
The next section provides a reference for this chapter on usability testing with participants with disabilities: a checklist.
- Guidelines for Reporting and Writing about People with Disabilities. The Arc of the United States.
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Studio Swine recently went on a 1,000-nautical-mile adventure called Gyrecraft, described as an “exploration into maritime crafts” that harvests sea plastic extracted from the North Atlantic Gyre. The design team collected ocean plastic pollution all the way from Azores to the Canaries. The collected plastic was then melted using their solar-powered Solar Extruder machine and then reshaped to create a replica of a whale tooth.
The article above was submitted to us by an Inhabitat reader. Want to see your story on Inhabitat? Send us a tip by following this link. Remember to follow our instructions carefully to boost your chances of being chosen for publishing!
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Summertime for many kids and adolescents means the excitement of water activities, fun in the sun and outdoor sports! Yet summer is also known as “trauma season” among pediatric experts like Dr. James Pierog, emergency medicine specialist, CHOC Children’s emergency department. According to Safe Kids Worldwide, a leading children’s safety organization, summer season represents millions of emergency room visits by children 14 and younger due to unintentional injuries, many resulting in death.
To help avoid unintentional injuries, Dr. Pierog recommends that parents and caregivers be on high alert and supervise children extra closely. The following are the top injuries Dr. Pierog and his team see in the CHOC Children’s emergency room (ER) during the summer season:
The risk of head injury is high in adolescents and especially common in the spring and summer months with popular outdoor activities such as bicycle riding, in-line skating and skateboarding. The injury can be as mild as a bump, bruise or laceration, or can be moderate to severe due to a concussion, deep cut or open wound, fractured skull bone(s), or from internal bleeding and damage to the brain. Dr. Pierog sees many head injuries resulting from soccer balls, baseballs and softballs directly hitting the head. In addition, head injuries are common among toddlers due to their uncoordinated muscle mass. Dr. Pierog advises a child receive immediate medical attention should the following occur:
• Vomiting more than a few times
• Alteration in mental state
• Increased irritability, fussiness
• A seizure
• Weakness in parts of the body, such as in an arm or leg
Wearing a helmet whenever riding a bicycle, in-line skates, or a skateboard should be an automatic habit. Helmets should fit properly on your child’s head and also be fastened correctly – a properly-fastened and fitting helmet does not move around on the head. Worn properly, helmets are effective in preventing severe head injuries. For tips on preventing brain injury and how to properly fit a helmet, check out this video.
Children may get minor cuts, wounds, and lacerations to the face while engaging in play or sports activities. Most of these injuries can be handled at home with simple first-aid treatment. Seek immediate medical attention for cuts and wounds of the face if:
• Bleeding heavily and do not stop after 5 to 10 minutes of direct pressure.
• If the injury is on the eyelids or involve the eyes.
• Wound is deep or longer than 1/2 inch.
• Injury is caused by a puncture wound, or dirty or rusty object or embedded with debris such as dirt, stones or gravel.
• Caused by an animal or human bite.
• Excessively painful, or if there’s a possibility of a fracture or head or bone injury.
• Showing signs of infection such as increased warmth, redness, swelling or drainage.
Prevent facial injuries by teaching your child the following:
• Not to poke or place objects in the ears or nose
• Not to walk or run while holding an object in his/her mouth
• Not to suck or chew on hard, sharp or pointed objects
• Wear protective eye, ear, or face guards for sports activities that could cause injury
Wrist and Elbow Fractures
A fracture is a partial or complete break in the bone and can result from falls, trauma, or a direct blow or kick to the body. Wrists, forearms and elbows are vulnerable to these injuries, especially common among children ages 2 and older. Many occur with popular summer activities such as basketball, bicycle riding and skateboarding. The following symptoms in the injured area might indicate a fracture that requires immediate medical attention:
• Obvious deformity
• Difficulty using or moving the injured area in a normal manner
• Warmth, bruising or redness
Although fractures are a common part of childhood, prevent them by taking simple safety precautions, such as making sure kids always wear safety gear such as helmets and wrist guards, when participating in sports.
Although it’s impossible to keep kids out of harm’s way all the time, following safety guidelines can help avoid a visit to the emergency room.
- CHOC Children’s Hospital has once again been named a “Top Hospital” by The Leapfrog Group for providing the safest and highest quality health care services to patients. CHOC is one ...
- By Justin Pick, pediatric resident at CHOC Children’s Living in Southern California affords us some of the best weather in the world, with year-round access to beaches, pools, and hot ...
- Parents and families can join the team of community education experts from CHOC Children’s at Festival of Children, to be held every weekend in September at South Coast Plaza, Costa ...
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Determined to resist the growing presence of Anglo settlers on traditional tribal lands, the Sauk warrior Black Hawk is drawn into war with the United States.
Called Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak by his people, Black Hawk was born in 1767 in the village of Saukenuk in the present-day state of Illinois. He quickly earned a reputation as a fierce and courageous fighter in the frequent skirmishes between the Sauk and their principle enemy, the Osage. By the early 1800s, however, Black Hawk began to realize that the real threat to his people was the rapidly growing numbers of white people streaming into the region.
In 1804, representatives of the Sauk and Fox (Mesquakie) Indians signed a treaty that ceded all of their territory east of the Mississippi River to the United States. Black Hawk, however, maintained the treaty was invalid and had been signed by drunken Indian representatives. In 1816, he reluctantly confirmed the treaty with his own signature, but he later said he did not understand that this meant he would someday have to cede his home village of Saukenuk on the Rock River.
As the U.S. Army built more forts and droves of settlers moved into the territory during the next 15 years, Black Hawk grew increasingly angry. Finally, in 1831, settlers began to occupy the village of Saukenuk, an area that would later become Rock Island, Illinois. Regardless of the provisions of the 1804 treaty, Black Hawk refused to leave his own home. He began to prepare for war.
Early in 1832, General Edmund P. Gaines arrived in the area with a sizeable force of U.S. soldiers and Illinois militiamen. Initially, Black Hawk withdrew his large band of warriors, women, and children to the west side of the Mississippi. On April 5, however, he led them back into the disputed territory, believing that other Indian forces and the British to the north would support him in a confrontation. The following day, a large army of soldiers caught up to Black Hawk and his followers near the Rock River of northern Illinois. When neither the British nor his Indian allies came to his support, Black Hawk attempted to surrender. Unfortunately, one of his truce bearers was killed in the confusion, and the Black Hawk War began.
In May, Black Hawk’s warriors won a significant victory that left the Americans badly demoralized. As subsequent generations of Indian fighters would learn, however, the mighty force of the U.S. government was relentless. On August 2, U.S. soldiers nearly annihilated Black Hawk’s band as it attempted to escape west across the Mississippi, and Black Hawk finally surrendered.
Casualties in the 15-week war were grossly one-sided. An estimated 70 settlers or soldiers lost their lives; estimates for the number of Indians killed are between 442 and 592. Black Hawk was captured and incarcerated for a time in Fortress Monroe, Virginia. In order to demonstrate the futility of further resistance to the powerful Americans, Black Hawk was taken on a tour of the major eastern cities before being relocated to an Iowa Indian agency. He lived the remaining six years of his life under the supervision of a Sauk chief who had once been his enemy. Unlike Black Hawk, the Sauk chief had cooperated with the United States government.
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Science confirms turmeric as effective as 14 drugs
Turmeric is generally considered as a normal kitchen ingredient which we use in our everyday dishes. But in the scientific world, it is the most researched plant which exist today. It is amazing that more than 4,000 scientific studies have proved the healing benefits of the compound curcumin present in turmeric.
Also, thousands of peer-reviewed and published studies conducted and compiled are claiming that turmeric works for the health benefits of the human being. Interestingly these studies have shown that turmeric works even more efficiently than 14 pharmaceutical drugs which we buy over the counter.
Check out the interesting stuff about the drugs which can actually be replaced with turmeric to get quick relief from the disease.
– Corticosteroid Drugs
Corticosteroid is a type of steroid medications which is under study. In journal Phytotherapy Research,
a study was published in 1999 which claimed that the saffron colored compound which is present in primary polyphenol in turmeric, known as curcumin, is very effective as compared to steroids. It can replace the steroids treatment in the case of inflammatory eye diseases and chronic anterior uveitis.
Critical Care Medicine published a study in 2008 which found that curcumin is a favorable remedy as compared to the corticosteroid drug dexamethasone. This is proved in the case of animal model and the study claims that turmeric can act as an alternative therapy for injury due to down regulation of inflammatory genes during lung transplantation.
Also, the Cancer Letters had published a study in 2003 study which support the same thing that turmeric is favorable dexamethasone which is a drug for lung ischaemia-reperfusion injury model.
– Statin Drugs For Cholesterol
Lipitor/Atorvastatin is a cholesterol medication which is under study. The journal Drugs in R & D published a study in 2008 which has found out that a standardized preparation of curcuminoids which is present in Turmeric is more favorable than the drug atorvastatin (also known as Lipitor) as a remedy on endothelial dysfunction. Also, it is shown the reductions in the inflammation as well as oxidative stress in the case of type 2 diabetic patients underlying the pathology of the blood vessels.
– Antidepressants. Prozac/Fluoxetine & Imipramine (antidepressants)
The journalActa Poloniae Pharmaceutica published a study in 2011 has found that curcumin present in turmeric is more favorable as compared to both drugs which are responsible for the reduction of depressive behavior in an animal model.
Also, it can act as a potential replacement for Prozac as turmeric has no side effect. The Prozac should be avoided due to its “suicidal ideation or other psychotic disorders” frightening side effect.
– Anti-inflammatory Drugs
The journal Oncogene has published a study in 2004 which has found that curcumin (as well as resveratrol) can act as a replacement for the drugs like aspirin, sulindac, ibuprofen, phenylbutazone, indomethacin, naproxen, diclofenac, celecoxib, tamoxifen and dexamethasone in order to carry on the anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activity against tumor cells.
– Aspirin (Blood Thinner)
The journalArzneimittel for schung, Vitro and ex vivo has published a study in 1986 which found that curcumin has prostacyclin modulating and anti-platelet effects more as compared to aspirin. It also indicates that it can act as an alternative drug for patients suffering from vascular thrombosis which needs anti-arthritis therapy.
– Metformin (Diabetes Drug)
The journal Biochemistry and Biophysical Research Community has published a study in 2009 which explored about how curcumin can be more effective to treat diabetes. The finding of the study claims that turmeric suppresses gluconeogenic gene expression ( it is responsible to suppresses glucose production in the liver) and activates AMPK ( it is responsible for increasing glucose uptake) in hepatoma cells.
Interestingly, the study also found out that curcumin is 500 times to 100,000 times more potent than metformin to activate AMPK and its downstream objective acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC).
– Oxaliplatin (Chemotherapy Drug)
The International Journal of Cancer has published a study in 2007 which states that curcumin is more effective as compared to oxaliplatin to act as an antiproliferative agent in colorectal cell lines.
So, now you are aware of how to replace turmeric with other drugs. You can use the herbal remedies to treat your diseases without side effects. The intake of turmeric in daily basis can also keep you safe from many diseases. Start it from today!
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Eagle Tavern Site
Site of the colonial Eagle Tavern, a leading haven of area rebels during the American Revolution and operated by Gerardus Schoonhoven. Famous guests included Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
Eagle Tavern – As you travel down Second Street, there is an Eagle Tavern marker between two homes on the right. The tavern was a colonial watering hole.
A little further down and across US Route 4 is a marker on the left that briefly explains the origin of the town’s name.
A colonial ford across the Mohawk River from which Waterford derives its name.
Waterford Battery – At the end of Second Street is an area called “The Battery.” It can be reached by bearing left at the old train bridge and squeezing between the bridge and a house. This area is also the location of the "water ford" that crossed the fourth branch of the Mohawk River to Peebles Island.
At the end of the battery area is a point where the Mohawk River first meets the Hudson River. This is also the point where both the Erie Canal and the Champlain Canal begin.
Memorial Park – Following First Street back to US Route 4, you will come to two parks along the Hudson River on each side of Route 4. In the park on the south side is another Knox Trail marker. When Knox reached Waterford in the winter of 1775-1776, he was delayed because the ice was not thick enough to cross the Mohawk River. After drilling holes in the ice and allowing water to flow over the top to thicken it, he was able to continue his mission to Boston.
Village Historic Sites
Early Water Ford was a fording or crossing place where the Mohawk River slowed to narrow streams around small islands. Settled in 1622 by Dutch fur traders and trappers, it was a base for trade with the Mahican Indians who lived on Peebles Island. By the early 1700’s, Waterford’s position, the farthest point of sloop navigation on the Hudson River, had established it as an active port…
In the park on the north side of US Route 4 is a marker about Waterford’s past.
Enroute to Peebles Island, NY
123rd Street, Troy -- Directly across the river, you can see Peebles Island, the beginning of both the Erie Canal and Champlain Canal and Waterford.
Onto Peebles Island
Back to a Revolutionary Day
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Vasconcellos took the pictures in his series Navios (Ships) using an underwater camera held barely above the water’s surface. Seeking to mimic the instability of water, he printed the image using an out-of-focus enlarger and pieces of cotton soaked in developer. Then, in a gesture of material alchemy, he turned the photograph into a sort of vessel itself, using a sepia finish to give the picture the shiplike tone of rusted iron. Recalling the legacy of multinational exploitation of natural resources in the Americas, the title refers to the Petrobras (Brazilian petroleum) cargo ship shown in the image as well as the Brazilian colonial hero André Vidal de Negreiros, who led the insurrection against the Dutch invasion of the Portugese colony of Brazil in the seventeenth century.
"Acquisitions of the Princeton University Art Museum 2013," Record of the Princeton University Art Museum 73 (2014): p. 37-64.
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Artificial den built for badgers where burrowing threatened railroad structure
Railroad infrastructure firm ProRail will construct an artificial den for the badgers that have been digging under the train tracks near Molkwerum, Friesland. Badgers in the area brought train traffic to a standstill recently in the region after years of burrowing under the railroad between Workum and Stavoren.
Badgers prefer sandy soil for building a den, also known as a sett, which has made the railway embankment particularly appealing, ProRail said on Sunday. There are literally dozens of tunnels and caves that the badgers dug under the railroad, making it more likely that the section could collapse when a train rolls above the den.
ProRail said the badgers "have to get out. The track is sinking because of the digging. That is not safe for train traffic."
However, the animals are a protected species in The Netherlands, requiring a more nuanced approach to the situation. Ecologists and ProRail workers expect to complete building a new den from sand for the badgers on Monday, which will be adjacent to the railroad.
Once the sand was in place, the plan was for excavators to drive "very carefully" on the track. "So that we do not disturb the badgers at this time and to prevent subsidence."
Following the construction of the new artificial den, experts have to lure the badgers out of their current sett. They have to be prevented from returning, as well. Only then can ProRail get to work to fix the section of track to make it suitable for rail traffic.
Currently, trains are not running from Leeuwarden to Sneek, a wider section of track that includes the area near Molkwerum. It is not yet clear when trains will begin operating there again.
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Rising consumer consciousness is continuing to heighten demand for plastic that is earth-friendly. There are a number of strategies for limiting the impact of plastic, and no single one is likely to solve the sustainability problem on its own.
One such strategy is to use renewable feedstock to make plastic without losing forest and disturbing the food production. They help us to make better use of the materials that have already been produced and ensure that we’re not pushing the problem of petroleum-based plastic production off on the next generation.
Using wood as a renewable feedback may not always be sustainable, especially if they are not from sustainable forestry. Also, using starch and oil as a renewable feedback that are actually used in the food production is not desirable. It is important to find ways to use renewable sources that are usually side streams of another product for making plastics.
At Spectalite, our biocomposites are made with crop-waste and fast-renewables from farm, factory and forest. These do not result in tree felling and hence preserve biodiversity. Further, this approach creates a positive socio-economic impact while addressing the ecological problem fundamentally.
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This page uses content from Wikipedia and is licensed under CC BY-SA.
|Sui generis rights|
Higher category: Property and Property law
The public domain consists of all the creative works to which no exclusive intellectual property rights apply. Those rights may have expired, been forfeited, expressly waived, or may be inapplicable.
The works of William Shakespeare and Beethoven, and most early silent films, are in the public domain either by virtue of their having been created before copyright existed, or by their copyright term having expired. Some works are not covered by copyright, and are therefore in the public domain—among them the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes, and all computer software created prior to 1974. Other works are actively dedicated by their authors to the public domain (see waiver); some examples include reference implementations of cryptographic algorithms, the image-processing software ImageJ, created by the National Institutes of Health, and the CIA's World Factbook. The term public domain is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, in which case use of the work is referred to as "under license" or "with permission".
As rights vary by country and jurisdiction, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a country-by-country basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required, gives rise to public-domain status for a work in that country. The term public domain may also be interchangeably used with other imprecise or undefined terms such as the "public sphere" or "commons", including concepts such as the "commons of the mind", the "intellectual commons", and the "information commons".
Although the term "domain" did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the concept "can be traced back to the ancient Roman Law, as a preset system included in the property right system." The Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined "many things that cannot be privately owned" as res nullius, res communes, res publicae and res universitatis. The term res nullius was defined as things not yet appropriated. The term res communes was defined as "things that could be commonly enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight and ocean." The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, and the term res universitatis meant things that were owned by the municipalities of Rome. When looking at it from a historical perspective, one could say the construction of the idea of "public domain" sprouted from the concepts of res communes, res publicae, and res universitatis in early Roman law.
When the first early copyright law was first established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the 18th century. Instead of "public domain", they used terms such as publici juris or propriété publique to describe works that were not covered by copyright law.
The phrase "fall in the public domain" can be traced to mid-19th century France to describe the end of copyright term. The French poet Alfred de Vigny equated the expiration of copyright with a work falling "into the sink hole of public domain" and if the public domain receives any attention from intellectual property lawyers it is still treated as little more than that which is left when intellectual property rights, such as copyright, patents, and, expire or are abandoned. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a, "little coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain." Copyright law differs by country, and the American legal scholar Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain as being "different sizes at different times in different countries".
Definitions of the boundaries of the public domain in relation to copyright, or intellectual property more generally, regard the public domain as a negative space; that is, it consists of works that are no longer in copyright term or were never protected by copyright law. According to James Boyle this definition underlines common usage of the term public domain and equates the public domain to public property and works in copyright to private property. However, the usage of the term public domain can be more granular, including for example uses of works in copyright permitted by copyright exceptions. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to fair-use rights and limitation on ownership. A conceptual definition comes from Lange, who focused on what the public domain should be: "it should be a place of sanctuary for individual creative expression, a sanctuary conferring affirmative protection against the forces of private appropriation that threatened such expression". Patterson and Lindberg described the public domain not as a "territory", but rather as a concept: "[T]here are certain materials – the air we breathe, sunlight, rain, space, life, creations, thoughts, feelings, ideas, words, numbers – not subject to private ownership. The materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival." The term public domain may also be interchangeably used with other imprecise or undefined terms such as the "public sphere" or "commons", including concepts such as the "commons of the mind", the "intellectual commons", and the "information commons".
In most countries the term of protection of copyright lasts until January first, 70 years after the death of the latest living author. The longest copyright term is in Mexico, which has life plus 100 years for all deaths since July 1928.
A notable exception is the United States, where every book and tale written prior to 1923 is in the public domain; American copyrights last for 95 years for books written between 1923 and 1978.
People have been creating music for millennia. The first musical notation system, the Music of Mesopotamia system, was created 4000 years ago. Guido of Arezzo introduced Latin musical notation in the 10th century. This laid the foundation for the preservation of global music in the public domain, a distinction formalized alongside copyright systems in the 17th Century. Musicians copyrighted their publications of musical notation as literary writings, but performing copyrighted pieces and creating derivative works were not restricted by early copyright laws. Copying was widespread, in compliance with the law, but expansions of those laws intended to benefit literary works and responding to commercial music recording technology's reproducability have lead to stricter rules. Relatively recently, a normative view that copying in music is not desirable and lazy has become popular among professional musicians.
U.S. copyright laws distinguish between musical compositions and sound recordings, the former of which refers to melody, notation and/or lyrics created by a composer and/or lyricist, including sheet music, and the latter referring to a recording performed by an artist, including a CD, LP, or digital sound file. Musical compositions fall under the same general rules as other works, and anything published prior to 1922 is considered public domain. Sound recordings, on the other hand, are subject to different rules and are not eligible for public domain status until 2049-2067, depending on the date and location of publishing.
The Musopen project records music in the public domain for the purposes of making the music available to the general public in a high-quality audio format. Online musical archives preserve collections of classical music recorded by Musopen and offer them for download/distribution as a public service.
A public-domain film is a film that was released to public domain by its author or because its copyright has expired. In 2016 there are more than 2,000 films on public domain in every genre, from musicals to romance, horror to animated movies and noir to western movies.
Pamela Samuelson has identified eight "values" that can arise from information and works in the public domain.
Possible values include:
Derivative works include translations, musical arrangements, and dramatizations of a work, as well as other forms of transformation or adaptation. Copyrighted works may not be used for derivative works without permission from the copyright owner, while public domain works can be freely used for derivative works without permission. Artworks that are public domain may also be reproduced photographically or artistically or used as the basis of new, interpretive works. Works derived from public domain works can be copyrighted.
Once works enter into the public domain, derivative works such as adaptations in book and film may increase noticeably, as happened with Frances Hodgson Burnett's novel The Secret Garden, which became public domain in 1987. By 1999, the plays of Shakespeare, all public domain, had been used in more than 420 feature-length films. In addition to straightforward adaptation, they have been used as the launching point for transformative retellings such as Tom Stoppard's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead and Troma Entertainment's Romeo and Juliet. Marcel Duchamp's L.H.O.O.Q. is a derivative of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa, one of thousands of derivative works based on the public domain painting.
While the copyright has expired for the Peter Pan works by J. M. Barrie (the play Peter Pan, or the Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up and the novel Peter and Wendy) in the United Kingdom, it was granted a special exception under the Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988 (Schedule 6) that requires royalties to be paid for commercial performances, publications and broadcasts of the story of Peter Pan within the UK, as long as Great Ormond Street Hospital (to whom Barrie gave the copyright) continues to exist.
In a paying public domain regime, works that have entered the public domain after their copyright has expired, or traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions that have never been subject to copyright, are still subject to royalties payable to the state or to an authors' association. The user does not have to seek permission to copy, present or perform the work, but does have to pay the fee. Typically the royalties are directed to support of living artists.
The Creative Commons proposed in 2010 the Public Domain Mark (PDM) as symbol to indicate that a work is free of known copyright restrictions and therefore in the public domain. The public domain mark is analogous to the copyright symbol, which acts as copyright notice. The Europeana databases use it, and for instance on the Wikimedia Commons in February 2016 2.9 million works (~10% of all works) are listed as PDM.
The underlying idea that is expressed or manifested in the creation of a work generally cannot be the subject of copyright law (see idea–expression divide). Mathematical formulae will therefore generally form part of the public domain, to the extent that their expression in the form of software is not covered by copyright.
Works created before the existence of copyright and patent laws also form part of the public domain. For example, the Bible and the inventions of Archimedes are in the public domain. However, translations or new formulations of these works may be copyrighted in themselves.
Determination of whether a copyright has expired depends on an examination of the copyright in its source country.
In the United States, determining whether a work has entered the public domain or is still under copyright can be quite complex, primarily because copyright terms have been extended multiple times and in different ways—shifting over the course of the 20th century from a fixed-term based on first publication, with a possible renewal term, to a term extending to 50, then 70, years after the death of the author. The claim that "pre-1923 works are in the public domain" is correct only for published works; unpublished works are under federal copyright for at least the life of the author plus 70 years.
In most other countries that are signatories to the Berne Convention, copyright term is based on the life of the author, and extends to 50 or 70 years beyond the death of the author. (See List of countries' copyright lengths.)
Legal traditions differ on whether a work in the public domain can have its copyright restored. In the European Union, the Copyright Duration Directive was applied retroactively, restoring and extending the terms of copyright on material previously in the public domain. Term extensions by the U.S. and Australia generally have not removed works from the public domain, but rather delayed the addition of works to it. However, the United States moved away from that tradition with the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, which removed from the public domain many foreign-sourced works that had previously not been in copyright in the US for failure to comply with US-based formalities requirements. Consequently, in the US, foreign-sourced works and US-sourced works are now treated differently, with foreign-sourced works remaining under copyright regardless of compliance with formalities, while domestically-sourced works may be in the public domain if they failed to comply with then-existing formalities requirements—a situation described as odd by some scholars, and unfair by some US-based rightsholders.
Works of the United States Government and various other governments are excluded from copyright law and may therefore be considered to be in the public domain in their respective countries. They may also be in the public domain in other countries as well. The legal scholar Melville Nimmer has written that "it is axiomatic that material in the public domain is not protected by copyright, even when incorporated into a copyrighted work".
Before 1988 in the US, works could be easily given into the public domain by just releasing it without an explicit Copyright notice. With the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 (and the earlier Copyright Act of 1976, which went into effect in 1978), all works were by default copyright protected and needed to be actively given into public domain by a waiver statement/anti-copyright can call notice. Not all legal systems have processes for reliably donating works to the public domain, e.g. civil law of continental Europe. This may even "effectively prohibit any attempt by copyright owners to surrender rights automatically conferred by law, particularly moral rights".
An alternative is for copyright holders to issue a licence which irrevocably grants as many rights as possible to the general public. Real public domain makes licenses unnecessary, as no owner/author is required to grant permission ("Permission culture"). There are multiple licenses which aim to release works into the public domain. In 2000 the WTFPL was released as a public domain like software license. In 2009 the Creative commons released the CC0, which was created for compatibility with law domains which have no concept of dedicating into public domain. This is achieved by a public domain waiver statement and a fall-back all-permissive license, in case the waiver is not possible. The Unlicense, published around 2010, has a focus on an Anti-copyright message. The Unlicense offers a public domain waiver text with a fall-back public domain-like license inspired by permissive licenses but without attribution.
In October 2014 the Open Knowledge Foundation recommends the Creative Commons CC0 license to dedicate content to the public domain, and the Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL) for data.
In most countries, the term of rights for patents is 20 years, after which the invention becomes part of the public domain. In the United States, the contents of patents are considered valid and enforceable for 20 years from the date of filing within the United States or 20 years from the earliest date of filing if under 35 USC 120, 121, or 365(c). However, the text and any illustration within a patent, provided the illustrations are essentially line drawings and do not in any substantive way reflect the "personality" of the person drawing them, are not subject to copyright protection. This is separate from the patent rights just mentioned.
A trademark registration may remain in force indefinitely, or expire without specific regard to its age. For a trademark registration to remain valid, the owner must continue to use it. In some circumstances, such as disuse, failure to assert trademark rights, or common usage by the public without regard for its intended use, it could become generic, and therefore part of the public domain.
Because trademarks are registered with governments, some countries or trademark registries may recognize a mark, while others may have determined that it is generic and not allowable as a trademark in that registry. For example, the drug "acetylsalicylic acid" (2-acetoxybenzoic acid) is better known as aspirin in the United States—a generic term. In Canada, however, "Aspirin", with an uppercase A, is still a trademark of the German company Bayer, while aspirin, with a lowercase "a", is not. Bayer lost the trademark in the United States, the UK and France after World War I, as part of the Treaty of Versailles. So many copycat products entered the marketplace during the war that it was deemed generic just three years later.
Bayer also lost the trademark in the same jurisdictions for "Heroin" which it trademarked a year before it trademarked Aspirin.
Public Domain Day is an observance of when copyrights expire and works enter into the public domain. This legal transition of copyright works into the public domain usually happens every year on 1 January based on the individual copyright laws of each country.
The observance of a "Public Domain Day" was initially informal; the earliest known mention was in 2004 by Wallace McLean (a Canadian public domain activist), with support for the idea echoed by Lawrence Lessig. As of 1 January 2010[update] a Public Domain Day website lists the authors whose works are entering the public domain. There are activities in countries around the world by various organizations all under the banner Public Domain Day.
|Look up public domain in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Public domain (copyright).|
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1. awa: away; departed; onward
It's as if the 'y' in away went awa. This word sounds like it belongs in poetry. Awa is an adverb that I will now be able to play with confidence.
2. qat: a tropical evergreen plant whose leaves are used as a stimulant
Qat is a great word to keep in mind and play, when you have a 'q' without a 'u'. The plural form of this word, qats, is also acceptable. In House Rules by Jodi Picoult, Jacob, a young man with Asperger's syndrome, lists some short words such as qat for use in the game Scrabble. (Words with Friends is very similar to Scrabble, and when I first started playing Words online a couple of months ago, I mistakenly called it Scrabble.)
3. ki, chi, qi: three excellent little words to play, which mean the vital energy or force in the body
When my ki is off, I don't feel up to par and fail to make high scoring words in Words with Friends. The plural forms of these words, kis, chis, and qis, are also acceptable.
What wondrous new words have you encountered in your reading recently--or while playing word games?
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Time: White Hot
At nearly 3,300 feet underground, the air in shaft number 10 at South Africa’s Impala mine is warm, humid, and acrid. The smell is a mix of rotting timber from support beams and ammonia from the explosives used to mine the shaft. Single file, the members of our group—journalists and executives from the Geneva watchmaker Vacheron Constantin—creep through tunnels illuminated by the lights on our helmets. We step through puddles and trip over wire cables that are strewn on the ground.
Our subterranean tour is mercifully brief, though here at the mine in Rustenburg, a small city located about 65 miles northwest of Johannesburg, 26,000 miners work two eight-hour shifts per day. The mine, which is owned by the Implats group, a global platinum producer based in Johannesburg, annually processes 16 million tons of ore, the rock from which metals are extracted, including the most precious metal, platinum.
To produce enough platinum for a single wristwatch, about 20 tons of ore is blasted and dragged to the surface, from depths as great as 3,500 feet. That rock then undergoes more than 50 processes over the course of about six weeks to extract and refine the platinum concentrate into a bright yellow-orange "platinum salt" that is melted into pure platinum ingots. In late January, a 5-kilogram (a little more than 11 pounds) ingot was valued at more than $250,000. Platinum is 30 times rarer than gold, and the refined metal is 95 percent pure; 18-karat gold is 75 percent pure because it must be alloyed with copper and silver to harden it, while other metals are added to produce white gold.
Vacheron Constantin produced its first platinum watch in 1820, 15 years after British scientist W.H. Wollaston discovered a process for making the hard, dense metal malleable, thus expanding its commercial potential. Two years ago, Vacheron began highlighting its contemporary use of platinum when it introduced the Platinum Excellence Collection, which consists of advance editions of new models as well as special reissues of models from its current line. Vacheron produces the Platinum Excellence Collection watches in limited quantities, which vary depending on the complexity of the movements; the more intricate the movement, the fewer the number of watches. The Platinum Excellence watches feature not only solid platinum cases, but also sandblasted platinum dials. Vacheron marks each of those dials, in the space between 4 o’clock and 5 o’clock, with a PT950, the mark commonly stamped on platinum jewelry to indicate that the alloy used is 95 percent platinum. Vacheron also fashions the watches’ crowns, folding clasps, and other elements from the precious metal. As the Platinum Excellence Collection evolves, company CEO Juan-Carlos Torres says, Vacheron plans to expand its use of platinum, employing it to make bracelets and, ultimately, the movements themselves. "Step by step, we will try to make a watch completely in platinum," says Torres, speaking by phone from Geneva.
Last fall in South Africa, Vacheron unveiled its two latest Platinum Excellence Collection models, the $190,000 Malte Tourbillon Regulator and the Malte Perpetual Calendar Chronograph. The Malte Tourbillon Regulator stands out for its large, tonneau-shaped case and its multilevel, oversize dial with separate, single-hand regulator displays for minutes and hours. Both the case and dial are made from platinum, as is the tourbillon cage. Vacheron will produce 50 pieces, each powered by a new manual-wind Caliber 1790 with a 40-hour power reserve.
The $139,900 Platinum Excellence Collection Malte Perpetual Calendar Chronograph, which also will be limited to 50 pieces, follows the Platinum Excellence Collection Malte Chronograph, which was released in 2006. Like its predecessor, the Malte Perpetual is powered by Vacheron’s reliable Caliber 1141, a hand-wound, column-wheel chronograph movement that is fitted with a perpetual calendar module. In addition to the dial, the watch’s moon-phase disk also is made of platinum.
"We wanted to prove that Vacheron Constantin is a master in all aspects of watchmaking, from the movement to everything around the movement," says Torres, who notes that an increasing number of the firm’s clients are requesting platinum watches—and not just for highly complicated pieces, as one might expect. "The level of investment is not just for the movement," he says.
As an example of how working with platinum is more labor-intensive than working with gold, Torres refers to the manufacturing process of the dials. "To produce 100 finished dials, you need about 300, because they are easily damaged," he says, noting that the dials are produced by Stern Créations in Geneva, a longtime Vacheron partner. "This finish is so fine that any scratch or mark will show easily," says Torres. Drilling the holes for the hands and for the numerals, which are applied to the dial, is a particularly delicate procedure, because the metal tends to stick to the tools.
Furthermore, it takes approximately three times longer to make a platinum case than to make a gold case, because platinum is so much harder. To reduce the friction that would quickly wear out their tools, the case makers have to use slower speeds and less pressure. Platinum also easily heats and subsequently deforms, so working with the metal requires the adept hands of an expert. "The prices of the pieces are not only based on the price of the metal," says Torres. "There is lot of manpower going into these small series."
A lot of manpower is invested before the platinum reaches Geneva, before it even becomes pure platinum. From the mine in South Africa, the ore is dredged up with giant scoops and loaded onto railcars for its journey to a nearby Impala facility ominously called "the concentrator." Our group, after emerging from underground tightly packed into high-speed elevators, craving fresh air and daylight, boards a bus for the ride to the concentrator.
The industrial complex is filled with intertwining pipes and a row of enormous spinning drums containing water and steel balls, which tumble the ore until it has the consistency of talcum powder. Then the material is siphoned into huge vats that bubble over with a soapy liquid, a chemical cocktail that helps separate metal-rich particles from less-desired elements.
We board the bus again to follow the resulting concentrate’s path to the smelter, where workers, employing a technique similar to the one used to produce powdered milk or eggs, remove all moisture from the powder and then send it to the giant furnaces. There, at 1,400 degrees Celsius (more than 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit), the rock melts like lava, and metals are separated from silicas.
Each step in these so-called "mineral processes" is intended to reduce the volume of the material and concentrate the amount of precious metals in the remaining matter. At the end of the mineral processes, about 1 ton of ore has been reduced to about 1,000 grams (a little over 2 pounds) of powdery matte, which yields 1.6 grams, or less than half a teaspoon, of pure platinum, along with other metals. By comparison, a gold mine typically yields 5 to 6 grams of gold per ton of ore.
The powdery matte is transported to the Impala refinery in Springs, near Johannesburg, where the metals are extracted through a series of ion-exchange and chemical processes using chlorine, hydrochloric acid, and other chemicals. In a separate, base-metals refinery, copper, nickel, and cobalt first are removed from the powder. At the precious-metals refinery, we receive goggles and respirators, and we take note of heightened security. Before leaving the plant, each worker is searched and X-rayed; we are not subject to the same scrutiny. Here, the remaining black powder undergoes both chemical and ion-exchange processes, each of which extracts a different metal: silver, gold, palladium, ruthenium, platinum, rhodium, and iridium.
Fourteen days after the matte arrives, the refinery produces either platinum sponge (powder) or heavy platinum ingots from it. The sponge and the ingots are stored in a guarded vault as they await transport out of the country. Nearly all of South Africa’s platinum is exported on daily flights that depart Johannesburg’s OR Tambo International Airport.
Worldwide platinum production stands at approximately 7 million ounces (437,500 pounds) per year, and the Implats group is the world’s second-largest producer, with 2 million ounces processed in 2007. The automotive industry is the biggest (40 percent) market for the metal, which is used in exhaust pipes, catalytic converters, diesel engines, and fuel cells. The price of platinum has soared in recent years and hit a record price of $1,721 per ounce in late January. (Gold also has been breaking records, topping $900 per ounce early this year.) About 25 percent of the platinum produced is used to make jewelry and watches, but the metal’s escalating value has led watch and jewelry makers to produce fewer platinum pieces and to attach higher prices to them.
In contrast to the heavily industrial South African complexes that mine and refine platinum for such premium watches, Vacheron’s modern headquarters near Geneva is hushed and spotless. Watchmakers sit in rows at workbenches, filing and polishing tiny components under microscopes and assembling movements, probably never giving much thought to the efforts involved in producing their raw materials in South Africa. "We always emphasize and focus more on the movement and our passion for watchmaking," says Julien Tornare, Vacheron’s North American president and a member of the group touring the mine and refinery. "But we tend to forget the difficulty involved in extracting a rare metal such as platinum from the earth."
Vacheron Constantin, 877.862.7555, www.vacheron-constantin.com
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Contrary to popular belief, the divorce rate peaked in 1980 and has been steadily declining ever since. Still, according to American Psychological Association, nearly half of marriages in the United States end in divorce, and the divorce rate is even higher for those who remarry.
An increasing amount of research has indicated that divorce has a surprising effect on longevity. A 2011 study found that that adults who were divorced were 23 percent more likely to die younger than those who had remained married, and divorced men were twice as likely to meet an early grave than women. But it was difficult to determine whether getting divorced actually contributed to premature death, or whether the factors that caused the divorce (i.e.: substance abuse or volatile behavior), matched up with those that cause early mortality.
Now, a new study published in Annals of Behavioral Medicine has shed light on just how getting divorced might cause people to die younger.
University of Arizona researchers looked at the data of the English Longitudinal Study of Aging, a long-term health study of adults over age 50 living in Great Britain, which included seven waves of data that was collected every two years since 2002.
The data included 5,786 participants, 926 of whom were divorced or separated, and chronicled their self-reported life satisfaction, exercise frequency, and smoking habits, as well as their lung function and levels of inflammation. They also kept track of the people who died during the study, and found that, worryingly, those who were divorced or separated had a 46 percent greater risk of dying than their married counterparts.
As researchers have previously speculated, much of this is because of the bad habits that people tend to adopt in order to deal with the emotional distress of the divorce. Those who had gotten divorced were much more likely to smoke, and therefore had poorer lung functions. And, as we know too well by now, even having just one cigarette per day can shorten your lifespan.
Women in particular were more likely to report lower levels of life-satisfaction and exercise following their divorce. An increasing body of research indicates that regular exercise is crucial for longevity, as is having a positive outlook on your life.
While one of the reasons that people tend to adopt these bad habits post-separation is certainly emotional distress, the researchers believe that another reason might be that people no longer have a partner to monitor their behavior.
“Partner control of health might play a role,” lead author Kyle J. Bourassa said. “If you imagine a husband or wife who doesn’t smoke and their partner does, one might try to influence the other’s behavior. In many ways, when relationships end, we lose that important social control of our health behaviors.”
This corroborates with previous research on the so-called “ripple effect,” which has found that your partner’s behavior has a major impact on your own.
Of course, further studies are necessary in order to really determine if the link between divorce and early death is truly correlational or causational, especially since the study didn’t factor in whether participants already smoked during their marriage or started after they split up. Further studies on how divorce affects a person’s diet and relationship to alcohol are also required (after all, those photos of Sad Ben Affleck after breaking up with Jennifer Garner, indicative as they are of how a person behaves after divorce, are not enough to make up a full study).
Bourassa also suggested that we create more of a support system for people going through a divorce.
“We have interventions for people who smoke, and we have interventions for people who don’t get enough exercise, so if we know someone who is divorced, maybe we should ask, ‘Are you smoking? Are you getting enough physical activity?'” he said. “Finding that life satisfaction seems to link divorce to physical activity levels also suggests that interventions to improve people’s life satisfaction and psychological wellbeing could translate downstream to physical health improvements.”
For more on the link between marriage and physical health, read Why Marriage Is Great for Your Brain. And for tips on how to avoid getting divorced, check out the 40 Worst Mistakes Married People Make.
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What is Elbow Contracture?
Elbow contracture refers to a stiff elbow with a limited range of motion. It is a common complication following elbow surgery, fractures, dislocations, and burns.
The normal functional range of motion for an elbow is 30-145 degrees. A stiff or contracted elbow may be diagnosed when the ability to extend or flex the arm is lessened by 30 degrees or more. Flexion contractures greater than 45 degrees will significantly affect your ability to perform activities of daily living such as bathing and eating.
Symptoms of Elbow Contracture
The symptoms of elbow contracture include the following:
- Stiffness of the elbow
- Inability to fully extend or flex the arm
- Usually no associated pain
Causes of Elbow Contracture
The causes and risk factors associated with elbow contracture include:
- Elbow trauma
- Elbow surgery
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Loose bodies
- Osteophytes or bone spurs
- Malunions of fractures
- Joint infection
Diagnosis of Elbow Contracture
Elbow conditions should be evaluated by an orthopedic surgeon for proper diagnosis and treatment. Your surgeon will review your medical history, and perform a physical examination and order diagnostic studies such as X-ray, CT scan, MRI and nerve conduction studies.
Treatment options for Elbow Contracture
Conservative Treatment for Elbow Contracture
Conservative treatment options for elbow contracture can successfully treat most elbow contractures of less than 6 months’ duration. These options will be based on your condition and may include the following:
- Physical therapy
Surgical Treatment for Elbow Contracture
If conservative treatment options fail to improve the elbow contracture despite your adherence to physical therapy, surgery may be recommended.
Capsular release is a surgical procedure to release the contracture associated with elbow stiffness. This surgery may be performed through a large, open incision or arthroscopically through much smaller incisions. Arthroscopic elbow capsular release is a minimally invasive surgery performed in a hospital operating room under general or regional anesthesia.
Your surgeon will discuss the options with you and decide which surgical technique will be best for your condition.
Postoperative Care after Elbow Capsular Release
After surgery, your surgeon will give you instructions to follow depending on the type of repair performed. Common postoperative care following elbow contracture release includes the following:
- Initially, you will have a lightly wrapped, bulky bandage from your shoulder to your hand to minimize swelling and bleeding.
- A catheter will be placed and left in the axillary or armpit area for administering a brachial plexus block anesthetic for pain relief.
- Continuous passive range of motion will begin within a day after surgery.
- Elevate the elbow on a pillow and applying ice packs over the dressing to help reduce swelling.
- Keep the incisions clean and dry. You may shower once the dressings are removed unless otherwise directed by your surgeon.
- You will be given specific instructions regarding activity and rehabilitation. It is imperative that you comply with physical therapy directions for the best outcome from your surgery.
- Eating a healthy diet and quitting smoking will promote healing.
Risks and Complications after Elbow Capsular Release
Arthroscopic elbow capsular release is a safe procedure that rarely involves any major complications. Some possible complications may include infection and nerve damage.
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Women with particular sub-types of breast cancer have been given new hope, thanks to a discovery by Mater researchers identifying a new way to kill certain types of cancer cells.
To date, some breast cancers have remained resistant to current therapies, with little ability for doctors to stop their growth. This has led to a poorer prognosis for women with certain breast cancer subtypes.
But a recent research breakthrough at Mater has the potential to save many lives.
Professor Gregory Monteith and his team from Mater Research and the University of Queensland School of Pharmacy made a ground-breaking discovery relating to breast cancer progression this year.
The supply of oxygen to breast cancer can decline as the cancer grows, which can then trigger the breast cancer to become more aggressive and more resistant to therapies. The team found that a protein called TRPC1 regulates this process—and when this protein is shut off, some important breast cancer pathways are deactivated and, potentially, the cancer progression could be stopped.
Professor Monteith will use this recent discovery and others in his laboratory to drive more targeted approaches for breast cancer therapy.
“This work provides a new dimension into how we might be able to treat some types of breast cancers in the future,” Professor Monteith said. “This form of treatment may also complement other treatment options, and could represent a way to make current drugs more effective.”
His research is giving much needed hope to breast cancer patients and their families, including Simone, who was diagnosed at 44.
Simone knows ongoing investment in medical research is where the real breakthroughs will happen.
“If my cancer reoccurs now, I’m not as scared as I was a year ago because of all the advancements that are being made at Mater in the field of breast cancer research,” she said.
After her own cancer diagnosis, Simone went on to be the face of this year’s RACQ International Women’s Day Fun Run and ran with more than 10 000 other women in support of breast cancer in March this year. Simone and her team raised more than $1900 for Mater to extend our research in the breast cancer space.
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Researchers from Indiana University (IU) have made the first direct visual observation of bacteria taking up foreign DNA from its surrounding. It is a key step in their process of rapidly evolving new traits, including troublesome drug resistance. The new methods developed by the researchers provided them with the ability to catch this mechanism on film.
Scientists hypothesized about horizontal gene transfer mechanism for decades. Now, they have a visual proof that DNA fragments can be incorporated into bacteria’s own genomes through a process called DNA uptake. Bacteria used appendages called pili to harpoon pieces of DNA and retract it back to itself.
“Horizontal gene transfer is an important way that antibiotic resistance moves between bacterial species, but the process has never been observed before since the structures involved are so incredibly small,” said biologist an assistant professor Ankur Dalia for IU Bloomington News.
“It’s important to understand this process, since the more we understand about how bacteria share DNA, the better our chances are of thwarting it.”
Bacterial appendages are over 10,000 times thinner than a human hair. The research group used a new method invented at the IU to “paint” pili and DNA fragments with special glowing dyes. What researchers saw was bacteria casting pili through cell wall pores to nab a stray piece of DNA. The pili then draw the DNA into the bacterial cell through the same pore.
“It’s like threading a needle,” said biologist Courtney Ellison, the first author on the study. “The size of the hole in the outer membrane is almost the exact width of a DNA helix bent in half, which is likely what is coming across. If there weren’t a pilus to guide it, the chance the DNA would hit the pore at just the right angle to pass into the cell is basically zero.”
So why is this research so important for antibiotic resistance research? When bacteria with antibiotic resistance die, they break apart and release their DNA to the surroundings. Other bacteria can then incorporate this released DNA, develop the antibiotic resistance and transfer it to own daughter cells. Nearly 2 million people are affected by antibiotic-resistant bacteria each year and at least 23,000 deaths have occurred in the US alone.
The research group hopes to figure out the exact mechanisms bacteria use to spread antibiotic resistance and to come up with a way of preventing it. The protein involved in the process of pili latching onto the DNA seems to interact with DNA in a way that has not been seen before. Furthermore, their method can be coupled with fluorescent dyes to observe other functions of the pili as well.
“These are really versatile appendages,” Dalia said. “This method invented at IU is really opening up our basic understanding about a whole range of bacterial functions.”
Learn more about how antibiotic resistance spreads between bacteria in the video below:
By Andreja Gregoric, MSc
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Baltic states honour Soviets' victims 70 years on
The Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia Tuesday honoured the memory of tens of thousands of their citizens deported by Soviet forces exactly 70 years ago during World War II.
In nationwide commemorations that only became possible after Soviet rule ended in 1991, leaders said the 43,000 victims of June 14, 1941 must never be forgotten.
"This tragedy struck almost every family in Lithuania," President Dalia Grybauskaite said a ceremony in her country's capital Vilnius, outside the former headquarters of the Soviet KGB secret police.
Some 18,000 Lithuanians, 15,000 Latvians and 10,000 Estonians were herded into cattle trains and sent deep into the Soviet Union.
"I wasn't even nine when I was deported with my whole family," Ona Zukauskiene told AFP in Vilnius.
In the summer of 1939, Moscow had cut a deal with Nazi Germany to take over the Baltics and carve up Poland.
Ten months after joining the Nazi attack on Poland, the Soviets seized the three republics. The following year they moved to crack down on opposition -- real and imagined.
The deportations were halted when the Nazis turned on their erstwhile allies on June 22, 1941, pushing the Red Army out as they invaded the Soviet Union.
German troops were hailed by some Balts as liberators -- a stance that remains controversial to this day.
The Nazis brought their own terror, killing most of the region's Jews, aided by local collaborators.
In 1944-45 the Soviets drove out the Nazis, and began a new deportation wave running into the early 1950s that swept up 182,000 people.
Survivors were barred from their homelands until a thaw after the 1953 death of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin -- or even later -- and were oppressed even if they did return.
Since independence relations have often been strained between Moscow and the Baltics -- combined population 6.5 million -- who joined the EU and NATO in 2004.
Disputes are stoked by conflicts over the past, notably Moscow's refusal to recognise its five-decade rule as occupation or the deportations as a crime.
© 2011 AFP
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Bayard & Holmes
~ Jay Holmes
On Tuesday, November 24, 2015, two Turkish Airforce F-16s shot down a Russian SU-24. How will that incident impact Russia-Turkey relations, Russia-West relations, NATO response, and the fight against ISIS?
Not surprisingly, Russia and Turkey disagree on what occurred leading up to Turkey shooting down the SU-24.
Russia claims that its aircraft flew along the Turkish border, making sharp turns along the crooked and sharp-angled Northwestern Syrian border to avoid flying into Turkish air space. According to Russia, its pilot received no warnings prior to being shot down. The Russians claim they were hitting ISIS targets in the area.
Turkey claims that the Russian plane flew a two mile route across a small section of Turkey that borders Syria to the east and west. Turkey claims that it radioed ten warnings to the Russian pilot before shooting down the SU-24. According to Turkey, there are no ISIS terrorists in the area that the Russians were bombing – that ethnic Turks that do not support ISIS, but do oppose Syrian dictator Bashar Assad, inhabit the targeted area.
Russia’s claim that the downed SU-24 never flew across Turkish airspace is highly improbable.
The SU-24 lacks the maneuverability required to fly the route that the Russians are claiming that it flew. Also, the Russian claim that they were attacking ISIS targets in the area is most likely at least partially false. ISIS members would be scarce in that area. The Turks seem to be telling the truth about those elements of the shoot down.
However, the Turks could not have radioed ten warnings in the few seconds that would have elapsed while the SU-24 was crossing over Turkish airspace. It’s possible that they could have been broadcasting warnings as the SU-24 flew the long leg of its route that paralleled Turkish airspace. In any case, Turkey had previously warned Russia to keep their warplanes out of Turkish airspace in response to earlier incursions by Russian planes. (For one example, see Russia Upskirts Turkey.)
So why did Russia allow their pilot to fly over Turkish air space?
Given the highly regimented air combat control structure employed by the Russians, it’s not likely that the pilot acted on his own initiative. Russian avionics equipment is not cutting edge, but it is certainly adequate to prevent an accidental flyover on the particular route taken by the SU-24. My guess is that Russia had decided that their pilots should limit their incursions into Turkish air space, but that they approved the flight path that led to their plane being shot down. It seems that Russia miscalculated Turkey’s resolve concerning its incursions.
So how will this incident affect the famed “international coalition to combat ISIS”?
Since the famed coalition is more a product of rhetoric and wishful thinking than of substance, it’s not likely to matter much. Russia is in Syria to prop up the hapless Bashar Assad. Russia’s opposition to ISIS is secondary to that goal. The West opposes both ISIS and Assad. Non-ISIS rebels are receiving Western aid, and both Turkey and its Western allies are opposed to Russian airstrikes targeting non-ISIS rebels. None of this will be greatly impacted by Turkey’s shoot down of the Russian SU-24.
On the diplomatic front, Putin claimed that Turkey “backstabbed” them by shooting down the plane.
Given that no real cooperation between Turkey and Russia has occurred in Syria, and given that the Syrian regime previously shot down a Turkish F-4 on the Syrian Turkish border, it’s more accurate to describe Turkey’s actions as a “counter slash.”
Russia canceled some official meetings between Russian and Turkish ministers and has asked Russians to halt any tourist travel in Turkey. Russia is also claiming that it is scaling back plans for gas exports through a new Russian gas line across Turkey. This seems unlikely since the alternative is for Russia to continue to rely on gas lines crossing Ukraine to reach European markets. With the current low prices of crude, Russia cannot afford to scale back on energy exports. Their fragile economy needs the revenue generated by oil and gas exports.
In military terms, Russia has reacted by deploying better air defense missiles in Syria.
This, when combined with the uncertainty that Putin relies upon so heavily in his foreign policy tactics, may present a new threat to Western and Jordanian aircraft flying in Syrian airspace hunting ISIS targets.
Putin likely does not want to further escalate the situation in Syria by attacking Western or Jordanian aircraft, but he might feel justified in shooting down Turkish aircraft that fly into Syrian air space. The possibility that Russia might mistake a French or American aircraft for a Turkish aircraft cannot be ignored. In recognition of that, the West might, without much fanfare, inform Russian commanders in Syria of Western flight plans when attacking ISIS targets.
As for Russian relations with Western nations, the impact will be minimal.
The US views Erdogan as unreliable on his best day. If Erdogan has “backstabbed” anyone, it has been his NATO partners. Nobody in the US military community will forget that on the eve of the 2003 US-coalition invasion of Iraq, Erdogan withdrew his permission for US troops to invade Iraq via Turkey. More recently, Turkey has been inconsistent in dealing with the Kurds in their fight against ISIS. Erdogan claims to want to fight ISIS, but he has spent far more effort fighting Kurds both in Turkey and in Syria.
Turkey is a NATO partner, but thanks to Erdogan, it is the least trusted and least liked member. NATO will not ignore direct military aggression by Russia against Turkey, but given Erdogan’s long, ugly record of ignoring the interests of his “allies,” NATO partners are not going to allow Erdogan to control their agenda in Syria.
As for the war on ISIS and statements by US cabinet members and DOD spokesmen that “this further complicates our efforts against ISIS” – that’s more PR effort than reality.
The Obama administration’s opponents have been critical of Obama’s minimalist approach to combating ISIS. The White House now has one more excuse for not escalating efforts against the Islamic extremists.
Given the economic trouble at home and the expensive conflict in Ukraine, Putin does not want to escalate a conflict with Turkey. Given the growing discontent and political violence in Turkey, along with troubled relations with his NATO allies, Erdogan does not want to escalate a conflict with Russia. NATO does not want Turkey or Russia to escalate a conflict. Neither Erdogan nor Putin have demonstrated skill in foreign policy or diplomacy, but both have strong reasons to avoid a serious engagement with each other.
Most likely, the status quo will continue in Syria. The fight against ISIS will remain in low gear, and since Russia has few friends, economic convenience will prevent a long term freeze of Turkey-Russia relations.
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Wow, our amazing Creator at work, awesome!!
I’ve always wondered what happened to them during the winter.
Some animals migrate to warmer climates for the winter and others burrow deep underground to sleep until spring.
Wood frogs instead seek cover under leaves near the surface, where they actually freeze and thaw with their surroundings, consistently and in cycles.
Yes, this frog’s blood allows it to be frozen (and alive) all winter.
Once the first ice crystals reach a wood frog, its skin freezes. The frog becomes hard and crunchy. When you drop it, it goes ‘clink.
Special proteins in their blood, called nucleating proteins, cause the water in the blood to freeze first. This ice, in turn, sucks most of the water out of the frog’s cells.
At the same time the frog’s liver starts making large amounts of glucose which packs into cells and props them up.
The concentrated sugar solution helps prevent additional water from being pulled out of the frog’s cells, which can destroy them.
There is no ice inside the cells. It’s just extremely dehydrated, all shrunk down osmotically and full of massive amounts of sugar.
Inside the cells there’s a thick sugary syrup, while outside the cells all the water is frozen.
And it can stay like that apparently, no beating heart or brain activity or anything, until you decide to thaw it.
When temperatures warm and the ice melts, the frogs thaw, water slowly flows back into the cells, blood starts flowing again, and the frog revives.
Once the heart starts, it pumps the blood around the animal and the animal starts to revive, then it starts to gulp, then it starts to breathe, then it starts to hop away. So it takes a little while to reactivate after you’ve been frozen down.
No Nucleatin in Humans
Humans lack these nucleating proteins. So when our skin freezes, we get frostbite, which lethally sucks all the water out of our cells and causes them to collapse.
And that even if you take the ice away. All the cells are broken because you haven’t made all that sugar.
Studying such a freeze-thaw cycle could help doctors finding a technique to aid human organ transplants. Currently doctors only have hours to get a donated organ into a living patient before the organ becomes too damaged.
Freezing organs isn’t an option, as the cells dehydrate.
The molecular mechanics that allow wood frogs to freeze and thaw could help doctors to aid human organ transplants. [NatGeo]
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Graphing Linear Equations: Using a Table of Values
Description: This packet helps students practice graphing linear equations using a table of values. It includes problems ranging from finding the points on the lines and imputing them into a table of values to graphing lines using an equation of a line and a table of values. Each page starts with easier problems that get more difficult as students work through the packet. After doing all 24 problems, students should be more comfortable doing these problems and have a clear understanding of how to solve them.
Simple: On each coordinate plane use the table of values to draw each line. x y
Advanced: Use the equation of each line to make three points and graph it on the coordinate plane. y=2x+5 x [ ] [ ] [ ] y [ ] [ ] [ ]
Practice problems require knowledge of adding and subtracting integers.
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In the past few decades sinkholes have permeated the area around the Dead Sea. The Dead Sea is drying up at an incredible rate leaving huge chasms of empty space in its wake.
The eruption of these large cavities has undeniably become a serious issue of human and environmental safety which is also tied to the fight to stop the Dead Sea’s shrinkage.
The sinkholes occur suddenly, can be huge and deep – and endanger locals. These chasms appear in the form of large, devastating sinkholes and are increasing in number throughout the region.
Experts claim they are now forming at a rate of nearly one a day, but have no way of knowing when or how they will show up.
Dead Sea sinkholes are created with a sudden collapse of earth due to geologic instability. They vary in size, with some measuring up to 25 meters or more in width and over 20 meters deep. The cause of this environmental catastrophe is linked strongly to the decline in the level of the Dead Sea.
The sinkholes are divided into three types: gravel holes occurring in alluvial fans, mud holes occurring in clay deposits, and a combination of the two. Gravel holes are funnel shaped and can be 1-30m in diameter, and mud holes are around 3-20m in diameter.
In the past few years the rate of sinkhole formation has greatly accelerated to around 150-200 new sinkholes a year. There is no question that these sinkholes are a dramatic danger to human life and development in the region.
The Dead Sea spans more than 60 miles through Israel, the West Bank, and Jordan. On the Israeli side alone, there are now over 3,000 sinkholes around the Dead Sea.
An aerial view shows a close up of a salt formation inside a large sinkhole on the shores of the Dead Sea. The increase in sinkholes is directly related to the Dead Sea drying up at a rate of one meter per year
The water level continues to drop at an alarming pace of 0.8 to 1.2 meters per year. When the freshwater dissolves the salt, it creates a void, causing the landscape around and above it to suddenly collapse.
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Another Monday, another fascinating mystery for you to solve. Can you guess what our patient’s condition is called? Here’s a hint: it has one of the silliest names of any disease.
A worried mother brings her one year old in to the Emergency Room because he has developed blisters on several different parts of his body. For the past week or so, the baby has been irritable and sleepy, frequently pointing at his throat and crying. His appetite has been decreased. The mother first noticed some blisters around the baby’s mouth two days ago, then yesterday blisters cropped up on his palms and his feet. He does not seem to be scratching them. Today he felt warm so Mom decided to bring him to the ER. The patient has no significant past medical history and has had all his vaccinations.
On physical exam, the baby has a fever of 101F. His heart rate is moderately increased. He is sleepy appearing and irritable when he is woken up. The baby has blisters on his hands and feet (shown below). He also has blisters around the outside of his lips (shown below), as well as inside the mouth on the lower lip and on the hard palate. He cries when the blisters are being examined.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
My thoughts today are with the families and community affected by the tragedy in Newtown Connecticut. I hope you are able to find peace.
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Do you still see kids playing games today like we did during our time? The answer, unfortunately, is no. Technology has had such an immense impact on children's play habits that hardly an of them have heard of the games their parents used to enjoy on the streets. Play is not only fun in itself, but it is an integral part of your child's learning about the world and his role in it. It helps him develop physical, cognitive, emotional and social skills that are important in life. "Children learn through play," says Maricar Gustilo-De Ocampo, Ph.D., a well known education expert and professor. Playing not only provides good exercise for children, it also helps improve their motor skills. "It stirs creativity; planning active play provides the skills necessary in coordinating and strategizing with a playmate," Dr. Gustillo- De Ocampo explains. "Playing is also a social activity: Children learn to cooperate with one another, make friends, and know what it's like to be part of a team. The lessons that children learn will certainly help them in later years: how to win, how to accept defeat, and how to rise up after you've fallen."
Children are naturally precocious. They have this sense of awe and wonder with pretend-play and role playing--one of the most powerful forms of play. When a child uses her hairbrush as a microphone or when your son runs and crawls around pretending to be Spiderman, your child is exhibiting symbolic play. A child can hold a mental image of another object or situation in his head. Hence, he can pretend to be going through routines like taking a bath without the actual tub or water. Eventually, the play becomes more elaborate, to include role-playing and other imaginary games. Playing allows children to express themselves using their feelings and emotions. A child's intuition is also very important in their world of play. They feel the different characters that they want to know about.
With the vision to further help Filipino children to explore their interests, gifts, and talents through fun role-play, KidZania Manila will be opening its doors in early 2015. It's the first-of-its-kind indoor hyper-real play city. Dr. Gustillo-De Ocampo called KidZania "the dramatic play corner of the 21st century," because it's one of the best places for kids to experience role-play. "Here children are given the opportunity to try out, pretend, and create different roles and characters, so that when they grow to become adults, they will have a better idea about what they want to be when they grow up," she added.
KidZania is an interactive kids' city combining inspiration, fun and learning through realistic role play for children 4-14. Kids independently explore the kid-sized city with over 100 exciting careers to choose and learn from. Each experience is designed to empower kids, giving them the confidence to be their best selves, and inspiration to be great global citizens. One of the world's most inventive, most awarded and fastest growing kid's edutainment concepts---KidZania can be found in 12 countries as well as 13 new sites under development across the globe including in the Philippines. KidZania was founded in Sta.Fe, Mexico City in 1997. KidZania Manila is franchised by Play Innovations, Inc., a subsidiary of ABS-CBN Corporation, and is set to open its doors to Filipino kids in 2015.
KidZania's ingenious approach to learning were even recognized by CNN as KidZania made it to CNN's Top 10 Best Franchisees for Travelers list. "At KidZania Manila, kids rule their own world. They can be anything they want to be. We provide a unique role-playing experience for children, encouraging their natural desire to imagine, explore, and create, to thrive," said Maricel Pangilinan-Arenas, president and CEO of Play Innovations Inc., the local franchise owner of KidZania Manila.
KidZania Manila will be a place where everything a child dreams of becomes real. It's both an experience and an adventure with huge doses of life lessons. It's going to be the biggest dramatic play corner in town where 1,500 children can play with adult facilitators and guides who will help out in the process of learning. KidZania Manila is a firm believer in the seed of learning so it will provide children with multiple opportunities to pretend play, characters, jobs, roles, and lifestyles to try out. Playing will help them understand what it is to be an adult. Kids need to follow certain directions from our play facilitators to give them a pathway of what they wanted to do. The importance of integrated play will be there as well as the awareness of the power of play: physical, cognitive, language, emotional and social. Moms need not worry for all activities are age ranked. KidZania along with partner education specialists has developed everything in conjunction with the activities that complements with K+12 education program.
Set to open in 2015 with a play area of 8,000 square meters inside an Ayala Mall in Bonifacio Global Center, corner 11th Street, KidZania Manila will be set up like a pretend city with its own international airport, promenades, boulevard, theater, and its own KidZania money called KidZoes. In fact, Pangilinan-Arenas has proudly announced that KidZania Manila even has a real plane with an actual flight simulators.
So kids, get ready and brace yourselves to conquer the world as KidZania Manila opens in 2015. With its three special advocacies highlighted at KidZania Manila--the importance of play, power of story and urban greening, kids will surely learn how to contribute in making this world a better place to live in. KidZania isn't just all about make believe. It is much more than that. KidZania is a family edutainment center which gives importance to the right brain (the one not encouraged at a regular school), it challenges children to think of possibilities, also known as imagineering. It is about critical thinking and seeing what they can do in this environment. The best part? Special children are also welcome as the facilities are designed for all children. The fun, experience, camaraderie and learnings once they stepped inside KidZania Manila will be etched in their minds forever.
For more information, visit www.KidZania.com or follow them at Facebook www.Facebook.com/KidZaniaOfficial and on Twitter @KidZania
Disclaimer: I am not compensated for this post. Opinions expressed are my own.
Post a Comment
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In July, our team launched the Best Practice Framework for Online Safety Education. This is Australia’s first-ever national framework for schools and teachers designed to help educators equip young people with the necessary skills to safely navigate the online world, writes eSafety Commissioner Julie Inman Grant.
It establishes a consistent national approach that supports education systems across Australia to deliver high quality programs, with clearly defined elements and effective practices.
Schools across the country now have access to this Framework that can be used to develop, assess or refine whole-school online safety education programs using evidence-based practices.
The Framework is designed to address the needs of every student from F-12 in age-appropriate ways, providing guidance in five key elements, outlined below
Within the Framework each element has associated ‘effective practices’ designed to guide educators when developing online safety education programs and policies.
The foundation of these elements and effective practices were developed out of a two-part process to research and identify ‘what works’ in online safety education, led by Professor Kerryann Walsh from the Queensland University of Technology.
Online safety education has often been inconsistent, both in content and delivery, this is why we designed and developed the Framework in consultation with child online safety education experts and educators across the country, to ensure that schools are equipped with practices that are evidence-based and can be tailored to meet the needs of their own communities.
What can these evidence-based approaches look like when designing online safety education programs?
- An approach needs to recognise the rights and responsibilities of students to participate safely online, and to empower them to have a voice when it comes to their online safety education. The framework encourages educators to work together with their students, understanding how they use technology to engage online and the challenges they face, and building this into a co-designed online safety program that is relevant and age appropriate.
- Online safety programs should be framed around the pillars of building resilience and managing risk. Programs should be strengths based and grounded in recognising the positive impact technology has in the everyday lives of students – for example, helping students understand the positive role social media can play to amplify messages about social issues in a community. Fear based messaging should be avoided.
To help them cope if things do go wrong, education should provide students with an opportunity to understand the different types of risk they can be exposed to online, and strategies that can help build resilience and prevent risks turning into harms. This means teaching children when and how to seek help – and how to help others if they can see they are struggling.
Teaching students about risk of harm and resilience needs to vary depending on the age and particular needs of students – it is not a one size fits all approach.
- For online safety education to work, it needs to be an effective school wide approach. It should aim to build the capacity of students, as well as every member of the school community.
That’s why the framework recommends that online safety lessons are structured so that each lesson builds on the previous ones, with clear goals and learning objectives. Educators can also bring parents and carers on the journey by sending relevant information home – the eSafety website has a wealth of information for this. Teachers should also be trained in teaching online safety, using training such as eSafety’s Teacher Professional Learning program.
- Online safety education should be integrated across the curriculum, teaching a range of skills from critical thinking, to help seeking and social and emotional learning. There should be specific lessons focused on online safety, as well as opportunities to build skills into lesson plans across learning areas– for example, teaching critical thinking should include examples of how this applies in an online context.
- Online safety can never be ‘set and forget’, but continuously improved through review and evaluation. This allows schools to ensure that approaches are working for the school, and programs keep up with emerging issues and evidence about what is working.
Many more examples and guidance can be found in the support materials we have released together with the Framework including our implementation guide.
The implementation guide also helps educators use the Framework and provides tangible connections to eSafety’s Toolkit for Schools and the Australian Curriculum, as well as the Australian Student Wellbeing Framework and the Australian Professional Standards for Teachers.
To download and implement these landmark resources visit esafety.gov.au/educators/best-practice-framework.
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Toi Degree: How to keep your cool in the heat
SALISBURY — As the temperature continues to soar this summer, you may start feeling dehydrated, tired and exhausted.
Summer heat can be dangerous if you don’t take care of yourself. Excessive heat can cause many heat-related illnesses, such as heat cramps, heat exhaustion, summer cold, smallpox and sunstroke, which all are life threatening.
You can avoid health-related illnesses by reducing your exposure to excessive heat and taking some precautionary measures to stay cool during the summer. Keep reading for a few tips on how to beat the heat.
Stay well hydrated:
Drink plenty of fluids. In addition to drinking enough water, there are lots of foods, cold beverages and sports drinks that are rich in electrolytes to keep you well hydrated and replace lost minerals, cool down body temperature and avoid heat-related illness. While sweating is healthy and the body’s way of cooling itself down, be aware that hot and humid weather can cause heavy sweating which can result in dehydration and heat cramps.
Various types of melon like watermelon, cantaloupe and honeydew can help to stay well hydrated and also act as diuretics to remove unwanted toxins from the body. Citrus fruits like oranges, grapes and lemons are the most refreshing and best cooling agents to beat summer heat.
Cucumber, mint and radish are some other great options to keep the body cool and hydrated. They are rich sources of water and help the body fight stress and exhaustion. Coconut water is another drink that is said to keep your body’s water level in balance.
It is always best to stay indoors during the hottest part of the day, which is usually mid-afternoon. But, if it is necessary to go out, wear a hat, use an umbrella and wear sunglasses to cut the heat. Don’t allow your children to play outside during midday.
Cover up when you’re going out:
Tight-fitting and dark-colored clothes will trap heat and make you feel more warm and uncomfortable. Use light-colored, loose fitting clothes, which will reflect heat and maintain normal body temperature. Also, wear sunscreen to avoid sunburn.
Avoid strenuous activities:
Try to eliminate strenuous activities during sun’s peak hours. If you exercise regularly, start early in the morning or in the evenings when the sun is not too hot. Start slow and gradually pick up the pace; take scheduled breaks. If you feel uneasy, rest before resuming.
Use cold water to cool your body:
Soaking your feet in ice cold water can help cool down the entire body and feel refreshed. There is another way to lower the body temperature: fill a spray bottle with chilled water, and spray yourself from time to time on pulse points of the body like neck, wrist, and temples of the head. Wipe excess water with a hand towel. This will help your body cool down.
Eat chilled and frozen foods:
Chilled fruit, juices, beverages, ice creams, popsicles and other frozen treats are very refreshing and delightful in the summer and keep you cool.
Turn off unused appliances:
Appliances that run on electricity create their own heat. Turn off appliances like televisions, laptops, lights, etc. when you are not using them. Unplugging them will reduce heat.
Get help immediately for symptoms
Please keep all of the tips above in mind, and stay cool. We will have many more hot days ahead as August approaches. Just remember not to overdo it, limit exposure, and drink plenty of fluids. Enjoy the remainder of your summer.
For more information, feel free to contact Toi N. Degree, Family & Consumer Education Agent, at Rowan County Cooperative Extension (704-216-8970) or email@example.com.
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Llama Llama Mad at Mama is on a 1.9 AR level. This story is about Llama Llama who goes to the store with his mama. While at the store, Llama Llama gets impatient and begins to whine and throw a fit. However, Mama settles Llama Llama down and he realizes shopping is not too bad when he lends Mama a hand. I feel like this story could be a good start to a unit on emotions. In my classroom, I could use this story to show how we can sometimes go from mad to happy in a short span of time. I also could bring in ads and allow children to cut out groceries to fill their shopping carts and then write a summary of Llama Llama Mad at Mama to go along with the shopping cart.
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Scottish National Dictionary (1700–)
About this entry:
First published 1934 (SND Vol. I).
This entry has not been updated but may contain minor corrections and revisions.
AUREA, AURRIE, n. Sc. forms of area. (S.D.D. 1911: aurea, area.) [′ɑ:rɪ̢ Sc.; ′:r wm.Sc.] Aurrie is found in the foll. special senses:
1. (See quot.)Gall. 1824 MacTaggart Gallov. Encycl. 34:
Aurrie o' kirks — That space or area down the middle of churches, between the rows of seats; country people pay great attention to the manner in which strangers walk up and down the aurrie.
2. (See quot.)Kcb.1 a.1929:
Fifty years ago aurrie was common as the name for the sunken area in front of some houses.3. Slg.3 1914:
‡Aurrie. The playground of a school.4. Clc.1 1914:
“The Aurrie,” in Eaglesham, Renfrewshire, the name given to a rectangular open space, planted with trees, used by the villagers as a public park; in the original charter by which it was set apart for public use, it was called the “Area” situated between certain boundaries; hence the name, “The Aurrie.”
You may wish to vary the format shown below depending on the citation style used.
"Aurea n.". Dictionary of the Scots Language. 2004. Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd. Accessed 26 Sep 2023 <http://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/aurea>
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Laelatu Biology Station
The University of Tartu’s Laelatu Biology Station in Läänemaa was opened on October 23, 2015.
The protected wooded meadow represents a unique historical landscape in the Baltic Sea region for its extraordinary biodiversity – plant surveys and experiments have been conducted here for over 50 years. This modern research facility offers new opportunities to study this rare community, by being affiliated with an international network of research stations, and by fostering the development of important applied research.
The Laelatu Biology Station belongs to a network of research stations - the Estonian Environmental Observatory within the framework of the Estonian Research Infrastructures Roadmap. The Laelatu Biology Station is also part of the Puhtu-Laelatu research complex, which is being developed by the University of Tartu and the Estonian University of Life Sciences.
The new research station replaces the station that burnt down in 2007. In the interim years, only fieldwork was done at Laelatu.
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Using the truck as a blind, a friend and I settled in along a secondary road to watch and photograph wildlife. The road is residential, unofficially defining the edge of a village. From our roadside vantage point we could see a large hay field surrounded by small, swampy wetlands, thickets and a golf course. Diverse, fragmented habitats like these, common around populated areas, function as sanctuaries for wildlife and condition wildlife to tolerate human activity.
This post features three species that were photographed during a half dozen trips to this and a similar, nearby site in mid-September: White-tailed Deer, Red Foxes and Canada Geese. All have adapted amazingly well to people and thrive in human-modified environments, to the point of becoming serious nuisances.
During the last hour of daylight, 15 or 20 deer move into the field to graze. The larger, older bucks are the last to show and, predictably, are within camera range when it is too dark to shoot.
Mature does, grazing
White-tailed Deer; buck, probably a two-year-old, still in velvet and socializing with other bucks in a bachelor group.
These two bucks just finished several minutes of light sparring, heads down and antlers locked. The small yearling on the right eventually retreated, acknowledging the superiority of the larger, more mature buck.
White-tailed Deer: a two-year-old+ buck, yearling buck, fawn and doe.
This Red Fox is “mousing” in a cut hay field a few minutes drive from the field in the previous photos. The term mousing refers to the cat-like feeding behavior of stalking and pouncing on any of several species of small mammals. In this habitat the most abundant prey species is the Meadow Vole, a stubby, short-tailed vegetarian about the size of a mouse.
Red Fox searching for Meadow Voles and other prey in a cut hay field
The late evening sun was brutal during this shoot. While trying my best to see the fox in the blinding light, my friend said a second fox had appeared from the other side of the field. It moused for a few minutes, then trotted toward the first fox.
When they were within a few feet of one another, a brief fight ensued. Although their teeth were bared and growling was audible from a hundreds away, there was more smoke than fire. Afterwards, they stood side by side, then trotted away. The landowner, who regularly sees up to three foxes in this area, claims they are a family group. If so, the photo suggests a squabble between a parent and one of the offspring.
Red Foxes fighting in a hay field
My final trip to the hay field was the least productive for mammals, but I had the pleasure of watching 50 grazing geese grow to a flock of over 150 in an hour’s time.
Photos by NB Hunter. © All Rights Reserved.
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The publishing industry refers to the business of producing, marketing, and distributing books, magazines, newspapers, and other printed and digital materials. This industry includes a wide range of companies, from traditional book publishers to online content providers.
The publishing industry has undergone significant changes in recent years, with the rise of digital publishing and the shift toward online distribution of content. Many traditional publishers have had to adapt their business models to keep up with the changing landscape and find new ways to engage with audiences.
The industry generates revenue through a variety of channels, including book sales, subscriptions, advertising, and licensing agreements. Many publishers also rely on e-commerce and online distribution channels to reach wider audiences.
The publishing industry is highly competitive, with many companies vying for market share and consumer attention. The industry’s largest players include well-known companies such as Penguin Random House, HarperCollins, and Simon & Schuster, as well as smaller independent publishers.
Publishers play an important role in shaping culture and reflecting societal values. They have the power to educate, inspire, and entertain, and they can also be a catalyst for social change. The industry has faced criticism in the past for limiting diversity and promoting certain perspectives over others, but many publishers are now working to address these issues and promote a wider range of voices and perspectives.
Overall, the publishing industry is a vital part of global culture and a significant contributor to the global economy. It is a dynamic and constantly evolving sector that continues to push boundaries and inspire readers and writers around the world.
- New York Times
- John Wiley & Sons
- Scholastic Corporation
- Daily Journal
- Gannet Co.
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When “Red Beads” Lead to What Looks Like Workplace Discrimination
Quite often, I used the famed “Red Bead Game” (a.k.a. the “Red Bead Experiment”) that was made famous by W. Edwards Deming.
Chapter 5 of my book Measures of Success: React Less, Lead Better, Improve More is a narrative of the game and the lessons learned in workshops where it's used.
In the game, one management fallacy that's exposed is threatening to punish or fire people whose performance is the result of “the system.” In the game, setting an arbitrary goal of “3 red beads” doesn't mean it's achievable.
Firing the bottom half of our performers (or firing the “bottom 10%” if we had ten “willing workers” wouldn't be fair and it wouldn't improve performance to bring in a replacement worker to work in the same badly-designed system.
Here is the scoresheet from the game when I facilitated this last week. After the third round, the bottom half of performers were fired. It was a “performance-based culture” and a “data-driven decision,” after all (an organization might say).
When “willing workers” dip their paddle into the container, they “produce” 50 beads and red beads are considered “defects.” It looks like this:
The expected average number of red beads on the paddle after each round of production is 10. Since each round has six workers, the totals of 60., 57, 59, and 57 show some of the inherent
In the game, we're not doing anything to really improve the underlying system, so we'd expect the variation in results to be somewhat consistent. But there's always going to be variation.
The problem is that the round-to-round variation is much higher for each individual worker. The variation is high enough that it would be tempting to blame workers for their bad performance. But, in this case performance is absolutely driven by the system, which includes variation in the distribution of the red beads in the container (it's not a random-number generator).
The “Process Behavior Chart” that shows each individual paddle shows that the results are a “predictable system” with variation:
There's nothing but “noise” in those results. There's no reason to ask, “Why did you only get four reds? anymore than it's worth asking, “Why did you get 16?”
The same system generates all of those results. Rewarding, judging, or blaming people for random performance is ineffective, if not cruel.
In this post from last December, I wrote about how Process Behavior Charts could be used to compare individuals (or teams or sites) and their performance at a snapshot in time.
We can use Process Behavior Charts to see if the performance we attribute to an individual is within the range of “routine variation” or if their performance is somehow an outlier.
In the Red Bead Game, everybody is doing the same work the same way. I observed them and there was no cheating. Just a lot of hoping and wishing for better results.
When we compare the average number of red beads from each “willing worker,” we see that their performance is all within the same range. The results are driven by the system.
The average number of red beads by each per person look like this as a table of numbers:
Would you assume that the organization would be better off if we fired the bottom three and then asked the three survivors to run double shifts? Why did Donna, Patricia, and Tina get more defects? BAD LUCK.
When we draw a Process Behavior Chart, the calculated Lower and Upper Natural Process Limits make it much more clear that none of the six are an outlier.
Again, firing the bottom half (or anybody in this system) wouldn't be helpful. It might make a manager or business owner feel like, “Well, at least I'm doing something.” I guess that's a time when Dr. Deming would say, “Don't just do something, stand there.”
Leaders need to work to improve the system instead of blaming individuals for the variable results of a system that they're not allowed to help improve.
Don't fire people based on results that are driven by the design of the system and variation in the system. It's not helpful and there are other reasons it might make you look bad.
One time I facilitated the game. the bottom three performers just happened to be women (I forget how many men we had also playing). The three women got fired. “Performance based.” “Data driven.” But not just.
Somebody commented, in an off-handed and light-hearted way, “Oh, you fired all women… that's going to be a lawsuit!”
In the game last week, you'll notice we had two men and four women playing. All three of the fired workers this time also happened to be women. And, to make the appearance of discrimination worse, I also had to fire the two African-American women who were playing.
They realized I wasn't discriminating. Nobody brought it up. But, wow was I aware of it.
Everybody knows I'm just role playing as I facilitate. But I'd hate to be accused of being sexist or racist.
There is, sadly, too much discrimination that still takes place in the working world. Discrimination is wrong, whether you want to tie that to Toyota's “respect for people” principle or not. Discrimination is bad management. Bad management can sometimes create the appearance of discrimination.
My main point here is to stop firing people based on random targets and thresholds like “the bottom 10%” or “below-average performers.” I'd be curious to look at data that might get people fired from an organization:
- Software bugs in your code
- Software bugs missed in your review or testing
- Post-op complication rates
- # of cash register scans per hour
- Sales figures per salesperson
If we created a Process Behavior Chart, would we see a signifcant difference in people's performance? Maybe. Maybe not. The old Jack Welch / GE rule of “fire the bottom 10% each year,” is completely arbitrary. You could easily have a real workplace system where the performance of the bottom 10% is still within the realm of statistical noise and routine variation.
Is that any way to run a company?Please post a comment and join the discussion. Subscribe to get notified about posts daily or weekly.
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Mahatma Gandhi's Advice on How to Deal with Loss and Come Out a Stronger Individual
Indian diplomat and politician, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit on the lessons learnt from the Father of the Nation
The best advice I ever had came from one of the greatest souls the world has ever known -- Mahatma Gandhi -- on a sunny afternoon a decade ago.
Most people pass through a period of anguish when their belief in humanity is at a low ebb. I was in such a period. My husband had recently died. My deep sorrow over his loss was followed by the humiliating realization that in the eyes of Indian law I had no individual existence. Along with other Indian women I had participated for years with men in the national struggle for freedom, working and suffering side by side with them until it had finally been achieved-yet in law we women were still recognized only through our relationship to men. Now as a widow without a son, I was not entitled to any share of the family property, nor were my two daughters. I resented this galling position. I was bitter towards those members of my family who supported this antiquated law.
At this time I went to pay my respect to Gandhiji and say goodbye before leaving for America to take part in a conference. After our talk he asked, "Have you made your peace with your relatives?"
I was amazed that he would takes sides against me. "I have not quarrelled with anyone," I replied, "but I refuse to have anything to do with those who take advantage of an outworn law to create a difficult and humiliating situation for me."
Gandhiji looked out of the window for a moment. Then he turned to me and smiled, and said, "You will go and say goodbye because courtesy and decency demand this. In India, we still attach importance to these things."
"No," I declared, "not even to please you will I go to those who wish to harm me."
"No one can harm you except yourself," he said, still smiling. "I see enough bitterness in your heart to cause you injury unless you check it."
I remained silent, and he continued: "You are going to a new country because you are unhappy and want to escape. Can you escape from yourself? Will you find happiness outside when there is bitterness in your heart? Think it over. Be a little humble. You have lost a loved one-that is sorrow enough. Must you inflict further injury on yourself because you lack courage to cleanse your own heart?"
His words would not leave me. They gave me no peace. After some days of severe struggle with myself, I finally telephoned my brother-in-law. I would like to see him and the family, I said, before leaving.
I hadn't been with them five minutes before I sensed that my visit had brought a feeling of relief to everyone. I told them of my plans and asked for their good wishes before starting on this new stage of my life. The effect on me was miraculous. I felt as if a great burden had been lifted and I was free to be myself.
This small gesture was the beginning of a significant change in me. A year and a half later I was in New York, leader of the Indian delegation to the United Nations. Important to us was India's complaint regarding the treatment of people of Indian origin in the Union of South Africa. Harsh things were said by both sides. I resented the manner in which my opponents made personal attacks harmful to India's prestige and to mine. I struck back with the same sharp weapons. Then, after a distressing duel of words, I suddenly thought of Gandhiji. Would he approve? To him, means were as important as the end -- in the long run, perhaps more important. What if we succeeded in getting our resolution passed by questionable tactics that injured our self-respect?
Before going to bed that night I resolved that, come what may, no word of mine would be lightly used in the UN. From then on, I lifted the debate back to where it belonged, refusing to retaliate to personal attacks or to score a cheap point. Our opponents met us on the new level and from then on we argued the case on its merits.
Before leaving the committee room on the last day, I went up and spoke to the leader of the opposing delegation. "I have come to ask you to forgive me if I have hurt you by any word or action in this debate."
He shook my hand warmly and said, "I have no complaint."
It was good to feel right with him, but even better to feel right with myself. Once more, Gandhiji's advice had saved me from myself.
His words have helped me retain perspective even in small matters. Many women, I imagine, share with me a recurring nightmare: Someone important to you is coming to dine; the guests have arrived, it is time to eat-but there is no dinner. You wake, perspiring, relieved to find it is only a dream.
But recently it really happened to me. My guests of honour, the prime minister of Great Britain [Anthony Eden] and Lady Eden, could hardly have been more important to me, high commissioner for India in the United Kingdom. I had planned everything meticulously, from the menu to the colour scheme of the flowers and the candles. When the guests had arrived and drinks had been passed twice, I signalled the butler to announce dinner. But still we waited. When for the third time drinks came round I excused myself and ran downstairs to the kitchen.
It presented a shocking sight. In one corner stood a frightened little kitchen maid, in another the housekeeper. At the table sat my cook, waving a ladle and singing, beating time with his foot. His eyes were glazed and he was far away in some other sphere. The table was littered with pieces of chicken.
My knees felt too weak to support me, but I asked in as normal a voice as I could command: "Why isn't the dinner ready?''
"But it is ready, Madame," my cook chanted. "All ready. Everybody sit down, sit down ..."
I was furious. It was on the tip of my tongue to say, "Get out. You're dismissed!" when I thought of the counsel that had calmed me so many times. If I lost control, I would only hurt myself.
I pulled myself together. "Let's get something on the table," I said.
Everyone pitched in. The food served wasn't quite what the menu described, but when I told my guests what had happened there was a chorus of surprise. "If this is what your cook gives you when he's drunk," someone exclaimed, "What must he provide sober!" The relief in my laughter must have sounded a little hysterical. My perspective restored, I realized that a dinner party, however important, is not in the pivot of existence.
To retain a sense of proportion is as important as being able to keep one's heart free from hatred. For all of us, no matter what our work, the advice Gandhiji gave me is meaningful: "No one can harm you but yourself."
Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit wrote this article in 1955 when she was the Indian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. She passed away in 1990. This story first appeared in January 1956.
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Having someone to talk to improves brain health
January 24, 2022
Having a good listener available when you need to talk could improve brain health and help prevent Alzheimer’s disease.
Results of a recent study show that “supportive social interactions” increase our cognitive resilience – the brain’s ability to buffer against disease and recover from trauma.
Alzheimer’s disease typically affects people over the age of 65, but the study found that people in their 40s and 50s who didn’t regularly have someone to talk to had a cognitive age four years older than those who did have a listener.
Lead researcher Dr. Joel Salinas, of New York University Grossman School of Medicine, said: “These four years can be incredibly precious. Too often we think about how to protect our brain health when we’re much older, after we’ve already lost a lot of time decades before to build and sustain brain-healthy habits.
“But today, right now, you can ask yourself if you truly have someone available to listen to you in a supportive way, and ask your loved ones the same. Taking that simple action sets the process in motion for you to ultimately have better odds of long-term brain health and the best quality of life you can have.”
What the researchers found
Researchers from New York University, Boston School of Medicine, Harvard and others used the US based Framingham Heart Study (FHS) to carry out the study.
They analysed data from 2,171 people, with an average age of 63. The participants self-reported how often they were able to speak to someone who could listen, receive good advice, love and affection and emotional support from close contacts.
Using MRI scans and neuropsychological assessments, the scientists measured the participants’ brain volumes and levels of cognitive resilience. Lower brain volumes are associated with lower cognitive function, while higher brain volumes tend to indicate better function.
Out of all the types of social support available to the participants, listening was the most important factor associated with higher cognitive resilience.
Dr. Salinas said: “This study adds to growing evidence that people can take steps, either for themselves or the people they care about most, to increase the odds they’ll slow down cognitive aging or prevent the development of symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease — something that is all the more important given that we still don’t have a cure for the disease.”
The researchers noted that more studies are needed to improve the biological understanding of how social interactions affect brain health. Dr. Salinas said: “While there is still a lot that we don’t understand about the specific biological pathways between psychosocial factors like listener availability and brain health, this study gives clues about concrete, biological reasons why we should all seek good listeners and become better listeners ourselves.”
Having someone to talk to is only one aspect of keeping a healthy brain as you age. Keeping your mind active by doing activities like puzzles, playing chess, reading, cooking and gardening are all simple ways to keep your brain busy and build cognitive reserve.
Studies have shown that simple hobbies such as reading, playing puzzles or board games could delay Alzheimer’s by up to five years.
For more tips on how to maintain a healthy brain, see our brain health pillar guides:
More to Explore
Click here to learn more about the Active Mind pillar and why it's important for brain healthExplore pillar
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In 1994, a 24-year-old programmer named Lou Montolli wrote a document describing how an internet browser could store data to remember that Wile E. Coyote had ordered a rocket launcher from the Acme Corporation. This was the first ever description of a “persistent client state object” – better known as a cookie.
Cookies are used to track consumers by seeing the web pages they’ve viewed and the links they’ve clicked on. But they’re slowly being removed from the fabric of the internet.
It’s why Apple blocked all third-party cookies from Safari in 2020, Firefox has blocked some since 2019, and Google announced that its Chrome browser will start blocking third-party cookies from 2023.
For businesses, the changes won’t be affecting any first-party data, and they can still see who’s using their website and where they came from. Instead, it’s the third-party data that’s still changing – the data tracked on other websites that aren’t our own. Think of it as the data that tells you what I searched for on Amazon, or the shoes I might buy for my upcoming holiday.
Google’s Chromium blog claims that “Users are demanding greater privacy – including transparency, choice and control over how their data is used – and it’s clear the web ecosystem needs to evolve to meet these increasing demands.”
But what do consumers really think about their online privacy?
1. Privacy attitudes have stayed stable over time but older generations are more conscious than others
In the past month, 45% of consumers say they’ve cleared their cookies or browser history, and a further 21% have disabled or turned off cookies in their settings.
Privacy is clearly very important to people, but concern about it isn’t something we’ve seen grow much in the past few years. Consumer attitudes are actually pretty stable.
And if we take a look even further back into our data from 2017, privacy concerns still remain steady. Things changed slightly in 2018 in the wake of the Cambridge Analytica scandal – privacy concerns rose 11% after the news broke (at a time when GDPR was also front-page news), but then stabilized soon after.
So, privacy concerns may have been consistent in recent years, but they can flare up when it starts to get mainstream attention.
It’s not something people think about every day, but at certain times, can provoke a strong reaction from consumers under the right circumstances.
However, concerns can vary by generation, with older consumers being more privacy-conscious than their younger counterparts.
Baby boomers are more likely than younger generations to say they worry about how their personal data is being used and are less likely to feel in control of their personal data.
This explains why this generation stands out the most for wanting brands to be transparent about how they collect and use data, which ranks fourth in importance out of a list of 12 brand actions.
2. Consumers are turning to more privacy-minded alternatives
Consumers’ awareness of cookies and privacy has led to more privacy-focused internet browsers and services emerging. DuckDuckGo, for example, offers users a private searching experience with no ad-trackers and smarter encryption. And it’s clearly becoming popular, as use of it in the US has increased by 69% since Q2 2020.
Why such a growth, especially when attitudes haven’t changed? It appears that the majority of users of DuckDuckGo are individuals who are more likely to use ad-blockers, private browsing, VPNs, and delete their cookies at least occasionally. All told, very privacy-conscious people.
Attitudes to privacy may be stable across the general population, but consumers who are the most concerned about protecting their privacy are clearly in the market for services that protect their personal data.
3. Demographics can impact privacy behaviors
How much people care about their privacy online also depends on demographics – males and high earners are more likely to use private browsing and decline cookies.
Specific privacy behaviors like declining cookies on a website and clearing browsing history are fairly similar across generations.
Of those who do use an ad-blocker, baby boomers are more likely to use one because they don’t feel ads are relevant to them – which makes sense given they’re the least likely generation to say they feel represented in the advertising they see.
Younger generations, on the other hand, are more likely to use an ad-blocker to stop any inappropriate content being shown.
4. Opinions about cookie pop-ups are divided
Consumers react to cookie prompts in three different ways. In 9 markets, just over half say they always accept all cookies or the default settings they’re presented with when they visit a website.
Around a third say they change the settings for some or all cookie types, while 6% decline or leave the website altogether.
There’s clearly a conflict in consumers there, where some either care or don’t mind while the rest are confused.
Among the cookie decliners, their most distinctive feelings are that the pop-ups make their online experience less enjoyable – for these people the feeling of managing settings or trying to work out which ones to choose is upsetting the process of browsing too much.
The setting changers are the confused ones in the bunch. They’re most likely to feel that the relevant privacy information is hard to find, or that the information which is provided is unclear or full of jargon.
It seems that while cookie banners were designed to give more people control over their personal data, they’ve ended up being annoying, confusing, and doing little to protect privacy.
Banners are set up so that the fastest way to make them go away is just to accept all the cookies.
Finally, the cookie acceptors are most likely to not really have an opinion about them. This group feels either indifferent or empowered by cookie pop-ups, as they feel like they have more control over their data.
5. Transparency is key when it comes to data sharing
Tracking is one thing, but willingly sharing data is another.
When it comes to sharing data, around half want a clear understanding of how their data will be protected and used, as well as the assurance that their data won’t be shared with third parties.
While 61% would rather keep their data and pay for services, the remaining 39% could be swayed by free trials of services or free samples of products.
With 46% in the US wishing they knew more about how their data was being used, it’s possible that individuals may be more open to sharing their data if companies made this information more accessible – transparency is key.
When it comes to who consumers trust to protect their privacy and personal data, the public sector and government come out on top out of a list of 12 for over a third of consumers.
However, this does greatly depend on which country we’re looking at. Out of 9 markets, the US has the least trust in the government, with only 13% feeling this way. Consumers in the US are much more likely to trust healthcare and financial services.
However, consumers may be more trusting around data if companies are clearer about what they’re going to do with it.
- Consumer attitudes toward privacy are pretty stable over time. While there may be events that change attitudes a little, they’re pretty fickle. Those who are privacy-conscious are likely to always be, those who aren’t might be swayed, but only temporarily. Although attitudes are stable over time, there are generational differences, with baby boomers being more concerned about how companies are using their data.
- Demographics do matter – they show how likely someone is to be privacy-conscious, while generational behaviors around ad-blockers tell us how advertising is often missing the mark among older generations.
- Consumers still haven’t decided how they feel about cookie pop-ups – those who accept them don’t really have an opinion or think they make them feel more in control. Those who decline them all find they disturb their browsing experience. The individuals who change some of the settings appear to be the most confused, they feel the right information is hard to find or just full of jargon.
- Data sharing is a complex issue. But it appears that if consumers felt there was more transparency about how brands use their data, they might be more willing to share it.
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Bhujiya Hill Fort in BhujThe Bhujiya Hills and the Hamirsar Lake guard the town of Bhuj from both sides. Bhuj owes a lot to Bhujia Hill and specifically Bhujia Fort. The ancient Fort which stands atop the Bhujia Hills was constructed to give shelter to armies who were engaged in battle.
The entire city of Bhuj along with the white Rann of Kutch can be seen from the windows of the Bhujiya Hill Fort
History of Bhujia Hill FortIt was the fierce Jadeja Chieftain Rao Godaji who first constructed the Bhujia Fort on the Bhujia Hill in 1718. The construction of the Fort took a massive amount of time as Rao Godaji’s son Maharao Deshalji I was also involved in constructing the Fort from the period of 1718 to 1741. The Bhujia Hill was very important to the safety and security of the walled town of Bhuj so Devakaran Seth the Diwan of Kutch also spent a lot of his time and resources in Fortifying the Hill and strengthening the Fort.
The Bhujiyo Fort provided a good return on investment as it stood strong against 6 fierce battles which were fought from 1700 - 1800 A.D. The principle parties involved in these battles were Rajputana rulers from Kutch, Mughal rulers from Gujarat and Muslim invaders who infiltrated the area from Sind. The first big war was fought between Deshalji I and Sher Buland Khan the Mughal and Erstwhile Viceroy of Gujarat. Bhujia Fort helped Deshalji win the battle and keep the city safe. Sher Buland Khan with the aid of his fierce army had managed to create havoc on the Kutch army. A group of Naga Bawas were staying inside the Fort at that time to rejuvenate themselves before their visit to Nag temple.
When they heard the battle cry they too jumped in to help Deshalji I to win the war. Since then Bhujiya Fort and the entire Bhujiya Hill has a special connection with Naga Bawa. A great procession is held on every Nag Panchami for felicitating the Bawa’s and their leaders. William Coir took over Bhujiya Fort in 1819 when Bhuj submitted to the political reign of Britain. Till this date the Bhujiya Fort is considered to be a military area.
Bhujanga Nag Temple in Bhujiya Hill FortAs mentioned earlier the Nag Bawa group was on its way to worship the deity at the Nag temple. Till this date a small tower in Bhujiya Fort has been dedicated to the worship of snake god Bhujanga Nag. According to popular mythology Snake God Bhujanga Nag is the brother of Sheshnag the ruler of Patal. Bhujang Nag of the Kathiawar Than has a prominent place in the history of Kurtch as he was supposed to liberate Kutch from the demons and rakshashas who once ruled over it.
The Nag temple of Bhujiya Hill was constructed at the time of Fortification of the Bhujiya Hill during period 1718-1741. Thus Deshal Ji I was the king who is credited with the establishment of the temple. After the fierce yet victorious war against Sher Khan, Deshal Ji I constructed a Chhatri over the temple in the year 1723. Every Nag Panchami in the month of Shravan (according to Hindu calendar) there is a glorious fair held in the Bhujiya Hill. In fact the name Bhujiya is derived from the name Bhujanga the snake God. Therefore the town of Bhuj too gets its name from the Bhujanga.
Tourist Activities near Bhujiya FortThe Bhujiya Fort is under the surveillance of the Indian Army and normally civilians are not permitted inside the premises. Arms and ammunition is stored inside the Fort and the public is allowed to view it from inside on Nag Panchami. The fair held to pay homage to Bhujang Nag or the snake God is very special and you should catch it if you have a chance. Walking around the Fort area is also a nice activity as the view is breathtaking from all sides. However you will have to climb up a long flight of steep stairs if you want to reach the Fort and on the way you will come across the shrine of Bhujanga Nag.
There are many trekking trails around Bhujiya Hill and as it is a smallish Hill trekking all the way to its top will be an exhilarating activity. So if you are looking for some physical activity then trekking around Bhujiya Hills is recommended. Please remember that civilian activities like holding meetings, discussions etc are not permitted within 700m of the Bhujiya Mountain. The Army Depot on the mountain stores prodigious amounts of guns, explosives and mortar. You will have to evict the Bhujiya Hill in evening as visitors are not allowed post 6.30 P.M except on festivals like Nag Panchami. Make sure that you take a guide along with you if you want to develop good knowledge about the place.
Address of Bhujia Fort, Bhuj
Bhujia Fort Road,
Bhuj - 370020
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A GRUESOME end awaits worms that stray too close to one scrawny Brazilian plant. Philcoxia minensis is the first carnivorous plant found to trap and devour prey in the soil with the help of sticky leaves thrust below the surface.
Rafael Silva Oliveira of the State University of Campinas in São Paulo, Brazil, and colleagues confirmed the plant's taste for meat by growing it in soil filled with nematode worms containing the rare isotope, nitrogen-15. By analysing the leaves they thought snared the nematodes, Oliveira's team showed that they rapidly absorbed the isotope, confirming the worms as a food source (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1114199109).
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Physics is a basic science that seeks to understand the inner workings of the universe, from the smallest elementary particles up to the vast expanse of galactic structures and everything in between. Physics students gain a conceptual understanding of how the world works and learn to apply the mathematical laws of physics to make quantitative predictions about physical phenomena. Students learn how to set up and perform physical experiments, then analyze the results quantitatively. As a result, physics students develop analytical thinking and problem solving skills that are in high demand by employers in diverse occupations.
Physical law provides the foundation upon which all branches of engineering are based. It also describes the natural structures and processes found in the biological sciences. Consequently, all engineering students and a majority of biology and medical students are required to take physics. A variety of other majors also require physics courses, including chemistry and computer science.
At Fresno City College, physics students can expect top notch courses from motivated and caring faculty. Physics is challenging, and so we provide abundant support to ensure our students have the resources to be successful learners. Tutoring is available throughout the week at the FCC tutoring center and every Friday we hold a large group tutoring session (GRASP), where students work together and get assistance from both physics instructors and tutors to answer any questions they have.
Contact MSE Division Office to learn more.
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Vision screenings are an important service provided by most schools and without question provide benefits. It is important to recognize however, that studies have demonstrated screenings are not as effective as comprehensive eye exams. In fact, The National Institutes of Health found that school screenings catch only 37% of children with poor vision or vision skills. With the limitations of vision screenings and the prevalence of vision disorders in K-12th graders, there is clearly a need for early detection through a comprehensive eye and vision examination performed by an eye doctor.
Comprehensive vision examinations can only be conducted by eye care professionals who have the proper training needed to make a definitive diagnosis and prescribe treatment. Specialized equipment and procedures which are not available as part of a vision screening program are needed to adequately evaluate a child’s eye and vision health.
Listed below are essential elements of a comprehensive eye examination used to insure that learning is maximized through good vision.
- Visual acuity is measured at several distances so that the child can comfortably and efficiently read, work on the computer or see the board.
- The refractive state of the visual system such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism is determined.
- Focusing or accommodation is an important skill that is tested. The eyes must be able to focus on the object at which they are aimed and easily shift focus from one object to another. This allows the child to move attention from a book or paper, to the chalkboard and back. Sustained focus affects the ability to read or write for long periods of time.
- The doctor evaluates visual alignment and ocular motility which means the muscles aiming each eye converge so that both eyes are aimed at the same object, which is required for depth perception.
- Binocular fusion (eye teaming) skills are assessed. These skills are critical to coordinate and align the eyes precisely so the brain can fuse the pictures it receives from each eye into a single image.
- Eye tracking skills are tested to determine if the child can track across a page accurately and efficiently while reading or copying material from the board to paper.
- Testing color vision prior to beginning school is part of a comprehensive examination because a large part of the early educational process involves the use of color identification and discrimination.
- Eye-hand coordination is critical for handwriting, throwing a ball or playing an instrument. Visual perception is used to interpret and understand visual information such as form, size, orientation, texture, and color perception. Both are important visual functions that are investigated during a comprehensive eye examination.
- Ocular health is determined by examining the external and internal structures of the eye.
There is clearly a difference between vision screenings and vision exams. Both are important however, exams will ultimately provide the most effective avenue to ensuring your child has every opportunity to be successful in school.
Please contact our office with questions regarding the difference between an eye health and vision exam vs. a vision screening. We can be contacted in Stillwater at 405-372-1715. We also invite you to visit our website at www.cockrelleyecare.com and like us on Facebook at Cockrell Eye Care Center!
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This chapter continues the miscellaneous proverbs begun in Chapter 10. Several subjects that have been previously dealt with occur here, but there is no continuity of subject matter beyond two or three verses length. The main idea is the contrast between the righteous and the wicked.
Proverbs 12:1 “Whoso loveth instruction loveth knowledge: but he that hateth reproof is brutish.” “Instruction” here as in Proverbs 1:2 and other places, means “discipline” or “chastisement,” so that it is shown that knowledge consists in more than mere theoretical, or “book” learning: it involves the development of practical “horse sense” in holy living. No discipline is loved for itself, for it is unpleasant, but a saved person will love it for its fruit—development in holiness, (Heb. 12:11). The unsaved person, like an animal, looks no further than the feelings of the moment, and so he hates anything that hinders his lusts…All Biblical reproof is designed for our good, and should not be despised.
Proverbs 12:2 “A good man obtaineth favor of the Lord: but a man of wicked devices will be condemn.” No one loses anything by being kind and good to others: God Himself will see to it, for His very nature obligates God to reward the doer of good, so that good may be promoted. This does not mean that anyone can ever earn the grace (favor) of God, but it does mean that every truly good deed will be blessed by the Lord. Sometimes, however, our “good” deeds are done only for selfish reasons, in which case, they are their own reward, and God will not reward them, (Matt. 6:1-2, 5, 16). By the same token, God must condemn all wickedness so that it will appear to men that He hates evil, in whatever form it may be. Note that not only does He condemn the wicked devices, but also the man who devises them.
Proverbs 12:3 “A man shall not be established by wickedness: but the root of the righteous shall not be moved.” “Though men may advance themselves by sinful arts, they cannot by such arts settle and secure themselves,” [M. Henry]. Many people live their whole lives out by wickedness and gather much material possessions, but in the end, they must die and face the judge of all and give an answer for their deeds. For any person to try to live by his own wits is an admission that he does not trust in the benevolence of God. The following texts suggest the importance of being rooted in righteousness, (Matthew 3:10; 13:6, 21; 15:13; Eph. 3:7; Col. 3:7). Both wickeness and righteousness result from a corresponding “root” in the heart. What a person does results from what he is in the heart.
Proverbs 12:4 “A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband: but she that maketh ashamed is as rottenness in his bones.” From discussing good and bad men, Solomon turns to the discussion of good and bad women. A virtuous woman (Ruth 3:11; Prov. 12:4; 31:10, 29) is always the chief ornament of a husband, and so is considered a favor from the Lord, (Prov. 18:22). “Husband” is literally “lord,” emphasizing the divine order of the sexes, which the Bible teaches throughout. This in no way justifies the abuse of a woman by a man, for the husband is always to love his wife as Christ loved the church—with a deep, self-denying, sacrificial love, (Eph. 5:23-29). There are many ways in which a wife may make her husband ashamed, but they are all like a disease in the bones, one of the hardest diseases to cure, and one that most debilitates a person.
Proverbs 12:5 “The thoughts of the righteous are right: but the counsels of the wicked are deceit.” (Prov. 23:7a). One’s thoughts are the index to his character. “We mistake if we imagine that thoughts are free; they are under the divine cognizance. A good man may have in his mind bad suggestions, but he does not indulge them and harbor them,” [M. Henry]. “Right” is literally “judgment”; i.e., in harmony with justice; the counsels of the wicked, on the contrary, are deceitful in order to achieve the wicked person’s ends.
Proverbs 12:6 “The words of the wicked are to lie in wait for blood: but the mouth of the upright shall deliver them.” (Prov. 1:11,18). The words as well as the thoughts of men will manifest the true character of them. The words of the wicked are their plottings against others whose blood they plan to shed violently. “Them” may refer either to the upright, or to those whom the wicked plot against. The “mouth,” i.e., the wise counsel, will deliver both.
Proverbs 12:7 “The wicked are overthrown, and are not: but the house of the righteous shall stand.” (Ps. 37:35-36; Prov. 10:25). “House” often refers to the descendents of a person and the intimation is that whereas the judgment of God will overthrow the wicked in due time, (Deut. 32:35), yet the righteous shall be prolonged through several generations, because one generation will teach the next the truth. The only way to be sure that our children will live right is to train them up in the right ways, (Prov. 22:6).
Proverbs 12:8 “A man shall be commended according to his wisdom: but he that is of a perverse heart shall be despised.” Not the outward, worldly success will commend a person, but obedience to the divine wisdom. Nor does this refer to the wisdom of this world, which sets itself against Christ, but the wisdom here meant is that simple wisdom of the gospel and its doctrines, (1 Cor. 1:19-31). A perverse heart is a wicked, unregenerate heart, which, though it may have great worldly wisdom, yet, because it is in rebellion against the Savior, shall be despised in the day of judgment.
Proverbs 12:9 “He that is despised, and hath a servant, is better than he that honoreth himself, and lacketh bread.” “Despised” here is a different Hebrew word than in verse 8. “Here, the references is to low estimation not through faultiness, but from absence of worldly display: as David calls himself (1 Sam. 18:23) ‘a poor man, and lightly esteemed’ (the same Hebrew as here): in verse 8 the reference is to contempt well grounded, because of perversity,” [Faussett]. Some men try to make themselves to be great when they possess nothing: it would be better to be thought light of, yet possess enough to own a servant than to vainly praise oneself.
Proverbs 12:10 “A righteous man regardeth the life of his beast: but the tender mercies of the wicked are cruel.” (Deut. 25:4). Lordship over the brute creation does not give anyone the right to mistreat them. A righteous man, because he has become righteous through an act of mercy on God’s part, is also obligated to show mercy—even to soulless beasts. But even what the wicked considers to be tender mercies are, by right standards, still cruel. Balaam was rebuked for mistreating his ass, (Num. 22:28).
Proverbs 12:11 “He that tilleth his land shall be satisfied with bread: but he that followeth vain persons is void of understanding.” Diligent labor shall be satisfied by the fruits of labor—a sufficiency of food. But no promise is given to the idler and loafer, nor he who follows such. Every community has some who are lazy and who expect others to take care of them. Sometimes these desire to become leaders, and may gain a following of others. But he who cannot take care of his own household has no business trying to lead others. He who follows such persons reveals his own lack of understanding.
Proverbs 12:12 “The wicked desireth the net of evil men: but the root of the righteous yieldeth fruit.” “Net” may also be rendered “fortress” (margin), (Ps. 18:2) or “bulwark,” (Eccl. 9:14). Perhaps it means that he desires the cunning of evil men whereby they are able to ensnare men. Or it may mean, as some think, that he desires the fortress or defense of evil men. But the righteous, so far from taking from others, produce fruit for others. “Thus, the righteous yielding their own fruit, for the good of others as well as themselves, stand in contrast to the wicked desiring to entrap in their net other evil men, so as to gain their goods. The wicked seek their good from without; the righteous have it within, their own root, deep and firmly sunk, supplying it,” [Faussett].
Proverbs 12:13 “The wicked is snared by the transgression of his lips: but the just shall come out of trouble.” “Many a man has paid dearly in this world for the transgression of his lips, and has felt the lash on his back for want of a bridle upon his tongue,” [M. Henry]. A man sins quicker with his lips than in almost any other way, (Jam. 3:2, 8). One who is careless in his talk will almost certainly ensnare himself sooner or later. He will go into detail about lying late in the chapter. But the just shall be delivered, (2 Pet. 2:9). We need not human wisdom to escape if we are the Lord’s: He will deliver us, (Ps. 50:15).
Proverbs 12:14 “A man shall be satisfied with good by the fruit of his mouth…unto him.” He who speaks the truth can be satisfied with it, and will not need to constantly tell different stories. The sad thing about liars is that they must constantly revise their stories to make them harmonize with other lies they have told. A liar must have a good memory so that he will not contradict his own words. By a man’s words he will either be justified or condemned, (Matthew 12:34-37). There is a fitting recompose for all that one says or does. This is the Divine law of sowing and reaping.
Proverbs 12:15 “The way of a fool is right in his own eyes: but he that hearkeneth unto counsel is wise.” This is why the fool is always so argumentative: he thinks he cannot be wrong, and so that he must defend his every statement to the death. Sad is the case of such, (Isa. 5:21), for they make learning almost an impossibility by their proud assumption that they are always right. On the other hand, the wise man does not feel he must immediately defend his own views, but he listens to others, and so is teachable. “None is so wise as not to need good counsel, especially in the concerns of the soul. We have one great ‘Counselor,’ Messiah, who is made unto us ‘wisdom’ (Isa. 9:6; 1 Cor. 1:30),” [Faussett].
Proverbs 12:16 “A fool’s wrath is presently known: but a prudent man covereth shame.” “Presently” is literally “in that very day,” or immediately. Anciently, the English “presently” meant immediately or instantly. A fool makes his wrath known immediately by speaking out every time anyone seems to contradict his ideas, but the wise man, in refraining from getting into an argument, keeps from making himself ashamed by speaking unwisely. James 1:19-20 is wise counsel. A proud unwillingness to learn always brings shame, (Prov. 11:2; 13:18; 18:13). Shame is the one thing of all others that the proud man does not want, yet it is the thing that pride most surely brings about. God always makes the punishment correspond to the sin.
Proverbs 12:17 “He that speaketh truth sheweth forth righteousness: but a false witness deceit.” “Speaketh” is literally “breatheth,” suggesting that this is a continual, natural way of life to him. A person reveals with his mouth what his heart condition is, (Mark 7:20-23; Matthew 12:34-37). Thus, the man who continually breathes out truth shows that he is a righteous man, while the false witness will show his true character by the deceit that he speaks. The mouth is truly the index of the heart.
Proverbs 12:18 “There is that speaketh like the piercings of a sword: but the tongue of the wise is health.” As verse 17 shows the condition of the heart by the workings of the mouth, so here the working of the mouth in the cases of the righteous and the wicked is seen in its results upon others. The one speaks cutting words: the other curing words. “The tongue is death or life, poison or medicine, as it is used. Slanders, like a sword, wound the reputation of those of whom they are uttered,” [M. Henry]. To be only a boneless member of flesh, it is amazing how sharp and cutting the tongue can be if it is not kept under control.
Proverbs 12:19 “The lip of truth shall be established for ever: but a lying tongue is but for a moment.” Here the contrast between truth and falsehood is seen in their continuance: the truth is unchangeable, and so it is enduring, never being succeeded by anything else; but falsehood endures only momentarily before it is revealed to be falsehood, and then passes away. Men may twist and distort facts in an endeavor to establish a lie, but it cannot be permanent; sooner or later the refuge of lies will be swept away, (Isa. 28:17). Since truth cannot long be eclipsed, nor falsehood long be established, how wise it is to build solely upon the enduring foundation of eternal truth.
Proverbs 12:20 “Deceit is in the heart of them that imagine evil: but to the counselors of peace is joy.” Since evil cannot establish itself by truth, it always resorts to deceit in an attempt to do so. It has long been one of Satan’s lies that “The end justifies the means,” and so, those who imagine evil conclude that any sort of deceit is justified to accomplish their desired end. However, evil always tends to sorrow, as the contrasting statement suggests. To those who counsel peace instead of devising evil, there is joy, for joy is the fruit of real peace.
Proverbs 12:21 “There shall no evil happen to the just: but the wicked shall be filled with mischief.” Momentary evils often happen to the just, but this rather means that no permanent evil shall befall them, and that they shall ultimately triumph through faith in the Lord, (1 John 5:4-5). One’s inward character shall determine whether or not evil comes to him, and this inward character, if it is good, comes from the Lord. To the evil, not only will evil come, but he will be filled with it. Sin is always permeative— it grows and spreads and takes over.
Proverbs 12:22 “Lying lips are abomination to the Lord: but they that deal truly are his delight.” God, Who is Truth, cannot tolerate lying, and all liars shall be shut out of His presence, (Rev. 21:8, 27; 22:15.) Every lie originates from Satan, who is the father of lies (John 8:44). Lying is one of the seven abominations of Proverbs 6:16ff. In the light of this teaching, how can anyone think to prosper through lying, unless he is atheistic and thinks there is no God, (Ps. 53:1)? Lying lips lead to lying deeds, just as those who deal truly do so because they also think and speak truly.
Proverbs 12:23 “A prudent man concealeth knowledge: but the heart of fools proclaimeth foolishness.” “He that is wise communicates his knowledge when it may turn to the edification of others, but he conceals it when the showing of it would only tend to his own commendation,” [M. Henry]. The fool, in an endeavor to appear wise, continually babbles out what he thinks he knows, but instead of impressing people with this wisdom he only reveals his foolishness and becomes known as a man of many words, (Prov. 29:11). Those who hold their peace, through fools, will be counted wise for their silence, (Prov. 17:28). “Better to keep silence and be thought a fool, then to open one’s mouth and confirm it.”
Proverbs 12:24 “The hand of the diligent shall bear rule: but the slothful shall be under tribute.” Diligence is the way to success in almost any realm, for it is approved of by both God and man. “Slothful” is more commonly rendered “deceitful” or “deceitfully,” as in Jeremiah 48:10. Often the slothful use deceitful practices in order to circumvent honest and diligent labor, but this is never permanently successful, for God’s curse must be on all that is not honest and upright. “Knavery is the way to slavery,” [M. Henry]. So long as the slothful tires to defraud others, he will find himself under a debt to others.
Proverbs 12:25 “Heaviness in the heart of man maketh it stoop: but a good word maketh it glad.” Despondency and discouragement do more to stop the work of the Lord than almost any other things, for these strike at the very motive center of a man. How little it sometimes takes to cheer up a heavy heart: it does not say “a good sermon,” nor “a good speech,” but only “a good word.” How easy it would be for us to cheer up the heavy hearted around us. Alas, too often we are guilty of rather adding to their sorrows than lessening their load. Lifting burdens is the way to fulfill the law of Christ , (Gal. 6:1-2). This was Christ’s ministry, (Isa. 50:41; 61: 1-2).
Proverbs 12:26 “The righteous is more excellent than his neighbor: but the way of the wicked seduceth them.” “Excellent” is rendered “abundant” by some. The righteous have an abundance about them by grace that even they do not fully comprehend, but this abundance moves them to generosity with others. “There is a true excellency in religion; it ennobles men, inspires them with generous principles,” [M. Henry]. We receive an abundance of grace, (Rom. 5:17), and we are to share abundantly with others, (2 Cor. 8:1-3). Men generally do not follow the way of the righteous because the wicked lead them astray by appealing to the lusts of the flesh. But time will reveal that the way of the wicked is the way of death.
Proverbs 12:27 “The slothful man roasteth not that which he took in hunting: but the substance of a diligent man is precious.” The slothful seems to enjoy hunting just for the sport of it, and then does not use what he has killed, but just lets it spoil. Wastefulness is a characteristic of the wicked. However, the righteous considers whatever substance he has a precious, and as a stewardship from the Lord to be used wisely. It is by divine knowledge, not by folly, that anyone gains precious substance, (Prov. 24:4). The righteous have the true riches, even godliness, which is eternal, (1 Tim. 6:6, 17). We may freely use the things of this world so long as we do not abuse them, nor let them abuse us, (1 Cor. 7:31). The world and all its substance is to pass away: only spiritual riches will abide, (1 John 2:17).
Proverbs 12:28 “In the way of righteousness is life: and in the pathway thereof that is no death.” “Pathway” means a narrow footpath as distinguished from a cart-path, which is wider. Our Lord Himself spoke of the narrow way that leads to life and the broadway that leads to destruction, (Matthew 7:13-14). He who walks in the path of righteousness shall never die because by this he becomes a possessor of Christ Who is Life, (John 8:51; 14:6). This is the pathway so plain that even fools, if they will walk therein, shall not err (Isa. 35:18). Jesus promised that those who live and believe in Him shall never die, (John 11:26), for this is to be possessed of the life of God Who cannot die.
© Copyright 2004-2012 Providence Baptist Ministries
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With a 17-meter mirror diameter the largest gamma-ray telescopes to date, MAGIC went into operation at the “Roque de los Muchachos” observatory on La Palma in 2003. Since 2009, two of these telescopes have been searching the universe for dynamic, high-energy celestial objects. These emit light at very high energies that is invisible to our eyes – gamma rays. With these observations, astrophysicists aim to understand the physical processes in active galactic nuclei in the center of galaxies, for example.
The MAGIC collaboration is celebrating the anniversary with a scientific symposium taking place in La Palma from 27-29 June 2018. There, scientists will discuss past progress and current research issues in the field of gamma-ray astronomy. The focal areas will be cosmic rays, cosmology, neutrinos and gravitational waves.
Around 100 experts from the international MAGIC collaboration, including 24 institutes in 11 countries, will attend the conference. Among these the MPI for Physics played a key role in building the telescope structure and developing the camera technology and calibration system.
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Arna Wendell Bontemps
Arna Wendell Bontemps was an important writer in the Harlem Renaissance. He was born on October 13, 1902 in Alexandria, Louisiana. The family home is now the Arna Bontemps African American Museum and Cultural Arts Center.
From the age of three, Arna lived with his family in the Watts section of Los Angeles. His family moved to Los Angeles just three days before the San Francisco earthquake! His was a loving family. His parents always encouraged him in his education. He attended public schools and graduated in 1916 at the age of 17 from Pacific Union College [U.C.L.A.], having completed his degree in three years. Continue reading
Elmer Simms Campbell
Elmer Simms Campbell (b. Jan. 2, 1906, St. Louis, Mo., U.S.–d. Jan. 27, 1971, White Plains, N.Y.), first black American cartoonist to publish his work in general-circulation magazines on a regular basis.
Campbell won a nationwide contest in cartooning while still attending high school. He later studied at the University of Chicago and the Art Institute of Chicago. He then worked as a railroad dining-car waiter, amusing himself by drawing caricatures of the passengers, one of whom liked his work and gave him a job in a commercial-art studio in St. Louis. Continue reading
James Amos Porter
was born in Baltimore in 1903. At an early age, he learned to draw and loved pictures. In school, Porter worked hard to perfect his artistic skills. By the time he reached high school, people recognized that he would become an artist and a scholar.
After high school, Porter attended Howard University in Washington D.C. There he received his bachelor’s degree in art. In 1927, Porter was appointed as an assistant professor at Howard. Later, he studied with Dimitri Ramanowsky in New York at the Art Students’ League and at the Sorbonne in Paris. His studies came to an end after Porter received a master’s degree in art from New York University in 1936. Continue reading
Henry Blair, one of the earliest black inventors to receive a patent, was born in Montgomery County, Md. around 1807. Little is known about his personal life. Blair is assumed to have been free since slaves could not legally obtain patents. He received two patents, one in 1834 for his seed planter and another in 1836 for a cotton planter. For many years he was thought to be the first black American to receive a U.S. patent. Later,it was recognized that Thomas L. Jennings received his patent in 1821 for the invention of the dry cleaning process. Many people are unaware of this and still cite Henry Blair as the first black patent holder. Continue reading
was born November 11, 1896 in Indianapolis, Indiana on a farm which had been part of the underground railroad and had served as a stopping point for runaway slaves on their way to Canada. It belonged to her grandfather, a former slave who had been freed prior to the Civil War.
Over the years she studied at the Sorbonne, Oberlin, and attended Yale on a Rosenwald Fellowship in Creative Writing. She received both her bachelor’s degree and a master’s degree in music from Oberlin. After receiving her MA degree, she was appointed Head of the Fine Arts Department at Tennessee State College. Continue reading
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Artemis was the
Olympian Goddess of the hunt and the wilderness. She existed in harmony
with the forest and all of nature loved her. Her animal form was a
One myth, in which Hercules was commanded to capture the magical deer of
Artemis, tells of her brief fall. In order for Hercules to be fast
enough to capture Artemis he called upon Hermes to lend him his wings.
Artemis' reaction was to try to get even by hunting Hercules. Artemis
became obsessed with capturing and possessing Hercules. She believed she
was in love with Hercules but she had became a predator and was no
longer in harmony with nature. The animals became afraid of Artemis and
as a result the wilderness rejected her along with the other hunters who
had also become predators. Intervention by Hermes made Artemis realise
what she had done and once again she became the Divine huntress.
Numerous other legends relate the grace and beauty of Artemis. She was
desired by many gods and men but she was very protective of her purity
and non won her heart. Some tried to capture her. Grave punishment
awaited those who attempted to dishonour her in any way. At an early
age, as a wish, she was granted eternal virginity by her father Zeus.
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Last updated by david at 2014/9/10
Combining music, acrobatic dance, theater, and bright costumes, Chinese Opera creates the narrative of stories based on the historic past and Chinese folklore.
Through the use of abstract and symbolic body movements, rich dramatic content and storytelling, comedy, singing, dancing, clowns, and acrobatics, the actors on stage are able to embody characters of the heroic, divine, and animals from the old Chinese legend worlds, often staged in warlike performances. Traditional make-up, close to the mask, and elaborate costumes allow a well-educated public to identify with the story and its characters without hesitation.
from USD $ 2,299
The main opera group in China today is found in Beijing; there are also main troupes in Tianjin in the north, Shanghai in the south, as well as Taiwan. The Beijing Opera is so respected that on November 16, 2010, it was inscribed on UNESCO’s World Intangible Cultural Heritages List.
Chinese Opera is such an iconic part of the Chinese cultural landscape that a large portion of the Chinese population considers the Beijing Opera absolutely quintessential to the definition of the Chinese culture. The group has just 200 years of history but celebrates enormous popularity as it is adopted and enjoyed by all the classes of the population.
In history, this art form was known under various names according to the period and place. The first Chinese name was formed by a combination of the names of the major melodies Xipi and Erhuang; it was called Pihuang. Later into the operas’ popularity, its name became Jingxi or Jingju, which name is anchored in the former capital Jing and the character of “presentation” which is Xi.
From 1927 until 1949, Beijing was known as Beiping, and the Beijing Opera was then acknowledged under the name of Pingxi or Pingju to confirm the name change. Later with the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the name of the capital reverted back to Beijing and the official name of Beijing theater in mainland China was reestablished as Jingju.
Beijing Opera was born when the Four Great Anhui Troupes brought Anhui Opera, or what is now called Huiju, to Beijing in 1790 to celebrate the birthday of the Qianlong Emperor. Indeed, it was originally staged for the court and only made accessible to the public later.
In 1828, several famous Hubei troupes arrived in Beijing and performed jointly with Anhui troupes. The combination gradually formed Beijing opera's melodies.
Although these performances are called Beijing Opera (Beijing theater style), its origins come from the southern Anhui and eastern Hubei, which share the same dialect of Xiajiang Mandarin (Lower Yangtze Mandarin) and has 2 main melodies, Xipi and Erhuang, which were derived from Anhui Opera after about 1750.
Xipi literally means “Skin Puppet Show,” referring to the puppet shows that originated in the Shaanxi Province. Much dialogue is also carried out in an archaic form of Mandarin Chinese, in which the Zhongyuan Mandarin dialects of Henan and Shaanxi are close.
It also absorbed music from other operas and local zhili musical art forms; many principles of staging, performance elements, and aesthetic principles were retained from Kunqu, the form that preceded it as court art.
The Beijing Opera was officially established in 1845.
Beijing opera performers use 4 main skills. The first 2 are song and speech. The third is acting through dance expression. This includes pure dance, pantomime, and all other types of dance. The final one is combat, which includes both acrobatics and fighting with all manner of weaponry. All of these abilities are expected to be performed effortlessly, in keeping with the spirit of the art form.
At first, Beijing Opera was originally exclusively for males. The Qianlong Emperor banned all female performers in Beijing in 1772. The appearance of women on the stage began unofficially during the 1870s when female performers started to take male roles. Their talents were rewarded when Li Maoer, a former performer, founded the first female troupe in Shanghai and by 1894, the first public female stage took place. This encouraged other female troupes to form, which gradually increased in recognition. Theater artist Yu Zhenting later petitioned for the lifting of the ban after the founding of the Republic of China in 1911. This was accepted, although the ban was revoked in 1912.
The roles of Beijing Opera divide generally as follows: the Sheng (生) is the main male role, the Dan (旦) refers to any female role, the Jing (净) is a painted face male role, and the Chou (丑) is a male clown role. Moreover, the painted face is the most special character of the Beijing Opera.
It is generally considered that the first period of prosperity of Beijing Opera was at the end of the 19th century. During this period, performances took place not only in the campaign, but also in the imperial palace, and it developed in an unprecedented speed under this joint influence. Thanks to the imperial family, Beijing Opera possessed a very good environment in which to improve its shows, costumes, painted faces, and decorations.
The second remarkable period arrived between 1920 and 1940 through the appearance of schools, the most famous of which were founded by Mei Lanfang (1894-1961), Shang Xiaoyun (1900-1976), Cheng Yanqiu (1904-1958), and Xun Huisheng (1900-1968). Every school included many known actors, who played actively on the boards of Beijing and Shanghai. The Opera of Beijing was extremely trendy during this time.
Mei Lanfang, the most famous actor of Beijing Opera all over the world, began learning to theater at the age of 8 and rose on the scene at the age of 11. During the 57 years of his career, he brought creative changes to the singing, dialogue, dance, music, costumes, and make-up of the Dan (female) roles.
He created a truly emblematic style. In 1919, Mei Lanfang was on tour in Japan with his troupe. It was the first time that the Opera occurred abroad. In 1930, his visit to the United States reached immense success, and 4 years later, was invited to visit Europe. This drew the attention of the world to the Beijing Opera art and performance form.
After the Reform and Opening of China, Beijing Opera acquired a special status as "political symbolism" and received more monetary support than other forms of theater. Today, stage plays take place all year round in the Chang An Grand Theater in Beijing. International Contests are organized for amateurs every year. Moreover, the Opera of Beijing is always the directory in cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.
Today, this highly respected traditional art form is less popular than it was during its golden age. Young people are not as interested in it as their predecessors. Nevertheless, every Chinese citizen knows what the Beijing Opera is, and its popularity and reputation has broadened to other countries such as the United States and Japan.
Don’t miss the opportunity to discover this highly respected art form rich in symbolic meaning during one of your tours in China!
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Stars and planets fill our night sky, yet many of us never take the time to observe them. Simply looking at the vast expanse of the universe can open up your perception of reality and calm your soul.
How many times have you been outside at night and never took a moment to look up? In a hurry to get to this place or that, or simply to call the cat in for the evening, most of us do not consider the sky at night. We have our attentions focused on mundane aspects of life, such as getting the garbage can to the curb for morning pick up, watering the plants on the deck, and making sure that the house is locked up and secure. Why would we want to take the time to look at the sky when so many life-things demand our attention?
There is one very good reason why it is important to look up once in a while. Stargazing can be good for the soul.
We tend to forget that no matter what may be going on in our lives, we are living on a planet in a far-flung arm of our galaxy. That sounds like science fiction, but it is truly our reality.
When we go outside at night and look up, we see a carpet of tiny dots of light all across the night sky. Those tiny dots are stars, planets, galaxies and nebulae, all far flung and a part of the visible universe. It doesn’t take an advanced education to appreciate the cosmos, just a desire.
Our daily troubles and issues can consume us, causing us stress and grief. We look for ways to alleviate the pain, turning to television, alcohol, or medications to help us cope. An alternative to these methods is the simple act of stargazing.
Think it cannot help you? Give this exercise a try.
On a clear night, go outside at least two hours after sunset. The sky should be nice and dark and, depending on any light pollution in your area, filled with stars. Grab a chair and make yourself comfortable. Now, look up.
In that sea of darkness above you there are other worlds out there, stars in other parts of the Milky Way galaxy. These are our cosmic neighbors. The closest star to our planet is of course the sun, which is obviously only visible during the daylight hours. But what about the next closest star? That would be Proxima Centauri, which is approximately 4.22 light years from our sun.
What are 4.22 light years? A light year is the length of time it takes a beam of light to travel in one year. Light moves at about 186,000 miles per second, so a light year is an extremely long distance. Take the number of seconds in a year; multiply that by the speed of light, then multiply that number by 4.22. Kind of mind boggling, isn’t it?
Look back up at the sky and pick out a star, any star. Unless you know basic astronomy and can identify Proxima Centauri, the star you are looking at is further away than 4.22 light years. When you realize just how wide and expansive our universe is, you begin to see that things you think are important are just trivial.
Yes, you need to pay the bills. Yes, you need to go to work tomorrow. Yes, your daughter is going through puberty and driving you up a wall. However, when you look up into the night sky and see the enormity of what is out there, it helps to bring some perspective in your life.
If all of that exists in seemingly relative peace, then why can’t I?
Practice stargazing several times a week and begin to feel better about your life. You may even develop a keen interest in astronomy, and we all know that having a hobby is a way to decompress from the stress of life. What better hobby is there for relaxation than simple stargazing?
Look up, and chill out.
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Unsaturated polyester resin, which accounts for 75% of the resins we use daily. According to its main purpose can be divided into two major categories of glass resin (FRP) resin and non-glass resin.
The so-called glass steel products refers to the resin made of glass fiber and its products as a variety of reinforced products, also known as glass fiber reinforced plastic (abbreviated as FRP or glass steel);
Non-glass-steel products are various products made of resins and inorganic fillers mixed or used alone, also known as non-reinforced glass steel products.
So, what are the unsaturated resin production equipment?
The complete resin equipment consists of a reaction pot, a vertical dephlegmator, a horizontal condenser, a water reservoir, an oil spill tank, and a pipeline. It is a key equipment for the production of unsaturated resins.At the same time, it is also the key equipment for the production of unsaturated polyester resins, phenolic resins, epoxy resins and paints!
If you are the interested in Unsaturated resin production equipment, free contact us as soon as possible.
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Dark chocolate has recently been discovered to have a number of healthy benefits. While eating dark chocolate can lead to the health benefits described below, remember that chocolate is also high in fat. Use FitDay to keep track of your calories and nutrition as you work towards your weight loss goals.
1) Dark Chocolate is Good for Your Heart
Studies show that eating a small amount of dark chocolate two or three times each week can help lower your blood pressure. Dark chocolate improves blood flow and may help prevent the formation of blood clots. Eating dark chocolate may also prevent arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries).
2) Dark Chocolate is Good for Your Brain
Dark chocolate increases blood flow to the brain as well as to the heart, so it can help improve cognitive function. Dark chocolate also helps reduce your risk of stroke.
Dark chocolate also contains several chemical compounds that have a positive effect on your mood and cognitive health. Chocolate contains phenylethylamine (PEA), the same chemical your brain creates when you feel like you're falling in love. PEA encourages your brain to release endorphins, so eating dark chocolate will make you feel happier.
Dark chocolate also contains caffeine, a mild stimulant. However, dark chocolate contains much less caffeine than coffee. A 1.5 ounce bar of dark chocolate contains 27 mg of caffeine, compared to the 200 mg found in an eight ounce cup of coffee.
3) Dark Chocolate Helps Control Blood Sugar
Dark chocolate helps keep your blood vessels healthy and your circulation unimpaired to protect against type 2 diabetes. The flavonoids in dark chocolate also help reduce insulin resistance by helping your cells to function normally and regain the ability to use your body's insulin efficiently. Dark chocolate also has a low glycemic index, meaning it won't cause huge spikes in blood sugar levels.
4) Dark Chocolate is Full of Antioxidants
Dark chocolate is loaded with antioxidants. Antioxidants help free your body of free radicals, which cause oxidative damage to cells. Free radicals are implicated in the aging process and may be a cause of cancer, so eating antioxidant rich foods like dark chocolate can protect you from many types of cancer and slow the signs of aging.
5) Dark Chocolate Contains Theobromine
Dark chocolate contains theobromine, which has been shown to harden tooth enamel. That means that dark chocolate, unlike most other sweets, lowers your risk of getting cavities if you practice proper dental hygiene.
Theobromine is also a mild stimulant, though not as strong as caffeine. It can, however, help to suppress coughs.
6) Dark Chocolate is High in Vitamins and Minerals
Dark chocolate contains a number of vitamins and minerals that can support your health. Dark chocolate contains some of the following vitamins and minerals in high concentrations:
The copper and potassium in dark chocolate help prevent against stroke and cardiovascular ailments. The iron in chocolate protects against iron deficiency anemia, and the magnesium in chocolate helps prevent type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease.
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1. The important advances in democracy experienced in the region during the last decades have effected a change in the nature of the work of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and its relations with the States of the Hemisphere. Today, the continental movement towards democracy – consistent with the norms of the American Convention on Human Rights and the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man - has progressed to the extent that dictatorships constitute an anomaly, stigmatized as a political pathology. Nevertheless, we consider that human rights problems do not end when a government is rendered democratic. Police abuse, violations of due process of law, unlawful restrictions upon the exercise of freedom of expression, lack of independence, impartiality and efficiency in the administration of justice, among other problems, continue to constitute structural deficiencies that have not been overcome with the advent of democratic regimes in the region. Periodic elections and the expansion of democratic regimes have not achieved a democratic institutionalization and culture sufficient to bring stability and unity to our societies, thereby hindering the rule of law, undermining the enjoyment of fundamental rights, and generating a climate susceptible to social crises that impact at the political and institutional levels.
2. During the last few years the region has witnessed serious institutional tensions in several countries through the recurrence of coup attempts and constitutional impasses. The situation has continued to frustrate the realization within the region of the degree of stability necessary for sustained political, social, economic and cultural development. The Commission has observed with profound concern a progressive deterioration in the rule of law, a trend that has not diminished during 2003. The IACHR therefore renews its call upon member states to increase their efforts to consolidate the rule of law and avoid setbacks that affect the legitimacy and legality of institutions.
3. Violations of fundamental rights such as life, liberty and personal integrity continue to occur in our region, resulting from both abuse of power and tolerance by State agents. The situation is aggravated by the delay and/or lack of efficacy in the prosecution of these violations. Impunity constitutes one of the principal obstacles to the effectiveness of the rule of law. Democratic governance depends upon the adoption of measures to improve the administration of justice. At the same time, the Commission wishes to underscore that during 2003, there have been significant advances in the struggle against impunity in the member states of the Organization, including the derogation of amnesty laws in one state, the release of the final report of the truth commission in another, and the adoption by high courts of judicial decisions that, inter alia, permitted the extradition of a person accused of committing serious international crimes to a country other than the one where the crimes were committed, and authorized the re-opening of criminal prosecutions to comply with the recommendations and judgments issued by the organs of the system.
4. Despite these efforts and encouraging precedents, 2003 has not witnessed a substantial improvement in the administration of justice, which has been seriously affected by structural deficiencies, including inadequate budgets, lack of access for those with lower incomes, and the fact that public defenders must work in conditions that prevent them from performing their functions effectively. The lack of stability for judges in several countries and their removal without respect for basic due process protections constitute serious threats to the independency of the judiciary in several countries. Added to this problem has been the rise in threats against judges, prosecutors and witnesses in various States and the absence of sufficient protective measures by States to respond to those threats.
5. During the last year, the economic and social situation in the region has not revealed significant progress toward the guarantee of economic, social and cultural rights. Without policies favoring the full recognition of economic, social and cultural rights and economic growth, the reduction of social disparities, and the full exercise of citizenship by all inhabitants of the region (Articles 11, 12 and 13 of the Inter-American Democratic Charter, Preamble to the American Convention, Preamble to the Protocol of San Salvador), it is not possible to strengthen democratic governability. Only by ensuring success in the campaign against social exclusion will the central objective of democracy be achieved, namely the full development of human potential and the inclusion of each and every inhabitant of our region in collective progress. The initiation of strategies to enhance social inclusion is intrinsically linked to the promotion, protection and respect for fundamental human rights and must become the fundamental priority for the member States. States must grant special protection to and stimulate the development of those in particularly vulnerable situations, in particular children, indigenous peoples, members of afro-descendant communities in certain regions, and migrant workers and their families, by creating or strengthening legal and institutional mechanisms to combat discrimination. Likewise, States must actively promote the non-discrimination, equality and protection of the human rights of women.
6. On several occasions, the IACHR has indicated that those individuals dedicated to the promotion and protection of human rights and the organizations with which many of them are affiliated fulfill a crucial role, both in the litigation of cases relating to the protection of human rights as well as the process by which civil society exercises control over democratic institutions. Unfortunately, 2003 brought the continuation of threats, disappearances, attacks and assassinations perpetrated against persons and organizations dedicated to the defense of human rights. Member states have the obligation to adopt the measures necessary to protect the lives, physical integrity and freedom of expression and association of those who are devoted to promoting respect for fundamental rights.
7. The American Convention, the Declaration on the Principles of Freedom of Expression, and the Inter-American Democratic Charter highlight the importance of governmental transparency, freedom of expression, and freedom of the press as fundamental components in the exercise of democracy. Notwithstanding these commitments, however, threats, persecution, reprisals and the instigation of violence against the independent press have proliferated. The right to disseminate ideas of public interest through the press warrants special protection within justice systems, and the lack of effective investigation of crimes committed against journalists and other acts intended to indirectly restrict freedom of expression generates a fear of criticizing those who are in power or of denouncing abuses or illegal acts, thus undermining the bases of democracy itself.
8. The existence of internal struggles seriously affects societies in the region and continues to give rise to grave human rights violations as well as serious humanitarian problems, such as the conditions suffered by refugees and the internally displaced. There is an urgent need to comply fully with the international law of human rights and observe the basic norms of humanitarian law. Upon verification that international crimes have been committed, states must ensure respect for the principle of individual criminal responsibility within the international order and its complement, the principle of universal jurisdiction, to ensure the prosecution and punishment of those responsible.
9. The Commission takes this opportunity to enumerate the following general recommendations to member states with the hope that they may assist as a means of fulfilling the objectives of the enforcement of the Rule of Law:
I. To continue with efforts to consolidate the Rule of Law in light of the standards of the regional system and thereby avoid setbacks that can affect the legitimacy and legality of institutions.
II. To adopt the measures necessary to ensure the independence and impartiality of judges, to administer justice in accordance with the standards of due process, and to strengthen their judicial systems so as to ensure the protection of justice for all persons under their jurisdiction.
III. To adopt measures to ensure the observance of the social, economic, and cultural rights of the inhabitants of the Hemisphere, individually and collectively.
IV. To cooperate in achieving the goals established in the plans of action of the world conferences held during the last decade in the context of the United Nations, such as the Third World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, the World Food Conference, Second UN Conference on Human Settlements, World Summit for Social Development, Fourth World Conference on Women, International Conference for Population and Development, World Conference on Human Rights, UN Conference on the Environment and Development, and World Summit for Children.
V. To derogate those laws that permit discrimination and to decisively combat these practices in light of their international obligations.
VI. To ratify all of the instruments adopted in the context of the inter-American human rights system. In particular, it calls upon the ten member States that have yet to ratify the American Convention to do so.
VII. To adopt the measures necessary to protect the life, personal integrity, and freedom of expression of human rights defenders.
VIII. To ensure that the legal framework under which freedom of expression is exercised in their territory conforms with the standards of the American Convention and the Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression, to eliminate indirect restraints including in particular the harassment of journalists and other persons who exercise their right to express themselves freely, and to ensure the protection of justice for the dissemination of information and effectively investigate and prosecute crimes against professionals in the area of information.
IX. To adopt effective measures to protect the right to life, physical integrity, and liberty of their populations and to ensure that violations are duly investigated and remedied.
X. To reinforce the integrity and efficacy of the inter-American human rights system through compliance with their obligation to adapt their domestic legislation to the rights enshrined in the instruments concluded within the framework of the system and the interpretation and application of those instruments by the organs of the state, in particular by municipal courts, in accordance with international commitments and the decisions and orders of the Commission and the Court, and by providing the necessary financial resources.
XI. To undertake these obligations and urgently face the challenges illustrated in these recommendations with the purpose of ensuring the human rights of the inhabitants of the region, and to develop institutions to sustain peace, prosperity and the successful functioning of democracy as a form of government.
10. Next year, the Commission will celebrate its first forty-five years of work. During these years, the Commission has accompanied the societies of the Americas in their search to improve the human rights situation of our Hemisphere’s inhabitants and to consolidate democracy. The path ahead remains long, however, as our region has not yet achieved the degree of democratic stability necessary to ensure the full respect for human rights of all of its people.
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Papayas are fruits that come from papaya trees. The papaya tree is a tropical tree that can grow up to 20 feet tall. Papayas are usually round or pear-shaped, and they have green, yellow, or orange skin. The inside of a papaya is filled with seeds and flesh that is either pink, orange, or red.
The papaya is a fruit that has been cultivated for centuries in tropical regions of the world. The exact origins of the papaya are unknown, but it is believed to have originated in Central America. Papayas were first introduced to Hawaii in the early 1800s by Spanish and Mexican missionaries. Papayas quickly became popular in Hawaii, and they were soon being grown commercially. Today, Hawaii is one of the largest producers of papayas in the United States.
Papayas are also grown in other tropical areas of the world such as Africa, Asia, and Australia. Papayas are a popular fruit in many tropical countries because they are relatively easy to grow and they have a sweet taste.
Why Grow Papayas in Pots?
There are several reasons why you might want to grow papayas in pots. First of all, papayas are tropical plants, so they can’t tolerate cold weather. If you live in an area with a cold climate, growing papayas in pots allows you to bring them indoors during the winter. Another reason to grow papayas in pots is that papaya trees can be quite large. If you don’t have a lot of space in your yard, growing papayas in pots is a good way to enjoy these fruits without taking up too much space.
How to Grow Papaya in Pots
To grow papayas in pots, you will need the following:
- Papaya seeds or a young papaya plant
- A pot that is at least 12 inches wide and 18 inches deep
- Potting soil
- A sunny location
- Fill your pot with potting soil and make sure that it is well-drained.
- Plant your papaya seeds or young plant in the pot.
- Place your pot in a sunny location.
- Water your papaya regularly, making sure that the soil stays moist but not soggy.
- Fertilize your papaya every two weeks with a balanced fertilizer.
- Harvest your papayas when they are ripe ( usually when they are soft to the touch and have turned yellow or orange). Enjoy!
Can you Grow Papaya Indoors?
Although papayas are typically grown in tropical climates, it is possible to grow papayas indoors in pots. Papaya plants need a lot of sunlight to produce fruits, so it is best to place your papaya plant near a south-facing window. Papaya plants also need well-drained soil and regular watering. Be sure to water your papaya plant regularly and allow the soil to dry out between waterings. Overwatering can lead to root rot, so it is important not to overdo it.
Fertilizing your papaya plant is also important if you want it to produce fruits. Use a balanced fertilizer that contains nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Apply the fertilizer every two weeks during the growing season. Papayas typically take about six months to mature and produce fruits. The papaya fruits will be ready to harvest when they are soft to the touch and have turned yellow or orange. Once you have harvested your papayas, you can enjoy them fresh or use them in recipes such as smoothies, salads, and salsas.
Papaya Pests and Diseases
Papayas are susceptible to a variety of pests and diseases. The most common papaya pests are aphids, scale insects, and mealybugs. These pests can damage the papaya plant by feeding on its leaves or fruits. Papayas can also be affected by several diseases, including papaya mosaic virus, powdery mildew, and root rot. These diseases can cause the papaya plant to produce fewer fruits or even die.
How to Control Pests and Diseases in Papaya Trees
There are several things that you can do to control pests and diseases on your papaya plants. First of all, it is important to choose papaya varieties that are resistant to the pests and diseases that are common in your area.
You should also practice good cultural controls, such as maintaining cleanliness around your papaya plants and removing any infected leaves or fruits. If you do notice pests or diseases on your papaya plants, you should treat them immediately with an appropriate pesticide or fungicide.
How to Fertilize Papaya Trees
Papayas are heavy feeders and they will need to be fertilized regularly to produce a good crop of fruits. The best fertilizer for papayas is a balanced fertilizer that contains nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
You should apply fertilizer to your papaya plants every two weeks during the growing season. Be sure to follow the directions on the fertilizer label so that you don’t over-fertilize your papayas. too much fertilizer can damage the roots of papaya plants and reduce fruit production.
How to Harvest Papayas
Papayas are usually ready to harvest when they are soft to the touch and have turned yellow or orange. You can also check the papaya for ripeness by gently pressing on the end opposite the stem. If the papaya feels soft, it is ripe and ready to be harvested.
Once you have harvested your papayas, you can enjoy them fresh or use them in recipes such as smoothies, salads, and salsas. Papayas can also be frozen for later use. To freeze papayas, first wash them and then cut them into small pieces. Place the papaya pieces in a single layer on a baking sheet and freeze for several hours or overnight. Once the papayas are frozen solid, transfer them to a freezer bag and store in the freezer for up to six months.
Papayas are a delicious and nutritious fruit that can be enjoyed fresh or used in a variety of recipes. If you want to grow papayas, it is important to choose a papaya variety that is resistant to pests and diseases. You should also practice good cultural controls and fertilize your papaya plants regularly. With a little care, you can enjoy a bountiful harvest of papayas from your own backyard.
Facts About Papayas
- Papayas are native to Central America
- Papayas were first introduced to Hawaii in the early 1800s
- Papayas are a good source of vitamin C, fiber, and antioxidants
- Papayas can be eaten fresh or used in recipes such as smoothies, salads, and salsas.
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SYNAESTHESIA: "coping with the demands of learning”
Not an illness or mental disorder. But an alternate way to navigate reality combining senses in a novel manner to interpret the environment existed within. Synesthesia is thought to have evolved from framing and priming by societal norms, not present in these individuals leaving them to explore the senses uniquely, originally without the confines of judgement. Dr. Montessori began studies to nurture this observation made as synesthetes as they are called are primarily problem solvers. There is a genetic component to synesthesia, which travels from parent to child.
Thought to develop in part as a coping strategy for learning demands of childhood, a successful strategy association uniquely looking at what has been learned. Synesthetic in appearance, this ability outset, may not be in conflict with genetic or nativist accounts. Synesthesia may likely be a genetic inheritance and a neurological profile that is required for the development of ability. Scientists believe a component development, acknowledged by research (e.g., Spector and Maurer, 2009).
Those who report a lifelong history of such experiences are known as synesthetes. Who hears a specific frequency, experiences it as having a certain color. Some have strong color experiences when engaging the sense of touch. This Synesthesia is the perceptual phenomenon in which multiple sensory and cognitive pathways lead to involuntary experiences in a second sensory and cognitive pathways.
The phenomenon of Synesthesia, the addition of the perceptual experience by unusual sensory stimuli and concepts in cognition. Phenomenal experiences uncover the Synesthetes interpretation triggered by this stimulation. Consciousness is relevant when identifying mental and physiological processes that subserve the experience. Present research suggests several reasons why synesthesia interprets consciousness more fully. The role of semantics in with synesthetes, establishes synesthetic associations in the brain and interplay between semantics and sensory in novel solutions via neural correlates of consciousness, particularly when understanding ambiguous stimuli for induction of this novel pathway. Alternate brain networks function and connections in consciousness make up the existence and daily understanding of the world original to these individuals.
Synesthesia as a phenomenon presents itself as a stimulus inducer that produces additional phenomenal experiences, where no physical sensory inputs exist. When the letter “A” may trigger an experience of red color (Hochel and Milán, 2008) even though there is nothing that can be established as objectively red in the stimulus. Rather, the experience of color red is created exclusively internally. Mappings of Synesthetes inducing stimulus and the concurrent experience are involuntary and automatic while unique for each individual, stabilizing over time (Wollen and Ruggiero, 1983; Baron-Cohen et al., 1987). Synesthesia is thought to be around 1–2% of the population (Simner et al., 2006).
A neurological condition in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary novel interpretation in a second sensory and cognitive pathway. Simply put, when one sense is activated, another sense unrelated is also activated simultaneously.
Synesthetes see sounds, taste words, feel a sensation when smelling scents combinations of the sensorial experience. See and understand in abstract concepts time projected in the space around them, Experiencing more than one sense intensely.
Increased communication between sensory regions and is involuntary, automatic, and stable over time is responsible for the condition. Has also been recorded as a response to chemistry, sensory deprivation, or brain damage, and heritable variants comprising roughly 4% of the population. Often appearing in childhood. Research of a genetic component; there is some debate over whether everyone is born with some degree of synesthesia, or if it's a special perception of the world that could be part of our adaptive processes. Hallucinations share a similar component to the perception of the environment that is not physically present. The main difference is experiences is the trigger.
Substances can cause one to experience synesthesia or like temporarily. Psychedelic chemicals can heighten and connect this experience. Mescaline, psilocybin, cannabis, alcohol, caffeine, cane sugar, and LSD have been observed for their ability to induce this temporary version of this phenomenon.
Research has found this topic frustrating as well as fascinating, particularly because of the additional phenomenal experiences, i.e., the concurrent qualia. How and why phenomenal experience arises is part of the “hard” problem in consciousness research (e.g., Chalmers, 1995). Many requirements that are necessary for us to be conscious of the world around us can be explained in terms of function, process, circuit, and system. The integration of information by a cognitive neuro communication that dictates deliberate control of behavior. Reportable mental processes are among the “easy” problems of consciousness; Chalmers, 1995). This is a relatively easy problem. However, it has turned out much more difficult to explain the mechanisms of the experience.
Subjective experience of seeing the color red, feeling the wind or a sunny day. Consciousness is hard to account for. The question is synaesthesia more prevalent in autism spectrum persons? According to Abstract Savant syndrome, a condition where prodigious talent co-occurs with developmental difficulties such as autism spectrum conditions (ASC).
Savant skills are better understood by a possible link with synaesthesia: savant syndrome may arise in ASC individuals who also are synthetes. Autism appears to have higher rates of synaesthesia. Is autism per se a threshold for synesthesia, or only in cases where autism co-occurs with savant skills. Those with autism in previous studies when tested for synaesthesia were not differentiated into with and without savant attributes. This study tests three groups: those with autism as well as savant skills (n = 40), those with autism and no savant skills (n = 34), and savant with no autism (n = 29).
Using a validated test to diagnose grapheme–colour synaesthesia. A significantly higher prevalence of synaesthesia in people with ASC has been observed,when savant skills were presented. It seems autism associated with synesthesia is linked to those with savant abilities rather than autism et al. Prodigious talent and synaesthesia surface during development of motor and cognizant skills. Neural correlates of the conscious experience (Dehaene and Naccache, 2001; Singer, 2001; Melloni et al., 2007; Aru et al., 2012) according to Crick in 1994 the consciousness may or may not be utilizing minimal neuronal events and subjective awareness (Cohen and Dennett, 2011); There are many varying opinions on the conscious experience accounted for by the physiological processes in the brain (Chalmers, 1995; Metzinger, 2000; Gray, 2005; Cohen and Dennett, 2011).
Research is still needed as to whether conscious experience and cognitive processing are integrated (Cohen and Dennett, 2011); whether the experience of conscious is a global integration of information (e.g., Lamme, 2006) or active in localizing brain areas (Zeki, 2001). Synesthesia is unusual stimuli that triggers automatic and involuntary associations. Synaesthetes see colours when they hear particular frequencies of sound (Ward et al., 2006). The conventional term inducer refers to the stimulus that triggers the effect (e.g., music) concurrent to the synaesthetic experience of colour (Grossenbacher and Lovelace, 2001).
Grapheme–colour synaesthesia is one of the most widely studied examples, where concurrent colour results from reading, hearing, thinking, or seeing letters or numbers (Simner et al., 2006a, b). In this study the relationship goal between grapheme– colour synaesthesia and autism spectrum conditions (ASC). Investigating whether the two conditions co-occur, whether via the emergence of prodigious talent or not. ASC have societal difficulties in social communication, unusually narrow interests, repetitive behaviour, and a strong need for routines, sensory hyper-sensitivity (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Research suggests that people with ASC seem to have elevated rates of synaesthesia, expressing a link between these two conditions.
Genetic and phenotypic overlap between the conditions (Asher et al., 2009; Cytowic, 1995) with genetic region of chromosome 2 implicated in synaesthesia (2q24.1; Asher et al., 2009) found in genome-wide studies of ASC (IMGSAC, 2001). Several hundred genes are present in this region with potential overlap of architecture. Gregerson et al. (2013) Close genetic relationship exists between synaesthesia, frequency and absolute pitch (AP), Occurring more often in those with ASC (DePape et al., 2012; Dohn et al., 2012). Genetic heterogeneity in the development of synaesthesia, has links to other conditions. Genetic markers of synaesthesia and ASC are still not fully understood. Both conditions are characterised by presentation of unusual sensory experiences and behavioural authenticity unaffected by corporate filters, highly sensitized to one's own needs often expressed through their survival flight or fight response. (Baron-Cohen et al., 2009; Marco et al., 2011; Neufeld et al., 2013; Rogers and Ozonoff, 2005; Tavassoli et al., 2014a, b).
Hypersensitivities and hyper-sensitivities to sensory perception are frequently found in ASC, subjects report difficulties adjusting to light, frequency, smell, tactile, and stimulation. (Leekam et al., 2007; Tomcheck and Dunn, 2007). Synaesthesia also, Banissy et al. (2009) is found the hyper sensitivity to these including modality of sensations, across several sensory domains (Ward et al., 2017). Atypical sensory experiences occur in both synaesthesia and autism, direct causal explanation for any co-occurrence is presently in research.Neural base similarity exists across both conditions. (Kemner et al., 1995). Autism showed what was described as synaesthetic brain activity, with occipital activation (usually associated with visual processing) in response to auditory stimuli in an ERP study by Kemner et al. Subjects identified a task unique to subjects with ASC (and not controls) significantly occipital activation was increased across primary and secondary auditory tasks. Jao Keehn et al. (2016) replicated this finding via MRI, demonstrating increased activity of those with ASC, visual cortex during the auditory task compared to reduced activity in a control group.
Neuroimaging similarities in the function of the brains of synaesthetes and subjects with ASC. Both synaesthesia and ASC, emphasising structurally altered neural connectivity. This is also found in other conditions, such as schizophrenia (McIntosh et al., 2008). Synesthetes brains are consistent across the globe (Zamm et al., 2013) between adjacent brain regions and connectivity (Bargary and Mitchell, 2008).
Rouw and Scholte (2007) discovered synaesthetes who exhibited the grapheme–colour condition, had anisotropic diffusion of local clusters associated with more coherent white matter colour-selectivity compared with matched controls. Casanova and Trippe (2009) suggest that In ASC also, expresses a degree of hyper-connectivity of those with autism with the short-range local connections similar to the local cross-activation adjacent cortical areas that underlie synaesthetic experiences (Hubbard and Ramachandran, 2005).
Associations between synaesthesia and ASC suggest via quasi-epidemiological studies, in both conditions directly. 164 individuals with ASC along with 97 typical controls were tested by BaronCohen et al. 2013, subjects having self-reported synaesthesia experience. Grapheme–colour synaesthesia, the subject of this observation with a range of other variants of frequency, colour, taste, colour, touch colour, taste, shape, frequency, taste. Variants, synaesthesia reported 18.9% of individuals with ASC, significantly higher than the 7.2% observed by Brill.com 2020 under the research of J. E. A. Hughes et al. / Multisensory Research 2017 3 in the control sample.
Grapheme–colour synaesthesia reported 11.0% or 18 out of 164 of individuals with ASC, compared to 3.1% or 3 out of 97 of controls. No statistical comparison was made but calculations are significant in differences across groups of self-reported grapheme–colour synaesthetes [χ2(1, 1) = 4.109 with Yates’ correction; p 0.05). No validation test, independently verified self-reports of synaesthesia, low participant uptake subsequent test of genuine reporting reliability. Self-report alone can be unreliable in synaesthesia diagnosis (Simner et al., 2006b). The replicated second study (Neufeld et al., 2013) showed elevated rates of synaesthesia in people with ASC using self-reporting and objective test for synaesthesia. 29 individuals were screened by Neufeld et al. with Asperger Syndrome for grapheme–colour synaesthesia using a validated test of genuine reporting, finding a rate of synaesthesia was almost nine times higher in people with ASC (17.2%) than the general population for which they used a baseline of 2.0%.
Prevalence of grapheme–colour synaesthesia in the general population (Simner et al., 2006) from studies conclude that grapheme–colour synaesthesia occurs significantly more often in ASC compared to the general population. Grapheme–colour synaesthesia occurs more often in ASC the hypothesis of this study or whether it occurs particularly in the subjects with ASC, namely, those who also have savant syndrome. The presence of Savant syndrome, specific talents in individuals with developmental autism (Howlin et al., 2009; Treffert, 2009), where talent exceeds the subject's level of intellectual functioning.
Individuals with autism often have extraordinary talent, while having social communication and learning deficits. Savant skills related to memory, mathematics, art, frequency, and space. The islands of genius exist in individuals with deficits in other domains (Treffert, 2009) all prodigious savant abilities come to be characterized by what is expressed in individuals who possess unconventional skills that are sharp, howned, strikingly otherworldly, compared to the overall functioning of the subject in comparison to the general population. Over 35% of individuals with ASC express savant syndrome (Howlin et al., 2009) over 45% of individuals with a savant skill are diagnosed with ASC (Chia, 2012). ASC being related to neurodevelopmental expression is hypothesised to link savant syndrome to synaesthesia (Baron-Cohen et al., 2007; Simner et al., 2009). This research suggests that the Multisensory Research in 2017 by J. E. A. Hughes et al. combining ASC and synaesthesia as co-occurring within a single individual, provides the circumstances to give rise to savant syndrome.
Two studies agree, BaronCohen et al. in 2007 uncovered a case study of a person with synaesthesia, asperger syndrome, and savant syndrome. Subject could speak many languages, has calculation abilities, and prodigious mathematics abilities of constant π to 22. Subject also experienced multiple forms of synaesthesia numbers, textures, shape. Baron-Cohen et al. (2007) A highly probable argument for synaesthesia and ASC comparison. Co-occurrence of synaesthesia and ASC seems to increase the likelihood of developing savant syndrome in that synaesthesia is known to coordinate cognitive advantages including memory (Simner et al., 2009; Rothen et al., 2012). Underpinning extraordinary memory, as in this savant case study.
Dimensional synaesthesia; colour, shape, texture, frequency may enhance memory through dual coding of the memory cue (Terhune et al., 2013) enabling a superior mnemonic strategy to use. In addition, ASC is associated with hyper-systemizing (Baron-Cohen et al., 2003), that is, a strong interest in patterns and rule-baseing. This is thought to underlie the unusually narrow interests, sometimes called obsessions. Simner et al. (2009) suggested that savant skills in autism may arise through the joint mechanisms of synaesthesia, leading to enhanced memory, and ASC leading to obsessive traits, resulting in over-rehearsal of talent.
To test this one type of savant syndrome showing that both synaesthesia and obsessive rehearsal (Simner et al., 2009). Savant AJ (Parker et al., 2006) has prodigious recall, as well as sequence-space synaesthesia, in which time is seen projected into convoluted spatial arrays according to our prima facie interpretation of history observed and recorded by Simner et al., 2009. Obsessive traits as seen in ASC repetitive thoughts and rehearsal of events in memory. Recorded was this form of synaesthesia facilitates autobiographical memory recall to above average levels. Savant-level of recall may arise from an obsessive over-rehearsal of this a priori synaesthetic advantage.
Supported by LePort et al. in 2012 this hypothesis observed that savants fit the profile predicted by this theory: in they have significantly high levels of obsessive-compulsive traits with the Leyton Obsessional Inventory Score-Short Form; Mathews et al., (J. E. A. Hughes, 2017) expressing extraordinary memory in domains that mirror those synaesthetes accessed for autobiographical memory recall. Exactly as hypothesized by Baron-Cohen et al., 2007; Simner et al., 2009. The current study focuses on the association between synaesthesia, ASC, and savant syndrome. Asking: does synaesthesia hold a relationship to ASC, as suggested by Baron-Cohen et al. in 2013 and Neufeld et al. in 2013. Can this observation expose a specific link to savant skills. Three groups were recruited to explore this question with individuals diagnosed with ASC who also have prodigious savant skill (ASC-savants); individuals diagnosed with ASC but with no accompanying savant skill (ASC-non-savants); and ‘controls’ who have neither a diagnosis of ASC or reported savant skill. Prodigious savant is any individual who is diagnosed with ASC that co-occurs with a skill/ability/talent that exceeds the level found in the general population.
Participants are screened for synaesthesia: self-report and objective diagnostic test. Testing for grapheme–colour synaesthesia in particular to follow the methods of Neufeld et al. in 2013,. A well-understood variant of synaesthesia with a well-accepted diagnostic test. Baron-Cohen et al. in 2013 and Neufeld et al. in 2013 suggest grapheme–colour synaesthesia appears more prevalent in ASC, this hypothesis is different. Savant skills can arise from the combination of synaesthesia and, it is believed that synaesthesia should be present in ASC, but only in those ASC individuals who also report savant syndrome. Equivalent rates of synaesthesia in controls and ASC non-savants, with elevated rates in ASC individuals who are also savants.
103 subject participants 67 female; mean age 36.4, range 18–51, S.D. 9.7 participated. Comprising 40 ASC individuals with savant skills ‘ASC-savants’: 22 female; mean age 35.45 years, range 20–49, S.D. 9.1, 34 ASC individuals without a savant skill ASC-non-savants: 21 female; mean age 37.0 years, range 18–51, S.D. 9.1, and 29 controls with neither ASC nor a savant skill 24 female; mean age 36.9, range 18–50, S.D. 11.4.
Subjects were matched group-wise on age. A one-way ANOVA showed no significant difference in age across the three groups: F(2, 100) = 0.284, p = 0.8. Downloaded from Brill.com11/20/2020 07:20:19PM via free access J. E. A. Hughes et al. / Multisensory Research in 2017, 397 individuals participated in two sources. Two of the 40 ASC-savants were recruited from a group of individuals with savant skills who have expressed an interest in taking part in research studies at the University of Sussex. The remaining ASC-savants were recruited from the Cambridge Autism Research Database, determining savant status by administering a savant questionnaire. The 34 ASC-non-savant individuals and 29 controls also came from the Cambridge Autism Research Database.
No mention of synaesthesia to volunteers, 4172 subjects: 553 ASC-savants, 930 ASC-non-savants, and 2689 typical adults without a diagnosis of ASC. Classified as ASC versus control, and savant versus non-savant, approved by the local University Ethics Committee.
Materials and Procedure
URL link via email was sent to subjects, on the website where they reviewed an information page and consent form. Subjects were asked to complete tasks, in this order, whether ASC was present, savant skill was present, and synaesthesia was present. To determine ASC status, all subjects were asked about formal diagnosis of: Autism, Asperger Syndrome, Pervasive developmental disorder and Other. Using responses to classify participants according to their ASC status. Subjects with ASC from the Cambridge Autism Research Database record their ASC psychiatrist diagnosis, clinical psychologist, neurologist, or pediatrician, recognised clinic
Subjects then completed a questionnaire about skills, were provided a definition of savant syndrome and asked whether any talents presented themselves beyond those seen in the general population. A yes response opened a list of nine categories of savant skills, with definitions, with check boxes. Standardized assessment for savant syndrome is under development, our questionnaire was novel for this study. Subjects then were assessed for grapheme–colour synaesthesia (Asher et al., 2006; Baron-Cohen et al., 1987; Rich et al., 2005). This is an assessment based on consistency: inducer-concurrent pairings with colours, letters (Simner and Logie, 2008). Consistency was assessed by participants' choice of colour-choices for graphemes, using the same Neufeld et al. (2013; following Eagleman et al., 2007).
Subjects are asked whether they experience grapheme–colour synaesthesia, with the question “Do numbers or letters cause you to have a colour experience?” Subjects check boxes for characters. Categorised as non-synaesthetes if one checks neither box, then guided to an exit from the screen. Characters are assessed and those who have selected proceed to grapheme colour synaesthesia test, which evaluates consistency. Subjects are presented grapheme three times. Each subject selects a preferred colour association such as A = red; B = purple and so on, Reduction of spatial memory a trial-by-trial randomisation of hue. Mean distance in colour space between the three colours for each grapheme is then converted into a standardised consistency bias, small standardised scores reflect consistent colour selections for the grapheme close in colour-space as per Eagleman et al., 2007. Consistency reflects genuine synaesthesia as indicated by scores less than 1 again from Eagleman et al., 2007 and Neufeld et al., 2013. Subjects receive feedback on their performance in these tasks. Also tested subjects for a range of other synaesthesia, such as weekday-colour, sound-colour, individual differences or mental imagery.
Assessment takes 40 min to complete if subjects report synaesthesia. All 103 participants completed ASC and savant questionnaires, and a total of 73 out of our 103 participants took the synaesthesia task as described above. Twenty-two of these 103 participants took the synaesthesia test following a reminder by answering “Do numbers or letters cause you to have a colour experience?” before entering the main grouping, upon completing the synaesthesia task as other subjects.
Subject Status: Control, Versus ASC-Savant, Versus ASC-Non-Savant, tests for ASC and savant syndrome confirmed that subjects fell into three groups: ASC-savants, ASC-non-savants, and controls.
Reported multiple savant skills: Math, Calendar calculation, Musical instrument playing, Music reproduction, Absolute pitch, Art, Memory, Mechanical, Fluency in language, and Other.
Grapheme–colour synaesthesia were compared against a 1.4% baseline from the general population (Simner and Carmichael, 2015).Finding no elevated rates in controls, nor people with ASC who do not report savant skills, but a significantly higher rate in ASC individuals who do report savant skills.
Findings therefore suggest that synaesthesia is not linked to autism per se, but specifically to individuals with autism who report having savant skills.
This study found a higher rate of synaesthesia in ASC but not controlled for the inclusion of savants in their ASC samples. When the savants are removed no longer are high rates of synaesthesia identified.
2.9% synaesthetes found in our ASC-non-savant group falls far below Neufeld et al.’s finding of 17.2%, outside their 95% confidence interval of 3.5%–31%. Conclude that the higher rate from Brill.com 2020, J. E. A. Hughes et al. Multisensory Research of synaesthesia in ASC arose from the savants inclusion. T
Recombining Neufeld et al.’s results of savant and non-savant ASC groups together. By merging samples ASC-savants + ASC-non-savant grapheme–colour synaesthesia 5 out of 74, or 6.8% identifies the confidence range of Neufeld et al. Combined data also mirrors that of Baron-Cohen et al. 2013: when we calculate 8 out of 74, or 10.81% similar to the 18 out of 164, or 10.98%.
All three studies converge on the conclusion that synaesthesia is found at elevated rates in ASC populations in Baron-Cohen et al., 2013 studies; Neufeld et al 2013 studies most likely driven by the savants.
Replication on 95 subjects: four out of 37 participants with grapheme–colour synaesthesia in the ASC-savant group 10.8% more significant than the general population baseline [χ2(1) = 16.373, p < 0.001]. With no significant baseline for synaesthete out of 31 ASC-non-savants [3.2%; χ2(1) = 0.01, p = 0.920] or for synaesthete out of 27 controls [3.9%; χ2(1) = 0.065, p = 0.799].
Pattern results seen baseline of Neufeld et al. 2013, 2%, Simner et al., 2006. Pattern repeats [40 ASC-savants, χ2(1) = 6.69, p = 0.01; 34 ASC-non-savants, χ2(1) = 0.00, p = 1.00; 29 controls, χ2(1) = 0.00, p = 1.00] or just those who completed all aspects of our tests [37 ASCsavants, χ2(1) = 6.43, p = 0.015; 31 ASC-non-savants, χ2(1) = 0.00, p = 1.00; 29 controls, χ2(1) = 0.00, p = 1.00].
An additional inclusion would be to do a longitudinal cross sectional study of synesthesia as an adaptation to electronic digital media EDM from mid 20c statistics. This would allow one to develop the hypotheses that synesthesia is on the incline as is autism and savant due to an adaptation, possibly genetic.
The main study review and replication from A. Hughes et al. / Multisensory Research (2017)
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Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK 4 Agnesian HealthCare, 430 East Division Street, Fond du Lac, WI 54935, USA Received 6 September 2016; accepted 19 February 2017 Nanay, Bence Ph.D. (2019) We Are All Synesthetes Given the right circumstances. University of California, Berkeley
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A plant genus in the family BERBERIDACEAE. The common names of Barberry or Oregon Grape are also used for MAHONIA. The similar-named Bayberry is the unrelated MYRICA. Oregon Grape was classified by Pursh as a Berberis but Nuttall claimed it is different enough to call it a new genus, MAHONIA. Botanists insist on this name while horticulturists stay with Mahonia. They are shrubs with yellow wood and usually three-branched spines at the base of leafstalks. Flowers are yellow, six-petaled and fruit is a berry with one to several seeds. Members contain BERBERINE.
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When walking through the woods, do you ever wonder whether the maple leaves are changing color later in autumn now than in previous years? Or whether the poplar trees are flowering earlier each spring? Do you see potential support for the hypothesis that a bumper crop of acorns follows within a year or two of a winter with high snowfall levels?
Observations on the timing of seasonal changes can provide important clues about how and to what extent local climates and environments might be changing. These observations become more significant when they are collected by many people in a scientific way—that is, when observations are reported every week and include specific details about what events occurred and when and where they happened. The Nature’s Notebook program encourages this type of record keeping, with the help of thousands of participants across the nation.
Nature’s Notebook is a national online program used by amateur and professional naturalists to record observations about the natural world. The program was developed by the USA National Phenology Network (USA-NPN). For background on Nature’s Notebook, the USA-NPN, or the study of nature’s calendar, see the related article Science of Phenology: Tracking Plant and Animal Responses to Climate in a Systematic Way.
You can participate in the Nature’s Notebook program by becoming an observer. Forest owners, scientists, and other observers who participate in Nature’s Notebook can use the program’s visualization tool to consider their own questions about short-term seasonal changes by viewing data. They can visually compare year-to-year data and other types of data for a particular species. Also, they can cross-reference such data with weather and climate information to make predictions and recommendations.
Data gathered on trees and shrubs across the United States are stored in USA-NPN’s National Phenology Database. Figure 1 is a visualization that uses such data to show a comparison of specific observable life cycle stages of red maple, Acer rubrum, in the northeastern United States for the years 2010, 2011, and 2012. For more examples of how the data are being used, visit USA-NPN’s How your data are being used page and check out the results of the spring 2012 campaign Was Spring 2012 as early as Spring 2010?.
Besides becoming a Nature’s Notebook observer, another way to contribute data and learn more about changing conditions in your area is by participating in USA-NPN’s Cloned Plants Project. You can order and plant cloned lilacs or cloned dogwoods (or just observe any nearby individuals of these shrub species) and then synchronize your findings with observations that date back to the 1950s.
If you want to involve Nature’s Notebook in your forest or community or research project, visit the USA-NPN website for more information and then sign up to begin collecting data on your land. As an example, Idaho forest owners recently participated in a Nature’s Notebook workshop in which they learned how to observe and record habitat information and species arrival dates, how Nature’s Notebook can help with developing forest management plans, and whether certain habitats are being used.
Many Cooperative Extension System programs collaborate with USA-NPN to collect and share data. To find out whether your local Cooperative Extension office is participating, contact LoriAnne Barnett, Education Coordinator for USA-NPN. If the personnel at your local office are not yet participating, you can encourage them to do so.
From data you compile based on your observations, you will be able to tell the story of your land. When individuals work together to tell their stories, we can determine whether there is any truth to the idea that spring is arriving earlier now than in the past or the lore that acorn bumper crops follow snowy winters and dried oak leaves remaining on trees in October mean a rough winter ahead. Moreover, we will better understand what is happening with climate and be able to address the implications of climate changes. Changing climatic conditions will influence many ecosystem factors around the globe, including the location of certain tree species, the range of certain bird species, and the activity of invasive insects and other pests.
LoriAnne Barnett is the Education Coordinator for the USA-NPN. She often works with Cooperative Extension professionals on relevant projects.
LoriAnne Barnett, USA-NPN
For More Information
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A Stye is an eye condition that causes a painful red lump on the corner of an eyelid. This condition is similar to acne, and generally only affects one eye at a time. A stye usually forms a tiny oil-producing gland in your eyelid skin or eyelash follicle, which becomes blocked causing the eye to be infected. The medical term for a stye is hordeolum. A stye is a very common eye condition and it should clear up by itself within a week or 2. A stye usually only occurs in one eye, but it’s possible to have a stye more than once.
There are two types of stye conditions:
- An ‘external stye’ forms on the outside of your eyelid, either on the lower or upper parts. An external stye is the most commonly seen type of stye and is usually present due to an infection of your eyelash follicle.
- An ‘internal stye’ forms on your inner eyelids. An internal stye generally occurs because of an infection in the inner eyelid gland. This infection produces oils to help keep your eyelid moisturized and this is what causes an internal stye.
Even though styes are common, not all eye infections are styes. It’s unlikely to be a a stye if you don’t have lump on your eye or eyelid. If your eyes are red and watery – conjunctivitis, blepharitis or another condition are more likely. If the lump is not painful but hard, it may be chalazion.
Like other allergies, hay fever can be hereditary. This means you may develop hay fever if members of your family also have allergies. It is also common for people with asthma or eczema to develop hay fever. Hay fever may result in immune system attacks from a harmless and typical substance within the environment.
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The first in a two-part series on global health challenges and its effect on our nation’s security looks at how our military goes after terrorists. How does the Department of Defense go after the enemy? What types of tools and resources do they use to do so? How do they evaluate the success or failure of each mission? These are questions that I have addressed before and found very disturbing, so I hope the responses to these issues and others will set off a fresh debate about our national security and the value of our military in protecting our people, our interests and our country.
One major question is how does our military go after terrorists using just UAVs or remotely piloted aircraft, which flies above and over the earth? Is it done by sending UAVs into the ” airspace” where they can fly into areas of interest and monitor the activities of those wishing to do us harm? If so, that raises some serious concerns about privacy issues, especially given how many countries and industries have already been utilizing such technologies to monitor their own citizens. Does our government want to reveal the types of things it is doing to protect us?
A second major area of concern is the use of RASVs or remotely piloted vehicles. These are often used by terrorists to drop bombs on buildings, or just to drop them from the sky. They go up and into the earth’s atmosphere and then glide back to earth. How does this work? Well, some argue that we already know how this works, because it happens all the time with drones. However, since these aren’t geostationary satellites, we may never know.
Some say that we need to be studying the effects of using RASVs against natural disasters, which is a step in the right direction. But then again, what about when a rogue nation uses one of these weapons to shoot down an airliner? What happens if that happens in the future? How does that affect American operations going into the future, even with the best artificially intelligent robotic UAVs in the world?
Another issue with going to the stars is the risk of collisions with other space debris. When an object is launched into geosynchronous orbit, there’s no chance of that object being able to reenter the Earth’s atmosphere. The only thing that can happen is that it will burn up as it re-entry, leading to a huge problem for those who control the re-entry vehicle. Will we be able to take pictures and videos of it, or is it going to crash into the Earth and destroy everything?
If we’re ever faced with a real space weather event, we will need to study these potential scenarios with advanced space weather sensors and protective satellites. In fact, that should be done before a major global cataclysm, which would likely trigger a series of volcanic eruptions, which will further deplete the Earth’s supply of precious metals. Think on this.
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Many spiders live around homes and buildings. Most are harmless and in fact are beneficial because they prey upon flies, crickets and other nuisance insects.
One spider that is potentially dangerous is the brown recluse, sometimes referred to as the violin, or fiddleback spider because of the violin-shaped markings on its dorsum. Although bites are rare, the venom can cause serious wounds and infestations should be taken seriously.
Though variable in size, adult brown recluse spiders with legs extended are about the size of a US quarter. Coloration ranges from tan to dark brown, and the abdoman and legs are uniformly colored with no stripes, bands or mottling. The legs are long and thin and lack conspicuous spines. For lay persons, the most distinguishing feature is a dark violin shaped mark on its back. This feature is consistent in adult brown recluses, but sometimes less obvious in younger spiders.
In nature, brown recluse spiders live outdoors under rocks, logs, wood piles and debris. The spider is also well adapted to living indoors with humans. They are resilient enough to withstand winters in unheated basements and stifling summer temperatures in attics, persisting for long periods without food and water. It hunts the night seeking insect prey, either alive or dead.
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The Sea of Okhotsk is one of the shining lights for the proponents of global warming as being very sensitive to the effects of climate change, and consequently has been studied vigorously by many academics.
Mitoyo Itoh of the Institute of Observational Research for Global Ocean in his paper “Warming of Intermediate Water in the Sea of Okhotsk since the 1950’s” in 2007 stated:
“Recent examinations of global ocean temperatures have shown substantial warming in the upper 1000 m(Levitus et al., 2000), and this warming is likely due to the increase of greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere”
Kay I. Ohshima of the Institute of Low Temperature Science in his paper “Changes in the Sea of Okhotsk due to global warming” stated:
“Over the last three decades since accurate observation by satellite became possible, sea ice extent in the Sea of Okhotsk has decreased by approximately 150,000 km2, corresponding to about 10% of the entire area of the Sea of Okhotsk….Of particular note is that this temperature has risen by approximately 2.0°C over the past 50 years. This value of 2.0°C far exceeds the rate of average temperature increase worldwide (0.74°C over the past 100 years), thereby clearly indicating that the region is significantly affected by global warming…In a nutshell, the Sea of Okhotsk is highly sensitive to global warming: over the past 50 years, the level of sea ice production has decreased and the amount of dense water sinking has thus declined, thereby weakening the overturning in the North Pacific. To put it simply, recent global warming has weakened the Sea of Okhotsk’s workings as a pump”
10 research ships/trawlers were launched on December 31st with 600 crew only to get stuck 12 miles out to sea. Massive ice-breakers are now working to free these ships and some have been released, but 2 remain with 400 people on board.
According to the BBC’s Steve Rosenberg in Moscow, he says navigation in the area has been made particularly difficult this winter by the thick ice, strong winds and heavy snowstorms.
One can only speculate as to why all of these vessels went out to sea in the middle of winter on what one could expect to be a treacherous journey. However, given the prevailing assumption and science that the gradual onset of global warming will continue to make this area safe to navigate even during winter, this may have encouraged them to take the risk. A risk, which at this stage is not life threatening, but it does add to the list of examples where we are making decisions based on a theory which is not as robust and reliable as they would like us to believe.
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A Reasoning Faith — Lesson 2
Can God be Known?
Since it seems evident that there is a God and since I consider myself an intelligent being, I must next ask: Is it possible to know Him? I cannot conceive of an intelligent man making anything without a purpose. If he makes shoes, they are to wear or sell; if he bakes bread, it is for himself or someone else to eat. Behind every action there is a motive. Doesn't it seem quite reasonable that God can be known and that He should have a purpose in view for His creation?
I know of two ways by which one can know God as a person and learn of His purpose for our life. First there is the process of reason. Just as a good detective can tell you many things about my skill, habits and character by examining something I may have made or handled, so, can one learn much about God by a careful examination of the universe, the work of His hands. But the detective who examines only what I make can never say that he knows me. He has learned things about me, but before he can say that he knows me, there must be a process of revelation: I must communicate with him. I must tell him what I think, how I feel and what I want to do. This self-revelation may be in conversation, in writing, or in some other means of communication. Only then does it become possible for this detective to know me. If God is ever to be known and His thoughts, desires and purposes known, He must take the initiative and make at least a partial revelation of Himself to men. The second way to know God and His purpose for life is through the study of His Word, the Bible.
The Bible claims to be a direct revelation from God, telling us of Himself and His purpose in us. It is a book of such importance that it is surely worthy of thoughtful investigation. So with the advice of Francis Bacon neither to accept nor reject, but to weigh and consider, lets approach this book with its unusual claims.
Many attacks have been made on the accuracy of the Bible. In recent years, however, archaeologists and others have rallied to the defense of this ancient book. One of the greatest archaeologists is Dr. William F. Albright, who emphatically states after years of study and research,
"Biblical historical data are accurate to an extent far surpassing the ideas of any modern critical students, who have consistently tended to err on the side of hypercriticism."
Another important voice raised in defense of the accuracy of the Bible is that of the late Dr. Robert Dick Wilson, a qualified scholar who made himself at home in some forty-five languages and dialects so that he could properly investigate the charges made against the Bible. After years of painstaking research, Dr. Wilson had this to say concerning the Old Testament in which he had a particular interest:
"The literary forms are in harmony with what comparative literature would lead us to expect. The civil, criminal and constitutional laws agree with what the civilization of the ancient nations surrounding Palestine would presuppose; while the ceremonial, moral and religious laws are differentiated from those of others by their genesis in a monotheistic belief and a divine revelation. The general correctness of the Hebrew text that has been transmitted to us is established beyond just grounds of controversy. The morphology, syntax, and meaning of the language of the various books conform with what the face of the document demands. The chronological and geographical statements are more accurate and reliable than those afforded by any other ancient documents; and the biographical and other historical narratives harmonize marvelously with the evidence afforded by extra-Biblical documents. We need not and do not fear the truth about the Bible."
Just as a judge must not make his decision when the case is half-heard, neither should we. But, like the judge, we should compare the evidence of the witnesses, and weigh and consider every word. Surely the importance of its claim justifies spending the necessary time on the study of its sixty-six books, written by at least forty different writers. Some writers were well educated, some barely educated, some kings, some peasants-writing over a period of 1600 years in places separated as far as Babylon in Asia, and Rome in Europe. With such authorship one would expect to find a heterogeneous collection of contradictory statements. Its unity is therefore especially striking, for each contribution complements the others.
In consideration of these facts, I became certain of the truth of II Peter 1:21. "Holy men of God spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost." There was no other reasonable explanation. My belief was confirmed as I read prophecy after prophecy in the Old Testament, that found fulfillment, even to the letter, hundreds of years later. Isaiah 53 foretold the death of Christ with minute accuracy, more than 700 years before His crucifixion. Yes, the difficulties in doubting the Book seemed to me greater than those in believing it. I had to be honest with myself, and admit that the problems were all on the side of unbelief. I even went further, and said,
"I believe the Bible to be the Word of the living God. I can account for it in no other way. "
A Serious Difficulty
That admission brought me face to face with a rather serious difficulty. The Bible not only set a standard of righteousness that I had not attained, it pronounced that anything short of this standard was sin.
Remembering that God knows my every thought, and measuring myself by that standard, I found myself wanting.
"Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. This is the first and great commandment" (Matthew 22:37,38).
Confronted with such a standard, can you claim to have lived up to it throughout your life. I couldn't. Have you put God first in everything? No man can honestly make that claim. Every honest heart echoes Romans 3:10 and 23:
"There is none righteous, no, not one. . . All have sinned, and come short of the glory of God."
All have failed to reach God's standard.
The Implications Of A Broken Law
My honest admission that I had fallen short, that I had broken God's law, led me into further difficulties. This path of honesty lead through a dark cloud, a cloud of condemnation, but it proved to be the shortest way to the light on the other side.
The reasoning that lead to the realization of my guilt and condemnation before God is similar to the following example.
The law in England says that all drivers must keep to the left side of the street, while in New York the rule of the road demands that a driver keep to the right side. Now suppose I go driving in London and keep to the right side.
On being brought before the judge, I say,
"This is ridiculous. In the United States we are allowed to drive on the right side."
"You are not being judged by the laws of America," he replied.
"It doesn't matter what the laws of other lands may be, you should have concerned yourself only with the laws which judge you here, where you are."
On my admission of having sinned, and broken God's law came God's condemnation of me in Ezekiel 18:4, "The soul that sinneth, it shall die." Then, as far as God's standards were concerned, and as God's standard was the only one by which I was to be judged in eternity, I was lost.
I began to see that it did not matter what I thought, or what my friends told me; the judgment would be on what God had said, not on what my friends say. Furthermore, because in God's judgment we had all sinned, there was no use in looking to other men for help. They were under the same condemnation as I.
Have you faced the fact that you have broken the laws by which you are to be judged and that you too are lost? Strange as it may seem this is the first step in the road that leads through the dark cloud of condemnation and its penalty of death to a realization that I can have peace with God.
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Reader Question: My doctor suggested that I go for "advanced lipid profile testing." What might these additional tests tell me?
Standard blood fat (lipid) tests tell you your total cholesterol, LDL ("bad") cholesterol, HDL ("good") cholesterol and triglycerides. Advanced lipid profile testing takes it a step further. Instead of looking at just the total levels of LDL and HDL, these extra blood tests usually take a closer look at the components of LDL and HDL.
LDL can be made up of smaller, denser particles or larger, more buoyant ones. The smaller ones are considered more deadly than the larger ones (you can think of it as bullets vs. ping pong balls). If you have more of the small particles (called "pattern B"), your doctor may want to give you cholesterol-lowering medication even if your LDL number appears to be normal or borderline. She may also want to give you a medication like Niaspan (a prescription version of the B vitamin niacin), which helps change dense LDL particles into larger (safer) ones.
HDL is normally thought of as protective, because it helps remove bad cholesterol from the body. But really there are different types of HDL, and the advanced lipid profile testing can tell your doctor whether or not you have enough of the most beneficial one (called HDL II-b).
Most people don't need these advanced tests, which is good news because they're expensive ($800 to $1,000, and not always covered by insurance). Your doctor may recommend them, however, if you have a high risk of heart disease—and especially if you have "normal" cholesterol and triglycerides despite your other risk factors (like a strong family history).
I want to hear from you, so e-mail me your questions at email@example.com.
Disclaimer: Your seeking information on health related topics and/or Sandra Adamson Fryhofer, MD's providing such information herein constitutes neither the solicitation of nor the provision of medical advice, services, care or treatment. Communication with Dr. Fryhofer on this website does not create a doctor/patient relationship. For concerns about your own particular medical condition, you should consult your own medical professional, who can examine and evaluate you. Communication on a website is not a substitute for taking an active role in your own medical care and treatment and being personally seen by a physician of choice in your area.
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In spring 1976, Building 472 at Frederick Cancer Research Center buzzed with activity as crews delivered and installed scientific equipment. Girded by steam pipes and bounded on one side by a narrow, one-lane road, the hulking brick structure had been among those vacated when the biowarfare program at Fort Detrick—its previous occupant—shut down. But its new life was about to begin.
The bureaucracy of Fort Detrick had transitioned from death to life. So said the Washington Post in October 1971, when President Richard M. Nixon converted the Army base’s old biowarfare laboratories into a center for life-saving cancer research. Many observers agreed it was an ambitious, hopeful vision. But what they didn’t know is that representatives from the Department of Defense and the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare had been working on the transition for months.
NCI has produced a new documentary-style video marking 10 years since it gave the Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research its current name.
The Biological Response Modifiers Program in Frederick had visitors. A group of well-regarded scientific experts arrived in 1991 to tour some of its laboratories and spaces. Learning about the program was only part of their goal, however. They were there to evaluate it.
The Biological Response Modifiers Program had come into its own. Gone was any thought that this was a fleeting initiative. It was a robust mix of clinical and laboratory science at the forefront of immunotherapy, what was becoming the next major method for treating cancer. The program’s capabilities expanded in the second half of the 1980s, even as its clinical trials continued to reveal insights into biological agents for cancer treatment.
Their study started to unravel the riddle of how cancers spread, demonstrating that tumors are comprised of different types of cells, or heterogeneous. Up to this point it was thought that cancer cells in a tumor were identical to each other. The work conducted by husband-and-wife Isaiah (Josh) Fidler, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Margaret Kripke, Ph.D., in Frederick would eventually be recognized as a landmark discovery that redefined the scientific understanding of tumor biology.
Sarah Hooper was hard at work in the intensive care unit at Frederick Memorial Hospital. The young nurse had joined the hospital staff in 1981—her first nursing position—and was spending her days monitoring, caring for, and helping patients in critical condition. All around her, they were struggling with respiratory problems, cardiac issues, and infections. But four beds were special. They were reserved for cancer patients participating in the Biological Response Modifiers Program.
The morning of April 20, 1981, dawned over Frederick, dismal and gray. A canopy of clouds hid the sun, and a springtime chill clung to the city, stirring into a cold breeze later in the day. Despite the ostensibly ill omen, it was an important day for biomedical research. The first patients would be admitted to the Biological Response Modifiers Program (BRMP) inpatient unit at Frederick Memorial Hospital.
It was a party of international stature. More than 300 scientists from 27 countries dined and rubbed elbows in the J. Harper Poor Mansion in Manhattan, a three-story abode that in past years had welcomed the likes of President John F. Kennedy, comedian Jack Benny, and actress Marilyn Monroe. At the center of it all were the Krims, who had invited the droves of researchers into their home for a celebration to kick off an international workshop at Rockefeller University. The subject was interferon, a class of natural proteins associated with the immune system.
Though it lasted just 15 years, Frederick’s first clinical oncology program answered multiple fundamental questions in the fledgling field of immunotherapy and primed the local medical community to become the oncology research hub it is today. The Biological Response Modifiers Program (BRMP) received formal recognition from the Department of Health and Human Services 40 years ago today, on April 27.
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Children and adults seen at the Able Kids Foundation perform well on traditional hearing tests, but are unable to efficiently process or understand speech when placed in environments with even minimal noises. Although hearing loss is commonly recognized, a significant and often misunderstood auditory challenge is a central auditory processing disorder (CAPD). When an individual has difficulty processing auditory information efficiently, it can impact ones’ ability to concentrate thus affecting academic performance and quality of work. Relationships, emotional status, and overall well-being can also suffer. Environments such as classrooms, the work place, and social situations are often very difficult for these individuals because of confusing verbal stimuli.
Central auditory processing disorder may occur as an isolated dysfunction or it can also occur along with other disorders such as autism, ADD/ADHD, sensory integration dysfunction, learning disabilities, speech and language deficits, visual processing difficulties, traumatic brain injury, or other neurological conditions. The Foundation also evaluates many gifted and twice exceptional students and adults. We observe several behaviors common in individuals with CAPD.
The central auditory nervous system (CANS) is a maturing system and typically reaches adult level function around ten to eleven years of age. The mature, efficient CANS assigns priority to certain sounds and words that are useful to us, while simultaneously suppressing unwanted auditory stimuli. This process of prioritizing auditory information prevents all sounds from running together in a “listening chaos.” At the Able Kids Foundation, we believe, and continue to observe throughout our studies, that the auditory system is perhaps the most important sensory system because it provides an avenue for communication. Good auditory input is critical for overall function. We are continually made aware of life disruptions that occur in individuals with auditory challenges. Academic challenges, social difficulties, emotional upheavals, work difficulties, unemployment, and school drop-out situations are just a few of the disruptions we observe as being conditions associated with CAPD. Some people outgrow their auditory processing difficulties while others do not; however, early identification allows supports to be in place before a child’s learning experience and academic performance are altered.
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Now recognised across the world, the Tube map was originally the brainchild of Underground electrical draughtsman, Harry Beck, who produced this imaginative and beautifully simple design back in 1933.
Rather than emphasising distance and geographical accuracy, like other maps, Beck based his on the circuit diagrams he drew for his day job; stripping the sprawling Tube network down to a neat diagram of coloured, criss-crossing lines.
Beck's map was initially rejected by the publicity department because it was considered too radical but a successful trial print-run showed that it was just what the public wanted.
The result was an instantly clear and comprehensible chart that would become an essential guide to London - and a template for transport maps the world over.
Beck's revolutionary design, with certain modifications and additions, survives to the present day and is set to serve London Underground and its millions of customers for many years to come.
To find out more more about Harry Beck and his world famous map please visit the London Transport Museum.
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Management: A Good article to share as well as what I always tell my students “KISS”
Focus on Problems vs. Focus on Solution
When zero gravity (Ink won’t flow down to the writing surface). In order to solve this problem, it took them one decade and $12 million. They developed a pen that worked at zero gravity, upside down, underwater, in practically any surface including crystal and in a temperature range from below freezing to over 300 degrees C. And what did do ?
The Russians used a Pencil!!!
One of the most memorable case studies on Japanese management was the case of the empty soap box, which happened in one of Japan’s biggest cosmetics companies. The company received a complaint that a consumer had bought a soap box that was empty. Immediately the authorities isolated the problem to the , which transported all the packaged boxes of soap to the delivery department. For some reason, one soap box went through the assembly line empty. Management asked its engineers to solve the problem.
Post-haste, the engineers worked hard to devise an X-ray machine with high-resolution monitors manned by two people to watch all the soap boxes that passed through the line to make sure they were not empty. No doubt, they worked hard and they worked fast but they spent whoopee amount to do so.
But when a rank-and-file employee in a small company was posed with the same problem, did not get into complications of X-rays, etc but instead came out with another solution. He bought a strong industrial electric fan and pointed it at the assembly line. He switched the fan on, and as each soap box passed the fan, it simply blew the empty boxes out of the line.
The Moral of the story: KISS (Keep It Simple,Stupid) i.e. always look for simple solutions. Devise the simplest possible solution that solves the problem 🙂 So, learn to focus on solutions not on problems.
“If you look at what you do not have in life, you don’t have anything”
“If you look at what you have in life, you have everything”
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SPC Numerical Model Display Example
SPC forecasters can display numerous combinations of output fields from computer models which predict weather features. These models miss forecasts. Because of the chaos and complexity of air flow, and the lack of very dense real data to start the models, their physics isn't perfect. Small features, like individual thunderstorms and tornadoes, happen on a scale way too small for nationwide computer models to resolve. This is why humans are, and will remain, important in forecasting. Computer models have biases and errors which meteorologists can account for, and tailor their forecasts accordingly. They can be very useful; but models still can't match human forecasters for predicting severe storms. Here, the display is a six-hour prediction by the Eta model of winds at the 850 millibar (red) and 500 millibar (blue) pressure levels.
|THE ONLINE TORNADO FAQ|
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Heavenly Serbia: From Myth to Genocide
Hurst, 1999 - 233 pages
Heavenly Serbia traces Serbia's expansionist impulses to Serbian national mythology. The dominant myth - that of "Heavenly Serbia" - appeared soon after the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. It attributed the Serb's defeat by the Turks and the loss of the medieval Serbian state to the Serb's preference for moral salvation over military victory. By emphasizing their commitment to the heavenly kingdom and promising an eventual restoration of the Serbian empire, this myth helped the Serbs to bear their centuries-long domination by a foreign power. Though they ultimately shed the Turkish yoke and regained statehood in the nineteenth century, the Serbs, according to Anzulovic, retained this central myth in the form of feelings of superiority to their neighbors, and a sense of destiny ordaining them to become the dominant power in the Balkans. The myth has been perpetuated by political and religious leaders, historians, novelists, and artists, and has found acceptance abroad as well.
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76 Such sophistry allowed Djilas to find beauty and virtue even in massacres:
NjegoS's massacre was the first, or at least among the very rare, to be a poetic
and even a humanistic motif, one in which the very deed is magnified. What is
new is ...
... and especially Friedrich Schiller's Wilhelm Tell as models for the massacre in
NjegoS's dramatic poem.82 According to ... and the granting of freedom to their
subjects; NjegoS's poem ends with massacres followed by the blessing of a gun.
68 He describes his pilgrimage to several places where Serbs were massacred
during the Second World War, without ever mentioning the massacres committed
by the Serbs at the same time. A Dutch theologian finds a tension between the ...
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Heavenly Serbia: from myth to genocideUser Review - Not Available - Book Verdict
An independent scholar living in Washington, DC, Anzulovic interprets Serbia's violent history as a consequence of historical legacies: Saint Sava's mystical identification of the church and nation ... Read full review
The Encounter with the Turks
Dinaric Highlanders and Their Songs
4 other sections not shown
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Measures of aging for major organ systems were lower in people who curbed calories
DURHAM, N.C. May 23, 2017 – Anti-aging serums, wrinkle creams and surgeries provide the promise of a youthful appearance that can go only skin-deep.
But a new analysis of a study by researchers at Duke Health suggests another method may actually work at a physiological level: calorie restriction.
Calorie restriction slows aging in worms, flies and mice. The Duke team wanted to test if it could have the same effect in humans, specifically regarding a concept called biological aging.
“Biological aging is the gradual and progressive deterioration of systems in the body that occurs with advancing chronological age,” said Daniel Belsky, Ph.D., the study’s lead author and assistant professor of medicine at Duke University School of Medicine. “If we can intervene to slow the rate of biological aging, it may be possible to prevent or at least delay onset for many age-related diseases and disabilities.”
During the study, publishing online May 22 in the Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, Belsky and co-researchers examined publicly-available data from the CALERIE trial, a study conducted by the National Institute on Aging in which 220 people were randomized either to restrict calorie intake by 25 percent or to maintain their current diet. The 145 people in the restriction group actually achieved, on average, a 12-percent reduction in calorie intake over the study’s two-year duration. Seventy-five people were in the comparison group that did not restrict calories.
The researchers analyzed data from both groups from the start of the study and follow-ups after one and two years. They used two previously-published methods to measure how much biological aging occurred for each group.
The first method calculated a biological age for study participants based on their chronological age and biomarkers that measure the function of the cardiovascular, metabolic and immune systems and the liver and kidneys, including total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and hemoglobin levels. At the study’s start, the two groups had no difference in biological age as calculated by this measure. On average, the participants’ biological age was 37 and their chronological age was 38.
At each 12-month follow-up, participants in the calorie restriction group saw their biological age increase by an average of 0.11 years. On the other hand, participants who ate their normal diets saw their biological age rise an average of 0.71 years per 12-month follow-up. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant, demonstrating that caloric restriction had apparently slowed the rate of biological aging as calculated by this method.
“Ours is the first study to test if caloric restriction can slow measured biological aging in humans in a randomized setting,” Belsky said. “Our findings suggest a template for developing and evaluating therapies designed to mimic the effects of caloric restriction to ultimately prevent chronic diseases.”
The researchers also conducted a second analysis that quantified biological aging as the amount of physiological deviation from a reference point defined by young, healthy people in their 20s from a separate dataset.
At the start of the trial, both calorie-restricting and maintenance groups deviated the same amount on average from the youthfulness reference point. Across one-year and two-year follow-ups, however, the average amount of deviation among the maintenance group remained unchanged, while the calorie-restricting group actually grew more similar to the young, healthy reference.
Belsky said the results were consistent with the slower aging researchers observed in the restriction group using the biological age calculation method.
“Interventions to control or counteract aging are at the forefront of medical research. However, chronological age — the age from birth — is less important than biological age — the actual age of one’s physiologic systems,” added co-author William Kraus, M.D., professor of medicine at Duke. “In this study, by applying these measures of physiologic age, we have demonstrated both their value and the apparent value of caloric restriction in slowing the aging process.”
The authors note that the study’s participants were almost exclusively white and that replication in other populations is needed. It is also unclear whether the slowed biological aging would extend beyond the two-year study period. The manuscript mentions further study limitations.
In addition to Belsky and Kraus, co-authors include Kim Huffman and Carl Pieper of Duke, along with Idan Shalev of Pennsylvania State University.
The study was supported by the CALERIE Research Network grant (U24AG047121), grants from the National Institute on Aging (P30AG028716 and R01AG032282) and an Early-Career Fellowship from the Jacobs Foundation. The authors report no financial conflicts.
SOURCE: Duke Health
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Mexican artist and filmmaker Guillermo del Toro, b. 1964, has used his lifelong fascination with horror and myth to inspire his innovative filmmaking and creative interpretations of otherwise conventional genres of art and film. Del Toro is known for his ability to visually and conceptually redefine fearful imagery and establish a relationship with hitherto unexplored elements of dark, scary places and childhood terrors.
In his first museum compilation, Guillermo del Toro: At Home with Monsters, del Toro encourages viewers to examine the social and psychological power suggested in an assortment of his objects, paintings, sculptures, photographs, costumes, illustrations, and other varied creations. With approximately 500 objects held in the exhibition, the intensity of del Toro’s journey into psychologically dark places is brought to full light. The exhibit travels through del Toro’s imagination in a journey of 8 thematic sections touching on the evolution and sources of his inspirations.
Childhood and Innocence introduces the exhibition with del Toro’s early intrigue with monsters and demons. This section explores the significance of children throughout del Toro’s artistic career.
Victoriana follows with a look at the Romantic, Victorian, and Edwardian ages. Here, he explores the Victorian era’s affinity with science through his collection of insects and artistic images. The artist’s obsession with insects is often portrayed in his sciencefiction films, such as Mimic, where insects are given an autonomy in which they take on humanlike forms in order to reverse the domination of humans over nature.
His commentary on the hierarchical dominance of humans over nature is followed by The Rain Room, based on Bleak House, his actual residence and studio in the suburbs of Los Angeles, which name was inspired by a novel by the Victorian writer Charles Dickens. The Rain Room simulates an ongoing thunderstorm using an improvised window and special effects.
The Magic, Alchemy and the Occult gallery follows with an exploration of his ongoing fascination with puzzles, secrets, and quests for knowledge. This section honors one of his deepest influences, American writer L.P. Lovecraft.
Movies, Comics, Pop Culture visits another of del Toro’s cinematic influences, Alfred Hitchcock, along with his admiration of comic books and illustrators like Jean Giraud.
The Frankenstein and Horror section covers del Toro’s childhood enchantment with Frankenstein and shows the influence the monster had on his works of art. Del Toro’s artistic process mirrors Frankenstein in that it renews old material to create an original piece of art.
Freaks and Monsters traverses the various types of monsters that the artist creates or manipulates. His monsters personify aspects of society that touch on horror, fear, vulnerability, terror, and, ultimately, individuality and character. Del Toro continuously defies the classic perceptions of scary and reinvents the common myth of monsters by adding even creepier twists.
Death and the Afterlife reveals a dark and fearful part of del Toro’s childhood, perhaps the origin of the artist’s life of creation. This final gallery explores the depths of del Toro’s real suffering and terrifying experiences as a child in a strict Catholic household in Guadalajara, Mexico, a city filled with haunting images of death and suffering.
“This exhibition presents a small fraction of the things that have moved me, inspired me, and consoled me as I transit through life. It’s a devotional sampling of the enormous love that is required to create, maintain, and love monsters in our lives,” commented del Toro describing his first museum exhibition.
Del Toro’s glorifying representation of monsters, fear, and horror evokes both curiosity and admiration for the artist’s talent in approaching otherwise fearful and untouched topics. Often, his celebration of fear summons an indefinable appreciation for the master’s artistry. Not since Francisco de Goya has an artist so successfully tapped into the vulnerability and psychic effect of horror and fright. The exhibition, running at LACMA in Los Angeles, California from July 31 until November 27, 2016 will cringe and haunt viewers, leaving them to ponder what it is about del Toro’s haunting images and childhood nightmares that keeps us wanting more?
The exhibition will follow on to the Minneapolis Institute of Art from February 26 until May 21,2017 and the Art Gallery of Ontario from September 30, 2016 until January 7, 2018.
All photos by Linh Banh
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RACISM - AGEISM - PREJUDICE
|RACISM - AGEISM - PREJUDICE
Stories, Folktales, Folklore, Fairy Tales, Legends,
Myths, History, Nursery Rhymes, Fantasy & Facts
Scroll down or click on your choice below:
• SOS-Searching Out Stories/Information
Racism - Ageism - Prejudice
Advice, Comments and References from Storytellers,
Teachers and Librarians
SOS - SEARCHING OUT STORIES AND INFORMATION - RACISM - AGEISM - PREJUDICE
Advice, Comments and References from Storytellers, Teachers and Librarians
(excerpts from Storytell posts plus original research)
Book titles and online links are in dark blue and underlined. Click on them to get more stories/information.
In performance, always credit your sources.
To retell these stories, get permission from the copyright holder if the material is not in the public domain.
Posts are listed chronologically as they are received by Story Lovers World.
1) Found in the book by Lawrence Yep. More information available at:
2) The Rainbow People (spirit of acceptance of diversity)
[Teaches how to deal with prejudice.]
Greens live at bottom of hill. Live in green houses, drive green cars, wear green clothes, believe everthing good is green. Teach children song: "Green is good, blue is bad, green is happy, blue is sad."
Blues live at top of hill. Blues live in blue houses, wear blue clothes, drive blue cars, think everything good is blue. Blues teach their children: "Blue is good, green is bad, blue is happy, green is sad."
Green boy walks with green father, sees blue boy fall and get hurt. Green boy wants to help, father says "no," didn't your mother and I teach you "Green is good and blue is bad. Never let a blue touch you." and they walked away.
Green boy walking dog, falls, gets hurt, can't get home. Same blue boy finds him, helps him home, makes a crutch, tears shirt and puts blue strips to hold splint. Green father hears about it later, screams at green boy for letting a blue touch him.
When green boy heals he goes up mountain to find blue boy.Knocks on doors, gets doors slammed, get spit on, gets called names, but he keeps knocking. Finds the blue boy but he's wearing a blue and green shirt.
"Aren't you afraid of what people will say?"
"No, ever since I touched you, it touched me."
They grow up and are friends, get their children together when they have families of their own. Visit the purples, and yellows, and oranges. Teach their kids the song, "Green is good and blue is, too, Yellow Purple Orange too. Now all children can be glad, there's no color that is bad."
What do they call themselves now? The Rainbow People.
3) The one about Why Frog and Snake Never Play Together and there's one about the society that decides to send all their old people away, but the one grandfather kept secretly is has the answer to all life's problems...and "The Butterfly Brothers" in Easy-To-Tell Stories for Young Children by Annette Harrison, in which the flowers won't let in the "wrong color" butterflies. No sources for the first two.
4) "The Sandpipers and the Whales"
Sandpiper on beach, having a lovely day, eating the fish, basking in the sun. When you're having a lovely day, somebody wants to mess it up. Big blue whale comes out of the ocean.
"YO! BIRD! GETCHER LITTLE BIRD LEGS OUTTA DA OCEAN! OCEAN DON'T BELONG TO NO BIRDS! OCEAN BELONGS TO THE WHALES! SCRAM!"
I SAID LEAVE
So the whale calls out the whale army, the sandpiper looks at all the whales and says
and calls out the sandpiper army.
So many whales, so many birds, you can't see the ocean or the land for the backs of them sitting there. Everyone was so angry, something had to happen. But no one knew what.
Whale gets idea: kill the birds by eating the land. Whales eat, birds fly into air, scared. Look down at those smug, smug whales waiting for them to die, decide to retaliate. Drink the ocean dry.
Whales cough and sputter and lie on the ocean floor. Sandpipers smug in the sky, waiting, see the little fish that sandpipers eat, coughing and choking and dying.
Realise if they kill the whales they kill themselves.
Now the whales, safe and snug back in their ocean, looked up in the sky, and
saw the birds were getting tired. They were flying lower and lower and some
of them were beginning to brush the ocean with their wings. The whales watched. They didn't have to do anything, and the birds would die.
Everyone waited to see what the whales would do.
SPIT IT OUT SPIT IT OUT!
SPIT SPIT SPIT
The sandpipers came down to land and rested their wings. The whales and the sandpipers never had another war, because they knew, if you try to hurt someone else, the person you hurt is yourself.
This version is from Wendy Welch.
5) Here is a copy of "The Wooden Bowl." A good, easy story to tell. It has been told many, many different ways, so you can adjust it to meet your particular needs for your students. Here is one website with the story.
6) Many stories across Asia on respect for elders.
Taro and his grandmother: A Japanese folktale (Folktales from the Orient) from Japan similar to Mary's grandfather. Old people sent off to mountains as there was famine and headman of village deems them useless but Taro hides his grandma. Along comes warlord from another village and say will take over unless can answer 3 riddles and of course Taro's grandma saves them all by answering these riddles:
1st riddle- how to tell which part of a log is nearer the top and which the bottom?
Ans: Throw the log into water Part nearer the roots will sink, part nearer
the top will float.
2nd riddle : How can you make a rope of ashes?
Ans: Take a long rope and pour salt over it. then light it at one end and it will burn slowly until all that's left is coil of ashes.
3rd riddle: How do you run a silk thread through a tube that's curved and crooked?
Ans : Tie one end of thread to an ant, .Put some honey at one end of tube, push ant into other end and it'll try to get to honey and pull the thread along.
There are 30 variants to this Japanese tale.
Similar one in Laos too.
7) Why Frog and Snake Never Play Together may be found in The Book of Virtues for Boys and Girls: A Treasury of Great Moral Stories, ed. by Will. Bennett. best story for that I know of. Triggers discussion.
8) There's a wonderful "ageism" story in one of my Ukrainian Folk Tales books.
*Couple are poor; times are desperate.
*Decide to get rid of husband's father since he just sleeps in front of the fire all day and costs them to keep him.
*Husband bundles old man up and drags him to middle of nowhere on a broken sled
*Leaves him there and returns home.
*Son asks "Where Grandpapa?"
*Story is told about uselessness and need to be rid of him.
*"But where is the sled?"
*"Left it out in the forest - old and broken anyway"
*"But, Father, what will I use to take you into the forest when you're old?"
*Father retrieves Grandpapa.
Created 2003; last update 2/21/10
Story Lovers World ... 707-996-1996
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ANSYS is a broadly useful programming, used to recreate collaborations of all orders of material science, basic, vibration, liquid flow, warm exchange and electromagnetic for expert engineers. It empowers to reenact tests under specified working conditions it also empowers to test in virtual condition before assembling models of items. Besides, deciding and enhancing the weak points or the faults, processing life and anticipating plausible issues are conceivable by 3D recreations in virtual condition.
ANSYS programming with its measured structure gives an open door for taking just required components. ANSYS can work incorporated with other utilized building programming on the desktop by including CAD and FEA association modules. It can import CAD information and furthermore empower to assemble a certain product of specified geometry with its "preprocessing" capacities. After conducting the required analysis of the pre-designed product the results obtained can be viewed as numerical and graphical.
ANSYS has the capability to conduct propelled designing examinations rapidly, securely with the help of its built-in algorithms and non-linear material models. ANSYS Workbench is a stage which coordinates recreation innovations and parametric CAD frameworks with one of a kind computerization and execution. The energy of ANSYS Workbench originates from ANSYS solver calculations with years of experience.
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Each year since the early 1980s, a team of ornithological researchers at South Africa’s Marion Island in the southern Indian Ocean has undertaken a round-island hike to count incubating Wandering Albatrosses Diomedea exulans.
This year a combined group of five employed by the FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town and Branch: Oceans & Coasts, Department of Environmental Affairs undertook the census over the last two weeks of January. Teams of one to three persons headed out to field huts around the island and counted every occupied nest in 25 sectors to allow for year-to-year comparisons.
A total of 1787 incubating nests was found. This compares with a range of 1760 to 2056 annually breeding pairs over the five years, 2010 to 2014.
Similar censuses of Wandering Albatrosses have been undertaken this year at other sub-Antarctic islands where the species breeds, such as Bird in the South Atlantic and Macquarie in the southern Pacific.
All occupied nests visited were checked for the presence of eggs and bands on the incubating birds. Recording of GPS coordinates will help these banded birds being traced in future years. A total of 119 banded birds was found outside three long-term demographic study colonies - where all breeding birds are both metal and colour-banded and nests are staked. Of this total, eight incubating adults bore metal bands beginning with the prefix BS, denoting them as having been banded on Île de la Possession in the French Crozet Islands, some 1100 km to the east of Marion Island.
However, a previous study has shown that not all French-banded birds recorded at the Prince Edward Islands were necessarily bred on the Crozets, although some undoubtedly were, as explained in the following abstract.
“Exchange of 61 wandering albatrossesDiomedea exulans has been recorded between the French Crozet Islands and the South African Prince Edward Islands, 1 068 km apart in the Southern Ocean. Most movements of banded birds (57) have been westwards, from the Crozets to the Prince Edwards. In all, 18 fledglings banded at Possession Island, Crozets, have bred at Marion Island, Prince Edwards, but only one fledgling from Marion Island has been recorded breeding on Possession. The wandering albatrosses of the two island groups form a metapopulation that ideally should be conserved as a single unit. It is suggested that France and South Africa collaborate through the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels to effect [sic] an improved conservation status for the wandering albatrosses of the two island groups.”
With thanks to Alexis Osborne, Liezl Pretorius and Peter Ryan for information and photographs
Cooper, J. & Weimerskirch, H. 2003. Exchange of Wandering Albatrosses Diomedea exulans between the Prince Edward and Crozet Islands: implications for conservation. African Journal of Marine Science 25: 519-523.
Ryan, P.G., Jones, M.G.W., Dyer, B.M., Upfold, L. & Crawford, R.J.M. 2009. Recent population estimates and trends in numbers of albatrosses and giant petrels breeding at the sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands. African Journal of Marine Science 31: 409-471.
John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 12 February 2015
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Find content from Thinkfinity Partners using a visual bookmarking and sharing tool.
Home › Results from ReadWriteThink
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- Classroom Resources | Grades 7 – 12 | Calendar Activity | November 19
Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address in 1863.
Students practice the Pre-AP strategy called SOAPSTone, identifying important parts of the Gettysburg Address and comparing it with John F. Kennedy's inaugural speech.
- Classroom Resources | Grades 5 – 12 | Calendar Activity | November 27
America celebrates Thanksgiving Day today.
After reading the book Thank You, Sarah: The Woman Who Saved Thanksgiving, students read the letter Hale sent to Lincoln and brainstorm a list of ways to make their community better.
- Classroom Resources | Grades K – 12 | Calendar Activity | November 1
Celebrate National Family Literacy Day!
Parents, grandparents, and other family members are invited to the classroom for a family-school reading day.
- Classroom Resources | Grades 5 – 12 | Calendar Activity | November 8
In 1847, Bram Stoker, the author of Dracula was born.
Students brainstorm the superstitions they know and small groups research one of the superstitions to determine its origin and meaning or purpose. Students can write about the superstition using the Mystery Cube interactive.
- Classroom Resources | Grades 5 – 8 | Calendar Activity | November 6
James Naismith, inventor of the game of basketball, was born in 1861.
Students look at Naismith's original 13 rules for basketball and write about the rules and how they have changed in small groups.
- Classroom Resources | Grades 9 – 12 | Calendar Activity | November 30
Jonathan Swift was born on this day in 1667.
Students explore satire and parody in television and film, advertising, and journalism and create a display that highlights their findings.
- Classroom Resources | Grades 9 – 12 | Calendar Activity | November 9
Kristallnacht occurred in 1938.
To help understand the thinking of German leaders during the Holocaust, students write about a time when they failed to come to the assistance of someone who needed help.
- Classroom Resources | Grades 7 – 12 | Calendar Activity | November 29
Louisa May Alcott was born in 1832.
Students brainstorm important events and people that might serve as the beginning of an interesting piece of writing. They then use the Bio-Cube to plan their writing and write an essay about a memorable person.
- Classroom Resources | Grades 3 – 8 | Calendar Activity | November 18
Mickey Mouse appeared in his first animated feature.
Students create a short, humorous story with at least one action character, and then use online tools to make a flipbook.
- Classroom Resources | Grades 3 – 12 | Calendar Activity | November 1
November is National American Indian Heritage Month.
Students explore Native American heritage through the study of pourquoi tales, write their own original pourquoi tales, and use the ReadWriteThink Printing Press to publish them.
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1.(MeSH)Personality construct referring to an individual's perception of the locus of events as determined internally by his or her own behavior versus fate, luck, or external forces. (ERIC Thesaurus, 1996).
definition of Wikipedia
Locus of Control (n.) [MeSH]
Locus of control is a theory in personality psychology referring to the extent to which individuals believe that they can control events that affect them. Understanding of the concept was developed by Julian B. Rotter in 1954, and has since become an aspect of personality studies. A person's "locus" (Latin for "place" or "location") is conceptualised as either internal (the person believes they can control their life) or external (meaning they believe that their decisions and life are controlled by environmental factors which they cannot influence).
Individuals with a high internal locus of control believe that events in their life derive primarily from their own actions; for example, if a person with an internal locus of control does not perform as well as they wanted to on a test, they would blame it on lack of preparedness on their part. If they performed well on a test, they would attribute this to ability to study.. In the test-performance example, if a person with a high external locus of control does poorly on a test, they might attribute this to the difficulty of the test questions. If they performed well on a test, they might think the teacher was lenient or that they were lucky.
Those with a high internal locus of control exhibit better control of their behavior, tend to be more politically involved and are more likely to attempt to influence others than are those with an external locus of control. They also assign greater likelihood to their efforts being successful, and more actively seek information concerning their situation.
Locus of control has generated much research in a variety of areas in psychology. The construct is applicable to fields such as educational psychology, health psychology or clinical psychology. There will probably continue to be debate about whether specific or more global measures of locus of control will prove to be more useful. Careful distinctions should also be made between locus of control (a concept linked with expectancies about the future) and attributional style (a concept linked with explanations for past outcomes), or between locus of control and concepts such as self-efficacy. The importance of locus of control as a topic in psychology is likely to remain quite central for many years.
Locus of control has also been included as one of four dimensions of core self-evaluations – one's fundamental appraisal of oneself – along with neuroticism, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. The concept of core self-evaluations was first examined by Judge, Locke, and Durham (1997), and since has proven to have the ability to predict several work outcomes, specifically, job satisfaction and job performance.
Locus of control is the framework of Rotter's (1954) social-learning theory of personality. In 1966 he published an article in Psychological Monographs which summarized over a decade of research (by Rotter and his students), much of it previously unpublished. In 1976, Herbert M. Lefcourt defined the perceived locus of control: "...a generalised expectancy for internal as opposed to external control of reinforcements". Attempts have been made to trace the genesis of the concept to the work of Alfred Adler, but its immediate background lies in the work of Rotter and his students. Early work on the topic of expectations about control of reinforcement had been performed in the 1950s by James and Phares (prepared for unpublished doctoral dissertations supervised by Rotter at Ohio State University).
Another Rotter student, William H. James (not to be confused with William James), studied two types of "expectancy shifts":
Weiners attribution theory as applied to student motivation
|Perceived locus of control|
Additional research led to the hypothesis that typical expectancy shifts were displayed more often by those who attributed their outcomes to ability, whereas those who displayed atypical expectancy were more likely to attribute their outcomes to chance. This was interpreted that people could be divided into those who attribute to ability (an internal cause) versus those who attribute to luck (an external cause). Bernard Weiner argued that rather than ability-versus-luck, locus may relate to whether attributions are made to stable or unstable causes.
Rotter (1975, 1989) has discussed problems and misconceptions in others' use of the internal-versus-external construct.
Rotter (1975) cautioned that internality and externality represent two ends of a continuum, not an either/or typology. Internals tend to attribute outcomes of events to their own control. Externals attribute outcomes of events to external circumstances. It should not be thought, however, that internality is linked exclusively with attribution to effort and externality with attribution to luck (as Weiner's work —see below—makes clear). This has obvious implications for differences between internals and externals in terms of their achievement motivation, suggesting that internal locus is linked with higher levels of need for achievement. Due to their locating control outside themselves, externals tend to feel they have less control over their fate. People with an external locus of control tend to be more stressed and prone to clinical depression.
Internals were believed by Rotter (1966) to exhibit two essential characteristics: high achievement motivation and low outer-directedness. This was the basis of the locus-of-control scale proposed by Rotter in 1966, although it was based on Rotter's belief that locus of control is a single construct. Since 1970, Rotter's assumption of uni-dimensionality has been challenged, with Levenson (for example) arguing that different dimensions of locus of control (such as beliefs that events in one's life are self-determined, or organized by powerful others and are chance-based) must be separated. Weiner's early work in the 1970s suggested that orthogonal to the internality-externality dimension, differences should be considered between those who attribute to stable and those who attribute to unstable causes.
This meant that attributions could be to ability (an internal stable cause), effort (an internal unstable cause), task difficulty (an external stable cause) or luck (an external, unstable cause). This was how Weiner first saw these four causes, although he has been challenged as to whether people see luck (for example) as an external cause, whether ability is always perceived as stable and whether effort is always seen as changing. Indeed, in more recent publications (e.g. Weiner, 1980) he uses different terms for these four causes (such as "objective task characteristics" instead of "task difficulty" and "chance" instead of "luck"). Psychologists since Weiner have distinguished between stable and unstable effort, knowing that in some circumstances effort could be seen as a stable cause (especially given the presence of words such as "industrious" in English).
The most widely used questionnaire to measure locus of control is the 23-item (plus six filler items), forced-choice scale of Rotter (1966). However, this is not the only questionnaire; Bialer's (1961) 23-item scale for children predates Rotter's work. Also relevant to the locus-of-control scale are the Crandall Intellectual Ascription of Responsibility Scale (Crandall, 1965) and the Nowicki-Strickland Scale. One of the earliest psychometric scales to assess locus of control (using a Likert-type scale, in contrast to the forced-choice alternative measure in Rotter's scale) was that devised by W. H. James for his unpublished doctoral dissertation, supervised by Rotter at Ohio State University; however, this remains unpublished.
Many measures of locus of control have appeared since Rotter's scale. These were reviewed by Furnham and Steele (1993) and include those related to health psychology, industrial and organizational psychology and those specifically for children (such as the Stanford Preschool Internal-External Control Index for three- to six-year-olds). Furnham and Steele (1993) cite data suggesting that the most reliable, valid questionnaire for adults is the Duttweiler scale. For a review of the health questionnaires cited by these authors, see "Applications" below.
The Duttweiler (1984) Internal Control Index (ICI) addresses perceived problems with the Rotter scales, including their forced-choice format, susceptibility to social desirability and heterogeneity (as indicated by factor analysis). She also notes that, while other scales existed in 1984 to measure locus of control, "they appear to be subject to many of the same problems". Unlike the forced-choice format used on Rotter's scale, Duttweiler's 28-item ICI uses a Likert-type scale in which people must state whether they would rarely, occasionally, sometimes, frequently or usually behave as specified in each of 28 statements. The ICI assess variables pertinent to internal locus: cognitive processing, autonomy, resistance to social influence, self-confidence and delay of gratification. A small (133 student-subject) validation study indicated that the scale had good internal reliability (a Cronbach's alpha of 0.85).
Attributional style (or explanatory style) is a concept introduced by Lyn Yvonne Abramson, Martin Seligman and John D. Teasdale; Buchanan and Seligman (1995) have edited a book-length review of the topic. This concept goes a stage further than Weiner, stating that in addition to the concepts of internality-externality and stability a dimension of globality-specificity[clarification needed] is also needed. Abramson et al. believed that how people explained successes and failures in their lives related to whether they attributed these to internal or external factors, short-term or long-term factors, and factors that affected all situations.
The topic of attribution theory (introduced to psychology by Fritz Heider) has had an influence on locus-of-control theory, but differences exist between the history of these two models. Attribution theorists have been (largely speaking) social psychologists (concerned with the general processes characterizing how and why people make the attributions they do), whereas locus-of-control theorists have been more concerned with individual differences.
Significant to the history of both approaches were the contributions made by Bernard Weiner in the 1970s. Before this time, attribution theorists and locus-of-control theorists had been largely concerned with divisions into external and internal loci of causality. Weiner added the dimension of stability-instability (and later controllability), indicating how a cause could be perceived as having been internal to a person yet still beyond the person's control. The stability dimension added to the understanding of why people succeed or fail after such outcomes. Although not part of Weiner's model, a further dimension of attribution was added by Abramson, Seligman and Teasdale (globality-specificity).
Locus of control's bestknown application may have been in the area of health psychology, largely due to the work of Kenneth Wallston. Scales to measure locus of control in the health domain were reviewed by Furnham and Steele in 1993. The best-known are the Health Locus of Control Scale and the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, or MHLC. The latter scale is based on the idea (echoing Levenson's earlier work) that health may be attributed to three sources: internal factors (such as self-determination of a healthy lifestyle), powerful others (such as one's doctor) or luck.
Some of the scales reviewed by Furnham and Steele (1993) relate to health in more specific domains, such as obesity (for example, Saltzer's (1982) Weight Locus of Control Scale or Stotland and Zuroff's (1990) Dieting Beliefs Scale), mental health (such as Wood and Letak's (1982) Mental Health Locus of Control Scale or the Depression Locus of Control Scale of Whiteman, Desmond and Price, 1987) and cancer (the Cancer Locus of Control Scale of Pruyn et al., 1988). In discussing applications of the concept to health psychology Furnham and Steele refer to Claire Bradley's work, linking locus of control to the management of diabetes mellitus. Empirical data on health locus of control in a number of fields was reviewed by Norman and Bennett in 1995; they note that data on whether certain health-related behaviors are related to internal health locus of control have been ambiguous. They note that some studies found that internal health locus of control is linked with increased exercise, but cite other studies which found a weak (or no) relationship between exercise behaviors (such as jogging) and internal health locus of control. A similar ambiguity is noted for data on the relationship between internal health locus of control and other health-related behaviors (such as breast self-examination, weight control and preventative-health behavior). Of particular interest are the data cited on the relationship between internal health locus of control and alcohol consumption.
Norman and Bennett note that some studies that compared alcoholics with non-alcoholics suggest alcoholism is linked to increased externality for health locus of control; however, other studies have linked alcoholism with increased internality. Similar ambiguity has been found in studies of alcohol consumption in the general, non-alcoholic population. They are more optimistic in reviewing the literature on the relationship between internal health locus of control and smoking cessation, although they also point out that there are grounds for supposing that powerful-others and internal-health loci of control may be linked with this behavior.
They argue that a stronger relationship is found when health locus of control is assessed for specific domains than when general measures are taken. Overall, studies using behavior-specific health locus scales have tended to produce more positive results. These scales have been found to be more predictive of general behavior than more general scales, such as the MHLC scale. Norman and Bennett cite several studies that used health-related locus-of-control scales in specific domains (including smoking cessation, diabetes, tablet-treated diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, cancer, and heart and lung disease.
They also argue that health locus of control is better at predicting health-related behavior if studied in conjunction with health value (the value people attach to their health), suggesting that health value is an important moderator variable in the health locus of control relationship. For example, Weiss and Larsen (1990) found an increased relationship between internal health locus of control and health when health value was assessed. Despite the importance Norman and Bennett attach to specific measures of locus of control, there are general textbooks on personality which cite studies linking internal locus of control with improved physical health, mental health and quality of life in people with diverse conditions: HIV, migraines, diabetes, kidney disease and epilepsy.
During the 1970s and 1980s, Whyte correlated locus of control with the academic success of students enrolled in higher-education courses. Students who were more internally controlled believed that hard work and focus would result in successful academic progress, and they performed better academically. Those students who were identified as more externally controlled (believing that their future depended upon luck or fate) tended to have lower academic-performance levels. Cassandra B. Whyte researched how control tendency influenced behavioral outcomes in the academic realm by examining the effects of various modes of counseling on grade improvements and the locus of control of high-risk college students.
Other fields to which the concept has been applied include industrial and organizational psychology, sports psychology, educational psychology and the psychology of religion. Richard Kahoe has published work in the latter field, suggesting that intrinsic religious orientation correlates positively (and extrinsic religious orientation correlates negatively) with internal locus. Of relevance to both health psychology and the psychology of religion is the work of Holt, Clark, Kreuter and Rubio (2003) on a questionnaire to assess spiritual-health locus of control. The authors distinguished between an active spiritual-health locus of control (in which "God empowers the individual to take healthy actions") and a more passive spiritual-health locus of control (where health is left up to God). In industrial and organizational psychology, it has been found that internals are more likely to take positive action to change their jobs (rather than merely talk about occupational change) than externals.
Locus of control has also been applied to the field of consumer research. For example, Martin, Veer and Pervan (2007) examined how the weight locus of control of women (i.e., beliefs about the control of body weight) influence how they react to female models in advertising of different body shapes. They found that women who believe they can control their weight (“internals”), respond most favorably to slim models in advertising, and this favorable response is mediated by self-referencing. In contrast, women who feel powerless about their weight (“externals”), self-reference larger-sized models, but only prefer larger-sized models when the advertisement is for a non-fattening product. For fattening products, they exhibit a similar preference for larger-sized models and slim models. The weight locus of control measure was also found to be correlated with measures for weight control beliefs and willpower.
The development of locus of control is associated with family style and resources, cultural stability and experiences with effort leading to reward. Many internals have grown up with families modeling typical internal beliefs; these families emphasized effort, education, responsibility and thinking, and parents typically gave their children rewards they had promised them. In contrast, externals are typically associated with lower socioeconomic status. Societies experiencing social unrest increase the expectancy of being out-of-control; therefore, people in such societies become more external.
The 1995 research of Schneewind suggests that "children in large single parent families headed by women are more likely to develop an external locus of control". Schultz and Schultz also claim that children in families where parents have been supportive and consistent in discipline develop internal locus of control. At least one study has found that children whose parents had an external locus of control are more likely to attribute their successes and failures to external causes. Findings from early studies on the familial origins of locus of control were summarized by Lefcourt: "Warmth, supportiveness and parental encouragement seem to be essential for development of an internal locus"., but causal evidence regarding how parental locus of control influences offspring locus of control (whether genetic, or environmentally mediated) is lacking.
Locus of control becomes more internal with age. As children grow older, they gain skills which give them more control over their environment, however whether this, or bioldogical development is responsoble for changes in locus is unclear.
It is sometimes assumed that as people age they will become less internal and more external, but data here has been ambiguous. Longitudinal data collected by Gatz and Karel (cited in Johnson et al., 2004) imply that internality may increase until middle age, decreasing thereafter. Noting the ambiguity of data in this area, Aldwin and Gilmer (2004) cite Lachman's claim that locus of control is ambiguous. Indeed, there is evidence here that changes in locus of control in later life relate more visibly to increased externality (rather than reduced internality) if the two concepts are taken to be orthogonal. Evidence cited by Schultz and Schultz (2005) (for example, Heckhausen and Schulz (1995) or Ryckman and Malikosi, 1975) suggests that locus of control increases in internality until middle age. The authors also note that attempts to control the environment become more pronounced between ages eight and fourteen.
A study published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine examined the health effect of childhood locus of control. 7,500 British adults (followed from birth), who had shown an internal locus of control at age 10, were less likely to be overweight at age 30. The children who had an internal locus of control also appeared the have higher levels of self-esteem.
As Schultz and Schultz (2005) point out, significant gender differences in locus of control have not been found for adults in the U.S. population. However, these authors also note that there may be specific sex-based differences for specific categories of items to assess locus of control; for example, they cite evidence that men may have a greater internal locus for questions related to academic achievement.
The question of whether people from different cultures vary in locus of control has long been of interest to social psychologists. Japanese people tend to be more external in locus-of-control orientation than people in the U.S.; however, differences in locus of control between different countries within Europe (and between the U.S. and Europe) tend to be small. As Berry et al. pointed out in 1992, ethnic groups within the United States have been compared on locus of control; African Americans in the U.S. are more external than whites, even when socioeconomic status is controlled. Berry et al. also pointed out in 1992 how research on other ethnic minorities in the U.S. (such as Hispanics) has been ambiguous. More on cross-cultural variations in locus of control can be found in Shiraev and Levy (2004). Research in this area indicates that locus of control has been a useful concept for researchers in cross-cultural psychology.
Self-efficacy, a related concept introduced by Albert Bandura, has been measured by means of a psychometric scale. It differs from locus of control by relating to competence in circumscribed situations and activities (rather than more general cross-situational beliefs about control). Bandura has also emphasised differences between self-efficacy and self-esteem, using examples where low self-efficacy (for instance, in ballroom dancing) are unlikely to result in low self-esteem because competence in that domain is not very important to an individual.
Smith (1989) has argued that locus of control only weakly measures self-efficacy; "only a subset of items refer directly to the subject's capabilities". Smith noted that training in coping skills led to increases in self-efficacy, but did not affect locus of control as measured by Rotter's 1966 scale.
External link for Attributional Style:
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Author’s note: This article is excerpted from my independent study project that I undertook for my art history major in my senior year at Wellesley College. My project involved researching nineteenth-century sculptor Anne Whitney, who had close connections with Wellesley, and I produced catalog entries for seven of her sculptures that the College is home to. The entry below was for a sculpture that was lost at the College for thirty years, and that I helped to locate while I was conducting research on it.
[For an article about the location of the relief at Wellesley College, click here]
Mary Tileston Hemenway (December 20, 1820, New York, New York – March 6, 1894, Boston, Massachusetts) (Figure 1) was a well-known philanthropist, education reformer, and advocate of physical education. The daughter of Thomas Tileston, a prosperous merchant-mariner, she married Augustus Hemenway, a successful shipping merchant, in June 1840. They had five children: Charlotte Augusta (1841-1865), Alice (1845-1847), Amy (1849-1911), Edith (1851-1904), and Augustus Jr. (1853-1931).
Hemenway was a leading figure in education. From 1888 to 1889 she helped to implement the Swedish system of teaching gymnastics in the Boston school system. She founded many schools in the area, including the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics (1889), which merged with Wellesley College to become the College’s Department of Hygiene and Physical Education in 1909.
Anne Whitney was friendly with Mary Hemenway; Whitney’s letters and Manning’s diaries mention shared visits, and Whitney and Hemenway spent time together when the two were abroad in Florence. Whitney and Hemenway were like-minded advocates for various social justice movements. Manning’s diaries describe meetings they attended together for Nationalism, which was author Edward Bellamy’s utopian movement.
In the early 1890s, Whitney created a plaster medallion for the Hemenway family. The medallion portrays Mary Hemenway holding her twin grandsons Frederick and Augustus (b. 1877) Eustis; Whitney referred to a photograph of 1878 while modeling the medallion. by her daughter Edith, Frederick Augustus and Augustus Hemenway Eustis (born October 7, 1877). Manning’s diaries cite progress on the medallion. On April 10, 1892, Manning wrote, “…Anne…is working…on a medallion [in clay] for Mrs. Hemenway.” Later, on December 21, 1894, she noted, “Mr + Mrs Hemenway like medallion very much,” and the next day, “Mrs Chars Hemenway to see medallion likes too as much. Since Mary Hemenway died earlier that year, the “Mr. and Mrs. Hemenway” that Manning references must be Hemenway’s only son, Augustus, and his wife, Harriet Lawrence, who married in 1881. The medallion was then cast in plaster, as described in a letter from Whitney to Manning on April 4, 1895: “The work is as good as done, and O’Kelly [a plaster caster] will cast it for me, he says, from the clay, making a glue mould direct. This will prevent cuts and repairs in the plaster, which I was dreading a good deal.” A second cast was also produced; both of which Mary Hemenway’s direct descendants owned both as of 1962.
Whitney also created a bronze relief of Hemenway after her death, here too using a photograph to help her in the process (Figure 1). The conjoined “AW” next to the subject’s left shoulder was Whitney’s typical signature; the “SC” for “sculptor” alongside the signature demonstrates Whitney’s pride in her profession (Figure 2). The earliest reference to this bronze relief is in a letter from Whitney to Manning on April 9, 1895; Whitney mentions “Miss Homans,” who was the director of the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics, and perhaps the patron of the relief, greatly approved of the “bronze head.” It is logical to assume that Whitney commenced this relief between Hemenway’s death on March 6, 1894, and before this April visit from Miss Homans.
When the Boston Normal School and Wellesley merged in 1909, $100,000 was given in Hemenway’s honor to build a new gymnasium, eponymously named “Mary Hemenway Hall.” The bronze relief, which almost certainly arrived at Wellesley at the time of the merge, was installed in that gymnasium by 1915. It is unclear where exactly in the Hall it was located, but sometime during or after the 1940s the bronze was installed on a wooden panel in the Hall’s Edith Hemenway Eustis Library, named after Hemenway’s daughter.
In 1985, Mary Hemenway Hall was destroyed in order to make room for the new Keohane Sports Center. Another photograph, which depicts the relief in situ, seems to date from this time, when the library was being packed up and moved in anticipation of the demolition. It is therefore logical to assume that the relief remained in the library until that time.
Following this, the relief was largely forgotten. However, we knew it had to be somewhere, and assembled evidence from the Whitney papers and archival photographs to try to trace its whereabouts with the assistance of both current and retired staff. Finally, we learned where the relief was stored in Archives at the time of the demolition, and the relief was discovered on May 22, 2015. We are thrilled to report its discovery, and hope it might be installed in an appropriate place on campus in the future so we can celebrate Whitney and Hemenway, two influential women so closely connected to the history of physical education at Wellesley College.
Mary Tileston Hemenway Holding her Two Grandsons
Molded circa April 1892.
Completed circa December 1894.
Two copies cast in plaster circa April 1895.
In 1962, these casts were in the collection of Mrs. Frederic A. Eustis (Milton, Massachusetts) and Mrs. Mary Hemenway Homans (Canton, Massachusetts)
Mary Tileston Hemenway
Cast in bronze between March 6, 1894 and April 9, 1895.
Mary Hemenway Hall, Wellesley College, by 1915.
Edith Hemenway Eustis Library in Hemenway Hall by 1940s – 1985.
Wellesley College Archives, 1985.
For more information on Hemenway’s relatives and their genealogy, see Robert Lawrence, The Descendants of Major Samuel Lawrence (Cambridge: Riverside Press, 1904): 227-231 and “Mary Porter Tileston,” Ancestry.com.
On Hemenway’s philanthropy work, see “Mary Hemenway School,” Dorchester Atheneum, last modified May 8, 2011 and Larkin Dunton, Memorial Services in Honor of Mrs. Mary Hemenway by the Boston Public School Teachers (Boston: Geo. H. Ellis, Printer, 1894). A school in Dorchester (which no longer exists) was also founded in Hemenway’s name in 1897; see “Mary Hemenway School: School Board Vote So to Name the New Schoolhouse Now Being Built at the Corner of Adams and King Streets, Dorchester,” Boston Evening Transcript, November 12, 1897.
See Abby Adeline Manning diary entry dated January 19, 1888, from Diary, May 17, 1887 – February 28, 1890, Wellesley College Archives MSS.4, Letters from Anne Whitney to Abby Adeline Manning, March 21, 1876, WCA MSS.4.52 and December 26, 1885, WCA MSS.4.2457. Hemenway was in Europe by 1869, in Paris by December 1875, and Anne Whitney mentioned that they were together in Florence in 1876. See Letter from Sarah Whitney to Anne Whitney, June 30, 1868, WCA MSS.4.220, Letter from Mary Tileston Hemenway to Anne Whitney, December 1875, WCA MSS.4.1616, and Letter from Anne Whitney, March 21, 1876, WCA MSS.4.52.
See Abby Adeline Manning diary entries dated February 28 and March 18, 1889, from Diary, May 17, 1887 – February 28, 1890, WCA MSS.4 and Elizabeth Rogers Payne, “Anne Whitney: Art and Social Justice,” The Massachusetts Review 12, no. 2 (1971): 259; also see my entry for Ann Mary Hale.
“Frederick Augustus Eustis,” Ancestry.com, Elizabeth Rogers Payne, “Anne Whitney: Nineteenth-Century Sculptor and Liberal,” Typescript (Wellesley College Archives), 1561, 1565-1567, Payne, “Anne Whitney, Sculptor,” The Art Quarterly 25 (1962): 259 and Letter from Abby Adeline Manning to Anne Whitney, April 10, 1895, MSS.4.2544.
Abby Adeline Manning diary entry dated April 10, 1892, from Diary, April 1, 1890 – January 8, 1903, WCA MSS.4.
Abby Adeline Manning diary entries dated December 21, 1894, and December 22, 1894, from Diary, April 1, 1890 – January 8, 1903, WCA MSS.4.
Edith Hemenway Eustis, the mother of the twins, never saw the original clay version of the sculptor; Manning commented, “I wish the mother of these babies could see this one [sculpture] before it is cast” (letter from Adeline Manning to Anne Whitney, April 10, 1895, WCA MSS.4.2544). Mrs. Chars [Charles] Hemenway must have been another relative of Mary Hemenway.
Letter from Anne Whitney to Abby Adeline Manning, April 9, 1895, WCA MSS.4.2543.
Payne, “Anne Whitney, Sculptor,” 259.
Letter from Adeline Manning to Anne Whitney, April 10, 1895, WCA MSS.4.2544. Like many artists, Whitney did not cast her own bronzes, but instead handed that process off to a professional bronze caster.
Letter from Anne Whitney to Abby Adeline Manning, April 9, 1895, WCA MSS.4.2543.
A plaster cast of the bronze was given to the Mary Hemenway School in 1913 (Documents of the City of Boston, for the Year 1915, vol. 1, Containing Documents from No. 1 to No. 15, Inclusive (Boston: City of Boston Printing Department, 1916): 22.
Documents of the City of Boston, for the Year 1915, vol. 1, Containing Documents from No. 1 to No. 15, Inclusive (Boston: City of Boston Printing Department, 1916): 22, Stephanie L. Johnson, “The History of Wellesley College Athletics,” Wellesley Athletics and “Mary Hemenway School,” Dorchester Atheneum, last modified May 8, 2011.
Stephanie L. Johnson, “The History of Wellesley College Athletics,” Wellesley Athletics.
Documents of the City of Boston, for the Year 1915. Vol. 1, Containing Documents from No. 1 to No. 15, Inclusive. Boston: City of Boston Printing Department, 1916.
“Frederick Augustus Eustis.” Ancestry.com.
Dunton, Larkin. Memorial Services in Honor of Mrs. Mary Hemenway by the Boston Public School Teachers. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis, Printer, 1894.
Johnson, Stephanie L. “The History of Wellesley College Athletics.” Wellesley Athletics.
Lawrence, Robert. The Descendants of Major Samuel Lawrence. Cambridge: Riverside Press, 1904.
“Mary Hemenway School.” Dorchester Atheneum. Last modified May 8, 2011.
“Mary Hemenway School: School Board Vote So to Name the New Schoolhouse Now Being Built at the Corner of Adams and King Streets, Dorchester.” Boston Evening Transcript. November 12, 1897.
“Mary Porter Tileston,” Ancestry.com.
Papers of Anne Whitney, Wellesley College Archives MSS.4.
Payne, Elizabeth Rogers. “Anne Whitney: Art and Social Justice.” The Massachusetts Review 12, no. 2 (1971): 245–260.
——-. “Anne Whitney: Nineteenth-Century Sculptor and Liberal.” Typescript (Wellesley College Archives).
——-. “Anne Whitney, Sculptor.” The Art Quarterly 25 (1962): 244-261.
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Since its publication, the prose style and dialogue in Hemingway's novel have been the source of controversy and some negative critical reaction. For example, Edmund Wilson, in a tepid review, noted the encumbrance of "a strange atmosphere of literary medievalism" in the relationship between Robert Jordan and Maria. This stems in part from a distinctive feature of the novel, namely Hemingway's extensive use of archaisms, implied literal translations and false friends to convey the foreign (Spanish) tongue spoken by his characters. Thus, Hemingway uses the archaic "thou" (particularly in its oblique and possessive form) to parallel the Spanish pronominal "tú" (familiar) and "Usted" (formal) forms. Additionally, much of the dialogue in the novel is an implied direct translation from Spanish, producing an often strained English equivalent. For example, Hemingway uses the construction "what passes that", which is an implied translation of the Spanish construction lo que pasa. This translation extends to the use of linguistic "false friends", such as "rare" (from raro) instead of "strange" and "syndicate" (from sindicato) instead of trade union. In another odd stylistic variance, Hemingway referenced foul language (used with some frequency by different characters in the novel) with "unprintable" and "obscenity" and substitutes "muck" for fuck in the dialogue and thoughts of the characters, although foul language is used freely in Spanish even when its equivalent is censored in English (e.g. joder, me cago). The Spanish expression of exasperation me cago en la leche repeatedly recurs throughout the novel, translated by Hemingway as "I obscenity in the milk."
The book is written in the third person limited omniscient narrative mode. The action and dialogue are punctuated by extensive thought sequences told from the viewpoint of Robert Jordan. The novel also contains thought sequences of other characters, including Pilar and Anselmo. The thought sequences are more extensive than in Hemingway's earlier fiction, notably A Farewell to Arms, and are an important narrative device to explore the principal themes of the novel.
In 1941 the Pulitzer Prize committee for letters unanimously recommended For Whom the Bell Tolls be awarded the prize for that year. The Pulitzer Board agreed; however, Nicholas Murray Butler, president of Columbia University at that time, overrode both and instead no award was given for letters that year.
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Below is a sampling of publications generated by NOAA's coral ecosystem activities in 2008. To access a complete list of NOAA coral ecosystem related publications, use the CoRIS Geoportal
(http://coris.noaa.gov/geoportal/) search tool.
The Field Manual for Investigating Coral Disease Outbreaks is intended to serve as an operational guide to coordinate effective, informative responses by outbreak response teams to unusual incidents of coral disease or mortalities. It was developed as an aid to provide context and consistency for outbreak investigations and to help train coral disease outbreak response teams so that coordinated response operations can be executed.
This report compiles and synthesizes information from existing sources focusing on recent demographic, economic, and population projection variables of each area’s resident population. Statistics and maps showing the extent of coral habitats in relation to these populations is also presented.
The Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop summarizes the outcomes of the workshop, including summary recommendations, working group reports, abstracts and white papers from speakers, and background information on cyanide fisheries.
In 2008, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) released the first report to Congress on the Implementation of the Deep Sea Coral Research and Technology Program, called for in the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act of 2006 (MSRA).
Produced by the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN), this is a report from 70 coral reef scientists and managers documenting what happened to coral reefs due to the bleaching events and tropical storms of 2005.
Implementation of the National Coral Reef Action Strategy: Report on the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force Activities from 2004-2006, provides an update on activities undertaken to implement the National Coral Reef Action Strategy.
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Curdling and cheesing is our way of making dairy product last longer. Cheesing can involve almost every art of food preservation previous to it and then some. Cheesing itself, curdling is ancient. In this we induce a change by chemical agents (usually acids or enzymes) in which the curds (solid product) get separated from the whey (liquid byproduct) in a process of rapid dehydration. The curds can be processed in any number of ways for long term storage. What most of us think of as cheese gets pressed and aged.
The levels of processing are hierarchical in terms of long term storage. At the shortest term is fresh. Curdling to remove H2O leaves a longer lasting product. Cheesing removes more H2O so it’s product lasts even longer, especially when salt is added. Aging cheeses can remove even more moisture and also allow for all kinds of GOOD fungi and bacteria which not only can flavor our cheeses but set up even more hostile environments for other micro-nasties we don’t want in our lives. Going one step further, we dip cheeses in hot wax for storage which puts a disinfected and air-tight layer around the cheese, even further inhibiting decay. Finally, cheeses can be canned, making a truly long term storable food. Canned cheese and butter can be bought from numerous suppliers. It’s amazing to thing the stuff starts as a liquid.
Storage terms or longevity of cheese is pretty much up in the air. Most of the cheese-making world considers maximum term to be about 10 years but French people would argue. For my cheeseworth, about 5 years produces some pretty sharp cheddar. There’s some older stuff that’s just sublime at parties but I wouldn’t eat it day to day. Cheese tends to harden and crumble over time as fats slowly sweat out. Younger, more elastic and milder cheeses are good for sandwiches.
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In lesson 2 of 10 in A1, on the quiz I was marked as incorrect when I included "He was not..." as a translation for "On..." They said that "we" and "you" were acceptable translations, but "he" was not. I do not understand why not. I watched the video & read the lesson, but it did not answer my question.
"He was not..." cannot be a translation of on, since, as you point out on cannot mean "he".
If that doesn't answer your question, maybe include the full sentence you feel you were graded wrongly.
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Test your French to the CEFR standard
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daguerreotype n : a photograph made by an early photographic process; the image was produced on a silver plate sensitized to iodine and developed in mercury vapor
EtymologyNamed after French chemist Louis Daguerre who announced the process in 1839. Daguerre and Nicéphore Niépce had together invented it.
The daguerreotype is an early type of photograph, developed by Louis Daguerre, in which the image is exposed directly onto a mirror-polished surface of silver bearing a coating of silver halide particles deposited by iodine vapor. In later developments bromine and chlorine vapors were also used, resulting in shorter exposure times. The daguerreotype is a negative image, but the mirrored surface of the metal plate reflects the image and makes it appear positive in the proper light. Thus, daguerreotype is a direct photographic process without the capacity for duplication.
While the daguerreotype was not the first photographic process to be invented, earlier processes required hours for successful exposure, which made daguerreotype the first commercially viable photographic process and the first to permanently record and fix an image with exposure time compatible with portrait photography.
The daguerreotype is named after one of its inventors, French artist and chemist Louis J.M. Daguerre, who announced its perfection in 1839 after years of research and collaboration with Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, applying and extending a discovery by Johann Heinrich Schultz (1724): a silver and chalk mixture darkens when exposed to light. The French Academy of Sciences announced the daguerreotype process on January 9 of that year.
Daguerre's French patent was acquired by the French government. In Britain, Miles Berry, acting on Daguerre's behalf, obtained a patent for the daguerreotype process on August 14, 1839. Almost simultaneously, on August 19, 1839, the French government announced the invention a gift "Free to the World".
Daguerreotype processThe daguerreotype is a unique photographic image allowing no reproduction of the picture. Preparation of the plate prior to image exposure resulted in the formation of a layer of photo-sensitive silver halide, and exposure to a scene or image through a focusing lens formed a latent image. The latent image was made visible, or "developed", by placing the exposed plate over a slightly heated (about 75°C) cup of mercury.
The mercury vapour condensed on those places where the exposure light was most intense, in proportion with the areas of highest density in the image. This produced a picture in an amalgam, the mercury vapour attaching itself to the altered silver iodide. Removal of the mercury image by heat validates this chemistry. The developing box was constructed to allow inspection of the image through a yellow glass window while it was being developed.
The next operation was to "fix" the photographic image permanently on the plate by dipping in a solution of hyposulphite of soda – known as "fixer" or "hypo". The image produced by this method is so delicate it will not bear the slightest handling. Practically all daguerreotypes are protected from accidental damage by a glass-fronted case. It was discovered by experiment that treating the plate with heated gold chloride both tones and strengthens the image, although it remains quite delicate and requires a well-sealed case to protect against touch as well as oxidation of the fine silver deposits forming the blacks in the image. The best-preserved daguerreotypes dating from the nineteenth century are sealed in robust glass cases evacuated of air and filled with a chemically inert gas, typically nitrogen.
ProliferationDaguerreotype photography spread rapidly across the United States but not in the United Kingdom, where Louis Daguerre controlled the practice with a patent. Richard Beard, who bought the British patent from Miles Berry in 1841, closely controlled his investment, selling licenses throughout the country and prosecuting infringers.
In the early 1840s, the invention was introduced in a period of months to practitioners in the United States by Samuel Morse, inventor of the telegraph code. A flourishing market in portraiture sprang up, predominantly the work of itinerant practitioners who traveled from town to town. For the first time in history, people could obtain an exact likeness of themselves or their loved ones for a modest cost, making portrait photographs extremely popular with those of modest means. Their wealthy counterparts continued to commission painted portraits by fine artists, considering the new photographic portraits inferior in much the same way their ancestors had viewed printed books as inferior to hand-scribed books centuries earlier. In some ways they were right, in other ways wrong; the vast bulk of 19th-century portrait photography effected by itinerant practitioners was of inferior artistic quality, yet the work of many portrait painters was of equally dubious artistic merit, and although photographic images were monochrome, they offered a technical likeness of the sitter no portrait painter could achieve. The first erotic photography and the first experimenters in stereo photography also utilized daguerreotypes.
This method spread to other parts of the world as well. In 1857, Ichiki Shirō created the first known Japanese photograph, a portrait of his daimyo Shimazu Nariakira. This photograph was designated an "Important Cultural Property" by the government of Japan.
The daguerreotype is commonly, erroneously, believed to have been the dominant photographic process into the late part of the 19th century in Europe. Evidence from the period proves it was only in widespread use for approximately a decade before being superseded by other processes:
- The calotype, introduced in 1841; a negative-positive process using a paper negative.
- The ambrotype, introduced in 1854; a negative image on glass, with a black paper backing.
- The tintype or ferrotype, introduced in 1856; a negative image on an opaque metal plate.
- The collodion process, introduced in 1851; a negative-positive process using silver salt impregnated collodion on a glass plate.
DemiseThe intricate, complex, labor-intensive daguerreotype process itself helped contribute to the rapid move to the ambrotype and tintype. The resulting reduction in economy of scale made daguerreotypes expensive and not affordable for the average person. According to Mace (1999), the rigidity of these images stems more from the seriousness of the activity than a long exposure time, which he says was actually only a few seconds (Early Photographs, p. 21). The daguerreotype's lack of a negative image from which multiple positive "prints" could be made was a limitation also shared by the tintype and ambrotype and was not a factor in the daguerreotype's demise until the introduction of the calotype. Unlike film and paper photography however, a properly sealed daguerreotype can potentially last indefinitely.
Daguerreotype cameras are expensive. In May 2007, an anonymous buyer paid 588,613 euros (792,000 USD) for an original 1839 camera made by Susse Frères (Susse brothers), Paris, at an auction in Vienna, Austria, making it the world's oldest and most expensive commercial photographic apparatus.
The Daguerreotype's popularity was not threatened until photography was used to make imitation Daguerreotypes on glass positives called "ambrotypes."-Meaning "imperishable picture" named by "Marcus A. Root.(Newhall, 107)
Living artSome daguerreotypes which have maker's marks, such as those by Southworth & Hawes of Boston, or George S. Cook of Charleston, South Carolina, Gurney, Pratt and others, are considered masterpieces in the art of photography. A daguerreotype of Edgar Allan Poe was featured on the PBS show Antiques Roadshow and appraised at US $30,000 to $50,000.
Daguerreotypy continues to be practiced by enthusiastic photographers to this day, although in much smaller numbers; there are thought to be fewer than 100 worldwide. Its appeal lies in the "magic mirror" effect of light reflected from the polished silver plate through the perfectly sharp silver image and in the sense of achievement derived from the dedication and hand-crafting required to make a daguerreotype.
The DaguerreobaseThe Daguerreobase is a database registration system (currently only available in Dutch) for daguerreotypes, developed by the Nederlands fotomuseum (Rotterdam, The Netherlands). It can be used by conservators and researchers as well as viewed by those interested. Its aim is to disclose historic and technical information about the daguerreotype on a worldwide level. The project was initiated by Hans de Herder, head of the conservation department of the Nederlands fotomuseum from its instigation in 1994 until 2005. It was further developed by Belgian photo conservator Herman Maes, de Herder's successor, Boudewijn Ridder and Nickel van Duijvenboden.
Other usesThe daguerreotype in baseball:The Sporting News has periodically published a book called Daguerreotypes, a collection of playing statistics about retired Major League Baseball players who are either in the Baseball Hall of Fame or are otherwise widely known among baseball historians. The book is structured in the same style as the annual Baseball Register of active players. However, this has nothing to do with early photography.
- Coe, Brian. The Birth of Photography, Ash & Grant, 1976.
- Jerry Spagnoli: Daguerreotypes as a Medium for Contemporary Art
- Jonathan Danforth: Contemporary Daguerreotype Artist
- Sean Culver: Artist and Contemporary Daguerreotypist
- Contemporary Daguerreotypes: a few of the people who make them today and how it is done
- An index of 19th Century American Daguerreotype Artists: Craig's Daguerreian Registry
- The Daguerreian Society: History, database and galleries
- Daguerreotype Portraits and Views, 1836-1864: US Library of Congress
- The American Handbook of the Daguerreotype from Project Gutenberg
- The Social Construction of the American Daguerreotype Portrait
- Daguerreotypes by the artist Christopher Lovenguth
- The Daguerreobase, conservator's database exclusively on daguerreotypes
- Article on daguerreotypes from Discover Magazine
- Article on making your own daguerreotypes from Instructables
- A University of Utah Podcast on Daguerreotype Theories
- America's First Look into the Camera Library of Congress
- TheDagLab: Contemporary Daguerreotypist offering tutorials, history and images.
daguerreotype in Arabic: داجيروتيب
daguerreotype in Catalan: Daguerrotip
daguerreotype in Czech: Daguerrotypie
daguerreotype in German: Daguerreotypie
daguerreotype in Modern Greek (1453-): Νταγκεροτυπία
daguerreotype in Spanish: Daguerrotipo
daguerreotype in French: Daguerréotype
daguerreotype in Friulian: Dagherotipie
daguerreotype in Galician: Daguerrotipo
daguerreotype in Icelandic: Daguerreaðferð
daguerreotype in Italian: Dagherrotipia
daguerreotype in Hebrew: דאגרוטיפ
daguerreotype in Latvian: Dagerotips
daguerreotype in Lithuanian: Dagerotipija
daguerreotype in Hungarian: Dagerrotípia
daguerreotype in Dutch: Daguerreotypie
daguerreotype in Japanese: ダゲレオタイプ
daguerreotype in Norwegian: Daguerrotypi
daguerreotype in Polish: Dagerotyp
daguerreotype in Portuguese: Daguerreótipo
daguerreotype in Russian: Дагеротипия
daguerreotype in Serbian: Дагеротипија
daguerreotype in Finnish: Dagerrotypia
daguerreotype in Swedish: Daguerrotypi
daguerreotype in Thai: กระบวนการดาแกโรไทป์
daguerreotype in Turkish: Dagerreyotipi
daguerreotype in Ukrainian: Дагеротипія
daguerreotype in Chinese: 银版摄影法
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For years, wood reigned as the classic ski material, but it's since been supplanted by more high-tech designs. Today, your skis are likely to be made from fiberglass or aluminum. But a ski isn't simply a shaped piece of one of those materials; it has many components, which vary in style or size depending on the model. Many of these components have logical names, but we'll go over them here.
The main part of the ski is the base, which comes into contact with the snow. The top of the ski, where the boots attach, is known as the deck, like a skateboard.
Skis aren't perfectly flat. When you place your ski on the floor of a ski lodge, you might notice a slight gap between the center of the ski and the floor. This gap is known as the camber. Think of it as the arch in your foot.
Of course, when you put the skis on and are careening around the slopes and placing your weight on the deck, all parts of the ski do eventually come into contact with snow. But say you're still looking at your ski, unworn, on the floor of the ski lodge. You'll see that parts of the bottom of the ski are touching the floor -- essentially, large parts of the front and back of the skis, with the camber in the middle -- and these areas are called contact points.
Like elf shoes, the front of skis curve up, preventing them from getting caught in the snow. This curved front is called, quite simply, the tip or the nose. The rear end of the ski is called the tail. The length from tip to tail, measured in centimeters, is the overall length.
If you've spent any time skiing, you've probably heard people talk about the edges of their skis. The edges are metal and help you to carve out turns. An effective edge denotes the part of the edge that actually touches the snow when you turn. Shorter effective edges make for quicker, but potentially less steady, turns.
A ski varies in width, and the widest part of the ski is called the shovel, near the front of the ski. The waist width is the narrowest point.
Finally, a ski's sidecut refers to how the ski is shaped from nose to middle. Imagine a ski as a perfectly rectangular board. The sidecut refers to the amount of material cut out of the sides of that board, creating the familiar, gently curved ski shape. A more dramatic sidecut produces a rounder ski that helps a skier to make sharper turns.
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Knowing the storage capacity of our gadgets has become essential in a time when we can quickly capture memories with a click. You're not the only one curious about how many photos a 32GB storage device can save.
As we work to digitally preserve our most treasured memories, this issue arises regularly. In this article, we'll explain the variables that affect storage space and offer a realistic estimate to help you manage your photo collection effectively.
Photo Quality and Megapixels
When determining how many photos a 32GB smartphone can hold, the quality of your photos should be the first consideration. Larger storage space is required to store higher quality images, which are often taken by cameras with more megapixels.
An image captured with a modern smartphone or digital camera can be anywhere between 2MB and 5MB in size on average. If your smartphone primarily takes images of this size, you can expect to store a sizable number of images on a 32GB device.
Compression and Resolution
Storage utilization is significantly influenced by resolution and compression options. Some devices allow you to take pictures at lower resolutions or use compression to reduce the file size.
While this can help you conserve space, it may compromise image quality. You can store more photos on your 32GB device if you're willing to accept slightly lower photo quality.
When evaluating storage needs, videos must be considered. Videos can occupy a significant amount of storage, especially those captured in high definition (HD) or 4K resolution.
A 4K video can easily exceed 300MB in length. Consequently, if you plan to shoot videos alongside photos, you'll need to allocate part of your 32GB for video storage, which will decrease the number of photos your device can hold.
Apps and the Operating System
It's essential to remember that the operating system and apps on your device also take up storage space. Your photos and videos don't occupy the entire 32GB of a device.
There is space reserved for the operating system, apps, and software updates. This consideration is vital when evaluating available storage, as the reserved space can differ based on the device and its operating system.
Estimating the Number of Photos
Let's use these parameters to estimate how many photos a 32GB smartphone can store. Taking a 3MB photo as an example, which is an average size for photos taken by modern smartphones, a 32GB device has a theoretical storage capacity of about 10,666 pictures.
It's crucial to remember that this is a basic estimate. In reality, the number of photos your smartphone can store may vary based on factors like photo quality, compression settings, and the presence of videos and other data.
Additionally, devices might compute storage based on binary data, which could offer slightly less space than the advertised 32GB.
On a 32GB smartphone, managing storage requires both organization and optimization:
- Regularly Transfer and Backup: Move photos and videos to a computer or cloud storage regularly to free up space and ensure you don't lose invaluable moments. When your device's storage capacity is full, backing up your data becomes essential.
- Delete Unwanted Content: Periodically review your photo collection and remove duplicates, blurry images, and photos you no longer want. This not only organizes your photo collection but also conserves space.
- Adjust Photo Settings: Explore your device's camera settings to change the resolution, compression, and quality of your photos. Strive to find a balance that optimizes storage while satisfying your quality preferences.
- Use Cloud Storage: Consider using services like Google Photos, iCloud, or Dropbox if you prefer storing your photos and videos online. These platforms provide a convenient way to access your media while freeing up device storage.
Maximizing Storage Efficiency
In the digital photography age, understanding your storage space and managing it effectively is crucial. While a 32GB device can store many photos, it's important to account for factors like photo quality, resolution, compression, and video presence.
By estimating your storage requirements and adopting wise storage management techniques, you can continue capturing and cherishing countless memories without running out of space.
So, as you embark on your photography journey, know that your 32GB device can hold a myriad of memories, ready to be revisited at your leisure.
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Travel Kansas -- Bird Cityby Neal Danielson, Editor
Bird City is located in Cheyenne County. Cheyenne County is located in the extreme northwestern part of the state (Figure 1) as can be seen by the insert of the outline of Kansas and the map of ca. 1899 (Figure 2). The county was organized in 1886 and was named after the Cheyenne Indian tribe that roamed the western part of the state. The County Seat is St. Francis located near the Republican River that runs from the southwest to the northeast with several creek branches flowing into the river.
Bird City was founded in 1885 and boasts a population of about 470 people. It is located east of St. Francis along the B & M Railroad line. The small rural country atmosphere of Bird City makes it a great place to relax. The post office opened October 28, 1885 with Charles J. Kerndt as postmaster and has managed to remain open to this day.
Shown below is a Post Card postmarked Bird City, Dec 26, 1908. The Figure 1 Cheyenne Co. Post Card is franked with a 1¢ green Benjamin Franklin stamp and tied to the card with a Circular Date Stamp (CDS). Of interest is the CDS and 'KNAS' rather than the normal 'KANS' used as the abbreviation. William A. Pegg (June 3, 1904 - July 18, 1912) was serving as postmaster during this timeframe (Figure 3).
Figure 3 - Post Card with CDS 'BIRE CITY KNAS' Dec 26 1908
The Post Card is just a simple note to a friend or relative letting her, Virgie, know that she, Mae, was going to be making a mince meat pie. Since the Post Card is dated December 26 it may have been written on Christmas Day, or the day before, in order to have for that special dinner. Bird City is located on what is now US Highway 36 that runs along the northern border of Kansas and Belleville is located in Republic County just off the Highway. Virgie Wyruth was apparently staying in the Republic Hotel as noted on the card.
Website: Kansas Counties
Back to The Wichita Stamp Club Page
Back to Kansas Postal History Page
Posted Nov, 2005 RR
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In the February and April issues we explored how the pruning work load expands. Toward the close of the February article, I stated “Good and properly funded VM programs experience few if any grow-in outages (0-2% of tree-related outages).” Statistics from broadly geographically dispersed utilities suggest 85% to 98% of tree-caused outages arise from some type of tree failure.
If we are to manage tree-related service interruptions, we need to examine tree failures. That starts by aligning processes to provide insight. While pretty well all utilities track outages caused by trees, in my experience there is a broad range in the utility of the data collected. Some utilities collect data categorizing tree-related outages into preventable or non-preventable. Usually only grow-ins are considered preventable. The best tracking I’ve encountered reports whether the tree-caused interruption arose from a tree within or outside the maintained right of way; whether the outage was due to a tree failure with further information about the type of failure. It may have been due to a branch failure, a trunk failure or an uprooted tree. When you add to this reporting of the serviceman and a follow-up inspection by an arborist, you begin to add detail on the tree species and over time gain insight into particular species vulnerabilities. This data can then be used to focus the hazard tree program. You may for example, find that a tree species that is only a minor component of the utility forest has a particular failure vulnerability that is often realized and, consequently, direct a more thorough risk assessment on stands of that species.
Here are some of the data garnered by a combination of servicemen and arborists reporting on tree-caused outage events.
- Outage data: duration, number of customers affected; customer minutes lost due to tree-related outages; percent of tree-related outages of all unplanned outages
- The percent of grow-in vs fall-in outages
- The percent of branch failure outages
- The percent of trunk failures and uprooted trees
- The tree species
- The distance of the failed tree from the nearest conductor
- The percent of hazard trees vs seemingly structurally sound healthy trees
- The weather conditions at the time of the interruption
Collecting this data takes time and costs money. So what is the payoff? How can we use this data?
Grow-ins occur from either underneath or adjacent to the conductors. If you can show your grow-in outages are below 5% of all tree-related service interruptions, you are demonstrating that you are properly funding the pruning program and generally, managing the trees within the right of way and directly adjacent to it. It would make it clear that 95% of your tree-caused outages arise from trees located on private property where your rights are limited.
I’m sure many of you have been in the position of wanting to remove branches overhanging distribution lines. There’s a considerable probability that your initiative was not well received by the community. People like their streets with big tree canopies and for some reason, do not find the blue sky you open up by removing all overhangs to be a positive aesthetic. Do you think you might have a better chance with the community if you had data indicating that over 60% of your tree-related interruptions were due to the failure of branches that were overhanging conductors?
At least the regulator would be aware of what you propose to do to improve reliability and why. Add that it is not uncommon for a major ice storm to cause crown damage in over 10% of the trees. Studies of tree damage after the 1998 ice storm in the northeast found 40 to 50% of the trees had damaged crowns (http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/lands_forests_pdf/ice99.pdf). That should create a pretty clear picture of what will happen to the electric system that tolerates tree branches overhanging conductors when you experience an ice storm or wet snow loading. That’s not to say removing overhangs will eliminate all outages arising from branch failures, which could still occur through wind throw, but the probability is greatly reduced. It’s difficult to gain both regulatory and community support without specifics on the risks and benefits.
I have often heard from utility arborists after a major storm that of the trees that caused an interruption, their guestimate was that over 90% would have been considered healthy rather than hazard trees. This does not seem to raise sympathy with regulators, politicians and I would imagine, the public. If, however, because you have arborists investigate tree-caused outages, you are able to definitively say as Puget Sound Energy and National Grid Transmission have stated, that 68% of tree-caused outages arose from trees that were not hazard trees, you have created a baseline and context for major storm damage. Would it be useful to have your regulator understand that your VM program can realistically only improve upon the other 32% of tree-related outages? Certainly it makes sense that if under normal operating conditions the majority of outages arise from apparently healthy, structurally sound trees that this percentage would be even higher during major storm events. Healthy, structurally sound trees are not targeted by the VM program. In that limited sense, outages arising from healthy, structurally sound trees are non-preventable.
The distance of failed trees from conductors is useful data. First this informs the vegetation manager whether crews are doing a good job of identifying hazard trees along the right of way edge. If they’re not, it can be rectified by more funding, training or a more rigorous methodology. However, if the failed hazard trees are well beyond the forest edge, the challenge to reduce tree-related interruptions is far more complex. Identifying tree hazards inside a forest stand is far more difficult simply through limited visibility and consequently, it is far more costly. The data is the first step in helping the regulator to understand that you are trying to maximize the public good. It is an area where increased spending may or may not provide a commensurate return in improved reliability.
The intent here has been to illustrate that there are two benefits to collecting detailed data regarding tree-related outages. The data can be used to improve the VM program. Equally important, however, is that the data facilitates the communication of realistic expectations for system performance and improvement.
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Found 2 items, similar to Air cell.
English → English
Definition: air cell
n : a tiny sac for holding air in the lungs; formed by the
terminal dilation of tiny air passageways [syn: alveolus
English → English
Definition: Air cell
Air cell \Air" cell`\
1. (Bot.) A cavity in the cellular tissue of plants,
containing air only.
2. (Anat.) A receptacle of air in various parts of the
system; as, a cell or minute cavity in the walls of the
air tubes of the lungs; the air sac of birds; a dilatation
of the air vessels in insects.
, n. [OF. celle, fr. L. cella; akin to celare to
hide, and E. hell, helm, conceal. Cf. Hall
1. A very small and close apartment, as in a prison or in a
monastery or convent; the hut of a hermit.
The heroic confessor in his cell. --Macaulay.
2. A small religious house attached to a monastery or
convent. “Cells or dependent priories.”
3. Any small cavity, or hollow place.
(a) The space between the ribs of a vaulted roof.
(b) Same as Cella
5. (Elec.) A jar of vessel, or a division of a compound
vessel, for holding the exciting fluid of a battery.
6. (Biol.) One of the minute elementary structures, of which
the greater part of the various tissues and organs of
animals and plants are composed.
Note: All cells have their origin in the primary cell from
which the organism was developed. In the lowest animal
and vegetable forms, one single cell constitutes the
complete individual, such being called unicelluter
orgamisms. A typical cell is composed of a semifluid
mass of protoplasm, more or less granular, generally
containing in its center a nucleus which in turn
frequently contains one or more nucleoli, the whole
being surrounded by a thin membrane, the cell wall. In
some cells, as in those of blood, in the am[oe]ba, and
in embryonic cells (both vegetable and animal), there
is no restricting cell wall, while in some of the
unicelluliar organisms the nucleus is wholly wanting.
See Illust. of Bipolar
. See Air cell
(called also cell genesis
, cell formation
, and cytogenesis
), the multiplication, of
cells by a process of reproduction under the following
common forms; segmentation or fission, gemmation or
budding, karyokinesis, and endogenous multiplication. See
. (Biol.) See Cellular theory
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ATHENS — Archaeologists in Greece have located long-lost fragments from the 2,500-year-old Parthenon built into the outer walls of the Athens Acropolis, a supervising official said on Thursday.
The fragments were pinpointed after a vertical scan of the 20-metre (65-foot) walls using a camera mounted on a modified weather balloon, says Mary Ioannidou, head of the Acropolis Restoration Service.
"We have known for many years that elements from the Parthenon and other monuments have been built into the walls," Ioannidou told AFP.
"Nobody knows how many there are. But now we are almost able to touch them. This has not been done before," she said.
Some of the architectural elements are believed to be parts of the Parthenon's vaunted metopes, or square decorative frieze spaces.
They were apparently used as building materials in the wall of the Acropolis -- a fortress for centuries -- during the 18th century.
The use of architectural elements from temples and other buildings in fortifications was commonplace in Greek antiquity and later periods.
The Parthenon has sustained significant damage in its long history. It was bombarded during a 17th century Venetian siege of Ottoman-held Athens and underwent modifications that turned it first into a church and then a mosque.
In the early 19th century, workers employed by British ambassador Lord Elgin tore down a large number of decorative friezes from the Parthenon.
They were shipped to London and were eventually put on display at the British Museum where they remain to this day.
The Museum has turned down Greek calls for their return, arguing that the Marbles are part of a world heritage and are more accessible to visitors in London.
"It was originally believed that Elgin had taken all the fragments," Ioannidou said on Thursday. "As it turns out, he did not."
Copyright © 2013 AFP. All rights reserved. More »
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Botulinum Toxin: A Bioterrorism Weapon
by Doug Hanson, PhD On Apr 1, 2004
Botulinum toxin, one of the most toxic poisons known, is derived from the spore-forming bacteria Clostridium botulinum. This bacteria occurs naturally in forest soils, lake and stream sediments and the intestinal tracts of some fish and animals.
Botulinum toxin gained public attention after a vial of the bacteria was found by investigators in Iraq after the ouster of Saddam Hussein. At the end of the 1991 Gulf War, Iraq claimed it had produced 19,000 liters of the toxin; if true, it was an amount capable of killing the entire population of the earth.
1 Botulinum toxin is also in the news because it is the ingredient in Botox, the much-publicized injection used to remove wrinkles and reduce aging effects.
What Is Botulinum Toxin?
Clostridium botulinum belongs to a family of Gram-positive bacteria that are capable of existing both as rod-shaped bacterial cells and as spores. Spores are heat-resistant and can survive in food that is improperly or minimally processed. The toxin produced by the bacteria is an enzymatic zinc-containing protein that breaks up one of the proteins involved in the release of acetylcholine into the neuromuscular junction. It is thus a potent and fast-acting neurotoxin. It is listed as "the most toxic substance known."2 It is estimated that a single gram of pure crystalline toxin, evenly dispersed and inhaled, could kill as many as one million people.3 However, such a dissemination would be technically unfeasible, since an effective mechanism for producing a large aerosol of botulinum has not been successfully developed.3
Botulinum toxin can be absorbed through the gastrointestinal or respiratory tracts; however, it is not absorbed by intact skin. The estimated lethal dose for a 91-kg (200-pound) person is 0.9–1.2 micrograms per kilogram by inhalation, and approximately 90 micrograms per kilogram by oral ingestion.4 Symptoms of botulinum toxin poisoning can occur within as little as two hours of exposure, or as late as eight days after.4
The toxin is a white crystalline solid; in liquid form, it is odorless, colorless and (as far as known) tasteless.3 The toxin is a protein and is sensitive to heat; it is destroyed when exposed to temperatures above 176ºF (80ºC) for a
10-minute period.5 Thus the toxin does not survive in foods that are properly cooked during preparation. The spores are more heat-resistant and can survive higher temperatures and longer periods of heating. Most naturally occurring outbreaks have resulted from eating improperly cooked foods like home-preserved foods, canned meats and cream cheese, or raw vegetables and fruits. Natural outbreaks are rare, but occur in the U.S. an average of 20 times per year and are distributed throughout all 50 states.6
Based on antigenic specificity, seven subtypes of botulinum toxin are recognized. Types A, B, E and F cause disease in humans. Types C and D cause cases mostly in animals and poultry. Type G, isolated from soil samples in Argentina, is not known to have caused any outbreaks to date.5
Botulinum Toxin as a Weapon
Since the 9/11 and anthrax letter events in 2001, the possibility of a biological attack on this country by terrorists has become an unfortunate reality. Botulinum toxin has always been on the list of top bioweapon candidate agents, because of its extremely high toxicity: 50–100 times more toxic orally than sodium cyanide.
The bacteria are easy to grow, and the toxin is relatively easy to produce in large quantities. This makes it a prime candidate for the bioterrorist's arsenal. The U.S. and Russia gave up trying to utilize botulinum because it could not be effectively "weaponized" like anthrax and smallpox. Weaponizing a bio-agent is a complex, multi-stage process. The final stage of weaponizing entails binding the bacteria to ultra-finely powdered materials like bentonite or silica gel.
This allows the material to stay suspended, forming a stable aerosol vehicle for dissemination.7 However, studies done by the U.S. military indicate that a point-source aerosol release of weaponized botulinum toxin could incapacitate or even kill 10% of the people downwind for a distance of one-third of a mile (1.760 feet).7 Such a release in a subway, shopping mall or a large enclosed event like a basketball game would have a major impact on a city, especially if multiple releases occurred at different locations simultaneously.
However, we should not necessarily expect that terrorist groups will have the wherewithal or even bother to develop refined preparations of botulinum or other agents. Relatively "crude" preparations of botulinum toxin delivered by homemade systems can cause significant exposure of the public. In March 1995, a radical Japanese cult, Aum Shinrikyo, placed packages containing plastic bags full of liquid sarin on five subway trains in different locations around Tokyo.
The bags were broken by piercing them with umbrellas. This released the liquid, which quickly evaporated, filling the train cars with sarin gas, a deadly nerve agent. Close to 4,000 people were injured in the attack, and 12 died.3 The anthrax episode in 2001 utilized a weaponized form of the bacteria, and the method of dissemination-letters in the U.S. mail-represented a crude but effective delivery system which was able to disseminate an agent to a variety of locations in a short time period.
The release of a crude preparation of toxin at multiple locations would effectively injure or kill some people while causing mass panic in the population. This type of attack can throw a city, or the whole country, into panic mode and would certainly tax local EMS and emergency department personnel and resources.
Terrorists have used botulinum toxin in the past. Aerosols of it were dispersed by Aum Shinrikyo at multiple sites in downtown Tokyo and U.S. military installations in Japan on three occasions between 1990–95.3 No one was injured or killed, and the reason these attacks failed is uncertain. It may have been due to use of a botulinum strain that produced an ineffective toxin subtype, faulty aerosol-generating equipment, or possibly internal sabotage by a cult member. The German Red Army was found to have manufactured the toxin in a safe house in Paris in the 1980s; however, it was never used in an attack.
In the 1930s, Japan developed an extensive bioweapons research complex at the village of Pingfan in Manchuria. Called Water Purification Supply Unit 731, or simply Unit 731, experiments on animal and human studies were performed using a wide variety of agents.
Dr. Shiro Ishii, the director of the facility, admitted exposing Chinese, Korean and American prisoners to botulinum toxin.8 There are suggestions it was also used by the Japanese to poison streams used by the Soviet Union for water sources. At the end of World War II, the U.S. and England took all of the data developed at Japan's Unit 731 for use in their own bio-agent development programs.8
The United States produced botulinum toxin during WWII, and designated it "Agent X." More than one million doses of antitoxin were available for allied troops preparing to invade Normandy on D-Day. Although the public reason given was a concern that Germany had weaponized botulinum toxin, private speculation was that the United States was prepared to use botulinum toxin if chemical agents were used against allied forces in the invasion.
Another potential target for the toxin is our food supply. Many parts of the U.S. food production and distribution system are potential focal points for sabotage. Terrorists generally consider these "soft" targets, since they are almost impossible to guard at all times. In October 2003, the FDA posted a warning about the potential for bioterrorist attacks on the nation's food and water supplies.9 Contamination of the food supply could come through spraying the agent on fruits and vegetables, which come to the marketplace unregulated, with a number of middlemen in the shipping process.
Contamination might also occur through processed foods such as dairy products, like ice cream and cheese, or through hamburger, canned meats, etc. In January 2003, hamburger in a Michigan supermarket was found to be laced with a nicotine pesticide, causing severe illness in more than 100 people. A disgruntled employee in a single store caused this incident; however, it demonstrated the relative ease with which foods can be contaminated. This is a clear example of how a relatively crude preparation of a bio-agent can be delivered by low-tech means.
Recognizing a Terrorist Attack
An outbreak with a large number of individuals presenting acute flaccid paralysis and significant bulbar palsies, all with histories of recent consumption of a similar food or food from a single location (a party, sporting event, supermarket, etc.), could be the result of a terrorist attack.
Consumption of the same food from a variety of supermarkets might also indicate that a foodborne attack has occurred. An outbreak of symptoms similar to those above occurring with a common geographic location (subway, airport, office building or sporting event), but no common food exposure, would suggest an aerosol attack. In each case, an attempt to find out from victims if other individuals were present and may have left the scene after being exposed would be essential to identifying all exposed individuals.
Symptoms and Treatment Steps
The signs of botulinum poisoning are essentially the same regardless of the route of exposure. Since the toxin preferentially affects the nervous system, paralysis generally starts at the head and moves down the body, affecting the limbs and eventually the lungs. Early signs of exposure include weakness, lassitude and vertigo; these are followed by facial diplegia, ptosis, disconjugate gaze and dysarthria. As the lungs are affected, there is difficulty breathing, and the victim eventually requires mechanical ventilation (see Table I).4
The differential diagnosis of botulinum poisoning includes tick paralysis, myasthenia gravis, diphtheria, pontine infarction and Guillain-Barré Syndrome (Miller variant).4 Diagnosis on symptoms alone would make it difficult to differentiate from these other illnesses if seen in a single patient. However, encountering a large number of patients presenting the same symptoms would indicate exposure to some toxic agent.
Confirmation generally requires laboratory analysis of serum or feces to demonstrate presence of the toxin. Laboratory analysis of the food eaten in a foodborne episode may also reveal its presence.9 A rapid, qualitative handheld field test for the toxin is available from several companies, including Alexeter Technologies10 and Osborn Scientific Group.11 In the event of a terrorist attack where large numbers of individuals are affected, a positive result with this type of kit can provide an immediate indication of the nature of the biological agent involved.
Treatment of toxin victims would include standard procedures:?Start an IV line, administer oxygen, take an EKG, obtain vital signs and check oxygen saturation levels with a fingertip monitor. If the EKG indicates irregular results, start a code of drugs as appropriate. If exposure occurred at a sufficiently high dose, swallowing difficulty or respiratory failure may already be present and necessitate breathing assistance, and possibly intubation, before the ED is reached.
An antitoxin that provides passive immunization to botulinum toxin is available, but it must be administered relatively close to the time of exposure to be effective.12 However, most hospitals do not stock this item. In any event, while this may improve the overall recovery of the victim, paralysis usually persists for several weeks after treatment.
Botulinum toxoid vaccine is available.12,13 A pentavalent toxoid of type A, B, C, D and E is available for pre-exposure prophylaxis. This toxoid is distributed to laboratory workers at high risk of exposure and by the military for the protection of troops.
It is unlikely that the F and G type toxins would be used in warfare because the strains of C. botulinum that produce these toxins are difficult to grow in large quantities. If new techniques allow production of toxins F and G in large quantities, the pentavalent toxoid will be useless.
The pentavalent toxoid is available as an IND only. This product has been given to several thousand volunteers and workers at risk from their occupations. It induces sufficient serum antitoxin levels; it requires three injections, followed by a yearly booster, for complete protection. The quantity of vaccine is quite limited, and it would most likely be reserved for groups judged at high risk for exposure, such as investigative agents.
Protection for the EMS Responder
In a foodborne attack, victims and foodstuffs should be handled with latex gloves. It is unlikely that significant toxin would be released into the air from the contaminated food materials. In a suspected aerosol attack, a full-face respirator should be worn to protect from exposure to residual aerosol. In an attack, it is difficult to determine the persistence of the aerosol after the initial release(s).
Temperature, humidity and the size of the aerosol particles all determine the rate of dissipation into the atmosphere. An enclosed site should be considered contaminated for at least 48 hours after exposure. The toxin does not penetrate intact skin, so protective suits would not normally be required, but this is at the discretion of individual EMS teams. Any clothing, skin or hair exposed to toxin should be washed thoroughly with soap and water. The toxin is heat-sensitive, so decontamination of equipment can be accomplished by heating to 80ºC for 10 minutes or by washing in 0.1% hypochlorite bleach solution.3
1. Statement by David Kay on the Interim Progress Report of the Activities of the Iraq Survey Group (ISG), before the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, October 2, 2003.
2. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Registry of the Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (R-TECS), keyword "Botulinum Toxin."
3. Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV, et al. Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: Medical and public health management. JAMA 285:1,059, 2001.
4. Martin CO, Adams HP. Neurological aspects of biological & chemical terrorism. Archives of Neurology 60:21–25, 2003.
5. U.S. FDA. Bad Bug Book, Chapter 2, vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap2.html.
6. Botulism in the United States 1899–1996: Handbook for Epidemiologists, Clinicians and Laboratory Workers. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 1998. Available at www.cdc.gov/nci dod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/botulism.pdf.
7. William C. Patrick III, former Chief of Product Development, U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories, Ft. Detrick, MD (private communication with Richard Preston, quoted in The Demon in the Freezer, Random House, 2002).
8. Goebel G. History of Biological Weapons, www.vectorsite.net/twgas3.html.
9. FDA Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/rabtact.html.
10. Alexeter Technologies, Inc. Chicago, IL. www.alexeter.com.
11. Osborn Scientific Group, Lakeside, AZ. www.osborn-scientific.com.
12. Biological Defense Vaccine Information Summaries. Publication of USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Maryland, 1994.
13. Weiner SL. Strategies for prevention of a successful biological warfare aerosol attack. Mil Med 161:251–256, 1996.
Table 1: Signs of Botulism
• Symmetric descending flaccid paralysis
Prominent bulbar involvement-4 Ds: a. Diplopia (double vision)
b. Dysarthria (difficulty walking due to descending skeletal muscle paralysis)
c. Dysphonia (difficulty speaking)
d. Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
• Afebrile patient
• Clear sensorium
Αλλαντίαση: Τι είναι και πώς θα προστατευτείτε
Δηλητήρια - Βάκιλλοι - Πολεμικά Αέρια - Νευροτοξίνες:10 από τα πλέον Φονικά στοιχεία...(Κάποια δε εξ' αυτών απολύτως προσιτά στην διεθνή τρομοκρατία και στην Εγκληματικότητα)
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Why does my dog growl?FamilyPet
When most people see or hear a dog growl, they take it to be a signal that the dog is mean. That’s not necessarily true. Here’s some useful information on why dogs growl and when it’s something that you should worry about.
Freeze, flight or fight
In the dog world, when confronted with something they are afraid of, surprised by, or do not like, dogs have three choices: Freeze, Flight, or Fight. Freeze gives the dog time to make an assessment of the proposed threat. If the dog is on a leash or in an enclosed yard the option of flight is removed. In the dogs’ mind the only option left is fight – which they usually warn first with a growl.
Growling as a warning sign
If “fight” is the response, then the growl is usually the final warning before the bite. You should always pay attention to the growl. Contrary to what lots of people think, you should never chastise for growling, or try to train a dog not to growl. That will only leave you with a dog that will bite with no warning at all.
Also note that the growl is only one of several warning signs that lead up to a growl or bite. In addition to the growl, you should watch for other body language signals such as ears that suddenly go flat back, a tail that raises stiffly – even it is still wagging, baring of teeth, or the hackles that raise on the back of the dog.
You should never chastise for growling, or try to train a dog not to growl. That will only leave you with a dog that will bite with no warning at all.
Pay attention to growl variations
Your dog may have variations of the growl:
- The fight growl above will come from deep in the chest and be lower in volume.
- Many dogs also have a play growl that they use with trying to entice other dogs to play or give chase. That growl is usually accompanied by a bark that is higher in pitch, shorter in duration, and does not have the accompanying body language cues.
- An injured dog may growl to let you know that they do not want to be touched because they are scared or in pain. If you must move a dog that is injured and growling, put a towel around their head to protect you from the bite so you can get them to safety and medical care.
The guard dog growl
Another common time that a dog will growl is if they are resource guarders – meaning that they are protecting what they perceive to be theirs. We see this most with food, toys, and even the owners. This is one reason why children should be taught at a very early age not to bother a dog that is eating. If the dog sees the child as competition for the food, he will protect it. You will see your dog freeze if someone walks by their food bowl (or toy, or person) to determine what the possibility is that the person is there for their food. If they perceive a threat – they will growl a warning. Heed it and call a professional trainer for help.
Children should be taught at a very early age not to bother a dog that is eating. If the dog sees the child as competition for the food, he will protect it.
Growling is not bad – it’s communication
Overall the growl is not a bad thing – it is the only way the dog can communicate to you that they are feeling threatened enough to do physical harm. You just have to figure out the reason. Use it as an early warning signal and take note of the circumstances and surroundings. I have learned over the years to take the growl seriously – if there is a reason they are uneasy, maybe you should be too.
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Episode 155 S4-31
Caring for Large Groups of Refugees
Battle for the South Ch 31
There are lots of scenarios that can produce refugees: natural disasters, politics, racial issues, religious issues. These refugees can appear in many different geographical locations. No matter where they are, they will need assistance to weather the storm.
Food is a big issues when you have large groups of people. Gardening and canning may not be possible in short term situations. The big question is: How long will they be there? For disaster relief scenarios in the United States the Red Cross and specialized rescue crews play a big roll in handling displaced citizens. In longer term scenarios having access to land where refugees can garden is good for food production as well as the human psyche. If people can at least grow garlic and spices it can make MREs more palatable. MREs as a long term food supply can get very old very quickly.
The United States also has many private organizations and churches that pitch in to help. For example Foodkind.org is a group of unpaid volunteers that goes into refugee camps or disaster relief camps to find would what the people are lacking. Most of the time it is nutrients in the form of fresh foods. They team with national sources and local food banks to help provide the needed items to the refugees. Psychologically this type of help is critical for individuals in the camp because they know they are not forgotten. Red Cross is also exceptional at providing disaster relief. They believe in bringing relief and dignity to those in crisis.
Who pays for this type of assistance? Americans are very generous people and crowd funding for these types of efforts reaps huge rewards. The Federal Government also spends big bucks on disaster relief.
In 2007 there were extreme fires in San Diego. The amount of refugees overwhelmed the system. Towns and cities have preplanned emergency locations but there were too many people and animals that needed care. New camps had to be opened and private sites popped up all over the place. The problem was that each camp needed to be assessed for the needs of each location. Disaster relief providers would rather have all the people in centrally located areas that are easier to monitor and provide the necessary supplies to.
Food could be available from many sources. Farmers get rid of a lot of food because it is not "pretty" enough to be sold at a supermarket. This fresh food resource is a big deal. Many survival foods have high sodium content and don't provide a great source of nutrients. This can compound medical problems among individuals in the camp.
If there were a series of natural disasters that struck the United States in sequence, the Federal Government would have to evaluate who needed the most help and start with those locations. The federal agencies would attempt to get more people into bigger groups so they can be cared for easily in one large shelter. Smaller groups will be overlooked and they will not receive aid. There will be no 911. Rescuers will have their own problems with facilities, gear, families, weather difficulties, etc. Bigger groups are easier to monitor however security issues also increase with size.
There are natural disasters possible in every corner of the United States. You need to be able to self-sustain for at least 72 hours after a disaster. Have your children ready and imagine possible scenarios together. Have a personal game plane and make sure you have gear and food prepared well ahead of time. The stores will run out and if you are already stocked, you're one step ahead. Know how to communicate without cell phones and internet. Know where to meet. Inform your family where emergency supplies are. Have a plan in place with a job for everyone.
Securing water for large groups of displaced individuals is another challenge that must be accounted for. Without clean water diarrhea and cholera can run ramped and render entire crews useless. Transferring water from one vessel to another creates contamination points because of dirty hands and unsanitary conditions. Make sure you stock up on water purification tablets. Remember these products have limits as to what they can eliminate in water.
Think about what water resources you have access to. What will you do if they fail? In the short term trucks of bottled water will probably be shipped into areas. Make sure you fill your bathtub and ready sources of water before disaster strikes. In a long term disaster scenario large water filtrations systems may need to be installed locally but this will take time. Consider capturing rain water if it proliferates your area. Local communities need to think about water resources in time of disaster and have a plan in place for evacuation centers.
Hygiene goes hand in hand with water resources and must be taken into consideration well ahead of a disaster. Educating people on clean habits and health risks is the key to long term success both today and in disaster scenarios. Have hand washing stations available. The supplies for disaster relief will have to come from somewhere so communities need to consider the possibilities now. Other items that play big roles in preventing disease transfer are mosquito nets and safe housing. Homes can become unsafe to live in because of structural damage, mold, infestations, etc. The community needs to monitor individual hygiene practices. If a disease breaks out it may affect everyone so everyone needs to be responsible for controlling contamination. Parents and older kids can set the example for younger children.
There is going to be a lot of human waste when you have large groups of refugees. Cholera, hepatitis and many other unfriendly diseases can rapidly spread if excrement is not properly disposed of. The community will need to provide sufficient facilities for these individuals. The existing facilities at evacuation buildings will be overwhelmed. A port-a-potty can be as sophisticated as a hole in the ground. In a country setting you can dig a trench and as you use it, you put dirt over the waste. When you are done with the trench site you can put ash from your fire on it and the lye will help break the waste down. A port-a-potty that you can't clean will do you no good. Urban communities will be challenged as to what to do with the waste. Planning for short and long term needs to be done well ahead of time.
Idle hands can be very dangerous. People need jobs and a feeling of contribution. Find a way for people to help out. It is good for morale. On a long term basis you can garden and put a lot of people to work there. Find a way for folks to earn their meal and they will appreciate it more and have less time to think of nefarious ideas. Before any of this happens you need to find a way to take care of yourself. Stock supplies and be aware of your family's needs. In a long term survival situation the surrounding community may be able to use the refugees' skills and labor. This would benefit everyone.
Morale will have to be maintained at every step of the process. During a disaster people go from coping to recovery to transforming (or building a new society). Individual talents should be utilized. Community helpers can play with kids when they have time. Happy children are morale boosters for the helpers and the parents. People will be fearful after a disaster. The type of disaster will determine the overall reaction to the problem. Donations of toys and supplies work as great morale boosters. Have the recipients write thank-you notes to keep them occupied. Ensure that the local community and community officials stay in touch and listen to the needs of the refugees. Bring in mental help professionals to help with psyche problems. Schooling and education should be provided in a long term situation. Reemployment education should take place for adults. This type of experience can often build resilience.
The medical needs of the displaced citizens needs to be considered as well. There are many organizations in the United States that help out with this. Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMAT) has lot of people who want to help. Religious organizations and private organizations provide medical assistance as well. There are lots of volunteers and programs like Doctors without Borders lending assistance across the world. Many of these teams also help to create safe water solutions. DMAT teams take care of everything, including disposal of deceased individuals. The team can roll in and be fully up and running within seventy two hours. They can provide a full on site hospital completely staffed. Security is provided for these individuals. However, they are not a long term solution. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) fill in the void after that. The disaster relief workers have families too and don't want to stay there forever. The teams are shifted in and out. There are international teams as well.
In the case of large scale disasters across the country there are sixty plus DMAT teams with over a hundred people on each team. They can handle multiple disasters and they are fully supplied to do just that. Again this is not a long term solution. They can set up outside of existing facilities and provide triage outside and send serious cases into the hospital. Plus, they can assist the hospital with a rapid increase of medically trained individuals.
Security risks are a major issues at large evacuation centers. The crime rate in the Superdome after the Katrina Hurricane victims were housed there was worse inside than it was outside. Chaos broke out inside of the building. The facility was overwhelmed with human activity. At night it was pitch black. Once people entered, they were not allowed to leave. There was no place to go because the facility had become flooded in place. People were stuck without transportation. Some people were armed and some folks just like to cause problems. People were off their medications and others took advantage of the lack of law enforcement. The group mentality went into panic mode. They began airlifting medical teams and people in fragile states of health out. Eventually, Sam's team was airlifted out as well because of the violence in the area.
The community needs to support relief efforts to avoid chaos like this. Put people to work as security personnel. Train new individuals to maintain order. In a case of wide spread disaster the community will have to self police or else people will take advantage.
Featured Quote From Today's Chapter:
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Foundations of Moral Development
Colby, Anne, Beaumont, E., Ehrlich, T., & Corngold, J. (2007) Educating for Democracy: Preparing Undergraduates for Responsible Political Engagement. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Anne Colby's "Educating for Democracy" presents readers with the compelling case for having political engagement courses taught at higher education universities. Colby's earlier book, "Educating Citizens: Preparing America's Undergraduates for Lives of Moral and Civic Responsibilities", took a broad overview of how moral and civic development should be taught at universities. In "Educating for Democracy", Colby takes this concept further and talks specifically about the area of political engagement which is part of an overall moral and civic development program.
While political engagement might have different definitions, in this work it is defined as participation of a group or community towards solving a problem. With this broad definition, political engagement is not confined to areas of political science and can include environmental and community issues that requires active participation. Colby presents the case for political engagement by dividing her book into three important sections. First the foundation of the theoretical rationale for teaching political engagement at universities is presented. The second part of the book addresses goals in that area that these programs should strive for and standards that ought to be followed. Finally Colby presents key pedagogical strategies that can be implemented by looking at examples found in politically engaged courses. Colby clearly means for this book to be for faculty since almost every chapter devotes sections to specific instructions that faculty should follow if they plan on developing these types of courses. Because of this specific emphasis it is hard to recommend this book for non-faculty members since it is meant for faculty members seeking to develop such courses in their programs. However, administrators and non-academic readers will be able to get a good understanding of why these courses are important in higher education.
Colby first begins by explaining the importance of having political engagement in higher education. According to the authors a strong democracy requires a smart and well rounded citizen. This well rounded citizen must be exposed to positive political engagement for them to develop the necessary characteristics an active and will informed citizen needs to participate in the political process. Colby's main assertion in her theoretical rationale is that political engagement skills must be developed in higher education as this is the key and central point of when young adults should be exposed. Exposure in secondary schooling is not enough and informal education via media is not appropriate to building skills that should be based on research based theories of participation and engagement. Colby stresses that political engagement fits in perfectly with the overall goals of higher education in developing the cognitive skills students need to make informed decisions based on analysis and application of knowledge to real world problems. Also, higher education's emphasis on multicultural pluralism and diversity of thinking makes higher education the best avenue to teach and encourage political engagement. However, one of the main criticisms of political engagement taught in higher education is that it may open up students to indoctrination by faculty or institutions that are slanted in their view of certain political views. Colby counters this by showing research data that indicates that students do not tend to change their political views if exposed to different ideologies in course settings. In fact, political engagement by students that are not interested in politics still show a benefit in their participation.
After establishing the theoretical foundations of political engagement, Colby's main thesis centers around the data gathered from the Political Engagement Program (PEP) at the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. This program gathered data from 21 courses identified as politically engaged courses. The survey and interview data outline several main points in the areas of politically engaged characteristics and specific pedagogical strategies in teaching these courses.
Political engagement has four main characteristics that students should exhibit and this is backed up by data found in the PEP course evaluations. They are political understanding, political skills, political motivation, and political involvement. Political understanding is the teaching of specific political knowledge and history of that particular problem that all students who are going to be participants should know. Political skills and involvement are the specific applicable characteristics that students develop in real world settings such as leadership, communication, influence, teamwork, and collaboration. Finally political motivation is one of the most important characteristics as it involves the ability to become lifelong political engagement participants. This is done through the fostering of political identity and habit forming skills.
In Colby's last section of "Educating for Democracy", the focus is on specific pedagogical strategies that were effective in the PEP courses that were analyzed. Teaching political engagement depends on political discussion and deliberation, political action and research projects, invited speakers and mentors, internships and service learning, and structured reflection. Courses using learning through discussion are classic examples of reasoned discourse that should be emphasized throughout higher education. It involves using reason, logic and facts to make your point and receive counter points. It also helps participants with listening participation skills and understanding of their own biases. The second strategy involves the specific application of skills such as research and analysis in research or action projects. These projects can be in real world settings such as a local issue or simulated problems such as global problems. The third pedagogical strategy involves courses that have invited speakers or mentors.
This strategy is effective for exposing students to people that are on the forefront of specific problems that are being studied. It allows students to directly engage and become motivated by people by learning firsthand about the issue they are studying. The fourth strategy involves the use of service learning or internships. This strategy directly places a student at the front of the issue they are studying. This could mean being directly involved with organizations that are trying to effect change. Service learning is a growing area in higher education and Colby shows that both service learning and political engagement benefits can go hand in hand. Finally, the last strategy involves the use of structured reflection and discussion as a way for students to self-reflect on their experiences in the course, and to build on skills learned during the course through self-analysis.
"Educating for Democracy" successfully presents the idea of political engagement and brings it from theoretical rationale through specific applications of this idea in real courses found in universities. It also specifically details how faculty can use proven political engagement teaching strategies to develop successful courses. The only weakness of this book has to do with the fact that the focus of this book should have been expanded a bit more to show how political engagement should become a part of the entire focus of a particular university. Colby addresses this point to a certain degree but the main emphasis remains on the specific practical application of course development and not necessarily at the institutional level.
Reviewed by: Andrew Hernandez
Doctoral Program in Educational Leadership at Fresno State (DPELFS)
Coles, Robert (2000). Lives of Moral Leadership. New York: Random House.
Robert Coles is a professor of psychiatry and medical humanities at the Harvard Medical School. He is also a supremely gifted writer who has written widely about children, including the Pulitzer Prize winning five-volume Children of Crisis and the best-selling The Moral Intelligence of Children and The Spiritual Intelligence of Children.
In Lives of Moral Leadership, Coles leads us along a winding path, where the reader encounters dozens of moral leaders and what makes them so. The first person we encounter on the path is Senator Robert F. Kennedy as he explains to Coles how one must become politically astute to bring about changes to the inequalities that Coles seeks to overcome. Kennedy leads Coles and his colleagues to new understandings of political and social intricacies and how we all must learn to work within such realities to bring about change.
Goodlad, John, I., Mantle-Bromley, C., & Goodlad, Stephen, j. (2004).. Educating for Democracy: Preparing Undergraduates for Responsible Political Engagement. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Education for Everyone: Agenda for Education in a Democracy was coauthored by John Goodlad, Stephen John Goodlad, and Corrine Mantle-Bromley. John Goodlad is the president of the Institute for Educational Inquiry and professor of Emeritus of the University of Washington. He is the author and coauthor of numerous books and highly regarded for his work. Stephen John Goodlad is a writer and philosopher. Coincidentally, he is also John Goodlad's son. Corrine Mantle-Bromley is the executive vice president of the Institute for Educational Inquiry. She is a former classroom teacher and associate professor at Colorado State University. In addition, her interests are in school university partnerships and education renewal.
The authors suggest that society has moved away from the primary purpose of education. According to Goodlad et al, the educational system was originally created to provide all citizens the necessary understanding and knowledge to practice democracy. The authors suggest that democracy has weakened within our schools and the real purpose for education has been lost. Furthermore, the mission of school systems should include placing power and responsibility in hands of those who need it to create freedom, dignity, and caring. The authors state that the schools have a more important role to play than is often recognized by society. It is no longer sufficient to teach students the basic core subjects. Schools must introduce and teach students the idea of political democracy. It is necessary to ensure the education is not just equitable but available to everyone.
The educational needs necessary to produce democratic citizens include but are not limited to "critical inquiry, knowing how to ask questions and what kind of questions need to be asked, knowing how to evaluate the legitimacy and accuracy of an argument, view issues from a variety of perspectives, read between the lines, and recognize and understand the unstated, the omitted, and the subtext." The educational needs identified above clearly demonstrate that a more complex type of school system needs support from parents, teachers, and students.
A powerful statement is made by Goodlad in this book. Goodlad states, "Public schooling is the only education experience shared by almost every single person in a free society. No Institution exists in the modern world other than our schools that can begin to fulfill this most and fundamental responsibility. Democracy's tomorrow depends very much on what goes on in classroom today." Again, the emphasis is related to the overwhelming task, responsibility, and commitment educators must make in order to make a difference in the educational needs for students to become democratic citizens. Educators must also be role models and practice what they preach to effectively meet the challenge of ensuring all students have equitable access to the same knowledge.
My critique of this book discusses both strengths and weaknesses I have identified. Overall, Education for Everyone: Agenda for Education in a Democracy was a collection of powerful concepts that provoked thoughtful reflection. I was able to relate much of the concepts to my current position. I also discovered that the ideas and concepts developed by the authors have been utilized in other educational projects that encourage partnership initiatives. This leads me to believe that the ideas can be generalized and further developed into actions that lead to democracy in our schools. Although some goals were provided for American schools as tools to better prepare students for democracy; the goals were general in nature and specific examples were not given of what each goal should look like in a school system. Finally, the author did provide a tool for reflection and possible professional development for teachers, administrators, and school boards. The words of wisdom shared by all three writers will no doubt enlighten anyone who reads the book.
Reviewed by: Susana Ramirez
Doctoral Program in Educational Leadership at Fresno State (DPELFS)
Kohlberg, Lawrence (1981). Essays on Moral Development: The Philosophy of Moral Development. Vol. I. San Francisco: Harper and Row.
This is the first of two volumes of essays by the preeminent researcher of the cognitive-developmental perspective on moral development. In it Dr. Kohlberg focuses on fundamental theoretical issues, including the relevant ideas of Plato, Kant, Dewey, Piaget and Rawls and relates his now famous hierarchy of the six stages of moral development to political, religious and philosophical questions. Various topics cover the imposition of values, the importance of dialogue to moral education, the universality of moral development, the teaching of justice in the public schools, and much more.
Kohlberg, Lawrence (1984). Essays on Moral Development: The Psychology of Moral Development (Vol. II). San Francisco: Harper and Row.
In this volume Dr. Kohlberg discusses the theory of moral development with a full description of the construction and derivation of his six stages. Kohlberg reviews the basic schools of thought behind moral psychology and sociology and distinguishes his cognitive-developmental research model from other approaches. Several chapters speak to the universality of the stages. Of particular interest is the last section of this book which presents the moral dilemmas originally developed by Kohlberg to study the development of justice notions and the research methodology used by him. The relationship of moral judgment to moral behavior is also discussed.
Lickona, Thomas, Ed. (1976). Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research and Social Issues. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
This classic text, by a first-rate authority in the field, brings together a distinguished group of scholars whose research is at the forefront of the field. A sampling of authors include Lawrence Kohlberg, Urie Bronfenbrenner, Walter Mischel, James Rest and Alan Lockwood. Topics include the cognitive-developmental approach to moral development, the development of empathy and role-taking, perspectives on honesty and dishonesty, the role of parents and peers in moral development, television as a moral teacher and much more. An excellent resource for basic research and understanding.
Neiman, S. (2008). MORAL CLARITY: A Guide for Grown-Up Idealists. Orlando, FL: Harcourt.
It is very hard to write well about ethics, and especially so in a way that engages and interests that elusive phantom of writers' imaginations, the general reader. But Susan Neiman's previous book on ethics, "Evil in Modern Thought," was widely and favorably reviewed, and the present work is a worthy successor. Neiman's particular skill lies in expressing sensitivity, intelligence and moral seriousness without any hint of oversimplification, dogmatism or misplaced piety. She clearly and unflinchingly sees life as it is, but also sees how it might be, and could be, if we recaptured some of the hopes and ideals that currently escape us.
In other words, like its predecessor, "Moral Clarity" is a sustained defense of a particular set of values, and of a moral vocabulary that enables us to express them. Neiman sees these values as neglected or threatened all along the political spectrum. They received their strongest defenses in the moral thought of the Enlightenment, in David Hume and Adam Smith, but more particularly in Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Immanuel Kant. So the book is not only a moral polemic, but a powerful argument in support of the resources that these Enlightenment figures left us. Neiman, an American who is currently the director of the Einstein Forum in Berlin, boldly asserts that when Marxism, postmodernism, theory and fundamentalism challenge the Enlightenment they invariably come off second best. I agree, and I wish more people did so.
Neiman's Enlightenment is not the hyperbolic ideology detected by some critics. It is not the unthinking worship of science, the materialistic, technological ideology that upset the Romantics and continues to upset their followers. It is not an unthinking confidence in the human capacity for knowledge, and still less in human perfectibility and unending progress. On the other hand, neither is it merely an expression of liberty, a resistance to unearned authority and the discovery of tolerance, which, she argues, provides too pallid an ideology to tempt people away from the superstitions and fundamentalisms that promise them more. It is rather an attitude encapsulated in four virtues: happiness, reason, reverence and hope. The moral clarity of her title is therefore not the ability to calculate answers to the practical conundrums that life sets us. It is rather the ability to see life in ways infused with these categories: to cherish happiness, to respect reason, to revere dignity and to hope for a better future.
It may seem surprising that we could need reminding of these things, but a foray into an airport bookstore, or a trip around any gallery of contemporary art, would show how far our culture would have to move before it gets back to being comfortable with them. To take just one significant example that Neiman highlights, the current value placed on being a "victim," and the glorification of victims as heroes, should be seen as a denial of human freedom and dignity, a denial of happiness and a barrier against hope.
Although her philosophical heroes are associated with the secular character of the Enlightenment, Neiman is deeply respectful of religious traditions and religious writings, and rightly dismissive of the kind of brash atheism that confidently insists there is no good in them. On the other hand, following Plato, she does not see ethics as the distinct preserve of the faithful. Instead, she writes, "religion is rather a way of trying to give shape and structure to the moral concepts that are embedded in our lives." Her most profound engagement with a religious text is with the Book of Job, the confrontation with natural evil and injustice that conditioned almost all the subsequent contortions of theology.
Philosophically, one of the deepest discussions in the book is Neiman's appropriation of Kant's doctrine of freedom. This is a notoriously treacherous area, but Neiman correctly aligns it with the human capacity for noticing or inventing (it does not necessarily matter which) possibilities for action. As well as whatever is the case, we have what might be the case, or what we could make come about, as well as what ought to be the case. Freedom, in the sphere of action, is therefore associated with a refusal to accept that what is the case limits and constrains our possibility for doing the other thing, surprising the psychologist, as it were. If the biological scientist comes along and tells us that we are all selfish, we do not need to conduct surveys and build laboratories to disprove it. We just need to remember that it is open to us to tip the waitress although we will never see her again, or to refuse to comply with the unjust demand to condemn the innocent who is accused of some crime, even if it would benefit us to agree. If the biological scientist says that it is against human nature to do these things, we have it in our hands to refute him on the spot. If on the other hand he retreats to saying that doing them is just a disguise for selfishness, first, it is not clear that he is doing science anymore, and second, we can properly reply that if so it is the disguise, and not our supposed true nature, that matters to the waitress or the innocent who is accused. Theories about how moral education works are not nearly as important as we tend to think, provided we can keep our confidence that such education can work. The problem with our contemporary "scientism" about human nature is that too often it half convinces us that it cannot, and thus, Neiman says, helps dissolve both reverence and hope.
One of Neiman's favorite examples of heroes is the Abraham who questioned God's decision to destroy Sodom on the grounds that it would be unjust to any good people in the city. Saying no or even "Are you sure?" to infinite power is probably high on most people's list of heroisms, one they hope, but doubt, they might achieve themselves. A more surprising hero at first sight is the wily Odysseus, the crafty wanderer whose morals are more frequently the target of raised eyebrows. But Odysseus represents the kind of engagement with the world coupled with an awareness of possibility that Neiman admires. His vitality, his adaptability, and his touching humanity are better models for grown-up living than the cardboard cutouts that inhabit most people's moral imaginations. Plato made a cognate point by banishing the artists from his ideal republic altogether, supposing that the human imagination is too malleable to withstand without corruption their assaults of fantasy and falsehood. Again, it is a sign of our times that we find anything outlandish in this view.
Finally, besides heroism there is villainy. Neiman wrestles with Hannah Arendt's problem of the banality of evil, and in particular the banality of evil in modern America: the betrayal of decency by Donald Rumsfeld, Dick Cheney and their underlings in the institutions they helped to poison. They are easy enough targets, but in taking them on Neiman again makes deep and important points. One of them is that evil is not only banal, but often results from brutal insensitivity rather than devilish malice. George Bush is not Iago or Scarpia, but the image of him repeating in speech after speech after the Sept. 11 attacks that with the simultaneous coming of war, national emergency and recession he had "hit the trifecta" is surely, as Neiman argues, from one of the lower circles of hell.
Reviewed by: Simon Blackburn is a professor of philosophy at the University of Cambridge (http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/27/books/review/Blackburn-t.html). His latest book, "How to Read Hume," will be published in the fall.
Noddings, Nel (1986). Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Nel Noddings has written a very creative book in which she makes a theoretical case for human caring as the foundation of ethical responsiveness. She argues that while men base their ethical decisions on the application of universal principles, women base their ethical decisions on feelings, needs, impressions, and a sense of personal ideal. Morality, she advocates, should be based on a reciprocity between the person doing the caring (e.g., mother, teacher) and the one being cared for. In this sense she discusses thinking and feeling, guilt and courage, reciprocity, obligations and lessons of right and wrong. Moral education is an enterprise of the whole community, and the task for the teacher is to 'receive' their students in their entirety and not just as receptors of subject matter. Rather than a romantic perspective, Noddings believes her perspective to be very practical and leading to a sound basis for a different way to organize schools.
Piaget, Jean (1965). The Moral Judgment of the Child. New York: The Free Press.
This book by one of the great psychologists is the foundation for the overwhelming research on 20th century notions of children's moral development and understandings and was the inspiration for Lawrence Kohlberg's life-long study of moral development. In it Piaget gives detailed observations, with commentaries and examples, of how children at different ages and stages understand rules and play games, and how they interpret moral dilemmas. Piaget discusses topics such as children's perspectives on stealing, lying, distributive and retributive justice and attitudes towards authority. An excellent resource for the classroom teacher who wants to understand more about why children behave as they do and how to interact more appropriately with them.
Reimer, Joseph, Paolitto, D.R., and Hersh, R.H. (1983). Promoting Moral Growth: From Piaget to Kohlberg. New York: Longman.
Lawrence Kohlberg called this book "the best introduction to the cognitive-developmental approach of Piaget and myself available." In Part I the authors give a full account of Piaget's earlier theory and its relationship to the theory later proposed by Kohlberg, taking a critical look at other approaches, particularly values clarification, along the way. In Part II moral education is presented in action. The purpose of Part II is to translate Kohlberg's theory into practice, with separate chapters on appropriate teaching strategies, the creation of curriculum materials, and an elaboration of the "just community" as an organizing structure for schools. An easy to read, yet important book.
Soder, Roger (Ed.) (1996). Democracy, Education, and the Schools. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
This book highlights the most fundamental function of the schools—to educate students for participation in a democratic society. According to editor Roger Soder and the book's contributors, this process requires teaching children moral and intellectual responsibilities. The interdisciplinary perspectives on the nature of democracy and the necessary skills for participation come from scholars in education, history, political science and anthropology—among them—Linda Darling-Hammond and John Goodlad. The book moves from a discussion of democracy and nurturance to a study of education as an instrument of democracy, and on to protection of individuality and the common good. Finally, the focus is on preparing teachers and teaching students. The essayists each answer the questions: What should the teacher's objectives be and how should these best be accomplished? The book is most useful in providing educators of students at all levels, a meaningful framework for considering their daily efforts in preparing future citizens.
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Overbrook Elementary School - 1934
This 1934 photo shows Overbrook Elementary School, located at 2140 Saw Mill Run Boulevard in Pittsburgh's Overbrook neighborhood. The school was built in 1928 and was slated to be the modern replacement for Overbrook Borough's aging Oak Elementary School.
When Overbrook Borough was annexed into the City of Pittsburgh in 1930, and the subsequent rezoning of the Reflectorville and East Brookline areas of the former borough into the community of Brookline, children from the Reflectorville area and part of East Brookline were assigned to Overbrook Elementary, which was renamed Overbrook Central School.
Over its seventy-five year history, the school was enlarged twice to accomodate the increasing student population in the area. During this time, some Brookline children continued to go to Overbrook School, shown below in 1960, until its closing in 2003.
<Local Schools> <> <Brookline History>
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Sexual and reproductive health knowledge
This indicator is a composite indicator or index measuring adolescents‘ knowledge of key sexual and reproductive health (SRH) topics and issues. The topics and issues included in the indicator should reflect those of primary importance for protecting the SRH of adolescents and/or those the program emphasized.
Evidence of knowledge of key SRH issues, usually solicited by means of personal interviews with or self-administered questionnaires completed by adolescents
The following is an illustrative list of topics that evaluators may include:
- The female menstrual cycle and conception;
- Ways to avoid pregnancy;
- Methods of contraception;
- Correct use of (at least) condoms and oral contraceptives;
- Existence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV;
- Means of transmission of STIs;
- Ways to avoid STIs; and
- Symptoms of STIs.
Evaluators may want to disaggregate by the following age ranges: 10-14, 15-19, and 20-24.
Surveys of adolescent program participants or of adolescents in the program‘s intended population
Adolescents must have knowledge of key SRH topics and issues if they are to make informed decisions to protect their health and well being. Many adolescents get their RH information from poorly informed sources (i.e., peers). Inaccurate beliefs concerning levels of risk associated with particular behaviors and/or the effectiveness and side-effects of different types of contraceptives can be strong enough to prevent adolescents from accurately perceiving the potential consequences of their behaviors. This indicator is a composite measure that includes the SRH topics and issues of primary importance for protecting the RH of adolescents and/or those topics and issues the program emphasized.
When interviewers question adolescents about these topics they should use local, non-scientific names to describe certain practices and conditions. Evaluators can and should analyze separately the individual topics and questions included in the composite index to determine those specific topics requiring further emphasis by the program. Although adolescents need accurate knowledge of SRH topics for informed decision-making, adolescents may not act in a manner consistent with their knowledge, such that evaluators need to measure behavior separately.
index, knowledge, adolescent
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If members of the community feel that their own concerns are not understood, their confidence in law enforcement personnel to meet these needs may be severely diminished. Unfortunately, this can adversely impact cooperation for reporting crimes and providing information vital to solving crimes.
The program helps civilian and law enforcement personnel to:
- Critically examine stereotypes and cultural assumptions that are often held by the community and by the law enforcement professionals who serve the community.
- Examine ways participants perceive others, how others perceive them and how this impacts officer effectiveness and, ultimately, officer safety
- Observe and experience cultural differences, to increase awareness of attitudes and behaviors, and to appreciate the commonalities that exist across diverse cultures
- Discuss the negative effects of prejudice and discrimination and thereby become empowered to confront these divisive issues
- Examine how diversity skills directly affect law enforcement work, including its relationship to hate crime investigations
- Create a situation that will reinforce the concept of team building
- Turn knowledge into usable skills for serving a diverse community
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What is Android rooting
As everybody knows that Android is based on Linux. Google developers have modified the kernel and other resources to run Android on low hardware resources as well. Android can run on processors ranging from 600Mhz single core to any Quad core powerful 2 GHz processor. In Linux root users means the Administrator account. The rooting or root means gaining the administrator account access to Android that is locked by default. Most of the time in rooting procedure we install app like SuperSU that controls and supervises the access of applications to an Administrator or root rights.
SuperUser or the root users gives you access to system settings, locked system files. You will be able to modify the firmware, install unsigned apps, delete the pre-installed default apps. Basically, you can change the whole environment and control every software aspect of your device. Most of the people root their Android device to install apps like Titanium Backup that can help them with backing up apps, app data and restoring them. There are different custom made firmware available for Android devices that can be installed only if you are rooted. Custom Recoveries like Clockworkmod and TWRP helps you with backing up your firmware and installing custom firmware.
Advantages and Disadvantage:
You can find long lists of advantages of rooting your Android phone all over the internet. You can install unwanted apps, upgrade to unofficial leaked updates before they arrive over OTA, Customize ROM with optimized performance - user interface and battery tweaks. Install custom kernels that boost device performance and processor overclocks. There are much more you can get, but with every boon there is some hidden curse. The biggest fear is bricking your device while rooting. There are easy tutorials over the internet to root your device, but do not rely on them. First explore resources like XDA forum and rootzwiki to make sure the process is working. If the device is new and there is a chain of operations you need to execute, to root the device. I would suggest you to wait for a one click rooting tool release for your device.
Root also increases the chances of malware infiltration on your device. As your device is open, and you have full access, if somehow the malware gains the access can extract your critical data and thus rooted devices are unsafe. Thus rooting brings power to you, but there is a bit risk always.
Does Rooting Voids warranty?
Yes, rooting voids warranty. Manufacturers have warned it many time rooting is a not an authorized procedure that is officially allowed. But Android is open source and there is no law to stop you from rooting your device. Some companies like Motorola and HTC have launched their developer portal to provide resource and app to break bootloader. Once you break into bootloader its much easier to get the root. I have a Samsung Galaxy Note and I have rooted it. I faced a small issue and took it to the service center and they repaired it without checking whether it's rooted. I asked People there about the policy and they stated that the company has not directed them to check if the phone firmware has been modified. This does not happen just with me, I have asked multiple users who were using HTC, LG and Sony devices. They confirmed that companies repair devices even if it's rooted.
If you want to be on the safe side then you can install the stock firmware to unroot your device before going to the service center.
How to root your Android Phone or Tablet?
There are different ways to root every device. Every manufacturer has different bootloader and kernel on their device this makes it hard for developers to design a tool that can root all other devices. There are different projects that are claiming to root most of Android devices. The First one I will recommend is Binary4root developed by XDA recognized developer Bin4ry. It can root new Sony Xperia Phones and Sony Xperia Tablet beside that it successfully roots Nexus 7 and other new Android Tablet.
The next tool users talk about is unlock root. This tool is widely available over the internet and works on any device that has an unlocked bootloader. Users have tried it on LG, Micromax, Spice and other devices. I have also come across a new project Ready2root which has a database of rooting all Android Phones. There are total 298 devices in their database.
I really like the idea of rooting an android device. Upon rooting your android device is under your command, on the palm of your hands!
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Full text: https://www.biobasedworldnews.com/how-could-renewable-car-tyres-be-made-from-grass-clippings-in-your-back-garden?utm_campaign=Bio-Based+World+News&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=43059905&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-9S83qI4P21J08SZT9wGuO_PjmJRfkyyzjvryepJPedWBwNpKZbDszDDDN1YCIHKQjLz8Amx6rVq4qChm4-uV2_y-MQBtJsDnhvwLZuf-9ZKjaEhFA&_hsmi=43059905
27 Februar 2017
How could renewable car tyres be made from grass clippings in your back garden?
University of Minnesota Scientists invented a renewable car tyre produced from natural resources
Today, over one billion car tyres are produced every year. The number in use is forecast to increase by up…
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|What is Power over Ethernet (PoE)?
|Traditional standards of telephone
When using a residential telephone line, a phone
still functions in the event of a power outage. The reason is that the phone
company sends low voltage power over the phone line. This power is separate
from the electric company’s network, so that even if the power goes out, the
phone will still function.
Business telephone systems
power analog and digital telephone extensions in the same way. Manufacturers
of these systems provide standards for sending low voltage power through
digital and analog extension ports. This allows the extensions to have
features such as backlit displays, general functioning, and ringing. In some
cases, consoles with large displays or telephones with adjuncts like
speakerphones also require a separate power supply. However, the majority of
extensions use direct line power.
|IP phones and the history of PoE
|IP telephones are connected to
your data network and receive power differently. Because Ethernet wiring
predates IP telephony, cabling standards never included requirements for
directly powering devices like IP phones. The first IP telephones that were
released came with external power supplies. Because businesses typically
deploy more phones than data equipment, provisions for power outlets at each
workstation were required. This proved to be more difficult than traditional
digital and analog phone installations which simply involved plugging the
phone into the jack.
In order to eliminate local power supply
requirements for IP phones, Cisco introduced a proprietary standard in March
2000 (Cisco Inline Power) to send power over Ethernet wiring. This
innovation received recognition industry-wide and began a movement to
standardize power over Ethernet (PoE) for multi-vendor interoperability.
The Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE), one of the world’s leading technical
professional societies, ratified the 802.3af Power over Ethernet
standard in June of 2003. It describes a system to pass electrical power
safely, along with data, on Ethernet cabling. The 802.3af PoE
|IP Phone External
|The Avaya 1151D1 and
Cisco Power Cube are commonly used to power IP phones where PoE is
network hardware and endpoint devices to produce switches, IP telephones,
wireless access points, and IP cameras with standardized PoE support.
Consequently, proprietary forms of power over Ethernet are now obsolete.
Today, most IP phones support both 802.3af
PoE and external power supplies. If a company has yet to deploy switches
supporting PoE, then they can still use power supplies for their IP phones.
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Social media enables teenagers to communicate with friends all over the world but reduces opportunities for real life social interaction. It is vitally important that teenagers spend time with their peers, as it encourages social and emotional development that will prepare them for adulthood. Teenagers who become isolated become prone to depression, low self esteem and can become victims of cyberbullying. A MUGA provides teenagers with the opportunity to be part of a team, establish themselves with a close knit group of friends, promotes a sense of achievement and of course has physical benefits.
A MUGA is a multi use games area that incorporates basketball rings, goal posts and floor markings in an enclosed area. You will see a MUGA in parks, housing association estates, schools and holiday parks. They provide the perfect opportunity for members of a community to unite through informal sporting activities and strengthen social bonds. A MUGA in a school playground provides a safe area for children to play ball games – this is particularly useful if the overall area of the school grounds is quite small or prevents balls straying in urban schools.
The concept of indoor team building tends to conjure up the image of David Brent from, ‘The Office’, playing his guitar. While outdoor team building involves sitting in the pouring rain trying to light a fire with two pieces of wood. Essentially team building provides the opportunity for managers and coaches to study the dynamics of their team in a neutral environment. In the case of football the team members can learn the relationship between the different positions, their roles in the game and even the, ‘Off Side Rule’,
If we imagine that being a teenager is actually a team building activity that prepares youngsters for adulthood we can see how meeting up to socialise in a MUGA will help them learn a lot about life. Group dynamics play a major role in teenage hangouts as roles become clearly defined, they learn how to deal with conflict, jealousy and disappointment. Members of sports teams learn how to identify goals and how they can cooperate with other team members to win matches. Lessons learnt at the local MUGA will help teenagers through their early adulthood and they will make life long friends.
In 2008 a group of children broke into a hut in a school in Doncaster to put on floodlights so they could play football in the MUGA. The police, realising that the crime was committed in order to participate in a game the child were passionate about, decided that the best course of action was to provide structured training sessions for the boys. This approach benefitted the children in two ways; there were reduced incidents of anti social behaviour and the boys felt valued. The incident highlighted the need for more sports provision and guidance from adult members of the community. (BBC Sheffield and South Yorkshire).
If you would like to improve opportunities for teenagers in your local community or are a school that would benefit from installing a MUGA, please contact us and we would be happy to discuss your options.
Playgrounds, parks, and other aesthetically pleasing open spaces are important selling points for new housing developments. They are critical to the development of healthy communities because they improve physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Many local planning authorities emphasise the importance of a variety of both formal and informal outdoor spaces. These areas are referred to […]
Play is for Everyone We believe that everyone is awesome! Promoting a more equal and inclusive society in the workplace AND the playground is extremely important to us. Our passion is to create an environment that allows children to play together in a fun, happy, kind and safe space. Our Jukebox Harmony is a vibrant […]
Three Reasons Why Playgrounds and Open Spaces Are Important to Communities Public open spaces are playgrounds are becoming an ever more important asset to children and local communities across the UK. They are frequently used as the community’s heart. Regardless of size they are wonderful gathering areas for neighbours and friends (especially when there is […]
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Bilingualism and biculturalism are related, but they are not the same thing.
Some people assume that if you raise a child to be bilingual, that child will automatically have access to another culture. While it helps, it’s not quite that easy — bilingualism is more of a door into biculturalism.
First, the definitions:
- Bilingualism is the ability to communicate in two languages. It generally implies writing, reading, and speaking fluently, although the term is also sometimes applied to individuals who are only bilingual speakers, and not literate in a second language.
- Biculturalism is an immersion in two distinct cultures, implying participation in traditional heritage practices like food, dress, family traditions, folklore and folk art, etc.
Speaking a heritage language is often an important part of biculturalism. However, the immersion goes beyond that. Biculturalism is often, but not always, the product of a bicultural family, usually one made from a cross-cultural marriage.
Bilingual individuals will have an easier time sampling experiences from other cultures even without a family tradition of it, however — the second language gives them access to people from that language’s culture or cultures.
Aspects of Culture Beyond Language
Here are a few of the things a bicultural individual experiences from more than one perspective, in addition to language and speech itself:
Cultural or “heritage” dishes are generally influenced by the staples that were available wherever that particular culture and language was established.
Dining cross-culturally can be a linguistic experience — most Americans, for example, know that “con arroz” means “with rice” in Spanish, simply from the prevalence of Latin American foods in the United States.
However, it is possible to eat culturally-influenced meals without knowing any of the parent language, and many children do, particularly in households where immigrant parents or grandparents cook, but children are raised speaking the local language.
Some traditions go beyond just the kinds of food used, and affect how they are eaten as well — the difference between using chopsticks and forks, for example, or between eating omelets and other egg dishes for breakfast (United States) and for evening meals (Eastern Europe and parts of Latin America).
One of the advantages of introducing children to bicultural eating as well as language when they’re young is that it becomes less of a culture shock when they travel later in life. They’re already familiar with the traditional foods of their heritage country. And, as an added bonus, it gets them used to the idea of a varied diet in general — a good way to help discourage picky eating habits!
2. Folk Art
The broad category of “folk art” includes music, dance, folklore, and traditional cultural crafts.
Some cultures have very specific and guarded ones — Japanese flower arranging and calligraphy, for example. Others are practiced all over the world in different styles, such as pottery or even things as common as painting and stringed instruments.
Exposing a bilingual child to cultural art as well can be useful in a couple of different ways. Obviously, it gives them something to appreciate that they wouldn’t normally encounter, but it can also open up new vocabulary, and it can be very revealing about a culture as well. Something as simple as listening to a piece of music by a Russian composer and then one by a contemporary German composer gives even a casual observer a good understanding of some of the differences between the two cultures.
Children like this one, because it usually means at least twice as many holidays in the household!
Bringing in holidays from other culture is a start to explaining everything from religious plurality to the differences in calendar systems.
It’s also good motivation, especially when you can explain that Russian-speakers have their own Santa, who only brings presents for Russian-speaking children. You’ll be amazed how prolific the Russian use gets around Christmas time…
Humor is very difficult to translate.
Even after years of living together, bicultural couples can struggle to understand one another’s humor. But don’t let that difficulty scare you away from it — instead, ask to have jokes explained, and work through why they’re funny in their original cultures. If you understand a culture’s humor, you’re very well-immersed!
Introducing children to multicultural humor is surprisingly easy. Most toys, books, and TV shows marketed toward kids is humor-based already. If you want to give them a grounding in another culture’s humor, just let them watch some silly cartoons — the things that culture finds amusing will become apparent very quickly. You may even learn something yourself.
Teaching manners in just one culture can be a challenge.
You may need to wait until children are older to start explaining to them some of the differences between what separate cultures find polite.
It can be important to go over multicultural manners, especially if you travel, however. For example, Americans tend to smile at strangers as their default — if you make eye contact, you smile, and sometimes nod or even speak a greeting. In other parts of the world (including Russia and Ukraine), strangers tend to avoid acknowledging one another except when they actively interact.
Children don’t always understand the differences, and you may need to do some explaining to make sure they aren’t feeling slighted or punished simply by being immersed in a culture that doesn’t interact the way they’re used to.
6. Clothes and Dressing
Apart from “heritage festivals,” most countries have globalized their fashions to at least some degree. We may know what a culture’s traditional clothing used to look like, but the reality is that most Japanese people do not wear kimonos every day, nor do Germans wear lederhosen and dirndls.
That said, even in countries that share a basic wardrobe (such as the Western business dress used in North America and Western Europe), standards and fashions can vary widely. Most Continental Europeans find Americans extremely sloppy in dress, while sharp-dressed Americans tend to see their British counterparts as too stuffy and the Europeans as too fashion-forward.
Children are usually better off when they’re dressed in the dominent costume, rather than in heritage clothing, at least when they go to school. Save other cultural clothing for special occasions, or for travel.
7. Working Schedules
This usually affects the parents more than the children, but different countries and cultures have very different approaches to work schedules.
The United States tends to be early-rising, with a strong urge to end the workday by 5:00 or 6:00 PM, while Europeans often start and end later. Spanish and Latin-influenced countries share the “siesta,” an hour or two of time off in the middle of the day. And nearly every country has better vacation time for workers than the United States — an unfortunate burden for U.S. parents.
Your children will adapt to your schedules, so if you want them to experience bicultural work patterns, you may need one parent to be on one schedule and the other on another. If this is inconvenient or impossible for you, you may not get to include them in that aspect of biculturalism except on vacations and during other travel.
8. Child-rearing Methods
Battle Hymn of The Tiger Mother made Chinese-American childrearing practices (at their most extreme) famous in the United States last year.
It was a good example of how different perspectives can be from one culture to the other. Not every Chinese mother is Amy Chua, of course, and not every U.S. parent is the permissive caricature she was reacting against.
But it certainly is true that families see children in very different roles depending on culture. In some counties and cultures children are viewed as adults-in-training from birth, while in others they are encouraged to have a long and responsibility-free childhood.
Even the concept of “adolescence” can vary dramatically, with some cultures treating children as adults from sexual maturity onward and others accepting a long “teenage” period of increased intelligence but continuing dependence.
You should find the parenting method that works for you, of course, whether it comes from a heritage culture or not. But when your children inevitably bring up “so-and-so’s parents do things this way” (usually as a complaint because you’re not doing it that way), it can be an opportunity to talk about different cultures of child-rearing.
The Case of the Japanese Brazilians
The back-and-forth migration of the “Japanese Brazilians” is a fascinating example of the differences between biculturalism and bilingualism.
A major move from Japan to Brazil occurred in the early 20th century, when the collapse of feudalism in Japan and a labor shortage on coffee plantations in Brazil led to a treaty between the two governments encouraging immigration.
For a long time, the Japanese population in Brazil remained insular, with Japanese-language schools for the first generation of children born in Brazil. Marriages were predominantly between Japanese immigrants, with very little crossover into the Portugese-language culture of Brazil.
When the Japanese economy began to expand in the 1970s and 1980s, a population of first- and second-generation children of the original immigrants returned to Japan, mostly to factory jobs.
Although they had been raised speaking Japanese as their first language, the Japanese-Brazilian immigrants did not assimilate. The “dekasegi” (a word that originated in Latin American Japanese culture, not in Japan) were viewed by the Japanese as outsiders with gaijin ways, and ended up living predominantly in ethnic enclaves with their own separate cultures and celebrations despite the shared language.
The Japanese government is currently trying to encourage dekasegi to return to Brazil. Migrants with Latin American citizenship have been offered 300,000 yen (about $3,000) to move back to their country of origin, with the condition that they do not re-apply for a Japanese visa or citizenship at any later date.
Many have remained anyway, and both the Portugese language and Brazilian celebrations of culture are now more common in Japan than anywhere else in the world except Brazil itself. Carnival is a major event in dekasegi-heavy cities like Oizumi, and there are multiple Portugese-language newspapers and radio stations.
The dekasegi are a fascinating example of what happens when a large population is raised bilingual but not bicultural. The Japanese-Brazilian culture was sufficiently different from Japanese culture that the returning immigrants found themselves “outsiders” despite their shared language.
It’s also an object lesson in the changes that happen even to fairly insular immigrant groups. The original Japanese settlers in Brazil did not go out of their way to assimilate, but over time their “Japanese” mannerisms became sufficiently different that they no longer blended in with society in Japan itself.
When you raise a child bilingual, that in and of itself does not make the child a part of any heritage culture, even if he or she is descended from immigrants. Bilingualism is a great tool and a way to open the door to biculturalism — but it’s not the same thing!
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Bounty Day is a holiday on both Pitcairn Island, destination of the HMS Bounty mutineers, and on Norfolk Island. It is celebrated on January 23 on Pitcairn, and on June 8 on Norfolk Island, the day that the descendants of the mutineers arrived on the island. It is named for the Bounty, although the ship never saw Norfolk Island.
Bounty Day is the national holiday of Norfolk Island, celebrated annually on 8 June, in memory of the arrival of the Pitcairn Islanders on Norfolk Island in 1856. Prior to 8 June 1856, Norfolk Island had been a penal colony, but was granted by Queen Victoria to the Pitcairners as a home in 1856.
Sequence of events
Bounty Day starts off with a re-enactment of the landing of the Pitcairners down at the Kingston Pier. The Pitcairners are greeted by the Administrator and his wife, and from the pier they march to the cenotaph where they lay wreaths in remembrance. From the cenotaph they then march to the cemetery where hymns are sung. Next, they proceed to Government House where a family surnamed either Quintal, Evans, McCoy, Buffett, Adams, Nobbs, Christian or Young (being descendants of the mutineers of that ilk) is awarded the title of 'Family of the Year'. The children roll down the hill in front of Government House, after which the whole procession travels to the Compound where the children play games and partake of a celebratory feast. Finally, everyone returns home to prepare for the Bounty Ball, at which there is a competition in further celebration of Bounty Day.
|This festival-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
|This Pitcairn-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
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The persistent source of friction is fundamentally different approaches toward North Korea generally and its nuclear weapons program in particular. South Koreans see their northern cousins as more to be pitied than feared. The South's "peace and prosperity" policy of engaging the North is predicated on postponing reunification of the two Koreas until far into the future, a view shared by all the other countries in the region. Meanwhile, Seoul prefers to tease the North out of its isolation, tame its belligerent ways and gradually introduce market economics to raise up a destitute population.
Washington sees this approach as underwriting an evil regime that brutalizes its own people and continues to threaten its neighbors. The Bush administration believes that regime change, preferably sooner rather than later, is the only way to bring true peace and prosperity to the Korean peninsula. In its view, the North's recent test-firing of seven ballistic missiles was just the latest indication that Seoul's engagement policy has failed to curb Pyongyang's behavior and make the region safer.
Other issues also cloud the relationship, including friction concerning a free trade agreement, a reconfiguration of the roles and missions of the U.S. military in South Korea and the perceived lack of American appreciation for South Korea's significant contribution of troops to Iraq. Moreover, a self-confident new generation of South Koreans doesn't recall the shared sacrifices of the Korean War and doesn't reflexively defer to the United States. The alliance is in worse shape today than only a few years ago.
We think the value of the U.S.-South Korean alliance is more important than differences about how to deal with North Korea. For the time being, Bush and Roh should agree to disagree on North Korea and move onward.
Traditionally, countries ally because they share common threats, values or interests; ideally, they should share all three. Alliances provide mutual security, formally binding together military and diplomatic institutions in predictable, nonthreatening ways. Adopting a common stand against North Korea, by itself, no longer provides enough "glue" to bind the U.S. and South Korea together. But powerful reasons for future cooperation, grounded in national self-interest, still exist.
Geography alone demands that the two countries work together. A rising China, with growing economic and military power, presents new concerns for Seoul and Washington. Historically, China has claimed Korea as part of its traditional sphere of influence. The South Korean business community is increasingly worried about Chinese competition hollowing out its steel and other heavy industries. In a recent poll, 38% of South Koreans identified China, not North Korea, as posing the greatest threat to the South in 10 years.
For the U.S., the partnership with South Korea provides bases on the east Asian mainland, taking pressure off the U.S.-Japan alliance. It helps reassure Seoul of Japan's peaceful intentions as Tokyo develops a more "normal" military and security role in the region. And it's a necessary precondition for any larger efforts that the U.S. and its allies might undertake to strengthen multilateral security cooperation among democracies in the region.
Beyond this, the U.S.-South Korean alliance gives Seoul a direct channel to Washington and American friendship. Alliances do not just provide standby capacities for mutual defense; they create ongoing political relationships and mechanisms for doing a wider array of business. This political architecture will become more important — not less — in the decades ahead, regardless of the fate of North Korea.
Below the level of great-power politics, a host of transnational issues plague northeast Asia, such as environmental pollution, narcotics and human trafficking, piracy and counterfeiting. No one country can adequately tackle these challenges; cooperation among Seoul, Washington, Tokyo and others is essential.
The U.S.-South Korean alliance will never be perfect; no alliance is. If its original rationale has changed over the decades, there remain important reasons for Bush and Roh to re-imagine and revitalize it.
G. JOHN IKENBERRY is a professor of political science at Princeton University and the author of "Liberal Order and Imperial Ambition: Essays on American Power and International Order." MITCHELL B. REISS is vice provost of international affairs at the College of William & Mary.
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The Royal Queensland Bush Children’s Health Scheme was set up in 1935 to help children in need of medical help, particularly in communities where medical or surgical facilities were lacking.
|Alderman Joan Innes Reid and nurse R. Wandell opening the Bush Children's Appeal of 1968, Townsville.|
Photo: CityLibraries Townsville Local History Collection.
Early efforts to boost the health of western Queensland children began in 1931 when members of Townsville’s Toc ‘H’ group arranged to bring twenty-five children from the Richmond and Cloncurry districts to Townsville, to spend part of their summer holidays by the sea. The international Toc ‘H’ movement started during World War I, with benevolent aims that sought to “ease the burdens of others through service”.
The endeavours of Toc ‘H’ in Queensland were taken one step further in 1935, when Sir Leslie Orme Wilson, then Governor of Queensland, called together a group of eminent medical professionals, with a view to establishing a State-wide scheme that addressed the health needs of children in remote and regional Queensland centres. The group included, among others, Dr Raphael Cilento, Director-General of Health and Medical Services and Dr Alfred Jefferis Turner, Medical Officer to the Child Welfare Department.
The main object of the Scheme was to seek out and assist all children living in the far west, or elsewhere in Queensland, who were in need of medical or surgical treatment, which was not available in their own communities. Children were considered eligible for assistance if they were aged between five and thirteen years, and if their parents were unable to afford the cost of the specialist care required.
Children were recommended to the Scheme by bush nurses, school health Sisters, church missionaries, the Flying Doctors, school Headmasters, police officers and others.
In Townsville in 1946, the Rotary Club secured a group of huts in Rowes Bay that had been used by the Army during World War II for the purposes of establishing a Home in Townsville that could be used by the Bush Children’s Scheme. Within six years, a modern dental clinic and a surgery were also part of the complex.
|An aerial view of the Bush Children's Home at Rowes Bay, 1970.|
Photo: CityLibraries Townsville Local History Collection
The Scheme covered the cost of transporting the children to the most suitable place of treatment, using chaperones, called escorts, many of whom were volunteers from the Red Cross. The usual length of stay was six weeks, but many children requiring specialist treatment might stay up to two years, all at no cost to the child’s parents.
Diseases and complaints treated under the scheme included ear, throat and eye trouble, osteomyelitis, heart defects, acute malnutrition, rheumatic fever, cleft palates and hare lips, muscular dystrophy, foot deformities, spastic paralysis and others. The Scheme also provided for dental care, speech pathology and hearing aids. Malnutrition was one of the most prevalent ailments.
In his 1952 annual report, Dr J. Breinl, the Scheme’s Chairman, felt that it was a “sad commentary on their way of life that many people who lived and worked in the outback, more often than not under extremely trying conditions, raised their children lacking regular medical and dental care and found extreme difficulty in providing proper food”.
Dr Breinl considered the work of the Bush Children’s Health Scheme to be of national importance and he hoped it would always continue to receive the support that it had enjoyed in the past from all sections of the community.Tweets by @TrishaFielding
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I’ve written a lot lately about teaching my daughter preschool.
Read about my initial thoughts here.
Read about the curriculum I’m using here.
Read about a few things I’ve learned in the process here.
While it’s easy to focus on learning letters during this age of a child’s life, it’s not the end goal. Here’s what I wrote:
“Learning letters and numbers isn’t the goal of preschool. Playing is the purpose of preschool, and throwing in the letters and numbers is just an added bonus. I was reminding myself often that just because my daughter still didn’t know that R says rrrrrr by the end of two weeks, it doesn’t mean the two weeks was a fail. We played, we sang, recited poems and painted. So much paint! The purpose of the R unit wasn’t to engrain the letter or sound into her mind, it was to expose her to a new letter, maybe recognize it, and most important- to play.”
Today I wanted to make a list of activities to do with your kids beside teach letters (that can still promote letter awareness and learning).
Paint. We are BIG advocates for paint over here at our house! Super washable Crayola paint is our go-to. Paint on paper, paint on windows, paint in the bathtub, paint outside. PAINT! Paint flowers, letters, silly faces, rainbows, animals, numbers, and more.
Other artistic outlets such as coloring, cutting and gluing, paper folding, etc.
Sensory bin activities with different fillers. I’d list them all out for you, but I’ve already made a post for that!
Play outside. Discover the world, and talk about it. Talk about the green grass, the blue sky. Wonder why dandelions grow in your yard but not the neighbors? (This was an actual conversation I had with my daughter. Maybe a sign that we need a little more weed killer??)
Build with blocks, build forts, build with safe items from the pantry. Talk about bigger and smaller towers and the letters on the packaging or the colors you are using.
Go on a walk. Discover new places, see new people, and have different experiences outside of your home.
Keep letters around your home to be involved in play.
I’ve said it multiple times in multiple posts, but never forget the fundamentals:
These five incredibly important points create readers. And not just a child that can read, but a child that loves to read. Let’s stop the pressure of children learning letters at a young age, and start creating reading lovers.
A few more resources:
Reading Before Kindergarten- Is It Really Necessary?
Tips On Activities With Young Learners
What Is Play-Based Learning?
“The whole world opened up to me when I learned to read”Mary McCleod Bethune
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- Tshuaj xyuas, run, and test concluded goods to validate appliance functionality working, or conformance conformance .
- Arrange or position pieces regarding assemblage, applying or yourself hoists.
- Fixed and validate parts clearances.
- Rework, repair, or exchange units or broken parts.
- Read and interpret assemblage designs or features guides and approach construction or creating operations.
- Examine conformance of pieces to stock directories or blueprints, employing measuring tools, including calipers, gauges, or micrometers.
- Accessories, fix or mount broiling, or wiring and power pieces to make units or subassemblies, using handtools, rivet markers.
- Remove hard areas and smooth floors to suit, trim, or clear areas, employing palm tools or energy resources.
- Formulate and punch, ream, touch, or reduce components for construction.
- Keep and lubricate pieces or pieces.
- Construct systems of things by meshing and aligning things in gearboxes.
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Ascorbic acid is a water-soluble, sugar-based acid with strong antioxidant properties. It is the purest form of vitamin C and was the first compound to be synthesized and identified as such. The name, in Latin, can be translated as “no scurvy,” in reference to the disease caused by vitamin C deficiency. Ascorbic acid plays many essential roles within the body and must be constantly obtained from dietary sources, as humans cannot synthesize it internally.
Brief History of Ascorbic Acid
The disease that became known as scurvy was remedied in the 1700s by giving sailors and soldiers citrus fruits and cabbage, although it took almost 200 years to understand why. Norwegian and Hungarian researchers discovered ascorbic acid in the late 1920s and initially called it hexuronic acid. In 1937, Norman Haworth, Paul Karrer and Albert Szent-Györgyi all received Nobel Prizes for synthesizing L-ascorbic acid and understanding its biochemistry. Szent-Györgyi and Haworth changed its name in reference to its ability to prevent or cure scurvy.
Types of Ascorbic Acid
L-ascorbic acid is the purest form of Vitamin C and the one found naturally in foods, especially citrus fruits. As a powdered supplement, ascorbic acid is sour, has a sharp taste and may cause gastric irritation in large doses, particularly in those with sensitive stomachs. Calcium ascorbate is ascorbic acid chemically bound to calcium, which is a nonacidic form of vitamin C that is gentler on the gastrointestinal system. Magnesium ascorbate is ascorbic acid chemically bound to magnesium, which is also a nonacid form of vitamin C, but one that is the most absorbable within the gut, according to “Vitamins: Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health.”
Role of Ascorbic Acid in the Body
Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in the body for connective tissue maintenance and repair, strong immune response, wound healing, and cardiovascular health. As a powerful antioxidant, ascorbic acid eliminates free radicals that are produced from biochemical and metabolic reactions. Excessive free radicals damage blood vessels and other tissues, which accelerates the aging process. According to “Biochemistry of Human Nutrition,” ascorbic acid stimulates production of immune system cells, especially neutrophils, lymphocytes and phagocytes. It also increases levels of circulating antibodies within the blood’s serum and contributes to the synthesis of interferon, a protein-based compound that kills viruses.
Recommended Dietary Allowance
Humans are one of the few mammals that cannot synthesize ascorbic acid and must consume it regularly from dietary sources. According to the National Institutes of Health, the RDA of ascorbic acid for adults ranges from 75 to 125 mg daily, depending on gender, pregnancy, breastfeeding and cigarette smoking. However, some researchers believe that between 1,000 and 3,000 mg of ascorbic acid is required daily for cardiovascular health and strong immunity. Rich sources of natural ascorbic acid include rose hips, all citrus fruits, kiwis, strawberries, sweet potatoes and peppers.
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