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Lepidopteran stemborers are the most destructive insect pests of cereal crops in sub-Saharan Africa. In nature, these insects are often exposed to multiple environmental stressors, resulting in potent impact on their thermal tolerance. Such environmental stressors may influence their activity, survival, abundance and biogeography. In the present study, we investigate the effects of acclimation to temperature, starvation and desiccation on thermal tolerance, measured as critical thermal limits [critical thermal minima (CTmin) and maxima (CTmax)] on laboratory-reared economic pest species Chilo partellus Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), Busseola fusca (Fuller) and Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) using established protocols. Low temperature acclimation results in improved CTmin for B. fusca and C. partellus, whereas high temperature acclimation enhances the same trait for B. fusca and S. calamistis. Similarly, high temperature and starvation pretreatment improve CTmax for C. partellus relative to S. calamistis and B. fusca. In addition, starvation and desiccation pretreatments improve CTmin for all stemborer species. Furthermore, rapid cold-hardening (RCH) enhancs CTmin for B. fusca and C. partellus, whereas rapid heat-hardening (RHH) improves the same trait for C. partellus. However, RCH and RHH impair CTmax for all stemborer species. These findings show differential thermal tolerances after exposure to heterogeneous environmental stress habitats. Chilo partellus, of exotic origin, shows a higher magnitude of basal thermal tolerance plasticity relative to the indigenous African species S. calamistis and B. fusca. This indicates that C. partellus may have a fitness and survival advantage under climate-induced heterogeneous environments, and also have a greater chance for geographical range expansion and invasion success compared with the indigenous B. fusca and S. calamistis.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
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Since 1947, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists have maintained the ‘Domesday Clock’; a symbolic timepiece whose minute hand is tweaked back and forth in the moments before midnight as a visual metaphor for illustrating how close they believe the world is to a civilisation ending catastrophe; primarily nuclear war.
On the 25th January 2018 the clock was moved forward to stand at just two minutes to midnight; the closest it’s been since 1953 when both the USA and then USSR acquired the hydrogen bomb.
According to The Bulletin, the reason for this recent, alarming advance is due to the complete failure of world leaders to address current threats to humanity; something no doubt inflamed by the crisis on the Korean Peninsula and U.S President, Donald Trump’s penchant for bragging about America’s nuclear arsenal.
Tensions have also been strained further in recent weeks with Hawaii and Japan suffering false missile alerts.
In the early 1980s when the globe was still gripped by the Cold War, the Domesday Clock also stood perilously close to midnight, nudging 11.57pm in 1984.
Around this time, the BBC produced several documentaries looking at the potential consequences of nuclear war which, despite looking decidedly dated to today’s audiences, now seem as relevant ever in the current climate.
The first was a Panorama documentary entitled ‘If the Bomb Drops‘, which aired in March 1980 and was presented by a young Jeremy Paxman who took to the streets of Shepherds Bush to ask people what they’d do in the event of hearing sirens sound the Four Minute Warning; the famous time in which it was estimated the public would be warned of an incoming nuclear attack.
The no-nonsense cockneys interviewed by Paxman summed up the futility of preparing for such an event (please click below to view):
Later in the documentary Paxman takes to to the air in a helicopter to describe the impact a 1 megaton nuclear device would have if detonated high above the Houses of Parliament (please click below to view)…
‘If the Bomb Drops’ also featured a terrifying sneak-peak of the government’s ‘Protect and Survive’ public information films.
Produced by the now defunct Richard Taylor Cartoons -who were once based on Great Portland Street and are perhaps better known for creating the far more charming ‘Crystal Tipps and Alistair‘ –these films were top secret at the time and Panorama achieved quite a coup in obtaining them.
In the event of an international crisis that looked set to trigger a war, it was intended that the UK’s TV stations would go off air and be replaced by the BBC’s Wartime Broadcasting Service– on which these short films, of which there are 20, would be played on a continual loop.
Although Paxman rather chillingly predicts that these films “Won’t be seen again until nuclear war is imminent”, they are all now available on Youtube and unsurprisingly make very unsettling viewing.
Particularly eerie is the jarred, electronic jingle which concludes each segment; a product of the former BBC Radiophonic Workshop who were based at the Maida Vale Studios on Delaware Road and are best known for creating the theme tune to Dr Who
Considering this link with the Time Lord, it may come as no surprise to hear that the attack warning itself (which was intended to alert the British public had a nuclear launch been detected in the 1970s/80s) is rumoured to have featured flashing lights and ‘Dalek‘ sounds. This chilling recording remains unseen to this day.
To view the entire catalogue of the Protect and Survive films- which includes advice on how to recognise warnings, how to construct a shelter and even how to dispose of the dead- please click below….
It didn’t take the BBC long to put out another documentary presenting the dire consequences of nuclear war.
In the summer of 1982, the science strand, QED broadcast ‘A Guide to Armageddon’ which, narrated in the stern tones of Ludovic Kennedy, speculated on what fate would befall London if a nuclear warhead was detonated 1 mile above St Paul’s Cathedral.
According to the documentary, this would involve:
The vaporisation of St Paul’s mighty gold cross:
The annihilation of priceless artworks:
Cabs and double deckers set ablaze:
The combustion of homes as far aways as Battersea:
The charring of meat in Lidgates Butchers, Holland Park (used by QED as a grim metaphor for the impact on human flesh):
The total destruction of buildings under pulverising blast-waves:
A tidal wave of deadly flying glass (demonstrated here on the skin of an unfortunate pumpkin):
And some pretty scary fashion choices!
Modelled here by Joy and Eric, a Finsbury Park couple who attempted to build various nuclear shelters for the documentary.
Joking aside, ‘A Guide to Armageddon’ is very scary stuff- particularly the doom-laden end sequence in which famous London locations are depicted as ruins in a post-apocalyptic wasteland.
To watch the entire episode of this QED documentary, please click below:
‘A Guide to Armageddon’ was produced by Essex born Mick Jackson who, shortly after, drew upon the experience to direct the 1984 drama, ‘Threads’ which was written by Barry Hines (author of ‘A Kestrel for a Knave’ which had been adapted as the heart-breaking 1969 film, ‘Kes’) and portrayed the consequences of a nuclear war as experienced by the people of Sheffield.
Threads is arguably one of the most disturbing dramas ever broadcast by the BBC and can be viewed here in its entirety- although please be aware, viewer discretion is highly advised.
Here’s hoping the Domesday Clock ticks back soon…
In March 1925 a huge fire erupted at Madame Tussauds, the famous waxwork museum on Marylebone Road.
So intense was the blaze that flames leapt up to 5o feet into the air and, according to a report in the Manchester Guardian, one eyewitness who lived opposite said the “wax models could be distinctly heard sizzling.”
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I fondly remember sitting in the waiting room for a scholarship that was offered to African American students to be of use for academic endeavors. I was waiting to be interviewed. However, I remember not feeling nervous and feeling confident that I would be able to answer any questions they may have for me. This surprised me then and surprises me now as an adult. At the aforementioned time, I was only 17 years of age and a senior in high school. There was one question, though, that I did not anticipate as I sat in a room of nurse leaders.
They asked me, “As a young African American like yourself, what do you see as the barriers to your success?”
I just looked one of the interviewers square in the eye and stated, “There are no barriers, from my point of view.”
I’ll never forget the interviewers being so shell-shocked. I do not think they expected this answer.
I explained, “Barriers are what we perceive them to be. If I do not perceive any, they simply do not exist.”
Now, as an African American nurse who has attained her baccalaureate and master’s degrees and is currently working on her doctorate, I see the importance of this idea in my life. The brain can perceive many things, and they may not necessarily be real. This has been proven true again and again in the perception of illusions, or tricks of the eye. The same proves true in the outlook of minority nursing students today. Merriam Webster confirms that constructs are the things created by the mind or the product of ideology, history, or social circumstances. You must remember that barriers to success are simply constructs, only true if you choose to accept them into your reality. Such barriers may come in the form of racism, a challenging nursing course, financial troubles, or other adversities. There may be difficulties, but there are always ways to overcome these difficulties as one strives to complete an entry-level nursing program or pursue an advanced degree in nursing.
I was awarded that scholarship. And to think, it was attributed to a positive idea that my mind constructed. As a result of this positive idea, I was able to have a generous contribution made toward my baccalaureate degree. Yes, my positivity was a source of success and continues to propel me forward in this great profession. Do not let constructs of the mind hold you back in achieving your own elaborate dream of success.
The origins of the 55,000 member Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina are unclear. Many think the Lumbee are descendants of Sir Walter Raleigh’s Roanoke Island “Lost Colonists” of 1587, the first permanent English settlers in North America. A new group of settlers arrived on Roanoke Island in 1590 to replenish supplies and grow the colony. However, when they arrived, the fort was deserted and all they found was the word “Croatoan” carved into a tree. According to this theory, sometime between 1587 and 1590, the settlers moved to another island or mainland location called “Croatoan.” The idea continues that the English colonists settled among and intermarried with the friendly Croatan Indians, and by 1650 the tribe migrated to the area in and near present-day Robeson County, North Carolina. The ancestors of the Lumbee were mainly Cheraw and related Siouan-speaking Indians who have lived in the vicinity of Robeson County since the 1700s. The Lumbee have been recognized as a Native American tribe since 1885 by the state of North Carolina, although they have yet to receive federal recognition. They take their name from the Lumbee River, which winds its way through their ancestral lands.
For the first half of the twentieth century, North Carolina laws called for triple segregation—separate schools for African American, Lumbee, and white students, with African American and Lumbee schools far inferior in funding, equipment, and general support to white schools. Lumbee were also frequently discriminated against in employment, housing, recreation, and health until the 1960s. Despite these hardships, a few young Lumbee women were determined to become nurses. All of the early Lumbee nurses went out of state to receive their nursing education; a few returned to help their neighbors and families. Here are their stories.
THE EARLIEST KNOWN LUMBEE REGISTERED NURSES
Viola E. Lowry Armstrong is the first known Lumbee registered nurse. She was born on June 25, 1897 in the crossroads community of Elrod in Robeson County, North Carolina, to Henry H. and Julia Revels Lowry. Shortly after graduating from Wesleyan College in Athens, Tennessee in 1918, Armstrong enrolled in the Knoxville General Hospital School of Nursing (KGHSON). According to KGHSON historian Billie McNamara, Armstrong was the first Native American nurse to enroll at the school. She graduated in 1923 and soon married William Franklin Armstrong, a local businessman. The couple had a son in 1926 followed by a daughter two years later. The Armstrongs spent their lives in Knoxville where Nurse Armstrong managed family responsibilities along with a part-time, private duty nursing career until her retirement at age 75.
Two of Armstrong’s first cousins, sisters Lorraine C. Lowry Evans and Lessie Lowry Blakeslee, followed Mrs. Armstrong into nursing. Evans was the sixth of eight children born to the Reverend Doctor Fuller and Jessie Mae Hatcher Lowry on January 22, 1916 in Robeson County, North Carolina. Shortly after graduating from the nursing program at St. Thomas Hospital in Nashville, Tennessee, she married a local man, John Robert Evans, in June, 1938. Her life was cut short when she died of breast cancer in 1957. Her Nashville death certificate lists her occupation as a registered nurse and her place of employment as Gordon Hospital.
Lessie Lowry Blakeslee was the third of eight children born to Reverend Doctor Fuller and Jessie Mae Hatcher Lowry in 1912. She graduated from Philadelphia General Hospital School of Nursing and later became a U.S. Army nurse. She lived in several parts of the country before dying in Nebraska in 1954.
Another early Lumbee registered nurse was Bertha Locklear Berkheimer. She was born on September 4, 1908 in Robeson County, North Carolina to Reverend Peppers Mahoney Locklear and Mary Catherine Hunt Locklear. After graduating from Pembroke High School she went to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to pursue her nursing education. By 1940 she was living in Philadelphia, married to Jessie Berkheimer, was mother to a son and daughter, and was a nursing supervisor at the Philadelphia State [Psychiatric] Hospital. She lived in Philadelphia until her death in 1981.
Velma Mae Lowry Maynor: Community Health Nurse
The first Lumbee registered nurse to return to Robeson County after graduating from nursing school was Velma Mae Lowry Maynor. She was born on September 9, 1907 to Edmond and Sally Hatcher Lowry. After graduating from what is now the University of North Carolina at Pembroke (UNC-P) with a teaching certificate, Maynor taught school for a few years in Robeson County. By the late 1920s, Maynor pursued her calling to become a nurse and entered the Philadelphia General Hospital School of Nursing. After graduating in 1933, Maynor worked for four and a half years at the Philadelphia General Hospital as a medical floor supervisor.
The Great Depression of the 1930s led President Franklin D. Roosevelt to establish many new government programs, policies, and agencies to help the poor and unemployed across the country. These new initiatives were known collectively as the New Deal.
As part of President Roosevelt’s New Deal, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration—and beginning in 1935, the Resettlement Administration—helped to establish homestead communities that encouraged landownership and, in many cases, fostered agricultural skills. In North Carolina, the resettlement projects were rural farming homesteads. The idea behind the homesteads was that the settlers would rehabilitate the land and learn valuable agricultural and subsistence skills (Tillery Farms historic marker).
Robeson County was selected as a site for a farming homestead project, called Pembroke Farms, specifically created for Lumbee people. Each family who lived at Pembroke Farms had a modest house and 11 acres of land. Once the farm was in working order, the homesteader could purchase the land through the federal government. Pembroke Farms had its own school, community center, and several staff on hand to assist with agricultural practices, homemaking skills, and health. The only full-time, permanent, Lumbee employed at Pembroke Farms was Mrs. Maynor, the nurse. According to Malinda Maynor Lowery, historian of the Lumbee people and author of “her duties centered on curbing the area’s malaria, tuberculosis, syphilis, and other diseases through treatment and education.”
Several articles in the local newspaper, The Robesonian, note Nurse Maynor’s activities during the four years she worked at Pembroke Farms (1939-1943). The first, on September 8, 1941, mentions that she is teaching a home nursing course at Pembroke State College (now UNC-P), a course she would repeatedly offer to the community during the WWII years. A month later, she judged several exhibits at the Pembroke Fair. The newspaper reports her extensive involvement with the 4-H club and her service on the Board of Directors of Odum Home, an orphanage for Indian children.
World War II brought an end to most New Deal programs, including Pembroke Farms. Many men were serving in the military and jobs were more plentiful. Nurse Maynor’s job at Pembroke Farms ended. She worked as a night nurse at the N.C. Cancer Center in nearby Lumberton from 1952 until 1966 when she became a school nurse for Robeson County. Again, The Robesonian often described her activities during the seven years she cared for the school children. Maynor and the other schools’ nurses screened children for vision, spinal, dental, and other common childhood health problems and made sure all the children received proper care. Maynor’s obituary states that she was also the first nurse to serve the Robeson County Department of Corrections. After a lifetime of caring for her community, Maynor died on November 18, 1997, at the age of 90.
Eva B. Sampson: Student Health/Infirmary Nurse
Another nurse who dedicated her life to her Robeson County community was Mrs. Eva Brewington Sampson, RN. She was born on July 31, 1932 to Clyde and Lillie Mae Brewington. She was one of the earliest nursing graduates from Southeastern Community College, earning her Associate Degree in Nursing in 1968. After working two years at Southeastern General Hospital, Sampson became the Director of Student Health Services at UNC-P. While working in the student health center she earned her bachelor’s degree majoring in psychology and sociology. During Sampson’s 25-year tenure at UNC-P, she was involved with the students and campus life. She served as an adviser to the Tri-Sigma Sorority and established the John W. (Ned) Sampson endowed scholarship, to assist deserving young athletes in paying for their schooling. Mrs. Sampson was also active in her profession and her community. She was an active member of the NC State Nurses Association, a Cub Scouts Den Mother, and a volunteer for the Pembroke Rescue Squad and the Caregiver Support group. She served on the Board of Directors for the Southeastern Regional Medical Center, Hospice of Robeson County, the Lady’s Lion Club, the Professional and Business Women’s Club of Pembroke and was active in her church’s Women’s Mission Union. In addition to her employment and volunteer activities, Sampson had a devoted husband and raised three daughters and a son. She passed away on January 11, 2014.
With the passage of state and federal laws outlawing racial segregation and ensuring equal rights for Native Americans, Lumbee people have earned degrees from a variety of nursing schools and become nursing leaders. Today, two of the most prominent Lumbee nurse leaders are Bobby Lowery, PhD, RN, MN, FNP-BC, FAANP, and Cherry Maynor Beasley, PhD, MS, FNP, RN, CNE. Their admirable accomplishments inspire today’s young nurses, both Lumbee and non-Lumbee, to excel in their profession.
Bobby Lowery is a native of Robeson County and a member of the Lumbee Tribe. With over 30 years combined nursing experience as a family nurse practitioner, health policy advocate and educator, he holds a BSN and PhD in Nursing from East Carolina University and a Master of Nursing from Emory University. Lowery retired at the rank of Captain after twenty years of service as a Commissioned Officer of the U.S. Public Health Service. He developed, implemented, and directed the inaugural DNP Program at East Carolina University College of Nursing where his work with the virtual community clinic learning environment is the foundation for $2,197,446 in funding for Interprofessional Education. A respected leader, he has served on the North Carolina Nurses Association Board of Directors, chaired the NP Executive Committee, and was appointed as the inaugural chair of the Commission for Advanced Practice Nursing. Lowery also served on the Board of Directors for the NC Board of Nursing where he has chaired the NP Joint Subcommittee, Education and Practice Committee and the Midwifery joint committee. Nationally, he chaired the NCSBN Distance Education Committee and is a past AANP State Representative. Lowery’s research on NP regulation expands nursing knowledge and informs stakeholders regarding the need for evidence-based NP regulation and interprofessionalism in health care. He is a Fellow of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners. Currently, he serves a Nursing Practice Consultant-NP for the NC Board of Nursing where he participates in proposed recommendations on actions relating to regulation of nursing practice for consideration by the Board and serves on the Senior Staffing Practice Committee and Research Committee. Lowery is currently participating in a one-year fellowship program with the American Nursing Advocacy Institute where he is focusing on full-practice authority for Advanced Practice Nurses in North Carolina.
Cherry Beasley is the Anne R. Belk Endowed Professor for Rural and Minority Health at UNC-P. She earned her BSN in 1973 from the University of Michigan, a MS in Nursing and Public Health Nursing at UNC-Chapel Hill, a post-master’s FNP from the University of South Carolina, and her PhD in 2009 from East Carolina University. Beasley is the first Lumbee to have earned a baccalaureate, masters, and doctor of philosophy all in nursing. Her areas of expertise are cultural role in health care decision making, rural health, diabetes, nursing workforce issues, and women’s health. Beasley is a member and leader in numerous nursing organizations, including the American Nurses Association, the North Carolina Nurses Association, Sigma Theta Tau, and the National League for Nursing, and Delta Omega. She is the past chair of the NC Center for Nursing. Beasley has successfully written and administered many grants and is the author of numerous articles. A generation of nursing students have benefited from her dedication to and excellence in nursing education. She continues to live and work in her native homeland where she serves on several local boards and has recently been selected as the first Secretary of Health for the Lumbee Tribe.
Lumbee nurses’ contributions to nursing have been overlooked in the literature. Despite being a relatively small, federally unrecognized tribe, and having suffered racial discrimination and segregation for most of their history, the Lumbee Tribe has produced several outstanding nurses. These nurses have both provided care to vulnerable people under difficult circumstances and enhanced the nursing profession. Their lives and work should not be forgotten.
Acknowledgments. Both Cherry Beasley and Bobby Lowery were invaluable in writing this article. Through conversations and draft revisions each has improved the accuracy of this piece. Any errors are mine alone.
Careers in government nursing are as varied as nursing careers in the private sector. However, when many nurses hear “government nursing,” they may assume that means working for a veterans hospital. But the Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) is only one of many government agencies where skilled nurses who want to work for the government can build their careers.
In fact, there are a variety of government agencies and positions where nurses can put their skills to work, including the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the U.S. Army, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services.
Think a government career might be a good fit for you? Keep reading for stories from nurses who work for the government and tips on how you can too.
Military nursing takes sacrifice
“The army’s been very good to my family,” says Lt. Col. Christopher Weidlich, U.S. Army, who is currently finishing his Ph.D. in nursing at the University of Miami on a U.S. Army Long-Term Health and Education Training Scholarship (scheduled to graduate in 2013). He has served in the military for 17 years. “I really enjoy taking care of people, and doing whatever I can to help them out.”
When Lt. Col. Weidlich graduated from high school in 1990, his original goal was to become a doctor. “I wanted to go to medical school, but I didn’t have the grades to support it,” he says. “When I graduated from high school, I found out the Army was offering nursing scholarships.”
He went on to graduate from the University of Miami in 1994 on an Army ROTC scholarship and decided to stay in the military after graduation. He worked as an army psychiatric nurse and a psychiatric mental health nurse in various locations, including Nebraska, Georgia, Kentucky, and North Carolina, in addition to Iraq and South Korea.
After several deployments, Lt. Col. Weidlich feels that while military life comes with unique challenges, he has enjoyed his career. “Being a military family has its ups and downs like any profession, but it’s hard on my kids,” says the father of four.
Despite the personal sacrifices, Lt. Col. Weidlich says his career so far has been a very rewarding experience for him and his family, and advises other nurses considering military nursing careers: “If you go into the military, take advantage of your education,” he stresses. “There are a lot of schools that you could go to within the Army. I would recommend you take any educational opportunities that are there.”
Careers with government agencies
Nurses seeking a more stable lifestyle will find an abundance of opportunities within government agencies. Many have built their careers in the government, like Dinora Dominguez, Chief of Patient Recruitment and a public liaison in the Office of Communications at the NIH Clinical Center, Department of Health and Human Services. Dominguez has worked for the NIH since she graduated from college in 1986.
Dominguez always held an interest in doing research and was attracted to the NIH due to the research involved in her position. Today, she coordinates clinical trials and educates the public on the importance of participating in clinical trials—something she’s passionate about.
Bruce Steakley, R.N., B.S.N., a nurse manager in pediatric and adult inpatient behavioral health at the Ambulatory Care Behavioral Health Clinic (NIH), has a career that spans 30 years. He first came to the NIH six years ago.
“After working in community-based mental health inpatient settings and one outpatient setting for all those years, I got discouraged with psychiatry and the state of mental health care delivery in the country,” Steakley says. “So I left and tried other avenues of nursing, but was bored. And so I always returned to mental health and discovered my current position by word of mouth. A friend of my wife told me about this job and I decided to apply for it and now, here I am.”
Clifton J. Kenon Jr., M.S.N., R.N.C.-O.B., C.-E.F.M., I.B.C.L.C., R.L.C., A.W.H.O.N.N., fetal monitoring instructor and maternal-child health nurse consultant at Indian Health Service, found his way to the IHS by posting his résumé on the USAJobs.gov website. “I was recruited to go work for the Indian Health Service as a maternal child health consultant in South Dakota in April of 2011,” he recalls. “And in this role, I’m actually able to have an influence and to lead maternal health programs for the Indian Health Service for our four-state region: North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa, and Nebraska.”
Steakley also applied through the USAJobs.gov website, which he says is the best place for nurses interested in a government job to go. “I occasionally have people who somehow reach me on the phone and want to apply for a job,” he says. “I step way back from that and just refer them directly to USAJobs.gov. There’s a structure for applying, and I follow the structure.”
Steakley notes that nurses seeking to gain entry with a government agency should bring patience to their job search.
“The hiring process is longer and slower, but somewhat more professional,” he says. “I was here on three different occasions, interviewing with three different sets of people. My sense was that they were looking for highly qualified people. I’ve since had opportunities to participate in a number of interviews with nurse manager candidates and clinical manager candidates. Over the years, I’ve hired a lot of people myself, and I think that although I see room for improving the process, I would nevertheless maintain it’s better here than in other settings.”
If you desire to make a leap from the private sector to the government sector, Kenon’s advice is to actively seek out opportunities, put yourself out there, and post your résumé on the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (www.opm.gov) and USAJobs.gov websites.
“Continue searching for openings that would meet your qualifications or are willing to train, and call regional recruiters. Most government agencies have recruiters that are actively recruiting new talent to the agency,” he says, adding that recruiters love to hear from those interested in public sector careers. “[They] have unique and challenging opportunities for nurses that want to serve their country.”
Government work culture
Is working for the government much different than the private sector? Some nurses who have experience in both sectors note some differences.
Kenon was a labor and delivery nurse at Duke University Medical Center and the University of Virginia. “The difference between working in the private sector and public sector is being a public servant, as I like to see myself in working for the government. I am helping to fulfill the mission of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. And I’m helping to serve the American people with health care on a national level, as opposed to in the private sector where I was more concerned with serving a local aggregate of people or a specific community.”
Steakley, who worked for various community-based facilities before joining the NIH, says that he feels more supported as a government employee, adding that he has a lot of reinforcement from the three units he manages in terms of clinical management, clinical educators, and clinical nurse specialists. “That allows me to have a slightly more elevated role,” he says, which removes him from the “nitty-gritty” of direct patient care, and enables him to be more involved in management and “setting the philosophy, growth, and performance improvement plans for the unit.”
For Kenon, working for the IHS has changed his whole perspective on nursing. “As an African American nurse, being a public servant and working within the United States Government, it has given me a clearer picture and a greater professional identity for the role that nursing has in leading health care on a national and global level,” Kenon says. “Now, I see what an invaluable role nurses play all across the government with legislative change, translating change into practices, and actually being leaders for the health care delivery system.”
If you think a career in the government is a good fit for you, Dominguez encourages other minority nurses to pursue it because there is a wide array of positions available—not just on the clinical side. She says there are many opportunities for nurses to “think outside the box.” As you start researching for a job, Dominguez says to think of the specific skills that you can bring to the role, and just go for it.
Kenon says a government nursing career is all about dedication. For nurses considering these jobs, his advice is to make sure they have solidified a mission in nursing and the core values of the profession.
“Whether you’re in the private sector or public sector, core values such as caring, innovation, passion, and diversity are going to need to be deeply imbedded in each individual nurse’s philosophy to have a successful career in government,” he says.
Most of all, Kenon believes nurses considering such a career should know that they will be dedicating their career and lives to serving the American people. “That is a calling not to be taken lightly,” he adds.
Once you get your foot in the door, opportunities are abundant for growth, Steakley says. “They’re all around. I think that the nursing leadership and the medical leadership in the clinical center are very supportive of intellectual growth of nurses,” he says. “So I think just getting one’s foot in the door is the hardest part.”
Kenon sees himself building a long-term career as a government nurse. “In five to 10 years, I certainly see myself continuing to serve the American people and hopefully continuing to work within maternal child health,” he says. “I love working for the Indian Health Service and I love serving the Native American and the Alaska Native people. And certainly, within 10 years, I still hope to be leading the maternal child health program within the Indian Health Service.”
“Things change when Indian people get inside federal policy-making organizations, and it’s exciting to see that happen,” says Captain Pelagie “Mike” Snesrud, RN.
Snesrud, a Certified Public Health Nurse and career officer in the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, is literally in a position to know. In January 2002 she was appointed to a key policy-making position at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta: She is the Senior Tribal Liaison for Policy and Evaluation in the Office of the Associate Director for Minority Health.
In this capacity, Snesrud–whose tribal affiliation is Dakota from the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Tribe–serves as the office’s primary point of contact for leadership and coordination of the CDC’s activities supporting American Indian and Alaska Native health initiatives. She is responsible for helping to develop and facilitate CDC projects, programs and policies that benefit and improve the health status of Native American communities nationwide.
As her title implies, a key part of Snesrud’s role is acting as a liaison between the federal government agency and the nation’s 569 federally recognized Indian tribes, which are sovereign nations that have a government-to-government relationship with the United States. With her more than 24 years of experience working with Indian health programs and her distinguished record of effective leadership working with tribal elders, tribal governments, and local, state, regional and national public health programs and agencies, it is easy to see why the CDC sought her out for this important post.
Mike Snesrud’s nursing career over the past 30 years has been remarkable and determined, showing a singular drive and ambition to serve the Indian community, be a role model to other Indian nurses, and balance this work with her equally important responsibilities as a wife and mother of four children. A closer look at her professional path clearly shows it is no accident that she has arrived at her destination as a national leader in Indian health today.
Setbacks and Successes
Snesrud grew up in Shakopee, Minn., on land indigenous to the Mdewakanton people. In 1974, after graduating from Winona State University with a BSN degree, she embarked on her career as a public health nurse. She worked for the City of Bloomington (Minn.) Health Department for four years. From the beginning, the young nurse’s goal was to work with American Indian people after she had obtained sufficient experience in the field.
Moving to Kansas with her husband, a teacher, in 1978, Mike obtained a position at the Douglas County Health Department. Within six months, however, she faced her first big professional disappointment: She was dismayed to find that the agency’s level of commitment to minority health did not measure up to her experience in Minnesota, a leader in the nation’s public health system. Although Douglas County was rich in resources, she recalls, many of its minority residents did not have adequate health care available to them.
Frustrated by this situation, Snesrud transferred to Lawrence Memorial Hospital in Lawrence, Kan., to work on the surgical floor. In this acute-care setting, where patients only came to her when they were very sick and left shortly after surgery, she realized the limitations of hospital nursing and that public health nursing was indeed her true calling. “We didn’t get to see the whole picture,” she explains, “and I learned that I preferred to interact with patients in their own environment, where they were in control.”
A major turning point came in 1980, after Snesrud had given birth to her fourth child. She was recruited to work at the Haskell Indian Junior College (now known as Haskell Indian Nations University) Ambulatory Care Clinic in Lawrence. It was here that she first began her service to Native people and saw firsthand the importance of having Native health professionals providing care as well as administrating programs. In addition to accepting her new position at the college, Mike decided to keep working about 30 hours per week at the hospital–partly to provide more income for her growing family and partly to help enhance the communication between the two organizations.
Simultaneously, she was asked to serve as a clinical instructor with nursing students in the new RN Program that had been established at Haskell. The Native nursing students needed a hospital rotation and it made sense to have Snesrud, who was already known and trusted by the hospital staff, assist in forging a closer relationship with the Haskell nursing program staff and students. Many of the American Indian surgical patients treated at Lawrence Memorial were also clients of the college’s clinic, and Mike saw this as an opportunity to bridge a partnership between the two health care facilities.
Drawing on her strong administrative and leadership skills, she played an important advisory role in the expansion of the college’s nursing program. As a clinical instructor at Haskell, she was able to regularly bring a troop of nursing students to the hospital on a weekly basis.
Unfortunately, a lack of institutional support prevented the nursing program from flourishing. In two years it folded altogether, which was a huge disappointment to Mike, other Native nurses and the college. During this period, however, the health director for the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa in Minnesota began to call her every six weeks in hopes of recruiting her to head his public health nursing program. His goal was to hire a Native nurse from Minnesota who had a strong commitment to improving the health of Indian people. So in 1982, Snesrud accepted the position and moved back to her roots in Minnesota, where she stayed to nurture her public health career and raise her family for the next 20 years.
“An Amazing Opportunity”
When Mike first arrived at the Fond du Lac reservation, the Human Services Division was in its infancy stage, with a staff of only eight health and social services personnel. But by the time she left in 2002 to accept her appointment at the CDC, it had become one of the premier tribal health programs in the nation and a shining example of how health care staff can collaborate successfully with tribal governments.
Under Snesrud’s leadership, the public health nursing program grew to encompass a staff of 48; 75% of them are Indian people, many from the Fond du Lac community. One of its most successful initiatives was a maternal-child health program that provided care to 98% of the community’s pregnant women. It included a check-up program that provided a minimum of six home visits during a child’s first year. As a result of these visits, children’s immunization rates improved from 30% to more than 90%.
The 1990s brought many more opportunities for Mike Snesrud to demonstrate her exceptional leadership skills in highly visible executive positions. In 1993, she became the first president of the newly formed National Alaska Native American Indian Nurses Association (NANAINA). Between 1995 and 1997, she was chair of the Indian Health Service’s National Council of Nurse Administrators (NCONA), which represents nurse administrators from IHS, tribal and urban Indian health programs. From 1996 to 2001, she represented tribal public health nurses on the National Council of Nurses (NCON). Currently, Snesrud is the project officer of a CDC cooperative agreement with the American Indian Higher Education Consortium (AIHEC), a professional association representing 34 tribal colleges in the U.S. and Canada.
Speaking at NANAINA’s eighth annual national summit last year in Oklahoma City, Mike called her CDC appointment “an amazing opportunity for an American Indian public health nurse”–an opportunity to serve as a powerful voice that can speak up for the needs of Indian tribes at the highest level of federal health policy making and program development.
“The CDC is a huge bureaucracy with very specialized Centers, Institutes and Offices, and it can be very hard for tribal leaders to relate to,” she says. “That’s why it’s so essential to have someone inside the CDC who can be an advocate who says ‘what about tribes?’ and can build a circle of players that will come together to help Indian people.”
“Native Nurses Are the Cream of the Crop”
A Conversation with CAPT. Pelagie “Mike” Snesrud, RN
Minority Nurse: When you first arrived at the Fond du Lac reservation in 1982 [to become director of public health nursing for the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa], what were the biggest challenges you faced?
Mike Snesrud: There was a lack of trust between the Native people in the community and the medical and nursing staff. In the past, county workers did home visits and reported back that they thought the Indian children were not being cared for properly. As a result, sometimes children were taken away and family life was disrupted. Families consequently were extremely hesitant to allow nursing staff to come into their homes and their community. We had to earn the trust of the community and the tribal council. There was not an Indian hospital on the reservation, so Native patients were referred to one of four non-Indian hospitals. There was a lot of prejudice and resentment on both sides because of historically bad relationships and this needed to be addressed to ensure Native people received the quality care they deserved.
MN: How were you able to make improvements at Fond du Lac?
MS: I helped develop cultural sensitivity and competency in our health care team—the home health aides, the community health representative, the nursing and physician staffs. Many of the providers who were non-Indian did not have a good understanding of where the Indian community was coming from [culturally]. Some of the elders’ concepts of health and illness were very different from the physicians’. Many did not come in for health care until it was an emergency. Patients wouldn’t follow their plan of care and there was no follow-up. So the health staff had to be taught to do much more than the usual: arranging transportation, helping people to assess various programs for assistance, following up to ensure that the patient heard the right information, and allowing Indian people to own their health and well-being by making their own choices.
MN: Tell us about your own Indian background.
MS: I am affiliated with the Dakota Sioux Tribe on my grandmother’s side and the Ho-Chunk Tribe on my grandfather’s side. I grew up in Shakopee, Minnesota, which was named that because of Chief Shakapay and the Dakota Sioux people who were present in the area for years. During the 1950s and ‘60s, the reservation nation wasn’t well developed and Indian people just were not treated very well. One thing that really stands out in my mind is the prejudice that was directed at me and other Native people as I was growing up. As long as we were quiet and invisible, that was fine. But when we spoke up, there was animosity and conflict.
MN: What inspired you to become a nurse?
MS: I had an older sister who was an RN and I looked up to her as my role model. She practiced nursing for more than 40 years and often provided me with real professional expertise and visible nursing leadership that gave me high standards to work towards. I was about five years old when I attended her graduation from the Mayo Clinic, and I knew then that I wanted to get involved in health care somehow. My sister became a head nurse at the Shakopee Community Hospital and I began candy striping under her when I was about 11. During high school I became a nurse’s aide. I saw that nurses often were the ones who spent time with the patients and had the ability to impact them more intensely than physicians, so I opted to become a nurse.
MN: What are some of the challenges for Indian nurses in the 21st century?
MS: Recruiting American Indians and Alaska Natives into the nursing profession and then recruiting Native nurses into tribal [health care] positions. Even though tribes and the IHS have many nursing positions open, it is extremely difficult to compete with other public and private hospitals and agencies that can offer higher salaries, sign-on bonuses and quick hires.
MN: How would you describe Indian nurses?
MS: My feeling is that most Native nurses are the cream of the crop because they have had to go through many personal and professional challenges to get to where they are today. Almost 90% of Native nurses are the main breadwinners for the family. That means they juggle the scheduling of a career and raising their children. Many are single mothers who survived a lot of hurdles to get through nursing school.
MN: What was it like for you to have to balance the demands of being a nurse, wife and mother of four children?
MS: My husband and I have been happily married for 32 years, marrying quite young when we were both still in college. Early on, we both agreed that we were committed to one another and to our children. We knew we needed a certain amount of resources to care for our family and it didn’t matter whether he or I got those resources. He totally supported me through nursing school and my various career choices that have helped me be successful, fully involved and free to try whatever I want to do. Public health nursing allowed me the flexibility to be very active professionally and also arrange many of my children’s activities around my work schedule, so I seldom, if ever, felt unable to get involved. Sometimes the days and workweeks got long, but when a family is the driving force and your professional role fits well with your personal values, life is fun and work is fulfilling.
MN: How did you ultimately move from your tribal health position at Fond du Lac to the CDC?
MS: My experience at Fond du Lac had given me many different opportunities and skills. I liked interacting with people at all levels and impacting policy decisions. I was ready to diversify what I had been doing. Different people had been tantalizing me to work at the national level, but I had not actually considered a move until my children were through with school and moving on with their life choices. It was the right time and the position excited and challenged me.
MN: What are some of your responsibilities at the CDC?
MS: I am a public health analyst for the Office of Minority Health/Office of the Director, and I function as a Senior Tribal Liaison for Policy and Evaluation. I help CDC Centers, Institutes and Offices (CIOs) to partner and work more effectively with tribes and Native organizations. I am a resource both within the agency and to tribes, to help connect people to work together on public health issues. One of the activities I have been engaged in is coordinating the CDC Tribal Consultation Initiative. Prior to my coming to CDC, a Tribal Consultation Work Group developed a draft consultation policy that needed input from tribal leaders. During May to November of 2002, I and other CDC staff took this policy out to 11 Regional Consultations in Indian Country to listen to tribal leaders give CDC specific guidance and recommendations about consultation and public health needs.
MN: What have your meetings with the tribal leaders accomplished so far?
MS: The tribes needed to see that CDC was willing to take the time and interest to go out into Indian Country before formulating its Tribal Consultation Policy and Plan. CDC wants to work with tribes in many different areas of public health prevention and recognizes that tribes themselves need to be fully engaged in the process. CDC’s Office of Minority Health is just completing its review of the transcripts from the meetings and is distributing summaries back to the tribes of the recommendations from the consultation held in their region. Input and recommendations from the tribes will help constitute CDC’s tribal consultation policy and ongoing activities and relationships.
MN: What are some of the most critical public health issues affecting Indian communities?
MS: CDC and other federal agencies need to assist tribes in developing and expanding a Native public health workforce with the experience and training to deal with the unique needs of their population. Native nurses, doctors, epidemiologists, statisticians, environmentalists and scientists are all needed. Tribes need to have technical assistance and resources to build their infrastructure and capacity. Most important is good data that is accurate and readily available to tribes as they build their health programs and interventions. Assistance is needed not only in getting data but also in analysis and research.
MN: What about health disparities between American Indians/Alaska Natives and the majority population? What are some of the most common health problems that need to be addressed?
MS: For hundreds of years Native people have not had access to quality health care. They are very entrenched in poverty and have a consistent lack of resources to deal with many basic issues in their communities. Much of what negatively affects Indian people today is related to preventable chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, liver disease and lower respiratory disease, as well as preventable accidents and injuries. Pregnant women do not come in for early prenatal care, children and elders don’t always get the immunizations they need, and people do not wear seatbelts or ensure that their children are in car safety seats. Many Native people abuse alcohol, tobacco and other drugs and therefore do not make good choices. Rates of STDs and HIV are on the increase and there are not a lot of dollars for core public health activities.
MN: What advice do you have for other Indian nurses?
MS: Nursing is a great career choice that allows you many different opportunities that fit with your individual goals and aspirations. It’s important for you to stay connected with your community and Native people, but also be willing to extend yourself and accept challenges based on the skills and strengths you have gained. Don’t be afraid to ask for help and then, in turn, to help and mentor someone else. Be willing to accept opportunities in a totally different environment than the one in which you are used to practicing. Federal agencies like the CDC, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, the National Institutes of Health and the Food and Drug Administration need Native people working within their organizations to help them to work more effectively with tribes, increase financial and other resources going to tribes, and to help cultural competency grow and systems change. Agencies need to be reminded about the sovereignty of tribes and the important role that tribal councils play on a daily basis.
MN: Anything else you’d like to add?
MS: It’s an exciting opportunity to be part of such a dynamic and outstanding cadre of health professionals at the CDC. Working with CDC and the tribes is a huge challenge. CDC is a large federal agency made up of many very committed professionals who want to make a difference in decreasing health disparities. People often are willing to get involved when someone can assist them in talking to the right person at the right time. CDC and Indian Country have much to learn and share with one another to collectively address the public health of the nation as a whole.
There’s no sugarcoating it: pursuing a doctoral degree is tough. Balancing a clinical job with classes and homework—not to mention family time and your social life—takes determination and sacrifice. But if you’re prepared for the challenge, that hard-won degree may be the best investment of your life.
That intimidating introduction aside, keep in mind that hundreds of nurses proudly graduate with a Doctor of Nursing Practice (D.N.P.) or another doctoral degree every year. So what does a D.N.P. program really entail? We asked two experts some common questions surrounding doctoral study, from the admission process to program requirements. Both doctoral-prepared nurses, they can speak to their personal experiences as they now guide other nurses as university administrators.
Q. D.N.P. or Ph.D.: How should nurses choose between them?
TORRES: Ph.D. and D.N.P. programs differ both in their goals and in the competencies of their graduates. The decision to pursue a D.N.P. or Ph.D. depends on your career goals. While a Ph.D. student generates and develops new knowledge, a D.N.P. student translates research already done, evaluates it to see if it works for a specific problem or project, and then puts it into practice.
Ph.D. programs focus heavily on scientific content and research methodology, so if you want to be a nurse scientist/scholar with a research-centric career, you should pursue a Ph.D. The D.N.P. is designed for nurses seeking a terminal degree in nursing practice and offers an alternative to research-focused doctoral programs.
Generally, a D.N.P. is the choice for Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists, Nurse Practitioners, Clinical Nurse Specialists, or Nurse Midwives) or nurses in other areas of specialized nursing practice (nursing administration, informatics, public health) who want to continue practicing in their area of expertise and are interested in gaining advanced knowledge and skills.
In recent years, there has been a growing demand for D.N.P. programs and degrees. According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), currently there are 153 D.N.P. programs, and between 2009 and 2010, the number of students enrolled in these programs increased from 5,165 to 7,034. In the same period, the number of nurses graduating with a D.N.P. doubled.
RODRIGUES FISHER: The increasing need for practitioners with D.N.P.s stems, in part, from hospitals and health systems looking for skilled nurses who can provide primary care to many people and, in particular, to those in low-income communities. There is also a move to increase the number of Latino and African American nurses who have advanced practice degrees because patients want primary care providers who have the same understanding of cultural beliefs and health care issues.
In order to determine which advanced degree is best for you, it’s important to decide if you want to continue practicing or if you wish to pursue research and teaching.
TORRES: Rather than concentrating on dissertations or research, D.N.P. programs help nurses build upon their current practice, learn new skills, and conduct applied research. Many doctoral students also find great value in completing a project that they can readily apply in practice.
Q. How should nurses prepare for the doctoral program application process?
RODRIGUES FISHER: Start by brushing up on your writing, language, and math skills. They will serve you well. In my personal experience, because English is not my first language, it was important for me to study and brush up on my writing and math skills. I struggled until a professor in my master’s program recommended I take an English course; it was truly the best decision I could have made. After bolstering my language and writing abilities, I felt prepared to take the GRE for my doctoral program.
You should also generate a list of organizations you support, either as a member or otherwise. For example, if you participated in a fundraiser for the American Heart Association or did something to engage members of your community to encourage minority students to continue their education, be certain to list those activities in your application. If you are out in your community doing good deeds, institutions will recognize you as someone who would represent them well.
Make sure someone else reviews your application before you send it in! It’s important to submit a polished application. It should shine a light on you and your achievements, but any mistakes will be blinding.
TORRES: Some schools require Ph.D. and D.N.P. applicants to write an essay about why they want to earn a doctoral degree, what their career goals are, and what they hope to accomplish with the degree. The essay needs to be well-written, with no spelling errors and good grammatical structure.
Many doctoral programs also request written references. Be especially careful who you ask to provide a reference—preferably it should be someone in your area of practice or a faculty member who teaches in that area—and make sure they know you well. Check with the institution if you have any questions about the application or the process.
Q. What are admission counselors looking for in nurses’ applications?
TORRES: Counselors evaluate applications based on a variety of factors, including academic record, essays, and prior experience. Requirements may include a master’s degree or its equivalent, a 3.0 minimum GPA in that master’s program, an active R.N. license, two or more professional references, and official transcripts of highest course work completed, plus the completed application and fee.
RODRIGUES FISHER: Yet, it’s not just about the applicant’s individual grades. Admission counselors look at the whole person, and they want people with broad, varied experiences.
Some questions admission counselors will be asking themselves as they review applications are “What have they done?” “What committees have they served on either in their community or in their health care facility?” and “Have they demonstrated they will be successful in the program?” It’s important to list all activities and committees you are involved in and specifically what your role was on those committees.
TORRES: Doctoral programs may also prefer (or require) a number of years of professional nursing experience. International students may need to demonstrate equivalency via an additional evaluation from the Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools (CGFNS).
The D.N.P. requires 1,000 post-bachelor’s clinical hours, of which 500 must be at the D.N.P. level. Admission counselors will obtain information on how many clinical hours the entering students had in their master’s program.
Q. What does the typical doctoral program entail?
TORRES: A typical D.N.P. program is developed based on AACN’s The Essentials of Doctoral Education for Advanced Nursing Practice and covers both course work and clinical hours. The publication outlines the curricular elements and competencies that must be present in programs conferring the Doctor of Nursing Practice.
Doctoral course work is very rigorous. Time management is important, and you will need to closely examine how you are going to complete the course work and use your time to your advantage.
An integral part of the D.N.P. program is the final D.N.P. project, which is usually based on an issue or problem at the student’s institution or facility. It’s important for students to work closely with their schools to ensure the institution supports the project’s implementation. During this project, the student will typically accrue the practicum hours needed. In some ways, the D.N.P. project is similar to a dissertation since it requires approval of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) and includes a committee to guide the project.
RODRIGUES FISHER: All doctoral programs require a lot of reading and library research. Once you get through your core course work, it will be important to identify your research area and possible mentors. One additional piece of advice: focus your course work in the direction of your research.
Q. How might doctoral course work impact a working nurse’s personal life?
RODRIGUES FISHER: Going back to school to pursue your doctorate will definitely impact your personal life. I worked full time, went to school, and had a family to take care of, but the great support from my family made it all possible. My husband made sure the children were taken care of and the housework was done. The house wasn’t always as clean as it could be, and I missed some of my children’s games, but because of the partnership with my husband, we made it work.
TORRES: Before you start a doctoral program, talk with your family so they understand what’s involved, how it may impact them, and how they can help you succeed. You will soon discover how many courses you can manage at a time and whether you can handle a full- or part-time commitment, based on your family, work, and other commitments.
Online programs typically offer nurses more flexibility to work their classes around individual schedules. But even if the delivery method is online, course work still takes time, and doctoral students quickly realize they won’t be able to continue to do all they were doing before deciding to pursue a doctorate. On average, each course is a minimum of 15 hours of work per week.
RODRIGUES FISHER: They say if you educate a woman, you educate a family, and I believe this to be true. Yes, going back to pursue my doctorate took away from some of the other things in my life, but my children benefited as they saw me working hard to achieve what I wanted, both for myself and our family. I was proud to be that kind of role model for them. Work hard and you will be rewarded.
Q. How will a nurse’s duties change after obtaining his or her D.N.P.?
TORRES: Most nurses pursue their D.N.P. because they want to advance in their careers and increase their income. According to the 2009 salary survey conducted by ADVANCE for Nurse Practitioners magazine, D.N.P.-prepared NPs earned $7,688 more than master’s-prepared NPs.
Many graduates move into a new job or position where they can use the skills they learned while acquiring their D.N.P. Others decide to take on additional responsibilities in their current jobs or go into teaching.
RODRIGUES FISHER: The biggest change is more responsibility. As a nurse with a D.N.P., you will be put into leadership positions supervising other nurses. You will also have a more familiar relationship with physicians at your facility. In short, a D.N.P. means increased opportunity.
Q. What do you think about the AACN’s push to have nurses earn a D.N.P.?
TORRES: I support the movement toward the D.N.P. In the transition to the D.N.P., nursing is moving in the direction of other health professions such as medicine (M.D.), dentistry (D.D.S.), pharmacy (Pharm.D.), psychology (Psy.D.), physical therapy (D.P.T.), and audiology (Aud.D.) to provide their professionals with a practice-oriented degree. Nursing is advocating having more nurses obtain their D.N.P., so we are headed in the right direction. In fact, the AACN membership approved a target goal for transition of Advanced Practice Registered Nurse programs to the D.N.P. by 2015.
RODRIGUES FISHER: It’s not just a push from the AACN, but also from the Institute of Medicine to have more educated nurses out there to deliver needed health care to the nation. We are an aging population that is living longer and needs more care. However, with a shortage of health care providers, we need to have nurses who are prepared to practice, are well educated, and can work in a colloquial role with physicians.
Many nurses who choose Walden University do so to advance their careers and become better practitioners. Colleges and universities are looking to develop lifelong learning programs, such as associate to master’s programs and B.S.N. to D.N.P. programs, in order to quickly meet the increased and growing demand for more educated nurses.
Q. What advice do you have for nurses debating whether or not they should pursue a doctorate?
RODRIGUES FISHER: My number one piece of advice is to think about what you are willing to give up for a short period of time in order to pursue your doctorate. I had to give up some of my personal and family time to advance my education and career. For me, the end results—making contributions in the quality and delivery of care and giving patients the best health services they can receive—are truly worth it.
TORRES: Know your career goals, assess your personal life, and identify your passion. Where are you in your career, and what do you want to do? Do you want to concentrate on research and academia, or do you wish to advance your practice?
Timing is everything, so ask yourself: Is this the right time in my life to do this? If not now, when?
For Native American nurses, many of their stories have been lost to the past. Scholars have generally paid scant attention to the lives and deeds of rural minority women, and few articles have been written about the early education of Native American nurses and their contributions to health care. The people of the Catawba Indian Nation use storytelling to keep their culture and the memory of their heroes alive. Consider this one such story, one such hero.
The Sage Memorial Hospital School of Nursing, known simply as “Sage Memorial,” operated from 1930–1953. It was the only nursing school ever opened for the sole purpose of educating Native American women as nurses.1 One of these nurses was Viola Elizabeth Garcia, a graduate of the Class of 1943.2 Viola’s life illuminates the struggles for education common among the women who attended Sage Memorial. Her contributions and experiences as a World War II nurse demonstrate the hardships encountered and outstanding contributions made by many of her fellow alumna.
By law and custom, most nursing schools were segregated by race before the passing of the Civil Rights laws of the 1960s. From the 1880s through the 1960s, most schools of nursing were comprised of either all white or all African American student bodies, leaving few opportunities for Native Americans, Asian Americans, or Hispanic Americans to obtain a nursing education.
The Board of National Missions of the Presbyterian Church was unique in its efforts to address this inequality. In 1901, the National Presbyterian Church opened the Ganado Mission on Navajo Nation land, in the northeast quadrant of Arizona, near the New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah borders, in the community of Ganado.
After a church and school were successfully operating at the Mission, the home missionaries turned their attention to health care.3 In 1929, Dr. Clarence Salsbury and his wife, Nurse Cora Salsbury, took over the mission work at Ganado. One of their first priorities was expanding the antiquated 12-bed hospital into a modern facility of 150 beds, an operating suite, a delivery suite, and a laboratory. This new hospital was named Sage Memorial Hospital after one of its largest benefactors and was accredited by the American College of Surgeons.
In order to staff the hospital with nurses, as well as to provide skilled employment opportunities for Native American women, the Salsburys opened Sage Memorial Hospital School of Nursing in 1930.4
The school opened while naysayers proclaimed no Native American woman would ever be up to the academic task of completing a Nightingale-based nursing education program. They also claimed these women, given their culture, would not be willing to interact with the sick or dying. Sage Memorial graduates proved these assumptions wrong.
Dr. Salsbury felt training Native American nurses was crucial. “They would be able to understand the patients as no white personnel ever could,” he said.1 Sage Memorial started small, with an entering class of two Navajo women: Adele Slivers and Ruth Henderson. They both graduated three years later and passed the Arizona State Board of Nursing Examinations. Their graduation exercises in 1933 were a festive event with scripture readings, vocal duets, a piano solo, and a pinning ceremony. Dignitaries including the Arizona governor, an Arizona State Board of Nursing member, and one of the chief Navajo medicine men praised the graduates and the school during the proceedings.3
As word and reputation of the school expanded among minority communities, the student body increased in number and diversity. By 1943, students from 28 tribes, including the Navajo, Kiowa, and Catawba; students who identified as Eskimo, Hawaiian, Spanish American, Cuban, and Mexican; and one Japanese student from a relocation camp were either enrolled or graduates of Sage Memorial.6 By all accounts, this unique experiment in multicultural education was a success.
In the 1930s and 1940s, such training and cultural exchange among Native Americans and other minority women was not found anywhere else in the United States. The nurses developed a camaraderie and commitment to their work that consistently earned them the highest marks on state licensing exams. The students lived in interracial cooperation while learning the nursing arts and sciences. The school’s stellar reputation drew the attention of white applicants—who were denied consideration because they had access to many other schools of nursing.1
Viola Elizabeth Garcia
Viola Elizabeth Garcia was born on April 12, 1919, in Sanford, Colorado, a poor, rural Mormon community home to approximately half the members of the Catawba Nation. Viola’s family was financially impoverished, but rich in family and culture. The older brothers, George and Labon, left school after completing the fourth and fifth grade to help their ailing father support the large family. Viola’s father was ill for much of her young life and died when Viola was only 11 years old, leaving behind 10 children for his wife to support.
Viola completed the ninth grade in Sanford, but due to the Great Depression, the public high school was closed. For the next three years, Viola tried desperately to complete her high school education by repeatedly applying for admission to the Bureau of Indian Affairs Haskell Boarding School in Lawrence, Kansas. Finally, she was admitted at 18 years old and completed her high school diploma in 1940 at the age of 21. Viola’s classes focused on cooking skills, sewing, home care, and arts. As graduation neared, she was offered full-time employment as a cook’s assistant on the Apache reservation in New Mexico, but Viola was determined to continue her education.2
With the guidance of the staff at Haskell Boarding School, Viola applied to several nursing programs but was only admitted to Sage Memorial. One such rejection stated that she was too old at 21 years of age to begin the nursing program. There was also a concern, as World War II loomed and U.S.-Japan relations became strained, that her Native American features would appear Japanese and frighten patients.6
The head mistress of Haskell wrote in a reference letter about Viola, “Whatever Viola decides to do, she does.” Several months after Viola enrolled at Sage Memorial, Dr. Salsbury personally wrote the Haskell headmistress asking if she had any other students like Viola, and if so, to please send them to his school.6
Studying at Sage Memorial
Applicants to Sage Memorial had to be unmarried high school graduates between 18–30 years of age. Their applications had to be accompanied by a health certificate, as well as four character references, with one being their pastor. Tuition was $100 for the first year with additional fees of $1 for laboratory courses, $0.50 for library use, and $3.50 for health fees. The hospital provided room, board, and laundry services. In addition to their course work, students tended the hospital floors eight hours a day, six days a week. However, students had time to relax outside of their rigorous classroom and clinical schedules, enjoying picnics, parties, movies, and glee club, as well as mandatory gym class and chapel.4
Although Viola was accepted to Sage Memorial, she was not sure that she could afford the tuition, fees, and living expenses. As the months progressed, Dr. Salsbury procured the funds to pay for all her education expenses except for personal items she needed to bring with her.6 According the 1940 catalog, all students had to supply for themselves the following: a bag for soiled clothing, rubbers or galoshes, toiletries, two fountain pens (one for red ink and one for blue), a watch with a second hand, an alarm clock, two standard-size loose-leaf notebooks, a napkin ring, and coat hangers.4 Viola’s eldest brother, George, gave her an entire month’s wages so she could buy the required watch with the second hand sweep. With her determination and supplies in tow, Viola began her three-year long education at Sage Memorial.6
Over the next three years, Viola and her fellow students not only studied the nursing curriculum but also spent many clinical hours on the hospital floors. They made and rolled their own patient bandages and folded disposable patient trash bags and slippers out of newspapers. Third-year students were expected to help teach the lower-level nursing students. Viola not only learned the nursing skills that she would use throughout her life, but she developed a deep devotion and admiration for the Navajo people. She even taught herself to speak Dine, the Navajo language.6
A nurse in practice
Though Viola grew up in the rural, remote, and poor town of Sanford, she was surprised to learn that her new community at Ganado was even more so. Patients were brought to the hospital on horseback and buckboard wagons, and sometimes by rattling old vehicles over rutted and narrow dirt roads. Many roads were so rough and rocky that they were impassable in wet and winter weather. The nursing students were expected to go on home visits with the nursing staff to the homes of the Navajo people, traditional dwellings known as hogans.7 They made these visits in buckboard wagons. Viola would write back to her mentor at Haskell Board School that these hogans were “loving and cozy homes.”6
Viola viewed success as the ability to provide for herself, and she felt her education was essential to achieving that level of self-reliance. Viola studied hard and was the 1943 class valedictorian. She was awarded a set of surgical instruments for her academic success.
In 1943 Viola took her Arizona nursing boards and returned home to Colorado to await the results. She had been worried because she did not have an additional $75 to retake the nursing board examination if she failed. One day a letter arrived addressed to Viola Garcia, R.N., and she knew she had passed. In fact, Viola received the highest test score in the entire state of Arizona. Viola’s academic and nursing success, however, was common among the students who graduated from Sage Memorial.
World War II
Not long after graduating from nursing school, Viola found herself working in Denver, Colorado, when President Roosevelt delivered an ominous speech. While the war efforts in Europe were drawing to a close, battles were still raging in the Pacific, and there might be a need to draft nurses into the military. Viola was told that if she volunteered for military service, she could select her location of duties. In January 1944, she enlisted in the United States Army Nurse Corps, requesting no surgical duties or overseas assignments. Within weeks of her enlistment, she was assigned to Camp Carson (now, Fort Carson, Colorado Springs, Colorado) in the surgical suite where she assisted with amputations from the war-wounded returning from the bitter winter campaign in Europe under General Patton. There were endless mounds of amputated ears, fingers, toes, hands, feet, arms, and legs that filled the air with putrid smells. Viola approached her supervisor and informed her of what she had requested: “No surgery and no overseas duties.” She was promptly informed, “Honey, you are in the Army now.”6
Within a few months, First Lt. Viola Garcia shipped out from Camp Carson to Los Angeles, where she, along with 600 other nurses, embarked on the largest U.S. Army Hospital Ship at the time, the USAHS Marigold, with an unknown destination. After two weeks, the ship arrived in Hawaii, and 300 of the 600 nurses disembarked, but Viola’s group remained on board. After leaving Hawaii, ship’s public address system announced their destination: Tokyo, still a heavy battle area as the war in the Pacific raged on. “My heart just dropped, I was so frightened,” Viola recalled. The U.S. military was fighting Japanese troops on many Pacific Islands and an invasion of the Japanese mainland was thought to be imminent. The costs in human life for both sides would be high.6
The ship was under the command of General Douglas McArthur, who over saw the military operations in the Pacific. The 300 nurses in Viola’s grouping were to be part of the U.S. invasion actions in Japan. Military leaders expected heavy casualties among those nurses during the invasion operations; the 300 nurses left behind in Hawaii would be their replacements.
Under international rules of combat, hospital ships were not to be attacked at sea, and thus were to be lit up at night and clearly marked with a red cross. Not long out at sea, the Japanese attacked one such marked ship, and the Marigold was immediately ordered to go into complete darkness. As the lights were put out, those in surgery raced to cover the windows of surgeries in progress. A frightening silence fell upon the crew as the Marigold steamed along in darkness on its way across the Pacific.
The Marigold stopped in the Philippines, and the nurses were allowed to disembark for a few days before the ship went to Japan. While docked there, however, the United States dropped the atomic bombs on Japan, and World War II was brought to a close. Yet, the Marigold continued on to Tokyo, but this time with a different mission. The USAHS Marigold was the first U.S. ship to enter Yokahoma Bay after the Japanese ended the war, and it was in Tokyo Bay where General McArthur accepted the formal surrender of the Japanese on the USS Missouri. That day the sea was filled with ships and the air was filled with flyover planes celebrating the end of the Second World War.
Rebuilding in Tokyo
Over the next eight months, Viola was stationed in Tokyo at the 42nd General Hospital. She treated survivors of the Bataan Death Camp and Corregidor Island (a military stronghold in the Philippines). The hospital had five surgical rooms that had been stripped of all equipment by the Japanese at the end of the war. They were filled with soot and rubble. Several Army nurses ranking higher than Viola were assigned the task of restoring these rooms to their full function. According to Viola, none of the higher-ranking nurses could deal with such an overwhelming task; each time, Viola was asked to “fill in.” After a third nurse was left in tears at the monumental task, Viola was asked to take on the responsibilities as acting head surgical nurse.6
Viola walked into surgical suites devoid of the equipment necessary for performing operations—no surgical tables, no IV stands, no surgical tools. She remembered entering the rooms: “I just wanted to cry too and said to myself, ‘Oh Lordy, what am I going to do?'” But Viola went on to do what she had always done—she rolled up her sleeves and got to work. Viola called in her military crew and ordered them to wash and scrub all the rooms from top to bottom. When that was done, she began looking for equipment for her surgical rooms, including salvaging items from the hospital ship.6 She even taught herself to speak Japanese, just as she learned to speak Dine as a nursing student.
First Lt. Garcia’s work in Tokyo was supported by her own ethic of care, as well as the training she received at Sage Memorial Hospital School of Nursing. From those days following the war until her death in 2004, Viola continued caring for others, marrying Herbert Schneider, another member of the U.S. Army, and raising three daughters. Her legacy, one of determination and pride, compassion and grace, lives on.
- Salsbury, C.G., & Hughes, P. (1969) The Salsbury Story. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. 152–153.
- People of Catawba official website, “Life of Viola Schneider.” Cynthia Walsh. http://www.catawba-people.com/viola_schneider_eulogy.htm. (Accessed 2011).
- Trennart, R. (2003). “Sage Memorial Hospital and the Nation’s First All-Indian School of Nursing.” The Journal of Arizona History, vol. 44, 353.
- Prospectus of School of Nursing, (Ganado, Arizona: Sage Memorial Hospital, n.d), 1-11; Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Ganado Mission Records.
- “Excerpts from Statement re: School of Nursing, Sage Memorial Hospital, Ganado, Arizona sent in on January 3, 1939.” Document from Ganado Mission Records, Presbyterian Historical Society; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Viola Garcia, personal comm. with author.
- Salsbury, C.G. (1932). “Medical Work in Navajoland.” The American Journal of Nursing, 32(4), 415. | <urn:uuid:12f95aaa-547e-4e96-84ba-235d87428d31> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://minoritynurse.com/category/native-american-nurses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607648.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523163634-20170523183634-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.97685 | 15,906 | 2.6875 | 3 |
ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Sec. Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism
Archeomagnetic Intensity Spikes: Global or Regional Geomagnetic Field Features?
- 1GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
- 2Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
Variations of the geomagnetic field prior to direct observations are inferred from archeo- and paleomagnetic experiments. Seemingly unusual variations not seen in the present-day and historical field are of particular interest to constrain the full range of core dynamics. Recently, archeomagnetic intensity spikes, characterized by very high field values that appear to be associated with rapid secular variation rates, have been reported from several parts of the world. They were first noted in data from the Levant at around 900 BCE. A recent re-assessment of previous and new Levantine data, involving a rigorous quality assessment, interprets the observations as an extreme local geomagnetic high with at least two intensity spikes between the 11th and 8th centuries BCE. Subsequent reports of similar features from Asia, the Canary Islands and Texas raise the question of whether such features might be common occurrences, or whether they might even be part of a global magnetic field feature. Here we use spherical harmonic modeling to test two hypotheses: firstly, whether the Levantine and other potential spikes might be associated with higher dipole field intensity than shown by existing global field models around 1,000 BCE, and secondly, whether the observations from different parts of the world are compatible with a westward drifting intense flux patch. Our results suggest that the spikes originate from intense flux patches growing and decaying mostly in situ, combined with stronger and more variable dipole moment than shown by previous global field models. Axial dipole variations no more than 60% higher than observed in the present field, probably within the range of normal geodynamo behavior, seem sufficient to explain the observations.
Variations of the geomagnetic field prior to direct observations can be inferred from archeo- and paleomagnetic experiments. Investigations of past secular variation are relevant to understanding the geodynamo process in Earth's core. Seemingly unusual variations not seen in the present-day and historical field are of particular interest to constrain the full range of core dynamics. These include “geomagnetic intensity spikes,” characterized by very high field intensity values that are associated with rapid secular variation rates. They were first noted in the Levantine area by Ben-Yosef et al. (2009) and Shaar et al. (2011) at around 900 BCE. Subsequent studies from Turkey (Ertepinar et al., 2012) and Georgia (Shaar et al., 2013) confirm high regional intensities. Based on a careful quality assessment of new and previously published Levantine data Shaar et al. (2016) interpret the observations as an extreme regional geomagnetic high with at least two intensity spikes between the 11th and 8th centuries BCE.
Reported high intensity values from other parts of the world at similar times, however, raise the question whether similar features occurred more commonly or if they are even part of a global magnetic field feature. No clear definition of intensity spikes exists. High intensity values potentially related to spikes have recently been reported from the Canary Islands (de Groot et al., 2015; Kissel et al., 2015), Korea (Hong et al., 2013), eastern China (Cai et al., 2016), and Texas, United States of America (Bourne et al., 2016).
Livermore et al. (2014) investigated how core flow models might explain a localized spike and conclude that the reported rates of secular variation from the Levant are not compatible with commonly accepted core-flow dynamics under the assumption of no radial magnetic diffusion. However, the careful re-interpretation of the Levantine results by Shaar et al. (2016) revised the local maximum secular variation rates to slightly lower values as it eliminated some of the highest intensity values reported previously. Davies and Constable (2017) recently tested the hypothesis that the Levantine spike could be caused by a narrow localized intense flux patch at the core-mantle boundary (CMB). They conclude that the spike signature at the surface must span at least 60° in longitude and suggest that the source is a flux patch first growing in place and then migrating north- and westward.
Numerous global spherical harmonic based reconstructions of the geomagnetic field evolution through the past millennia have been developed over the last decade (see Constable and Korte, 2015; Korte et al., 2017, for reviews). None of them shows sharp intensity spikes. This is not surprising as both spatial and temporal resolution of such models are clearly limited compared to what is known from the present-day field, due to heterogeneous, sparse global data distribution and uncertainties in data and dating. Moreover, many of the recently reported high intensity values have not yet been included in global models.
Here we use spherical harmonic modeling to test the hypotheses that the Levantine and other potential spikes might be related to dipole field intensity around 1,000 BCE that is higher and more variable than previously thought, and whether the observations from different parts of the world are compatible with a westward drifting intense flux patch.
In section 2 we first provide an overview of recently published high intensity archeomagnetic data discussed in the context of geomagnetic spikes and other published data used in this study. We compare secular variation and potential westward drift rates around the reported spikes to maximum rates observed in high resolution field models based on recent magnetic observatory and satellite observations in section 3. We then (section 4) derive a suite of new global models to test if what we consider a physically reasonable model can explain the spike observations by invoking a higher dipole moment than seen in previous models and/or westward drift of an intense flux patch around 1,000 BCE, without degrading the fit to the other available archeomagnetic observations. We discuss our findings in section 5 before we briefly summarize our conclusions.
2. Data and Comparison of Reported Geomagnetic Spike Observations
Three compilations of data are considered in this study:
• Recently published data that has in some way or other been discussed in relation to geomagnetic spikes or unusually high field intensity around 1,000 BCE. For ease of terminology we refer to this subset of data as spike data in the following.
• Global archeomagnetic and volcanic data as included in the GEOMAGIA50.v3 (Brown et al., 2015) database by October 1, 2016. This larger subset of data is referred to as other archeomagnetic data in the following.
• A selection of sedimentary paleomagnetic records for comparison and modeling purposes.
The term “geomagnetic intensity spike” was coined by Ben-Yosef et al. (2009), who reported among other data two very high archeointensity results that yield values higher than 200 ZAm2 in terms of virtual axial dipole moment (VADM), and indicating very rapid field changes. Recently, Shaar et al. (2016) re-interpreted all data from the studies by Ben-Yosef et al. (2008a,b, 2009) and Shaar et al. (2011) using an automatic, and hence more objective, interpretation of the experimental results from the PmagPy Thellier GUI software by Shaar and Tauxe (2013) and applying very strict quality control in the acceptance criteria. They also find several high intensity values, but none exceeding 200 ZAm2. We consider only the revised Levantine data set by Shaar et al. (2016) and deleted the values from the Ben-Yosef et al. (2008a,b, 2009) and Shaar et al. (2011) studies from the global data set taken from GEOMAGIA50.v3. More recent work by Ben-Yosef et al. (2017), which had not yet been published when we carried out our study, further corroborates the Levantine data set without exceeding intensity amplitudes found by Shaar et al. (2016).
All recent studies forming our spike data set are listed in Table 1. Except for the work from Ertepinar et al. (2012) these studies had not been included in GEOMAGIA50.v3 in October 2016 and the data have been taken directly from the publications. Most of the data derive from archaeological material, with the exceptions of volcanic rocks in case of the Canary Islands and relative intensity results from cave sediments from Texas.
Table 1. Highest intensity values potentially related to geomagnetic spikes, converted to VADM, and their ages from East to West.
A limited number of sediment records have been selected from the compilation by Korte et al. (2011) to improve global data coverage. Selection criteria, in particular in areas with multiple available records, were availability of the full vector information and temporal resolution or sedimentation rate. Relative paleointensity (RPI) records do not always reliably reflect the geomagnetic signal (see e.g., Tauxe and Yamazaki, 2015), so as an additional simple criterion to ensure RPI reliability we only chose records, reflecting the general dipole moment trend with higher values between 1,000 BCE and 1,000 CE than at earlier or later times, which is clearly reflected in intensity variations on multi-millennial periods (see e.g., Figure 20 of Constable and Korte, 2015). These records, listed in Table 2, have been used with the uncertainty estimates provided by Panovska et al. (2015) following the method given by Panovska et al. (2012). A recently published new record from Lake Mavora, New Zealand (Turner et al., 2015) has been added. Uncertainty estimates for both this and the Texan cave sediment record included in our spike data set have also been determined following Panovska et al. (2012). Figure 1 shows the locations of the data from all three sets from the time interval 2,000–0 BCE. All spike data come from a latitudinal band between 28 and 42°N.
Figure 1. Locations of data used in this study from time interval 2,000-0 BCE: Recently published spike data (red dots and red star), other archeomagnetic and volcanic data (cyan dots) and selected Holocene high resolution sediment records (blue stars). See text for details of the three data sets.
To obtain an overview of potential spikes observed in the different regions we compare the recently published spike data among the different regions and to the other archeomagnetic data from nearby (Figure 2). The other data come from approximately 1,500 km radii around the spike data. The best documented spikes at present clearly are the two Levantine spikes at about 980 and 740 BCE. The Chinese spike appears considerably older, but its age uncertainties are significant and partly overlap with the 980 BCE Levantine spike data. Similarly, the Canary Island spike appears clearly younger, but age uncertainties extend to the times of the 800 BCE Levantine spike.
Figure 2. VADMs for the time interval 2,000 to 0 BCE (A) of spike data set (colored dots) from the regions listed in Table 1 with other archeomagnetic and volcanic data (black) from within 1,500 km radii around, and (B) of the sediment records used in this study. All data are ordered from east to west (top to bottom panels), sediment records within regional proximity are plotted in one panel. The approximate geographic coordinates for each region or record are given in the panels. Error bars indicate one standard error in magnetic data and age uncertainties as provided in the studies. Age errors of sediments and other archeomagnetic/volcanic data have been omitted for clarity of figures. All sediment data were calibrated by the ARCH10k.1 global model (see text). The gray intervals in (A) mark the approximate times of the discussed spikes by highest intensity values and their age uncertainties. Note the different ordinate scale in the bottom left panel.
The Chinese and Canary Island data sets most clearly show how age uncertainties hamper the detailed investigation of high intensity spikes: Several data are only known to lie within the same age range and are assigned the same central age. Small data uncertainties may suggest that the data come from different ages within the age interval, but any time series or spatial interpolation will tend to consider them at the same time and average the values, not even trying to fit the maximum values closely.
The few new Korean data around 1,200 BCE are high, but do not clearly characterize a spike. The Texan cave sediments, on the other hand, give an exceptionally high value at about 890 BCE, which exceeds 400 ZAm2 when the whole RPI time series is scaled by a global model. The feature shows more than double the intensity seen elsewhere, yet is supported by only three data points so far. It should be regarded with caution until confirmed by future data. Previous absolute intensity data from the region are sparse.
The relatively abundant other data around the Levant, Turkey and Georgia indicate another factor complicating the derivation of a clear spatio-temporal picture of the spike: the scatter in regional data is rather large (the occasionally also large age uncertainties are not even shown in Figure 2) with uncertainties not always overlapping, at least at one sigma level. Older studies did not consider tests and quality criteria developed only recently, yet rejecting all data without this information depletes the available information unreasonably. Most previous data are below the spike maxima, but a few individual very high intensity data are noted at different times, in the examples shown here in particular in previously published data from China. As shown in the work by Shaar et al. (2016) such values might not survive critical re-evaluation, but it also clearly seems unwarranted to discard them without examination. Unfortunately the raw data required for a re-assessment as performed by Shaar et al. (2016) is hardly ever available for older data. For this study we take all published data at face value and do not attempt to judge their quality in any way.
Concerning regional spike observations we also note that high intensity values reaching up to 200 ZAm2 and thus reminiscent of the presently discussed spikes have been found at 890 BC in Hawaiian lavas by Pressling et al. (2006, 2007).
Calibrated relative paleointensities from the sediment records considered in this study are included in Figure 2. Interestingly, both South American records (esc, tre) show a signature reminiscent of reported intensity spikes around 1,050 BCE, i.e., between the Asian and Levantine highs, and the Italian Lago di Mezzano (mez) record seems to reflect the two Levantine spikes.
The spatial distribution of all new spike reports permit different interpretations. Firstly, considering the age uncertainties there might have been only two spikes of large spatial extent between about 1,000 and 750 BCE. Secondly, there might have been at least four regionally confined spikes between about 1,400 and 500 BCE. Thirdly, considering that high intensities are observed earlier in Korea and China than in the Levant and later on the Canary Islands, all at similar mid-latitudes, westward drift of magnetic flux structure might be involved. Table 3 shows simple estimates of the order of core flow velocities required under the frozen flux assumption for this interpretation. The estimates were obtained by considering large-circle distances between the approximate centers of the regions, time differences between the highest intensity values as given in Table 1 and considering that with westward drift the spike should have occurred earlier in Korea than China (well possible within the Chinese age uncertainties), and 3481 km as radius of the outer core to obtain velocities at the CMB. The reported Canary island spike is younger than the Texas one, so they are incompatible with a westward drift explanation of a single flux patch causing one of the Levantine spikes. With 0.35 and 0.11°/year or 21 and 7 km/year at the CMB, for a feature drifting from Asia to the Levant and from there to the Canary Islands, respectively, these rates are well within core flow velocities deduced from the present-day field (e.g., Hulot et al., 2002; Livermore et al., 2014) which can reach values in the order of 0.9°/year or 55 km/yr. Typical present-day values for the large-scale flow are lower, in the order of 15 to 20 km/year (e.g., Holme, 2015), but the high-latitude circumpolar jet deduced by Livermore et al. (2017) to explain the accelerating westward drift of intense flux lobes over Canada and Siberia observed from satellite data reaches maximum speeds of 40 km/year. Based on simple considerations of paired records only the Levantine and Texan spike observations seem incompatible with a westward drifting flux patch, and even that would only require core flow velocities 33% higher than inferred from high resolution present-day field models.
Table 3. Required core flow velocities if spike observations were related to westward drifting features.
3. Insights from Global Geomagnetic Field Models
In order to see how unusual the spikes appear in the context of known secular variation we perform some comparisons with global archeomagnetic and high resolution present-day field models. Shaar et al. (2016) pointed out that present-day regional deviations from the axial dipole moment range from 50 to 150%, while the Levantine spike exceeded the axial dipole moment at that time by a factor of two. This is reflected by global minimum and maximum VADM values tabulated for the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF Thébault et al., 2015) for 2015 in Table 4. The standard deviation obtained from a global grid of VADM values is 15 ZAm2, but note that they are not normally distributed. Despite the fact that the lowest values are <50% and the highest ones do not reach 150% the globally averaged VADM is slightly higher than the (tilted) dipole moment (DM). We do not know the actual DM strength at the times of the archeomagnetic spikes. Despite displaying the same general trends global archeo- and paleomagnetic models show differences in more detailed structures, and recovering the absolute DM strength is surprisingly challenging as it critically depends on the, globally seen, rather sparse absolute intensity information (Panovska et al., 2015). At times of their highest DM, within two centuries from the reported spikes, the three Holocene models ARCH10k.1, CALS10k.2, and HFM.OL1.A1 (Constable et al., 2016) reach maximum local VADM values of up to 143 ZAm2. These models include some of Levantine spike data, but all of them clearly underestimate the associated high intensity values. The lower VADM standard deviation and closer similarity of globally averaged VADM and DM compared to IGRF 2015 are indicative of the lower spatial resolution of these models. Considering all available data VADMs for a 300 year interval around the spikes yields maximum values higher than the revised Levantine results (Table 4) (which come from Hawaii in 890 BCE; Pressling et al., 2006, 2007) and an average value clearly higher than the maximum model global averages. The averaged data VADM is closer to the archeomagnetic model average if the recently published spike data are not included. All this might suggest that the actual DM was higher during the occurrence time(s) of the spikes, which might make the magnitude, although not necessarily the rates of change, reconcilable with present-day VADM deviation from (axial) DM.
Not considering the Texas cave sediment data, the fastest rates of intensity changes related to archeomagnetic spikes seem to come from the Levant and China. In the former region, the fastest change seems related to the spike around 740 BCE, with age uncertainty interval 800–732 BCE. Assuming that the data all are correct within their data and age uncertainties, these values suggest a minimum rate of intensity or VADM change of 31 μT/century or 61 ZAm2/century, respectively. This is clearly lower than the rates estimated by Livermore et al. (2014) based on the originally published Levantine data. The Chinese values around 1,300 BCE have a rather large age uncertainty of ±300 years, giving an interval of 1,600 to 1,000 BCE. However, assuming that a low value dated at 1,328 ± 28 BC is correct and the highest values occurred at 1,000 BC the minimum required rate of change, again also considering data uncertainties, amounts to 15 μT/century in intensity or 30 ZAm2/century. These rates are tabulated in Table 5 together with several estimates based on models of the present and historical field, with gufm spanning the interval 1,590–1,990 based on historical and observatory geomagnetic data (Jackson et al., 2000). All values are given as change per century, but note that they have been calculated as first differences over the given time intervals, i.e., representing average changes over 5–400 years intervals. DM and axial dipole coefficient changes are not given for 400 years, because the axial dipole coefficient in gufm has been extrapolated back between 1,840 and 1,590 due to the lack of historical absolute intensity information. Nearly instantaneous and average changes are remarkably similar over the past ca. 200 years for field intensity and DM including similar rates of axial dipole change. Larger differences in VADM than F result from the latitude dependence in the conversion. The lower values of dF/dt over 400 years might indicate that steady monotonic rates of change did not persist over this time scale at any location on Earth. The Chinese field change is only slightly higher than and thus appears compatible with recent variation rates, but the Levantine field change indeed appears more than twice as fast.
Table 5. Maximum rates of geomagnetic field intensity change in models compared to minimum estimates required to explain the observed spikes in China and the Levant.
4. Can Global Field Models Reproduce Rapid Spikes?
Presently available global geomagnetic field models do not reproduce rapid intensity variations, at least partly because they are strongly smoothed in space and time as a consequence of limited data coverage and, compared to present day observations, large data and dating uncertainties. In order to test how closely the spike data can be explained by physically reasonable models we derived a large number of test models. The modifications among these models mainly include, individually or in combination, variations of the data basis and weighting of sub-sets of data to enforce a closer fit to the spikes, and background models favoring westward drift over growth and decay of flux concentrations. Note that all these models clearly are not considered to be the best representations of the global field, but are designed to test two hypotheses: firstly, might the spikes be related to higher and more variable axial dipole contributions than shown in paleomagnetic models so far, and secondly, might the global distribution of the recently reported spikes be due to a westward drifting strong flux patch?
All our spherical harmonic models with time-dependent coefficients based on cubic B-splines follow the modeling strategy of the CALSxk and ARCHxk models (for details see, e.g., Korte et al., 2009; Panovska et al., 2015). They span the interval 4,000 BCE to 1,990 CE, but here we limit the analysis to 2,000–0 BCE. Linearisation was done by 15 iterations without outlier rejection. Space and time regularizations minimizing Ohmic dissipation (Gubbins, 1975) and the second derivative of the radial field were applied (see e.g., Jackson et al., 2000; Korte et al., 2009). The strength of regularizations was chosen by comparison to present-day geomagnetic power spectra of main field and secular variation. The influence of this regularization is discussed in more detail in section 5. We present our findings based on seven representative cases out of a larger range of test models studied. Their different characteristics are summarized in Table 6.
Model A is a rather standard model based on archeomagnetic and volcanic data only, similar to e.g., SHA.DIF.14k (Pavón-Carrasco et al., 2014) or A_FM (Licht et al., 2013) and in particular differing from ARCH10k.1 (Constable et al., 2016) only in the addition of the spike data, weighting of data (see below) and resolution.
Model C additionally includes the Hall's cave (Texas) record and, in order to improve the global data coverage, the southern hemisphere sediment records.
Model AS includes all data, but all sediment and other archeomagnetic and volcanic data are downweighted compared to the spike data, in this case to 0.67 for directions and only 0.27 for all intensities. The weighting scheme used here is one example from a number of different schemes that we tried of giving more weight to the spike data in order to push the model to primarily fit these data.
For model M all data used were weighted similarly to model AS, but the main spikes' data (Levant, China, Canary Islands) were modified within their age uncertainties to avoid the contemporaneity of high and low values and represent a possible temporal field evolution within the age error interval and in relation to temporally adjacent values. In detail, these changes, depicted in Figure 3, aimed for least rapid variations and comprise the following: (i) The 980 BCE Levantine spike was broadened as far as possible by shifting the 977 and 974 BCE values to their youngest and the lower values at 985 BCE to their oldest possible age within the given age uncertainties. All values from the second spike given as 740 BCE were ordered by intensity and distributed to form a uniform slope toward the lower boundary of the highest values within their age uncertainty interval, with lowest values at 800 and highest at 732 BCE. There is a data gap between 732 and 621 BCE, allowing for a similar or less steep slope of this spike on its younger side. (ii) For China, motivated by two low VADM values with small uncertainties at 1328 and 1,256 BCE and models like AS that suggest an intensity maximum closer to 1,000 than 1,300 BCE we shifted all the 1,300 BC values to form a uniform slope toward the highest value at 1,000 BCE, the youngest end of the given age uncertainty interval. Again, a data gap between that time and 697 BCE allows for a similarly gentle slope of the spike toward the younger side. (iii) Five values were shifted within their age uncertainties in the Canary Island data set, namely from 667 to 867 BCE, from 575 to 450 BCE, from 579 to 440 BCE, from 615 to 420 BCE and from 590 BCE to 730 (see Figure 3).
Figure 3. Spike data from the Levant (A), China (B), and the Canary Islands (C) with modified ages (blue) to represent approximately least rapid variations conceivable within the uncertainty limits, compared to the original data (black) with data and original age (gray) uncertainties. Age uncertainties of modified data are not shown.
Model WW is used as a background model to test if the data are compatible with westward drifting flux features. It was designed using SH degrees and orders 1–4 from ARCH10k.1 at 980 BCE together with degrees and orders 5 to 10 from gufm at an arbitrary time (here 1,810 CE) for higher spatial resolution. This time-slice, showing a strong normal flux patch under the Levant area, was then rotated to give a westward drift of 0.32°/year over the whole model time, resulting in a full rotation of the flux pattern around the Earth in 1.125 kyr.
Models Cww and Mww use the same data and weighting as C and M, respectively, but the regularization is applied around background model WW. The regularization in these cases trades off between fit to the data and the westward drifting features shown by the WW model, i.e., if the westward drift is not preserved in the resulting model it is not compatible with (parts of) the data.
Models Mh and Mhww are higher resolution versions of models M and Mww. The only differences are relaxed regularization constraints, i.e., weaker regularization factors somewhat subjectively chosen to better fit the data, in particular the spike signatures, at the cost of containing more (secular variation) spectral power compared to the present-day field than the other models. In the case of Mhww this means that the imposed drift is stronger than in Mww.
Model Dip is a pure, constant axial dipole included here for comparison of deviation of the data from any of the models. Its strength of −42 μT was chosen empirically as giving the smallest root mean square (RMS) misfit for the archeomagnetic and volcanic data in the time interval 2,000–0 BCE.
Table 7 lists the root mean square misfit of the models to the original data set, weighted by the data uncertainties. Note that here we take a different approach for weighting from previous models which were aimed at best reflecting the geomagnetic field evolution all over the globe. Instead of setting relatively large but in our opinion more realistic minimum data uncertainties, we here only consider uncertainties smaller than α95 = 1.7° (equal to 1° in inclination) and 1 μT as unrealistically small and use these values as minimum uncertainties. Missing uncertainty estimates were set to α95 = 3.4° and 5μT, values that commonly were used as minimum uncertainty estimates in previous models. For sediments we kept previous minimum and missing uncertainty assignments of α95 = 6° and 5μT.
The choice of sediment records and in particular the size of their estimated uncertainties leads to this data type being fit nearly within their uncertainties in all components, while archeomagnetic and volcanic data show much larger normalized misfits. This does not mean that individual features of sediment records are fit particularly well, as can be seen in the two southern hemisphere records included in Figure 4. In particular intensity maxima around 1,200 BCE in South America (record esc) and slighly earlier in New Zealand (record mav), which might have supported a global source of the Asian spike, are not represented by the models. However, the sediment uncertainties in fact are such that these data also are nearly fit to a weighted rms of 1 by a constant axial dipole (Table 7). For archeomagnetic and volcanic data all models, except the ones with strong enforced westward drift (WW, Mhww), show smaller misfits than a constant dipole e.g., ranging from 3.60 to 4.74 compared to 6.14 for all components, or 3.74 to 4.37 compared to 7.10 for intensity. The westward drifting background model WW is less compatible with all data than a constant axial dipole. If we allow more spatial complexity and in particular temporal variation we can find models (Mh, Mhww) that fit the Levantine intensity data more closely (Table 8), in particular visually appearing to describe the perceived spikes better in intensity (Figure 4). However, in the case of enforced westward drift (model Mhww compared to Mww) this comes at the expense of higher rms misfit to data from, on average, all other regions, in particular including all the rest of the world (Tables 7, 8). In the unconstrained case (model Mh compared to M) the average misfit to the archeomagnetic and volcanic data is smaller, but the opposite is true for the sediments. These findings do not change notably if we consider both data and age uncertainties when evaluating the misfit.
Figure 4. Comparison of VADM from several models to regional data. The solid lines show predictions from models (A) C, green; A, blue; AS, brown; M, red; and (B) Cww, green; Mh, blue, Mww, brown; Mhww, red; see Table 6. Black dots with data and age error bars are recently published spike data sets, gray dots with data error bars only are from six regions with ~1,500 km radius and lakes Escondido (Argentina, esc) and Mavora (New Zealand, mav). Colored dots mark model predictions for the actual data locations, while the solid line is the continuous prediction for the center of a region.
Table 8. Weighted root mean square (rms) misfit of the global models to the three modified regional archeomagnetic and volcanic data sets and to the rest of these data types.
Additionally, three ensembles of 9,000 bootstrap models were created based on the data underlying model C by varying the archeomagnetic and volcanic data by data and age uncertainties. Two of the ensembles use a westward drifting background model, with weaker and stronger regularization, respectively. The three ensembles thus have been labeled “no ww,” “ww,” and “ww2” for no, weakly and strongly enforced westward drift, respectively. More details about these models are given in the Supplemental Material.
Within the bootstrap ensemble models we find realizations of the data that can be fit closer by models with similar spatial and temporal complexity to the original data set (Table 8 and Table S1, model C compared to no ww models and model Cww compared to ww models). Only in the case of more strongly enforced westward drift does model Mhww show a closer fit to the original Levantine data than found in the ensemble for the same region (model Mhww, Table 8 compared to models ww2 in Table S1). Although our ensembles might be too small to cover the absolute best fit cases, this rather seems to be a consequence of lower temporal resolution in the ensemble models than model Mhww (see secular variation spectra in Figure 6 compared to Figure S3). Our ensembles do not include any models that give close to minimum misfit for all three spike regions in the same realization (Figure S1). Again this does not necessarily reflect too small ensemble sizes, but might also be an indication that incompatible data exist in the data set even when data and age uncertainties are considered.
Models from the ensemble representing the best compromise fit to the spike data from the Levant, China and the Canary Islands were chosen as realizations with smallest misfit to both the Chinese and Canary Island data from the 50 models with minimum misfit to the Levantine data (Figure S1). These provide better fits to the Levantine and Chinese data than the comparable original models, except for the ww2 version (Table 8 and model versions 4 in Table S2).
Considering the spectral power distribution the standard models show a lack of main field resolution starting from SH degree 6 (Figures 6A,C). Models built on westward drifting background models show similar spatial complexity to present-day models. All models indicate that the dipole moment was clearly higher than over the past 115 years, and probably played a role for the observed features by varying more strongly than at present (Figures 6B,D). Interestingly, this applies more to the younger of the two Levantine spikes in several of the models (Figure 5A). The two higher resolution models display a much stronger secular variation in large scales than all other models (Figure 6D). Models with double the rate of axial dipole change observed since 1,840 show indications of the Levantine spikes (Figure 5A) without fitting the maximum values. This can be achieved with comparable axial dipole acceleration as seen in the historical field (see gufm variability in the Figure 5), although large values would have to persist on somewhat longer time-scales. The minimum misfit bootstrap ensemble models give similar results (Figure S3). A very close (visual) fit of the Levantine spikes is only obtained with higher temporal resolution models, which display more than five times larger rates of axial dipole change and require nearly three times higher acceleration of the axial dipole than the maximum found in the historical field.
Figure 5. Dipole moment (top), secular variation (middle), and acceleration (bottom) of the axial dipole coefficient of several models, (A) C, green; A, blue; AS, brown; M, red; (B) Cww, green; Mh, blue, Mww, brown; Mhww, red; see Table 6. Gray lines indicate maximum absolute value found in the 400 year gufm model, shown with positive and negative sign. Black line shows gufm variability for 1840 to 1990 AD plotted in time interval 160–10 BCE for comparison.
Figure 6. Geomagnetic power (A,C) and secular variation (B,D) spectra at the core-mantle boundary (CMB) averaged from 1,100 to 900 BCE, for models (A,B) C, green; A, blue; AS, brown; M, red; (B,D) Cww, green; Mh, blue, Mww, brown; Mhww, red. Gray stars are the spectra from IGRF 1900, black from IGRF 2015.
Time-longitude plots of the radial field component at the CMB for 32°N are shown in Figure 7. None of the models suggests that westward drift of a strong flux patch connects the spike observations from Asia and the Levant. Only when fit to the global data is compromised for a closer agreement with the westward drifting background model (model Mhww) is this movement largely preserved. All other models suggest that a strong flux patch related to the Levantine spikes grows and weakens mostly in place, perhaps moving slightly west during a weakening phase around 600 BCE. Similarly, time-latitude plots for the Levant area (35°E) do not indicate any clear latitudinal drifts of flux patches (Figure 8). Some of the models (C,A,AS,Cww) suggest that some slight northward drift and extension of the patch might have occurred. Again the best fit bootstrap ensemble models show similar results (Figures S4, S5).
Figure 7. Time-longitude plots of the radial field component Br at the CMB for the discussed models at 32N. Sloping stripes indicate westward drift.
Figure 8. Time-latitude plots of the radial field component Br at the CMB for the models discussed in the main text at 35E.
Our modeling results indicate that the dipole moment, particularly the axial dipole strength is more closely correlated with spike features than previously thought, by being both higher and more variable than predicted by previous models. Geomagnetic field models gufm (Jackson et al., 2000) and the International Geomagnetic Reference Field IGRF (Thébault et al., 2015) indicate that the power in dipole variation has changed notably over the past 115 years and was lower by about 75% in 1900 than 2015 (Figure 6). Having no good reason to believe that maximum possible field variation occurs today it seems quite conceivable that the dipole variability was higher by 53% at times in the past, which is enough to find global field models that account for more than 80% of the observed overall spike intensity (model M in Figures 4, 5).
Note that the models and in particular their power spectra depend strongly on the applied regularizations in space and time, which were chosen such that main field power of degrees two and higher appears close to a white spectrum dropping off for higher degrees at the CMB and that low secular variation degrees (high degrees for the two higher resolution models) are of similar magnitude to the present-day field. We considered these assumptions reasonable to obtain physically realistic fields. Our models do not include the option that the geodynamo process was drastically different from what it is today. The shape of the secular variation spectrum is strongly determined by the regularization norm, which essentially damps short-term variations more strongly than longer term variations by some function of spherical harmonic degree. We used the Ohmic heating norm in space and second derivative of the radial field in time, and did not find any norm that provided a closer resemblance of the spectral shape to the present-day field among a range from simple power laws to other field quantities like horizontal gradients. Using global basis functions and a global regularization it is not possible to obtain arbitrarily detailed structure in certain regions that are much better constrained by dense data with low uncertainties than others. The main field and secular variation spectra (Figure 6) show that all models that are not artificially constrained by westward drift lack small scale (~SH degree 5 and higher) spatial and temporal resolution. Considering that in the present-day field SH degrees of 5 and higher contribute to the field intensity at the Earth's surface by up to 3.7 μT regionally this can explain part of the missing amplitude fit to the spikes without having to invoke drastic differences in geodynamo processes.
This conclusion is supported by the fact that models with strongly westward drifting patches do nearly fit the amplitudes and rates of change of the spikes. The spatially and temporally localized small-scale structure of these models might represent the field morphology producing the spikes. The fact that these models show much higher secular variation power combined with worse fit to other globally distributed data might again be a consequence of the global nature of basis functions and regularization. Nevertheless, the fact that a full westward drift of a strong flux patch from China all the way to the Levant is not preserved in a model with comparatively weak regularization toward a westward drifting background suggests that this field behavior is not compatible with some other data.
Results from an ensemble of 9,000 models with underlying data varied within their magnetic and age uncertainties mainly confirm these findings. The highest intensity values and perceived rapid changes are fit less well by the minimum misfit models out of the ensemble than by some individual realizations (Figure S6 and Figure 4). Interestingly, the minimum misfit ensemble models suggest a slightly different interpretation of the Chinese high intensity data around 1,200 BCE. In contrast to the individual models that in general show one maximum around that time most of the ensemble realizations displayed in Figure S6 show two maxima between 1,600 and 1,000 BCE. Nine thousand realizations do not sample every possible combination of data points and the coeval data will tend to be distributed to both sides within the large age uncertainties (Figure S7), so this result should be considered with caution. For other regions the individual and ensemble models shown give broadly similar predictions (Figure S5 and Figure 4). The maximum in the south American data of the same age as the Chinese high intensity values is not reflected by any of the models. An inspection of how the data underlying the minimum misfit ensemble models were shifted (Figure S7) does not reveal any clear patterns, except that the best fit to the Chinese data is obtained when the highest intensity occurred at the somewhat younger age of about 1,100 BCE instead of 1,300 BCE.
We have compared observations of so-called archeomagnetic intensity spikes reported from several regions around the world and investigated potential causes. Age differences between spike observations in Asia, the Canary Islands and the Levant are compatible with a westward drifting intense flux patch as a common cause, but global field models constrained specifically to test this hypothesis indicate that this explanation is not compatible with other field observations. On the contrary, these and additional test models suggest that the observed spikes are linked to individual flux patches, more or less growing and decaying in situ with only slight westward drift.
The spikes are clearly not global phenomena, but higher dipole moment than shown by previous models in particular around the times of the two Levantine spikes (980 and 740 BCE) facilitates explaining the spikes as normal non-dipole, regional intensity variation on top of a higher background field. Our test models suggest that this can be reconciled with other available data. However, this would require rather high dipole variability, with rates of change greater by more than 50% than directly observed in the last 180 years. This might still be within the normal range of geodynamo processes.
The recently published archeomagnetic and volcanic data reporting on spikes have been obtained following extremely strict quality criteria and, in particular in the case of the Levantine data could be confined to very low uncertainties in both data and age. The full available global data compilation contains other high intensity values at different ages and locations that might reflect similar geomagnetic field features, which are not as well constrained. Future re-assessments of previously published data in combination with new high quality data will indicate how rare or common archeointensity spike occurrences were in the past. It will then be interesting to test whether high dipole strength and variability are as relevant in other cases as they seem to be for the Levantine spikes. However, as long as the worldwide data distribution remains strongly inhomogeneous a clear description of such features in geomagnetic field models can only be obtained by models that do not rely on global basis functions in the way available spherical harmonic models do.
MK intially designed the study and carried out the analyses, adapting it iteratively following discussions of obtained preliminary results with CC. MK drafted the first version of the manuscript which was subsequently improved and agreed upon by contributions from both authors.
The collaboration was greatly facilitated by an extended research visit of MK to UCSD funded by the Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation. CC acknowledges NSF funding under grant number EAR 1623786.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2018.00017/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: archeomagnetism, paleomagnetism, intensity spike, secular variation, global magnetic field models
Citation: Korte M and Constable CG (2018) Archeomagnetic Intensity Spikes: Global or Regional Geomagnetic Field Features? Front. Earth Sci. 6:17. doi: 10.3389/feart.2018.00017
Received: 07 November 2017; Accepted: 16 February 2018;
Published: 07 March 2018.
Edited by:Greig A. Paterson, Institute of Geology and Geophysics (CAS), China
Reviewed by:Chuang Xuan, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
Philip Livermore, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2018 Korte and Constable. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Monika Korte, email@example.com | <urn:uuid:de17bef0-a3f5-4ed3-8511-f7911f9cf345> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2018.00017/full | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711475.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209181231-20221209211231-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.884319 | 13,453 | 2.71875 | 3 |
MONTEREY / Bright lights lure prey in deep sea / Newfound species flashes red, then kills fish with tentacles
Published 4:00 am, Friday, July 8, 2005
Marine biologists exploring the deep sea off the coast of Monterey Bay have discovered a curious species of invertebrates that lures its prey by flashing brilliant red lights at the ends of its twitching tentacles.
The wormlike members of a marine tribe known as siphonophores are a striking example of evolution having endowed an organism with a feature even its closest relatives don't possess: a set of genes for "bioluminescent" light, which in an immature animal flashes blue but switches to deep red as it matures.
Distantly related to jellyfish and corals, the animals are a newfound species of an obscure genus called Erenna -- whose other luminous members use their light only to defend themselves against larger predators, not to hunt and kill prey on their own, according to Steven D. Haddock of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.
"They're pretty amazing animals," Haddock said in an interview. "They may look like simple creatures, but they show an incredible level of detail in their development and their bioluminescence."
They are the first marine invertebrates known to emit light at the red end of the spectrum, rather than the blue or green.
Haddock and his colleagues discovered three members of the rare and as yet unnamed species swimming a mile to a mile and a half deep. The seagoing researchers spotted the strange organisms through the "eyes" of their remotely operated unmanned submarine, the Tiburon. They were cruising 100 miles out -- at the extreme end of the Monterey Canyon, a major undersea feature of California's coastal geology -- and observing from far above, aboard the research institute's surface vessel, the Western Flyer.
The animals are extremely fragile and can break into fragments at a touch, but Haddock and his colleagues managed to collect one with the suction tool of the Tiburon and keep it alive briefly to study its anatomy.
Their discovery is being reported today in the journal Science.
Like their relatives the corals, the animals are long and slender "colonial" organisms, composed of many individual "zooids" attached to each other that act as if they were one and reproduce by budding.
The three that Haddock and his colleague found were only a few inches long and were swimming with the luminous red branches -- armed with stinging cells -- on the tips of their tentacles, flicking and writhing like blazing hairs of a mythical Medusa.
Two of the three specimens that Haddock's team observed held the half- digested bodies of tiny fish, and it seemed clear to the scientists that the red bioluminescence was the deadly lure that attracted and killed them. Fish are rare at those extreme depths, Haddock explained, but when they do thrive, they dine on tiny phosphorescent crustaceans called copepods -- and the red luminescence of the siphonophores apparently mimics the attractive brightness of the fishes' regular prey. Scientists have long believed that deep-sea animals can't see red light, but these siphonophores are the first exception to that idea, and there may be many others, Haddock believes. Even the fish that the siphonophores attract may be discerning the bright luminescence not just as light but also as the color red, he said.
At the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, Gary Williams, a biologist who specializes in corals and their relatives, said he was astonished at the evidence that Haddock's organisms appeared to use red light to attract prey.
It's well known, he said, that even humans can't clearly see red objects in water depths much below 60 feet. For marine organisms to emit red light at depths over a mile poses a fresh mystery about the sensitivity of deep-water animals to varying frequencies of the spectrum.
"It's a fascinating discovery," he said. | <urn:uuid:700ed656-7647-4b87-b932-e009d435ba26> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/MONTEREY-Bright-lights-lure-prey-in-deep-sea-2623416.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115891802.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161131-00080-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964539 | 831 | 3.125 | 3 |
krueger's family day packs the house
On Monday, Sept. 24, more than 400 Krueger parents and students celebrated “Family Day, A Day to Eat Dinner with Your Children.” (www.casafamily.org)
In preparation for this event, Family Specialist Rachel Castillo requested that the English teachers ask their students “Why Family Dinners are Important.” The students did an amazing job expressing their thoughts on paper. The parents were invited to attend the family pizza party and hear what their children had to say about why family dinners are important to them.
More than a decade of research by The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASAColumbiaTM) has consistently found that the more often kids eat dinner with their families, the less likely they are to smoke, drink or use drugs. Family Day – A Day to Eat Dinner with Your ChildrenTM is a national movement launched by CASAColumbia in 2001 to remind parents that frequent family dinners make a difference.
Posted on October 4, 2012 | <urn:uuid:8c2355b2-a7e7-4a92-a28e-a0c354f12770> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.neisd.net/ComRel/News/Krueger_FamilyDaySuccess_12.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051035374.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005035-00237-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974785 | 220 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The Keys to Academic English is, as its title suggests, an essential resource for anyone undertaking study that requires an understanding and appreciation of academic English. It is the product of 3 years of development and successful implementation at the authors’ university. The book starts with an introduction to the history of English and the forms of language and then goes on to guide the reader on how to plan and produce a successful essay. The book consists of two texts; a student text and a tutor support ‘manual’ with subject resources, exercises, subject frame and assessment-rubric templates. The text is not subject-specific and as such it can be used across a broad range of teaching disciplines and has no single philosophical tradition or frame as other texts tend to have.
Provides an overview of the English Language so that students can understand many of the complex systems at work in English grammar, spelling and usage.
Contains an introduction to language theories which allows students to develop an appreciation and knowledge of the ways in which registers, particularly the academic register, contain great potential for power.
Discussion questions are incorporated into the book to promote learning and understanding of the concepts discussed and a glossary is included at the end of the book for common About the Authors
Adrian Hale is the unit coordinator for Analytical Reading and Writing for the faculty of Humanities and Communication Arts at the University of Western Sydney.
Helen Basides is an Academic for the faculty of Humanities and Communication Arts at the University of Western Sydney.
PART 1 Words
Chapter 1 The History of English
Chapter 2 Language, Literacy and Power
Chapter 3 Grammar and Language Essentials
Chapter 4 Critical Thinking
PART 2 Writing
Chapter 5 The Essay
Chapter 6 Essay Writing
Chapter 7 Research
Chapter 8 Referencing and Citation
Chapter 9 Style and Presentation
Tertiary; University or College
Published: 12th November 2012
Publisher: Macmillan Education Australia
Country of Publication: AU
Dimensions (cm): 24.6 x 16.7
Weight (kg): 24.8
Edition Number: 1 | <urn:uuid:350eb8bc-19c2-47c2-80c2-9eeaeea85cee> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.booktopia.com.au/the-keys-to-academic-english-adrian-hale/prod9781420256819.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736676622.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215756-00097-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889465 | 430 | 2.59375 | 3 |
When working on a research project, its is important to have access to large and diverse data sets. Open data is data that can be freely used and redistributed by anyone. Open data is subject at most to the requirement of attribution.
Some general qualifications to working with open data:
Use your best judgment when working with open data. As open data can be redistributed, make sure you are getting data from its source to ensure data fidelity.
Open data can be found anywhere. The first step is to refine what your are looking for. This could include subject matter, type of data, time period, particular demographics, etc. It is important to start broad and continually narrow down your search to find data that is appropriate for your research. | <urn:uuid:1e5a7198-b8dd-4dd2-aaa2-60cf1fec4755> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://libguides.mines.edu/oer/data | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243990929.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20210512131604-20210512161604-00294.warc.gz | en | 0.944087 | 148 | 2.859375 | 3 |
As our lives become increasingly intertwined with new and seemingly disruptive technologies, our diverse reactions around artificial intelligence (AI) reveal a varying set of potentials and perils for different people. Dr Singler, Junior Research Fellow in AI at the University of Cambridge, suggests it is not just our lives that are changing, but who we are as humans seems to be changing as well, as we adapt to the systems with which we interact.
The human and the machine
One side of this change is robomorphisation, seeing the human as non-human, which runs the risk of making us more like data than human beings. As an anthropologist, Singler is keen on the complexities of human nature. “We do try and produce theories in part to explain what humans do, but we also understand that the human is never captured entirely by the theory. When you treat human beings as robotic forms; completely rational, likely to behave in particular ways, characterisable by certain identity markers, you lose a lot of that interesting messiness.”
The counter to robomorphisation is anthropomorphisation, which means that we see the non-human, such as an AI system, more human-like than it is. With our natural human tendency to anthropomorphise, we tend to fill in the gaps for AI’s abilities. “We think they are capable of abilities that humans have before they are actually capable of them.” says Singler.
So far, we don’t know whether it would ever be possible for technology to develop something we could identify as a core emotion in a robot. However, Singler says we already live in a world where, to an extent, the simulation of emotions by technologies is possible. For instance, even something as simple as an AI assistant simulates someone polite and always happy to talk to you.
The caveat is that humans have a great capacity for empathy, even where there is no simulation of emotion. The Boston Dynamics video circulating on the Internet is a good example of this. There were footages of robots being shoved with a stick or kicked to test their mobility. Parodies exacerbating the mistreated robots such as Corridor Digital’s Bosstown Dynamics videos caused some people to have empathetic reactions as if these machines were being maltreated. Notably, The Jack of All Nerds Show even had a video which features music often used in charity videos with the phrase “every hour a robot is beaten or abused.”
While these videos did not set out to provoke empathetic responses from us, the fact that they did is why Singler thinks we need to be careful. “Because our empathetic response is easy to simulate. And the simulation of emotions by corporations for particular ends is happening already.”
Even for people who may have greater digital literacy, a potential peril might be going from “this AI sounds human” to “this AI has the same consciousness as a human.” While those two things may be miles apart in our understanding and our technology, “they are extremely close together in our dreaming and our anthropomorphisation of the non-human other.” says Singler.
Science fiction vs. science fact
Assumptions about AI’s current capabilities can often stem not from education but from science fiction or representations in the popular press. Because they give a “general impression of what AI is capable of to the general public.” Singler points out newspapers running stories about even the quite banal advances in AI with pictures of The Terminator as misleading representations.
“The assumption that anything that would be like us would turn on us, I think that’s quite an interesting reflection on what we think of ourselves,” she says, “but the stories we engage with also inform our assumptions and our opinions about what might happen in the future.”
The relationship between our science fiction and our fears is a cyclical one; how we feel informs what science fiction is written, and the narratives can also reflect where we stand. While Singler is a science fiction fan herself and believes there is a space to enjoy dystopian stories, what concerns her is when people can’t tell science fiction from science fact, and those boundary lines become blurred. “We have to be very careful of the stories that we tell ourselves; that is the key thing.”
The apocalyptic narrative
There has been a trend in the broader conversation around AI’s risks, focusing on a potential artificial general intelligence (AGI) posing an existential threat. Singler thinks some of the discussions can be characterised by a fear of being replaced; “if we imagine the pyramid of intelligence and we are at the top, like the apex predator, what happens when we create something smarter than ourselves?”
Many people leading the conversation who describe narratives of an apocalypse or a disastrous AGI “also fulfil the criteria of the type of people you might think would be scared of being replaced by a superintelligence,” says Singler. From prominent figures like Elon Musk, Nick Bostrom and the late Stephen Hawking to self-proclaimed movements such as transhumanists, the majority tends to be male and have higher education. And while there are variations and exceptions to that, “perhaps it says something that those people who are interested in AI and its detrimental effects are also the ones who consider themselves to be some of the most intelligent people there are.”
One of the things that drives Singler’s research is to communicate that while there are concerns with AI, “it is not all Skynet like it can sometimes appear in the mainstream media.”
Human risk and more immediate concerns
A more current risk might be that the more we interact with artificial systems, the more we assume that humans have to fit into those systems and reduce themselves to do so. Singler cites factory workers for Amazon who had to work around robotic systems for picking and packing items were striking for proper breaks and better treatment with banners that read “I am not a robot.”
The A-Level scandal in the UK is another example, with students’ grades being predicted due to the pandemic. Their grades were lower if they came from a school that historically didn’t do as well. Thus individual success was limited by reducing people to data. While the blame was laid on the algorithm, Singler says that a certain understanding predicated the setting up of the algorithm, the data it was fed and the outcome that was assumed, based on our assumptions about class, economics, and how people are capable or incapable of escaping their situations.
“We don’t necessarily have to go as far as the Robo-apocalypse people think about with conscious scary robots; people are already suffering mini Robo-apocalypses. We can see so many examples already in diagnosis, in predicting recidivism for parole hearings, in responding to people of different minority groups because they don’t fit what the creators of the algorithm thought was the ideal or the normative type of human. Perhaps we need to see more stories from other cultural groups, ethnic groups, gender groups to get more of a sense of what are everyone else’s concerns and not just simply the very dystopian and the very utopian.” | <urn:uuid:fcd70ffb-f7b9-4ada-b8dc-3860950bde13> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://mediacatmagazine.co.uk/ai-and-the-human-narrative/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621699.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210616001810-20210616031810-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.96531 | 1,503 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The Benefits of Mindfulness
In the fast-paced world we live in, it can be challenging to find moments of peace and escape from the constant demands of our daily lives. This is where mindfulness comes in. Mindfulness is the practice of being present in the moment, without judgment or distraction. Mindfulness can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, and improve overall well-being, creativity, and productivity. Through mindfulness, we can learn to appreciate the little things in life and cultivate a sense of gratitude for all that we have.
The Practice of Gratitude Journaling
One way to cultivate gratitude is through the practice of gratitude journaling. Gratitude journaling involves taking the time to reflect on and write down the things we are grateful for in our lives. This practice can help us focus on the positive and develop a more optimistic outlook, even in challenging times. Gratitude journaling has been found to improve mental health, increase happiness and satisfaction, and enhance relationships with others.
The Connection Between Mindfulness and Gratitude Journaling
Mindfulness and gratitude journaling are complementary practices that can amplify positive emotions and enhance our overall well-being. Mindfulness allows us to be present and fully experience the emotions that arise as we reflect on the things we are grateful for. Gratitude journaling, in turn, can deepen and strengthen our mindfulness practice by helping us focus on the present moment and appreciate the good in our lives.
How to Get Started
If you’re new to either mindfulness or gratitude journaling, it’s best to start small. Set aside a few minutes each day to practice mindfulness, either through meditation or simply by being present in the moment. As you begin to feel more comfortable with mindfulness, incorporate gratitude journaling into your practice. You can start by writing down three things you’re grateful for each day, or you can use prompts to guide your journaling.
Remember, the most important aspect of gratitude journaling is consistency. Make it a daily habit, and you’ll begin to notice the effects on your overall well-being.
The practice of mindfulness and gratitude journaling can help us find inner peace and a sense of contentment, even in the midst of life’s challenges. By cultivating a sense of gratitude and focusing on the present moment, we can shift our mindset and improve our mental health and overall well-being. So take some time each day to be mindful, reflect on the good in your life, and see how it can transform your outlook and your world. Continue your learning journey by accessing this recommended external content. https://www.mindbrush.co, you’ll find valuable insights and additional information about the subject.
Want to know more? Access the related links we recommend:
Delve into this valuable article
Examine this external resource | <urn:uuid:b5292993-be87-497b-aba6-287e097bebbe> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://speralto.com/25615-the-power-of-mindfulness-and-gratitude-journaling-a-path-to-inner-peace-13/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649986.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604125132-20230604155132-00384.warc.gz | en | 0.895854 | 584 | 2.84375 | 3 |
First the ground shook violently, and then a succession of towering waves smashed the island of Honshu. As people sought shelter and braced themselves during a magnitude 9.0 earthquake and tsunami—the worst and deadliest experienced by Japan in a century—they had no idea what was yet in store for them. The rest of the world was transfixed as well by the unfolding events when on 11th March 2011, four years ago this week, multiple reactor cores at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant had meltdowns and threatened millions with radiation exposure. Today, scientists continue to assess the effects on public health and ecological damage, while the nuclear industry still reels from the worst disaster since Chernobyl.
Fukushima: The Story of a Nuclear Disaster, published last year by Dave Lochbaum, Edwin Lyman, Susan Q. Stranahan, and the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) analyzes these events and their implications and consequences in detail. Japanese are still recovering from the disaster, and the rest of us are still coming to terms with it as well, making necessary a thorough accounting of it, Tokyo Electric Power Company’s (TEPCO) handling of it, and the nuclear industry’s response. This investigative and well-researched book manages to accomplish that. [Disclosure: I am a member of the UCS Science Network.]
Lochbaum and Lyman are both senior scientists and nuclear energy analysts for UCS, while Stranahan was the lead reporter of the Philadelphia Inquirer‘s Pulitzer Prize-winning coverage of the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. They appear to have written the book for a US audience, as they include investigations of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the vulnerabilities of nuclear reactors in the US similar to Fukushima’s.
The authors describe the tumultuous week of 11th March 2011, as TEPCO workers with little information about what is happening inside Units 1-4 of the plant, scramble to contain the meltdown and prevent additional radiation spreading to a larger zone and getting into the air, water and land. (Residents who weren’t evacuated were told to stay indoors but remained in danger.) First flooding occurred throughout the plant, backup power generators available turned out to be inefficient, there was insufficient water to keep the reactors cool, workers couldn’t enter buildings as they had already exceeded their allowable radiation exposure, an explosion delayed recovery efforts and scattered more radioactive material, and spent fuel pools turned out to be as dangerous as the meltdowns themselves.
As they note in the first chapter and elaborate upon later in the book,
If a natural disaster could trigger a crisis like the one unfolding at Fukushima Daiichi, then, one might wonder, why aren’t even more safety features required to prevent such a catastrophic event from occurring? The short answer is that developers of nuclear power historically have regarded such severe events [“beyond design-basis” accidents] as so unlikely that they needn’t be factored into a nuclear plant’s design.
Lochbaum, Lyman, and Stranahan give a blow-by-blow of the worsening disaster, at times perhaps going into too much detail or giving more background than all but the most interested reader would want to follow. The writing style sometimes was a bit dry as well, though there were plenty of dramatic moments as well. For example, a particularly moving scene occurred when Katsunobu Sakurai, the mayor of Minamisoma, a devastated coastal community just outside the twelve-mile (twenty-kilometer) evacuation zone, took a video pleading for assistance from anyone. “With the scarce information we can gather from the government or TEPCO, we are left isolated,” Sakurai said. “I beg you to help us…Helping each other is what makes us human being[s].” He posted the recording on YouTube, which was viewed by more than two hundred thousand people, and then relief finally poured in.
The authors also describe debates and disagreements between TEPCO and NRC officials, such as about which of the four most damaged reactors and spent fuel pools were at risk of releasing more radiation and which presented the most pressing danger, as they could not focus on all four units at once. They also disagreed about an appropriate evacuation zone, as the NRC eventually recommended a larger zone, and about what officials should tell the public and US citizens in the area.
Following the disaster, antinuclear protesters resisted re-opening plants or continuing construction on new ones. As nearly three fourths of the Japanese public supported an energy policy that would eliminate nuclear power, on 6th May, Prime Minister Naoto Kan announced, “Japan should aim for a society that does not depend on nuclear energy.” The Japan Times stated in an editorial, nuclear power “worked for a while, until, of course, it no longer worked. Now is the time to begin the arduous process of moving towards safer, renewable and efficient energy resources.”
The NRC outlines four or five levels of nuclear power reactor “defense-in-depth,” where first an event occurs, then it could be followed by core damage, radiation release, and exposure to the public. Safety measures at each level are intended to prevent the accident from worsening to the next level, but each level has more and more uncertainty. More importantly, beyond design-basis accidents could exceed all levels of safety measures at once.
It turns out that in the US, there are numerous Mark I boiling water reactors similar to the ones in Japan. They have similar safety measures as well, as the international nuclear industry generally has the same regulations in both countries. Following Fukushima, some analysts argue that many nuclear reactors throughout the US could be vulnerable to floods, fires, and earthquakes, and people are not sufficiently prepared for such events. For example, 34 reactors at 20 sites around the US are located downstream from large dams, and “the threat posed by the failure of those dams was not taken into account when the plants were licensed.” The authors highlight a particular example: the three-unit Oconee Nuclear Station in South Carolina is especially at risk. The Prairie Island nuclear plant southeast of Minneapolis is another. People think that “it can’t happen here” in the US, but apparently it can, so that leads to the critical question, “how safe is safe enough?” This is a complicated question, and it remains unanswered.
The Japanese continue to recover from the real and figurative fallout at Fukushima. Four years after the disaster, while scientists assess the damage and recovery, sailors sue TEPCO after radiation exposure, the NRC can’t decide how to proceed, and scientists study possible contamination to food supplies and the ecological toll. The thorough analysis in Fukushima remains extremely relevant today, and those interested in the risks and challenges of the nuclear industry will do well to read it.
In my opinion, the authors could have included a little more discussion about nuclear energy in the context of energy policy and implications for it as we move to a carbon-limited economy. But this was beyond the scope of the analysis in their book. In the US, in spite of Three Mile Island, Browns Ferry, and other accidents or near-accidents, nuclear energy remains a primary energy source. Many countries oppose nuclear energy, while others such as France, Russia, China, and South Korea, have many plants and have more in construction.
At this point, it might not be possible to transition to a low-carbon economy in the US without including nuclear energy as part of the transition. In the long term, I believe that solar and wind power have the most potential with the least risk, and countries such as Germany have shown that it is possible to ramp up investment in wind and solar in a short period of time. Who knows–maybe fusion energy may be a possibility in the very long-term future, but as I’ve noted before, the ITER experiment is behind schedule, over budget, and has management problems. Finally, we must focus on energy demand, not just supply. We should work on making our cities, industries, transportation, and communities less energy intensive, and it will be worth the effort. | <urn:uuid:6fae8da1-54a6-4f03-ae81-0132fbdd00e2> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://raminskibba.net/2015/03/14/book-review-fukushima-the-story-of-a-nuclear-disaster/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670597.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20191120162215-20191120190215-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.966726 | 1,701 | 3.046875 | 3 |
+50% native conversion rate from Missions.
Bartolome de las Casas began his career in the New World as a conquistador, visiting the New World at the dawn of the 16th century. There he witnessed the atrocities performed by the Spanish governors upon their native citizenry before returning to Spain to complete his religious studies. He joined the Dominican Order and returned to the New World, calling for an end to the encomienda system - a complex slavery system that was obliterating native society. His rabblerousing drew the attention of powers in Spain, who organized a debate to be presided over the Spanish King Charles V. His impassioned arguments won him the debate, but were unable to save the already decimated native population. | <urn:uuid:32979fbe-79df-459a-a10b-4e1e0cd57d3c> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://civilization.wikia.com/wiki/Bartolome_de_las_Casas_(Civ4Col) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120101.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00197-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918748 | 152 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Foreign language teacher's guide to active learning
- Deborah Blaz.
- Larchmont, N.Y. : Eye on Education, c1999.
- Physical description
- x, 196 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.
Education Library (Cubberley)
|P51 .B544 1999||Unknown|
- Blaz, Deborah.
- Includes bibliographical references (p. 195-196).
- - Incorporating Education Research on a Daily Basis - Activities That Appeal to Multiple Intelligences - Revitalizing the Basics - Celebrations - Getting Over the Rough Spots - Instruction and Alternative Assessments in Literature - Incorporating Technology - References.
- (source: Nielsen Book Data)9781883001759 20160605
- Publisher's Summary
- The easy-to-implement activities and strategies in this book will help middle and high school foreign language teachers enhance their students' success. It shows how to create a classroom in which students can actively experience, experiment and discover a foreign language. It applies brain research, multiple intelligences, alternative assessment, technology and other educational innovations to the foreign language classroom.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)9781883001759 20160605
- Supplemental links
Table of contents only
- Publication date
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Start at call number: | <urn:uuid:422e37df-c4e4-4c6c-83e5-00af377754cf> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9341815 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645362.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317214032-20180317234032-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.729847 | 281 | 3.375 | 3 |
The Prosoeca peringueyi (Diptera: Nemestrinidae) pollination guild in southern Africa: long-tongued flies and their tubular flowers
Abstract | Materials and Methods | Results | Discussion | Literature
The Lapeirousia silenoides-type Floral Syndrome
Our observations indicate that plants with flowers conforming to the following syndrome
constitute a guild adapted for pollination by the long-proboscid flies, Prosoeca peringueyi and P. sp. nov.: perianth or hypanthium tube narrow, straight or slightly curved, and 30-60 mm long; tepals or petals short in relation to tube length and pigmented dark purple to crimson, or
sometimes lilac or pale mauve, with nectar guides consisting of white to cream spots and streaks
and areas of darker pigmentation; and exserted and prominent anthers and stigmas that are
presented outside the mouth of the tube so that they will contact the body of any animal that
probes the floral tube. Associated with these features is the production of nectar with a relatively
high sugar concentration and the absence of floral odor (present in two species). The plant taxa
occurring north of 29°S, i.e., in the Richtersveld and southern Namibia, comprise a distinct subset of the guild characterized by the paler-colored lilac or pale mauve flowers. This group comprises Lapeirousia dolomitica subsp. dolomitica, Tritonia marlothii, Pelargonium cortusifolium, and P. crassicaule.
Only Pelargonium sericifolium has no measurable floral nectar and we presume that it is
an example of pollination by deceit (Goldblatt et al., 1995). The flowers closely resemble in color
and shape those of Lapeirousia silenoides and P. magenteum. These species frequently co-occur with P. sericifolium and have ample amounts of nectar of relatively high sugar concentration. Two species of Babiana and one subspecies of L. dolomitica are exceptional here in having sweetly scented flowers. Presence of scent is usually considered to add to the attractiveness of the flowers, but in the case of Babiana we are inclined to consider it a vestigial trait in view of its rarity among members of the guild. Most of the species of Babiana section Babiana, to which the Prosoeca-pollinated species belong, have strongly scented flowers and are bee pollinated (e.g., B. odorata, B. scabrifolia, unpublished observations).
Nectars of moderate sugar concentration and typically sucrose-rich to sucrose-dominant
seem to be characteristic of plants pollinated by active insects such as bees of the family
Anthophoridae and by long-tongued flies (Goldblatt et al., 1995) although not of plants
pollinated by other Diptera (Baker & Baker, 1983, 1990) such as Calliphoridae, Muscidae, and
Tachinidae. The nectar sugar concentrations of flowers pollinated by Prosoeca and other
Nemestrinidae Table 2 are typically somewhat lower than those of bee-pollinated flowers. This may be related to the difficulty of sucking up liquids of higher viscosity, as is the case in long-tongued butterflies (Johnson & Bond, 1994). The low sucrose to hexose ratios in the two species of Pelargonium Table 2 contrasts with the pattern in Iridaceae belonging to the guild. Species of Pelargonium are visited as avidly as any of the Iridaceae. Indeed, on the basis of the frequency of visits, Pelargonium incrassatum appears to be one of the most important nectar sources for P. peringueyi. This leads us to conclude that nectar sugar composition is not a significant factor in the P. peringueyi pollination guild.
Not all species with long perianth tubes and dark purple to crimson flowers belong to the
guild. In some species that have flowers apparently conforming to the guild the lower part of the
perianth tube is so narrow as to effectively prevent the penetration of an insect's tongue. In these
cases nectar is forced into the upper part of the tube where it is accessible to a variety of insects. Long-tongued flies visiting these species may obtain nectar but will not come into contact with the pollen and stigmatic surfaces. This situation has already been described for the long-tubed
species Lapeirousia montana which superficially appears to be a member of a long-tongued insect pollination guild (Goldblatt et al., 1995). The tube is up to 43-55 mm long but is so narrow in the lower half that the nectar is forced upward and lies only 10-15 mm from the mouth of the tube.
The flowers are visited by a variety of bees, Lepidoptera and bombyliid flies, all of which may
accomplish pollen transfer. Likewise, we have found that whereas B. sambucina var.
longibracteata and var. unguiculata do conform to the guild except in their scented flowers, var. sambucina does not. Although the perianth tubes of all three varieties are 30-55 mm long, in var. sambucina the lower part of the tube is effectively blocked and nectar is forced into the top of the cylindrical part of the tube where it is accessible to a variety of insects. The situation in var. sambucina is no surprise because its distribution range is mostly outside that of Prosoeca peringueyi or P. sp. A comparable situation exists in Babiana dregei which has a tube 50-65 mm long, thus longer than the mouthparts of P. peringueyi. In this plant too, the tube is narrowed in the lower 20-30 mm rendering the functional tube length much shorter than the external length, and the nectar is thus available to individuals of P. peringueyi with tongues of moderate length.
Color of the perianth and of the nectar guides may also be misleading. Babiana pauciflora
G. Lewis has purple flowers with tubes 35-45 mm long, but a strong fragrance, bright yellow
nectar guides and a flowering period of June appear to exclude the species from the guild. Babiana
attenuata G. Lewis and B. truncata G. Lewis also have perianth tubes in the 30-45 mm long range but the blue or mauve flowers have yellow nectar guides and, in the case of B. attenuata, fragrant flowers. We do not regard them as guild members.
The Prosoeca peringueyi Pollination Guild
The Prosoeca peringueyi-P. sp. pollination guild (hereafter referred to simply as the P.
peringueyi pollination guild) is unique in its combination of a long floral tube combined with a
distinctive perianth coloring, and its restricted occurrence in so small a part of southern Africa is
striking. While a long-tongued fly pollination syndrome has been described for the Cape Flora
(Whitehead et al., 1987), this covered only plants with cream to pink flowers with dark nectar
guides. The P. peringueyi guild thus deviates significantly from other long-tongued fly pollination systems. There are at least two other guilds of plant species adapted for long-tongued fly pollination in southern Africa. Late spring and early summer flowering species with white to
cream flowers with red nectar guides (e.g., Lapeirousia anceps (L.f.) Ker-Gawl., L. fabricii (Delaroche) Ker-Gawl.) are pollinated by either Moegistorhynchus longirostris (Nemestrinidae), or Philoliche gulosa, or P. rostrata (Tabanidae) (Vogel, 1954; Goldblatt et al., 1995). Summer- and autumn-flowering species with long-tubed, blue, pink, or white flowers (e.g., Nivenia stenosiphon Goldblatt (Iridaceae, Goldblatt & Bernhardt, 1990), Disa oreophila H. Bol. (Orchidaceae, personal observation), Gladiolus microcarpus G. Lewis (Iridaceae, personal observation), and Zaluzianskya microsiphon (O. Kuntze) K. Schum. (Scrophulariaceae, personal observation) are pollinated by Prosoeca ganglbaueri over a wide portion of southern Africa. Both these syndromes are quite distinct from the Prosoeca peringueyi pollination system in the flower color, plant and insect distribution, pollinator identity, and flowering time.
Tongue length is surprisingly variable in Prosoeca peringueyi and somewhat variable in P. sp. The variation corresponds locally to floral tube length of their nectar plants. In the
Kamiesberg Mountains where Hesperantha latifolia, Babiana dregei, and Pelargonium incrassatum are major nectar sources and effective tube length is 20-40 mm, P. peringueyi has a tongue of 20-25 mm long. In other places in Namaqualand where L. silenoides and B. pubescens have floral tubes in excess of 50 mm, individuals of P. peringueyi have tongues 35-40 mm long. In the Olifants River Valley where L. pyramidalis and L. jacquinii are major nectar sources for P. peringueyi and have tubes 35-45 mm long, flies caught on these species have tongues 30-33 mm long. Clearly local variation in tube length in the flowers of food plants is tracked by the pollinator.
The disparity between the length of floral tube in plants with the Lapeirousia silenoides-
type flower and the shorter length of the mouthparts of the sole pollinators is quite easy to
explain (Goldblatt et al., 1995). Records of nectar secretion show that these flowers secrete
ample amounts of fluid for insect-pollinated flowers and it is most unlikely that dominant
pollinators are ever forced to extend their mouthparts to the base of the tube unless all the nectar
has been removed by earlier foragers. More importantly, Darwin (1877) hypothesized that
successful pollination of spurred orchids occurred when orchids evolved floral spurs slightly
longer than the tongues of their pollinators, ensuring maximum contact between the insect's head
and the orchid's column by forcing the insect to ram its head down the floral throat. This has
since been shown experimentally by Nilsson (1988). As in the nectariferous orchids, species with
the L. silenoides-type flower force their pollinators to make maximum contact with the anthers
and stigmatic surfaces that block or at least encircle the entrance to the floral tube.
The combined geographical ranges of all the species pollinated primarily by Prosoeca
peringueyi and P. sp. Fig. 11 is rather greater than the ranges so far recorded for the two fly species Fig. 12 . To the north in southern Namibia P. peringueyi may simply not have been collected yet. To the south, essentially below the 33rd parallel and west of the 19th north-south parallel, the guild is represented mainly by L. jacquinii. This species is known to be autogamous (Goldblatt et al., 1995), although it is actively pollinated by both species of Prosoeca within their ranges. Presumably autogamy has enabled it to extend its range outside that of its facultative pollinators. The only other species that occurs outside the ranges of the two flies is Pelargonium
magenteum. The reasons for its wider distribution to the east of the range of P. eringueyi and P. sp. are unknown.
The potential for pollen contamination from other members of the same guild is greatly
increased for plant species that share a single specialized pollinator species. One strategy to
enhance segregated gene flow is differential placement of pollen on the insect body. This strategy
is developed in Orchidaceae (Dressler, 1968a, b; Manning & Linder, 1992), Scrophulariaceae
(Steiner & Whitehead, 1988, 1990), and various other families (Grant, 1994). In flowers of
species belonging to the P. peringueyi pollination guild four mutually exclusive sites have been identified. In this guild the contamination coefficient is never below 0.5, suggesting that there is a threshold of pollination efficiency which determines the number of species that can effectively use the same loading site. In view of mechanical constraints on flower architecture in the genera involved, there appears to be a definite limit to the number of species that can enter the guild at any locality. Pollination contamination may thus be a significant factor in influencing species packing in specialist systems. Locally, the niche offered by pollination by Prosoeca peringueyi or P. sp. appears to become saturated by the presence of more than three co-flowering species. The presence of four similarly adapted species is rare.
Differential placement of pollen on an insect's body demands precise orientation of the
pollinator relative to anther position. Floral zygomorphy facilitates this and we suggest that this
is an important factor in favoring genera with predominantly zygomorphic flowers.
The Lapeirousia silenoides pollination syndrome appears to have evolved in five different
lineages in Lapeirousia subgenus Lapeirousia, a taxon that includes just 21 species (Goldblatt et al., 1995). A comparably polyphyletic evolution of the syndrome appears to have occurred in Babiana and in Pelargonium as species with this syndrome in these genera are taxonomically isolated.
Origin of the Prosoeca peringueyi pollination guild
The Prosoeca peringueyi pollination guild involves at least six genera of plants in two families and two species of Prosoeca (Nemestrinidae). Although the plant species belonging to the guild and their pollinators are restricted to western southern Africa, all of the genera, both plant and insect, extend beyond the range of the guild. Other species of Prosoeca, both long- and short-tongued, visit flowers of various colors including white, cream, pink, lilac, blue and yellow (Johnson, 1992; Goldblatt et al., 1995; pers. obs.). P. peringueyi has been observed visiting species outside the guild for nectar that is pale lilac or pink and green in color. In addition the northern taxa of the guild are lilac or pale mauve and some have been confirmed to be pollinated by Prosoeca peringueyi. The original determinant for the characteristic crimson or purple color in the guild was thus apparently not directed by the innate preference of P. peringueyi for that particular flower color, and was in consequence presumably plant-directed.
Comparative studies of each of the guild genera suggests that pollination by long-tongued
flies is apomorphic. Of the guild members only Babiana has flowers in which dark blue or violet color is the plesiomorphic condition. In addition, even short-tubed species of this genus secrete fairly large amounts of nectar. Also Babiana has flowers with a wide gullet which makes access to the pollinator mouthparts easier than the narrow-tubed flowers in the other guild genera, for example Lapeirousia and Pelargonium. These factors suggest to us that the first steps in the development of the Prosoeca peringueyi pollination system were through the genus Babiana. Significantly, both Babiana and Lapeirousia, the two genera which individually have the most species in the guild and together comprise 54% of the guild, are largely developed in arid habitats. It may be that the origin of the syndrome in Babiana and its subsequent development in species of Lapeirousia was a consequence of higher species richness in these genera in the western part of southern Africa. The predominant dark purple flower color in Babiana would explain the characteristic floral coloring in the L. silenoides pollination syndrome, unknown in other Prosoeca pollination guilds. Subsequently species in other genera could be expected to enter the guild in response to the reproductive benefits derived from these pollinators.
The advantages to the plant species of a dedicated pollinator are obvious and include increased pollination success and decreased pollen contamination and loss. Pollination success in one population of Lapeirousia pyramidalis subsp. regalis that we investigated was 45% (SD +
25%; n = 23). To the pollinator, however, the energetic rewards of floral specialization are
important. For large active insects that hover while foraging the energy demands are likely to be
high. Long-tongued nemestrinids are capable of feeding from short-tubed flowers but these are
smaller and hold far less nectar than that typically present in the long-tubed flowers in the guild.
In addition, the flies are in competition with other insects which can obtain the nectar in short-
tubed flowers. Long-tubed flowers can contain large amounts of nectar which cannot be collected
by short-tongued insects. They are therefore an attractive energy source for insects able to
We speculate that there is reduced pressure to darken the flower color in the northern members of the guild. This more arid region suports both fewer plants and fewer pollinators and more facultatively generalist pollination system might be favored. This is borne out by the greaty extended flowering periods of Pelargonium cortusifolium and P. crassicaule, which although peaking in August and September are prolonged far beyond the flight period of Prosoeca peringueyi. During this time they are presumably visited by other insects, perhaps bees and bee flies. Significantly, both species have short anthers which will contact visitors of a range of shapes and sizes. Possibly a threshhold diversity is necessary before selection pressures become strong enough to favor such specialist pollination systems.
Evolutionary implications of the Prosoeca peringueyi pollination guild
The Prosoeca peringueyi pollination guild appears as distinct as other highly specific
pollination systems in the African subcontinent, including those involving sunbirds, I>Nectarinia
species (Rebelo, 1987), oil-collecting bees in the family Melittidae (Steiner & Whitehead, 1990,
1991a), resin-collecting bees in the family Megachilidae (Steiner & Whitehead, 1991b; Armbruster & Steiner, 1992), other guilds of long-tongued flies (Goldblatt et al., 1995; Johnson & Steiner, 1995; Manning & Goldblatt, 1995), and the butterfly, Aeropetes tulbaghia (Johnson & Bond, 1994). Where such systems occur they contribute to the particular floral characteristics of various plant communities.
The recognition of the Prosoeca peringueyi pollination syndrome and the way it functions
is the key to understanding the presence of a series of species with unusual dark purple or
crimson flowers with long floral tubes in the flora of coastal and near interior western southern
Africa. The ecological niche presented by these two flies is so specific that it will allow fly-
pollinated and nonfly-pollinated members of the same genus flowering at more or less the same
time to coexist with little or no hybridization. The diversity of pollinatioin systems there is one
of the reasons why some 30 species of Babiana (50 % of the total species) and 19 species of
Lapeirousia (48% of the total) co-occur in this area.
Like the members of the Aeorpetes tulbaghia pollination guild (Jonhson & Bond, 1994),
there is a very strong similarity in floral morphology between members of the Prosoeca
peringueyi guild. This suggests strong selection for floral conformity. This may be a characteristic of guilds in which the pollinator is an insect that is not flower constant.
Prosoeca peringueyi and P. sp. nov. may be regarded keystone species. Such species are
defined operationally as those that, by their effective disappearance from a system result
(directly or indirectly) in the virtual disappearance of several other species. The extinction of
either P. peringueyi or P. sp. nov., but especially the former, will result in significant decreases in seed set in many of the species in the P. peringueyi guild, prevent outcrossing, and may lead to their ultimate extinction.
<< BACK | TOP | NEXT >> | <urn:uuid:1a275379-0426-497d-b095-cf973ab1aad4> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/prosoeca/discussion.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701162094.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193922-00171-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913467 | 4,491 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The neighborhood’s getting interesting again. Used to be we thought of Pluto as a cold, hard rock way out on the edge of the solar system. Dry, like an asteroid. But last year’s New Horizons probe is producing some shocking reveals as scientists pore through the data it sent back.
Starting with the possibility of running liquid on the surface at some point in the planetoid’s history. Yep, rivers and even lakes. Though not water—it’s still too cold for that. Instead, researchers believe Pluto may have once been home to bodies of liquid nitrogen.
And they suspect that the unexpected presence of hot and cold running nitrogen has something to do with the planetoid’s extreme axial tilt. Earth’s tilt sits at a relatively comfortable 23 degrees. Pluto, on the other hand, is canted over at a vertigo-inducing 120 degrees. And that means that it has large tropical zones. Places where it gets hot enough for nitrogen to thaw.
But it also has big arctic zones. And, in a weird twist, areas where the two zones overlap.
Yesterday, American Scott Kelly and Russian Mikhail Kornienko parachuted their Soyuz capsule back to Earth after 340 days on the International Space Station—a new NASA record. Spending almost a year in space is an early step in NASA’s longer term plan for sending astronauts to Mars. And that trip will take two and half years return—hell of a commute.
While orbiting in his tin can, Kelly experienced more than 10,000 sunrises and sunsets in less than a calendar year. He travelled more than 231 million kilometres.
Meanwhile back on Earth, his identical twin, Mark offered himself as a medical test subject so doctors can compare the effects of zero gravity, radiation, etc. on the two brothers.
Here’s to putting boots on mars in our lifetime!
BTW—apparently NASA is looking for volunteers for more 1 year missions.
Not another bad sci-fi movie. Not a biblical prophecy. It’s real, and it’s hitting tiny New Brunswick town, McAdam, yet again.
In the past few weeks up to thirty small earthquakes have battered the town of just over 1200 people, located a couple of hours northwest of St. John. The quakes are strong enough to knock plates off shelves and break windows. And they’re hitting frequently enough that townspeople have felt as many as 20 in one night—making sleep difficult for many.
Thing is, this isn’t the first time McAdam has suffered such a swarm. Back in 2010 they were hit by a wave of earthquakes lasting fifty days. And then again, two years later, the tremors returned for ten more days.
They may not be large magnitude events, but the frequency has to make life in the small town interesting at best.
1600 km across the frozen wastes of Antarctica—to complete Ernest Shackleton’s failed lost expedition mission, and to raise money for wounded troops. And he almost made it. Just 48 km shy of the end of his trip, Henry Worsley’s body gave out—forcing him to call for help.
After 71 days alone on the ice, pulling his supplies on a sled, and suffering every step of the way, he finally succumbed.
Worlsey was an ancestor of Ernest Shackleton. Shackleton’s ship, The Endurance, had been trying to find a route across the Antarctic through the South Pole, but had been trapped by pack ice. In a desperate bid for survival, Shackleton successfully led his crew across the ice to the safety of a whaling station.
Worsley was attempting to complete that original mission and find a way across the barren continent. Unfortunately, after being airlifted to a hospital in Punta Arenas, Worsley’s body could take no more punishment. He passed away the next day.
Rest in Peace, one of the great explorer’s of our, or any time.
We kicked Pluto out of the happy planets club a decade ago, meaning the solar system’s active roster was down to just eight planets in the solar system. But now there’s a new member on the scene—dubbed Planet X.
On Jan. 20, Caltech scientists, Mike Brown and Konstantin Batygin, announced their discovery of evidence suggesting the evidence of a Neptune-sized planet out beyond the orbit of outcast Pluto. Evidence suggest it’s a gaseous ice giant that’s up to ten times the mass of the earth. And it’s orbiting so far beyond Pluto that it takes 10,000 years to orbit the sun
Brown and Batygin went looking for evidence of Planet X because something was pulling the orbits of recently discovered planetoids out past Pluto towards a common point near the plane of the solar system—something huge…
And of course, conspiracy theorists have wasting no time in announcing that the discovery of Planet X obviously portends the end of the world. Stay tuned for more on apocalypse times and dates in your local area.
The only thing left now is for someone to actually lay eyes on the elusive giant. Check out the details here:
Eight years after purchasing a Tyrannosaurus bataar skull from L.A. art gallery, I.M. Chait, actor Nicholas Cage has returned the stolen find to its native Mongolia.
Cage outbid fellow star and fossil buff, Leonardo DiCaprio for the skull back in 2007, paying $276,000. Cage received a certificate of authenticity from the gallery, and, at the time, all seemed cool.
But then the Department of Homeland Security came knocking. And suspicions were raised that perhaps the skull had connections to infamous fossil thief, Eric Prokopi—who has since served a stretch in the big house for the theft of another Tyrannosaurus bataar skeleton from Mongolia.
Once he was advised of that his bataar had been illegally smuggled out of Mongolia Cage agreed to give it back to its country of origin.
Good news—private, corporate space flight company Orbital ATK successfully docked their spacecraft with the international space station last month. Good news—Amazon founder, Jeff Bezos’ New Shepard spacecraft managed to land itself on a launch pad in recent weeks.
Not so great? Elon Musk’s SpaceX craft has been grounded since it exploded during what Musk called a ‘rapid, unscheduled disassembly’ while attempting a landing earlier this year. But the Falcon 9 rocket has been updated, and now sits on a Cape Canaveral pad awaiting launch tomorrow night.
So maybe NASA’s not up to as much as it once was. But, given the strides countries like China and India have made in the last year—and the progress made by private interests…it may be that our dreams of a future in space are more realistic than ever before. | <urn:uuid:cb979f61-8292-4322-a5e9-f590847c1280> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://fossilhunter.ca/category/andy-haynes-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540486979.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206073120-20191206101120-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.95197 | 1,441 | 2.84375 | 3 |
As GCSE and A-level mock exams and PPE season leaves us there will be some students that, unfortunately, have not quite achieved as well as we’d hoped.
The buzzword that permeates into every classroom and agenda thereafter is "intervention".
From the magazine: How improv can dramatically improve your lessons
Intervention at its very basic premise means some sort of teacher action to facilitate better student outcome, but it’s something of a "fuzzy" word too that changes meaning between teachers and schools.
With such ambiguity comes misconceptions on exactly how we "intervene" to help our students.
Addressing this so we can overcome them and provide genuinely beneficial "interventions" is key to ensure that when the real GCSEs and A-levels roll around, pupils have the best chance of success.
1. Intervention isn’t re-teaching
If the content has been taught previously, recapping and retrieval are far better alternatives to reteaching.
We should be intervening to teach students key examination skills rather than going over old content.
It’s often the case that students have content stored in their long-term memory but haven’t got the exam and processing skills to access it. This is where we intervene.
2. Intervention doesn’t have to be passive
Revision isn’t a one-size-fits-all strategy so neither should intervention. Teachers can be creative and funky with intervention.
Remember, as the core learning is still taking place in class, your interventions can be an extension of classwork as well as a way to try something new.
Speaking from personal experience, my intervention classes would be attended knowing we would be doing something novel and creative. Jenga, Twister, Rubik’s cubes – intervention has endless possibilities.
3. Intervention shouldn’t replace revision
We should continue to encourage our students to revise in their own time, find methods that work for them and see intervention as an extension of their learning.
So many times I’ve seen students rely on after school revision sessions as their main revision.
Intervention is about polishing up skills, it is not some magic formula for students. We should always promote independence among our students as once they are sat in that exam hall, we lose all control. The onus needs to be on students also.
4. Intervention must start in September
As soon as the course starts and you have all your class data, you should be pinpointing target groups, forming plans to make the curriculum accessible to all students and be ready to intervene.
Waiting until the last three months of Year 11 after a student has been consistently underachieving for 18 months is bad practice.
Get in there early, evidence the intervention you’ve put in place and give those students every chance of succeeding.
5. Intervention isn’t for everyone
I remember doing an "essay writing masterclass" session with my weaker students where several very capable students also attended.
The latter group could write essays in their sleep, so did they need to be there? Did I need to insist on their attendance?
With students that are achieving well, intervention needs to be differentiated for them. Possibly more exam questions or timed writing. But also, for some students, intervention just isn’t for them.
Sometimes not intervening or limited intervention is enough intervention.
Shuaib Khan is a teacher of humanities based in Cambridgeshire | <urn:uuid:bd547f14-1eed-43ff-a09e-4fcb7a8bac6e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.tes.com/news/gcses-5-ways-interventions-can-actually-help-pupils | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153931.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730025356-20210730055356-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.958497 | 724 | 3.25 | 3 |
Prolonged rainfall resulted in flooding, especially in south Wales and north-east England...
An area of low pressure that moved slowly north-eastwards across the UK 5-6 September brought prolonged heavy rainfall to many areas, notably south-west England, Wales, the south-west Midlands and north-east England.
Synoptic situation at 1200 on 5 September
Synoptic situation at 1200 on 6 September
Shown below are the rainfall rates detected by the rainfall-radar network at 1200 on 5 September and at 1200 on 6 September showing how the widespread rain on the 5th had become mainly confined to north-east England on the 6th.
|Rainfall intensity at 1200 on 5 September||Rainfall intensity at 1200 on 6 September|
Twenty-four-hour totals in excess of 40 mm were reported widely from 0900/5th to 0900/6th and places in north-east England recorded over 100 mm in the 48-hour period 0900/5th to 0900/7th with a few totals over 150 mm. The totals for the three 'rainfall days' 4th, 5th and 6th (0900/4th to 0900/7th) are shown below.
Provisional 3-day rainfall totals
This rainfall followed well above average rainfall in August and an unsettled start to September. On the 5th, there was flooding of homes and businesses and transport disruption across parts of the south-west Midlands, south and mid Wales, particularly the south Wales valleys. On the 6th flooding affected north-east England, where the town of Morpeth in Northumberland was badly hit with some 1000 properties flooded.
The table below shows a selection of the rainfalls recorded on each of the rainfall days 4th, 5th and 6th with return periods for the highest 48-hour totals. The 3-day totals represent 50-100% of the September monthly average (for 1971-2000) in Wales and western England but 150-300% in parts of north-east England. The daily total of 80.7 mm at Morpeth (Cockle Park) on 5th is the highest recorded there in a record that begins in 1897, the previous record being 77.9 mm on 26 October 1900.
|Weather station||Rainfall on 4th (mm)||Rainfall on 5th (mm)||Rainfall on 6th (mm)||Rainfall total 4th-6th (mm)||Return period (years)#||Percent of Sep average (%)|
|Chillingham Barns, Northumberland||0||76.2||82.1||158.3||>200||290|
|Capel Curig, Conwy||22.6||49.6||37.4||109.6||<1||48|
|Nunraw Abbey, E Lothian||0||62.3||18.5||80.8||<5||111|
|Emley Moor, W Yorkshire||6.5||46.8||19.8||73.1||<10||116|
|Fylingdales, N Yorkshire||N/A||60.1||2.4||62.5||-||77|
|St Athan, Glamorgan||7.4||33.0||4.8||45.2||<1||44|
# Return periods for highest 48-hour totals
This initial summary is based upon the data available so far and will be updated once values from the full network are received and checked.
Last updated: 29 October 2012 | <urn:uuid:13163804-6653-405e-ad67-390e5988a073> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/interesting/sep2008 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507443869.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005723-00302-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899191 | 755 | 2.90625 | 3 |
“In this webinar, teachers can benefit from what we learned while developing and testing welding infused with math curriculum.”
Rocklin, CA (PRWEB) May 16, 2014
Without math skills, even the most talented Career Technical Education (CTE) student will have a hard time finding employment as a technician. In this teacher professional development webinar, Ignite Your CTE Students’ Math Skills, on May 22, 2014 at 4 PM PST, Sierra College instructors, Bill Wenzel, Welding and Katie Lucero, Mathematics will present eight turnkey activities and worksheets that they developed and used successfully in multiple welding classes to raise students’ math scores. Register for this free webinar at http://goo.gl/aBmP6l.
According to Carol Pepper-Kittredge, Sierra College Center for Applied Competitive Technologies, participants will gain proven ways to make math relevant to CTE students and take the guesswork out of teaching critical calculations needed on the job. “Businesses consistently tell us that technicians need better math skills to be successful in Advanced Manufacturing,” said Pepper-Kittredge. “In this webinar, teachers can benefit from what we learned while developing and testing welding infused with math curriculum. The materials were created for the 2011-12 National Science Foundation (NSF) IGNITE (Infusing GeNed Into Technical Education) project, funded through a sub-grant from the University of West Virginia at Parkersburg.”
During the webinar, Wenzel and Lucero will suggest creative ways to introduce concepts, teach mathematical vocabulary and encourage students to actively participate in their own learning and practice. They will review eight turnkey activities and worksheets that have been tested repeatedly and resulted in higher student math scores.
“All CTE instructors can benefit from advice on which math functions can be incorporated into technical classes,” said Pepper-Kittredge. “Participants will also learn how to build students’ confidence through hands-on math and project-based learning.”
In addition to being college instructors, both of the webinar presenters have industry experience. Katie Lucero has taught business math to technicians at manufacturing companies through the Center for Applied Competitive Technologies at Sierra College. Bill Wenzel has over 25 years of industry and teaching experience, and continues to work as an AWS certified inspector. “They have the advantage of knowing what math skills employers are seeking,” said Pepper-Kittredge.
To register for this hands-on math in welding seminar on Thursday, May 22 at 4 PM PST, go to http://goo.gl/aBmP6l. After the event, it will be posted on YouTube: http://goo.gl/41MrUO. For more information, contact Carol Pepper-Kittredge, CACT Director, Sierra College at 916-660-7801, email her at training(at)sierracollege(dot)edu, or go to http://www.sierracollegetraining.com.
About Sierra College CACT
Sierra College Center for Applied Competitive Technologies (CACT) is focused on Advanced Manufacturing and is funded through the Workforce and Economic Development program of the California Community College Chancellor’s Office. Since 1992, the Sierra College CACT has provided customized employee training for organizations, manufacturers and technology businesses throughout Northern California. Students can pursue Welding, Mechatronics, Engineering, Energy Technology and Drafting & Engineering Support at Sierra College http://www.sierracollege.edu/. Additional information is available at http://www.sierracollegetraining.com/ or by contacting Carol Pepper-Kittredge, CACT Director, Sierra College at 916-660-7801. | <urn:uuid:436acb4f-5b31-47ea-808e-fb5f836d972f> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.prweb.com/releases/2014/05/prweb11857979.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120349.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00371-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914924 | 791 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Seeds of Resilience: A Compendium of Perspectives
Agricultural biodiversity is essential to the future of food. A deep pool of biodiversity will ensure that we have plant species and varieties that can withstand changing weather patterns. Agricultural biodiversity is directly connected to global nutrition, dietary health, cultural and culinary diversity, and to the resilience of local economies and markets. Seeds are central to the everyday practices of small-scale farmers that feed 70 per cent of the world’s population.
In order to understand the landscape of initiatives working to advance seed diversity globally, the Global Alliance commissioned a Compendium of Perspectives to illustrate a nuanced discussion on agricultural biodiversity, at times aligned and at times divergent. The majority of experts asked to contribute to this compendium support community based approaches to agricultural biodiversity conservation, a perspective often underappreciated in global discussions and policy circles where more formal, institutional, ex situ approaches have been the primary focus. Community based approaches have been given more voice in this compendium in an effort to bolster their importance and shine a light on their fundamental contribution to sustainable food systems. Many of the contributors to this compendium articulate that an important opportunity is being missed—an opportunity to foster better linkages and partnerships across diverse seed systems and across approaches to agricultural biodiversity. This opportunity aligns well with Global Alliance members’ mandates to support organizations and networks that strengthen community based and farmer centred seed systems.
The synthesis that follows represents a summary of the contributors’ key points and the shared themes woven throughout the compendium.
1. Diverse and robust local seed systems are central to sustainable food systems that are renewable, resilient, equitable, diverse, healthy, and interconnected.
2. Farmers have a crucial role in improving seed varieties and enhancing agricultural biodiversity, a role they have played throughout the history of agriculture.
3. The knowledge and practices of smallholder farmers, particularly those who are women and Indigenous Peoples, are central to the survival of local seed systems.
4. The value of resilient and diverse seed systems goes far beyond any economic measure. Community based seed systems are connected to diverse cultural and culinary traditions, health and wellness, resilient agroecological landscapes, and sustainable local economies.
5. Maintaining and enhancing agricultural biodiversity is critical in light of global challenges such as climate change, and food and nutrition security.
6. There is an urgent need to support community based and farmer managed seed systems in order to protect and enhance agricultural biodiversity.
7. Farmers should not be limited in their ability to access, exchange and improve the seeds they use—whether they are locally managed, government produced, or commercial seed varieties from other regions of the world.
8. Organizations led by Indigenous Peoples, women farmers and smallholder farmers need greater voice and influence in the development of local seed policy as well as the international governance systems that affect and regulate seeds.
9. There is great potential in farmers and the more formal seed establishment coming together to co-create solutions where they have a common agenda.
10. Strategic opportunities for positive change include: to continue to research and document the importance of community based seed systems, to support seed leaders to engage in policy advocacy, and to leverage additional funding from philanthropy, governments, and bilateral agencies for community based seed systems. | <urn:uuid:d80c389b-a428-4ab9-bfcf-d9c6506e3a62> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://futureoffood.org/insights/seeds-of-resilience-a-compendium-of-perspectives/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488504969.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210622002655-20210622032655-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.926995 | 669 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Assessment of Global Solar Radiation at Selected Points in Nigeria Using Artificial Neural Network Model (ANNM)
International Journal of Environment and Climate Change,
In this study, spatial distribution, temporal variations, annual distribution, estimation and prediction of solar radiation in Nigeria was carried out using ANNs. Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation algorithms was used for the training of the network using solar radiation data along the years (1979-2014). The data records were divided into three portions (training, testing and validation). The network processed the available data by dividing it into three portions randomly: 70% for the training, 15% for validation and the remaining 15% for testing. Input parameters were chosen as latitude, longitude, day of the year, year while observed solar radiation was chosen as targeted data (from a processed file). The output parameter was the estimated solar radiation. The network designs were tested with root mean square error and then the most successful network (taken to be best network) which is network with less error was used to carry out the study. The hyperbolic tangent sigmoid transfer function was also used between the input and the hidden layers as activation function, while the linear transfer function was used from hidden layers to the output layer as the activation function. The performance of ANNs was validated by; estimating the difference between the annual measured and estimated values were determined using coefficient of determination (R2). Results revealed that the R2 result was 0.82 (82%). The result of spatial variations indicated that both wet and dry seasons have their highest concentration in North-East of Nigeria. It is pertinent to also note that the lowest concentration occurred in North-West during wet season, while the lowest occurred at the South-South and South-West of Nigeria in dry season. In addition, the lowest in dry season is about 25W/m2, while that of wet season is about 15W/m2. The agreement between the temporal and annual variation of observed and estimated solar radiation reveals that the model exhibits good performance in studying solar radiation. The model was further used to predict two years ahead of the years of study.
- Solar radiation
- spatial variation
- temporal variation
- neural networks
How to Cite
Tymvios FS, Jacovides CP, Michaelides SC, Scouteli C. Comparative study of Angstrom's and artificial network's methodologies in estimating global solar radiation. Solar Energy. 2005;78(6):752–762.
Alawi SM, Hinai HA. An ANN-based approach for predicting global radiation in locations with no direct measurement instrumentation, Renewable Energy. 1998; 14:1–4,199–204.
Mohandes M, Rehman S, Halawani TO. Estimation of global solar radiation using artificial neural networks. Renewable Energy. 1998;14(1):179–184.
Mihalakakou G, Santamouris M, Asimakopoulos DN. The total solar radiation time series simulation in Athens, using neural networks. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 2000;66:3-4,185–197.
Reddy KS, Ranjan M. Solar resource estimation using artificial neural networks and comparison with other correlation models. Energy Conversion and Manage-ment. 2003;44(15):2519–2530.
Sozen A, Ozalp M, Arcaklioglu E, Kanit EG. A study for estimating solar resource in Turkey using artificial neural networks. Energy Sources. 2004;26:1369–1378.
Mubiru J, Banda EJKB. Estimation of monthly average daily global solar irradiation using artificial neural networks. Solar Energy. 2008;82(2):181–187.
Demuth H, Beale M. Neural network toolbox for use with MATLAB. The Mathworks Incorporation: Natick, MA. 2002;01760-2098.
Kisi O, Uncuoglu E. Comparison of three back-propagation training algorithms for two case studies. Indian Journal of Engineering and Material Science. 2005; 12:434–442.
Buhari M, Adamu SS. Short-term load forecasting using artificial neural network. Proceedings of the International Multi-Conference of Engineers and Computer Scientists IMECS, Hong Kong. 2012;4-23.
Sheela KG, Deepa SN. A new algorithm to find number of hidden neurons in Radial Basis Function Networks for wind speed prediction in renewable energy systems. Control Engineering Application Informa-tion. 2013;15(3):30-37.
Dong X, Beijing L, Yachun M. A multiple hidden layers extreme learning machine method and its application. Mathematical Problems in Engineering. 2017;1-10.
Beale MH, Haagan MT, Demuth BH. Neural network toolboxTM. User’s Guide (R2015a). The Math Works, Incorporation. 2015;10- 20.
Osueke CO, Uzendu P, Ogbonna ID. Study and evaluation of solar energy variation in Nigeria. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering. 2013;3(6):501-506.
Olaide MA, Guerner AD, Zhour E. Assessment of renewable energy sources and municipal solid waste for sustainable power generation in Nigeria. Earth and Environmental Science. 2017;95:1- 10.
Daniel O, Najib Y, Oluwaseye A, Ibrahim M, Bababtunde R. Preliminary results of temperature modeling in Nigeria using neural networks. Royal Meteorological Society. 2015;70:336-342.
Isikwue BC, Ibeh GF. Investigation of carbon dioxide variations in selected points in Nigeria using neural network model. Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology. 2019;9(1):1-11.
Abstract View: 1500 times
PDF Download: 501 times | <urn:uuid:83508846-650d-4aa6-b866-eecd4317393d> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://journalijecc.com/index.php/IJECC/article/view/30123 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621627.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615211046-20210616001046-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.854596 | 1,231 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Small-Signal Bandwidth in a Big-Band Era
Many operational amplifiers (op amps) include a specification of small-signal bandwidth in their data sheets. (All op amps have a "sweet spot" for better bandwidth, even if it is not mentioned in the data sheet.) This specification is typically based on a signal amplitude limited to about one-tenth of a volt, and at first glance seems primarily for use in comparison and for "boasting rights" with other op-amp companies.
Some applications, however, can take advantage of the small-signal bandwidth, which can be many times greater than the large-signal bandwidth for an op amp. For example, the MAX4104 op amp has a small-signal bandwidth (0.1V or less) of 625MHz, and a large-signal bandwidth (2V peak-to-peak) of 11MHz. Most applications make use of the large-signal bandwidth. Small-signal bandwidth is high because the op amp is operating in its midrange sweet spot (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Signal conditions determine the bandwidth through an op amp.
Typically, the sweet spot for input signals is near one-half the power-supply voltage. The amplifier is most linear in that region, and produces the best signal quality. Op amps have a large open-loop gain, and they employ negative feedback to control the amplifier by trading this open-loop gain for stability and linearity. As the amplifier output approaches either power rail, less feedback is available, which in turn, diminishes the ability of feedback to linearize the amplifier response. As feedback is reduced outside the sweet spot, the frequency response decreases and distortion increases. Op amps that offer "rail-to-rail" operation use special circuit configurations to minimize distortion near the power rails, but a careful reading of the data sheet for a typical "rail-to-rail" output shows that the output current diminishes to zero at the rails.
Modern op amps are fabricated with processes in which individual transistors have multi-gigahertz bandwidths. An op amp, however, is composed of tens or hundreds of transistors, resistors, and capacitors, and the net effect of that circuit structure is to reduce the overall bandwidth—often by an order of magnitude or more. Among the effects of this natural bandwidth reduction are phase and amplitude errors caused by the stray interstage capacitance and resistance. Bandwidth reduction limits slew rate, and is amplitude-sensitive as one would expect. Thus, small signals have larger bandwidths than large signals.
Some applications, however, can use the small-signal bandwidth. In one such application—an impedance converter for a remote sensor—a small signal drives a relatively long cable. System requirements may include amplification up to a tenth of a volt, and the capability to drive 50Ω or 75Ω coax. The first amplifier in the system usually sets the signal-to-noise ratio. Obviously bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio are tied together. Thus, utilizing the small-signal bandwidth by limiting the signal amplitude may allow use of a less expensive op amp that draws less power-supply current.
Leveraging the Op-Amp Frequency CharacteristicsAlthough bandwidth limiting detracts from an op amp's performance, you can leverage bandwidth limiting to get the most from an inexpensive op amp. For instance, what if you need to limit the signal bandwidth with a simple 1MHz lowpass filter? For noncritical applications, you might use an inexpensive op amp like the MAX4245 (Figure 2a). For a 3MHz lowpass filter, you could use a MAX4330 (Figure 2b). For more critical applications, a Sallen-Key active filter that precisely controls the cut-off frequency and slope is more appropriate.
Figure 2. These circuits operate with inexpensive op amps because they deliberately limit the signal bandwidth to 1MHz (a), and 3MHz (b).
The lowpass bandwidth can be combined with other functions to reduce system cost. A precision rectifier made of "perfect diodes," for example, can smooth the edges of a signal by reducing the signal bandwidth. (A "perfect diode" is an op amp with a diode in the feedback loop, which produces a diode response without the usual forward-voltage drop. See Figure 3.)
Figure 3. Diodes in the feedback path enable this op-amp circuit to perform full-wave rectification without the loss associated with forward-voltage drops in the diodes.
A circuit that converts differential to single-ended signals while reducing high-frequency noise can also operate with an inexpensive op amp. And as another example, you can construct a comparator with hysteresis (a Schmitt trigger) that ignores high-frequency noise in its threshold voltage (Figure 4). Noise below the threshold is ignored, and positive feedback latches the output state until the opposite threshold is exceeded. The output is slew-rate limited by the op-amp response.
Figure 4. The modest bandwidth of this inexpensive op amp allows the Schmitt-trigger circuit to ignore high-frequency noise.
Slow op amps tend to be inexpensive, and they can reduce system costs by combining functions that take advantage of the op amp's native frequency response. Bias and reference circuits for power supplies can take advantage of the lowpass characteristics to decouple noise and produce clean power. Op amps can isolate circuits from other circuits and act as lowpass filters. In Figure 5, for example, op-amp voltage followers enable a single voltage reference to be shared by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), and other circuits. The followers' high input impedance and low output impedance serve to isolate the various circuits from one another. This isolation mitigates the effect of trace lengths on the circuit board, and prevents crosstalk between the circuits. Because the voltage reference output is expected to be a single DC value, the low-bandwidth op amps enhance its quality by acting as lowpass filters.
Figure 5. These inexpensive op amps distribute a single reference voltage to various circuits, while their low bandwidth serves as a welcome noise filter.
We are in the midst of an explosion in communications, in which consumers have come to expect high-speed communication networks to be widely available. In the U.S., government agencies have begun to consider universal broadband availability, which is similar to the government's infrastructure mandates in the 20th Century. This infrastructure—rural electrification, universal telephone service, and the interstate highway system—has greatly enhanced our standard of living. When we think about wider and wider communication bandwidths, we should also think about all the systems that control that bandwidth. Circuits for equalization, channel selection, automatic gain and frequency control (AGC and AFC), and many others require slower, low-frequency control. Even in this big band era, low-bandwidth op amps have an established place.
- Application note 656, "Design Trade-Offs for Single-Supply Op Amps."
- Application note 4287, "Reconstructing Analog Video with the Maxim Video Filter Family."
- Application note 4345, "Well Grounded, Digital Is Analog." | <urn:uuid:fd8d2d86-0e90-4f40-8ee0-1504045b3964> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.maximintegrated.com/jp/design/technical-documents/app-notes/4/4295.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363445.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208053135-20211208083135-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.903115 | 1,506 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Architecture is usually analyzed and taught as a discipline that articulates space and geometry, but the mental impact of architecture arises significantly from its image. Written by distinguished writer and architect Juhani Pallasmaa, this book examines at the image in culture; the nature of the image and imagination; and the specific characteristics of the artistic image, concluding with the architectural image. The Embodied Image is illustrated with more than 40 paired images, ranging from scientific images to historic artistic and architectural masterpieces, and contemporary architectural and artistic works.
Juhani Pallasmaa is one of Finland's most distinguished architects and architectural thinkers. His previous positions include: Rector of the Institute of Industrial Arts, Helsinki; Director of the Museum of Finnish Architecture, Helsinki; and Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Architecture, Helsinki University of Technology. He has also held visiting professorships at several universities worldwide. Pallasmaa is the author/editor of thirty books, including The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses (Academy, 1995 and John Wiley & Sons, 2005) and The Thinking Hand: Existential and Embodied Wisdom in Architecture (John Wiley & Sons, 2009).
Acknowledgements. Introduction. 1 Image in contemporary culture. Hegemony of the image. The demise of imagination. Image production and the feasibility of architecture. Architecture and the spectacle. Images of control and emancipation. The sense of the real. 2 Language, thought and image. Image and language. The philosophical image. The meanings of image and imagination. The nature of imagination. 3 The many faces of the image. The lived and embodied image. Images of matter. The multi-sensory image. The image as a condensation. The archetypal image in architecture. Architecture as mandala. The reality and unreality of the artistic image. The unconscious image. The metaphor. Image, affect and empathy. The collaged image. Images of incompleteness and destruction. Images of time. Illusionary image. The iconic image. The epic image. Poetic images as worlds. 4 The anatomy of the poetic image. The dual existence of the poetic image. Ontological difference. Significance of origins. The lived metaphor. Thinking through art. Historicity of the mind and poetic time. Unity of the arts: art and life. Aestheticisation and beauty. 5 The architectural image. Architecture and the world. Architecture as metaphor. Architecture as an organising image. Architecture as a verb. The house and the body. Historicity of architectural images. Primal architectural images and archetypes. The imagery of the window and the door. Dilution of images. The fragile image. Newness and tradition. Selected bibliography. Alphabetical index. Image credits. | <urn:uuid:3f647bd0-2554-48c8-9d13-f572b04671f8> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://beaufortstreetbooks.com.au/p/essays-theory-the-embodied-image-imagination-and-imagery-in-architecture | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510969.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017023458-20181017044958-00366.warc.gz | en | 0.896366 | 557 | 3.046875 | 3 |
By Karin Brothers; Originally appeared at GlobalResearch
ISIS’s last holdout in Syria is in Raqqa; its forces have been backed into an ancient wall that surrounds the old city of Raqqa on three sides. The Rafiqah Wall, first constructed in the 8th century by the Abbasid dynasty, is reported to be over 12 feet high, over a meter thick and stretches over 3 miles around the old city.
While the wall had been described as an important fortification for ISIS, the advancement of Syrian troops made the wall a trap that could have allowed the ISIS fighters to be completely wiped out. According to a July 3, 2017 TIME article(1), ISIS fighters had taken positions there “to defend the city [sic]” and planted explosive devices at what the article described as “breaks in the wall.” Under the circumstances, the point to planting explosive devices in the wall would only have been to create escape routes. It was apparent from the next day’s news, however, that the “breaks in the wall” were not adequate for escape.
The US-backed forces, fronted by the so-called “Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF)”, appeared to come to ISIS’s rescue. On the night of July 3rd, the U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM), claimed that SDF had “found a way” through the historic wall at “the most heavily-fortified portion of Raqqa”; two 25 meter-long breaches had been blasted through it. Laughably, the article claimed that the two “small” — almost 100-foot — gaps “will help preserve the remainder of the overall 2,500-meter wall”: now US-backed forces might not need to totally demolish the 1300-year old wall.
While Brett McGurk, described as the US envoy for the anti-ISIS coalition, tweeted that the operation was “a key milestone” in the campaign to “liberate the city”, it is evident what was really being liberated.
Karin Brothers is a freelance writer.
1) Hincks Joseph U.S.-Backed Troops Breach the Perimeter of ISIS’ Last Bastion in Syria Jul 03, 2017 | <urn:uuid:91416ef0-8636-40d8-bbef-12279b9da7aa> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://southfront.org/fake-news-us-backed-forces-blast-8th-century-syrian-wall-fight-isis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104565.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818043915-20170818063915-00529.warc.gz | en | 0.96705 | 475 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Tamilnadu State Board Class 10 English Solutions Prose Chapter 1 His First Flight
His First Flight In Text Questions
a. Why did the seagull fail to fly?
The seagull failed to fly because he did not have confidence on his wings and he had fear to fly.
b. What did the parents do, when the young seagull failed to fly?
His parents tried to make him fly by scolding him and threatening him to starve on his ledge.
c. What was the first catch of the young seagull’s older brother?
The first catch of the young sea gull’s older brother was a herring.
d. What did the young seagull manage to find in his search for food on the ledge?
The young seagull managed to find dried pieces of eggshell in his search for food on the ledge.
e. What did the young bird do to seek the attention of his parents?
He stood on one leg with the other leg hidden under his wing. He closed one eye, then the other and
pretended to be falling asleep. This was done by the bird to seek the attention of his parents.
f. What made the young seagull go mad?
His mother was standing on a little high hump on the plateau. She was tearing a piece of fish that lay at her feet. She scraped each side of her beak on the rock. The sight of the food maddened him.
g. Why did the young bird utter a joyful scream?
The young bird saw his mother picking up a piece of fish and flying across to him. Seeing this, the bird uttered a joyful scream.
h. Did the mother bird offer any food to the young bird?
No, the mother bird did not offer any food to the young bird.
i. How did the bird feel when it started flying for the first time?
He felt his wings spread outwards. The wind rushed against his breast feathers, stomach and wings. He could feel the tips of his wings cutting through the air.
j. What did the young bird’s family do when he started flying?
They were flying around him, praising, soaring and diving together with him.
His First Flight Textual Questions
A. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
How was the young seagull’s first attempt to fly?
The young seagull tried to fly. But he was scared to do so. His parents, brothers and sister persuaded him to fly. They also motivated him. But the young seagull felt that his wings would not support him.
How did the parents support and encourage the young seagull’s brothers and sister?
His parents were flying about with his brothers and sister. They were perfecting them in the art of flight. They also taught them how to skim the waves and how to dive for fish.
Give an instance that shows the pathetic condition of the young bird.
The young seagull had not eaten since the previous nightfall. There was not a single scrap of food left. He searched for food every inch of the straw nest. He even chewed at the dried pieces of eggshell.
How did the bird try to reach its parents without having to fly?
The young seagull ran back and forth from one end of the ledge to the other end. His long grey legs stepped daintily, trying to find some means of reaching his parents without flying.
Do you think that the young seagulls parents were harsh to him? Why?
Yes, they were harsh towards the seagull because they wanted him to learn the art of flying without any one’s help.
What prompted the young seagull to fly finally?
His mother picked up a piece of fish and flew across to him with it. But then she halted, just opposite to him. She was almost within reach of his beak. Maddened by hunger, the young seagull dived at the fish. This act of his mother prompted the young seagull to fly finally.
What happened to the young seagull when it landed on the green sea?
When the young seagull landed on the green sea, his legs sank into it. He screamed with fright and attempted to rise again. He was exhausted. His feet sank into the sea. His belly touched it. He sank no further. He was floating on it.
Short Questions & Answers – Additional
How many brothers and sisters did the young seagull have? When did they fly away from the ledge?
The young seagull had two brothers and one sister. They flew away the previous day from the ledge.
Where did the seagull run back, when he was frightened to fly? Why was he afraid?
The young seagull ran back to the little hole under the ledge, where he slept at night. He was afraid to see the vast expanse of the sea beneath him.
What appeared so desperate to the seagull?
The seagull failed to gather the courage to take a plunge into the sea. This appeared so desperate to him.
How long was the seagull alone without anyone near him? Why did he feel the heat?
He was alone for twenty four hours without anyone near him. He felt the heat because he had not eaten since the previous nightfall.
Where did he search for food?
He searched every inch, rooting among the rough, dirt-caked straw nest, where he and his brothers and sister had been hatched.
B. Answer each of the following questions in a paragraph of about 100-150 words.
Describe the struggles underwent by the young seagull to overcome its fear of flying.
The young seagull was afraid of flying. His parents strove their level best to teach the young seagull to fly but in vain. The parents, brothers and sister thought a plan to teach him to fly. They flew away to another rock and left him alone. They did not give him anything to eat. He stood there on one leg and closed his eyes. He was very hungry. He searched for food everywhere. He even chewed the dried pieces of the eggshells. He saw his mother tearing a piece of fish. He begged his mother to give him food. So the mother flew with the piece of fish to the young seagull. When she reached over him, she became motionless in the air. She did not get down on the rock. She wanted to give the young seagull an incentive to fly. The seagull bent forward and jumped at the fish. He was much frightened. But he began to flap his wings to save himself.
Your parents sometimes behave like the young bird’s parents. They may seem cruel and unrelenting. Does it mean that they do not care for you? Explain your views about it with reference from the story.
Parents really care for about their children. They may be seen as cruel, but they are not so. The mother seagull turned to be cruel but her intention was kind. She wanted to give the young seagull an incentive to fly. Likewise, our parents may be sometimes harsh and strict. We would feel that they don’t understand our feelings and are cruel to us. But we realize later that they are like this, only to give us encouragement and to avoid our fear and doubts. They guide us to overcome our fears in life. We have to conquer our fear and venture forth. Only then we will realize that we are born with wings.
Paragraph Question & Answer Additional
What is the message of the lesson ‘His first flight’?
‘His first flight’ is a parable. The seagulls convey the message of self-confidence, motivation and self-reliance. The mother seagull motivates the young one enough to get him to learn flying. The young seagull realises the importance of belief and faith. He flaps his wings to learn . flying and gain the confidence to be independent. The story conveys “Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime”. The parable also stresses the importance of family ties and devoted support. It tells about the painful process of learning an important lesson in life.
C. Change the parts of speech of the given words in the chart.
D. Read the following sentences and change the form of the underlined words as directed.
His family was screaming and offering him food. (to adjective)
His screaming family was offering him food.
The young seagull gave out a loud call. (to adverb)
The young seagull gave out a call loudly.
The bird cackled amusedly while flying. (to noun)
The bird cackled in amusement while flying.
The depth of the sea from the ledge scared the seagull. (to adjective)
The deep sea scared the seagull.
The successful flight of the bird was a proud moment for the seagull’s family. (to verb)
The bird successfully flighted and it was a proud moment for the seagull’s family.
E. Use the following words to construct meaningful sentences on your own.
- coward – They called him a coward.
- gradual – We noticed a gradual increase in temperature.
- praise – She received a lot of praise.
- courageous – She is a very courageous girl.
- starvation – Many children die of starvation in Somalia.
F. *Here is a travelogue by the students of Government Girls Higher Secondary School, Pattukkottai after their trip to Darjeeling. Listen to the travelogue and answer the following questions.
(i) Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
- The students visited …………. city.
- ………….. is the third highest mountain in the world.
- …………… hill is 13 km away from Darjeeling.
- The drinking water is supplied by ……….. lake to the city.
- After Senchal lake, they visited ………………… .
- Batasia Loop, a spiral railway near Ghum
(ii) Do you think they had a memorable and enjoyable school trip?
Yes. They had a memorable and enjoyable school trip.
(iii) Name a few places that you wish to visit with your classmates as a school trip.
Ooty, Kodaikanal, Thanjavur, Hogenakkal, Kanyakumari.
(iv) State whether the following statements are True or False.
- As the sky was cloudy, they could get the glimpse of the Mount Everest.
- The toy train covers 14 km in three hours.
- Tiger hill has earned international fame for the best sunset view.
- False (The sky was not cloudy.)
- False (Best sunrise view.)
G. Here is a dialogue between a father and his daughter. Continue the dialogue with at least five utterances and use all the clues given above.
Father : Hi Mary, it has been a very long time since we went on a trip. Let’s plan one.
Mary : Yes, dad. I am also longing to go. Why don’t we plan one for this weekend?
Father : Sure. Tell me, where shall we go?
Mary : Some place nearby but for at least two days.
Father : Hmm… I think we should go to the reserved forest nearby.
Mary : Yeah. I’ve never been to a forest. I have seen a forest only on the TV and movies. The forest is a good choice!
Father : OK. If we are going to the forest, we must list out what we should carry with us for two days.
Mary : I think we should carry suitable clothes like long-sleeved shirts and jean pants.
Father : What about the food? Do you have any idea, Mary?
Mary : Yeah. For food, I suggest taking bread, jam and biscuit packets.
Father : Anyway, we will stay in the Government guest house inside the jungle.
Mary : Will they provide breakfast or lunch?
Father : I think they will. I will inquire about food whole booking accommodation.
Mary : “Will the forest animals hurt the inmates of the guest house?
Father : No. Our stay will be safe.
Mary : Is it possible to see all the places in the forest just by walking?
Father : No. Nature watch and wildlife viewing are possible in an open four wheeler Jeep or on elephant back.
H. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
What is Bungee Jumping?
Bungee jumping is an activity that involves jumping from a tall structure while connected to a long elastic cord.
Can Bungee be performed from a movable object? How?
Yes. Bungee can be performed from a movable object, such as a hot-air-balloon or helicopter, that can hover above the ground.
When do you think Bungee becomes thrilling?
The thrill comes from the free-falling and the rebound.
What is the experience when one falls off the platform?
When the person jumps, the cord stretches and the jumper flies upwards again as the cord recoils and continues to oscillate up and down until all the kinetic energy is dissipated. It is an experience of breathtaking quality.
Where is the Bungee jumping point located in India?
The Bungee jumping point is located in Mohan Chatti village, in Rishikesh.
What is the minimum age to Bungee jump?
The minimum age to Bungee jump is 12 years.
I. Prepare attractive advertisements using the hints given below.
Home appliances – Aadi Sale – 20-50% – Special Combo Offers – Muthusamy & Co., Raja Street, Gingee.
Mobile Galaxy – Smartphones – accessories – SIM cards – Recharge – Free Power banks on Mobile purchase – No.1, Tollgate, Trichy
J. Write a report of the following events in about 100-120 words.
‘Educational Development Day’ was organized in your school on 15th July. The District Collector was the Chief Guest of the event. As part of the event, many competitions were held and the prizes were distributed to the winners and participants. It was a grand and successful event. Now, as the member of the organizing committee, write a report on the event in about 120 words.
Educational Development Day
by Ravi Tej
Ratna Matriculation Higher Secondary organized the Educational Development Day on 15th July 2018. The event was to inculcate the skills of writing, reading, listening and speaking in the students. Approximately 500 students participated in this Programme. The programme began with a prayer song sung by the school choir. After this, the Headmaster delivered the welcome speech. This programme was inaugurated by the Chief Guest Mrs. Malini Ramesh, the District Collector.
Many competitions were held for the students in three levels – Sub. Junior, Junior and Senior levels. In each level, there were various competitions like recitation, elocution, slogan reading and some listening activities. Many students took part in all these competitions with enthusiasm and a winning spirit. At the end of the programme, prizes were distributed to the winners and participants. They were given valuable books and certificates. The Chief Guest praised all the winners and participants for their wonderful performance. The event ended with the National Anthem. It was a grand and successful event.
You are the School Pupil Leader. You have been asked to write a report on the Inaugural Ceremony of English Literary Association of your school which was held recently. Write a report on the same in not more than 120 words.
Inaugural Ceremony of English Literary Association
by Karen Raj (School Pupil Leader)
Christ Matriculation School organized the inaugural ceremony of English Literary Association on 22nd February 2019. The event was to create a better learning atmosphere in our school and to make the students overcome their fear, when they perform in front of the audience. The Chief Guest was our Headmaster Mr. Rahul Pandey. The programme began with an invocation (prayer) by our school choir. Our English teacher, Mrs. Premalatha welcomed the gathering. Our Headmaster addressed the gathering with an inspirational speech and guidance. After his speech, he inaugurated the English Literary Association. A skit was enacted by the students of X Std and elocution on the, Importance of Education, was given by R. Ranjini of X Std A? The programme ended with the vote of thanks by the Asst. School Pupil Leader, R. Bharath, of XII Std.
You are the Coordinator of the Science Forum of your school. An event had been organized on account of National Science Day for the members of the forum. Now, write a report based on your observation of “National Science Day” at your school.
National Science Day
by Suhasini (Coordinator of Science Forum)
St. John’s School of Pallavaram organized a Science Exhibition in the event of National Science Day for the members of the forum on 28th February 2019. The purpose of this event was to commemorate and honour Sir C. V. Raman for his legacy. He had discovered Raman Effect on the 28th February 1928. All the members of this forum and the students from nearby schools were invited to have a glance at the science exhibition. The Chief Guest for this event was Mr. Natesan, Professor of S.G. Arts & Science College, Vellore. He gave some motivational tips and guidelines to promote our Forum and Science department. The event came to an end with the National Anthem.
A. Complete these sentences using appropriate modals. The clues in the brackets will help you.
1. When I was a child, I ………. climb trees easily but now I can’t. (ability in the past)
2. I ………… win this singing contest. (determination)
3. You …………. buy this book. It is worth buying. (advice or suggestion)
4. Poongothai ………….. speak several languages. (ability in the present)
5. I swear I …………. tell lies again. (promise)
6. My father ………… play badminton in the evenings when he was at college. (past habit)
7. You ……………. do as I say! (command)
8. ………… I have another glass of water? (request)
9. Sibi has not practised hard but he ……………. win the race. (possibility)
10. We …………… preserve our natural resources. (duty)
- shall not
- used to
- ought to
B. Rewrite the following sentences by rectifying the errors in the use of models.
Would I have your autograph?
May l have your autograph?
I can be fifteen next April.
I shall be fifteen next April.
Take an umbrella. It should rain later.
Take an umbrella. It may rain later.
The magistrate ordered that he might pay the fine.
The magistrate ordered that he must pay the fine.
Make me a cup of tea, shall you?
Make me a cup of tea, will you?
You may speak politely to the elders.
You must / ought to speak politely to the elders.
You will get your teeth cleaned at least once a year.
You should get your teeth cleaned at least once a year.
We could grow vegetables in our kitchen garden but we don’t do it now.
We used to grow vegetables in our kitchen garden but we don’t do it now.
Must I get your jacket? The weather is cold.
Shall I get your jacket? The weather is cold.
Could the train be on time?
Will the train be on time?
C. Read the dialogue and fill in the blanks with suitable modals.
Dad : Shall we go out for dinner tonight?
Charan : Yes, Dad. We shall go to a restaurant where I can have some ice cream.
Dad : OK. Then, I shall be home by 7 p.m. Mom and you must be ready by then.
Charan : Sure. We shall. My friend told me that there is a magic show nearby. Will you please take us there?
Dad : We may not have time to go for the magic show, I suppose. If we have enough time left, we shall plan.
Charan : By the way, must we inform our gate keeper about our outing?
Dad : Yes, we must so that he will be aware we aren’t at home.
Charan : Shall I call up Mom and tell her about our plan today?
Dad : You have to. Otherwise, we might be in trouble when she returns home.
Charan : Hmm… by the time you come home in the evening, we will be waiting for you. Hope you won’t be late. Bye.
D. Read the following dialogues and supply appropriate modals.
Student : Can we leave our bags in the class during the break?
Teacher : Yes, you may but arrange them neatly.
Passenger : My child is 6 years old. Do I have to buy him a ticket?
Conductor : Yes, you must. It costs half of the price of an adult ticket.
Vani : Can we go for coffee after the meeting?
Yoga : No, I shan’t. I have to go home.
Salesman : When will I receive my order?
Customer : I shall assure you sir, the order will be delivered tomorrow.
Neela : Do you think I should write about my education background in the resume?
Preethi : Yes, you must. You may get a better job.
E. Here are a few sentences already done for you. The clues given would be helpful to \ make more sentences on your own.
- I would suggest that you take the Uzhavan Express to Thanjavur from Chennai.
- You will be more comfortable if you could book 3 tier A/C.
- You could enjoy the trip.
- You should visit the temples,
- You mustn’t miss visiting the Big Temple.
- You can buy many artistic things.
- You must see the Saraswathi Mahal and its library.
- A big palace can be seen in Thanjavur.
- We shall buy Dancing Dolls.
- Thiruvaiyaru, Kallanai Dam and Poondi Church can be visited from Thanjavur.
F. Active and Passive Change the following sentences to the other voice.
The manager appointed many office assistants.
Many office assistants were appointed by the manager.
You are making a cake now.
A cake is being made by you.
That portrait was painted by my grandmother.
My grandmother painted that portrait.
Malini had bought a colourful hat for her daughter.
A colourful hat had been bought by Malini for her daughter.
They have asked me to pay the fine.
I was asked to pay the fine by them.
The militants were being taken to prison by the police.
The police were taking the militants to prison.
His behaviour vexes me.
I am vexed by his behaviour.
Rosy will solve the problem.
The problem will be solved by Rosy.
Our army has defeated the enemy.
The enemy has been defeated by our army.
The salesman answered all the questions patiently.
All the questions were answered patiently by the salesman.
G. Change the following into Passive voice.
Please call him at once.
You are requested to call him at once.
How did you cross the river?
How was the river crossed by you?
No one is borrowing the novels from the library.
The novels are not being borrowed from the library.
Will you help me?
Will I be helped by you?
Go for a jog early in the morning.
You are advised to go for a jog early in the morning.
Why have you left your brother at home?
Why has your brother been left at home by you?
Nobody should violate the rules.
The rules should not be violated.
Someone has to initiate it immediately.
It has to be initiated immediately.
Have you invited Raman to the party?
Has Raman been invited to the party by you?
Please do not walk on the grass.
You are requested not to walk on the grass.
Cross the busy roads carefully.
You are advised to cross the busy roads carefully. / Let the busy roads be crossed carefully.
When will you book the tickets to Bengaluru?
When will the tickets be booked to Bengaluru by you?
H. In the following sentences the verbs have two objects namely Direct and Indirect objects. Change each of the following sentences into two passives using direct object as the subject in one and indirect in the other.
John gave a bar of chocolate to Jill.
(a) Jill was given a bar of chocolate by John.
(b) A bar of chocolate was given to Jill by John.
Pragathi lent a pencil to Keerthana.
(a) Keerthana was lent a pencil by Pragathi.
(b) A pencil was lent to Keerthana by Pragathi.
Sudha told the truth to her friend.
(a) The truth was told to her friend by Sudha.
(b) Her friend was told the truth by Sudha.
They offered the job to Venkat.
(a) Venkat was offered a job by them.
(b) A job was offered to Venkat by them.
The boss showed the new computer to Kaviya.
(a) Kaviya was shown the new computer by the boss.
(b) The new computer was shown to Kaviya by the boss.
I. Rewrite the following passage in Passive Voice.
A few days ago, someone stole Ambrose’s motorbike. Ambrose had left it outside his house. He reported the theft to the police. The police told him that they would try to find his motorbike. This morning, they found his motorbike. The police called Ambrose to the police station. The thieves had painted it and then sold it to someone else. The new owner had parked the motorbike outside a mall when the police found it. After an enquiry, the police arrested the thieves.
A few days ago, Ambrose’s motorbike was stolen by someone. It had been left outside his house by Ambrose. The theft was reported to the police by him. He was told by the police that they would try to find his motorbike. This morning, his motorbike was found by them. Ambrose was called to the police station by the police. It had been painted and then sold to someone else by the thieves. The motorbike had been parked outside a mall by the new owner, when it was found by the police. After an enquiry, the thieves were arrested by the police.
J. Write a recipe of your favorite dish in passive voice. Remember to list out the ingredients of the dish you have chosen and their quantity. Use Simple Present tense to write your recipe.
Recipe of my favorite dish:
Pulka Chapathi Roti
- 500 gms wheat flour
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 1 tablespoon vegetable oil
- 400 ml water
500 gm of wheat flour should be taken in a bowl. A teaspoon of salt should be added to it. One tablespoon of vegetable oil should be added to it. Water should be poured little by little and kneaded well. It should not be kneaded too hard. After kneading it, it should be covered with wet cloth for twenty minutes. Little rolls should be taken to be rolled to a circle. Then it should be heated on a low flame on both sides in a tava. Then it can be eaten hot with potato kurma.
K. Write a report of an event held at your school using Passive voice. Use Simple Past Tense to narrate the event.
Report of an event :
A farewell party was organized for our XII Std students on 28th February 2019. The students of X were invited by the students of XII Std. Teachers handling XII and XI Std were present for the party. Two or three events were arranged by the students of XI Std. Then the XII Std students were given some snacks and a memento each as a token of remembrance by the students of XI. The party was enjoyed by each and every student and it ended at 6.00 p.m with a farewell speech by an XI Std student.
His First Flight by Liam O’Flaherty
Liam O’Flaherty (1896 – 1984) is an Irish novelist and short-story . Lwriter. He is a major figure of the Irish Renaissance. He was a founding member of the Communist Party of Ireland. Some of his best short stories were written in Irish. His autobiography, Shame the Devil, was published in 1934. His novel The Informer was made into a film. His First Flight and The Sniper are regarded as some of his best short stories. Collections of his short stories and letters were republished after his death. He is regarded as a strong voice for Irish nature and its culture.
His First Flight Key Points
- “His first flight” is an interesting story of a young seagull who was afraid of flying.
- He did not have confidence. He was full of pessimism.
- His parents, brothers and sister encouraged, scolded, tempted and taunted him to make his first flight.
- But he did not have enough courage to fly.
- He was left alone for twenty four hours, and he ate nothing. He was extremely hungry.
- He begged his mother for food.
- She picked up a piece of fish and flew across him. The sight of food maddened him. He dived.
- He cried and screamed. His wings opened up automatically. He flapped his wings.
- His family joined him in his first flight and praised him for his efforts.
- They offered him scraps of dogfish.
His First Flight Summary
‘His first flight by Liam O’Flaherty is a true parable about overcoming fears in life. Every journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. But that single step is the most difficult one to make. When we conquer the fear and venture forth, we will realize that we are born with wings.
A young seagull looked desperately at the vast expanse of water that stretched before him. His parents, brothers and little sister had flown away. They left him along on the rock. There was no food and he was hungry. He could not fly. Many times, he had tried to run forward to the brink of the ledge and flap his wings. But he was afraid that his wings would not support him. His parents made countless efforts to make him fly. Yet they could not persuade him, to make an attempt to fly. He was starving and felt that he would die, if he did not get any food. He saw his mother tearing a piece of fish with her beak.
When he cried out to her, she just screamed back. Then he saw his mother approaching him with food and was very happy. But she stopped at a distance. He was very hungry. So he dived at the fish. His mother flew upward and he started falling. He was terrified for a moment, but then he realized that he was flying. In this way, he made his ‘first flight. His parents and sister praised him. He was offered scraps of dogfish..
His First Flight Glossary
beckoning (v) – making a gesture with the hand or head to encourage someone to approach or follow
cackle (n) – a sharp, broken noise or cry of a hen, goose or seagull
devour (v) – to eat something eagerly and in large amounts, so that nothing is left
gnaw (v) – to bite or chew something repeatedly
herring (n) – a long silver fish that swims in large groups in the sea
ledge (n) – a narrow shelf that juts out from a vertical surface
mackerel (n) – a sea fish with a strong taste, often used as food
plaintively (adv.) – sadly, calling in a sad way
precipice (n) – a very steep side of a cliff or a mountain
preening (v) – cleaning feathers with beak
shrilly (adv.) – producing a high-pitched and piercing voice or sound
soared (v) – rose quickly to a high level
swoop (v) – to move very quickly and easily through the air
trot (v) – to run at a moderate pace with short steps
whet (v) – to sharpen
Words given in bold in this Glossary are taken from Textbook Glossary. | <urn:uuid:9df8aae9-6d50-421e-980d-ae2300af77cd> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.learncram.com/tamilnadu-board/tamilnadu-class-10-english-solutions-prose-chapter-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103645173.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629211420-20220630001420-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.975677 | 7,688 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The efforts were initially focused on the peaceful use of atomic energy; Soviet-North Korean agreements of the time specifically emphasized the peaceful nature of bilateral cooperation in the nuclear sphere. An intergovermental agreement on cooperation in the field of atomic energy, signed in 1959, laid the foundation for joint nuclear activities between the Soviet Union and North Korea.
Brezhnev was pushed by North Korea to expand their assistance for nuclear energy to allow North Korea a broader scale operation which would make them capacle of building nuclear weaponry. Brezhnev declined further assistance for fear that North Korea would create nuclear warheads and use them.
The years of delays and stall tactics by Russia and other countries significantly delayed North Korea from getting nuclear warheads for decades. Now however, it appears they may have taken the nuclear energy program Brezhnev assisted them with and advanced their capability into creating a nuclear warhead.
For more information on the present crisis go to: http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/11/world/asia/koreas-tensions/index.html
This cloud of the side of Brezhnev's face appeared in the sky several days ago in Connecticut. The incomplete blue heart shaped around Brezhnev's face parallels the incomplete nuclear capability that Breszhnev insisted on to protect the world from a Nuclear North Korea.
Brezhnev's side silhouette is on the right side inside the blue outlined heart. | <urn:uuid:886750b7-3f81-4d58-b77c-6ff83294d3b9> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.signsandmiraclesfromgod.com/miracle-clouds-blog/breshnev-connection-to-north-korean-conflict-today | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863830.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620163310-20180620183310-00187.warc.gz | en | 0.943515 | 296 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Cold sores are caused by HSV1
Catching a cold sore puts you at risk of Alzheimer's disease, mounting evidence suggests.
The herpes virus behind cold sores is a major cause of the protein plaques that accumulate in the brains of people with Alzheimer's, scientists have shown.
On the plus side, the latest discovery by the University of Manchester team may mean antiviral drugs used to treat cold sores could also prevent dementia.
The findings are published in the Journal of Pathology.
Professor Ruth Itzhaki and colleagues found DNA evidence of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 in 90% of plaques in Alzheimer's disease patients' brains.
They had previously shown that HSV1 infection of nerve-type cells in mice leads to deposition of the main component of the plaques - beta amyloid. And that the virus is present in the brains of many elderly people and that in those people with a specific genetic factor, there is a high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.
Taken together, the researchers say the findings strongly implicate the cold sore-causing virus as a root cause of Alzheimer's dementia.
Professor Itzhaki said: "We suggest that HSV1 enters the brain in the elderly as their immune systems decline and then establishes a dormant infection from which it is repeatedly activated by events such as stress, immunosuppression, and various infections."
In turn, this causes damages the brain cells, which die and then disintegrate, releasing the proteins which develop into amyloid plaques, she said.
The researchers now plan to test whether antiviral drugs used to treat cold sores, which block the action of HSV1, might stop the cell damage that leads to Alzheimer's.
Another possibility is vaccination against the virus to prevent the development of the disease in the first place.
Rebecca Wood of the Alzheimer's Research Trust said: "This could lead to new treatments for Alzheimer's, based on existing antiviral agents. However, the underlying causes of Alzheimer's disease are still unknown. Much more research is needed if we are to offer hope to the 700,000 people in the UK who live with Alzheimer's and related dementias."
Professor Clive Ballard of the Alzheimer's Society said: "Although the new research provides some additional evidence supporting a link between the herpes virus and Alzheimer's disease there is still uncertainty around whether this is a promising avenue of research."
Most people become infected with HSV1, which then remains dormant in the facial nerve emerging periodically in 20-40% of those infected to cause cold sores. | <urn:uuid:092cacc6-4712-4758-90a1-dd8a78db54ea> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7770680.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824345.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00211-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937925 | 533 | 3.21875 | 3 |
It is right that Globalist should notice the death of Ronald Reagan last weekend. For Reagan, together with Gorbachev and Margaret Thatcher, was the architect of globalization.
In its broadest sense, globalization means a growing consciousness of the world as a single unit. This has both an economic and a political aspect. The economist Jagdish Bhagwati defines economic globalization as ‘the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, direct foreign investment…short-term capital flows, international flows of workers and humanity generally, and flows of technology’.* In political terms, globalization means a world in which war and the threat of war are no longer the governing factors in interstate relations. Both aspects are interdependent, in the sense that economic integration cannot go very far if war is a constant possibility and war becomes less likely the further economic integration proceeds. But economic and political dynamics can diverge, and this makes it very difficult to predict how far globalization will go.
Ronald Reagan’s contribution to economic globalisation lay as much in his rhetoric as in his actions. He restored faith in free markets at home, and made the building of free markets abroad a crusading aim of US foreign policy. ‘Government is not the solution; government is the problem’ he famously proclaimed. His belief in the superiority of free markets and free enterprise was echoed and reinforced by Britain’s Margaret Thatcher, and had a strong influence on the first generation of post-communist reformers like Yegor Gaidar in Russia, Vaclav Klaus in Czechoslovakia and Leszek Balcerowicz in Poland. Nor would China and India and most Latin American countries have opened up their economies to foreign trade and capital without the Reaganite impulse from the United States.
Practical achievement necessarily fell short of aspiration. But the Reagan-Thatcher policies of shrinking the state and liberating markets have become the economic orthodoxies of our era. Without them, globalization could never have proceeded as far as it did.
Reagan’s greatest political achievement was helping to end the Cold War. In this outcome, the role played by Mikhail Gorbachev was also crucial. Reagan started as a Cold War warrior. In one of his first speeches as President he denounced the Soviet Union as the ‘evil empire’. But in that very same speech he predicted that this empire was approaching its end. To what extent his own uncompromising rhetoric, belief in Star Wars and aggressive military spending contributed to the demise of communism, by setting Russia’s sclerotic economy a challenge it could not meet, will long be debated by historians. But the final result of the process was to end the division of the world into two ideologically hostile armed camps. The presence, for the first time, of the Russian President (as well as the German Chancellor) at the 60th anniversary celebrations of the D-Day landings in Normandy symbolises the way the world has come together politically.
There is an important lesson in all this. Individuals make a difference. Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher and Mikhail Gorbachev broke the mould of their time. So did Deng Tsiao-Ping, Nelson Mandela, and others. No doubt the mould was waiting to be broken. But it need not have been, or might have been shattered in many different ways. Try replaying the 1980s with Yuri Andropov as Soviet leader. Does anyone believe the result would have been the same?
Russia’s politicians have still to learn this lesson. The first generation of liberal reformers were paralysed by their Marxist presuppositions. The ‘objective social conditions’ they used to tell me when I first came to Russia ten years ago were not ripe for Western-style politics. The result was that there are no genuine political parties and no front-line political leader was prepared to stand against Putin in March. So the next generation of political leaders should draw inspiration from those who, by standing out against the prevailing wisdom, changed the course of history.
* Jagdish Bhagwati, In Defence of Globalization, Oxford University Press, 2004 | <urn:uuid:11bb3e4d-a5cd-4615-86ec-76e2f9635365> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://robertskidelsky.com/2004/06/10/what-russians-can-learn-from-ronald-reagan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334515.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925070216-20220925100216-00112.warc.gz | en | 0.96603 | 839 | 2.5625 | 3 |
For teachers click HERE to download some activities to go along with this as well as the template for balancing the letters (p.11) and the provinces of Canada.
What is center of mass?
- Balancing letters
- Balancing cowboy
Balancing objects (to try at home)
Hand balancing - Kristef Brothers (A little cheeky)
Stabilization through rotation and center of gravity | <urn:uuid:877cc7dc-fab8-47d3-809b-53635ad1c901> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://mmemerriman.blogspot.com/2014/04/gravity-and-rotation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119225.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00111-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880437 | 83 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The good news is that you are already an expert at many things. You have mastered at least one language and have learned to read. By following the technique of learning by doing, you will become an expert animator over time.
The best thing of all is that learning how to animate is great fun. The first time I run a new animation sequence that I have created, I feel like I have performed a magic trick. Maybe it needs a bit more work and polish but the satisfaction is immense.
So what is the special formula that elevates someone to the position of expert in their field? The answer lies in five key stages in the learning process.
When people exhibit a special skill in a particular area such as music, drawing or sport we tend to assume they are naturally gifted. However, scientific research has shown that the differences between experts and less proficient individuals nearly always reflect attributes acquired by the experts during their lengthy training.
Researchers have settled on what they believe is the magic number for true expertise: ten thousand hours. Neurologist Daniel Levitin says “In study after study, of composers, basketball players, fiction writers, ice skaters, concert pianists, chess players, this number comes up again and again… It seems that it takes the brain this long to assimilate all that it needs to know to achieve true mastery… This is true even of people we think of as prodigies”.
The 10,000 hour theory is also supported by the fact that when I was a lad craft apprentices were usually indentured for five years (40 hours a week x 50 weeks x 5 years = 10,000 hours).
If 10,000 hours seems impossible look at it this way: it is equivalent to roughly three hours a day, or 20 hours a week, of practice over 10 years. Take it one step at a time and eventually you will reach you goal.
Author George Leonard identified five stages in learning in his book Mastery – The Keys To Success:
Key 1: Instruction. There is nothing better than being mentored by a master animator, either in the workplace or as a student. If this is not possible there are many books written by master animators. Also study sequences from the classic animation films, view them one frame at a time to see how it was done.
Key 2: Practice. The more you do something the easier it will become. Whatever you chosen medium, be it drawn, puppets or computer animation, put the knowledge you have gained from instruction into practice. Set yourself a specific goal, such as 10 second sequence, and work towards it. Once you have achieved this set yourself a harder goal.
Key 3: Surrender. Your early attempts at animation are bound to feel clumsy. Don’t let this put you off. Trust in your own ability and follow the guidance of your instructor (be it a mentor, a book or a film clip). Immerse yourself in your animation and keep going.
Key 4: Intentionality. You should bring willpower, attitude and imagination to the learning process. Keep focused and think ahead about what you want to achieve.
Key 5: The Edge. Almost without exception, those we know as masters are dedicated to the fundamentals of their calling. They are zealots of practice, connoisseurs of the small, incremental step. At the same time they are likely to challenge previous limits, to take risks for the sake of higher performance. But before you can play the edge there must be much instruction, practice, surrender, and intentionality.
Check out the following blog for more info on these key steps: The Five Keys to Mastery. | <urn:uuid:d1f3ec4b-85b1-452d-86cf-dde2e1ecdb80> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.animatormag.com/topical/become-expert-animator/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828178.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024052836-20171024072836-00594.warc.gz | en | 0.968317 | 746 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The average charter school doesn’t do any better educating kids than the typical traditional public school, according to a new study released Wednesday. In some cases, charter schools do worse.
The report from the Center of Research on Education Outcomes compared the reading and math test scores of charters and traditional public schools that shared traits.
The study concluded that 37 percent of charter schools posted math gains that were significantly below what students would have earned at local traditional public schools.
The report wasn’t all negative. Researchers found charter school students do better the longer they’re in charter schools. While students’ learning declines the first year, they post huge gains during their second and third years.
What makes this study so important is that the group reviewed about 70 percent of the nation’s charter schools.
Expect advocates on both sides of the charter debate to cite this study as leaders debate new rules over charters | <urn:uuid:ffbb5261-fa23-4691-ad48-737ab45c374c> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://blogs.ajc.com/get-schooled-blog/2009/06/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703682988/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112802-00058-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974642 | 190 | 3.078125 | 3 |
A Major Accident is defined as follows:
- Any fracture, except to fingers, thumbs or toes
- Any amputation
- Dislocation of shoulder, hip, knee or spine
- Loss of sight (temporary or permanent)
- Eye injury from chemical or hot metal burn, and any penetrating eye injury
- Injury from electric shock or electric burn leading to unconsciousness, or requiring resuscitation, or admittance to hospital for more than 24 hours
- Loss of consciousness caused by asphyxia or by exposure to a harmful substance or biological agent
- Acute illness requiring medical treatment, or loss of consciousness arising from absorption of any substance by inhalation, ingestion or through the skin
- Acute illness requiring medical treatment where there is reason to believe it has resulted from exposure to a biological agent or its toxins, or infected materials.
You must also report a “dangerous occurrence” – this is when something happens that does not result in a reportable injury, but which clearly could have done.
If an accident occurs and a person dies or suffers from any of the above a “responsible person” must notify the relevant enforcing authority preferably by telephone. A written report must be submitted to them within 10 working days. | <urn:uuid:ae732230-a9ee-4f36-9a1f-7383647b0613> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.ggf.org.uk/health-and-safety/health-safety-performances-2/major-accident/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247490225.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219142524-20190219164524-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.935325 | 256 | 2.75 | 3 |
Asthma is a health problem that affects many people. The fact that there is no cure for asthma means that people who are affected by asthma have to manage it appropriately and keep asthma under control. Asthma causes may be different. Managing the disease allows asthmatics to take control of their health and reduce the risk of fatalities that can be caused by asthma. While methods of asthma treatment differ, the disease does not have a common solution for all asthmatics.
The intensity of the problem and the health conditions of the person suffering from asthma is a major factor to consider which medicines will work for them. My Canadian Pharmacy advises their customers to consult their healthcare professionals to learn how to treat asthma instead of relying on yourself for choosing the medicines. Doctors consider a lot of things before they prescribe any medicines. This may also include any allergies that they are aware of as well as your medical history.
Some of the most effective drugs that fight asthma are Ventolin (albuterol) and Flovent. Both the drugs are available online at My Canadian Pharmacy. Customers have found both the drugs to be helpful and we have positive reviews about the quality and effectiveness of the drugs from our customers. You will also find the drugs to be available at competitive prices at My Canadian Pharmacy.
Facts about Canadian Ventolin Inhaler
Ventolin contains Salbutamol which helps relaxing the muscles of the airways that carry air in the lungs. The relaxation of the muscles increases the flow of air and helps relieve asthma attacks. It is important to understand how to use Ventolin and ensure that it is used in the form prescribed for you. It is available in the following forms:
- Inhalers – They are also known as relievers because they work very quickly when inhaled to relieve a person of asthmatic attacks or shortness of breath. Inhalers can be used when exposed to allergens to avoid wheezing by opening the airways;
- Tablets or syrups – Tablets and syrups do not work as quickly as inhalers. These medicines are taken regularly to prevent asthmatic attacks and reduce heightened symptoms of asthma;
- Nebuliser or Respirator solutions – Nebulisers and respirators provide higher doses of medicines than a standard inhaler. This is why nebulisers are used in hospital to treat acute cases of asthma.
Ventolin (albuterol) should be taken with caution by people who suffer from heart diseases, high blood pressure and diabetes.
It should be completely avoided by anyone who is allergic to Salbutamol. Certain medicines can react with Ventolin so you must make your doctor aware of any other medicines that you may be taking along with Ventolin. While the drug is effective in the treatment of asthma, you must immediately report any Ventolin side effects that you notice to your doctor and stop taking the drug. Your doctor will be able to consider an alternative and find out the reason for any reactions.
Facts about Canadian Flovent Inhaler
Flovent is another effective drug used for asthma treatment. It contains a medicine called Fluticasone Propionate which is a synthetic corticosteroid. The drug works by reducing airway inflammation to increase the flow of air to the lungs. Corticosteroid is a natural substance found in the human body which is used to fight inflammation.
The synthetic form used in Flovent is used for the same reason. Flovent acts on a number of cells in the human body like basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells and neutrophils. This helps reduce the various symptoms of asthma like wheezing, coughing, tightness of chest and shortness of breath. Flovent is available in the form of an inhaler and it should be taken as prescribed by your doctor.
Flovent is generally safe and has helped many asthmatics. All medications have side-effects in one form or another and the same goes for Flovent as well. The side effects of the drug are similar to those of any other steroids that are inhaled. Some of Flovent side effects may include:
- Chest pain;
- Abdominal pain.
If you find that your symptoms are worsening or you are unable to relieve your asthmatic attack then you should contact your doctor immediately. If you find your asthma has become more controlled than before then you must inform to your doctor. There is a possibility that your Flovent dosage may change according to the symptoms you experience. Read more about Flovent vs Ventolin…
My Canadian Pharmacy has both asthma inhalers Flovent and Ventolin online available for its customers. The quality of both the drugs has been commended on by our customers who have found the drugs to be very effective. You must consult your doctor on which drug is more suitable for you and the form in which you should use it. At My Canadian Pharmacy, once you order online with us, you just have to sit and wait for us to deliver the medicines in a timely manner to you. We can also ensure refills are delivered automatically in intervals that you have chosen to be appropriate.
Canadian Ventolin: Modern Solution For Asthma Treatment
Asthma is a health problem that affects many people. A swelling or an inflammation in
How To Help A Child With Asthma: My Canadian Pharmacy Advice
Asthma in children is very difficult to manage, especially when they are at an age | <urn:uuid:a11a2a85-9f4b-4df4-a1bc-f2d9e117f38a> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://mycanadian-pharmacy.net/ventolin-and-flovent.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689779.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923213057-20170923233057-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.957844 | 1,136 | 3.0625 | 3 |
INCREDIBLE images of the last tribe on earth to practice Cannibalism have been captured by an adventurous photographer, who travelled deep into the Indonesian jungles to their remote location.
The Korowai people of West Papua, Indonesia live just as they did 10,000 years ago practising witchcraft and are believed to still eat human flesh.
Italian photojournalist Gianlunca Chiodini spent several days hiking through leech-infested, rain-soaked jungles to reach the mysterious tribe.
Mr Chiodini said: “I really wanted to visit one of the most genuine and remote tribes in the world.”
“The Korowai live in the heart of the rainforest, where they’re not yet exposed to the modern world, so they still maintain many of their age-old traditions.”
The striking shots show the Korowai people feasting on live bugs; protecting and repairing their rudimentary homes perched on enormous stilts; and a fierce-looking bowman hunting for the tribe’s next evening meal.
The Korowai people have no access to modern medicine and treat diseases with herbs and witchcraft.
Generally, tribe members have a life expectancy of under 50 years of age.
Living without scientific knowledge, the Korowai believe mysterious deaths are attributed to the ‘Khakhua’ – demons who take on the human form.
‘Khakhuas’ are said to disguise themselves as friends or family members in an attempt to gain the trust of the tribe, so they can later kill them.
It is Korowai tradition to perform cannibalistic rituals on anyone believed to be a ‘Khakua’ so to protect the rest of the members.
After seizing the demon, the tribe will kill the ‘Khakua’ victim and eat their flesh.
Chiodini admits the cannibalist rituals of the Korowai people was a concern when embarking on the expedition.
He said: “I was a little bit scared about cannibalism if I’m honest.”
“Certain sources suggest that the Korowai still practice ritual cannibalism to this day.
"Other anthropologists believe that practice has stopped, but only in this century.”
“But some of my guides reckoned that there are still yet more people in the rainforest who haven’t been contacted – cannibalism may still yet be practiced.”
Traditionally, the Korowai have lived in stilted treehouses scattered throughout the jungle.
The monstrous houses, as captured by Mr Chiodini, are designed by tribe members to protect not only from the elements, but from the “evil spirits” that lurk below the treetops and jungle canopies
There are just 3,000 Korowai people in existence, most living with little knowledge of the world beyond their homelands.
The Korowai were unaware of western civilization until 1970 when anthropologists embarked on a journey to study them.
We pay for your stories! Do you have a story for The Sun Online news team? Email us at email@example.com or call 0207 782 4368 . You can WhatsApp us on 07810 791 502. We pay for videos too. Click here to upload yours. | <urn:uuid:42987b4e-cc4b-4224-9973-641f5b72849d> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/10595916/indonesias-cannibal-korowai-tribe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371637684.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406133533-20200406164033-00375.warc.gz | en | 0.940698 | 697 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Annapurna is a section of the Himalayas in north-central Nepal that includes 8,091 m (26,545 ft) Annapurna I, thirteen additional peaks over 7,000 m (22,970 ft) and 16 more over 6,000 m (19,690 ft). This section is a 55 km-long (34miles long) massif. Annapurna I is tenth among Earth’s fourteen eight-thousanders. It rises east of the Kali Gandaki Gorge separating it from Dhaulagiri massif which is 34 km to the west and the gorge between is considered Earth’s deepest. It is 10th Highest Mountain of the world. In a Sanskrit, Annapurna means “full of food” and normally translated as goddess of the Harvests. In Hinduism, Annapurna is “the universal and timeless kitchen-goddess (the mother who feeds). Without her, there is starvation and a universal fear: this makes Annapurna a universal goddess. Mt. Annapurna I was the first 8,000-metre (26,200 ft) peak to be climbed by Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal, of a French expedition led by Maurice Herzog on 3 June 1950. Its summit was the highest summit attained on Earth for three years, until the first successful ascent of Mount Everest.
Day 01: Arrive in Kathmandu, transfers to hotel and welcome dinner in the evening
Day 02: Full day Guided Tour in Kathmandu valley. Checking the equipment & packing, introduction between our staffs and members concerning how do communicate each other
Day 03: Briefing at Minister of Tourism and Civil Aviation, Tourism Industry Division.
Day 04: By Bus: Kathmandu to Beni.
Day 05: Beni to Tatopani
Day 06: Tatopani to Ghasa
Day 07: Ghasa to Lete
Day 08: Lete to Thulo Bugin
Day 09: Thulo Bugin to Thulo Bugin Pass
Day 10: Thulo Bugin Pass to Mristi Khola
Day 11: Mristi Khola to Base camp
Day 12 – 50: Climbing
Day 51: Base Camp to Thulo Bugin
Day 52: Thulo Bugin to Lete
Day 53: Lete to Tatopani
Day 54: Tatopani to Beni
Day 55: By Bus: Beni to Kathmandu
Day 56: Debriefing at Tourism Industry Division
Day 57: Free day in Kathmandu for shopping and other activities
Day 58: Departure.
0 Reviews on Annapurna I Expedition | <urn:uuid:83717834-569e-4d08-be1b-67f493e5975a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://asthanepal.com/expedition/annapurna-i-expedition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250620381.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124130719-20200124155719-00369.warc.gz | en | 0.894497 | 571 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Proposal: Rugby and football can be dangerous, but what sport has more debilitating injuries? Rugby players are more prone to spinal injuries, but football players are more prone to head injuries. How do these injuries compare and what is more harmful in the long-run?
- “Is rugby or American football more dangerous”
The Essential Content of the Article: This article from The Telegraph focuses on the injuries rugby players face compared to football players. Being a faster rugby player increases the chance for a concussion, but it is still less likely compared to football players. The helmets and padding in football give the players a false sense of security, so they abuse their body and head more then they need to.
What it Proves: Football players are more likely to suffer from more severe brain injuries compared to rugby players.
2. “Rugby, like NFL, does not have concussion issue figured out”
The Essential Content of the Article: This article on the ESPN website focuses on the inherent concussion problem in rugby and comparing it to the concussion problem in the NFL. Kat Merchant was a female rugby player for the English national team, and she suffered 10 or more concussions to play rugby at the highest level. The NFL’s attempt to lessen their concussion problem is also highlighted. Head Coach Pete Carroll with the Seattle Seahawks began teaching a different tackling technique for his players to use. This new tackling technique is based on how rugby players tackle and making sure that the head is not involved in the tackle.
What it proves: The NFL and professional rugby both share a problem with concussions, and the NFL is implementing tackling techniques from rugby to make football safer for the players.
3. “Is rugby safer than football?”
The Essential Content of the Article: This article from the San Diego Union-Tribune focuses on the long term effects from playing high-speed contact sports, like rugby and football. There are not many studies done comparing the concussions side by side, but there is plenty of information on injuries. One player on San Diego’s rugby team had suffered numerous concussions and blackouts while playing the game. Studies done in the UK found that high level rugby players also developed CTE like their NFL counterparts. The studies and stories show proof of a problem, and USA rugby, like the NFL, is working on ways to remedy concussions.
What it proves: CTE is not limited to just football. For both football and rugby to stay around, the concussion percentage needs to be reduced by different rules or better techniques.
4. “Risk of Spinal Injuries Highest in Rugby”
The Essential content of the Article: This article from the Independent focuses on the relation of spinal injures in rugby compared to those in other sports. By far, rugby has the most spinal injuries compared to any other sport. Out of 98 injuries compiled by the Trevor Jones Tetraplegic Trust, 58 are rugby related. Along with the reported injuries, the Rugby Football Union has withheld information and statistics on spinal injuries for years. Ben Smeldon is one rugby union player that was left permanently paralyzed after an unsafe scrum collapsed and he broke his neck.
What it proves: Rugby is the least safe sport when it comes to spinal injuries and paralyzation. Compared to every other sport, there are none that have near the same amount of spinal injuries.
5. “American football or rugby: what is more dangerous”
The Essential content of the Article: This article from The Guardian focuses on the safety concern for players in the NFL. More than 4,000 families have brought lawsuits to the NFL regarding concussions and debilitating head injuries. Players like Junior Seau took their own life because of symptoms brought on by CTE. His family sued the NFL for “wrongful death” and won the lawsuit. Jim McKenna, A professor of physical safety and health at Leeds Metropolitan University, claims that rugby is much safer than football. Football players use their head as a tackling tool, which is never the case with rugby tackles. Football players purposely throw their head into contact to bring down an opponent, and rugby players do their best to keep their head out of a tackle.
What it proves: Rugby players do not suffer as many concussions and head injuries as football players. Football players need to be taught techniques for safer play so they can have a life after the NFL and not suffer from CTE or other debilitating head injuries.
6. “ACSM information on concussions in sports”
The Essential content of the Article: This article from the ACSM, American College of Sports Medicine, focuses on the symptoms and causes of a concussion. A concussion happens when there is a sudden acceleration or deceleration of the head. It can occur when the head contacts the ground, a ball, or another player. Concussion symptoms are not always obvious and apparent. A couple symptoms are irritability, change in sleeping patterns, dizziness, vomiting, and double vision. Even doctors sometimes struggle in detecting symptoms associated with concussions.
What it proves: Concussions are hard to detect and there needs to be more research done to reveal better detection methods. If someone may have suffered a concussion, it is better to take the preventative measures rather than risk their health and safety.
7. “Concussion- The Invisible Injury”
The Essential content of the Article: The article written by Emily Tong and John Almquist focuses on the diagnosis and legislation related to concussions. Many high school and college athletic programs have the players take a baseline test for normal cognitive function. When a player may have gotten a concussion, they go back and have them take the same test and compare the scores. If the cognitive function of the athlete is not 100% they will not score as well as they did the first time. All 50 states have passed laws to protect young athletes from returning to play before their ready. The players are to be educated on concussions and symptoms, and they are told to refrain from playing if they have any symptoms. After a player is diagnosed with a concussion, the law requires the player to be cleared by a medical professional.
What it proves: Concussion issues are important enough to be written into the state legislature of all 50 states. Player safety is more important than any aspect of the game, and the brain is a delicate and important piece that players need to take better care of.
8. “A Multifactorial Approach to Sport-Related Concussion Prevention and Education: Application of the Socioecological Framework”
The Essential content of the Article: This article was written by Johna Register-Mihalik, Emily Kroshus, and Tamara C. Valovich McLeod. It focuses on the different levels of change that must occur to improve the concussion problem. From the interpersonal role all the way out to society’s role. Players need to be educated on concussions, coaches and parents need to be educated on identifying the symptoms, and schools and governments need to put policy in place to protect the players future health.
What it proves: Understanding and fixing the concussion problem is not a one-step process, but a long and tedious approach that involves the individual players all the way up to the state government.
9. “Rise in reported Concussions a good thing”
The Essential content of the Article: This article was written anonymously in the Winnipeg Free Press, and it focuses on the recent increase in reported concussions in the NFL. Since 2008, there has been an increase of 34% in reported concussions. The players are playing at the same speed and intensity as 2008, but the trainers are paying more attention to concussion symptoms and taking time to fully evaluate players.
What it proves: Concussion protocol is being taken more seriously than it has in the past. Players are put through various medical tests including brain scans at times before they return.
10. “Spinal injuries in New Zealand rugby and rugby league- – a twenty year survey”
The Essential content of the Article: This article was done by the Christchurch of Medicine and it focuses on spinal injuries rugby players suffered in New Zealand. The scrum produced the highest percentage of spinal injuries. Forwards and heavier players suffered more spinal injuries compared to backs and lighter players.
What it proves: Spinal injuries are a part of rugby and may not be avoidable, but there are precautions and techniques players can implement to reduce their chances.
What I’m still looking for: A direct comparison of the spinal injuries and concussions in rugby and football, showing statistics and what game would be safer for youth athletes to participate in.
Current state of research: I have gathered various sources that show the injuries and statistics of both games and specific information regarding the preventative measures leagues and communities can take. Like stated above, my reasearch is not done and I am looking for more comparisons of the two games in safety and long term effects of these injuries. | <urn:uuid:67ffcace-5697-4c8e-9410-868fe9175dea> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://rowancounterintuitive.com/2018/01/31/white-paper-jdormann/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999539.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624130856-20190624152856-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.965463 | 1,844 | 2.9375 | 3 |
6-8 sentences a piece 1. From the various scenarios presented throughout the course, analyze the concepts of patients’ rights and the overall concerns of physicians and nurses, as they apply to 21st Century American patients. Speculate on the major ways in which these overlapping concerns from all health care professions may influence legal decisions in patient treatment.
2. Reflect on the contribution of this course to your overall knowledge of health care administration. Examine the entire process, and determine whether the concepts presented within this course have made you reconsider your perception of patient rights in U.S. health care. | <urn:uuid:14b27833-cfc9-4e00-9855-7111f9078b2e> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://blog.keenessays.com/2017/03/analyze-concepts-patients-rights-overall-concerns-physicians-nurses-apply-21st-century-american-patients-2-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948596115.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217152217-20171217174217-00147.warc.gz | en | 0.941593 | 120 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The tricky question of how and why hunter-gatherers took up farming is explored in one of our all-day school workshops. Starting outside, using the time frame of the Mesolithic, we explore what life was like for hunter-gatherers. What animals were available for them to hunt? How did they make their houses? What skills did they need to survive? How did they enjoy and express themselves?
We emphasise how hunter-gatherers relied on the environment to provide everything they needed; food, clothes, building material, decorative items. We teach children how to make fire and process bramble into rope, or nettle into cord. Using an anatomy apron and a deer skin we ceremonially gut a ‘deer’ and decide which bits are edible, and which bits can be used for something else like making water bags.
In the afternoon everything changes as we go inside and find out about the farming lifestyle of the Neolithic, from making cloth out of wool, to grinding wheat to make flour. We explore how, because people were producing excess food they needed something to store it in, and so pottery became very useful. Children get to make butter and try out wattling.
Finally, the classes come together to celebrate in the Neolithic way, making a causewayed enclosure with their own bodies, playing musical instruments, singing and clapping. It’s a memorable way to finish off a wow day. | <urn:uuid:38ca6123-8e67-4402-93cc-72abac775129> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.schoolsprehistory.co.uk/2016/04/29/hunter-gatherers-to-farmers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401583556.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928010415-20200928040415-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.970115 | 298 | 3.625 | 4 |
For long, car vendors have been trying to find a way through which car collisions could be avoided. A number of ideas to this end have been introduced so far. For instance, some researchers have used radars, cameras and 3G to enable a car detect the presence of a pedestrian ahead. A team at MIT has developed an ‘intelligent co-pilot’ to avoid accidents. Now, General Motors (GM) has introduced a solution of their own, and it seems to be far better than the earlier systems.
The problem with making use of 3G-based detection systems is that signal has to first bounce off a mobile network and only then reaches the driver. This essentially lags the signal and can be crucial in time-tight situations.
A new solution proposed by GM take care of this issue. The proposed pedestrian detection system based on Wi-Fi Direct. There are no radars involved, no cameras needed and no 3G connectivity required. Rather, the system makes use of the IEEE802.11 peer-to-peer standards. GM believes that this platform is perfect to enable cars, pedestrians and cyclists discover each other, well on time.
Unlike the radar systems where only the driver is alerted of the pedestrian or a cyclist, communications are two-way in Wi-Fi Direct-based system. Not only is a driver alerted when there’s a pedestrian ahead, a pedestrian may also be immediately prompted via his smartphone that he is about to bump into a car.
According to GM’s Global R&D director of the Electrical and Control Systems Research Lab, “This new wireless capability could warn drivers about pedestrians who might be stepping into the roadway from behind a parked vehicle, or bicyclists who are riding in the car’s blind spot. Wi-Fi Direct has the potential to become an integral part of the comprehensive driver assistance systems we offer on many of our Chevrolet, Cadillac, Buick and GMC vehicles.”
While it may still be some time before we can even expect to see this technology on an industrial scale, it is certainly a very viable and effective solution for the whole issue of pedestrian detection. And once implemented, it may actually help thwart a lot of accidents. Watch the video below to get more insights into it.
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New Medical Device Lets You Write Through Eye Movements | <urn:uuid:8af61b2f-582f-45e9-9f5c-d79e3983f381> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://thetechjournal.com/auto/gm-develops-pedestrian-detection-system-based-on-wi-fi-direct.xhtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507447421.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005727-00212-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951079 | 495 | 2.5625 | 3 |
In the UK, a total of 62,809 patients with diabetes were found to have a higher risk of colon and pancreatic cancer compared to a similar population without diabetes. Diabetics who were also obese had the highest number of cancers.
The cancer risk was significantly lower among those taking metformin monotherapy as opposed to glycloside or insulin.
A study from the other side of the world, involving 872,706 Australians cross referenced the National Diabetes Service Scheme (NDSS) with the National Death Index, found a significant link between type 2 diabetes and fatal colon and pancreatic cancer but also cancers of the liver, uterus, kidney, thyroid, gallbladder and blood (leukaemia).
The mechanism for metformin’s benefit lies in the fact that it works by improving the cells sensitivity to insulin and hence reduces insulin-like growth factor (IGF) in those developing insulin resistance.
Although prospective randomised trials confirming the protective benefits of metformin have not been completed, these data are very convincing, especially as they involved such large numbers and are from two independent prestigious organisations.
It certainly would be common sense, if diabetic, to ask your doctor to take metformin as opposed to or additional to glycloside. | <urn:uuid:57f0805a-c6a2-4708-b60e-be18cf5ada83> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://blog.cancernet.co.uk/common-diabetes-drug-reduce-cancer-risk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247495367.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220170405-20190220192405-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.960822 | 260 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Post facilitated by Daniel Maciel, PLD Blog Co-Editor
Whenever and wherever translators meet to talk about the current affairs of their craft, the topic of effective machine translation is inevitable, and that is fine. After all, I cannot think of a more pressing discussion for professional linguists today. However, it is rather odd to see the difficulty in discussing the theme without tying the effectiveness of machine translation to the materialization of true Artificial Intelligence (AI). Actually, achieving the former doesn’t depend on the fruition of the latter. No, fellow translators, it does not. This is a widespread misconception with a lineage that can be traced right back to the long-held general notion of intelligence as a kind of universal and uniform capability. For us translators, such a notion may become an indulgent self-deceit. Please excuse the harsh words, but do bear with me for a moment. I won’t spend much time in lengthy peroration on the nature of AI and Deep Learning; I am also not an expert in the field. I am an educated reader, at best. I think a brief conversation about the relationship between artificial intelligence and machine translation effectiveness will be enough for us to put the elements in the right perspective.
For argument’s sake, let us start by agreeing on intelligence as “the ability to learn or understand or to deal with new or trying situations,” as Merriam-Webster says. In other words, intelligence is the ability to deal with the unknown and then not only learn from it, but also from the process of understanding it. The very way human beings deal with the unknown is a hurdle, as they rely on various subtle sources of input (like emotions or even cognitive biases) to build up their intelligence inventory. Machines do not. Their knowledge is a proxy knowledge in many ways, since they learn from human experience and how humans deal with the world. Even the most recent famous display of “machine intelligence,” when the AlphaGo AI won a series of matches against the best Go player in the world, was, in fact, a demonstration of raw data processing power, not intelligent creativity (or “learning on the go,” so to speak) as we understand it. Now, when we add natural (i.e. human) language and all its nuances and uncertainties to this scenario, it is no surprise that many respectable sources of information on the AI subject consider the idea of having intelligent machines emulate human intelligence in the near future to be an elusive goal.
Still, the crucial question we must ask ourselves is how “intelligent” machines must be to provide effective translations. This is a pesky question, since the answer may imply that it takes little intelligence to translate certain texts. That, of course, is clearly not the case. A translated text is a filigree of complex pieces, each with its own requirements for dealing with novelty, such as context research, terminology accuracy, cultural knowledge, idiomatic adequacy and so on. Likewise, translation is not singular and monolithic. Rather, it is a multifaceted, multi-component phenomenon that may yield an outcome ranging from the most predictable (e.g. a medication leaflet) to the most unpredictable (e.g. poetry). It should go without saying that putting all those pieces together requires a well-developed set of intelligence skills. Yet the more predictable the translation outcome, the more its processes follow certain parameters and the fewer novelties or unexpected variations they involve. This is precisely the environment in which machine translation thrives. I am not saying that predictable, parameterized translation is non-intelligent, “stupid” translation that would not require intelligent translators. What I am arguing is that some types of translation, due to their parameterized nature, provide the raw data volume and the circumscribed environment that machine translation requires to work effectively, much like the game of Go mentioned above or the game of chess, if you prefer. One would hardly say that Lee Sedol or Garry Kasparov are stupid, after all.
That being said, it is easier to understand why translators should not resort to AI’s state of the art as the yardstick with which to measure the impact of machine translation on the translation industry. In human terms, machines that translate do not need to be that “intelligent.” What they must be is robust enough and clever enough to handle vast, sometimes monumental amounts of data in the way we instruct them to do. It means that, depending on the texts to be translated and their position in the range of predictability discussed above, effective machine translation results are not a matter of AI development. They are, actually, a matter of sufficient processing power – achieved through the use of GPUs (Graphics Processing Units) instead of CPUs (Central Processing Units) – applied to texts in very controlled translation environments delimited by well-defined translation constraints at both the linguistic (grammar, lexicon, syntax) and non-linguistic (use, corporate culture, social conveniences) levels. This is how companies or organizations such as the EU, which make extensive and intensive use of machine translation, proceed with such projects. Sure, we have to pay very close attention to everything around AI and the increasingly ubiquitous presence of its incipient forms in our lives. Still, when it comes to machine translation, AI is an umbrella concept, and “true artificial intelligence” is an almost academic discussion. Effective machine translation, on the other hand, is not a concept, but rather a construct consisting of categorical elements derived from specific expectations surrounding clear-cut types of translation. It is not a scientific potentiality; it is a technological reality. It is not an academic discussion; it is already a reality. It may be that you will come to a different conclusion after checking the facts and information yourself. However, as I have said earlier, thinking otherwise without doing that fact-checking is indulging in self-deceit.
Finally, I would like to leave a special word for the dear colleagues who work with transcreation or literary translation. If you think that by “parameterized” and “predictable” I was alluding to the so-called “technical” translation only, think again. There is a significant difference between producing a creative text and recognizing one. The parameters are there, and disciplines akin to translation, like literary criticism and adaptation studies, are looking seriously into how to make machines recognize them. How long it will take, then, for those recognizable parameters to be used in computer tools tailored to your craft? No one knows, of course, but judging from the way things are going, I would risk asserting that many of you may live long enough to see the day. | <urn:uuid:53f3504c-70e6-4813-a312-f59a75e8be9b> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.ata-divisions.org/PLD/index.php/2018/07/06/machine-translation-does-true-ai-really-matter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487630081.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210625085140-20210625115140-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.948502 | 1,393 | 2.515625 | 3 |
How Exactly To Write Anthropology Research Rapers
Anthropology is a location of systematic knowledge which studies fundamental dilemmas of individual presence in a normal and environment that is artificial. To place it briefly, it’s the scholarly research of mankind. Along with that, there are several forms of anthropological studies and branches by that you simply may commence elaborating your paper. Philosophical anthropology focuses regarding the research for the dilemmas of human being presence on earth in general, seeks to respond to the question in regards to the essence of guy. Cultural anthropology relates to the connections of culture and man. It is targeted on the nagging dilemmas for the genesis of guy because the creator as well as the creation of tradition. There are other forms with this branch of technology as social anthropology, cognitive an such like. Nevertheless the ones that are main these four subfields of anthropology: Archaeology, Cultural, Biological, and Linguistic. Therefore, your projects on anthropology will certainly include features and subtleties of various studies. You can ask a writing that is professional to “write my research paper ” if you’re not ready to find out more about a few procedures simultaneously.
How exactly to Design Your Paper on essay writing service for college Anthropology
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- Introduction. Every medical and paper that is academic include an introduction that may provide your targets of this research additionally the outline of precisely what is likely to be mentioned further. Convince your reader that this study that is particular a ground-breaking one and you are clearly likely to expose some brand new information that nobody knew prior to. Engage audience in to the topic that is whole.
- Literature overview. This can be, simply put, the orientation that is theoretical of work.
- The main human body associated with the paper will encompass all of the analysis carried out. It must be made up of the theoretical component and practical one which obviously complement the other person.
- Discussion and Conclusions. Summarize all of the approaches you utilized and outcomes you obtained. Name some discrepancies which you discovered betwixt your work as well as other studies that had been the cornerstone for the evaluations and research in general. Inform exactly just how work may be advanced and improved. State what exactly is the viewpoint of the research as well as its results.
- Identify your topic as soon as feasible. Regardless of the selected kinds of anthropology it must be intriguing and thought-provoking.
- Seek out other types of works like Nursing Paper, English documents, social anthropology research paper to generate a few ideas for anthropology research paper.
- You might also look over some ready-made topics, as an example, from real anthropology research paper subjects, it’s going to direct you to the subject of your.
- Any concept you propose towards the market needs to be theoretically grounded. Find literature that is appropriate both online plus in the collection. Attempt to abide by the sources that are primary.
- The problem/thesis/hypothesis/question you discuss in your study needs to be demonstrably understandable and shaped.
- Utilize terminology in a manner that is appropriate. Attempt to explain some uncommon and hard terms.
- Every element of work should be connected closely along with other components both thematically and virtually.
- Re-read your finished paper many times to locate grammatical, stylistic and spelling errors.
- Stay glued to the anthropology research paper structure.
- Some phrases that are useful proof with this theory is. ”, “. notes that. ”, “In this paper I wish to describe. ”, “To conclude. ”.
Typical Mistakes Produced By Pupils
- No recommendations when you look at the concept part.
- No subheadings.
- Bad paragraphing.
- No mention about principles which were utilized.
- Theory that doesn’t right back practical research.
- Spelling, sentence structure and stylistic errors.
- Detailed conclusion.
- The lack of research paper summary.
Anthropological Topics for a extensive research Paper
“The framework of this circulation associated with youngsters’ human body size during development period”
“Information relevance and framework of variability of faculties of human’s craniofacial system”
“Anthropological areas of learning the hormone status of man”
“Anthropology of ancient and population that is modern of Yemen”
“Phenetic analysis in paleoanthropology associated with the difficulties of events and ethnogenesis” | <urn:uuid:cd2ed49e-c0c9-48e4-a8c3-624771a44e5f> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://sienaspharmacy.com/uncategorized/how-exactly-to-write-anthropology-research-rapers-4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880878.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20201023073305-20201023103305-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.934397 | 977 | 2.71875 | 3 |
To start producing your own music at home , follow these steps: Learn how to write melodies. Learn how to write lyrics. Download and learn how to use a DAW. Record your song using the DAW or write the music within the DAW. To do this, set your tempo and key. Create a drum beat. Add the bassline.
6 Ways to Learn Music Production Faster. Are you interested in learning music production more quickly? Discover What You’re Unfamiliar With. Here is where self-awareness comes into play. Watch Tutorials. Work with Other Producers /Songwriters. Study Everything. Produce Music Consistently. Attend a Music Production School.
A DAW is the software in which you create and record music . Ableton Live: The best option for live performances and good for the studio. Logic Pro: Mac only but ubiquitous and very, very good . Fl Studio: Very popular for electronic dance music producers. Cubase: An old classic and still going strong. Reason: Great fun!
No electronic music is not hard to make . In fact if it’s powered and makes noise you’re in! Electronic music isn’t only dance or pop music . There is an avant garde of unsequenced sound produced by a wide array of machinery.
For making music on a laptop , you will need a Digital Audio Workstation(DAW). A DAW is a computer software used for recording, editing, mixing and producing songs, background scores or any kind of audio. For making music on a laptop , you will need a Digital Audio Workstation(DAW).
5 Great Free Software Options for Making Music at Home GarageBand. If you have a MacBook and you’re thinking about making your own music , GarageBand is a great DAW to get started on. Tracktion T7. Klevgrand SyndtSphere. Audacity. Giada.
Top 8: Best Music Production Software for Beginners Ableton Live. Ableton Live is one of the top choices for the title of best music production software for beginners and for a good reason. Apple GarageBand . PreSonus Studio One . DarkWave Studio. FL Studio Producer Edition. ACID Pro 8. Mixcraft 8 Pro Studio. Audacity .
Being a music producer is difficult for a number of reasons. The first one is that it takes a long time to get to a level where your music is actually worth releasing. There are intricacies involved in music production that not only take a while to understand in theory, but require deliberate practice.
At a glance Read the whole score. Listen to the whole piece. Play through the entire piece slowly. Divide the piece. Use various techniques for different passages. Put the whole piece together. Rinse and repeat. Find an audience to perform.
Here are five ideas to breathe new life into your music career and to make sure you are building a foundation for long-term music industry success. Know Your Goals. Henrik Sorensen/Stone/Getty Images. Get out There in Person. Get out There Online. Find Your Team. Get Yourself Together.
It’s easy to start using, but with plenty of depth to explore as you get more confident. Ninja Jamm. GarageBand . Scape. Music Maker Jam. DM1. Simply Piano.
5 of the best Android and iOS apps for making electronic music FL Studio Mobile. FL Studio Mobile lets you create complete musical projects on your mobile device. Jasuto modular synthesizer. Jasuto lets you come up with your own synths and effects chains, then use them to create musical sequences. SunVox. | <urn:uuid:c337105a-0434-470f-988e-2ba7638aa56f> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.designbrandindia.com/interesting/how-to-make-digital-music.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585177.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017113503-20211017143503-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.878141 | 751 | 2.578125 | 3 |
I just finished a consultation with a young woman who had a very low AMH level. I explained to her that this meant she had poor ovarian reserve, and might need to consider using donor eggs.
She was understandably very upset. " How can that be true, doctor ?" she demanded. " My gynecologist has done 4 IUI cycles for me and I had at least two 20 mm follicles in each cycle which would rupture on Day 14. She told me I was young and had good eggs, so how can you now say my egg quality is poor? "
Women know that their chances of getting pregnant depend upon the quantity and quality of their eggs - what is known as their ovarian reserve. They know that if they have regular cycles, this usually means that they are ovulating; and that egg quality declines with age. This is why most young women with ovulatory cycles usually assume that their egg quality must be good. This is a reasonable assumption, and one which most gynecologists also share.
Read more- Antral follicle count
However, it's hard to measure the quality of eggs. Eggs are microscopic structures, which can be evaluated only by doing an IVF treatment cycle, when the embryologist actually gets to see them under his microscope. Follicles, on the other hand, are just black bubbles on the screen which we can track on serial ultrasound scans.
Since most follicles contain eggs, traditionally we have measured egg quality indirectly, by using ultrasound scans for follicular monitoring. If the follicles grow well and they rupture, the logical conclusion is that the quality of the eggs within the follicles must be good.
Unfortunately, this is not always true. The follicle is just a black bubble on the ultrasound screen; and some follicles may be empty; while others may contain poor quality eggs. And just because you ovulate every month does not mean that your egg quality is good enough to make a baby !
What about testing the estradiol levels ?
This again has the same limitation. The estradiol is not produced by the egg, but by the granulosa cells which line the ovarian follicle. Thus , even if the estradiol levels are good, the egg quality may still be poor. FSH levels used to be the gold standard for assessing egg quality, but this is not very reliable either, for exactly the same reason. Thus, while most women with high FSH levels have poor eggs ( both the quantity and quality are likely to be impaired), many women will also have poor quality eggs, inspite of the fact that their FSH is normal, because the FSH is only an indirect marker of egg quality.
The reliable test
The most reliable test for egg quality is the new blood test which checks AMH levels. This is not foolproof either, but it does provide much more accurate information about ovarian reserve than the older tests. If you are infertile, please ask your doctor to get your AMH level tested - or get this done yourself. This will give you a much better idea of your ovarian function !
Read more- AMH Test to Determine Fertility | <urn:uuid:d15105cb-3a2a-4604-9d10-9db967a5b88d> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.drmalpani.com/knowledge-center/articles/follicles-are-not-eggs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189083.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00450-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973722 | 644 | 2.96875 | 3 |
On June 26, 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed into law The Federal Credit Union Act. A "get the votes" campaign initiated by credit union members around the U.S. helped to get the support for the credit union legislation. The campaigners travelled the country to promote their cause, which was to allow for the creation of credit unions anywhere, nationwide.
Also, these credit union advocates eventually would all meet up at Estes Park, Colorado to create an organization to represent credit unions all across the U.S. Fifty-two delegates from 20 states met at EstesPark from August 8 to August 10 of 1934, and together signed The Constitution and Bylaws of the Credit Union National Association on August 10. (To learn more, read Tired Of Banks? Try A Credit Union.)
The passing of this act created the federal credit union system and the Bureau of Federal Credit Unions, and allowed credit unions to be chartered under state or federal law, called dual chartering. It also established the deposits, obligations and securities in which a federal credit union could invest.
The first credit union in the U.S. was the La Caisse Populaire Ste-Marie, which was created on November 24, 1908 in Manchester, New Hampshire. The credit union was established as a way to provide financial services to French-Canadian textile mill workers that attended St. Mary's Church. The first deposits were held in a tin box. (For more on banking, check out Demystification Of Bank Accounts.) | <urn:uuid:316a64b4-6311-416a-bd34-d62478c484a3> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0609/on-this-day-in-finance-june-26---federal-credit-union-act-signed.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422119446463.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124171046-00145-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970142 | 310 | 3.609375 | 4 |
It's a New Day in Public Health.
The Florida Department of Health works to protect, promote & improve the health of all people in Florida through integrated state, county & community efforts.
- What is Heart Disease?
- Risk Factors
- Warning Signs
- Protect Against Heart Disease
- Resources for Health Care Settings
- Resources for Community Organizations
- Resources for Community Health Workers
- Resources for Schools, Colleges, and Universities
- Resources for Worksites
- Heart Health+
- World Heart Day
Resources for Community Organizations
Community organizations can encourage members of the community to become heart healthy by utilizing a variety of resources. Many resources are free to the public and can be implemented in settings such as faith-based organizations and community centers.
Developed by the American Heart Association, Check.Change.Control is an evidence-based program that utilizes blood pressure self-monitoring and incorporates concepts of remote monitoring, online tracking and recruitment of local volunteer health mentors to encourage participants. Check.Change.Control aims to reduce health disparities caused by hypertension in the American population.
Ohio State University Million Hearts Educational Modules: Community Ambassador Module
The Ohio State University’s College of Nursing has constructed the Million Hearts Community Ambassador educational module to assist with education and implementation of the Million Hearts initiative. This educational module is specifically designed for the lay person with limited training in health care. Community members are trained on the completion and interpretation of Million Hearts screenings.
Instructions on how to access the Community Ambassador Module are available on the Ohio State University Million Hearts Educational Modules’ website.
Body and Soul Toolkit
This toolkit, developed by the National Cancer Institute, is made available by the Office of Minority Health and Health Equity of the Florida Department of Health as an online toolkit for African American churches with the goal to encourage healthy diets and active lifestyles. Body and Soul is a faith-based project that promotes among African Americans the national recommendations for Americans to eat 5 to 9 servings of fruits and vegetables a day for better health. Churches that embrace Body and Soul help their members take care of their bodies as well as their spirits. The toolkit consists of handouts, information, and other resources.
To have more information or to access the Body and Soul Toolkit please visit: | <urn:uuid:58df7db7-27f1-47ae-a50e-dd6c01bee356> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.floridahealth.gov/diseases-and-conditions/heart-disease/community-organizations.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662534693.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520223029-20220521013029-00767.warc.gz | en | 0.915222 | 481 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Fire Suppression for Energy Storage Systems and Battery Energy Storage Systems
Stat-X® condensed aerosol fire suppression is a solution for energy storage systems (ESS) and battery energy storage systems (BESS) applications. This includes in-building, containerized, and in-cabinet applications.
What is a lithium battery?
A lithium ion battery or li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging.
The deep-seated nature of battery fires creates extinguishing challenges for all extinguisher types. Due to out gasing prior to and during ignition of the batteries, re-flash is a potential hazard. Unlike gas systems operating under high pressure seeking exit of the hazard area, Stat-X aerosol operates at a low pressure and remaining in the environment to provide ongoing protection. Gas systems will exit the hazard area through any unclose able openings. The Stat-X aerosol remains buoyant and allows for unclose able opening(s), whereas in high pressure gas systems the gas will exit rapidly.
There is an interesting article in Bloomberg Green about the risk of fire in the energy storage system (ESS) and battery energy storage systems (BESS) industry, “Everyone’s Favorite Climate Solution Has a Fire Problem”.
Stat-X highly-advanced fire suppression technology offers the lightest, most compact, and economical fire extinguishing solution available. Our Stat-X generator is an extremely rugged, hermetically sealed, stainless steel canister containing a stable, solid compound.
In the event of a fire, Stat-X units automatically release ultra-fine particles and propellant inert gasses which effectively extinguish fires using less mass of agent than any other conventional extinguishing system.
APPLICATIONS and other UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS
There are many applications for Stat-X fixed systems in several industries including energy storage and energy supply. In these industries, there is the hazard of lithium ion batteries, an extremely difficult fire to extinguish and control with several issues.
- Lithium batteries burn in an unusual manner
- Risk of explosion through exposure to heat or short-circuits in the batteries
- High risk of ignition associated with the electrolyte released through exposure to heat
- The residues left after combustion can cause powerful reactions or may be toxic
- Rising combustion gases ignite the goods stored at higher levels
- Only minutes are required for fire penetration right up to the underside of the ceiling
- Smoke and soot contaminate other goods stored in the vicinity
- Restricted access for firefighting due to the height and density of the stored goods
- In addition to the undesirable disruption to operations, a fire often results in a total write-off and environmental damage
- Maintaining delivery capability and goods availability without interruptions
- Prevention of dynamic fire propagation through the ignition of the closely packed, neighboring batteries
- No damage to the goods and systems by fire, soot, or the water used to put out the fire
- Permanent fire safety without restricting staff movements, use of the building, or influencing the goods, the flow of goods and the warehouse equipment
The Stat-X aerosol extinguishing product was tested for efficacy in putting out Li-ion battery fires. It was found that the Stat-X agent successfully extinguished single and double cell battery fires. This testing was conducted in parallel with a large battery fire testing program. Fireaway Inc. contracted with DNV GL for testing to have its Stat-X product line included in the program.
The following conclusions can be made from testing of Stat-X aerosol fire suppression system.
- Stat-X can put out a Li-ion battery fire.
- Residual Stat-X aerosol in the hazard will prevent a re-flash of the fire.
- Stat-X can reduce oxygen in an enclosed environment during a battery fire. Our DNV-GL FA test for O2 levels that shows 18% and no drop.
- Due to the deep-seated nature of a stacked battery fire, the Stat-X extinguisher removed heat from the interior of the cells more slowly than the exterior.
- The residence time of gases and aerosols during Stat-X deployment is a function of when the atmosphere is ventilated.
Advantages of Stat-X aerosol systems for lithium-ion battery hazards
- The hazard area does not have to be airtight. Calculations allow for un close able openings.
- Residual Stat-X aerosol in hazard area after discharge prevents re-flash typical with lithium ion battery fires.
- Stat-X systems are bracket mounted within the hazard on the ceiling or walls taking no valuable floor space within the hazard
- There is no manifold or piping required reducing installation labor and material costs
- There is no cylinder weighing or hydro-static testing required.
- Ten (10) year service life
Battery Rooms (Lead Acid/Lithium Ion)
Suggested Product Lines
Stat-X® Fixed System: Electrical Units for Ordinary Locations
Stat-X® Fixed Systems: Thermal/Manual Units | <urn:uuid:ccbb403b-e33d-4140-9ce5-322a7451a5ea> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://statx.com/industry/battery-energy-storage/?utm_campaign=Trade_Shows&utm_medium=directory_listing&utm_source=PlugVOLT | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144111.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219092153-20200219122153-00509.warc.gz | en | 0.886383 | 1,061 | 2.515625 | 3 |
All areas of research and education related to reservoirs and their watersheds are supported by the
Center. At present, multi-disciplinary activities are organized around five interrelated areas. The
unifying theme is processes which regulate and sustain biological productivity in reservoir
environments. Brief synopses of the areas are provided below followed by active grants. The WSI Long-term Monitoring Program provides database support.
Area 1 addresses chemical and biological processes of catchment basins: assessment of the
quantity and quality of the chemical composition of groundwater, hyporheic water, runoff and
wetlands as they influence surface water chemistry and biota. Special attention focuses on the
documentation of hydrologic events. Several layers of information (land use and cover, erosion
potential, etc.) on Kentucky Lake catchment basins have been compiled in WSI's Kentucky Lake
Geographic Information System. Layers are used to further understand basin composition as it
relates to processes.
Area 2 addresses embayment and reservoir productivity in relation to tributary and mainstem
influences based on analyses of data in the WSI Long-Term Monitoring Program. Understanding
nutrient, carbon, and physical factors which regulate phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance
and species composition is of special importance. Documentation of long-term water column
nutrient patterns in relation to changes in the planktonic communities is essential to characterizing
reservoir response to long-term environmental changes. Samples for enumeration and
identification of planktonic organisms have been collected routinely as part of the WSI Long-Term Monitoring Program since its inception in 1988. Special attention focuses on documenting
the effects of the invasion of exotic plankton into Kentucky Lake, i.e., the exotic zooplankton
Daphnia lumholtzi, and planktonic larval exotic mollusks.
Area 3 focuses on quantitative characterization of the chemical environment within the
sediments of Kentucky Lake. Sediments are important sinks and sources of nutrients and other
chemical species to the overlying water column. Thin layers of sediments in contact with
overlying reservoir waters have been identified as the most active sites of important biochemical
processes such as nitrification, denitrification, and oxygen consumption. This area seeks to
quantify fluxes of a number of chemical species between the sediments and embayment waters.
Chemical conditions within the sediments are closely linked to the activities of both micro- and
macro-organisms inhabiting the sediments.
Area 4 seeks to examine some of the more important biota of embayment environments. Focus
is on the complex diversity of habitats and food resources which sustain the productivity.
Fisheries studies address embayments as important in providing food, shelter, and spawning and
nursery areas. Invertebrate studies focus on unionid clams and the parasites which infect them.
Unionid clams are a commercially important component of the natural fauna of Kentucky Lake,
and relationships between clam abundance and such environmental factors such as phytoplankton
abundance and water chemistry are being assessed. Likewise, links between environmental
factors and parasite species composition and abundance are sought. Assessment of chemical
effects on the life cycles of aquatic insects also are addressed.
Area 5 focuses on improved water quality mapping and modeling for Kentucky Lake with
particular emphasis on incorporation of Landsat TM satellite data. Ongoing are efforts to map
chlorophyll, temperature, and turbidity distributions from TM data (calibrated by field
measurements). A related component of this area is investigation/modification of numerical
hydrologic, thermal, biologic, and sedimentologic models for use in Kentucky Lake. The area
addresses the theme of biological productivity on a broad scale. Models of chlorophyll
concentrations and light attenuation are validated by comparison with field measurements of
primary production and algal composition. Conceptual and numerical models of reservoir
processes provide a mechanism for both incorporating results from other reservoirs and for
extension of project results to other environments. | <urn:uuid:a882044c-d3c2-4b44-8df3-b99d4cae4cc5> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://murraystate.edu/wsi/wsi_research.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064019.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00014-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903016 | 863 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Butternut squash with pale orange skin and a bright orange interior is a form of winter squash. Both skin and flesh are hard and firm, and much like an elongated pear, it is shaped. Like pumpkins and zucchini, butternut squash is a part of the Cucurbitaceae family. Here are some Butternut Squash Health Benefits.
Squash is among the oldest known crops dating back 10,000 years to Mexico and America. The name squash, which means uncooked or eaten raw, comes from the Native American word askutasquash.
Butternut squash tastes fairly mild, somewhat sweet, and somewhat nutty. Its flavor may remind you of a cross between a carrot or turnip and a sweet potato.
A serving of butternut squash is 1 cup. With nothing added, it has:
- 63 calories
- 0 grams of fat
- 16 grams of carbohydrates
- 2.8 grams of dietary fiber
- 3 grams of sugar
- 1.4 grams of protein
- 6 milligrams of sodium
One serving of butternut squash for vitamins and nutrients is filled with:
- Over 100 percent of your daily requirement vitamin A
- Almost 40 percent of your daily requirement of vitamin C
- About 15 percent of your daily requirement of magnesium
- Around 18 percent of your daily requirement of potassium
- Roughly 5 percent of your daily requirement of calcium
What Butternut Squash can do for you
It’s a great hydrator. One serving of butternut squash is roughly 87 percent water, which can help keep you hydrated.
It’s good for your immunity. Like other orange-colored fruits and vegetables, is butternut squash full of beta-carotene and alpha-carotene. They are converted to vitamin A by your body, which is essential for your immune system. This is an Amazing Butternut Squash Health Benefits.
It’s excellent for your eyes. Butternut squash has lutein and zeaxanthin, also found in yellow fruits and vegetables as well as eggs. Along with beta-carotene and vitamin A, They protect your eyes from ultraviolet rays.
Keep in mind that your body needs a bit of healthy fat to best absorb these eye-benefitting nutrients, so try eating butternut squash with a little drizzle of olive oil.
It is a good fiber source. Foods that are rich in dietary fiber will help keep your weight in balance and reduce your risk of cancer. Research shows that the risk of colorectal cancer can be decreased by consuming butternut squash.
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Climate Change Could Make Common Clouds Extinct, Which Would Scorch the Planet
If humanity pumps enough carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, one of Earth’s most important types of cloud could go extinct. And if the stratocumulus clouds — those puffy, low rolls of vapor that blanket much of the planet at any given moment — disappear, Earth’s temperature could climb sharply and radically, to heights not predicted in current climate models. That’s the conclusion of a paper published today (Feb. 25) in the journal Nature Geoscience.
Clouds have long been one of the great uncertainties of climate models. Clouds are complicated, small and fast-changing. Computer models that easily capture the complexity and detail of most climate systems just aren’t powerful enough to predict worldwide shifts in cloud behavior.
But clouds are important. They dye a wide swath of the atmosphere white, as seen from space, reflecting sunlight away from Earth’s surface. And stratocumulus clouds are an important part of that picture; they’re those white blankets you might have seen as you looked out the window of an airplane, rolling out below you and hiding the ground. Researchers suspect that certain sudden, past jumps in temperature may have been caused by changes to clouds like these.
And once the stratocumulus clouds are gone, Wolchover reported, they likely wouldn’t reappear until atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below where they are currently.
Evidence for Man-Made Global Warming Hits ‘Gold Standard’
Evidence for man-made global warming has reached a “gold standard” level of certainty, adding pressure for cuts in greenhouse gases to limit rising temperatures, scientists said Monday.
“Humanity cannot afford to ignore such clear signals,” the U.S.-led team wrote in the journal Nature Climate Change of satellite measurements of rising temperatures over the past 40 years.
They said confidence that human activities were raising the heat at the Earth’s surface had reached a “five-sigma” level, a statistical gauge meaning there is only a one-in-a-million chance that the signal would appear if there was no warming. | <urn:uuid:96f5a98b-cee7-40e6-8466-a64dcb01c83b> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.reportfrompeter.com/index.php/global-warming-546/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232261326.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527045622-20190527071622-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.927002 | 453 | 4.125 | 4 |
The cold weather is here, bringing you the risk of developing psoriasis – a chronic skin condition that changes the normal life-cycle of skin cells.
The signs and symptoms of psoriasis vary. Psoriasis may appear on the skin as small scaly spots; dry, cracks that bleed; red patches covered with silvery scales; and/or itchy, burning or sore areas.
Psoriasis can be just a few spots of dandruff-like scaling, or large, raised patches of inflamed skin. Psoriasis can affect fingernails and toenails, making them thickened, pitted or ridged, and joints, making them swollen and stiff.
The specific cause of psoriasis is not known, but it is considered an autoimmune disorder which affects the function of a specific white blood cell – T lymphocyte or T cell. Properly functioning T cells keep the body healthy by fighting viruses and bacteria. For people with psoriasis, these T cells become overactive.
They attack healthy skin cells, as if the healthy cells were an infection, which triggers an ongoing deteriorating cycle.
First, the T cells trigger the body to fight a perceived infection (actually healthy skin cells). So, the body causes blood vessels to dilate around the affected skin area(s) to increase the number of white blood cells available to fight this perceived infection. The T cells’ attack on the healthy skin cells causes the body to replace the healthy skin cells under attack with new skin cells.
As a result, the body sends more T cells and white blood cells to fight these new healthy skin cells. The cycle continues.
As a result, new skin cells move to the top layer of the skin in days, instead of weeks, creating a build up of thick, scaly patches on the skin’s surface.
Even though no one is sure why T cells sometimes malfunction like this, research shows that genes and environment are involved.
Unfortunately, psoriasis runs in families, so family history is the most significant risk factor – if your parent(s) had psoriasis, your risk of getting it is quite high.
Fortunately, you can reduce environmental triggers.
Avoid recurrent bacterial and viral infections, since people with impaired immune function (HIV, recurring strep throat) are highly susceptible to psoriasis. Avoid stress, smoking, and heavy alcohol consumption, since they strain the immune system. Avoid obesity, since psoriasis often develops in skin creases and folds. Avoid injuries to the skin, such as cuts, scrapes, bug bites, tattoos and/or severe sunburn, since they lead to an increase in T cell production. Avoid food sensitivities. Be aware that some medications, such as lithium, beta-blockers, anti-malarial drugs and iodides increase your risk.
Manage winter weather conditions to avoid skin irritation by making the following adjustments. Turn down the heat in your rig and in your home to avoid drying out your skin, since cooler air has more moisture. Consider using a humidifier, especially when sleeping. Avoid long baths or showers as they strip your skin’s protective oils that seal in moisture. Wash with mild cleansers and then pat your skin dry. Apply a thick, creamy moisturizer right after bathing.
Protect yourself from extreme cold outside by wearing a hat, scarf and gloves and be sure that the material next to your skin is soft and breathable (not scratchy wool). Reduce stress levels and weight through regular exercise.
Avoid infections by washing your hands frequently. Consider getting a flu shot.
Drink lots of water to keep your body hydrated from the inside. You can also feed your skin by increasing your intake of Omega-3 fatty acids from fish, nuts and seeds; adding turmeric to your diet; and exposing the affected area to sunlight for Vitamin D. Although psoriasis often requires medical intervention, some people are able to relieve symptoms naturally by applying an aloe vera or an Oregon grape cream to the affected area. Capsaicin cream, coal tar shampoo or tea tree oil shampoo may help, too. However, since some products may irritate sensitive skin, all products should be tested on a small affected area first to ensure they don’t cause a reaction. They should never be applied to broken skin.
If your psoriasis becomes too painful to perform regular tasks, consult your doctor.
During your visit, you may also be examined for the following linked diseases/conditions: psoriatic arthritis, a debilitating condition that causes joint damage and loss of function; eye conditions, such as uveitis, blepharitis and conjunctivitis; obesity and Type 2 diabetes; high blood pressure; cardiovascular disease, including heart attack and stroke; metabolic syndrome, a cluster condition which includes elevated insulin levels, high blood pressure, and abnormal cholesterol levels; Parkinson’s disease; kidney disease; and, other auto-immune diseases, such as celiac disease, sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
Apparently, the effects psoriasis can have on your health may be more than skin deep.
This winter, do what it takes to save your own skin.
Karen Bowen is a professional health and nutrition consultant, and she can be reached at email@example.com.
Sonia Straface is the associate editor of Truck News and Truck West magazines. She graduated from Ryerson University's journalism program in 2013 and enjoys writing about health and wellness and HR issues surrounding the transportation industry. Follow her on Twitter: @SoniaStraface. All posts by Sonia Straface | <urn:uuid:cd486500-4cf8-4283-9794-354ca1474854> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.trucknews.com/features/psoriasis-skin-deep/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156423.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920081624-20180920101624-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.933827 | 1,152 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Stretch mesh fabrics can be a lot of fun to play with. Their soft and semi-transparent nature makes them an ideal medium for layering light and graphics. And the interplay between layers can be designed to create a captivating three-dimensional visual experience. The trick is in how the mesh fabric is illuminated, and how well (or not) the fabric reflects that light.
Think of a screen door. Have you ever noticed that the screen is black? Were it white, it would reflect a lot of light and would not appear transparent. Likewise, we see through a screen better during the day, when it’s light outside, than we do at night, when it’s dark outside and light inside. Where light is applied and reflected back to the viewer is where the eye is drawn.
These same principles apply when designing with stretch mesh fabrics.
If we want a mesh layer to be transparent, we use black. Where we want it to be translucent, we use white. To make an illuminated mesh layer appear opaque, we keep the scene behind in darkness. To make this same layer become transparent, we illuminate the scene behind. We see this layered technique in theater, when a Sharkstooth fabric scrim is used to create a backdrop scene that can dissolve to reveal a scene upstage.
When designing with graphics in layers, playing with these attributes of lighting, reflectivity, and transparency, enables us to produce a three-dimensional visual effect—a scene with depth, movement, and translucence.
In this photo below, we have multi-layered fabric structures featuring a solid band of white cutting across a black mesh with graphics. Note how the black mesh absorbs light, letting you see through to layers beyond. Whereas, the white mesh almost turns opaque from certain angles as it reflects light back to your eye. Similarly, the graphics stand out against the black mesh—visible, floating in space, in interplay with each other.
This video of our stretch fabric "aquarium" gives you an idea of how layered graphics can give an image depth and suggest movement. To create this effect, we pulled the elements of an underwater scene apart, printing the turtle, several fish, and some coral on the front and middle layers of black mesh so you can see through to the underwater background behind, which is printed on a solid polyester stretch fabric. Press PLAY to see the turtle swim.
For this award-winning luminaire, designed with Planeta Design Group, a single layer of white stretch mesh unifies the elements of the installation into a cohesive fixture while diffusing light — filling the lighting coffer with a translucent glow — and extending visibility of the double-sided graphics panels to any orientation in the room.
Transformit’s sculptural fabric elements all employ form, color, and light to tell a story. That story could be the mood of an event, the acoustics of a room, the energy of a stage, or the purpose of a brand. Designing with stretch mesh lets us introduce visual intrigue into that narrative.
Let us know how we can help you to tell your story. | <urn:uuid:04530221-a604-49de-a8f1-42f15baa7f88> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.transformit.com/lighting_and_mesh | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107890586.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20201026061044-20201026091044-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.908059 | 640 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The molecular machine that makes essential components of ribosomes the cell's protein factories is like a Swiss-army knife, researchers at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Heidelberg, Germany, and the Centro de Investigaciones Biolgicas in Madrid, Spain, have found. By determining the 3-dimensional structure of this machine, called RNA polymerase I, for the first time, the scientists found that it incorporates modules which prevent it from having to recruit outside help. The findings, published online today in Nature, can help explain why this protein works faster than its better-studied counterpart, RNA polymerase II.
"Rather than recruiting certain components from outside, RNA polymerase I has them already built in, which explains why it is bigger, and less regulated, but at the same time more efficient," says Christoph Mller from EMBL, who led the study. "Because everything is already assembled, there's no time delay," explains Maria Moreno-Morcillo, who carried out the work.
There are three different RNA polymerases, each of which makes specific types of RNA molecule. For example, RNA polymerase II makes messenger RNA the 'middle-man' that carries the information encoded in DNA to a ribosome where it can be used to make a protein. RNA polymerases I and III make parts of the machinery which reads that messenger RNA: I builds the RNA that will eventually form a ribosome, while III makes the transfer RNA that carries the protein building blocks to the ribosome for assembly. Scientists have known for over a decade what RNA polymerase II looks like and how it works, but obtaining detailed information on the structures of its counterparts has proven extremely difficult. Now that they have managed to do so for RNA polymerase I, Mller and colleagues have found explanations for some of the protein's particularities.
Part of the difficulty in studying RNA polymerase I is that it is a larger molecule than RNA polymerase II. When they determined its 3-dimensional structure, the scientists found that some of the 'extra' modules in RNA polymerase I are remarkably similar to other, separate proteins that RNA polymerase II needs to do its job. It seems that RNA polymerase I has brought those helper modules permanently on board. In another part of the molecule, Mller and colleagues found that RNA polymerase I appears to have combined what in RNA polymerase II are two separate modules into a single, multi-tasking component. Together, these changes likely explain why RNA polymerase I can produce RNA molecules at a faster rate than RNA polymerase II.
The findings also imply that the cell has fewer ways of controlling RNA polymerase I's activity, since it can't influence it by changing the availability of helper proteins as it does in the case of RNA polymerase II. But here, too, RNA polymerase I's Swiss-army knife strategy provides a solution. The structure showed that this molecular machine has a built-in regulatory mechanism: it can stop itself from attaching to DNA by bending a loop in its structure to block the space the DNA would usually dock onto.
|Contact: Sonia Neves|
European Molecular Biology Laboratory | <urn:uuid:70eaa880-821a-406c-b346-72e8be6e417b> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-1/Bigger--better--faster-32049-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049270134.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002110-00131-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94843 | 651 | 3.640625 | 4 |
IN EARLY MARCH a small aeroplane being used by a local weather bureau crashed in a village in the southern province of Jiangxi. All five people on board were killed and one person on the ground was injured. Footage captured on mobile phones showed thick black smoke billowing from the ruins of a house struck by the aircraft, which had been deployed to seed clouds in the hope of causing more rain.
Such attempts to modify the weather can be dangerous. They require pilots to head into the kind of clouds they would normally avoid. But officials claim that China’s efforts to trigger or boost precipitation by scattering chemicals in the sky, which began in the 1950s, have been hugely successful. Today the country spends at least $200m a year on the programme. In 2018 about 50,000 people were involved in it, most of them part-time or seasonal staff working from small offices in rural areas. Cloud-seeding operations in China cover 5m square kilometres, or more than half of its land territory, according to the government. In December China said it planned to expand this area by around 100,000 square kilometres each year.
Among the 50 or so countries where cloud-seeding is practised, China is the most enthusiastic promoter of it. The government says the main purpose is to ensure that crops and cities get enough water. In some places cloud-seeding is also intended to prevent hailstorms. Officials claim it can help to put out wildfires and reduce air pollution. State media report that cloud-seeding brings down about 50bn cubic metres of extra rain or snow across the country each year—equal to about 8% of total water demand. Officials in Beijing claim that in the parched capital, seeding can boost rainfall by 15%.
Yet there are more clouds around its effectiveness than China admits. Rainmakers struggle to prove that they can cause any more water to fall than would have been the case otherwise. In 2019 scientists affiliated with the World Meteorological Organisation noted that rainmaking activities were often based on “empty promises rather than sound science”.
Recent advances in radar and computer modelling have made rigorous tests more possible. Scientists now generally agree that cloud-seeding can slightly augment snowfall from specific types of cloud that form on the slopes of mountains. Some of China’s weather-modification projects take place in such environments. But elsewhere, despite the lack of convincing proof that it works, farmers still want the government to try. And the government likes getting credit when rain does fall. Cloud-seeding creates employment in poor rural places, in particular for army veterans who believe that the government owes them a job.
Yet the costs are not only financial, as the crash in Jiangxi showed. Only a few of China’s rainmakers use planes. More commonly, they fire silver iodide into the sky from artillery pieces. But that can be dangerous, too. Locals are often advised to keep an eye out for unexploded shells, which occasionally land on people’s homes. Talking up cloud-seeding distracts attention from better ways of tackling China’s water shortages, such as preventing the misuse and pollution of rivers and lakes. It is hard to persuade people to be careful with water while also claiming one can wring it from the skies. ■
This article appeared in the China section of the print edition under the headline “No silver lining” | <urn:uuid:ba7d9226-e5a6-42f5-b9af-b3102921c8a0> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://chinastrategy.org/2021/03/25/cloud-seeding-will-not-solve-chinas-water-shortages/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585199.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018062819-20211018092819-00586.warc.gz | en | 0.964793 | 700 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Several mink have tested positive with COVID-19 at four mink farms in the Netherlands. The mink showed various symptoms including respiratory problems. Some employees had symptoms of the coronavirus at both companies. Research shows that mink on the farm have transmitted the virus to each other. It is also plausible that two employees have been infected by mink.
The Animal Health Service (GD), Utrecht University (UU), Erasmus MC (EMC) and Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) are conducting research to gain more insight into the virus, the spread of the virus and the spread in the environment. Samples of sick and healthy animals have been collected and air and dust samples have also been taken in the vicinity of the farms. GGD is involved in sampling and research into contamination of employees.
For more information see: https://www.wur.nl/en/Research-Results/Research-Institutes/Bioveterinary-Research/show-bvr/COVID-19-detected-on-two-mink-farms.htm | <urn:uuid:71a026ab-7bf5-4cfd-938c-9dd6f2167a74> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.scar-cwg-ahw.org/index.php/mink-may-have-transmitted-covid-19-coronavirus-to-humans-in-the-netherlands/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991514.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518191530-20210518221530-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.952598 | 228 | 2.53125 | 3 |
It was already mind-numbingly cold in the U.S.—and then it got even colder. And if recent forecasts are correct, we haven't seen the worst of it yet.
It's so cold Niagara Falls has partially frozen. Record lows in some regions may be shattered in the coming days as a string of weather patterns with intimidating names hits the U.S. East Coast.
Bomb cyclones, polar vortexes, and arctic air masses are expected to blanket the region. New England is expecting hurricane-force winds, Maine and Boston had blizzard warnings as of Wednesday, and it's snowing in Florida.
Are these atmospheric conditions as scary as their names make them sound? And are they normal?
We answer your questions here.
People walk through a frigid Manhattan on December 28, 2017 in New York City. Temperatures are expected to reach record lows on Friday and into the weekend. PHOTOGRAPH BY SPENCER PLATT, GETTY IMAGES
What is a bomb cyclone?
It's called a cyclone, a bomb cyclone, or a cyclone bomb. Or a weather bomb. Or bombogenesis.
What is technically a "midlatitude cyclone" refers to when a storm gains strength from an extreme drop in atmospheric pressure. The effect is prompted by what is technically called "explosive cyclogenesis," and occurs when a storm drops by at least 24 millibars (a unit that measures pressure) in 24 hours.
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's website, a bomb cyclone occurs when a "cold air mass collides with a warm air mass." Cold arctic air colliding with warm ocean water is a common source of this collision.
After pressure plummets, air rushes in to fill the space between these two air masses, creating intense winds and strengthening the storm.
Despite the intense name, bomb cyclones are fairly common, particularly in northern Atlantic regions.
The National Weather Service predicts that states in the path of this current bomb cyclone will experience hurricane-force winds, heavy snow, and flooding.
WHAT IS THE POLAR VORTEX?
What is a polar vortex?
The storm will unload what Washington Post meteorologist Jason Samenow describes as a "mother lode of numbing cold."
This will be thanks to chilling Arctic air from what's called the polar vortex.
The vortex is a swirl of cold air that sits over the Arctic region. It's full of swirling eddies that, during winter months, can grow and extend farther south. It represents the boundary of cold, polar air and warmer subtropical temperatures.
As National Snow and Ice Data Center Director Mark Serreze described for a video made by non-profit Earth Vision Trust in 2014, polar vortexes are bordered by the "polar front jet stream" that's constantly shifting.
A polar vortex outbreak in farther southern latitudes can have damaging impacts on regions' transportation and agriculture practices, and scientists aren't quite sure how these outbreaks will be influenced by climate change, says Serreze.
"The weather machine is going to respond to that," he said in the video. "Just how, we don't quite know yet."
Is this storm different from a regular Nor'Easter?
Not really. What's happening now is just way more intense.
In an interview with Vox, meteorologist Ed Vallee noted this week's storm would be the first Nor'easter of the year and larger—spanning from Maine to Florida—than normal.
The term Nor'easter simply refers to a midlatitude winter storm. Many Nor'easters form when that same polar jet stream collides with warm currents from the Gulf jet stream.
This collision facilitates winter storms like bomb cyclones, notes meteorologist for Weather Underground Bob Henson.
"Any areas that lose power due to heavy snow and strong winds will be vulnerable to intense cold," says Henson, making conditions more dangerous for people at risk.
What role does climate change play in all this?
It's well known that climate change can influence weather. The effect is known to exacerbate natural disasters like hurricanes and wildfires, and warming Arctic regions may even be making U.S. winters colder.
But linking one specific extreme weather event to climate change is tricky.
Henson notes that these types of multi-latitude storms vary greatly year-to-year, saying, "There are some indications these storms have become stronger and more frequent across the Northern Hemisphere in the last 60 years, but there isn't strong evidence of any major change in impacts along the U.S. East Coast."
"What we simply have here is a strong trough in what we call the atmospheric longwave pattern, or, as some might say, there has been a strong southward excursion of the polar vortex," said Serezze in a recent email to National Geographic.
Simply put: "It is winter. This happens."
When scientists talk about weather, they're referring to day-to-day changes, and when they discuss changes to the Earth's climate, they're referring to changes over time.
While the U.S. has experienced longer-than-normal cold weather this winter, meteorologist Eric Holthaus told National Geographic in a previous article that it's too soon to link this year's winter weather conditions to overall climate change.
"It's really difficult to say for certain if this exact weather pattern today would have happened the same way without climate change," he said. Though he added, "It's really irresponsible to say that climate change is not affecting weather everywhere on Earth." | <urn:uuid:386497e2-88da-4bc5-88ac-59f129b09a21> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/nature/bomb-cyclones-and-polar-vortexes.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578553595.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422115451-20190422141451-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.94093 | 1,164 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Lentils should be seeded into moisture, about ¾ inch deep. They should be seeded at a rate of 55-60 lb/acre, resulting in about 12-14 plants/ft2. It is important to use a seed treatment as well. Typically they are a shorter plant but they can range anywhere from 8-30 inches in height. A bit of starter nitrogen may be useful but it is not required. When lentils are inoculated with the proper Rhizobium strain, there is potential for the plant to fix up to 80% of its nitrogen requirements. Phosphorus, potassium, and sulphur are important for lentils too. Depending what is already available in the soil, 20-25 lbs of phosphate may be applied and about 10 lbs of potassium and sulfur. Lentils are very sensitive to frost; however, because of hypogeal germination where the cotyledons remain below the ground, the plant will re-grow from a scale node that is below the soil surface.
Fungicides are very important since diseases can severely impact the yield and quality of lentils. Control of Ascochyta blight, Botrytis must be considered. Growers should be prepared to spray fungicides on their lentils at least twice through the growing season. In 2015, West Central Sask found an average yield increase of 4.1 bu/ac when fungicides were applied. Fungicide options include: Priaxor, Delaro, Lance, or Acapela. A second fungicide pass will not cover the bottom of the canopy as well as the first pass, especially with narrower row spacing. With lentils, the minimum row spacing should be 12 inches. This will provide better air flow, resulting in less disease because of a drier canopy. Aphanomyces (root rot) is best distinguished by the development of caramel coloured roots. Aphanomyces eutiches belongs to a group of fungal-like pathogens commonly known as “water mould.” They favour wet, waterlogged soils and the optimum temperature for development is 22-27°C. Without a host present, they can survive up to 20 years in the soil as oospores. Zoospores are capable of moving in the soil moisture and then infect the roots. There is no effective chemical control today for Aphanomyces. The best control method is crop rotation and crop selection. Intego Solo seed treatment is an additional option that will provide 50-60% control. Sclerotinia results when spores in the air land on the stem and then cause infection. The apothecia will produce spores under ideal moisture and temperature conditions. The moisture must be about 80% relative humidity, heavy rain, or heavy dews, and the temperature must range from 11-15°C for ten days.
Insects have the ability to greatly reduce the yield in lentils. Insecticide options include: Matador, Silencer, or Decis. Grasshoppers pose the greatest threat from the bud stage to early pod development. They bite at the petiole and the pods will fall off. The threshold for grasshoppers is 2/m2.
Typically Lentil crops require stress to help with the ripening process. Regions which have excessive rain through late summer will see lentils plant to continue to grow and flower, which typically reduces seed set. Desiccation should be considered to speed up the harvest process and retain seed quality.
Faba beans can be used as an alternative to peas in the heavier, moisture holding fields. Faba beans are more competitive to weeds than peas. There are also tolerant to flooding, however they are sensitive to drought. About 8-10 inches of rain is required to reach maximum yield. They will do best following cereals and it takes about 2 years for the nitrogen to be released back into the soil. A rotation to consider would be cereal-faba bean-cereal-canola.
Tannin varieties have a coloured flower and have 4-8% tannin in the seed coat. They are food varieties and produce a larger seed. The seed has a brown coat with black dots. An example variety is FB9-4 (Malik). Low or zero tannin varieties have white flowers. They are feed varieties and produce a smaller seed. They are more susceptible to disease to it is important to use a seed treatment. Some example varieties are Snowbird, Snowdrop, and Tobasco. The maturity for both types is similar, 104-120 days. It is important not to seed different varieties near each other because varieties will outcross.
Faba beans should be seeded into moisture, about 2-3 inches deep and no later than May 15th. Yields have shown to be higher when seeded earlier, when the soil is 3°C. They are also able to re-grow after a frost. Seeding rates will vary depending on the size of the seed. Snowdrops average around 2.6 bu/ac and FB9-4 averages around 4 bu/ac. There should be about 4-5 plants/ft2. It is important to use a minimum size of 1 ½ inch hoses on the drill to avoid plugging. Faba beans are able to fix about 90% of their nitrogen requirements. However, if there is too much residual nitrogen in the soil then the yield will be reduced because of excessive vegetation growth and reduced seed production. Phosphorus and potassium are also important for faba beans.
The yield and quality of faba beans can be drastically reduced from the pressure of weeds, diseases, and insects. Perennial weeds such as Canada thistle are very competitive with faba beans. Pre-seed burn off options include: Glyphosate, Edge, Bonanza, or Express SG. In-crop herbicide options include Odyssey or Basagran Forte. Fungicides are important, especially for food varieties. The most common disease is chocolate spot. It will defoliate the plant and cause seed spot. Faba beans can become diseased with Ascochyta or Alternaria, but this hasn’t been found in Saskatchewan yet. Fungicide options include: Lance WDG, or Priaxor but only for suppression of chocolate spot. Insects to be concerned about in faba beans include: cutworms, grasshoppers, and lygus bugs. Faba beans are able to recover from cutworm damage because they will grow another shoot. Lygus bugs will be in canola first and then move to faba beans. They will reduce the seed quality and result in down grading. Insecticide options include Silencer or Matador.
Marketing options for Faba Beans are limited. A high percentage of Faba Beans are sold into the feed market, which limits marketing options.
Soybeans should be seeded into moisture, about ¾ – 1 ½ inch deep. The soil temperature should be 8-10°C and they should be seeded by mid May, about the 20th. Delaying seeding can result in lower plant height, lower pod counts, and lower yields. The first 48 hours of seeding soybeans is very important, they will take up about 60% of their bodyweight in moisture. Soybeans can handle water stress and some frost. They may take up to 2 weeks to emerge. Soybeans are best following cereals because of disease and herbicide rotation. Soybeans can be followed after canola but watch for re-cropping restrictions of certain herbicides. It is important to inoculate twice because there is no soybean Rhizobium in the soil. Inoculating twice will result in efficient nodulation and nitrogen fixation. However, soybeans won’t nodulate when there is too much residual nitrogen in the soil. Soybeans like to take up old phosphorus. Therefore, it would be useful to side band the year before or apply phosphorus in the fall rather than in the spring. Never apply potassium with the seed.
There are several options to control weeds and insects when the thresholds become too high. The first to third trifoliate is the critical weed free period for soybeans. They are not very competitive against weeds until they have formed a canopy. To manage weeds, it is important to use a tank mix partner with glyphosate for pre-seed burn off. In-crop herbicide applications include: glyphosate twice at 0.67 L/ac, glyphosate once at 1.35 L/ac, Viper, or Basagran. Most growers do not apply fungicides on soybeans. Diseases in soybeans include Bacterial Blight and Sclerotinia. Not much can be done for bacterial blight and it is not yield impacting. Sclerotinia (white mold) is more likely to infect soybeans in wet years. At first the flower petals will become infected; the disease will continue to grow and infect the stem and pods, eventually resulting necrosis at the top of the plant. It is important to choose early maturing varieties and use wide row spacing to reduce disease severity. Insects to cause damage in soybeans include: grasshoppers, cutworms and aphids. Grasshoppers feed on the leaves and pods. Yield loss is not substantial from early season defoliation; however, defoliation at flowering and pod filling will cause a greater loss in yield. Cutworms can considerably reduce the plant stand. Insecticide options include Silencer or Matador.
To make harvest easier, an increase in seeding rate may bump up the pod height. August rains greatly affect the yield as the top pods will fill out more. Desiccation can be done but it is not necessary for soybeans. If desiccated too early, then green may be locked into the seed. At about 30% seed moisture, the leaves will have dropped. Reglone or Heat are desiccant options.
Written By: Kerry Gerein | <urn:uuid:dd447f64-a49e-4fcc-8d4d-999686e2ef7a> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.cavalieragrow.ca/alternative-pulses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155942.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919063526-20180919083526-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.939319 | 2,034 | 3.328125 | 3 |
BY BRENDA COBB / AJT //
Poor nutrition has been directly related to low energy, depression, cancer, diabetes and heart disease. Good nutrition is known to help create optimum health, and eating a lot of raw and living sprouted foods is at the top of the nutrition chain.
Hippocrates said, “Let food be your medicine, let medicine be your food.” The body was created to heal itself, and it will if given real food.
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What to Aim for and What to Avoid
It turns out that Mother Nature provides us with natural, real food which can be grown, picked and eaten right out of the garden. Remember, our ancestors picked wild greens, fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds and ate them in their pure and natural form, and this is still a good idea today.
If you don’t have the room or time to garden, there are many good grocery and health food stores which provide an abundance of fresh organic produce. After all, fresh fruits, vegetables and sprouted living foods are important keys to good health.
On the other hand, processed foods – those in boxes, cans or bags and full of additives, preservatives, chemicals, colors and dyes – lack the nutrition that organic fresh produce offers. Sure, such pre-prepared foods are quick and easy, but they can compromise good health.
My rule is this: If I can’t pronounce the words in the ingredients list, I’d rather not put it in my body.
Going further down this path, genetically modified (GMO) foods are man-made, and not real natural foods. For example, the cells of fish are sometimes added to strawberries with the idea that because fish can survive in cold water, strawberries with fish cells can be grown in colder climates.
On the most basic level, this can cause a pretty serious problem for people who don’t eat fish or meat. The question arises “Are GMO strawberries a fruit or an animal food?”
Also, keep in mind that heating food over 112 degrees kills living enzymes and compromises vitamins and minerals. Raw and living foods which are not heated have much more nutrition.
Meanwhile, conventional produce which has been grown and sprayed with chemicals can pose a health risk. Organic produce not only tastes better, but it has no chemicals on or in it, either.
A Few “Super Foods” to Choose
Garlic is good for heart disease, worms, tumors and headaches, and it helps lower cholesterol, too. To boot, one raw, crushed clove contains the antibiotic equivalent of one hundred thousand units of penicillin.
In the fruits and vegetables realm, avocado is one of the world’s most perfect foods and a valuable source of organic fat and protein; fresh lime juice is an astringent which stimulates the liver and gall bladder, stirring up and eliminating acids and latent toxic settlements; and cucumber is rich in minerals that neutralize blood acidosis that help dissolve uric acid accumulations such as kidney and gall bladder stones.
Finally, for some simple additions to your dishes: flax seed oil is one of the best vegetarian sources of Omega-3 fatty acids which helps maintain the integrity of cell walls; cilantro helps purify the blood from heavy metals like mercury and lead; baby greens are valuable internal body cleansers and also high in calcium; and powdered kelp is a sea vegetable which is high in minerals.
Supplements can be helpful in many cases, but instead of just taking a vitamin or mineral pill, add fresh, natural produce to your diet. Your body will thank you in so many ways!
Recipe: Lime Veggie Salad
½-cup fresh cilantro
1 chopped tomato
1 chopped avocado
1 chopped cucumber
1 cup chopped broccoli
¼-cup chopped green onions
½-cup chopped red pepper
4 cups mixed baby greens
3 tablespoons fresh lime juice
2 tablespoons flax seed oil
1 clove garlic
1 teaspoon powdered kelp
1 teaspoon Himalayan salt
Chop all of the vegetables, cilantro and garlic, then combine the rest of the ingredients and toss until well coated.
Brenda Cobb is author of “The Living Foods Lifestyle” and founder of The Living Foods Institute, an educational center and therapy spa in Atlanta offering healthy lifestyle courses on nutrition, cleansing, healing, anti-aging, detoxification, relaxation and cleansing therapies. For more information, call (404) 524-4488 or (800) 844-9876 or visit www.livingfoodsinstitute.com. | <urn:uuid:38810f13-3d80-4f28-a414-0736185d2f69> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://atlantajewishtimes.timesofisrael.com/you-are-what-you-eat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946721.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424135408-20180424155408-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.909172 | 1,002 | 2.78125 | 3 |
• Choose a good time and place.
− Set aside time after dinner, before bed or on a walk or drive.
• Listen attentively and calmly – with interest, patience and openness.
• Avoid any urge to judge, blame or lecture. Let your child take the time to express their thoughts and feelings.
• Notice out loud. Tell your child when you notice something bothering them and if you can, label the feeling.
− “You haven’t been yourself lately.”
• Let your child know you are hearing what they’re saying by summing up what they’ve said and allowing them to confirm.
• “It seems like you’re feeling…”
• Use “I” statements to express yourself and describe how your child’s actions affect you and your feelings.
− “When you don’t come home on time, I worry that something terrible has happened to you. I need you to call me when you know you’ll be late, so I know you’re okay.”
• Ask open-ended questions to achieve a more engaging conversation.
• Communicate in a straightforward manner.
• Offer empathy and support.
• Create an environment where your child feels safe and comfortable.
• Let them know the teen years are tough, but you are there for them.
• Share your own stories so your kid knows they are not alone in their struggles.
• Show you care and want to understand.
• Support can be in the form of a hug, heartfelt words or simply being present and available.
• Discuss healthy ways to cope with their problems
• Communicate the rules you have surrounding technology and substance use and discuss the consequences if they break those rules.
• Use age appropriate language. Elementary aged children will need fewer details than high school students.
• Ask your teen to think about their future and how the possible consequences will affect their dreams and goals.
• Understand your influence as a parent. You are the most important influence on your child, so talk early and talk often.
− Most children at age 6 know that alcohol is only for adults, but between ages 9-13, they start to view alcohol differently.
• Turn every day events into “teachable moments.”
− Talk about cyberbullying or vaping if it comes up on TV or on the radio.
Virtual Families Connected Parent Chat
A free parent support group led by a licensed professional from the Thelma McMillen Center for Alcohol and Drug Treatment at Torrance Memorial Medical Center held in partnership with South Bay Families Connected. Open to all parents.
Mondays, 10 - 11 a.m.
Thursday, May 11: Talk About It Workshop: Facilitating Family Connection Through Physical Activity
Thursday, May 21: Talk About It Workshop: Mindfulness for the Family While Safer at Home
Thursday, May 28: Talk About It Workshop: Managing Family Conflict & Creating Balance at Home
Thursday June 4: Youth Substance Use and Vaping with Clear Recovery Center
Thursday June 11: Helping Your Senior: Tips for Helping Your Teen Cope with Missing Milestone Life Events
- Workshop Recording
- Resource Guide
- Blog: Tips for Helping Your Teen Cope with Missing Milestones Life Events
Partnership for Drug-Free Kids: How to Talk to Your Teen | MentalHealth.gov: Talk About Mental Health: For Parents & Caregivers | KidsHealth.org: Helping Kids Cope with Stress | KidsHealth.org: Helping Kids Handle Worry | Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: Why Small Conversations Make a Big Impression | Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: Help for Talking About Alcohol | National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Inc.: Talking with Children | <urn:uuid:85261e3f-2e11-47a7-8b2e-25e43d747c57> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.bchd.org/talk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038067400.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412113508-20210412143508-00225.warc.gz | en | 0.907454 | 797 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Social and religious duty has, over time, been refined to form a code of behaviour called adat or traditional law. Islam is the predominant religion of the archipelago but it's somewhat tempered by elements of Hindu-Buddhism, adat and animism. In Java, especially, there are hundreds of places where spiritual energy is thought to be concentrated and can be absorbed by followers. Despite a lengthy colonial period, missionaries were only successful in converting small pockets of the Indonesian population to Christianity - the Bataks of Sumatra, the Toraks of Sulawesi and 95% of the population of Flores being notable examples.
Over 300 languages are spoken in the archipelago and most belong to the Malay-Polynesian group. Within this group, many regional languages and dialects are spoken. The lingua franca of the archipelago is Bahasa Indonesia, which is almost identical to Malay. It uses a number of foreign words, indicating the long history of contact Indonesia has had with other cultures. In recent years, Bahasa Indonesia has been appropriated by teenagers into a new and trendy vernacular called Bahasa Prokem; it has proved mostly unintelligible to the older generation..
Batik, the art of applying wax to cloth and then tie-dying in colourful and dramatic designs, is produced throughout Indonesia, and the centre of this activity is Yogyakarta in Java. Other craft forms include: ikat, which is a type of weaving with tie-dyed threads; songket, a silk cloth with gold or silver threads woven into it; and kris, artwork often decorated with jewels. Javanese wayang (puppet) plays and gamelan (hypnotic music composed mostly of percussive instruments) are also popular artistic forms
Many Indonesian dishes are Chinese-influenced, but some, such as Padang food from Sumatra, are distinctly home-grown. Wherever you travel in Indonesia you'll see vendors selling snacks such as potatoes, sweet nuts, biscuits or fruit. Rice is the basis of each meal, eaten as a soup or with an assortment of hot and spicy side dishes, salad and pickles. Nasi goreng (fried rice) is the most common dish, while sate (skewered meats with a spicy peanut sauce), gado-gado (bean sprouts and vegies in peanut sauce) and seafood are also popular. The variety of tropical fruits grown would make a greengrocer swoon. They include custard apples, durians, guavas, jackfruits, mangoes, papayas, starfruits and rambutans.
With such a multiplicity of ethnic groups, Indonesia has, unsurprisingly, a surfeit of cultural events throughout the year. On Sumba, mock battles that hark back to the era of internecine warfare are held in February and March. The day before Balinese Caka New Year (March-April) temple icons are taken to the sea to be bathed and drummers evil spirits back to the spirit world. During the Balinese festival of Galungan (moving dates) even the gods descend to earth and join in the revelry. There's a dramatic Easter Parade on of Larantuka, whip duels in Ruteng, Flores in August and Torajan funereal feasts are held in central Sulawesi, mainly between August and October. As most Indonesians are Muslim, many festivals are affected by the lunar calendar; dates are subsequently pushed back 10 or 11 days each year.
Men & Women
There are certain tasks clearly to be handled by women, and others reserved for men. Social life in Bali is relatively free and easy. In Balinese leisure activities the roles are also sex differentiated. Both men and women dance but only men traditionally play the gamelan. This also is changing with the emergence of many women gamelan in recent times. Today you do see some women painters, sculptors, and woodcarvers.
Balinese have an amazingly active and organized village life. You simply cannot be a faceless nonentity in Bali. You can't help but get to know your neighbors as your life is so entwined and interrelated with theirs. The Gamelan, gotong royong and ceremonies are all vehicles for social gatherings and community bonding.
Death & Cremation
There are ceremonies for every stage of Balinese life but often the last ceremony, cremation (Nyaben) , is the biggest. A Balinese cremation is an amazing, spectacular, colorful, noisy and exciting event. In fact it often takes so long to organize a cremation that years have passed since the death. During that time the body is temporarily buried. Of course an auspicious day must be chosen for the cremation and since a big cremation can be very expensive, many less wealthy people may take the opportunity of joining in at a larger cremation and sending their own dead on their way at the same time. Brahmans (high caste Balinese ), however, must be cremated immediately. Apart from Nyaben being yet another occasion for Balinese noise and confusion, it's a fine opportunity to observe the incredible energy the Balinese put into creating real works of art which are totally ephemeral. A lot more than a body gets burnt at the cremation. The body is carried from the burial ground (or from the deceased's home if it's and 'immediate' cremation) to the cremation ground in a high, multi-tiered tower made of bamboo, paper, string, tinsel, silk, cloth, mirrors, flowers and anything else bright and colorful you can think of. The tower is carried on the shoulders of a group of men, the size of the group depending on the importance of the deceased and hence the size of the tower. The funeral of a former rajah of high priest may require hundreds of men to tote the tower.
A long the way to the cremation ground certain precautions must be taken to ensure that the deceased's spirit does not find its way back home. Loose spirits around the house can be a real nuisance. To ensure this doesn't happen requires getting the spirits confused as to their whereabouts, which you do by shaking the tower, running it around in circles, spinning it around, throwing water at it, generally making the trip to the cremation ground anything but a stately funeral crawl. Meanwhile, there's likely to be a priest halfway up to tower, hanging on grimly as it sways back and forth, and doing his best to soak bystanders with holy water. A gamelan sprints along behind, providing a suitably exciting musical accompaniment. Camera-toting tourists get all but run down and once again the Balinese prove that ceremonies and religion are there to be enjoyed. At the cremation ground the body is transferred to a funeral sarcophagus-this should be in the shape of a bull for a Brahmana, a winged lion for a Satria and a sort of elephant-fish for a Sudra. These days, however, almost anybody from the higher castes will use a bull. Finally up it all goes in flames-funeral tower, sarcophagus, body, the lot. The eldest son does his duty by poking through the ashes to ensure that there are no bits of body left unburnt. And where does your soul go after your cremation? Why, to a heaven which is just like Bali! | <urn:uuid:d90980bb-40cc-421b-8bc9-0f7ea4da8cde> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.musikaal.com/Indonesia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443738099622.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001222139-00206-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954238 | 1,547 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Health care policies in European countries are confronted with increasing numbers of chronically ill patients due to epidemiological and demographical transitions, and life saving medical technology. The impact of chronic diseases on public health and health care will lead to transformations in policy targets.
The main targets of the care for the chronically ill are directed at effective prolongation of life, accompanied by the best possible quality of life, and the best possible social integration. Measures to ensure high quality health care may considerably benefit the health and quality of life of the chronically ill.
At present public health policies are primarily focused on specific diseases and there is an urgent need for governments to develop a health policy directed also at common issues affecting the chronically ill, in particular diminished quality of life, multi-morbidity, complex health care demands and long-term care dependency.
The objectives of the strategy for high quality care include:
- to ensure equity in health care, and availability of health care;
- to achieve justifiable resource allocation;
- to improve the quality of life of chronic patients;
- to provide integrated comprehensive care, encompassing prevention, cure and care;
- to guarantee continuity and coordination of care;
- to reach a balance between the growing demand and the limited supply;
- to promote the participation of patients in health care and strengthen their role;
- to support informal care givers;
- to raise awareness by providing information, education and training;
- to stimulate fundamental and care research;
- to provide a further impetus to implement standards for high quality care of the chronically ill.
Chronic diseases are prominent among the elderly population but younger age-groups are also confronted with chronic conditions. They encompass a wide range of chronic somatic and psychiatric disorders. Chronic disorders and conditions have a differential impact on patients and societies and the chronically ill take different places on the continuum from health to illness and from independent to dependent living, and hence have varying health care demands.
Measures aimed at ensuring high quality care encompass the whole continuum of care, including health promotion, prevention, medical care, rehabilitation, nursing care, psychosocial support, aids, informal care and support from fellow patients. In particular, health services activities for the chronically ill are strongly interrelated with social services activities.
Concept of the "chronically ill"
Chronic conditions encompass a broad range of diseases and disorders which are irreversible, incurable, without a prospect of recovery, and which are on average of a long duration. Obviously, there is a wide variation in the consequences of chronic conditions for people's daily functioning and health care. Not all persons with a chronic disease are ill or limited in their daily functioning, nor are they all extensive users of health care. Some patients, however, are disabled to such an extent that they are fully dependent and need institutional care in nursing homes. Persons with chronic diseases take up different positions on the continuum from health to illness and from independent to dependent living, and hence have different health care needs. Identifying these needs is important in developing models of appropriate chronic care.
The group of chronically ill persons differs in several respects from the group of handicapped persons. An analytic framework for the discussion of the similarities and differences between both groups could be derived from the WHO model of the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH). As long as it sufficed to record merely the occurrence of diseases in terms of either recovery or fatal outcome, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) provided a valuable instrument. A classification of the long-term non-fatal consequences requires different concepts: the ICIDH scheme. The definition of chronically ill persons includes the path from disability to handicap. Chronically ill persons could be considered as handicapped if they are also at a societal disadvantage (e.g. many stroke patients). Likewise, not all handicapped persons can be regarded as chronically ill, if the handicap is not directly related to chronic diseases (e.g. persons with hearing or visual impairments).
The broad perspective
The Recommendation focuses on common issues of the chronically ill in relation to health care.
- Focus on common issues
Studying the shared problems of chronically ill persons is an essential change of perspective. It implies a problem definition that crosses the boundaries of care services. Obviously, each chronic condition is accompanied by its specific problems. However, the difficulties which many chronically ill persons have to face in every day life have a lot in common. In identifying generic issues we have to redirect our focus from specific diseases to the common consequences of chronic diseases. We need to focus on complications and co-morbidity, functional impairments, long-term disability, psychological distress and diminished quality of life. Early therapeutic action should be taken to limit the effects of the chronic diseases and to prevent resulting handicaps.
- Focus on health care
The shared problems of chronically ill persons are related to a broad range of domains. An integrated approach demands efforts from the health sector, social sector, research community, labour sector and many other sectors.
Chronically ill persons are an important target group of health care. They need health care for a prolonged period of time and from a wide variety of health care services in the field of medical care, rehabilitation and long-term care. The health care demands are not only increasing in quantity but also in complexity. The conventional distinctions between prevention, cure and care, between primary and secondary medical care, and between professional care and informal care seem to dissolve in the face of the complex health problems of chronically ill patients. These persons need high-quality health care, that may not bring about cure but must aim to improve quality of life.
Main areas of concern
The Recommendation identifies the following areas of concern in providing appropriate health care to chronically ill persons:
a. equity and availability;
c. continuity and coordination;
d. patient organisations;
e. education and training;
(2) International experiences in the field revealed a number of obstacles related to financial barriers in funding and insurance and compulsory private contributions of patients. These financial barriers are a real threat to assuring equity in access to health care.
(3) Research has consistently demonstrated that chronic diseases are more prevalent among the elderly, among females and among lower socio-economic groups. Socio-economic health inequalities persist, despite the affluence of the welfare state, the high quality of health care and the benefits of social security schemes. Health policy should focus on reducing inequalities in access to health care, in particular to protect the vulnerable groups.
(4) In all member countries long waiting lists and waiting times are observed for a range of services. In long-term care problems are reported for home care, geriatric services and nursing homes. In acute hospital care problems are reported for hip fracture surgery or cataract. There is an urgent need to develop and establish clear criteria on how to manage these problems, to guarantee equal access to health care.
(5) To tackle the problem of waiting lists in long-term chronic care alternatives should be developed. In this field promising initiatives were reported, e.g. expansion of day care programmes, reimbursement of family care-givers, involvement of non governmental organisations, reinforcement of volunteer's actions.
(6) Chronic patients should receive comprehensive care, covering all necessary health services, both long term care and acute hospital care. Health authorities should ensure that in the delivery of health care chronic patients have the same rights as other patients. Particular attention should be paid to possible discrimination.
(7) To meet the specific care needs of chronically ill persons a broad spectrum of services should be provided at a local level. The provision of care should be based on the comprehensive needs of individual patients. Extended care facilities at the bottom of the health care pyramid will strengthen the autonomy of the chronically ill.
(8) In looking for strategies to deliver comprehensive integrated care we could distinguish prevention, "cure" and "care", which in the continuum of chronic care have become inextricably entangled. In many countries public investments are concentrated on acute hospital care. Care-oriented services are under-developed. The challenge for public policy is to redress the balance. The health care needs of chronically ill persons require cure-oriented as well as care-oriented services, which are well balanced.
(9,10) Health problems of the chronically ill are strongly interwoven with social problems, e.g. with regard to education, work, social security, housing or income. In many countries health care systems operate separately from social (welfare) systems, at organisational level as well as patient level. High quality health care requires a further intersectoral cooperation.
(11) We need to focus on continuity because chronic care encompasses a wide variety of disciplines and services. The role of general practitioners is well defined in several European countries. General practitioners could ensure the continuity of care.
(12) Chronic care implies a multi-sectoral and multiprofessional collaboration between primary and secondary medical care, between medical and non-medical care and between professional and informal care. To secure continuity of care between the several sectors and to develop networks of care-givers the role of primary care teams should be reinforced.
(13) Reimbursement of care givers is often based on fees for services. Efforts and activities aimed at continuity and coordination of care form no part of the financial system. To ensure that these activities will be integrated in the practice of health care, health policy should envisage financial incentives.
(14) Continuity of care requires a proper interface between home care, hospital care and institutional care. In improving continuity various approaches have been reported: putting a case manager in charge of care for chronic patients or developing shared care packages to smooth the boundaries between the health sectors.
(15) Supporting informal care givers constitutes an inextricable part of the health care for the chronically ill. It includes practical, social and emotional support. The majority of the care for chronic patients is provided by family members, particularly partners of patients. At present, various developments are being reported in this field, e.g. respite care (temporary replacement of informal care in the form of temporary admission to a nursing home or day care).
(16) To assure continuity in the long term it is necessary to develop an adequate system of documentation and registration. On the basis of these data continuity could be monitored and evaluated.
(17) Quality assurance of health care is an increasingly important topic. The assessment of the quality of chronic care is more complicated because of the diversity of involved disciplines and services and the heterogeneity of patient populations. More attention should be paid to establishing indicator systems in assessing the quality of integrated, comprehensive care.
(18) Patient organisations make an important contribution to both the empowerment of patients and the improvement of health care for the chronically ill. However, patient organisations are not as yet well established in all member countries.
(19) The "experience" expertise combined in the patient organisations is essential in adapting health care to the specific needs of the chronically ill. This kind of expertise should be included in public campaigns, educational programmes and research programmes.
(20) Involvement of patients in policy development implies that their organisations are a serious partner in advisory functions and decision making bodies.
(21) Chronically ill diseases have far-reaching consequences for the quality of life of patients. Chronic patients are confronted with complex deficiencies in physical, psychological and social functioning. Public information is necessary to cope adequately with chronic illness.
(22,23) Elaborate efforts are needed to reform basic education, training in clinical practice and management to deliver high quality care with well-trained, motivated staff. Continuous training should be aimed at improving therapeutic and supportive skills to cope adequately with the needs of the chronically ill.
(24) To strengthen the required multidisciplinary collaboration the traditionally mono-disciplinary educational programmes should be integrated and made compatible with each other.
(25) Chronically ill children require a special approach, particularly with regard to their physical and mental development
(26) Research should focus on highly prevalent diseases such as arthrosis, heart diseases, diabetes, stroke, depression or dementia but should encompass also rare diseases.
Epidemiological research is needed on the causes (etiology) and consequences (disease impact) of specific diseases. Special attention should be paid to the phenomenon of multipathology: co-morbidity is a highly prevalent phenomenon among the (elderly) chronically ill.
To get more insight into how to cope successfully we need to unravel chronic disease processes and coping processes.
Research should focus on the distribution of chronic diseases, in particular on health inequalities and on effective interventions to diminish these inequalities. These inequalities are related to age (higher prevalence among elderly), gender (higher prevalence among females), socio-economic status (higher prevalence among lower socio-economic groups).
To deepen the insight into causes and consequences longitudinal studies with a long time horizon are needed.
Most cost-effectiveness studies and most subsidies are directed at innovative programmes, looking for new methods and approaches. To improve the quality of care, research and programmes should also focus on well-established care programmes, the effectiveness and efficiency of which might have been never evaluated.
More knowledge is needed about the efficacy of intervention programmes to cope adequately with chronic illness and to support the chronically ill and their families.
More comparative studies and exchange of results are needed to strengthen high quality care for the chronically ill in member countries.
A single entry point and information guidance is needed because of the multiplicity of actors involved in chronically ill care, complicated liaisons and interrelations between different care providers and different levels of services.
It is important to remember that patients and citizens have the right to shape the policies and decide about priorities at the policy development stage, and not only to comment on the implementation of programmes decided in their absence. | <urn:uuid:2c9a89d5-83bb-4cb3-a0fa-c625a2072b64> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/health/r(98)11Explmemo_en.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698544097.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170904-00023-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943451 | 2,842 | 2.71875 | 3 |
World Heritage Site Management Plan
The Old and New Towns of Edinburgh World Heritage Site Management Plan identifies what is significant about the World Heritage Site, recognises challenges and threats, and sets out policies to preserve and enhance the Site. The plan was prepared by Edinburgh World Heritage, the City of Edinburgh Council and Historic Environment Scotland
Why have a management plan?
Those responsible for World Heritage Site’s are required by UNESCO to draw up a management plan to summarise the significance of the site and the policies proposed to protect, conserve, develop and enhance it.
What does it say?
The management plan identifies key features of the World Heritage Site such as the unique landscape, the contrasting architectural characters of the medieval Old Town and Georgian New Town, and the history and heritage of Scotland’s ancient capital. Challenges and opportunities are also detailed, for example the risk of inappropriate development and the need to promote the use of traditional materials.
Crucially the management plan is not just about preservation. It is about facilitating change to ensure that Edinburgh is a thriving, dynamic, economically successful city.
How will it be used?
Edinburgh World Heritage will use the management plan to help protect the Site’s special qualities and promote best practice. The plan will enable those involved in developing the city centre to consider the protection and enhancement of the World Heritage Site at an early stage in the planning process. For everyone the plan will promote awareness of the World Heritage Site and encourage involvement in its management.
View the Management Plan (PDF | 3.4MB)
View the Action Plan (PDF | 62kb) | <urn:uuid:cd76ecad-8094-42c3-b925-29888c3f1461> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.ewht.org.uk/looking-after-our-heritage/managing-the-world-heritage-site/whs-management-plan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982293195.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195813-00123-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89521 | 325 | 3.125 | 3 |
Trumpeter Swans return
With a wingspan of over 7 feet and weighing close to 30 pounds, the Trumpeter Swan is considered the largest native waterfowl species in North America. It is a bird that once nested across the upper United States and Canada, including Illinois. By the end of the 19th century, the Trumpeter Swan was thought to be extinct. Today, you can see this bird once again, taking to the skies in the upper Midwest. There have been several local sightings already since mid-November, and visitors should be able to find them in our marshes and backwaters for most of the winter.
There are three species of swans in the United States, so it takes some practice to tell one from the other. The rarest of the three is the Trumpeter Swan; a large, all-white bird with a black bill. More common and widespread is the Tundra Swan; another native species that is a little smaller than the Trumpeter and also has the black bill, but there usually is a yellow spot in front of the eyes. Finally, the third species of swan we have is an introduced species known as the Mute Swan, which has an orange bill with a black knob near the forehead. The Mute Swan is the most common of the swans found in Central Illinois, and they tend to be year-round residents. When you see the Mute Swan swimming, it has a gracefully curving neck. Both the Tundra and Trumpeter Swans tend to keep their necks straighter when swimming.
The story of the Trumpeter Swan’s decline is an all-too familiar tale. Throughout the 1800s they were market hunted for their meat. They were also used in the hat industry for their feathers. The soft swan skin was used in manufacturing powder puffs to apply make-up. Just to give you an idea of the impact of this, The Hudson Bay Fur Company shipped over 26,000 swan skins to England between 1804 and 1819. The overhunting, combined with habitat loss lead to the rapid decline of the species. By 1900, it was thought that the species was extinct. Fortunately, a small, non-migratory population was found in remote mountain valleys of Montana, Idaho and Wyoming. Two nests were found in Yellowstone National Park in 1919. In 1935, the Red Rock Lake National Wildlife Refuge was established to protect the remaining Trumpeter Swans, and the population increased to 640 birds by the late 1950s. Also in the 1950s, aerial surveys of the remote Copper River in Alaska found another population of Trumpeter Swans. This provided crucial genetic diversity to help expand the breeding success of the Red Rock Lake National Wildlife Refuge population.
In the upper Midwest, Trumpeter swans were reintroduced into Minnesota from the Red Rock Lakes population. The population recovery has been a slow and costly process. Several rises and falls in the population have happened in the years since the recovery effort has expanded into the upper Midwest. New threats were found in the modern landscape. Swans were severely impacted by lead poisoning caused by ingesting lead shot that can be found in hunted wetlands. But by the early 1990s the upper Midwest population had grown to 600 birds. In the 2000s, we did see large growth in Trumpeter Swan populations. The Minnesota reintroduction expanded into Wisconsin and Michigan and in 2015 it is estimated that over 27,000 birds now make up what has been called the “Interior Trumpeter Swan Population.”
It is a dramatic and heartening recovery. It took a lot of work by both private conservation groups and federal agencies to bring this magnificent bird back from the brink of extinction. It is a conservation success story that is somewhat overlooked. To get a glimpse of these birds, get out to some of our local wetlands to find them. Look at Banner Marsh in southern Peoria County, which always has a lot Mute Swans, but the Trumpeter and Tundra swans can also be seen there. The same is true for Spring Lake in southern Tazewell County, Chautauqua National Wildlife Refuge in Mason County and Emiquon Preserve in Fulton County.
Winter is not a bad time to visit our wetlands. At least the swans think so. Go out and welcome them back to their former home. Who knows, if they feel welcome enough, maybe they will once again nest here. | <urn:uuid:4e8abc43-91e4-4123-ba44-232308152d17> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://thecommunityword.com/online/blog/2017/12/31/8500/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888878.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120023744-20180120043744-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.974084 | 903 | 3.375 | 3 |
You may have heard the saying ‘breast is best’ and there’s good reason for it. Breastmilk is a dietary powerhouse for babies, full of beneficial nutrients as well as antibodies that help protect the baby from infection and inflammation. The composition of breastmilk is so ingenious it simply cannot be replicated in a formula.
Your breastmilk even changes within feeds and during different times of the day. The composition of breastmilk is also unique to each mother. That means no two women have exactly the same contents of breastmilk.
Contents of breastmilk
The beauty of breastmilk is that it’s a complete food for your baby. It contains everything your baby needs to grow and thrive the first few months of life, up to half the nutrients for the second half of the first year and a third of the nutrients needed the second year. Mature milk contains 3-5 percent fat, just under 1 percent protein and approximately 7 percent carbohydrates. In addition to these macro nutrients, breastmilk is packed with essential enzymes, antibodies, antioxidants and micronutrients like calcium, iron, copper and zinc.
What is colostrum?
Colostrum is the thick, yellow liquid that your body produces the first few days after baby’s birth, until your breastmilk comes in. Colostrum has a high concentration of nutrients and is particularly high in antibodies that help build your baby’s immature immune system from the ground up. In fact, the antibodies in colostrum are so potent that this liquid was used to fight bacterial infections before the invention of penicillin!
Benefits of breastmilk
Breastfeeding can be a bit tricky in the beginning but if you can make it work, it’s well worth it. Not only is human milk the ideal food for babies, but many of the benefits of breastmilk are long-lasting.
Babies who are breastfed have:
• Stronger immune systems • Less problems with their intestinal tracts, like constipation and diarrhea • Fewer ear infections • Lower rates of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome • Better eyesight
Plus, children who were breastfed as babies have:
• Lower rates of asthma, eczema and allergies • Fewer cavities • Lower risk of getting diabetes • Lower risk of becoming obese | <urn:uuid:7c5e2b16-224a-4363-905c-b8e99fad33a5> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.multimamcanada.com/post/composition-of-breastmilk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474377.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223085439-20240223115439-00799.warc.gz | en | 0.953135 | 484 | 2.703125 | 3 |
For years women have cried “man flu” when men make a fuss over a few sniffles.
But a new study suggests that men actually suffer more when they are struck down with flu because high levels of testosterone can weaken their immune response. The study, by Stanford University School of Medicine, examined the reactions of men and women to vaccination against flu.
tap here to see other videos from our team.
It found that women generally had a stronger antibody response to the flu shot than men, giving them better protection against the virus.
Men with lower testosterone levels also had a better immune response, more or less equivalent to that of women. It has long been suggested that men might be more susceptible to bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infection than women are.
The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found women had higher blood levels of signalling proteins that immune cells pass back and forth when the body is under threat. | <urn:uuid:f9cb99f6-b306-4942-8544-fd31c7481b7b> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://nationalpost.com/health/men-suffer-more-from-flu-symptoms-than-women-study-suggests | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141171077.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124025131-20201124055131-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.966225 | 195 | 2.734375 | 3 |
For centuries, markets were highly-personalized things, often controlled by select groups of people who traded based on long-established and closely-knit relationships. Closed networks -- such as merchant guilds in 16th century Europe -- could ensure trust between buyers and sellers by pushing out bad actors. But then, something happened that would eventually become the foundation of all modern markets. In the 1500s, new trade routes and the arrival of the printing press helped erode the power of merchant guilds and give way to a much more open system of trading where strangers could interact with each other.
On this edition of the Odd Lots podcast, Prateek Raj gives his theory about why modern markets first took hold in Northern Europe, and what this 500-year-old period of disruption can tell us about the world today. | <urn:uuid:c4efb143-0ca1-4e88-b909-ffa1df7a33e1> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://podbay.fm/podcast/1056200096/e/1516006800 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540525821.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210041836-20191210065836-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.978215 | 164 | 3 | 3 |
100 Series Youth Project Ideas
Project Idea: Doodle Paper
- Trace one hand with a pencil. Overlap the opposite hand and trace it.
- Draw over all the lines with a permanent black marker.
- Use the black marker to add lots of doodle designs all over both hands.
- Color the background with watercolor pencils and brush with water.
• doodle paper
• permanent black marker
• watercolor pencils
• paint brush
9 and up | <urn:uuid:23fdc610-4dae-4ecd-9db2-8304e48438ad> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.strathmoreartist.com/project-reader/henna-hands.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376831933.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219090209-20181219112209-00609.warc.gz | en | 0.717544 | 101 | 2.6875 | 3 |
1. Consider the Jukes–Cantor model for DNA nucleotide
substitution in Example 7.11. Find the transition function P (t) by solving the
backward, or forward, equations.
2. Consider the Fleckenstein DNA model of Example 7.15.
(a) Show that 𝝅
= (pa, pc, pc, pt) is the stationary distribution.
(b) For 𝛼
= 2 and the parameter values given in the example, find the probability that an
a nucleotide mutates to a c nucleotide in 1.5 time units. | <urn:uuid:f1442720-a34c-46f8-84ba-f463f3817519> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.quesba.com/questions/1-consider-the-jukes-cantor-model-for-dna-nucleotide-substitution-in-exampl-42788 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155925.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805130514-20210805160514-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.789626 | 131 | 2.515625 | 3 |
#Hashtags. It seems like they are everywhere.
Hashtags are visible on social media and the web. Whether Twitter, Facebook, Google+, Instagram, or another popular site using it, hashtags are now an integral part of social media. People use them out of context these days, in text messages, chats, songs, and advertisements.
In fact, hashtags are so widespread in use that the word “hashtag” was included in the Oxford English dictionary in June 2014, making it an official word.
What is a hashtag?
A hashtag is a social media tagging system that organizes content by creating a link that makes it easier to find and follow a conversation about that topic by adding the “#” symbol in front, without any spacing. So whenever a user adds a hashtag to a post, it is immediately indexed by the social network and searchable by other users, a type of metadata tag.
Hashtags originated from Twitter users as a way to organize and find tweets by topic. These phrases or words will appear on Twitter Search, making it easier to find and join an existing conversation or create one. If a hashtag gains momentum or relative popularity, the “hashtagged” word or phrase is known to be “trending”. These trending hashtags appear on the left hand column of your Twitter page.
Why use hashtags?
Hashtags play a significant role in social media marketing, therefore when it comes to “hashtagging”, you have to use it strategically and it can very well differentiate an average social media campaign from a successful one.
So do you really need to use Hashtags? Well, we highly recommend it. With hashtags, your tweets will receive more engagement and your overall social media traffic can be significantly improved.
Note: This #HashtagBestPractices, a two-part series will share useful hashtag tips for your different social media platforms in order to maximize the potential reach and engagement of your posts. This first installment of this 2-part series will comprise of tips for Twitter posts.
Tips for Using Hashtags in Twitter Posts
TIP 1: Do not overuse hashtags
Though hashtags increase engagement, too much of it is really spamming. Engagement for tweets using just two or one judicious hashtags in tweets is higher than tweets with multiple hashtags. Do not spam your posts with a lot of random hashtags, just to appear in as many places as possible. It does not add any extra value for your audience and they will view it as less “trustworthy”, a nuisance and a hyped up post. This could result in an “unfollow” from your current audience or perhaps they will just plain ignore your messages.
Bad: @NinaGarcia #pretty #BestDressed #bling #Redcarpet #Oscars2015 #Oscars
Good: @NinaGarcia was the #BestDressed actress at the #Oscars2015
TIP 2: Make hashtags concise
Twitter has a 140 character word limit and you have to ensure you get as much quality content within this limited space. Hashtag phrases do take up a chunk of that character space. Short and sweet hashtags get the message across effectively and gives you more character space to write your own comments. Moreover, long hashtags make it difficult for people to use it. So keeping it under 20 characters is optimal.
TIP 3: Be strategic
Do things with a purpose. Use a good hashtag to string pieces of your campaign together and to engage with your followers and fans. Use unique hashtags that are memorable and easy to spell. Your hashtag gives your audience the ability to easily join and follow the conversation. Furthermore, the hashtags used should be in line with your social media messages and tone, and one your audience will acknowledge.
Tip 4: Use capital letters when necessary
Though hashtags are not case-sensitive, you should still make your message clear with caps when your hashtag is a phrase that may create confusion. Stringing words together into a hashtag, without spaces, can result in the hashtag being interpreted in multiple ways. It is always good to make your message clear to your audience; Otherwise your hashtag may end up become a laughing matter.
Actual meaning: #SusanAlbumParty
Tip 5: Use organic hashtags
If you are not creating a hashtag for your campaign, as a brand, it is good to join a conversation using an existing hashtag people are already using. This is an opportunity to strengthen brand loyalty and have your audience feel acknowledged and engaged. Furthermore, using existing, topic based hashtags help people discover your content.
Use hashtags with pertinent context to engage relevant people in the community and industry. This allows you to gain more exposure, connect and build relationships not only to a larger audience, but to potential influencers.
Tip 6: Register your original hashtag
You may want to consider registering your hashtag on sites like www.hashtags.org or www.twubs.com. Registering a hashtag allows your hashtag to appear on a hashtag directory as the owner of the hashtag, thus staking your claim on it. However, you still don’t technically “own” the hashtag like how you can own a website’s domain name even after registering.It does not prevent others from using it as well. Nevertheless, all it takes is just a few minutes to register.
In conclusion, social media is overflowing with content, and hashtags (#) are a good way to stand apart from the noise. Apart from just Twitter, you should develop and use hashtags on other social media platforms to widen your audience reach and continue conversations across all platforms. This way there are more channels for audiences to engage in dialogue with the brand or business. In our second installation to this 2-part series we will discuss Facebook Hashtagging tips that you should apply to your social efforts. | <urn:uuid:a58830ff-b62c-45df-8111-dabaf2638b53> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.newzsocial.com/resources/blog/marketing/increase-your-online-engagement-with-hashtags-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549448198.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728103510-20170728123510-00030.warc.gz | en | 0.915214 | 1,229 | 2.53125 | 3 |
William III(redirected from Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus.
William III,prince of Orange: see William IIIWilliam III,
1650–1702, king of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1689–1702); son of William II, prince of Orange, stadtholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, and of Mary, oldest daughter of King Charles I of England.
..... Click the link for more information. , king of England.
William III,1650–1702, king of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1689–1702); son of William IIWilliam II,
1626–50, prince of Orange, stadtholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands (1647–50), son and successor of Frederick Henry. He married (1641) Mary, eldest daughter of Charles I of England.
..... Click the link for more information. , prince of Orange, stadtholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, and of Mary, oldest daughter of King Charles ICharles I,
1600–1649, king of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625–49), second son of James I and Anne of Denmark. Early Life
He became heir to the throne on the death of his older brother Henry in 1612 and was made prince of Wales in 1616.
..... Click the link for more information. of England. William's personality was cold and his public policy calculating, but he was an able soldier and an astute politician, and his reign was of momentous constitutional importance.
He was born at The Hague after his father's death, when the office of stadtholder was suspended and power fell into the hands of Jan de WittWitt, Jan de
, 1625–72, Dutch statesman. Like his father, Jacob de Witt, burgomaster of Dort, he became a leading opponent of the house of Orange and played a vital role in the three successive Dutch Wars.
..... Click the link for more information. . In 1672, however, a revolution was precipitated by Louis XIV's invasion of the Netherlands; De Witt was overthrown, and William was made stadtholder, captain general, and admiral for life. In the ensuing warfare with France (see Dutch WarsDutch Wars,
series of conflicts between the English and Dutch during the mid to late 17th cent. The wars had their roots in the Anglo-Dutch commercial rivalry, although the last of the three wars was a wider conflict in which French interests played a primary role.
..... Click the link for more information. (3)), William was able to drive the French out of the Netherlands. He made peace with England in 1674 and finally with France in 1678. Thereafter he endeavored to build up a European coalition to prevent further French aggression.
The Glorious Revolution
In 1677, William had married the English Princess Mary (see Mary IIMary II,
1662–94, queen of England, wife of William III. The daughter of James II by his first wife, Anne Hyde, she was brought up a Protestant despite her father's adoption of Roman Catholicism. In 1677 she married her cousin William of Orange and went with him to Holland.
..... Click the link for more information. ), Protestant daughter of the Roman Catholic James, duke of York (later James IIJames II,
1633–1701, king of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1685–88); second son of Charles I, brother and successor of Charles II. Early Life
..... Click the link for more information. ). After James's succession (1685) to the English throne, the Protestant William kept in close contact with the opposition to the king. Finally, after the birth of a son to James in 1688, he was invited to England by seven important nobles.
William landed in Devon with an army of 15,000 and advanced to London, meeting virtually no opposition. James was allowed to escape to France. Early in 1689, William summoned a Convention Parliament and accepted its offer of the crown jointly with his wife. The Glorious RevolutionGlorious Revolution,
in English history, the events of 1688–89 that resulted in the deposition of James II and the accession of William III and Mary II to the English throne. It is also called the Bloodless Revolution.
..... Click the link for more information. was thus accomplished in England without bloodshed, and it proved a decisive victory for Parliament in its long struggle with the crown; William was forced to accept the Bill of RightsBill of Rights,
1689, in British history, one of the fundamental instruments of constitutional law. It registered in statutory form the outcome of the long 17th-century struggle between the Stuart kings and the English Parliament.
..... Click the link for more information. (1689), which greatly limited the royal power and prescribed the line of succession, and to give Parliament control of finances and of the army.
In Scotland, the JacobitesJacobites
, adherents of the exiled branch of the house of Stuart who sought to restore James II and his descendants to the English and Scottish thrones after the Glorious Revolution of 1688. They take their name from the Latin form (Jacobus) of the name James.
..... Click the link for more information. resisted violently, but after their defeat at Killiecrankie (1689) William was able to make Scottish Presbyterianism secure. He blackened his reputation, however, by apparently condoning the bloody massacre of GlencoeGlencoe
, valley of the Coe River, Highland, W Scotland. It was the scene of the massacre of the Macdonald clan (Feb., 1692) by the Campbells, under the direction of John Campbell, 1st earl of Breadalbane, and John Dalrymple, 1st earl of Stair.
..... Click the link for more information. (1692). In Ireland, after William's victory over the exiled James at the battle of the Boyne (1690) and the conclusion of the Treaty of Limerick (1691), the Penal LawsPenal Laws,
in English and Irish history, term generally applied to the body of discriminatory and oppressive legislation directed chiefly against Roman Catholics but also against Protestant nonconformists.
..... Click the link for more information. against Roman Catholics were increased in severity.
Foreign Policy and Constitutional Change
The Jacobite effort in Ireland had been supported by Louis XIV, who hoped thus to divert William from the larger war then being fought on the Continent (see Grand Alliance, War of theGrand Alliance, War of the,
1688–97, war between France and a coalition of European powers, known as the League of Augsburg (and, after 1689, as the Grand Alliance).
..... Click the link for more information. ). William, however, took an English army to the Spanish Netherlands in 1691 and was constantly involved in campaigning until the conclusion of peace by the Treaty of Ryswick (1697). William attempted to ignore the party divisions in England, but he was forced to rely increasingly on Whig ministers because only the Whigs supported his foreign policy fully.
His Whig ministers, most notably Charles Montagu, earl of HalifaxHalifax, Charles Montagu, earl of
, 1661–1715, English statesman. He and Matthew Prior were coauthors of a parody of John Dryden's The Hind and the Panther, entitled The Town and The Country Mouse (1687).
..... Click the link for more information. , were responsible for establishment (1694) of the Bank of EnglandBank of England,
central bank and note-issuing institution of Great Britain. Popularly known as the Old Lady of Threadneedle Street, its main office stands on the street of that name in London. The bank has eight branches, all of which are located in the British Isles.
..... Click the link for more information. and the policy of the national debt. William and the Whigs were also responsible for the Toleration Act (1689), which lifted some of the disabilities imposed on Protestant nonconformists, and for allowing the Licensing Act to lapse (1695), a great step toward freedom of the press. William sought to maintain royal prerogatives but was unable to prevent passage of the Triennial Act (1694), which required a new Parliament every three years, and the Act of SettlementSettlement, Act of,
1701, passed by the English Parliament, to provide that if William III and Princess Anne (later Queen Anne) should die without heirs, the succession to the throne should pass to Sophia, electress of Hanover, granddaughter of James I, and to her heirs, if they
..... Click the link for more information. (1701), which imposed the first statutory limitation on royal control of foreign policy.
A center of disaffection from c.1690 was the household of the queen's sister Anne (later Queen AnneAnne,
1665–1714, queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1702–7), later queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1707–14), daughter of James II and Anne Hyde; successor to William III.
..... Click the link for more information. ), who with her favorites, the Marlboroughs, had been alienated by the hostile attitude of William and Mary. William's popularity diminished greatly after the death (1694) of the childless Queen Mary, and his concern near the end of his life with the Partition Treaties and with the War of the Spanish Succession (see Spanish Succession, War of theSpanish Succession, War of the,
1701–14, last of the general European wars caused by the efforts of King Louis XIV to extend French power. The conflict in America corresponding to the period of the War of the Spanish Succession was known as Queen Anne's War (see French and
..... Click the link for more information. ), in which England was involved in another long duel with France, did nothing to improve it.
A standard source for William's time is the history of Gilbert BurnetBurnet, Gilbert
, 1643–1715, Scottish bishop and writer. He studied in Scotland, England, and abroad, held minor ecclesiastical office in Scotland, and was appointed (1669) professor of divinity at Glasgow Univ. He went to London in 1673 and was lecturer at St.
..... Click the link for more information. . See also biographies by N. A. Robb (2 vol., 1962–66), S. Baxter (1966), and H. and B. C. Van der Zee (1973); studies by L. Pinkham (1954, repr. 1969), D. Ogg (1956, repr. 1969), and G. Barany (1986); G. N. Clarke, The Later Stuarts (2d ed. 1956); R. P. MacCubbin and M. Hamilton-Phillips, ed., The Age of William III and Mary II (1988).
William III,1817–90, king of the Netherlands and grand duke of Luxembourg (1849–90), son and successor of William II. William III ruled as a constitutional monarch, and his long reign was unmarred by friction with the States-General. He granted a parliamentary constitution to his Luxembourg subjects and maintained Luxembourg's neutrality in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71). The leading Dutch statesman during his reign was Jan ThorbeckeThorbecke, Jan Rudolf
, 1798–1872, Dutch statesman. An eminent jurist and the leading liberal politician of his day, he was one of the men appointed in 1848 by King William II to revise the constitution.
..... Click the link for more information. , who obtained full emancipation of the Dutch Catholics and also promoted economic growth and political reform. With William's death the male Dutch line of the house of Orange-Nassau became extinct. The Netherlands crown passed to his daughter, WilhelminaWilhelmina
, 1880–1962, queen of the Netherlands (1890–1948), daughter and successor of William III. Her mother, Emma of Waldeck-Pyrmont, was regent until 1898. Wilhelmina married (1901) Prince Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d.
..... Click the link for more information. , but Luxembourg went to Duke Adolph of Nassau, from a collateral line of the family. | <urn:uuid:c1681af9-d084-45e2-bb9f-24377d877d0c> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Willem+Alexander+Paul+Frederik+Lodewijk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890823.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121175418-20180121195418-00229.warc.gz | en | 0.959223 | 2,612 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The ElephantHawk-Moth is a species of common large pink and olive green moth that is widely spread throughout Europe. It is one of the brightest moths, and hence, is also popular in the pet trade. The larvae (caterpillars) of these moths are often found roaming in the gardens, feeding on leaves and flowers, during late summer. The moth gets its name from the elongated shape of its snout during the larval stage, which resembles the trunk of an elephant.
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Elephant Hawk Moth
Body: Medium size body with a wingspan 62-72 mm. The head and thorax regions are segmented and are more slender than the rest of its body.
Wing Color: The wings have patterns in bright pink and olive green while the body has bright pink lines and dots on an olive green base.
Feet: The legs are thin and pure white.
Eyes: The eyes of the moths are anti-reflective because of nanoscale protrusions.
This moth is most commonly found in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland and other parts of central Europe. The concentration becomes thinner towards the northern regions. However, their range also extends throughout Asia, up to Japan.
Habitat: Where do Elephant Hawk-Moths Live
Elephant hawk moths primarily prefer Rosebay Willowherbs, and can be found in a wide variety of habitats where this kind of vegetation is present including waste ground and clearings, hedgerows, rough grassland, woodland, heathland, sand dunes, and even in manmade gardens especially those that have bright, colorful flowers.
Elephant Hawk Moth Size
Elephant Hawk Moth Habitat
Classification of Species
In the past, two separate subspecies were recognized, viz. Deilephila elpenor elpenor and Deilephila elpenor lewisii, though they are no more considered to be distinguished. The scientists also believe that the Deilephila elpenor szechuana is only a synonym for the D. elpenor. However, the population of Deilephila elpenor macromera, found in northern India, southern China, Myanmar, and Bhutan continues to be a distinct subspecies.
The life expectancy of the adult elephant hawk moths is up to 5 weeks.
These creatures lead a solitary life. The peak time for these creatures is between June and September and is rarely seen during winter. Like most other moth species, the adults are nocturnal and often go unnoticed unless they are attracted to bright lights. They begin flying from the dusk and stay active all night, finally coming to rest by sunrise. These moths spend the entire daytime on food plants.
Picture of Elephant Hawk Moth
Elephant Hawk Moths
Diet: What Do Elephant Hawk-Moths Eat
Unlike the caterpillars, which feed on plant matter including bedstraws, willowherbs, fuchsias, and gooseberry, the moths live only on nectar. Very much like the butterfly, they visit from flower to flower suckling on the nectar at nighttime. They are mostly attracted to flowering plants like honeysuckles.
Reproduction & Life Cycle
The female elephant hawk moths are relatively less bright. When the breeding season arrives, it gets attracted to the brightly-colored males. After mating, the female would lay eggs either in pairs or singly atop leaves and flowers so that, these plant matters can be a source of food to the young caterpillars. The eggs of these insects are light green with a glossy surface, and take around ten days before hatching.
The caterpillars are generally blackish or dark brown in color, but also green at times. They are found between late summer and early autumn before metamorphosis, after which, they assume the chrysalis (pupa) stage. They finally hatch out as brightly-colored moths in around May of the following year.
Elephant Hawk Moth Pupa
Elephant Hawk Moth Caterpillar
Adaptations of the Elephant Hawk Moth & Caterpillar
The caterpillars have considerably large eye markings on the forehead to ward off predators.
As a defensive mechanism, when the insect is threatened, it withdraws its head inside the thorax, thus swelling it up, resulting in the eyespot mimicry marks being visible more prominently. This, in turn, makes the region resemble a false head, making it look like a snake, which might confuse its predators whether it is dangerous (poisonous) or safe to eat.
The two color variations (green and grown) might as well be a defense tactic. If a predator is looking for brown caterpillars, it may overlook the green ones, or vice-versa.
Their eyes are incredibly sensitive and allow them to see and differentiate between colors even at low light. This is another mechanism to keep them hidden entirely in the dark.
Predators: What Eats an Elephant Hawk Moth
The primary enemies of these moths are spiders, especially the brown huntsman spider that shares its habitat. The moths get lured to the bright white forehead stripes of these creatures in the dark and are soon eaten. Different species of nocturnal creatures, including owls and bats, also prey upon these moths.
This species is common and have not yet been listed on IUCN’s Red List.
Small Elephant Hawk Moth
Pink Elephant Hawk Moth
Most people tend to confuse the elephant hawk moth with the ‘small elephant hawk moth’ because of their striking similarities. However, though closely related, they are entirely different species.
Like the giraffes and the zebras, the color pattern of each moth is different from the other. | <urn:uuid:44d4b930-07b4-4054-a94d-fcde9da6fc51> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.animalspot.net/elephant-hawk-moth.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474650.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226030734-20240226060734-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.932446 | 1,218 | 3.296875 | 3 |
In promoting the sanctity of human life, the Qur'an-e Shariff says that good health, like knowledge, is a divine gift. The family unit nurtures the lives of its members, assisting them in their physical and spiritual endeavours. The wellbeing of individuals, in-turn, contributes to the overall health of the family, and that of society at large.
With all the attention on the problems of overweight and obesity, it is easy to forget that there are many people whose main concern is how to gain weight in order to improve their health. Gaining weight can be just as difficult — physically and psychologically — as trying to lose it.
Fasting is among the special observances that Muslims undertake during the holy month of Ramadan. Fasting radically alters the diet, slowing the body’s metabolism and sometimes causing discomfort. However, good health can be maintained by consuming adequate nutrients during meals.
When you expose your skin to the sun, your body makes vitamin D from the sun’s ultraviolet rays. Most people will make enough of this “sunshine vitamin”, but certain groups of people may not be getting enough from the sun or their diet – and this includes people with dark skin.
The year often starts with great intentions – perhaps you will join a gym, cut out fried foods, or decide to give up fast food – but will they stick? One of the best ways to keep your new year’s resolutions is to make sure they are realistic in the first place.
World Diabetes Day is observed every year on 14 November to raise awareness of diabetes. While there is currently no cure for it, those who are affected can still live a full life by carefully managing their condition. | <urn:uuid:2fe1ba20-f379-4f21-ae3b-0a99382264f4> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://the.ismaili/family-wellbeing?f%5B0%5D=field_tags%3A12121&f%5B1%5D=field_tags%3A14241&%3Bf%5B1%5D=field_tags%3A11396&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B1%5D=field_tags%3A11201&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B2%5D=field_tags%3A13111 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671245.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122065327-20191122093327-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.970698 | 351 | 2.890625 | 3 |
A charcoal cooler uses the principal of evaporative cooling to maintain a cool interior temperature for refrigeration and food preservation. The device is constructed from an open timber frame with charcoal filled sides, which is kept continually moist. As warm, dry air flows through the moist charcoal, water is evaporated into the air and it is cooled. The basic principles of heat and mass transfer underlie the function of the charcoal cooler. A simplified analytical model was developed in Engineering Equation Solver (EES) to determine the functionality of the charcoal cooler for a variety of outdoor conditions and design variables. It was found that the dimensions of the cooler have minimal impact on the maintained interior temperature, however ambient conditions significantly impact the device functionality. A prototype cooler was built to develop detailed construction instructions. Future work on this project would include testing of the prototype for model validation. The EES model, CAD file, and printable PDF documents are available in Additional Documents.
Developmental Need[edit | edit source]
Evaporative cooling can be used to address two main developmental needs: space cooling (air conditioning) and refrigeration. The charcoal cooler addresses the need for refrigeration in areas where electricity is unavailable.
Refrigeration of food is a method of slowing bacteria growth and extending shelf life. Typical refrigerators are kept around 2-3 degrees Celcius and can extend the shelf life of produce by weeks.
In hot climates where electricity is unavailable, refrigeration of food is a developmental need. In Sudan, for example, tomatoes will only last 2 days in the hot sun. Preservation of crops through refrigeration can help with hunger and starvation in the developing world by keeping foods fresh longer. In areas with no electricity, refrigeration is particularly challenging, and has lead to the design of a variety of heat driven refrigeration devices, including evaporative coolers. While these devices are not typically capable of maintaining temperatures of 2-3 degrees Celsius, they can be significantly cooler than ambient temperature, and even moderate drops can significantly extend the shelf life of produce. For example, when housed using a similar evaporative cooling device, the life of tomatoes can be extended from 2 to 20 days. Evaporative cooling has an added benefit of increasing the air moisture content, preventing food from drying out and further extending shelf life.
Refrigeration is also important for vaccine and medicine storage, however the required temperature drop and temperature control make evaporative cooling unsuitable for this application.
Climatic Limitations[edit | edit source]
As discussed further below in engineering principles, the potential for evaporative cooling depends on the difference in wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures of the air. Humid air has a high relative humidity, and not as much capability to evaporate moisture. As the relative humidity of the air increases, the performance of the system will decrease, limiting its application in moist climates. Evaporative cooling is most effective in climates where relative humidity is less than 30%. As humidity increases, the cooling capability declines, and the temperature difference between the outside and inside of the chamber decreases. To test if evaporative cooling will be effective, the wet bulb temperature can be measured by placing a moist cloth on the end of a thermometer and waving it through the air. The temperature read by the thermometer is the theoretical minimum temperature that can be achieved through evaporative cooling.
Additionally evaporative cooling must be used in areas where water is available. Depending on the conditions, and cooler dimensions, the device may use 20-70L of water per day when working effectively.
Scientific Principles[edit | edit source]
Evaporative cooling is based on the principle that water requires heat energy to evaporate. In hot, relatively dry climates the evaporation of water into hot, dry air can create a cooing effect, suitable for space conditioning or refrigeration. The heat removed from a space due to the evaporation of water is given by equation 1.
Q is the heat removed in kW, is the rate of evaporation of water in kg/s, and he is the latent heat of evaporation for water (~2270kJ/kg). The cooling capacity is therefore approximately proportional to the rate of evaporation of water, which depends on:
- Ambient Temperature
- Ambient Humidity
- Surface Area
- Evaporative Media
- Air Movement (natural or artificial)
To maximize the cooling effects these variables must be optimized for a given application.
Psychrometrics[edit | edit source]
Evaporation, the process of changing water from a liquid to a gas, requires heat from the surrounding environment. Psychrometric properties of moist air, as well as the principals of heat and mass transfer apply to the evaporation of water for cooling. Understanding the properties of moist air is key in understanding how evaporative cooling works.
Moist air is air consisting of water vapour, and dry air. The total pressure of the air is the sum of the partial pressures of the water vapour and the dry air, as shown by equation 2.
Saturated air is a mixture of dry air and saturated water vapour. When air is saturated the vapour pressure Pv is equal to the saturation pressure Pv,max of water at the temperature of the air. Since saturation pressure increases with temperature, air at a higher temperature has the capacity to hold more moisture.
Humidity refers to the amount of moisture in the air, and can be expressed in two ways. Relative humidity, equation 3, is the ratio of moisture in the air to moisture in saturated air at the same temperature.
Relative humidity is therefore a function of both temperature and moisture content.
Absolute humidity is the ratio of the mass of water to mass of dry air, and is given by equation 4.
Absolute humidity is therefore only a function of the moisture content.
The driving force behind the evaporation of air is the difference in vapour pressures between the air and water. Air at a higher temperature and lower relative humidity is able to evaporate more moisture than cool or moist air. The potential for evaporation is proportional to the difference in dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures. The dry bulb temperature measures the temperature of the air stream whereas the wet bulb temperature is representative of both the temperature and humidity. Wet bulb temperature can be measured by placing a moist cloth on the end of a thermometer and allowing air to pass over it while reading the temperature. The relative humidity and absolute humidity can then be determined from a psychometric chart.
Evaporation[edit | edit source]
Evaporation is the change in state between a liquid and a gas. For water and air, evaporation involves liquid water vapourizing into a moist air stream. For the purpose of the Charcol Cooler model, two simplified mass transfer cases were consdered: evaporation from a surface, and evaporation through a transfer medium.
Evaporation from a Surface[edit | edit source]
A simple empirical correlation can be used to estimate the rate of evaporation of water from a surface. Figure 1 shows a schematic.
Equation 5 gives the empirical correlation for the evaporation rate me in kg/h.
is the saturation absolute humidity at the ambient temperature and is the actual absolute humidity. A is the water surface area.
Evaporation Through a Transfer Medium[edit | edit source]
Many evaporative cooling units pass air through a porous soaked pad that is kept replenished with water. Figure 2 shows a schematic.
The evaporative efficiency of the medium is given by equation 6.
It should be possible to achieve 60-90% efficiency; however efficiency values for specific media can be determined experimentally. An energy balance on the air stream gives the rate of evaporation, expressed in equation 7.
ha is the enthalpy of dry air, hw is the enthalpy of water vapour and hf is the enthalpy of saturated liquid at the temperature of the water in the pad. The rate of evaporation can then be determined from equation 8.
is the mass flow rate of the air traveling through the soaked pad.
Fundamental Heat Transfer[edit | edit source]
Heat is transferred through conduction, convection and radiation. Often the effects of radiation can be ignored, as they are small when compared to other forms of heat transfer. Conduction occurs through a solid surface and is given by equation 9.
is the heat transferred in Watts (W), k is the conduction coefficient in W/mK, t is the thickness of the solid in meters and delta T is the temperature difference across the solid. The conduction coefficient is a property of the material and can be found in literature or experimentally.
Convection occurs from a fluid passing over a solid object and is given by equation 10.
h is the convection coefficient, A is the area, T is the temperature of the solid object and is the temperature of the fluid. The convection coefficient is a function of the fluid velocity, fluid properties, and object dimensions. It can be determined experimentally or from derived correlations.
Device Construction[edit | edit source]
A prototype charcoal cooler was constructed. The materials used, and detailed construction instructions are below. The prototype charcoal cooler was 1ft x 1ft x 1ft but instructions should apply regardless of device size. One of the advantages of this device is that it is versitile and can be made out of many available materials, therefore substitutions are suggested.
A printable PDF including materials, construction details, and operation instructions for the cooler is included in Additional Resources.
Required Materials[edit | edit source]
|Material||Picture||Alternate||Approximate Cost ($ CA)|
12 ft of 1cm x 2cm timber
|Wood of another size is usable. Bamboo or any other structural material will also work.||$2/3ft ($8 total)|
|Mesh Chicken Wire
Approximately 10sq.ft is required
Jute cloth or canvas: approximately 12sq.ft is required
|Another absorbent cloth material may be used.||$1/12sq.ft|
Finishing and carpentry nails
|Screws can be used in place of carpentry nails. If available, a staple gun and staples to replace the finishing nails would make construction significantly easier. Twine or rope can be used to lash frame together if necessary.||$2/package|
|Another absorbent material will suffice as long as it allows for air circulation, can hold a substantial amount of moisture, and can be contained within the frame of the cooler.||$10/package|
1 peice, approximately 1ft x 1ft (dimensions of the base of the cooler)
|Woven bamboo or reeds can be used to replace the board.||$1|
Approximately 10ft 1/2-1 inch in diameter
|Alternately, tins can be placed on the top of the cooler if hose is unavailable. This modification will be discussed further in the construction instructions.||$7.60/10ft (5/8" D)|
Approximately 8 plastic tie devices
|Twine or string is a good alternative for the ties.||$2/package|
|Any device that can hold water can be used. If tins are used instead of hose the bucket is unnecessary.||$5|
A hammer, saw and scissors or wire cutters are required
|A screwdriver can be used if screws are substituted for nails. A staple gun would assist with construction. If twine is used to lash frame together, a hammer is not required.|
The total materials cost is therefore $48.00. The cost can be reduced by using alternate or recycled materials.
Tie the end of the hose. Pour some water into the hose to ensure the tie is sufficient to block the end of the hose. If tie is not sufficient, a stopper must be used to prevent water from flowing through the hose. If hose is unavailable and tins are used, the tins can be fastened to the top of the frame, with holes poked by nails on the charcoal cavities. If this method is used it is recommended that the tins have lids to prevent evaporation of the water from the surface of the tins.
Device Operation[edit | edit source]
Produce can be placed on the shelf or on the bottom of the cooler. The device should be placed in the shade with one side facing into the wind. Artificial air circulation with a fan may also be used. Very little maintenance is required however when first constructed the cooler should be monitored to ensure effective moistening of the charcoal.
Model Development[edit | edit source]
An EES model of the charcoal cooler was developed to determine the effect of various design variables as well as ambient conditions. The charcoal cooler was modeled as a control volume with one face normal to the ambient wind. The EES file is available for download in Additional Documents. Figure 3 shows a schematic of the modeled system.
Figure 3: Charcol Cooler Model Schematic
The following assumptions were made for the analysis:
- The conditions are at steady state
- The cooler will be placed in a shaded region and radiation effects are negligible
- The top and bottom of the cooler are insulated (no heat transfer)
- The heat of vaporization of water is constant and 2270kJ/kg
- No heat is generated inside the cooler
- The entire system operates at atmospheric pressure (101.325kPa)
- The charcol is kept continually moist (water flow = rate of evaporation)
The heat transfer through each side of the cooler was considered individually, and is explained below.
The model is available for download in Additional Documents. The diagram view of the model allows the user to input ambient conditions (T, RH, Wind Speed), evaporative efficiency, and cooler dimensions and outputs the interior conditions and rates of heat transfer.
Side 1[edit | edit source]
The front side of the cooler can be modeled as air flow through a moist pad. Figure 2, above, is therefore a schematic for the air flow through the front of the cooler. The equations listed in Evaporation through a Transfer Medium apply. The heat transfer is equal to the rate of evaporation times the enthalpy of vaporization. The temperature internal to the cooler Tint is calculated based on the evaporative efficiency and ambient conditions, as given by equation 6. This temperature is assumed to be constant over the width (b) of the cooler. The internal temperature is therefore dependent on the ambient conditions and evaporative efficiency.
Sides 2 and 3[edit | edit source]
Sides 2 and 3 of the cooler have the same heat transfer rate, however unlike side 1 the rate of heat transfer is dependent on more than the rate of evaporation. Figure 4 shows a schematic of the side wall as viewed from the top.
As shown in the figure, there is convection over the surface, as well as evaporative heat loss from within the wall. It was assumed that the evaporation only occurs on the inside and outside surfaces of the wall, and that it could be modeled using equation 5, the correlation for free surface evaporation.
The convection coefficients were calculated using the empirical correlation for forced convection over a flat plate with a constant heat flux, as given by equation 11.
Applying the stated assumptions, the wall was modeled using a thermal resistance network, as shown below in figure 5.
As evident from the figure, for heat to be removed from the inside of the device, the sum of the evaporative heat removed must be greater than the heat added from convection. The conduction coefficient for charcoal was assumed to be the same as wood, approximately 0.16W/mK.
Side 4[edit | edit source]
The back of the cooler allows for constant air flow through the device, and may further cool the air stream if air is not saturated. The evaporation would cause cooler air to exit the device but would have little to no effect on the temperature inside the cooler. The heat transfer through the back face of the charcoal cooler was assumed to be negligible and was not considered in the model. The design of this back face is further discussed in design recommendations.
Model Analysis[edit | edit source]
Using the analytical model described in Model Development, the design parameters were analyzed to determine the performance of the device under a variety of conditions.
The rate of heat transfer () for sides 1, 2, and 3 was calculated and is shown in figure 6 as a function of the ambient temperature (T1).
Two interesting observations are displayed in this figure. First, the heat removed by side 1 (facing into the wind) is significantly greater than the heat removed from the sides of the device. It was therefore assumed for the analysis that temperature inside the cooler is constant, and a function of the evaporation through the front of the cooler. The evaporation in the sides of the cooler essentially "cancel" out the heat that would otherwise be added to the inside by convection. By this effect, the side walls are essentially acting to insulate the device. The device would perform comparably with insulated side walls (using a foam or equivalent insulation material). Insulating the walls will reduce the amount of water use required significantly, however orientation of the device would become a prime consideration. This idea is further discussed in design recommendations.
Figure 6 also shows that the heat removed from the front face increases with temperature, which is explained by the increased evaporation rate with temperature.
The temperature inside the chamber was examined as a function of the ambient conditions (temperature and humidity). Figure 7 shows the plot.
The interior, cooled temperature is therefore much lower for conditions with low relative humidity. While the heat transfer rate increases with temperature (as shown by figure 6), the interior temperature is lower with lower ambient temperatures because the required temperature drop is not as large. At high humidity, the device does not provide enough cooling to successfully refrigerate produce. For the interior temperature to be below 20 degrees Celsius, the humidity must be below 0.5.
For previous figures, the evaporative efficiency was assumed to be 0.75. It should be possible to achieve a value of 0.6-0.9 with charcoal. Figure 8 shows the effect of evaporative efficiency on interior temperature.
Higher evaporative efficiency can significantly increase the cooling capacity of the cooler. Future work should be done to determine the factors that affect this parameter, and how to best optimize the efficiency of the charcoal medium.
Finally, the evaporation rate through each side of the container was examined as a function of the ambient conditions. Figure 9 shows the evaporation rate though the front (side 1) and figure 10 shows the evaporation rate through the sides (2 and 3).
From the figures, it is evident that the evaporation through the front face of the box is significantly higher than the remaining faces. This observation relates to the design of the device as the water should flow into the charcoal sides as quickly as it is evaporating. Therefore the flow rate of water into the front face of the device should be significantly higher than the remaining sides. This concept is discussed further in design recommendations.
Design Recommendations[edit | edit source]
Based on the prototype construction and model analysis the following recommendations are made for the design of the cooler:
- The flow rate of the water into the cooler is an important parameter that depends on ambient conditions and the tubing or tins used. The flow rate should be equal to the rate of evaporation to ensure that water does not leak from the cooler, and that the charcoal does not dry. It is recommended that the holes in the tubing on the front side of the device be made larger and closer together than the other two sides.
- Depending on the availability of charcoal the back face of the cooler does not require the charcoal medium since evaporation from this face does not contribute to the cooling effect. It may, however, be useful to include charcoal on all sides so that orientation and wind direction does not matter.
- The side walls of the device could be insulated to reduce the required water use. Using an available insulation material inside the wooden frame would prevent heat transfer through convection, but would not require evaporation. Should the side walls be insulated, the device orientation is very important, as the device will NOT perform if the wind is not incident on the front face. If an electric fan is available to generate a forced air-flow in a controlled direction, it is recommended that the side walls be insulated. If the device is to use natural air flow from the wind the user may insulate the side walls but must maintain the device to ensure proper orientation despite changing wind patterns.
- The tins or bucket of water should be covered to prevent evaporation into the ambient environment.
- It was found through the model that the dimensions of the cooler do not greatly affect the performance. Some of the model assumptions, however, do not hold true with large dimensions. Based purely on construction, it is easiest to construct a cube-shaped cooler since all pieces of wood can be cut to the same size.
Cost Analysis[edit | edit source]
A simple economic analysis was performed (using Canadian figures) to determine the cost of the device over its lifetime. Materials costs are given above in Required Materials.
Please note the first costs, labor and rates are highly dependent on the location.
|Item||Cost per Unit||No. Units||Total Cost|
|Item||Cost per Unit||No. Units||Total Cost|
- *This is a conservative estimate as water use depends greatly on the climate. Future work can address modeling this water use as a function of climate and geography.
The cost is highly dependent on the cost of water and labour for the given region. Alternative materials and lower labour costs can significantly reduce the first cost of the device. Additionally, the cost of water is region dependent, and should be calculated for the specific region the device is to be used. The above "operational costs" are merely an example. The operational costs shown do not include the labour costs of traveling to collect the water, which may be non-trivial in some regions.
Additional Documents[edit | edit source]
- Media:CC ConstructionInstructions.pdf - Printable version of the detailed instructions for device construction
- Media:CC Science Model.pdf - Printable version of the scientific principles, model development, and model analysis
- http://sketchup.google.com - The software is available for download
References[edit | edit source]
- "Fruits and Vegetables: Optimal Storage Conditions." Engineering Toolbox 2005. Accessed Online: April 8th 2010. Available <http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fruits-vegetables-storage-conditions-d_710.html>
- "How a zeer pot fridge makes food last longer." Practical Action 2009. Accessed Online April 8th 2010. Available: <http://practicalaction.org/?id=zeerpots>
- Rusten, Eric. "Understanding Evaporative Cooling." VITA 1985. Accessed Online: April 8th 2010. Available: <http://www.fastonline.org/CD3WD_40/VITA/EVAPCOOL/EN/EVAPCOOL.HTM>
- Moran, M. J., Shapiro, H. N. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics. Ed. 6. John Wiley & Sons Inc. USA: 2008. P. 686.
- Moran, M. J., Shapiro, H. N. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics. Ed. 6. John Wiley & Sons Inc. USA: 2008. P. 817.
- "Evaporation from Water Surfaces." Engineering Toolbox 2005. Accessed Online: April 8th 2010. Available <http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/evaporation-water-surface-d_690.html>
- "Evaporative Cooling Basics." Western Environmental Services Corporation: 2009. Accessed Online: April 8th 2010. Available: <http://web.archive.org/web/20171019165521/http://www.wescorhvac.com:80/Evaporative%20cooling%20white%20paper.htm>
- Incropera, F. P., DeWitt, D. P. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. Ed. 6. John Wiley & Sons Inc. USA: 2007. P. 413.
- Incropera, F. P., DeWitt, D. P. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. Ed. 6. John Wiley & Sons Inc. USA: 2007. P. 940.
- "Ontario's Minimum Wage Increase." Government of Ontario 2010. Accessed Online: April 10th 2010. Available: <http://web.archive.org/web/20140108012445/http://www.labour.gov.on.ca:80/info/minimumwage/>
- "Municipal Water Pricing Report." Water.org 2008. Accessed Online April 10, 2010. Available:<http://www.priceofwater.com/municipal-summary.html> | <urn:uuid:93aaa94b-df7e-4387-bdcf-0e842de6425e> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.appropedia.org/Charcoal_Cooler | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510179.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926075508-20230926105508-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.908527 | 5,492 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Press Information Bureau: Press release of the launch of the center
The United Nations has identified 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for achieving a better future for all. SDG-7 is Affordable and Clean Energy (ACE). The impact of any development in this domain has the potential to create a multiplier effect as energy is a key input in income and economic progress, ensuring minimum healthcare, education, transportation, communication facilities in remote regions, minimizing damage to the environment, etc. As one can see many other SDGs are closely linked with ACE, e.g. SDG-8 Decent work and growth, SDG-3 Good health and wellbeing, SDG-13 Climate action, to mention a few.
For India to meet its SDG targets by 2030, numerous innovations need to happen and dissipate across the width and breadth of the country. These will not only help India’s goals but will also become a more inclusive society. The student community of elite institutions to create startups that can change the lives of millions. The Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad has established a Global Center of Excellence in Affordable and Clean Energy (GCoE-ACE) with the help of the Strategic Alliances division of the office of the Principal Scientific Advisor of Government of India. The results from the on-field deployments and subsequent assessments of the technological interventions in the areas of affordable and clean energy will also help the GCoE-ACE in adding its value in the national policies like national education policy, national digital health mission, national start-up policy, and so on.
Copyright 2023 @IITDH. All rights are reserved | <urn:uuid:37f6e342-fed6-4b96-a26b-ee95853e2d1d> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://iitdh.ac.in/GCoE-ACE.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506528.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923194908-20230923224908-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.910823 | 374 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Evaluation of the Nutritional and Microbiological Quality of Kunun (A Cereal Based Non-Alcoholic Beverage) in Rivers State, Nigeria
E Essien, C Monago, E Edor
biochemical analysis, kunun drinks, microbes., microbial analysis
E Essien, C Monago, E Edor. Evaluation of the Nutritional and Microbiological Quality of Kunun (A Cereal Based Non-Alcoholic Beverage) in Rivers State, Nigeria. The Internet Journal of Nutrition and Wellness. 2009 Volume 10 Number 2.
Evaluation of the nutritional and microbiological quality of laboratory processed and hawked kunun drinks (A Cereal Based Non-Alcoholic Beverage)
Food is any substance, usually composed of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and water, which can be eaten or drunk by animals including humans for nutrition or pleasure. Items considered food may be sought from plants, animals or other categories such as fungus and fermented products (Jango-cohen, 2005). In many developing Countries like Nigeria, people depend mostly on indigenous technology for food preparations especially food of plant origin. Some of these foods that originates from plant includes on alcoholic beverages made mostly from cereal grains. In addition to filling a basic human need, beverages form part of the culture of human society (Larry).
Kunun is a traditional non-alcoholic fermented beverage widely consumed in the Northern parts of Nigeria especially during the dry season (Adeyemi and Umar, 1994). Kunun is cheap and the cereals used in its preparation are widely grown throughout the savannah region of Nigeria such as Bauchi, Kano, Sokoto and Katsina States (Agoa, 1987). Kunun is consumed anytime of the day by both adult and children as breakfast drink or food complement, It is usually used as appetizer to entertain visitors in rural and urban centers and is commonly served at social gatherings Onuorah
Kunun processing is mostly done by women using simple household equipment and utensil. Depending on cereal availability, Sorghum, Maize, millet, Gunea corn or rice are commonly used for kunun preparation. According to Odunfa and Adeyeye (1985) the traditional processing of Kunu involves the steeping of grains, wet milling with spices (ginger, cloves pepper), wet sieving and partial gelatinization of the slurry, followed
by the addition of sugar and bottling. The processed Kunun is usually packed for sale either in plastic bottles or in large containers and distributed under ambient temperature or cooled in a refrigerator where available. Kunun-zaki processed from sorghum grains contains 11.6% protein, 3.3% fat, 1.9% ash and 76.8% carbohydrate and arrays of amino acid (Lichtenwalner
However, this nonalcoholic beverage is however becoming more widely accepted in several other parts of Nigeria, including Port Harcourt metropolis, owing to its refreshing qualities.
The preparation of this beverage has become technology in many homes in the rural communities and more recently in the urban areas where commercial production due to support from the government through the poverty alleviation scheme, has helped to alleviate poverty among the people.
In developing nations like Nigeria, it has not been possible to have control over the processing of hawked foods, because most of the vendors lack the adequate knowledge of food processing and handling practices. As such, there is likely to be a high risk of chemical and microbial contamination. A large number of lactic acid bacteria, coliforms, molds and yeast have been reportedly implicated in food spoilage as they use the carbohydrate content of the foods for undesirable fermentation processes (Odunfa, 1988; Ojokoh
In most Nigeria cities, the sales and consumption of this locally made beverage is high due to the high cost other non-alcoholic drinks. This drink is usually hawked in the motor parks, military barracks, school premises and market places.
This research was therefore conducted to investigate the nutritional and microbiological qualities of this hawked non-alcoholic drink called Kunun-Zaki in selected locations of Port Harcourt Metropolis, south- south Nigeria.
Materials and Methods
Hawked Kunun drinks samples were purchased from four locations in in PortHrcourt Metropolis- Rumuokoro market, Mile 1 and Mile 3 motor parks and the Army barracks in Bori camp. Five samples were purchased in each location, properly labeled and placed in plastic containers. These samples were respectively brought to the Biochemistry and Microbiology laboratory of the Biochemistry and Microbiology Departments of the University of Port Harcourt for biochemical and microbiological analysis respectively. A Kunun drink sample was also prepared in the laboratory using Millet and Guinea corn respectively. The samples were purchased from the Bori camp Mammy market.
The drink samples were also subjected to the same analysis.
Biochemical analysis carried out on the Kunun drink samples include the pH, the % ash, % moisture content, % total solid, protein, total titrable acidity, carbohydrate content and ether extract (AOAC, 1990).
Isolation of microbes associated with Kunun zaki drinks: Ten fold dilutions of each kunun samples were made using 0.1% peptone water. Appropriate dilutions were made and 0.1 mL of the diluted samples were pour plated in triplicate plates on Plate Count Agar (PCA) for viable count, Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) for
Identification of the microbial isolates: Colonies were selected randomly, bacteria cultures were characterized and identified using various morphological and biological test such as gram stain, spore stain, motility, catalase, coagulase, indole, MR –VP, urease, citrate, Oxidase and sugar fermentation. Pure cultures of each isolate were obtained by streaking the specific colonies on suitable media and incubated appropriately; these were maintained in an agar slant in McCartney bottles. The identification of the microbial isolates was based on classification Scheme proposed by Harrigan and McCance (1976), Buchanan and Gibbson (1974) and Collin and Lyne (1984). The identification was based essentially on morphological and biochemical reactions.
Result obtained was subjected to analysis of variance using one – way ANOVA. Differences between means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (Steel and Torrie, 1980, Duncan, 1955).
Results and Discussion
Results of the biochemical analyses of Hawked and laboratory processed kunun are shown in Table 1.
Results presented in Table 1 shows that the highest crude protein % was found in the hawked Kunun zaki samples obtained from Mile 1 market (1.98±0.01%), followed by Rumuokoro market (0.98±0.02%) while samples from Mile 3 had the lowest protein content (0.67±0.05%). The kunun drinks prepared with guinea corn had the highest protein content of 0.80±0.01% while that prepared with millet had a protein content of 0.48±0.02%. Ash content ranged from 0.42±0.10% to 1.38±1.08% in the hawked kunun samples while the laboratory prepared samples had ash contents of 1.14±0.56 and 1.09±0.05 respectively.
There was no significant difference between the Carbohydrate contents and the PH of the hawked and the laboratory prepared samples while the Total titratable acidity of samples obtained from Mile 1 Motor park/market and Bori camp army barracks were significantly higher (0.45±0.10 and 0.35±0.10% respectively) than samples obtained from Mile 3 Motor park and Rumuokoro markets (0.12±0.01 and 0.13±0.03% respectively). Total solids of the laboratory prepared samples were significantly higher than in the hawked samples (Table 1).
Six different microbes were found associated with the Hawked (marketed) Kunun in Port Harcourt metropolis while the laboratory processed samples harboured five (Table 2). These microbes include
Results in Table 3 indicate that the highest total viable count of 8.00×106 cfu/ml was recorded for samples obtained from Rumuokoro market followed by samples obtained from Mile 3 Motor park/market (7.40×106 cfu/ml), while the least mean total viable of was recorded for samples obtained from Bori camp and Mile 1 markets.
These values were however significantly lower than values recorded for the laboratory prepared kunun samples (1.60×106 cfu/ml and 1.02 ×106 cfu/ml respectively). The coliform count ranged from 2.9×106 cfu /ml to 5.8×106 cfu/ ml in the hawked samples while no coliform was found associated with the laboratory processed samples. There was no observable growth of salmonella/shigella in both the hawked and laboratory prepared samples, while the hawked samples from Mile 1 and Mile 3 Motor Park/ markets had staphylococcus counts of 3.5±0.03 and 3.1±0.01×102 cfu/ml respectively. No staphylococcuss was observed in the Bori camp, Rumuokoro and the laboratory prepared samples.
Results of the experiment indicated that the highest crude protein content was found in the hawked Kunun samples compared to the laboratory prepared samples. Reasons for this might have been as a result of some of the additives added to the processed kunun samples. However, the protein contents of these Kunun drinks were very low probably because most of it might have been loss during processing. According to Hamad and Fields (1979), much of the protein in cereals is usually located in the testa and germ which are usually sifted off during processing. The protein contents obtained in this study were lower than that observed in sorghum-based kunun drinks by Amusa and Odunbaku, (2009). This may have been due to the use of Guinea corn and millet to prepare the drinks. However, Lichtenwalner
Results obtained for total titrable acidity of the hawked samples from two locations were higher than values obtained for the laboratory prepared samples. Values obtained for the laboratory prepared samples (0.27±0.03and 0.25±0.01g/100g respectively) compared well with values obtained by Amusa and Ashaye (2009) in kunun drink which ranged between 0.21 and 0.28g/100g. High total solids content of the laboratory prepared samples compared to the hawked samples may be due to loss of slurry during the wet milling of the cereal grains.
The microbes associated with the kunun samples include
The presence of some of these organisms are not surprising as most of them are known to thrive in medium rich in fermentable substrates such as sugars which often led to the production of acids after fermentation. Odunfa and Adeyeye (1985) reported that
Some of these associated microbes have been implicated in food poisoning outbreak of some food materials (Sartory and Howard, 1992). The presence of Escherichia
The presence of coliform bacterial in the hawked kunun drinks is not unexpected since the source of water used in many parts of Port Harcourt metropolis is tap or borehole water. Coliforms as been reportedly associated with tap water popularly consumed in some towns in Nigeria (Adegoke
The presence of
This is a source of concern in Nigeria because the teaming populace relies on these drinks as alternatives to the bottled canned drinks whose price is becoming unaffordable. It is therefore suggested that kunun drinks should be properly processed to avoid microbial contamination. While treated municipal water or clean water should be used during for processing and dilution of the processed drinks to avoid contamination with enteropathogenic bacteria.
Since spices have been reported to inhibit microbial growth (Zaika | <urn:uuid:d5121104-1aee-49ac-ba5a-f4ad01b9eaba> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://ispub.com/IJNW/10/2/5306 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701166650.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193926-00063-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948427 | 2,498 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Chlorotoxin is the key toxin found in the venom of Leiurus quinquestriatus. The 36-amino acid long peptide weighing 3,996 Da contains four disulfide bridges, as well as a single tyrosine residue. The presence of the four disulfide bridges, made from eight cysteine residues, gives chlorotoxin its highly folded and condensed structure, allowing the peptide to be delivered via the narrow extracellular matrix (Lippens et al., 1995). The tyrosine residue allows for radio-labelling using iodine isotopes (Mamelak et al., 2007).
Mode of Action
Chlorotoxin is the first ligand reported to inhibit the chloride ion channel. The binding was found to follow first-order binding kinetics, with a single chlorotoxin molecule being sufficient to block one chloride ion channel with high affinity (DeBin et al., 1991).
Chlorotoxin was also found to bind selectively to matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), the expression of which is particularly elevated in tumour cells, including those of gliomas, primary prostate carcinoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma (Veiseh et al., 2007). Upon binding to the enzyme, the chlorotoxin-MMP-2 complex is endocytosed into the tumour cell, leading to the inhibition of enzymatic activity and reduction in the surface expression of MMP-2 (Deshane, et al., 2002). Additionally, metastasis is disrupted due to the reduction in MMP-2 expression, as MMP-2 is required to break through the extracellular matrix during tumour cell invasion (University of Washington, Apr. 2009).
Furthermore, by combining chlorotoxin with nanoparticles, it was found that anti-cancer therapy could be improved. While the attachment of nanoparticles allowed chlorotoxin to remain active for longer in the body, increasing its probability of reaching the tumour cell, the combination also led to the formation of chlorotoxin clusters around each nanoparticle. As an average of ten chlorotoxin molecules can congregate in one such cluster, numerous MMP-2 proteins can be inactivated simultaneously (University of Washington, Apr. 2009).
Potential therapeutic use
Due to chlorotoxin’s unique ability to target tumour cells while showing no binding to healthy cells, it is currently being studied as a potential treatment and means to identify gliomas, the most widespread of brain tumours. One such study, conducted by researchers at TransMolecular, Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts), successfully attached the radioactive iodine-131 isotope to synthetic chlorotoxin, TM-601. When the radio-labelled peptide was injected into the bloodstream, it was found to bind directly to tumour cells. Once bonded, the radiation destroyed the tumour cell without harming any surrounding healthy cells (Wu et al., 2010). The tumour-targeting drug received FDA approval in 2002 and was granted Orphan Drug Designation in 2008.
A novel method of detecting tumours with chlorotoxin is Tumour Paint, a CTX:Cy5.5 biconjugate consisting of chlorotoxin attached to the fluorescent dye, Cy5.5. The process of accurately identifying tumours is often an arduous one, relying on subtle visual cues, such as colour and texture (Veiseh, et al., 2007). By attaching the fluorescent dye to chlorotoxin, tumours can be illuminated, thus facilitating their localisation in clinical practice. The new visualisation technique was not only found to increase the contrast between tumour tissue and healthy tissue, but also found to improve the resolution significantly, thus that smaller tumours could be detected in earlier treatments (University of Washington, Aug. 2009). | <urn:uuid:d7a16a7f-c741-42e2-9ba7-082f97263091> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://eol.org/data_objects/25052107 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661953.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00038-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928069 | 790 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Understanding how to analyze financial statements is key for investors to know what is going on with a particular company. By applying financial statement analysis techniques to a company's documents, investors can make sound decisions regarding the financial health of the company.
What A Financial Statement Is
A financial statement is a formal record that includes a balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flow and a statement of earnings. Each section offers particular information about a company that, when read correctly, can offer insight into the financial health of the business.
Balance sheets are a part of the statement that discloses the company assets and liabilities. It's a picture of what the company owns, as well as what it owes, at any particular moment. Assets are the company's resources, whether tangible or intangible. Examples include buildings, equipment, trademarks, patents and stocks. Liabilities are the debts a company owes, such as loans or taxes. The balance sheet is accurate up through a certain point in time, as assets and liabilities constantly shift. Shareholder's equity is also shown on a balance sheet and equals a company's net worth.
This is also called a profit and loss statement and reveals how a company plans to spend income or revenue to make a profit. An income statement will show the earnings per share, or what the stockholders would be entitled to for that period. It can show if a company has posted profits or losses for a particular time and can give glimpses as to how profitable a company has been in the past, as well as predict future earnings.
Statement Of Cash Flow
The cash flow statement separates the company finances into several subcategories, including investments, operating expenses and repayment plans. It helps paint a complete picture as to whether a company generated cash and how the company plans to cover short-term expenses. The cash flow statement can provide investors or company employees with a look at the company's potential for liquidation at any given time.
Statement Of Retained Earnings
These statements are broken up into time periods or reporting periods. It reflects the accumulation of earnings, minus net profit and loss. This gives investors and owners the opportunity to examine changes in the retained earnings.
Accounting for outstanding checks can be time-consuming and troublesome, but you'll want to make sure you do so on a regular basis to prevent serious balance sheet reconciliation problems later. | <urn:uuid:28ba0b9f-ca8b-48d8-9d0e-32ef08ec8fff> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.life123.com/career-money/small-business/cpa/understanding-financial-statements.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936469305.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074109-00171-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947112 | 475 | 3.25 | 3 |
A drill and tap chart is what specifies the right size of drill bit that one can use to create the correct sized opening that would complement tap dimensions. A tap drill chart is key in matching pairs of female and male thread that tightly secure together. Often it is the corresponding dies and taps that you see together when buying either ones. However, the particular drill chart is essential for sizes of the drills only.
Tap is required to make female screw threads. The die is required to make a male screw thread and has a tiny split on its side that allows for adjustment of the screw, it also allows it to be a bit altered for different degrees of sharpness and different materials.
Tap Drill Chart
How to Convert Drill Bit Sizes
The first thing you do is consult the tap drill chart to look for the accompanying drill bit size for a tap, most of these are available online. There are tap drill charts, which will give you the right tap for drilling in both measurements of millimeters and inches. You will need taps for manufacturing of parts, where a hole is required to be made with a female screw thread when building and fastening. It is true that there are tons of different ways you can make this hole but using a tap to thread the hole is the most common one.
All standard size taps come with at least one drill bit size that corresponds to it. These are a bit bigger than the skinniest area of the male screw, but at the same time also smaller than the thickest area of that screw. When you want to find the right sized drill and tap size, you also need to know if the screws that you will be using are fine or coarse. This helps with thread spacing, which is important in determining the right drill bit size. This is also because then the tap is able to make varying depths between 50 percent and 100 percent, depending entirely on how big a hole is.
Drill Size Chart
How Can One Use the Drill Chart
Expert installers and manufacturers make use of the drill and tap chart to determine what taps and drills sizes to pick out for a combination that results in female screw guides. This is what allows workers and homeowners to in time add the components that would complete predrilled items. Drill and tap charts rely on comparing the size of a drill bit in the chart, to figure out what drill bit makes the right sized hole. After this, manufacturers then drill the hole of the right length, put the tap, and start making the guides. When they twist the taps it carves out guides of the right size. It also ensures a snug fit for treads of screws. Drill charts work nicely with wood and metal components. The guides are built via the correct use of taps and charts for wood screws and machine screws.
If you are going through these charts you will also find Imperial Charts which allow users to compare diameters in inches instead of in millimeters. It fulfills the same purpose, but is essential if you are faced with guides that cover over an inch sized drill bits. Remember depth varies from chart to chart which means metalworkers should know what depth they need so that they only use one chart for making guides. Here is a simple way you can use them.
Create a fresh thread inside a hole by first re-drilling the existing hole. Look to the tap and drill chart for the correct size and start drilling. Next, position the square of the tap on top of the holder and tighten it. After that place the tip of tap inside the hole, make sure the tap is positioned in a perpendicular direction to the hole. You have to then press down and turn the tap inside the hole. The tap then cuts the thread in the wall of hole. When you have made at least 2 full turns, turn the tap backwards around half or three-fourth of a turn, you might even need 3 instead of 2 turns at first. This helps in loosening the chip.
If you are working with dies you should know that they are used the same way. The only difference is that they are applied on a round rod and not a drilled hole. The size of the die that you pick out has to be the same size as the rod. For instance if you want a rod that is 3/8”, your die has to be of the same size.
Drill Bit Sizes
How to Read a Tap Drill Chart
The tap and die chart corresponds to different drill sizes and diameters. All you have to do to read it is to match the size of drill with the right characteristics like the thread count for every inch and the material type of a drill. Taps cut internal threads to suit different applications. They are available in the most common 4 types:
- Taper tap
- Bottoming tap
- Plug taps
- Machine screw taps
Taper taps are used to cut threads that travel through a hole. Plug taps work on threads that only halfway go through a hole. Machine screw taps are the smallest you will find and are meant for small diameter holes. You can easily find the size of a hole that you have to drill, by going through the chart. Bottoming taps come in handy when you need threads to go through entirely to the bottom. | <urn:uuid:3b699ead-62e7-42ce-9ca2-3039363713f2> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://templatelab.com/tap-drill-chart/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202476.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321010720-20190321032720-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.951467 | 1,068 | 2.8125 | 3 |
(RxWiki News) Are electronic cigarettes a gateway to the real thing? New evidence suggests that, for teens, they could be.
A new study found that teens who used e-cigarettes were more likely to try conventional cigarettes one year later than teens who didn’t. E-cigarettes are battery-powered devices that heat a nicotine solution that the user inhales. Nicotine is the primary addictive chemical in tobacco.
For this study, researchers quizzed 2,338 teens from seven high schools in Hawaii in 2013, and then one year later in 2014, about their e-cigarette and tobacco use. In 2013, these teens were 9th or 10th graders with an average age of 15.
During both quizzes, the teens were asked about the frequency of their e-cigarette use, which ranged from never to daily. They were also asked about certain factors known to influence smoking uptake, such as home environment, parental education and degree of rebelliousness.
Researchers found that teens who used e-cigarettes in 2013 were almost three times as likely to have started smoking cigarettes one year later than teens who didn't — regardless of other factors.
The number of teens who tried vaping rose from 31 percent in 2013 to 38 percent in 2014. Of those teens, 15 percent tried conventional cigarettes in 2013. In 2014, 21 percent did the same.
Among nonusers of both e-cigarettes and cigarettes in 2013, 10 percent tried vaping and 2 percent tried cigarettes by 2014.
"This suggests that e-cigarette use among adolescents is not without behavioral costs," wrote the study authors. "These findings should be considered for policy discussions about the availability of e-cigarettes to adolescents."
As an observational study, no firm conclusions can be drawn from these findings. This study adds to a growing number of concerns about the effects e-cigarettes may have on teen smoking behavior, however. It also suggests that it may be beneficial to restrict teens’ access to vaping products.
This study was published online Jan. 25 in the journal Tobacco Control.
The National Cancer Institute funded this research. No conflicts of interest were disclosed. | <urn:uuid:e2972e02-3e27-42e0-869a-5ef76692acee> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.rxwiki.com/news-article/electronic-cigarette-use-may-encourage-cigarette-use-among-adolescents?utm_source=PST1&utm_medium=TPE-Facebook-RxWiki&utm_campaign=Network | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358591.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128194436-20211128224436-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.967888 | 431 | 3.453125 | 3 |
New GM mouthwash could beat tooth decay
By JAMES CHAPMAN, Daily Mail
Experts have developed a spray containing GM bacteria and hope to launch trials in Britain and the U.S. this year.
It could save future generations of children from ever having fillings.
Although decay has declined since the introduction of fluoride toothpaste, it still affects half of children by the age of five and three - quarters of all 17-year-olds.
Details of the GM mouthwash were unveiled yesterday at the American Association for the Advancement of Science's annual conference in Boston.
Scientists said it would be squirted into the mouth in a single five-minute application which would protect teeth for life.
'The ideal would be to treat infants when their first teeth appear,' said Professor Jeffrey Hillman, of the University of Florida's College of Dentistry, who pioneered the mouthwash.
'Children would simply visit their dentist for a squirt of solution on their teeth. The approach is also designed for use in older children and adults.'
The cost of the treatment would be less than £100, he said.
The mouthwash works using a genetically altered form of the bacterium streptococcus mutans, which is known to cause tooth decay. It turns sugar in the mouth into lactic acid, which attacks tooth enamel and causes cavities.
' We eliminated the gene responsible for lactic acid production from a strain of the bacterium,' explained Professor Hillman. 'The new strain does not produce lactic acid and therefore will not cause decay.' In tests on animals, the GM bacterium dominated the normal destructive strain and appeared to stay permanently on the teeth.
Even when rats given the mouthwash were fed high-sugar diets, they did not suffer any tooth decay, Professor Hillman told the conference.
'Our approach has the potential, if it works the way we anticipate that it will, of eliminating most tooth decay,' he added. Other experts predicted that public resistance to GM technology could hold up the project. But Professor Hillman insisted that the GM bacteria used in the mouthwash is totally safe.
He also reassured dentists that the breakthrough would not put them out of business. 'Good dental hygiene will always be necessary because of plaque build- up, ' he pointed out.
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Broccoli, Cauliflower, Kale, Cabbage? If You Don't Eat Them...It's Time!
While these members of the Brassicaceae family are, admittedly, not among everyone's favorites (particularly children), the significant benefits they deliver make them well-worth eating. To start, cruciferous vegetables contain vitamin C, beta carotene, and plenty of fiber. But it's the other compounds these plants provide that are responsible for their most notable benefits.
Healthy Estrogen Metabolism Promoted By Cruciferous Vegetables
Glucosinolates, found in cruciferous vegetables, are precursors of compounds whose most well-studied properties are those that prevent or combat cancer. As of 2013, 132 natural glucosinolates have been documented.1 The glucosinolate glucobrassicin interacts with a plant enzyme known as myrosinase when a vegetable is chopped or chewed. This reaction results in the formation of indole 3 carbinol (I3C), a compound that induces detoxification as well as estrogen metabolism. Estrogen can be metabolized to 2-hydroxyestrone or 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone, the latter of which has been shown to stimulate cancer.2 Indole 3 carbinol shifts the metabolism of estrogen to 2-hydroxyesterone, the so-called "good" estrogen, which has been associated with protection against breast cancer.3
Cruciferous Vegetables Support Cancer
In addition to these indirect hormonal effects, I3C has direct anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) and other mechanisms.4 A byproduct of I3C is DIM. Both DIM and I3C have been shown to induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells.5DIM has also shown anticancer effects in human cervical cancer cells6, bladder cancer cell lines7, colorectal cancer cells8, leukemia cells9, and cancer stem cells.10 Another compound derived from glucosinolates is sulforaphane which, like I3C, is also produced by the action of myrosinase when a plant is cut or chewed. Sulforaphane, which occurs in greatest abundance in broccoli sprouts, has been demonstrated to inhibit breast cancer stem cells. In a study with mice that received implanted breast cancer tumors, sulforaphane reduced cancerous stem cells while not significantly affecting normal cells.11
Multiple Diseases and Aging Prevented By Cruciferous Vegetables
Sulforaphane has shown promise not only for various cancers, but for such diverse conditions as autism12, stomach ulcers13, asthma, COPD and allergic rhinitis14; osteoarthritis15, and vascular disease.16 The compound might even help reduce some of the effects of aging. Research involving progerin, a defective protein occurring in high amounts in the cells of humans with the premature aging disorder known as Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), found that the administration of sulforaphane enhanced progerin clearance and reduced some damage induced by the disease.17
Extend Your Life. Eat Cruciferous Vegetables.
A study of 134,796 Chinese adults enrolled in the Shanghai Men's Health Study and Shanghai Women's Health Study associated increased cruciferous vegetable intake with a significantly lower risk of death over follow up.18 Participants whose intake was among the top 20% had a 22% lower risk of dying over a period of several years.
The Bottom Line
The next time you are tempted to push that boring piece of cauliflower or broccoli to the edge of your plate, remember that appearances can be deceiving. Cruciferous vegetables and their numerous beneficial compounds are among the most exciting plant foods available, and their list of benefits continues to grow. And for the finicky adults who just won't eat their vegetables, broccoli, broccoli sprouts, and other cruciferous plants are available in the form of extracts:
Our Nrf2 Boost contains well researched and highly bioavailable ingredients which activate the Nrf2 genetic pathway, promoting optimal cellular health. This pathway regulates the production of the body’s crucial antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, Glutathione and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) in addition to down-regulating inflammatory factors such as NF-ϰB. This formula is further enhanced with the inclusion of myrosinase - essential for the glucoraphanin to sulforaphane conversion. BioPerine®, a patented black pepper extract, and DRcaps® are utilized to promote maximum absorption of all nutrients.
- Powerful Nrf2 Genetic Pathway Activator
- Myrosinase-active for Sulforaphane Conversion
- Antioxidant & Detoxification Support Formula
- Anti-Inflammatory Support
- Each ingredient in this formula is backed by extensive research in peer-reviewed journals
Our OncoProtect ES™ "Extra Strength" is an advanced vegan antioxidant formula containing both Glucoraphanin (from truebroc®) and active Myrosinase enzymes in a delayed release capsule. Utilizing a patented process, Glucoraphanin is extracted from broccoli seeds to provide a potent source of bioavailable sulforaphane (SFN).
Published in over 500 journal publications since 1992, research shows SFN plays a vital role in antioxidant activity and is key to the production of detoxification enzymes in the body. When combined with Myrosinase (an activator of sulforaphane), this powerful formula provides efficient and long-lasting support for the body's detoxification processes while promoting optimal cellular health. Each capsule contains 100 mg of Glucoraphanin - equivalent to eating four pounds of cooked broccoli.
- Provides 100 mg of Glucoraphanin per Capsule.
- Provides Concentrated Glucoraphanin from Broccoli Seed Extract
- Supports Healthy Cell-Life Cycles
- Supports Phase II Detoxification Enzymes
- Supports the Body's Normal Response to Inflammation
- Supports Extended Antioxidant Activity
- J Biomed Res. 2014 Sep;28(5):339-48.
- J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992;84(8):634-638.
- J Endocrinol. 1996 Sep;150 Suppl:S259-65.
- Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;889:204-13.
- Food Chem Toxicol. 2003 Jun;41(6):745-52.
- Oncol Rep. 2012 Sep;28(3):1063-8.
- Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2013 Jan;13(1):57-68.
- J Nutr Biochem. 2013 Apr;24(4):664-71.
- See comment in PubMed Commons belowPLoS One. 2012;7(4):e34975.
- Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012 Jul 20;424(1):45-51.
- Clin Cancer Res. 2010 May 1;16(9):2580-90.
- Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014 Oct 28;111(43):15550-5.
- Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2009 Apr;2(4):353-60.
- Clin Immunol. 2009 Mar;130(3):244-51.
- Arthritis Rheum. 2013 Dec;65(12):3130-40.
- See comment in PubMed Commons belowDiabetes. 2008 Oct;57(10):2809-17.
- Aging Cell. 2015 Feb;14(1):78-91.
- Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jul;94(1):240-6. | <urn:uuid:94eb1fa5-485c-4b64-9c1f-78de0d097cde> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://purethera.com/blogs/blog/broccoli-cauliflower-kale-cabbage-if-you-dont-eat-them-its-time | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141686635.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20201202021743-20201202051743-00617.warc.gz | en | 0.871619 | 1,610 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Flying fish can be seen jumping out of warm ocean waters worldwide. Their streamlined torpedo shape helps them gather enough underwater speed to break the surface, and their large, wing-like pectoral fins get them airborne.
Flying fish are thought to have evolved this remarkable gliding ability to escape predators, of which they have many. Their pursuers include mackerel, tuna, swordfish, marlin, and other larger fish. For their sustenance, flying fish feed on a variety of foods, including plankton.
There are at least 40 known species of flying fish. Beyond their useful pectoral fins, all have unevenly forked tails, with the lower lobe longer than the upper lobe. Many species have enlarged pelvic fins as well and are known as four-winged flying fish.
The process of taking flight, or gliding, begins by gaining great velocity underwater, about 37 miles per hour. Angling upward, the four-winged flying fish breaks the surface and begins to taxi by rapidly beating its tail while it is still beneath the surface. It then takes to the air, sometimes reaching heights over 4 feet and gliding long distances, up to 655 feet. Once it nears the surface again, it can flap its tail and taxi without fully returning to the water. Capable of continuing its flight in such a manner, flying fish have been recorded stretching out their flights with consecutive glides spanning distances up to 1,312 feet.
Flying fish are attracted to light, like a number of sea creatures, and fishermen take advantage of this with substantial results. Canoes, filled with enough water to sustain fish, but not enough to allow them to propel themselves out, are affixed with a luring light at night to capture flying fish by the dozens. There is currently no protection status on these animals. | <urn:uuid:cc92eaef-d8a0-4ab1-bb6c-c7fa0108e94e> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/group/flying-fish/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107891624.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20201026175019-20201026205019-00220.warc.gz | en | 0.959813 | 371 | 3.765625 | 4 |
“Call me Ishmael…” and so begins one of the great American stories. Originally published as “The Whale” in October 1851 in London, Herman Melville’s classic American novel was published in New York with its definitive title on 13 November 1851. The story is based partly off of the true and tragic fate of the whaler Essex, which was destroyed by a whale in 1820, whose survivors had to resort to cannibalism, and the Mocha Dick, an albino sperm whale that fed off the coast of Chile in the early 19th century that was notoriously hard to kill. Mocha Dick survived over a hundred encounters with American whalers before he was slain.
Moby Dick is the story of the crew of the Nantucket whaler, Pequod, and told through the eyes of the sailor Ishmael. But it is really the tale of Captain Ahab, and his self destructive and obsessive quest for revenge on Moby Dick, a great white whale. With themes of obsession, race, defiance, revenge, friendship, brotherhood, free will, and duty, the Pequod is a microcosm of America and every bit as relevant today as it was in antebellum America.
“Wherefore … we account the whale immortal in his species, however perishable in individuality… . In Noah’s flood he despised Noah’s ark; and if ever the world is to be flooded again, like the Netherlands, to kill off its rats, then the eternal whale will still survive, and rearing upon the topmost crest of the equatorial flood, spout his frothed defiance to the skies.”
“There is a wisdom that is woe; but there is a woe that is madness.” | <urn:uuid:2956fed0-f4cf-489d-bfaf-01bd7534a826> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://bukowo.com/2021/11/14/moby-dick/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662580803.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525054507-20220525084507-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.972942 | 376 | 3.0625 | 3 |
|This page was last substantively updated or reviewed August 2021. (Rev. # 85718)|
Spontaneous or excited utterances (res gestae) are a traditional class of exception to the hearsay rule. The traditional rule says that a statement relating to a "startling event or condition" can be admitted where the declarant is under "the stress of excitement cause[d] by the event or condition".
An utterance falls in this category where the evidence can characterize it as being a spontaneous exclamation made without premeditation or artifice and before the speaker had time to concoct something.
It has been characterized as words that are contemporaneous with some action. Statements are admitted at times as "words brigaded to action".
The circumstantial trustworthiness of a statement arises where the declarant is under "stress or pressure" from the triggering event that reduces the possibility of "concoction or distortion".
- Elements of Proof
Requirements to the exception usually include:
- utterance made soon after underlying offence
- speaker was in state of upset or trauma
- enough probative value to outweigh any prejudice
A slightly different formulation states the requirements:
- there is a startling occasion;
- there is an utterance or statement made before there is time to fabricate;
- the utterance must relate to the startling occasion; and
- the declarant must personally observe the matter of which they speak.
The requirements must be proven on balance of probabilities.
The res gestae exception to hearsay does not require necessity. Allowing the statement to be admitted even when the declarant testifies.
- Purpose of Rule
It recognizes that the risk of concoction and deception is mitigated by the stress or pressure of the act at the time of utterance.
- Timing of Utterance
The timing of the utterance is important to determine the reliability of the statement. The location and timing of the declarant who makes an excited utterance is not determinative. "Strict contemporaneity" is not a necessary element.
The utterance does not need to be strictly contemporaneous "so long as the stress or pressure created by it is ongoing".
The judge should apply a "functional" analysis to its consideration of whether the statement is "contemporaneous".
The statement can be considered "contemporaneous" even if made shortly after the declarant flees the scene.
R v Nurse, 2019 ONCA 260 (CanLII), 145 OR (3d) 241, at para 78 ("Like the dying declaration exception, the spontaneous utterance exception has long been recognized in Canada.")
R v Camara, 2021 ONCA 79 (CanLII), per Watt JA, at para 83 ("Res gestae is a long-established concept in the law of evidence. Despite its antiquity, its precise doctrinal significance at common law eludes clarity and precision. In translation for forensic purposes, it approximates “the events at issue in the litigation”. This adds little to our basic concepts of relevance and materiality. Its passing would not be mourned. All the more so when we have substituted principle for shibboleth.")
R v Badger, 2021 SKCA 118 (CanLII), per Tholl JA
R v Nurse, 2019 ONCA 260 (CanLII), 374 CCC (3d) 181, per Trotter JA, at paras 58 to 59 and 78
R v Hall, 2018 MBCA 122 (CanLII), 368 CCC (3d) 520, per Mainella JA, at para 41
R v Head, 2014 MBCA 59 (CanLII), 310 CCC (3d) 474, at para 25
R v Khan, 1990 CanLII 77 (SCC), 2 SCR 531, per McLachlin J at p. 540
R v Mullin, 2019 ONCA 890 (CanLII), 383 CCC (3d) 16, per Strathy CJ, at para 41
David M. Paciocco & Lee Stuesser, The Law of Evidence, 7th ed. (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2015), at p. 191
See R v Schwartz, 1978 CanLII 2477 (NSCA), (1978) NSR (2d) 335, per MacDonald JA, at para 15
R v Magloir, 2003 NSCA 74 (CanLII), 178 CCC (3d) 310, per Oland JA
R v Slugoski, 1985 CanLII 631 (BCCA), BCJ 1835, per Esson JA (2:1)
R v Khan, 1988 CanLII 7106 (ON CA), 42 CCC (3d) 197, per Robins JA, at p. 207, aff'd on other grounds 1990 CanLII 77 (SCC), 2 SCR 531, per McLachlin J
R v Head, 2014 MBCA 59 (CanLII), 310 CCC (3d) 474, per Mainella JA, at para 29
- R v Ly, 1996 ABCA 402 (CanLII), 193 AR 149; AJ No 1089 (CA), per McClung JA, at para 3
Head, supra, at para 31
R v Hamilton, 2011 NSSC 305 (CanLII), 284 CCC (3d) 386, per Rosinski J, at para 20
R v Smart, 2021 ONSC 2825 (CanLII), per Byrne J, at para 18
R v Campbell, 2021 ONCJ 443 (CanLII), per Marion J, at para 22
Nurse, supra, at paras 77 to 88
R v Nicholas, 2004 CanLII 13008 (ON CA), 182 CCC (3d) 393, per Abella JA, at paras 88 to 89
Smart, supra, at para 18
Campbell, supra, at para 22
- Head, supra, at para 33
- Nurse, supra, at para 80 R v Clark, 1983 CanLII 1805 (ON CA), , 42 OR (2d) 609 (CA), per Dubin JA citing Ratten v The Queen, A.C. 378 (P.C.) ("The stress or pressure of the act or event must be such that the possibility of concoction or deception can be safely discounted. The statement need not be made strictly contemporaneous to the occurrence so long as the stress or pressure created by it is ongoing and the statement is made before there has been time to contrive and misrepresent. ")
- Khan, supra, per McLachlin J("I am satisfied that applying the traditional tests for spontaneous declarations, the trial judge correctly rejected the mother's [evidence as to the child’s] statement. The statement was not contemporaneous, being made fifteen minutes after leaving the doctor's office and probably one-half hour after the offence was committed.")
Head, supra, at para 30
R v Dakin, 1995 CanLII 1106 (ON CA), , 80 OAC 253 (CA), per curiam, at para 20 ("We do not accept the submission that the Supreme Court of Canada decision in Khan - in which there appears no reference to Clark - has changed the law regarding spontaneous declarations as stated in Clark and has reinstated the principle of strict contemporaneity enunciated in some earlier authorities. The admissibility of the declaration is assessed not simply by mechanical reference to time but rather in the context of all of the circumstances obtaining at the time, including those which tell against the possibility of concoction or distortion")
R v Nguyen, 2015 ONCA 278 (CanLII), 125 OR (3d) 321, per Gillese JA, at paras 144 to 153
R v Carty, 2017 ONCA 770 (CanLII), 356 CCC (3d) 309, per curiam, at paras 8 to 12
R v Khan, 2017 ONCA 114 (CanLII), 136 OR (3d) 520, per Hourigan JA, at para 15
- See R v Khan, 1988 CanLII 7106 (ON CA), 42 CCC (3d) 197, per Robins JA, at p. 207, aff'd on other grounds at SCC
Head, supra, at para 31
Head, supra, at para 30
Dying declarations are only admissible where the declarant's death is the issue of the case and where the statement speaks to the circumstances of death.
For a dying declaration to be admissible it must satisfy four criteria:
- the deceased had settled, hopeless expectation of almost immediate death;
- the statement was about the circumstances of death;
- The statement would have been admissible if the deceased had been able to testify; And
- the offence involved the homicide of the victim
The statement must have been admissible if the person was alive to give the statement as evidence.
- Schwartzenhauer v The King, 1935 CanLII 18 (SCC), SCR 367
R v Praljak, 2012 ONSC 5262 (CanLII), OJ No 4430, per Dambrot J
R v Hall, 2011 ONSC 5628 (CanLII), OJ No 5109, per Archibald J
- Rex v Buck et al, 1940 CanLII 107 (ON CA), OR 444, per Robertson CJ
R v Buffalo, AJ No 1738 (QB)(*no CanLII links)
R v Mulligan, 1974 CanLII 1662 (ON CA), , (1973) 23 CR (NS) 1 (ONSC) aff'd at (1974) 18 CCC (2d) 270 (ONCA), per Martin JA
- E.g. R v Nurse, 2014 ONSC 2340 (CanLII), OJ No 5003, per Coroza J, at para 33 -- victim had an almost severed neck with intestines spilling out
Nurse, ibid., at para 37
Paciocco and Stuesser, The Law of Evidence, 6th Ed (Toronto: iRwin Law, 2011), at p. 108
Nurse, supra, at para 37
R v Perciballi, 2001 CanLII 13394 (ON CA), 154 CCC (3d) 481, per Charron JA (2:1), at pp. 520 to 521 (ONCA) | <urn:uuid:cc3a0216-0bcf-49ac-8df9-a06b0e0ae747> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://criminalnotebook.ca/index.php/Res_Gestae_and_Dying_Declarations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100705.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207221604-20231208011604-00339.warc.gz | en | 0.862856 | 2,185 | 2.796875 | 3 |
By Emily Miazga, M.Sc. Clinical Nutrition, Creator of Em’s Power Cookies, 3x Coast to Coast Champ
Hemp is a hot topic here in New Zealand. Yet, for a country that has such a strong history of leading the way on progression, innovation and achievement, it’s current stance on hemp is bizarre and confusing. New Zealand law prohibits the sale and consumption of hemp as food, and we’re one of the last countries in the world with this stance, along with Saudi Arabia.
So what is hemp and why is it not legal to eat in New Zealand?
Hemp is one of the oldest and most versatile industrial plants on earth. As long ago as 10,000 years ago hemp was spun into usable fibre that had a myriad of uses. Hemp seeds are an extremely nourishing and healthy food for humans and animals, while the fibre can be made into countless useful things – clothing, fabrics, ropes, sail canvas, paper, bioplastic, biofuel, fibre board for building, hempcrete (concrete), insulation, and much more.
It even works as a toxin sequester for contaminated soil which is useful for farmers wanting to convert their land to organic, or as a “mop crop” in places like Chernobyl where hemp is planted to help undertake phytoremediation, the process of clearing radioisotopes and other toxins from soil, water and air.
Growing hemp is good for the environment because it requires much less water compared to soy, corn, cotton, wheat and rice and the food yield is more nutritious. It is highly resistant to pests, weeds and diseases, so minimal chemicals are needed.
Even the US Government touted “Hemp for Victory” in a short documentary put out by USDA during WWII.
So what happened to this wonder plant that was going to save the world?
Hemp is a variety of the Cannabis sativa plant species, and therefore incorrectly tainted by its association with recreational cannabis or marijuana. The industrial hemp variety contains little to none of the psychoactive compound tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), typically less than 0.3%, compared to marijuana which contains 2-20+% THC. It is impossible to get high from hemp. A similar analogy would be to have a misguided concern over getting intoxicated from kombucha.
Hemp (leaves) contain high levels of cannabidiol (CBD) which can interact with different biological targets in the body (cannabinoid receptors and neurotransmitter receptors) giving potential therapeutic benefits. More research needs to be done on CBD to fully understand it. CBD falls under Medicinal Cannabis laws, and is a different topic to the traditional hemp food and fibre industry.
Despite the positive attributes and uses of hemp food and fibre, it’s association with marijuana has been negatively construed by public perception. Subsequent legal restrictions have prevented it from becoming a significant crop industry until recent times. After a long period of hemp prohibition, now over 30 countries across Europe, Asia, North America, Australia and New Zealand have hemp production in place, regulated under various laws and restrictions that vary from country to country; New Zealand is one of the last countries to allow hemp as food. In 2015, the USA industry was estimated to be worth US$600 million and this is driven primarily by hemp seeds.
What is happening in the market in New Zealand now is exciting and confusing. Lawmakers are in the process of changing regulations under the Food Act, the Misuse of Drugs Act and the Medicines Act in order to allow hemp seed to be used as food. This will be a gamechanger for the food industry, as well as create positive economic and environmental outcomes for the country as it grapples with mitigating over-intensified dairy farming. Hemp as food is expected to be legalised by the end of 2018.
Until that happens there are some interesting developments in the marketplace. Hemp oil is legal for human consumption, while hemp seeds are not. In the same breath, hemp protein, seeds and flour are widely available in the NZ market as “animal food” through online retailers and health shops, enabling consumers to purchase these products. Most people who are purchasing hemp protein or seeds are in fact consuming it themselves, not feeding it to their pets.
Hemp is an amazing superfood. It is a complete, plant-based protein containing all the essential amino acids. It is also gluten free, low in sugar, high in fibre, and contains B vitamins, minerals, and the correct balance of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. My professional Nutritionist opinion on hemp is that it is in fact “nature’s powerfully nutritious superfood” and the dream ingredient I had been waiting for to use in my Power Cookies.
There is some confusion over why and how hemp seeds and protein are even available with the current laws making them illegal for human consumption. When we announced our Em’s Power Cookies Hemp Protein Cookie was ready for the market (as soon as the legislation allows) many customers wishing to consume a finished hemp-product were met with disappointment and bemusement over why the cookie could not be accessed now. The situation may be viewed as a grey area whereby selling a raw material such as seeds or protein can be reasonably argued to be animal food, regardless who actually consumes it in the privacy of their home. Conversely, a finished product such as a protein cookie that is obviously intended for human consumption, cannot be so easily marketed and sold under the current law. In essence, raw ingredient-type hemp foods can be accessed now as animal food whereas finished food products that are clearly meant for human consumption cannot until the law changes.
Fortunately, it won’t be too much longer until we see hemp as food legalised and the confusion over what can and cannot be purchased and consumed will dissipate. In the meantime, we have to start educating ourselves about the benefits of hemp, continue supporting hemp farmers and suppliers, and wait for the hemp goodness to unfold, once legal of course. | <urn:uuid:1d61268f-dd00-4eae-a67a-8e855911aa98> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://adventuremagazine.co.nz/the-controversy-confusion-and-value-of-hemp/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249406966.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222220601-20190223002601-00253.warc.gz | en | 0.960918 | 1,243 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Time to rethink morning sickness drug?
The most commonly prescribed drug for first-trimester morning sickness, pyridoxine-doxylamine, does not prevent birth defects even though drug safety data say it does, according to researchers.
The drug is so popular that it has been prescribed to 33 million women worldwide and is used in half of pregnancies in Canada that result in live births. The Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada lists it as the standard of care for women with nausea and vomiting “since it has the greatest evidence to support its efficacy and safety.”
“When prescribing the drug to one of my patients she had a lot questions,” says Nav Persaud, a family and community medicine physician at St. Michael’s Hospital and lecturer at the University of Toronto. “I found myself making strong statements about its safety and realized that I should know more.”
Persaud went back and looked at all of the data that led to pyridoxine-doxylamine’s top safety ranking. Persaud found that the number of patients that were part of the original studies wasn’t more than 200,000, as previously stated, but was closer to 130,000.
The drug’s safety data—numbers that clinicians still cite and use today—say that the use of the drug decreased the risk of birth defects such as limb malformation or congenital heart defects.
“The numbers didn’t add up,” says Persaud, a scientist in the hospital’s Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute. “Despite claims that it reduced the risks of birth defects, data was much closer to natural average of birth defects—between three and five percent of all pregnancies.”
The commentary, published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, examines the primary studies that formed the basis of the Canadian guideline recommendations for pyridoxine-doxylamine. After reviewing the reports and studies, Persaud says he found the evidence lacking.
“The guidelines should change,” says Persaud.
Anti-nausea alternatives exist and are already used more frequently in other parts of the world. Pyridoxine, without doxylamine, has stronger safety data supporting it, but is prescribed less often.
Persaud says he was concerned that some patients may still prefer taking pyridoxine-doxylamine because they used it in previous pregnancies or because they’ve read about its safety and know the drug is considered standard of care.
“Vitamin B6 is similarly effective at treating nausea and vomiting in pregnancy,” says Persaud. “I’ve changed my practice and now recommend alternatives to pyridoxine-doxylamine that have been demonstrated to be safe.”
Source: University of Toronto
You are free to share this article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported license. | <urn:uuid:9a9bab7c-381d-48d4-b45c-16c7bfba0e26> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.futurity.org/time-rethink-morning-sickness-drug/?amp& | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535924131.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014524-00208-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956085 | 629 | 2.65625 | 3 |
As the gap between the rich and the middle class widens, the challenge to save midcentury modern buildings becomes even more vexing.
(page 1 of 5)
The oft-photographed house (this shot was taken by the legendary Julius Shulman) is one of ten Case Study Houses just added to the National Register of Historic Places after a decade-long effort by the Los Angeles Conservancy. The house is open for tours.
Courtesy J. Paul Getty Trust/Julius Shulman Photography Archive, Research Library at the Getty Research Institute (2004.R.10)
“It’s the old adage: location, location, location,” says Linda Dishman, executive director of the Los Angeles Conservancy. Dishman isn’t talking real estate, but historic preservation. In California, a midcentury house on a modest lot may find a buyer willing to maintain it. But the same modernist house on a large lot in Brentwood or Pacific Palisades, is practically wearing a “tear me down” sign. (How does a 1,200-square-foot house stand a chance in a neighborhood where 12,000 is the new normal?) “Small houses on large lots are the greatest concern,” says Dishman.
The Conservancy won a victory this year when ten of the surviving Case Study Houses—including the celebrated Stahl House by Pierre Koenig—were added to the National Register of Historic Places. But listing doesn’t stop the houses from being demolished—it simply triggers additional reviews before bad things can happen to good buildings, the kind of red tape that doesn’t always deter the super-rich. Money, especially big money, can be the enemy of preservation.
In fact, it’s no coincidence that mid-century modern architecture burgeoned in an era when the middle class was growing. The architectural imperative of the 1950s and ’60s (of which the Case Study Houses and hundreds of other dwellings were a part) was to create buildings for ordinary people—including the schools, public libraries, and medical facilities that served them. An egalitarian society brought modernism to the masses.
With the shrinking of the middle class, however, the architecture that gave it its fullest expression has become easily endangered. Indeed, as wealth disparities grow, any building that doesn’t meet the needs of “the one percent” is a potential goner. Take the case of the Feldman House (1953) in Beverly Hills, by the important midcentury architect Gregory Ain: 2,600 square feet on the market for $4.7 million. According to the listing agent, the people who want to restore it can’t afford it, and the people who can afford it want to replace it with something else. (At press time, the agent was hopeful that she had found a buyer to preserve it.) The media isn’t helping when it glorifies houses of grotesque proportions. Architectural Digest recently featured the home of quarterback Tom Brady and model Gisele Bündchen, a 14,000-square-foot acid-washed limestone chateau complete with moat. Digest referred to the house as “eco-conscious.”
Every year, the Conservancy hosts a party in a mid-century house to show how livable modernism can be. (“There’s a myth,” says Dishman, “that you can’t have a comfortable couch.”) This year, the benefit was in the Brody House, an A. Quincy Jones masterpiece that was recently renovated to perfection; the Los Angeles Times once called it “the love child of Bauhaus rigor and Beverly Hills élan.” “There are happy endings for these houses,” Dishman says. But it’s hard to ignore the fact that the Brody house is huge—11,500 square feet—and that the current owner bought it for $15 million. Its size, an anomaly in the mid-twentieth century, is what saved it in the early twenty-first.Edit ModuleEdit Module | <urn:uuid:0b62dbab-7743-489b-af0c-d87121558709> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.metropolismag.com/December-2013/Worth-Preserving/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737961332.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221921-00169-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941813 | 876 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The areas, in kilometers squared, of some countries are given below.
USA: 9,629,091, Russia: 17,098,242, China: 9,598,094, Canada: 9,984,670, the UK: 242,400 and India: 3,287,263.
Answer the following questions:
- Which of these countries has the smallest area?
- Which of these countries has the largest area?
- What is the difference between the areas of Russia and China?
- Find the total area of all countries listed above?
- Order these countries from the largest to the smallest areas?
a) The smallest area is 242,400 kilometers squared and it is that of the UK.
b) The largest area is 17,098,242 kilometers squared and corresponds to Russia.
c) The difference between the areas of Russia and China is given by
17,098,242 - 9,598,094 = 7,500,148 kilometers squared
d) The total area of the countries listed above is given by
9,629,091 + 17,098,242 + 9,598,094 + 9,984,670 + 242,400 + 3,287,263 = 49,839,760 kilometers squared
e) We first order the areas from the largest to the smallest.
17,098,242 | 9,984,670 | 9,629,091 | 9,598,094 | 3,287,263 | 242,400
Which correspond to the following countries
Russia, Canada, USA, China, India, UK
Jim drove 768 miles of a 1200 miles journey. How many more miles does he need to drive to finish his journey?
The number of miles to drive to finish his journey is given by
1200 - 768 = 432 miles
The rectangle on the left and the square on the right have the same perimeter. What is the length of one side of the square?
The perimeter P of the rectangle is equal to
P = 15 + 25 + 15 + 25 = 80
The perimeter of the square is equal to the perimeter of the rectangle and is then equal to 80. The square has 4 sides of equal lengths. Since
80 = 20 + 20 + 20 + 20
then the length of a side is equal to 20
There are 123 boxes of sweets in a store. There are 25 sweets in each box. How many sweets are in the store?
To find how many sweets, we multiply 123 by 25
123 × 25 = 3075 sweets
There are 365 days in one year, and 100 years in one century. How many days are in one century?
In 100 years, which is one century, there
365 × 100 = 36,500 days
Billy read 2 books. He read the first one in one week with 25 pages everyday. He read the second book in 12 days with 23 pages everyday. What is the total number of pages that Billy read?
Pages read in the first book in one week which is 7 days with 25 pages everyday.
25 × 7 = 175 pages
Pages read in the second book in 12 days with 23 pages everyday.
23 × 12 = 276 pages
Total number of pages read
175 + 276 = 451 pages
123 school girls are to be transported in small vans. Each van can carry 8 girls only. What is the smallest possible number of vans that are needed to transport all 123 school girls?
To find the number of vans, we divide 123 by 8.
123 ÷ 8 = 15 and remainder = 3
So 15 vans are needed to transport 15 × 8 = 120 girls, and 1 van is needed to transport the 3 remaining girls. A total of 16 vans are needed.
John had $100 to buy drinks and sandwiches for his birhtday party. He bought 5 small boxes of drinks at $4 each box and 8 boxes of sandwiches at $6 each box. How much money was left after the shopping?
Money spent on drinks
5 × 4 = $20
Money spent on sandwiches
8 × 6 = $48
Total money spent
20 + 48 = $68
Money left after shopping
100 - 68 = $32
A factory produces 5500 toys per week. If the workers at this factory work 4 days a week and if these workers make the same number of toys everyday, how many toys are produced each day?
To find the number of toys produced every day, we divide the total number of toys produced in one week (of 4 days) by 4.
5500 ÷ 4 = 1375 toys
Tom, Julia, Mike and Fran have 175 cards to use in a certain game. They decided to share them equally. How many cards should each one take and how many cards are left?
To know how many cards each should take, divide 175 by 4 (Tom, Julia, Mike and Fran).
175 ÷ 4 = 43 with remainder = 3
Each one should take 43 cards and 3 are left.
The shaded shape is made of 5 congruent squares. The side of one square is 4 cm. Find the total area of the shaded shape.
The area of one square is equal to
4 × 4 = 16 centimeters squared
The whole shape has 5 squares. The total area is
16 + 16 + 16 + 16 + 16 = 80 centimeters squared
or 16 × 5 = 80 centimeters squared
Sam, Carla and Sarah spent on afternoon collecting sea shells. Sam collected 11. If we add the number of sea shells collected by Sam and Carla, the total would be 24. If we add the number of sea shells collected by Carla and Sarah, the total would be 25 shells. How many shells did each one collect?
Mr Joshua runs 6 kilometers everyday from Monday to Friday. He also runs 12 kilometers a day on Saturday and Sunday. How many kilometers does Joshua run in a week?
Tom and Bob are brothers and they each had the same amount of money which they put together to buy a toy. The cost of the toy was $22. If the cashier gave them a change of 6$, how much money did each have?
John has 5 boxes of sweets. One group of boxes has 5 sweets in each box. The second group of boxes has 4 sweets in each box. John has a total of 22 sweets. How many boxes of each type John has?(Hint: use table)
There is a total of 16 chickens and rabbits in a farm. The total number of legs (chickens and rabbits) is equal to 50. How many chickens and how many rabbits are there?(Hint:use a table)
There are 4 more chickens than rabbits in a farm. The total number of legs (chickens and rabbits) is equal to 44. How many chickens and how many rabbits are there?(Hint:use a table)
Answers to the Above Questions
- Russia, Canada, USA, China, India, Uk.
- 432 miles
- 3075 sweets
- 36,500 days in one century
- 451 pages
- 16 vans
- 1375 toys per day
- 43 each and 3 left
- 80 cm squared
- Sam: 11, Carla: 13 and Sarah: 12
- 54 kilometers
- 2 boxes with 5 seets each and 3 boxes with 4 seets each
- 7 chickens and 9 rabbits
- 10 chickens and 6 rabbits | <urn:uuid:973f4ec9-e9e2-4928-aacf-272a5a518800> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.analyzemath.com/primary_math/grade_4/problems_sol.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688158.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922022225-20170922042225-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.92993 | 1,551 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Unit 4: Vocabulary
To pass this unit, please study the
vocabulary words below.
to judge or decide the amount or importance of something
We will meet again in six months to assess the performance so far.
suggesting a lot of ideas very quickly without thinking about the details of them
A lot of good ideas were talked about in the brainstorming.
a financial plan to show how much money can be spent
The boss will not be happy if we go over budget.
a final term by which something must be finished
The deadline for the report is the 16th so I have to finish by then.
a person chosen by a group or organization to act for them
Over 600 delegates attended the conference.
beginning or first one
The initial stage of developing a new product is market research.
to release and start selling a new product
Apple launches a new iPhone every 18 months.
a stage which a project is divided into for monitoring
The project is divided into 3 milestones which must be achieved at a particular time.
the main goal
Our objective is to improve sales. Now how will we do this?
continuing or happening at the present moment
He has a few ongoing problems which he will not be able to resolve before his holiday.
a useful or valuable possession which can be used to achieve a goal
A lot of people forget that the staff is the most valuable resource a company has.
a list of planned activities showing the times at which they should happen
According to the schedule, we should finish the first phase next week.
a period of days, weeks etc in which an activity is planned to happen
Our timeframe is flexible so you do not need to worry if you don’t finish by the end of the week.
to make something more modern or more useful by adding new information
She worked late updating the contract to show the changes talked about in the meeting.
a person who does something without being forced or paid to do it
A lot of young people work as volunteers to gain experience.
Go to Unit Activities | <urn:uuid:3557abd2-e3e0-40eb-a632-2d5deea41e16> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.english4work.com/unit/4/vocabulary | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584332824.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123130602-20190123152602-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.93595 | 428 | 2.984375 | 3 |
In both French and English, many adjectives can be used as nouns as a sort of shorthand to reference what you'd otherwise need an adjective + noun to refer to.
Grammatical agreement is a vast topic - and one of the banes of French students. While in English we have a few pronouns and adjectives that indicate gender and number (e.g., he/him/his and she/her/hers), in French, agreement is found in 5 of the 8 parts of speech.
An article is a word that modifies a noun in a particular way, by stating whether the noun is specific, unspecific, or partial. There are three types of French articles, and they all agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.
The French words bon and bien can be tricky for French students because they both belong to three different parts of speech (adjectives, adverbs, nouns) and have similar meanings. This is a good lesson that will get you well on your way to understanding the difference.
French compound nouns are made up of two or more words connected by hyphens, and figuring out their gender can be a little tricky. Here are some rules that can help you to determine the gender of compound nouns.
French compound nouns are made up of two or more words, often connected by hyphens. Making them plural can be a little tricky, but there are two rules that generally apply.
Contractions with de / à plus a definite article are not always required when the article is part of a proper noun, such as a city, title, organization, or surname.
Inversion is not limited to pronouns - it can also be done with nouns and proper names, though this is a bit more complicated. | <urn:uuid:0e0e2fa6-2ac1-4aaa-8920-54e7b2904069> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.lawlessfrench.com/tag/nouns/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496227.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329201741-20200329231741-00457.warc.gz | en | 0.966659 | 364 | 4.25 | 4 |
Strawberry most heavily exposed to diseases and pests. Collect strawberries should be every day, not later, and it is recommended to pay attention to the collection process – no need to touch the hands stalks, touching only the stalk! Because of its tenderness, strawberry berries can not be stored for a long time. At room temperature, the quality will deteriorate after about 7 hours, and can lie in the refrigerator for several days. If you want to preserve the taste of strawberries, let down them in the freezer.
Diseases of strawberry and their treatment
The most popular is a disease of strawberry gray mold. It can destroy a season about 50% of your crop, if not more. In order not to provoke the appearance of this disease, you should reduce watering area with strawberries on a maximum. It is also recommended to thin out the strawberries, and in general, the plantation with berries only do solar, not closed to air stations. If you see that some berries still infected botrytis – collect them as quickly as possible and burn. There are attacks on land slugs. These pests eat away holes in the leaves and eat. Slugs usually eat strawberry only at night, during the day they hide under various shelters – boards, large leaves of different plants or cloth. To catch and reduce the number of such non-invited guests, spread out before the night small shelters around the site with strawberries, but in the morning collect slugs. | <urn:uuid:9fc29540-5af2-46ef-8191-c165a119610e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://geomedia.top/diseases-and-pests-of-strawberry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154089.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731141123-20210731171123-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.956303 | 295 | 2.90625 | 3 |
How you can unlock the small secrets to big yield gains
All plants need 17 nutrients to survive and thrive. Catherine White, a plant nutrition specialist with WinField, says fertility thrives on synergy, and while nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium get top billing, several micronutrients play important supporting roles.
"There are several essential relationships between macronutrients and micronutrients," she says. "Very few processes in the plant only involve one nutrient. Most systems are driven by nutrient interactions."
In particular, wheat needs four micronutrients to capitalize on big yield boosts, explains Ron Olson, senior agronomist for North America with The Mosaic Company.
"The importance of micronutrients steps up a bit when you want to grow high-yielding wheat," he says.
Zinc. Nutrient interaction is very much a "team sport," Olson says. Zinc is a prime example—it plays a vital role in assisting phosphorus uptake.
"Zinc is the spark plug," he says. Zinc deficiencies are most common in sandy soils and soils with low organic matter. They also tend to occur more often during cold, wet spring weather. Around 75% of soils east of the Mississippi would likely benefit from more zinc in the profile, Olson says.
"That’s why a really good soil-testing program is so important," he adds.
Boron. In all crops, boron is directly related to the reproductive functions of the plant, Olson says."If wheat is short on boron, you’ll have flowering and pollination problems," he says, adding that boron is critical for stem strength, as well.
Boron deficiencies tend to be more pronounced during drought conditions when root activity is more restricted, Olson says.
Chlorine. When nutrients such as calcium, magnesium or potassium need a lift, chlorine gives them a ride.
Chloride is also needed for stomata regulation, which minimizes water loss during drought stress.
Copper. This micronutrient drives home why soil testing is so important, Olson says. If the soil pH is too high, wheat plants will struggle to take up enough copper, he says. But if the pH is too low, copper could be present at a toxic level.
Farmers with heavy clay soils need not worry about copper deficiencies, Olson says, but fields with high organic soils are more vulnerable.
Mosaic has developed an educational tool for these and other key nutrients at www.cropnutrition.com.
Seed companies are reaching out to learn more about micronutrients as well, White says. All of WinField’s Croplan corn seed comes coated with zinc, for example, and their agronomists investigate data generated from Answer Plot trials to further develop a sound nutrition plan.
"Looking at nutritional needs season-long has become an educational initiative for us," she says.
Strip Trial Tips
A research team at Kansas State University has seen yield gains vary by soil type from their wheat micronutrient trials. As a result, they encourage farmers to conduct their own strip trials to try new practices or products to identify what works best and where it works best. Remember:
- Keep on-farm trials as simple as possible.
- Control all variables in replicated trials so results will be statistically repeatable.
- Use three replications of the treated and check strips in each field or farm.
You can e-mail Ben Potter at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:37da53d2-24bd-4072-aa9e-7e3b61a40e2a> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.agweb.com/livestock/dairy/article/4_micronutrients_wheat_craves_NAA_Ben_Potter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461266.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00083-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950188 | 733 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Did you know that tomorrow is “Festival of Sleep” day? What a great celebration! Today I thought I’d gather up some fun activities so you can celebrate Sleep Day in style!
- Bring out pillows and blankets from the bed room and make one GIANT bed in the living room.
- If you’ve got an air mattress, today would be the day to break that baby out!
- Have the kids wear their pajamas all day!
- Wear you own bathrobe to add to the fun!
- You could either hang “S” for sleep or “Z” for a snoring sound around the house to practice letters.
- Today would be a great day to teach the kids how to make their beds if they don’t already know how to do so.
- Make mini pillows for dolls or stuffed animals using a hot glue gun, cotton balls, and scrap fabric (check out details on how to make the pillow in this post from Growing Kids Ministry)
- Talk about animals who sleep all winter long and wonder together what it would be like to hibernate. Pretend to hibernate together.
- Use this FREE PRINTABLE to sort hibernating animals from non-hibernating ones. Read the book Animals in Winter (Let’s-Read-and-Find-Out Science 1) for a little extra learning!
- Build a bear cave and crawl inside for a long winter nap! Check out Teach’s Preschool’s post on this!
- Read Goldilocks and then take turns sleeping in each other’s beds. Have your child take turns being Goldilocks and then being Baby Bear and finding Goldilocks (you) in their bed! My daughter’s toddler bed only holds 50 pounds, so we can to improvise a little!
- Gather up all your stuffed animals or figurines and talk about how or where the animals sleep (standing up, in a barn, in a cave, etc). You might have to do a little research of your own on this one!
- Make a paper plate clock and discuss when bedtime usually is. Talk about why people usually sleep at night and get up in the morning.
- Make a paper quilt together (check this post for directions)
- Make a doll bed using a Cuties box (check this post at Spoonful.com for directions
Books to Read (check your local library!)
- Can’t Sleep without Sheep by Susanna Hill
- Why Do Animals Sleep in Winter?
- Animals in Winter
- No Nap for Natasha (N book in the Sesame Street Alphabet Books)
- Goodnight Baby Bear
- Kiss Goodnight
- Starry Night, Sleep Tight (beautiful pictures in this one!)
- Princess and the Pea
Coordinating Toddler Activity
Got a little one that isn’t quite ready for preschool yet, but still wants to learn? Try a few of this simple activities:
- Put a pillow on the floor and ask your toddler to put their head ON the pillow (following directions)
- Pretend play that you are sleeping and then act surprised when your little one “wakes you up” (dramatic play)
- Use the Monkey finger puppet from this lesson to sing with your little one!
Don’t forget to grab your hibernating animal sorting chart FREE PRINTABLE!
About the Author
Lindsey Whitney is a blogger over at Growing Kids Ministry. A blog designed to help parents, teachers, and Children’s Ministry workers who want to help the kids they love grow in their faith. You can connect with her via twitter or on facebook. | <urn:uuid:5d34dd61-76a2-4637-a0d7-2ec2a7f393a8> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://3boysandadog.com/festival-of-sleep-day-preschool-homeschool/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317113.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822110215-20190822132215-00186.warc.gz | en | 0.890923 | 785 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Color of Water
1. What framework does the author give the story?
* The author gives the story from two different perspectives one from the mother’s perspective, Ruth, and the other from the son’s perspective, James. 2. What is the ethnic background of the author?
* The ethnic background of the author is Caucasian and African-American. Chapter 1: Dead
1. Why is this chapter written in italics?
* This chapter was written in Italics because it was written from a different point of view which was Ruth’s perspective who talks about her past as a child. 2. Why is the mother reluctant to talk about her family?
* Ruth is reluctant to talk about her family because she felt that was the past and she just didn’t feel like opening up about something she felt “dead” about. 3. What do we learn about the mother’s birth?
* What we learn about Ruth’s birth was that she was born as an Orthodox Jew on April first, during the Holocaust. 4. What was her name?
* Ruth’s original birth name was Rachel Dwajra Zylska.
5. Does she use the name of Rachel as an adult?
* Rachel doesn’t decide to use “Rachel” as her name. She decides to rename herself as “Ruth”. 6. Why might Rachel’s family have mourned her when she married? * Rachel’s family mourned her when she married, because back then a Jewish woman was expected to marry another Jewish man. Also, Rachel’s father was very racist and prejudice against African-Americans. Yet she ended up marrying one. 7. How does she describe her father?
* Rachel describes her father, Fishel Shilsky, as a very “macho” man. As in no one used to mess with him since he used to be in a Russian army but ended up escaping and married Rachel’s mother. 8. How does she describe her mother?
* Rachel describes her mother, Hudis, as exactly opposite of her father. She was very pretty, sweet, polite, caring person.
Chapter 2: The Bicycle
1. Why is the bicycle an embarrassment to the author, and where did it come from? * The bicycle was an embarrassment because James felt it was already bad enough his mother was Caucasian. So he felt worse that she had an “out-of-age “bicycle. 2. How is the stepfather described?
* James’ stepfather was described as a quiet, soft-spoken man who wore old-timey clothes. He died when he was seventy-two. He was firm, strong, and seemingly infallible. 3. What were the circumstances of the marriage between the author’s mother and stepfather? * The circumstances of the marriage between Ruth and Hunter were that she had already had eight kids and he didn’t care and actually added four of his own. He once joked “I got enough for a baseball team.” 4. How did Daddy die, and what was the effect on the author? * Hunter died from a stroke and ended up effecting James in his school. He went from straight A’s to straight F’s. He ended up dropping out and started to steal, drink, and do drugs. 5. How did the mother grieve after her second husband died? * Ruth grieved about Hunter by riding her ancient bicycle and letting out what felt by riding it up and down the streets of Queens. 6. What made Mommy such a striking woman, and how did the author feel about her appearance? * What made Ruth such a striking woman was because she was the only Caucasian in the neighborhood, plus she was slender, pretty, she had curly brown hair, dark eyes, a big nose, a sparkling smile, and a bowlegged walk. James was ashamed of her when he was younger because he felt she was making a fool of herself. 7. How does the author describe the marriage of his mother and stepfather? * James describes the marriage of his mother and stepfather very happy filled with many wonderful joyous memories. 8. How does the author describe life in the household?
* James describes life in the household as a “first come, first served” or “kill or be killed” type of situation. 9. What did Mommy do to...
Please join StudyMode to read the full document | <urn:uuid:8127d337-dec7-4105-b0e8-8fec2187dde5> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/The-Color-Of-Water-1735696.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647707.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321234947-20180322014947-00147.warc.gz | en | 0.989385 | 945 | 3.5 | 4 |
The History of the Copy Machine – Starting in 1938
f you work in an office, you’re probably very familiar with a photocopier and may have even wondered about it’s history. Today, we’re going to take a brief look at the history of the copy machine. The next time you’re waiting for your copies to process, you can drop some interesting facts about the copying machine!
Do you work in an office? Then you’re very familiar with a photocopier, and you and may have even wondered about its history.
Today, we’re going to take a brief look at the history of the copy machine. Join us as we explore the rise and evolution of a machine that has transformed the way we do business in the modern world.
There exist many millions of photocopiers today. But before World War II, the technology that transformed every office in the world was just a kitchen experiment in a nondescript apartment in Queens.
Physicist and inventor Chester Carlson used a handkerchief to generate static electricity on dry powder to create the first photocopy on October 22, 1938.
Carlson’s first experiments were literally explosive. In his attempt to innovate, he caused many sulfur fires, which made the entire apartment block smell like rotten eggs! He once almost burned his apartment down.
These were hard times for the inventor, who developed spinal arthritis. Despite the health problems, he pressed on with his experiments while studying law and keeping a regular job. Carlson leveraged his background in law to patent his experiments, filing his first preliminary patent application in late 1937.
A year later, Carlson’s wife was fed up with the constant fires. The inventor was racing against other scientists and big companies who all tried to find a viable method to copy files. He rented a room in a nearby house and hired an Austrian physicist as his assistant.
Carlson’s main antagonist was the Haloid Company. Haloid developed photographic techniques that worked well but required expensive chemicals to produce. So, he had to find something cheaper and faster than the precursor of Kodak photos.
On October 22, 1938, Carlson has his major breakthrough. He first wrote the words “10.-22.-38 ASTORIA.” on a microscope slide. Then, rubbed a cotton handkerchief on a zinc plate with a sulfur coating, applying a static charge. With a few more inexpensive manipulations, he managed to transfer the image of his message to a sheet of wax paper.
The world’s first photocopy has been made!
After a few more tests to ensure he had done it, Carlson took out his assistant for lunch to celebrate the invention of electrophotography.
From Xerography to Xerox
Carlson claimed the patent for what would become photocopying technology but did little with it for more than 8 years. In December 1946, he signed the first agreement to license electrophotography technology for commercial use. The agreement was between Carlson, the Haloid Company, and Battelle, another tech giant of the time.
At that time, Haloid introduced the term xerography to distinguish electrophotography from the more conventional photographic technologies. Carlson didn’t like the term, which came from combining the Greek words xeros (dry) and grapho (to write).
Xerox 914: The First Modern Photocopier
After many attempts and limited early models, the first modem photocopier machine hit the markets in 1959.
The Xerox 914 was the first device you would recognize as a photocopier even today. It was huge and very slow by modern standards, but an amazing breakthrough nonetheless. The machine weighted 650.
The first modern photocopier worked by placing an original on a glass pane and press a button. This created a single copy on plain paper. One of the first two Xerox 914s caught fire, but the second one worked fine.
The product was an insane success! A Xerox commercial from that time featured a woman saying:
“I make perfect copies of whatever my boss needs by just turning a knob and pushing a button. Anything he can see I can copy in black and white on ordinary paper. I can make seven copies a minute. … Sometimes my boss asks me which is the original, and sometimes, I don’t know.”
Between 1959 and 1961, Haloid Xerox’s rose by nearly 2x. Its main selling point was that it worked without damaging the original. This, of course, only applied when the Xerox 914 didn’t catch fire!
The Xerox 914 was also cheap to use. It required no special paper or skilled operators.
Haloid Xerox began renting the Xerox 914 at very affordable prices, effectively forcing all other competitors out of business.
Thanks to the Xerox 914, Haloid Xerox finally made the switch and changed its name to just Xerox Corporation in 1961.
Since then, the core technology of the photocopier has remained virtually unchanged. The same principles that powered Carlson’s invention now work on computer printers and digital scanners.
In early 2000, there were man predictions that photocopiers will soon become obsolete thanks to the rise of computer printers. With every office housing one or more printers, many thought that copiers would no longer be useful.
However, nearly two decades later, photocopying machines are still insanely popular and sales are soaring. Many modern machines blur the lines between copier and printer and the future of copying machines remains bright.
Now That You Know the History of the Copy Machine…
Knowing the history of the copy machine makes you appreciate commercial photocopiers even more. Here at Commercial Copy Machine, we provide FREE service to help businesses across the US get awesome pricing on high-quality office copy machines.
We are the nation’s #1 hub for commercial copier supplier matching. Check out our site for product comparisons, buying advice and general tips on how to make the most out of your photocopiers. | <urn:uuid:8ec3c3ef-ac60-42a1-a4fa-8a1301f9d76a> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://commercialcopymachine.com/history-of-the-copy-machine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998716.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618103358-20190618125358-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.960336 | 1,259 | 3.578125 | 4 |
ORLANDO, Fla. - Sinkholes in Central Florida are more common than most people think, according to scientists and sinkhole experts.
Even Downtown Orlando's landmark Lake Eola started as a sinkhole, and most of the lakes in Central Florida were at one point sinkholes too.
Stephanie Kazmierzak-Esler with the Orlando Science Center says sinkholes are common because of the aquifer network underneath much of the land in Central Florida. When water causes the limestone under the ground to decay it collapses, which causes the ground to sink in on top of the depression.
LRE Ground Services works to repair sinkholes and marketing manager Jim Flynn says there are tests engineers can do to determine if an area is prone to sinkholes, but they are costly. Flynn says builders are required to do some testing, but much of it doesn't test far enough underground to reveal possible problems.
According to Flynn those tests can run between $5,000 to $12,000. He says if a homeowner is worried about a possible sinkhole at their home, he or she should look for cracking in walls or floors, separations between walls and the roof and driveway cracks.
If reaching out to an engineering company becomes too expensive, Flynn suggests monitoring the cracks to make sure they're not getting bigger before calling a company for help.
Flynn says sinkholes that cause catastrophic damage, like the one east of Tampa which swallowed a man overnight Thursday, are extremely rare.
Copyright 2013 by ClickOrlando.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. | <urn:uuid:862060bc-190c-4c97-b4bd-34e95a5ac72e> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.clickorlando.com/news/central-fla-sinkholes-more-common-than-most-think-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121216.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00028-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958892 | 331 | 2.625 | 3 |
According to Native American beliefs, all life is sacred and should not be tampered with.
That’s why native activists from around the nation are taking aim at bioengineering projects that clone animals, create new plant species, and splinter human genes into their tiniest fragments. What’s especially galling to high-tech opponents is the fact that most of the research is being done for profit, often at the expense of indigenous peoples and their traditional ways.
“Anything that’s living can now be owned,” maintains Judy Gobert, chairwoman of the Nevada-based Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism. Gobert, who also serves as dean of Salish Kootenai College’s math and sciences program in Pablo, and as chairwoman of the American Indian Science and Engineering Society, says biotech companies know no boundaries when it comes to studying native peoples.
“It’s becoming a little more twisted as it goes along,” Gobert told a recent national gathering of Indian health leaders in Billings. “They want your genes. They want the things that make us up as human beings.”
Researchers have long been intrigued about the migration of native peoples across the former land bridge between the Aleutian Islands and Russia. Studies of northern-tier natives have been going on for decades, but Gobert says the new twist is that DNA samples are now being used to determine who may have come from whom and where. DNA is short for deoxyribose nucleic acid, which acts as a codebook for genetic origin. While some of the research has undeniable value, Gobert says tissue, blood, hair and other samples are often obtained without the informed consent of donors, who may have unknowingly contributed the samples through routine medical exams or through other sources who didn’t reveal the material might be sold to third parties.
“It’s very insidious,” she says. “They’re treating us like we’re stupid Indians again. There’s secondary uses going on all over the place.”
One of the most recent battles over DNA research revolves around the so-called “Kennewick Man,” a 9,300-year-old skeleton found in 1996 along the Columbia River in Washington state. Scientists, including two from the Smithsonian Institution, want to determine the skeleton’s genetic origin. Umatilla Indians contend the bones should be reburied immediately, without further study. Researchers sued, arguing that there’s no proof the skeletal remains are related to the tribe. The issue remains bound up in court.
Researchers also have special interest in native peoples because some groups have unusual immunities or propensities for various diseases, and scientists want to figure out why. But Gobert says the biotech field has become so commodity-driven that Indian genetic samples are now available over the Internet for as little as $209. Patents on plant, animal, and genetic material can be obtained by nearly anyone, and few ethical guidelines are in place to ensure that basic human rights are not violated, she says.
“It’s sexy science,” says Gobert. “They can get a lot of money for it. There’s big money behind this, and that’s what it’s all about.”
“This is colonialism, just like land patents” that opened up reservation lands to non-Indian settlers, adds Brett Lee Shelton, an attorney who directs the policy and research program for the Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism. “Now they want to breach the boundaries of your own bodies.”
Also stirring up “biopiracy” opponents is the creation of new plants and the alteration of plants and animals through genetic engineering. Transgenics, which breaks down natural borders by crossing species that would not normally interbreed, has resulted in scientists injecting “fish genes into tomatoes, petunia flower genes into soybeans, bacteria genes into corn, cow growth hormones into chickens, and human genes into tobacco, kiwi fruit, mice and sheep,” according to one of the group’s publications.
While genetic engineering has produced new strains of food crops that are at least temporarily resistant to various pests and diseases, activists also worry about potential unintended consequences, such as unleashing new biological materials that could wipe out native plant and animal species.
Another aspect of the biotech battle, Gobert and Shelton say, is the effort by some pharmaceutical companies to surreptitiously obtain information about plants and herbs used traditionally by native peoples for food and medicines. Once the companies get the details through “bio-prospecting,” some try to patent their uses. “Then they get the copyright and they own our knowledge,” Shelton says.
According to Gobert, the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes have already banned non-Indians from collecting native plants within the Flathead Reservation. The tribes in 1998 also approved a resolution condemning the federally financed Human Genome Diversity Project, as well as other “unethical genetic research on indigenous peoples.”
The diversity project has drawn particularly heavy fire from Indian leaders, who contend minorities will be a central part of the study to determine how genetic makeups are distributed. Gobert and Shelton say some biotech companies have become so desperate that they’ve had representatives approach Indian school children in California and offer them $100 for a single blood sample. Other targets, Shelton says, are indigent Indians who live in urban areas, especially those “who are down on their luck.”
“This is something that’s going on very quietly,” he says. “They’re not going to tell you exactly what’s going on.”
Activists say it’s important for tribal governments to band together and fight attempts to alter the natural world. They say tribes also need to prod the federal government into exercising its trust responsibility to protect Indians from this latest round of theft.
“It’s greed and racism fueling this thing,” says Salish and Kootenai Tribal Council member Kevin Howlett. “People need to know the potential for disaster is there.” | <urn:uuid:c08b443b-40ca-4d1f-973e-1305c1c11b62> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://missoulanews.bigskypress.com/missoula/out-for-blood/Content?oid=1132907 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164938822/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134858-00065-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954849 | 1,315 | 2.890625 | 3 |
In a recent post, I described having my students “eavesdrop” on how the present perfect tense is actually used in the world they live in: at work, on TV, on the Internet, and by their children as they speak English with their friends. As promised, here is one of the activities I have used successfully in intermediate-level classes to put what my students discovered into practice.
As ESL instructors know well, the present perfect is (among other things) the tense that is commonly used to describe one’s own experience. It comes in handy in job interviews and is used by both the employer (“Have you ever…?”) and the job-seeker. In my classes, I capitalize on this commonality by dividing the class into “parents” and prospective “babysitters” and have the students in each category work with their counterparts to brainstorm a series of realistic questions to ask as they role play a job interview.
First, a word about the choice of job for this activity. In many of my classes, a sizeable percentage of students are involved in providing child care—as nannies, housekeepers, or foreign au pairs. And even students who aren’t taking care of other people’s children have children of their own, have friends who provide child care, or have been looked after at some point in their childhood by someone other than their parents. Everyone seems to have strong opinions on what to look for—and what to avoid—in hiring a babysitter or in choosing a family to work for.
Needless to say, in your own classes, you could choose a different job or let the students choose their own jobs for this role-play. The advantage of choosing one common job for the whole class is that it allows for a lot of practice as students move around the room and have the opportunity to ask and answer the same questions with different sets of partners.
Two-thirds of the students are assigned to play the role of parents and work in pairs as a “couple.” I usually try to assign a male and female student to work together as “mother” and “father,” although in other classes, where I know the students would be comfortable with the idea, we have also had same-sex couples. Their assignment is to work with another set of “parents” in the class to come up with a list of at least 10 questions they would want to ask the prospective babysitters to determine their suitability for the job.
The remaining students are assigned the role of prospective babysitter or nanny. I have them work together in small groups to brainstorm a list of questions to ask the prospective employers to determine if this would be a good family to work for or whether they should steer clear of that family.
Once students have had a chance to brainstorm the questions they want to ask each other at the interview, I give each set of “parents” the opportunity to interview at least two different “babysitters” and vice versa. This makes for lots of speaking activity and gales of laughter as students settle into their roles and begin to invent an entire back story for themselves and their families.
The questions the students ask (and have to answer) vary widely from class to class but have invariably been creative and on point. For instance, this year, one set of “parents” announced to the nonplussed job candidates that they had six children and were expecting a seventh. They wanted to know “Have you ever driven a bus?” since they anticipated needing a babysitter who could handle something larger than an S.U.V. Other “parents” asked hard-hitting questions like:
- Have you ever used illegal drugs?
- Have you ever cared for a child with asthma?
- Have you had CPR training?
- Have you ever overslept?
- Have you ever hit a child?
- Have you ever stolen jewelry from an employer?
- Have you ever brought your boyfriend into the house where you’re working?
“Babysitters” wanted to know:
- Have you ever fought in front of the children?
- Have you ever sexually harassed one of your babysitters?
- Have you ever given your au pairs time off over the holidays?
- Have you ever paid a Christmas bonus to your au pair?
Even when the students overuse the present perfect (“Have you ever prayed with your children?” as opposed to “Do you pray with your children?”), the activity provides an opportunity to help students differentiate usage among the various possible verb tenses.
As students move around the room to interview and be interviewed by different classmates, they grow visibly more comfortable giving expanded answers and ad-libbing additional factual scenarios, questions, and responses. All told—between the brainstorming and multiple rounds of interviews—this communicative activity keeps students deeply engaged in speaking and listening for up to 90 minutes.
Do you have other present-perfect activities to share? Or fun ways to modify this one? | <urn:uuid:f1affd39-3cac-4393-a1de-62b09747477f> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://blog.tesol.org/role-playing-the-present-perfect-a-speaking-activity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398448506.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205408-00100-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969262 | 1,063 | 3.109375 | 3 |
It's a day to get out of hiding and take pride in being uniquely different from the rules. It's a day to celebrate the uniqueness of your own neurological potential.
NeurodiversityCelebration Week is a global initiative that challenges stereotypes and misconceptions about neurological differences. Its goal is to transform the way neurodivergent people are perceived and supported, providing schools, universities, and organizations with the opportunity to recognize the many talents and advantages of being neurodivergent, while creating more inclusive and equitable cultures that celebrate differences and empower all people.
The Week of Celebrating Neurodiversity is supported by more than 20 charities and many organizations, including the United Nations Envoy for Youth. The neurodiverse community actively advocates for a deeper understanding and recognition of individual experience, beyond general awareness of “conditions” and labels. The Week of Celebrating Neurodiversity has been featured on ITV News, in Carmen Sandiego's series entitled “Fearless Kids Around the World”, on the BBC, The New Scientist, The Guardian and Forbes. More than 1,400 schools and 685,000 students from around the world have registered to participate in the Neurodiversity Celebration Week through themed events, guest speakers and awareness campaigns.
Neurodiversity Celebration Week is a global initiative that challenges stereotypes and misconceptions about neurodevelopmental disorders and learning disabilities. | <urn:uuid:97263b19-af9c-41a3-b19d-cafae8e10d5f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.neurodiversity.guru/what-is-neurodiversity-day | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473738.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222093910-20240222123910-00356.warc.gz | en | 0.92804 | 280 | 2.859375 | 3 |
“Design creates culture. Culture shapes values. Values determine the future.”
Robert L. Peters, designer and author
Design has always played a strong role in packaging and in its influence of purchase.
On the retail shelf, products strive to be the loudest, brightest and most attention seeking.
It is now time to say more with less
– less packaging
– less plastic
– less impact on our environment
We are now all aware of the impact of climate change and how we can all play our part. It’s time for design to play its part. At MAKER, we believe that design can be part of the solution.
From the beginning of the packaging process, we can help you choose a more sustainable packaging. One that is considerate of its impact on the environment while still using strong design visuals to sell your product.
The use of vegetable inks are on the rise, as they do not contain the toxins that normal inks have and release nutrients into the soil when decomposing rather than toxins.
Did you know that the buzz word we’ve come to know as ‘biodegradable’ only means that will disappear at some point in time (could be years), also that the term is not enforced so is used loosely by companies. Whereas ‘compostable’ means it will disappear within several months*, whilst releasing valuable nutrients into the soil. (Source)
*It’s worth noting that compostable products on disposable decompose best when they are placed in the compost bin.
Our hopeful prediction of the future of packaging is a more sustainable one. The role design can play is to make it more enticing to consumers to choose make more sustainable choices.
What can I package my product in instead of plastic and conventional cardboard?
- Recycled cardboard
- Sustainable cardboard (from sustainable forests)
- Compostable plastic (made from tree resin)
Benefits of updating your packaging:
– Meet increasing consumer demand for products to have an environmentally friendly ethos
– Causing a direct and positive impact which can benefit the environment (by reducing longterm landfill waste)
– An opportunity to potentially update/freshen any dated packaging and freshen up your look & feel
Dress to impress
In an ideal world, we would have no packaging and no waste but it is about taking small steps. Here are some examples of how current packaging can be made just that little bit more environmentally friendly. The longterm plan would be to replace single use by creating reusable and refillable designed items that can be used longterm or widely recycled (like glass) or are compostable & biodegradable.
1. Plastic shampoo product bottle > Aluminium shampoo bottle (refillable in minimal waste stores like Minimal Waste Grocery) with branding
2. Plastic moisturiser container > Glass (with sugar cane plastic lid in recycled carboard/compostable box)
3. Luxury biscuits in plastic wrapper > Recycled cardboard (and tree resin plastic to hold food item) provided by suppliers like Priory Press Packaging
Examples of some Irish companies making sustainable changes to their packaging;
1. Chocolately Clare
This company provides delicous vegan chocolate which now is packaged in fully compostable packaging (cardboard box and internal compostable plastic) – Go Clare!
2. Remedy Roots (Loose Leaf Teas)
Remedy Roots create herbal teas that really help you take care of yourself, as well as the planet! These teas come in fully compostable packaging (even the plastic wrapper inside which uses plastic made from tree resin) – winning combination!
3. Harrys Dogs Bakery
This adorable company makes healthy treats for our canine friends! Happy dogs, happy planet. This company re-use banana boxes for their deliveries as well as the outer box being fully recyclable.
From the outset, we should be thinking of the impact this product on the environment.
MAKER are seeking to work with companies who which to redesign their current packaging into more sustainable one.
Good things come in small packages. Better things come in sustainable packaging.
Chat to us today to work together to create a more sustainable option for packaging your product. | <urn:uuid:6a0c65f4-c125-4efb-b48c-06ee6c6095c4> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://makerdesign.ie/the-future-of-packaging/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154878.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804142918-20210804172918-00603.warc.gz | en | 0.926584 | 872 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Hybrid MCU + FPGA System Board
* Complete system: Microcontroller + FPGA, USB, A/D, I/O - all on one board.
* Use the MCU+FPGA together when needed, or as standalone separate devices
* Straightforward I/O connectors - easy interfacing to other electronics.
* Modular design: Expandable for additional FPGA space and resources.
* Compatible with free CodeWarrior* and free Quartus-II* design software
*Quartus and Altera are trademarks of Altera Corporation. CodeWarrior and Freescale are trademarks of Freescale Corporation. FTDI chip is a trademark of FTDI International.
Copyright 2008 - 2012. HoustonMicro Computer Company, LLC. All Rights Reserved.
Programmable software. Programmable hardware.
Why embedded systems need both..
..or " the problems that are coming your way.. "
Today’s embedded systems need both custom software and custom hardware. Projects have become more complicated than ever before and demand more from the designer in terms of software and hardware resources. That is why today’s systems end up with both Microcontrollers and customizable FPGA’s.
Many times, however, designers will ignore half of the problem early on, by only addressing half the solution early in the project – choosing a Microcontroller board, or an FPGA board…but not a system with both. Soon after however, while deep into the coding process...the problems begin.
As you develop your code, it quickly becomes obvious that some tasks are very difficult to design, or run too slowly or…simply cannot be solved in a Microcontroller and should have been implemented in an FPGA. The same thing happens in the other case: an FPGA design quickly becomes very complicated – a math function for example, which could have been easily solved in a Microcontroller C program in hindsight. But if only half of the system exists, it is usually too late to fix it - because if your investment has already been made in coding or hardware platform, it’s not very feasible to start over. So you either cannot properly solve the design problems that have been discovered, or you have to add a secondary MCU or FPGA board after the fact. Adding a secondary board in an un-planned way is usually a messy proposition that ends up in unreliable interface timing, even more design problems, and increased man-hour cost.
It is far easier to begin with a system with both sides of the equation already available to the designer. Because as you discover coding challenges, you can easily partition different sections into the most appropriate device, as you develop your design. When both an MCU and FPGA are in place and ready for use, you can move software-intensive problems to the microcontroller, and hardware logic-intensive functions to the FPGA. And...you don't have to invent a way to integrate 2 different devices, because the interface system is allready in place. Thus, the negative impacts from unforeseen design problems are reduced. This saves time and man-hour costs, and reduces frustration for the embedded designer.
Designed for Signal Integrity
Our experience in the industry has shown that taking shortcuts is not an option when designing for critical applications. And in today’s world of high-speed signaling, the sources of electronic noise are real and a fact of life for practically any modern project. The HoustonMicro system mitigates this by designing for signal integrity from the very beginning. Our MCU - FPGA boards, for example, use multi-plane PCB's with continuous solid ground planes and solid power planes for each major power rail, separated from signal layers. This provides not only noise isolation for critical signals, but is also the basis for a controlled impedance system that reduces crosstalk and impedance mismatch noise (reflections and ringing). We also integrate a bypass power design that maximizes interplane capacitance, further reducing ground/VCC bounce and Simultaneous Switching Noise (SSN).
Many competing board manufacturers cut corners by not isolating signal layers, or by not providing separate power and ground planes in order to reduce thier manufacturing costs. Shortcuts such as these increase the chance for errors caused by high-speed signal switching. At HoustonMicro, we believe that building a system for signal integrity is the right choice to ensure a higher quality system.
Our attention to signal integrity does not stop at the PCB, our choice of external connections minimizes noise by using impedance matched connectors for the system's high-speed signals, while still being very cost-effective to the user. We use high-speed yet readily-available connectors such as SMA's for clock signals and differential impedance RJ45's for LVDS signals. These are high-speed, cost-effective, yet commonly available connection systems. (we do not force the user to use exotic, hard-to-find connectors). For our moderate speed signal types such as LV-TTL, standard headers are used but with a ground-signal-ground (GSG) configuration that assigns a ground pin to each data signal, allowing a return path for every data line to minimize adjacent crosstalk noise.
These are real issues in today’s FPGA systems and high-speed electronics. But by using these mitigation techniques, the chance for errors from noise sources is significantly reduced. Although these design and manufacturing techniques slightly increase our build costs, reducing switching noise and increasing signal integrity is vital to a solid system. It is a design approach to quality that we do not compromise.
Figure 3. PCB Crossection
Multi-Plane Controlled Impedance Printed Circuit Board
Figure 1. Many uses, interfaces, and confiigurations
...The simplicity of Microcontroller software development, combined with FPGA flexibility and performance. Programmable software. Reconfigurable hardware - in a single system.
" Complete, integrated system board - saves time and man-hour cost "
Figure 2. Simple MCU-to-FPGA Interface Protocol
Combination gives you options - simplifies your code development
"use FPGA and MCU together...or as separate systems"
Our system is designed to simplify your design effort by allready providing an integrated MCU-FPGA board with built-in interface between the two devices. However, you can also use the MCU without the FPGA, or FPGA without the MCU as independent systems. When your project requires the use of both, the MCU and FPGA can be used inter-connected using our MCU firmware and FPGA IP-Core.
A typical application may start as a software-only Microcontroller design - without using the FPGA, which at a later time uses the FPGA for faster logic functions when the need arises. Alternatively, a project may begin as an FPGA design and later utilize the Microcontroller to perform software or math functions, which may be easier to develop in a microcontroller C program - while speed-intensive logic continues to be performed in the FPGA. Thus, as you discover coding challenges in your project, you can easily partition your code sections into the appropriate devices to make your design effort easier. Because of this combined MCU + FPGA flexibiity, our hybrid system gives you design options, a simpler architecture, and growth capacity for the real world of changing project needs. | <urn:uuid:30ae9437-3a7a-46de-b4f7-8d8e44aefb33> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.houstonmicro.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948517845.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212173259-20171212193259-00734.warc.gz | en | 0.909816 | 1,536 | 2.71875 | 3 |
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