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This experiment asks everyday people about what significant events they expect in their future and what significant events they have experienced in the past, using their answers to create an interactive visual display of the past, and the possible future.
What does this show us? Life can be uncertain and things happen – both good and bad – that we do not expect. Whilst working towards our desired goals, it is important to prepare for the unexpected. These people tell us about the events that have happened in their lives. Can you relate? | <urn:uuid:4230058e-fa41-477e-a1d2-dc46aa14c41f> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.moneywiseglobal.com/article/experimenting-with-the-past-and-the-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046149929.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20210723143921-20210723173921-00501.warc.gz | en | 0.96545 | 103 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Devotion and Honor
Scripture Reading — Romans 12:1-13
Be devoted to one another in love. Honor one another above yourselves.
—Romans 12:10 —
In writing to the Christians in Rome, Paul paints a picture: Does it make sense for one part of the body to hurt another? Would you intentionally bite your toe, or poke your eye, or break a rib? Of course not!
Likewise, we all belong to each other—we are knit together by the Holy Spirit as Christ’s body. Being devoted to and honoring one another should be obvious in the same way that caring for our fingers and knees and teeth is obvious.
Love is an action word; we see love enacted in our care for one another. If you sprain your wrist, don’t you put your arm in a sling and take it easy for a few days? If someone is hurting or angry, shouldn’t we take time to listen and even give up our own agenda to show we care? If someone is loudly opinionated, can you understand their need to be heard even while you disagree? Can you stay connected even though they are wounded?
Our culture says we should honor only those who earn the privilege. Only the fittest deserve respect. But God calls us to respect others ahead of our own interests. Christ, not clinging to his honor as God, emptied himself to the point of death on the cross (see Philippians 2:5-8). And he did it for each one of us.
Devote yourself to Christ’s body. Honor one another. Put others first, and so show the love of Christ!
Lord, make us devoted to one another. Help us to put the needs of others first so that your love may be seen through us today. In Jesus’ name, Amen. | <urn:uuid:cfb7d3c9-a677-4b2a-bd54-9a59c7b564b4> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://today.reframemedia.com/devotions/devotion-and-honor-2013-04-18 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247479627.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20190215224408-20190216010408-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.945683 | 380 | 2.53125 | 3 |
If you spend any extended amounts of time at the desk, whether it be at work or the home computer, you've probably experienced some degree of back pain. Sitting for long periods of time can lead to chronic back pain issues because of gravity's constant pressure of the spine. Some initial discomfort eventually leads to chronic pain and even injury such as bulging or herniated disks, which can be extremely painful and hard to reverse.
In 1970, a Norwegian named Hans Christian Mengshoel came upon a unique solution for the office worker. Mengshoel invented this ergonomic design, a alternate solution to the traditional 90 degree chair, in which the person kneels down on a supportive rest, allowing the thighs to slope downward. This position allows the spine to easily stack upright, making ergonomic alignment effortless.
The inspiration for this idea came from two sources. Since ancient times, Buddhist monks had been noted for their ability to sit countless hours in prolonged meditation. They often use a kneeling position, with the knees pointing forward. In addition to this observation, ergonomists had noticed that children often lean forward while seated. This innate human action is done naturally with the goal of straightening the spine. Combining these two observations, the kneel chair was invented.
Most people find that this simple ergonomic solution will give you immediate relief. If you're one of the many who experience chronic back pain due to sitting, then an ergonomic furniture piece is most certainly a feasible solution. Many report that by simply switching to a kneeling chair, whether it be a permanent swap or a back-and-forth alternation, their back pain quickly starts to go away. In this hub you'll find out why these products work, which would be best for you, and the resources on where to purchase one. | <urn:uuid:f716e89e-11b7-4d01-a6c9-1825e4865fe6> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://wizzley.com/ergonomic-kneeling-chair-guide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118310.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00190-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958295 | 366 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Tooth decay often begins at an early age, making young children particularly susceptible. Nearly half of 2-11-year-olds have experienced tooth decay while 32% of kids between 9 -11 years old display cavities in their permanent teeth. Major contributing factors to this public health problem include baby formula with added sugar and heavily-sugared fruit juices. Even breast milk can cause cavities in baby teeth because of the natural sugars present.
Care for baby teeth should begin as soon as the first tooth appears. We recommend that you bring your child in for an exam no later than his or her first birthday. And regular six-month checkups from then on will put kids on a similar schedule to most adults. We can monitor your child for dental problems while customizing preventive coaching to fit specific conditions.
As a parent, some early steps can help guard your child against tooth decay, even before the first dental visit: | <urn:uuid:cd15adc2-9fd7-4b71-9d73-132103483af6> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.dentalwellnesscentergv.com/childrens-dentistry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585196.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018031901-20211018061901-00552.warc.gz | en | 0.963004 | 187 | 3.265625 | 3 |
What if you could eliminate vehicle accidents completely? What price tag would you place on that type of technology? Perhaps you’ve seen TV commercials showing vehicles stopping by themselves. How do they stop without any driver action?
Accident and pedestrian protection systems are a critical focus for vehicle manufacturers around the globe, and advancements in braking and safety systems allow these concepts to evolve.
The first step many years ago was the introduction of antilock braking systems (ABS). These were separate systems with very little interaction with other vehicle systems. Early ABS systems relied on wheel speed sensors to determine wheel speed deceleration and used the data to prevent the wheels from locking up.
The next step for many manufacturers was the introduction of traction control systems (TCS), which incorporated ABS and the engine management system to reduce wheel slip during acceleration. If one of the wheel speed sensors indicated a spinning wheel, the engine management system could reduce engine torque by closing the throttle and reducing timing, or the ABS hydraulic modulator could increase brake pressure to the spinning wheel, which would allow that wheel to gain traction.
Electronic stability program (ESP) was next. This technology incorporated ABS and TCS, as well as several new sensors—a pedal pressure sensor, a steering angle sensor and an accelerometer. Later systems included a yaw rate sensor to monitor the pitch, roll and yaw of the vehicle. Fig. 1 above shows the various angles and forces engineers consider when programming an ESP system to keep the vehicle stable under various driving conditions.
The next step in the evolution of brake and safety systems is predictive emergency braking (PEB)—safe stopping when something unexpected occurs. These new safety systems utilize ESP and several new components—forward-looking radar, which is used primarily for adaptive cruise control (ACC); ultrasonic sensors around the vehicle to look for obstacles; and camera technology, which is also used for lane departure technology and sign recognition, as well as for pedestrian protection systems.
How does PEB work? The forward-looking radar keeps an eye on the road and can react very quickly to unexpected hazards or in cases where the driver becomes distracted. The ACC radar constantly calculates the distance of objects in front of the vehicle and, based on vehicle speed and other factors, determines if the vehicle is approaching an object too quickly.
As the vehicle approaches the object, the ESP module expects a braking request from the driver. If the request does not come, the ESP module begins taking action. It first alerts the driver of the potential hazard, via a message and/or tone from the instrument panel or by engaging the brakes, which causes the vehicle to dip slightly. When the driver does react, the ESP module continues to monitor the situation to ensure that a safe stop occurs.
If the ESP module determines that driver input is insufficient, additional steps are taken. Fig. 3 above shows an emergency stop situation. The left side of the graphic shows the total braking potential of the ESP system of 0% to 100%, with 85% representing what the ESP module calculates the pressure needs to be in order to safely stop the vehicle in this case. The brake pedal pressure input from the driver is 55%, which means the pressure input from the driver will fall short of the desired pressure calculation of 85%. At this point the ESP module engages the electric pump to build the additional pressure needed for the safe stop. At this moment, the pressure is at 68% and will continue to rise until it reaches 85%. The ESP module monitors each wheel speed sensor and will not overpressurize the system to the point of wheel lock-up.
What happens if the driver fails to react to the warning? Depending on the vehicle application, the ESP module is capable of bringing the vehicle to a complete stop without assistance from the driver, or at least will slow the vehicle down to reduce the collision impact.
The ESP system is also used in adaptive cruise control systems, which on some newer applications are capable of going from cruising speed to a complete stop without the driver depressing the accelerator pedal, then return to cruising speed when the vehicles ahead begin to move. The ESP system does this by controlling brake actuation and the throttle via the engine management system.
Additional safety systems are being developed, and ESP will be at the center of those technologies.
Now let’s take a look at one component that has changed—the active wheel speed sensor—and see how it operates. ESP utilizes active wheel speed sensors for precise speed measurements from 0 mph. The sensor is also capable of determining if a vehicle is going forward or backwards.
An active wheel speed sensor is a Hall-effect sensor, but there’s something unique about it. There are three wires on a typical Hall-effect sensor—reference voltage, signal and ground. Active wheel speed sensors have only two wires; one supplies sensor voltage (typically battery or charging system voltage) and the other is the signal and ground combined in one wire. Analog sensors use two wires, so it might be easy to confuse analog and active wheel speed sensors.
How does an active wheel speed sensor work? A multipole ring is used as a pulse wheel. The ring consists of alternating magnetized plastic elements arranged in the shape of a ring on a nonmagnetic metal carrier. The north and south poles adopt the function normally performed by the teeth of the pulse wheel. The integrated circuit (IC) of the sensor is located in the continuously changing fields generated by the magnets. The magnetic flux through the IC therefore changes continuously as the multipole ring turns. Fig. 4 on page 36 shows a graphical example of sensor operation.
The first steps in testing any sensor are checking power and ground and then progressing to the signal wire. But in the case of an active wheel sensor, we know the ground and signal are on the same wire. Fig. 5 is a lab scope capture of the ground/signal wire. The difference in the left and right captures is the time base and volts per division settings.
The left screen capture was set up to check the power first and then move to the ground wire; volts per division was set to check for battery voltage key on, engine off (KOEO). Battery voltage checked good and now we’re checking the ground wire. You might notice a 1.0V voltage spike on the ground wire. Depending on the circuit, you might get concerned, particularly if you did not understand sensor operation and you had an issue with an erratic wheel speed sensor. The spike seen here is actually the signal being transmitted on the ground wire. The capture to the right will help you understand the logic behind the spike.
In the upper left-hand corner of Fig. 5 is a chart with signal references for the position of the active wheel speed sensor. The capture to the right shows the voltage now set to .20V per division and the time set at 500 microseconds (µS). All we did was zoom in on the voltage spike to get a better look at what’s happening.
At the bottom of the scope screen you’ll see the letter T inside a blue square, which represents the trigger point. We’ve lined this up with the first time division to make counting time easy. If we count from left to right, the on/off time frame is almost three divisions, which equals just under 1500µS. If we compare this value to the reference chart, we can now determine that the wheel is in the stationary position, which is 1440µS. If we rotate the wheel backwards, the on/off will change from 1500 to 90µS. If we go back to stationary, the signal will go back to 1440µS and if we then move the wheel forward the on/off time will now be 180µS.
Testing this sensor is really easy once you understand how it operates. The Bosch active wheel sensor is used on many vehicle brands and models, so the testing process will be very similar no matter the vehicle.
One thing to always keep in mind is that the ABS/TCS/ESP and the integrated safety systems depend on properly functioning and correctly maintained basic hydraulic and mechanical brake components and cannot tell if a good brake service was performed. For example, the ESP system might be able to make some adjustments to deal with highly glazed rotors, but it would be very difficult for the system to handle a pulsating brake pedal due to excessive runout in the rotor.
One area that’s often overlooked is proper service of the brake fluid. What happens when the brake fluid is contaminated or care is not taken during a routine service? Photo 1A on page 38 shows the insides of an ESP hydraulic modulator. The aluminum block on the left contains the actual hydraulic passages and inlet and outlet valves. The pump motor is under this block. To the right of the aluminum block are the solenoid valve actuators and related control circuits.
Photo 1B shows a disassembled valve and a close-up of the plunger and fluid passage. The passage is slightly larger than a human hair, so you can imagine it would not take much to clog it.
Photos 2A and 2B on page 40 show a couple of photos of hydraulic modules that were returned under warranty. The real problem was contamination or lack of care during system service. Photo 2A shows rust inside the unit around the inlet valve, which was caused by lack of service; photo 2B shows an outlet valve where the brake fluid was cross-contaminated with another fluid, possibly power steering fluid or engine oil.
As you can see, the passages are very small and contamination is a distinct possibility. Extra caution should be taken when servicing brake fluid components, and the brake fluid should be tested and serviced according to manufacturer recommendations.
Brake fluid flushing/bleeding may require the use of a scan tool to properly open and close the solenoid valves to ensure that clean fluid travels through all the passages.
Vehicle manufacturers are committed to developing systems designed to reduce or even eliminate vehicle accidents. For these safety systems to function properly, the foundation of the vehicle must be in good working order. Taking a few extra minutes inspecting the steering, suspension, brakes and tires will ensure that the vehicle is ready for any unexpected emergency event. | <urn:uuid:e57e2f6b-a52f-4aae-a3fc-fe940926e0af> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.motor.com/magazine-summary/braking-safety-technology-update-maintenance-necessary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247511573.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221233437-20190222015437-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.936774 | 2,099 | 3.53125 | 4 |
5 Healthy Foods To Eat Everyday For Disease Prevention
Making small adjustments in lifestyle and eating right can make big changes in your life. Embrace these changes to ensure a healthier life for you and your family. Here are 5 power foods that keep diseases at bay,
Strawberries are a rich source of Vitamin C. Vitamin C has a major role to play in the synthesis of collagen, which is basically the meshwork of your skin.
Vitamin C deficiency can lead to premature ageing of the skin, various gum diseases and leads to poor wound healing.
Other sources of Vitamin C – oranges, most green leafy vegetables and all citrus fruits are great sources of this vitamin.
Naturally occurring flavonoids and polyphenols in green tea boost immunity and keep various diseases at bay. This is true because green tea boosts immunity and promotes a general well being – all that hype is worth it apparently.
Having low immunity is a problem because certain commensal organisms in your body that are not harmful at all start acting up in immune-compromised conditions like diabetes and other disorders. Green tea helps you avoid such small infections and diseases by boosting your immunity.
Other sources of flavonoids – most vegetables, some spices and even red wine are a rich source of flavonoids.
It is the most commonly used spice because it adds distinct flavor to food, but not only is it delicious, it is also healthy. Did you know that garlic is a very effective antifungal, antibacterial, and antiseptic?
Adding garlic to your regular diet is not only effective, it also helps keeping various GIT diseases at bay. It also helps boost immunity by acting as a natural antioxidant, and giving nutritive value to the food it is added to.
Other foods with medicinal benefits – Turmeric is also a very good antiseptic and a mild analgesic.
Yogurt is full of important nutrients like potassium, calcium, protein and Vitamin B. More importantly yogurt is an abundant resource of good bacteria that helps the lining of the stomach absorb nutrients and also stabilizes the immune system. A stable immune system means a stable healthy lifestyle free of diseases and infirmity.
Other foods that have healthy bacteria – blueberries, bananas, broccoli and fermented plant based foods like kimchi, soy, sauerkraut.
Almonds are the king of this list of power foods. Apart from their high content of fibre and protein, they have a healthy fat content of 14 grams of healthy monounsaturated fats per 28 gram serving (a handful of almonds). They are also rich in trace nutrients like Vitamin E, Manganese and Magnesium.
The skin of almonds is rich in antioxidants that help in upping the body’s immunity and have favorable effects in maintaining health overall.
They have a considerable role to play in maintaining cell regeneration, controlling cholesterol, managing diabetes, and are incredibly effective for weight loss.
Add these to your diet today and live a healthy life. | <urn:uuid:7ac09ccb-a5d1-4149-a1f0-520cfff55cf2> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://cloudchowk.com/healthy-foods-disease-prevention/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347394756.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527141855-20200527171855-00387.warc.gz | en | 0.948169 | 613 | 2.765625 | 3 |
LAS CRUCES, N.M. - New Mexico State University anthropology students spent the summer getting to know the Mimbres people who died more than a thousand years ago and helping to preserve their history.
Eight NMSU students joined community volunteers for four weeks to explore and excavate areas of the South Diamond Creek Pueblo in the Gila Wilderness.
“This dig gave me a better understanding of the Mimbres people, and what living life during these times was like for these people,” said Candice Disque, an anthropology graduate student in the College of Arts and Sciences. “It provided insight into possible social dynamics on a household level.”
The Mimbres region includes the southwestern corner of New Mexico and portions of surrounding states. The Mimbres River runs through the area and flows underground near Deming. The Department of Anthropology and University Museum at NMSU sponsored this collaborative research on lands in the Gila National Forest.
Volunteers included K-12 teachers, a retired NMSU engineering professor, and three professional archaeologists.
“The collaborations helped both the NMSU students and Gila National Forest employees recognize the richness of cultural resources and provided crucial information and knowledge about ancient cultures that once existed within the Gila,” said Fumi Arakawa, director of the University Museum at NMSU and associate professor of anthropology.
Students and volunteers explored and assessed the damage from erosion and looting activities in the pueblo abandoned approximately 1,000 years ago. The students excavated two rooms and two storage units.
“The South Diamond Creek Pueblo site was in jeopardy of being lost to erosion, due to the position of the pueblo on top of a canyon rim,” said Trevor Lea, a graduate student who focused on the pueblo for his thesis. “This project was a unique opportunity to help preserve cultural resources.”
There were three main objectives for this project: to gain a better understanding of the occupation period and chronology of the site, to obtain datable materials from documented contexts, and to understand and reconstruct settlement patterns and exchange systems used by the Mimbres people at the pueblo.
“Since this was the salvage project, students were required to learn, recover, and identify several important features, such as walls, floors, and hearths at the site,” said Fumi Arakawa. “By the end of the project, the students were able to understand and reconstruct how the Mimbres people living at the site constructed, used, and abandoned it approximately 1,000 years ago.”
The dig offered students an opportunity to roll up their sleeves and get a first-hand look at what it takes to be an anthropologist. They learned time and monetary budgeting concepts while also conducting research.
“I feel that I have a much better understanding of the site. I had many assumptions going in to this project but the material culture that remained after 1,000 years had a different story to tell,” said Lea. “The preservation of the architecture and the artifacts was quite amazing”
For more information, visit anthropology.nmsu.edu. | <urn:uuid:9e84786b-f066-47f6-9c06-26e2c617e8af> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.demingheadlight.com/story/news/2016/08/21/students-look-into-ancient-life-nm/89075638/?from=new-cookie | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948572676.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215133912-20171215155912-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.962286 | 666 | 3.09375 | 3 |
We join them on the road and watch as they fight for freedom. Believed to have been born in thrace, spartacus was a soldier in the roman army before being sold into slavery and trained at gladiator school before making an escape and. Here he maintained himself as a captain of brigands, and he recruited as his lieutenants two celts named crixus. The classic tale of the republics most infamous rebel comes alive in the graphic and visceral new series, spartacus. A group of formerly loyal gladiators form an alliance against the mad emperor. Spartacus and the ten gladiators 1964 dan vadis, helga. This italian swordandsandal epic tells the tale of the renegade slave spartacus who leads a slave revolt to end the practice of gladiator fighting to the death. Spartacus and the 10 gladiators follows the story of spartacus, a gladiator who rebelled against the roman government who had used the men for sport. Le articolo e atterrato in italia il 10 aprile 1980 da porchlight company su sue tipo independent, congiunto su passaggio foto impressionante di 54. Spartacus, helga line dania, ursula davis livia, sal borgese menos, milton reid chimbro, gianni rizzo. Watch spartacus and the 10 gladiators online 1964 movie. Aug 22, 2019 spartacus, perhaps a captive of a roman legion and perhaps a former auxiliary himself, was sold in 73 bce into the service of lentulus batiates, a man who taught at a ludus for gladiators in capua, 20 miles from mount vesuvius in campania.
Spartacus was a thracian who had served in the roman army but seems to have deserted. A thracian by birth, spartacus served in the roman army, perhaps deserted, led bandit raids, and was caught and sold as a slave. While he is a popular character in movies and television, there is not a lot of information about him. The ten gladiators are hired to travel to arbela, a small country on the outskirts of the roman empire to learn if parthia is planning to war with rome. Roman leader gaius claudius glaber has died, and former rivals become rebel generals, joining the war against. Spartacus, determined to bring down roma, now leads a rebellion swelled by thousands of freed slaves.
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The story of spartacus and 10 other gladiators who rebelled against the bloody coliseum sports. The men of spartacus, swarm over the ten men, and capture them. Film completo i dieci comandameti su ibei in italiano. Spartacus and the ten gladiators isnt a great movie, but it does satisfy the lazy weekend audience. Torn from his homeland and the woman he loves, spartacus is condemned to the brutal world of the arena where blood and death are primetime entertainment. Upon arriving, the heroes decide to kidnap the beautiful parthian queen and spirit her to syria to serve as a hostage. Spartacus and the ten gladiators 1964 full movie download. It was in the fastmoving style of bernard cornwell which made it almost impossible to put down. Spartacus the gladiator is a brilliant retelling of a story weve all heard before, but cant seem to get enough of. Spartacus, died 71 bce, leader in the gladiatorial war 7371 bce against rome. Case and point is offroad power products latest build creation spartacus. This italian sword and sandal epic tells the tale of the renegade slave spartacus who leads a slave revolt to end the practice of gladiator fighting to the death. Spartacus is the most famous gladiator of all time.
Little is known about him beyond the events of the war, and. Spartacus was my friend and his enemies were my enemies. They are headed by a spartacus like former slave, played by browne. Im going to go into that later, but first i want to discuss the film itself. Spartacus and the ten gladiators 1964 spartacus and the. A traveling band of gladiators runs afoul of their most recent employer and are blackballed from their trade. Sep 18, 20 spartacus was a gladiator who led a slave revolt against the romans. Spartacus is an american television series produced in new zealand that premiered on starz on january 22, 2010, and concluded on april 12, 20. The fellows lay the wood close to the tent of spartacus and then light it on fire.
Spartacus is a lavish, epic film about a slave revolt against the roman empire some time before julius caesar became emperor. Spartacus and the ten gladiators 1964 day of vengeance, gli invincibili dieci gladiatori. Free download from source, api support, millions of users. Spartacus and the ten gladiators 1964 cast and crew. The legend of spartacus has lived on for centuries, and now the gladiator has been immortalised on the reels thanks to wms and their spartacus gladiator of rome slot machine. Since varro is the bad guy, the rest of the movie happens because he wont simply let spartacus and the other escaped slaves leave italy. They escape and are faced at every turn by roman soldiers. The music by carlo savina is heroic and contains the prerequisite cues required for stoic sequences as well as those that feature the heroes in peril. Can a vehicle be overthetop and understated at the same time. Spartacus and the ten gladiators 1964 dan vadis, helga line, ivano staccioli. They fetch up in the employ of a roman named varro and asked to deal with a bandit named spartacus. Gods of the arena with a list, the 10 hottest women from spartacus. Classical film epic by merle peirce can be read online or downloaded here. The book came to the attention of the wife of producer edward lewis in late 1957.
Destined for the arena, in 73 bce he, with a band of his fellow gladiators, broke out of a training school at capua and took refuge on mt. Spartacus and the ten gladiators 1964uk pal region 0. After defeating two roman forces in succession, the rebels overran most of southern italy. Original italian poster of hercules the avenger a different style artwork for an italian.
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Spartacus and the ten gladiators 1964 movie moviefone. Archivio film 2016 418 february 119 january 299 2015 582 december 309 gold diggers. The story of spartacus and 10 other gladiators, all of whom fought back against the roman coliseum sport. Movies like spartacus and the ten gladiators if you like spartacus and the ten gladiators you are looking for exciting, serious and realistic movies about with rebellion, rescue, war, adventure, military, heroes and soldier themes of adventure, comedy and history genre shot in italy or spain. Gli invincibili dieci gladiatori aka spartacus and the ten gladiators 1964 directed by nick nostro cast.
Gli invincibili dieci gladiatori spartacus and the ten. Dec 23, 2014 spartacus and the ten gladiators 1964 dan vadis, helga line, ivano staccioli sword and sandal. A thracian man is condemned to a brutal death in the arena, only to outlast his executioners and be reborn as the enslaved gladiator spartacus. Gli invincibili dieci gladiatori is a 1964 international coproduction sword and sandal film directed by nick nostro and co. Douglas took spartacus to united artists, which was moving ahead with their own spartacus project. A gladiators of the empire novel the gladiators of the. Without items the trio of 4 speed gladiators gannicus, spartacus and oenomaus should theoretically be the best. Spartacus and the ten gladiators wikipedia republished. The novel is rich in historical detail and the characters really come to life, they werent just words on a page. Il trionfo dei dieci gladiatori, spartacus e os 10 gladiadores. A thracian warrior, enlisted by the romans to fight, has his. Spartacus season 4 full episodes watch online guide by msn.
Gods of the arena the bitter end, spartacus fugitivus, spartacus. Movie and tv subtitles in multiple languages, thousands of translated subtitles uploaded daily. Produced in italy in 1960, ten gladiators was released in america as part of a swordandsandal tv syndication package in 1963. The story of spartacus and 10 gladiators is about athletes who rebelled against the bloody coliseum sports. We all get in that mood on occasion, so when youre in that particular frame of mind, give it a spin in your dvd player. Spartacus and the ten gladiators 1964 dan vadis, helga line, ivano staccioli sword and sandal. Little is known about him beyond the events of the war, and surviving historical accounts are sometimes contradictory. Il trionfo dei dieci gladiatori is a 1964 peplum film written and directed by nick nostro and starring dan vadis.
Spartacus and the ten gladiators 1964 le fatiche di ercole 1958. Spartacus and the ten gladiators 1964 roman soldiers try to stop a rebellion by spartacus dan vadis and his fellow gladiatorslaves. It was while he was in training in a school for gladiators s laves forced to fight with each other in the roman amphitheatres. This story follows not only spartacus, but also 10 other gladiators who work together to escape captivity and elude roman soldiers who are intent on bringing the group back to the coliseum where.
Visitors of subtitlesbank have given a rating of 8. Spartacus stanley kubrick, 1960 i just showed spartacus to sarah for the first time, so i had to explain all the behindthescenes trivia about the film and its restoration. Spartacus trained at the gladiatorial school in capua. Feb 21, 20 the story of spartacus and 10 gladiators is about athletes who rebelled against the bloody coliseum sports. Spartacus vengeance 47x subtitles download movie and. Similar searches porno peliculas completas espanol pelicula horror movies spartacus full movie xxx lesley ann brandt cleopatra xxx thailand sex movie sparticus full movie lucifer sex scenes nazi sex camp spartacus backshots nut jessica smith orgy movies jessica grace smith naked ladies romania naked news father fuking his duaghter hakan serbes. Spartacus 49x subtitles download movie and tv series. They escape and are faced at every turn by roman soldiers bent on taking them back to the coliseum dead or. Weve learned over the years that the opp crew takes its builds seriously and are not afraid of pushing the limits of each on the trail. All content included on our site, such as text, images, digital downloads and other, is the property of its content suppliers and protected by us and international laws. Spartacus and the ten gladiators 1964 dan vadis, helga line.
Whether youve loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them. He sends the gladiators out as henchmen to return spartacus to him. Spartacus and the ten gladiators manufactured on demand on. Spartacus vengeance xena, lol lucy lawless as lucretia. Andy whitfield, liam mcintyre, dustin clare creators. Legends of victory audiomachine skillet never surrender. The ten gladiators by roger browne, susan paget, dan vadis. The ten men soon find the camp of spartacus who is just returning to his camp. Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books youve read. According to appian, he was a thracian by birth, who had once served as a soldier with the romans, but had since been a prisoner and sold for a gladiator.
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Subtitles of different languages may be downloaded for free as a. Sherlock holmes the spider woman 1943 full movie the best classic movies classic cinema duration. Spartacus vengeance 48x subtitles download movie and tv series subtitles. Reviewed in the united states on september 16, 2002. Spartacus and the ten gladiators 1964 cast and crew roman soldiers try to stop a rebellion by spartacus dan vadis and his fellow gladiatorslaves. Gli invincibili dieci gladiatori is a 1964 international coproduction sword and sandal film directed by nick nostro and cowritten by nostro, alfonso balcazar and sergio sollima. Upon arriving, the heroes decide to kidnap the beautiful parthian queen and spirit her to syria to. The colossus of rhodes 1961, sharpes eagle 1993, duel of the titans 1961, little big soldier 2010, revenge of the gladiators 1964. However, im wondering whether i will read it with a slight feeling of dread, rather like watching the film titanic. His army of nearly 100,000 overran most of southern italy and fought its way up the entire length of the italian peninsula to the alps. The audio cues are setup to both pump you up and give you the information you need when you need it without interrupting the music you listen to when working out. His owner owned a gladiator school in capua and he saw the opportunity to cash in on spartacus s skills as a gladiator. Download spartacus vengeance s02 complete 1080p x264 engita bluray.360 240 1538 1371 257 1144 1410 627 655 624 1078 183 445 1083 551 758 47 573 524 25 514 1341 144 847 1624 313 1257 371 367 1399 333 108 1143 1191 217 423 428 586 895 332 936 | <urn:uuid:e6e2b887-19bf-4103-932e-46964ef3991f> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://neatesripep.web.app/477.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104676086.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706182237-20220706212237-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.919584 | 3,849 | 2.625 | 3 |
are 54 species of parrot in Australia, from the huge Yellow-tailed
Black-cockatoo to the relatively tiny Double-eyed Fig-parrot. Between
them they are found across the entire continent from the dry,
hot interior to the snow and ice conditions of the Snowy mountains.
What follows is information concerning four of Australia's best
known parrot species only. For more extensive information on parrots
please see the links page.
The Sulphur-crested Cockatoo, cacatua galerita, is possibly the most iconic of all of Australia's parrots, probably because it is seen in all of the capital cities and because it is so noisy and big. It is common throughout the east and north of the country, and there are now populations established around Perth and in Tasmania. The combination of it being found in large flocks and its diet of grains and fruit has lead to it becoming viewed as a pest by many farmers, and indeed licenced shooting of these cockatoos does take place. It is frequently sought as a caged bird outside of Australia but is rarely bred here due to the ready availability of wild-caught specimens.
They are extremely loud birds, especially when in groups , and their intelligence can lead to frustration if, for example, a regular food source is removed, and this can bring out their destructive tendencies.
Sulphur-crested cockatoos, along with certain other parrots, are susceptible to a widespread viral disease known as Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD), which causes the birds to lose their feathers and grow grotesquely shaped beaks, leading to starvation.
The species is gregarious, and can often be seen in flocks of several hundred. They will usually congregate at evening time and can become excited with the coming of rain, with lots of acrobatic flying and much screeching. Feeding, as with many other species, is often found on the ground, and in these situations one or two of the flock will normally perch in nearby trees to act as sentries.
Breeding season is from August to January in the south and May to September in the north. Nesting takes place in a deep hollow high above the ground. Usually two eggs are laid and incubation takes 30 days. Fledging takes place after approximately 70 days. Natural predators include birds of prey and monitor lizards (goannas).
Lack of suitable dead, hollow trees for nesting, due to land clearance, is the main threat to all parrots in Australia.
Height 50cm, weight 750g-900g, life span>100 years
The Rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus) is common throughout its range which extends from Kangaroo island to Broome, WA and includes all of the east coast. In the north of the range the red-collared form takes over. It is found in all forest, heath and woodland where blossoms occur. It is common in urban areas where it is readily attracted to feeders.
It feeds relies on pollen but will also eat fruit and will take seeds from feeders. Large flocks often occur (sometimes in the thousands) and may descend upon a fruit orchard where they cause considerable damage. They have a brush-shaped tongue for licking nectar from flowers and fruit.
Mating is from September to November and nesting is in an unlined hollow in a tree, usually producing 2-3 eggs. Partners form close bonds, something which is reinforces by mutual grooming
They are easily attracted to feeders and onto hands. However, they will fiercely defend such food from other species, often chasing away birds several times their size.They are also likely to congregate in large groups and in such circumstances will make an enormous amount of noise.
They make good pets and are no longer a proscribed species, meaning that wild birds can be caught and kept as pets. They are excellent imitators of all manner of sounds
The Galah, Eolophus roseicapilla, is the most common and widespread of Australian cockatoos. It occupies open country in almost all parts of mainland Australia and are common in some metropolitan areas.
Sexes are similar, differing only in eye colour: the male has a brown iris, the adult female red.
The changes wrought by European settlement, a disaster for many species, have been highly beneficial for the Galah because of the clearing of forests in fertile areas and the provision of stock watering points in arid zones.
Nesting takes place in a hollow tree, usually quite a way from the ground, and the pair of birds will continue to develop the cavity to their liking. The hollow will be vacated after fledging has occurred (at about seven weeks), often to be re-used by the same pair in subsequent years. after fledging the young are guided to 'creche' trees where they are fed by older galahs and adults without chicks. Weaning is complete within two months of leaving the nest.
Galahs will form large flocks - over 1000 birds is not uncommon - and will use this flocking instinct for protection if a predator approaches. They have benefited greatly from the introduction of widespread farming (free grain, and water)
They are known for their apparent playful behaviour. They will undertake many activities that appear to have no purpose other than fun (sliding down a childrens slide on its back, landing on a blade of a wind turbine until they cannot hang on any longer and then repeating the exercise etc). The term 'galah has become associated in Australia with foolish behaviour eg "Doing the galah".
Galahs are highly social and are sometimes kept as pets. However, they form strong bonds with their owners and may well end up outliving them.
Typical birds are about 35cm long and weigh between 300 and 400 grams.
The Australian King Parrot, Alisterus scapularis is endemic to Australia and is found all along the eastern seaboard , stretching from southern Victoria to northern Queensland. It frequents rainforests to urban parks, normally being seen in pairs or small flocks of mainly green-headed birds. The male has a brilliant red head and chest with a blue nape, the female and juveniles have a brownish-green head and chest. They are normally seen feeding in trees but they will also feed on the ground. Their diet consists of a wide variety of seeds, berries, fruits and nuts and is supplemented seasonally by blossoms, nectar and pollen.
Courtship involves continuous contact being maintained by a shrill whistle being maintained by both birds and with regular feeding of the female by the male. Nesting is in a large hollow tree, where 3-5 eggs are laid. Males do not get their adult plumage until the fourth year.
In Australia King parrots are sometimes bred in aviaries and usually make relatively quiet, calm pets. Their 'talking' ability is quite limited but they do form strong bonds if raised from chicks.
Size 42 cm (16 inches) in length including a long tail, life span in wild unknown, as pets to 25 years.
Main sources for this information;
Australian Birds, Slater
Please click any of the images to view a larger version. Then simply right click and save the picture. Images are free for personal and commercial use. Please do not remove the URL from the full size image. | <urn:uuid:a6c35583-8919-4cee-bd9e-6c546a3d23af> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://australian-wildlife.com/Parrot-information.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807084.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124031941-20171124051941-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.965449 | 1,536 | 3.5 | 4 |
formerly a self-governing Black African homeland in South Africa.
the people of this area.
the language of these people.
Venda was a bantustan in northern South Africa, bordering Zimbabwe and is now part of Limpopo province. It was founded as a homeland by the Apartheid Regime for the Venda people, speakers of the Venda language.
The numerical value of venda in Chaldean Numerology is: 3
The numerical value of venda in Pythagorean Numerology is: 1
Images & Illustrations of venda
Translations for venda
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
Get even more translations for venda »
Find a translation for the venda definition in other languages:
Select another language: | <urn:uuid:e05595ea-68ee-47d4-8495-7fac545192f5> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.definitions.net/definition/venda | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934809746.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20171125090503-20171125110503-00712.warc.gz | en | 0.797841 | 160 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Over the last two decades old bird
diseases, such as Coryza, Blackhead and Pasteurelle multocida increasingly reared their ugly heads among
free-range hens. These diseases barely occurred when laying hens were kept in cages.
Addressing the growth in demand for animal friendly housing systems, more and more birds are kept in free-range houses and less of them spend their days in cages. Dr Naomi de Bruijn, poultry veterinarian at GD Animal Health in the Netherlands, analysed reports on the prevalence of several poultry diseases within the Dutch borders. “What stood out were the statistics of old poultry diseases that almost didn’t appear anymore. We noticed a rise in occurrence, as a result of the switch to free-range housing systems.”
“In the Netherlands we monitor what is happening and communicate our findings to the government and the producer organisations and interbranch organisations”, De Bruijn explains. The increase in old poultry diseases was not found by GD Animal Health alone. Also international publications mention a growing number of reports about bacterial diseases that accompany loss. “Within the Netherlands it may only concern a limited number of farms, but the companies that have to deal with these diseases suffer great damage. The phenomena reaches beyond the borders of the Netherlands, with its high poultry density. It also occurs in countries such as Denmark, where poultry is kept in alternative housing systems, at large distances from each other.”
The increased occurrence can be largely explained by the changing housing styles. “We know the concerning pathogens from the past, when poultry was kept in colonies.” After a period in which one focused on safety in food production for the consumer, we went back to alternative, more animal friendly systems. This is accompanied by a rise in the occurrence of old diseases. After the switch, apart from colony housing, laying hens are no longer kept in cages. In modern housing styles birds have more contact with other birds, but also with manure, dust and pathogens. The latter, such as bacteria, viruses and parasites, will quickly spread through the house. Pathogens can be found everywhere in the birds’ environment. It is in the animals themselves, and is excreted via the gastrointestinal tract. “Particularly ill birds excrete vast amounts of pathogens with the manure. Chickens tend to examine everything, including each other’s excretions. Eating each other’s manure brings them into contact with high levels of pathogens. The disadvantage of free-range systems is that pathogens are difficult to eliminate. After all, excavating a meter of soil is not a realistic solution. As pathogens remain in the environment animals can be infected again and again.”
Also stress has a role to play in laying hens that are kept in free-range systems. When stress hormones were measured, birds that interacted a lot with other chickens did not necessarily have less stress than animals that lived in separation. Changing animal contacts and the interaction with the environment for feed and water turned out to be rather stressful.
This all led to the return of outbreaks of several old diseases, such as worm infections, blackhead (Histomonas), Salmonella gallinarum, coryza, Pasteurella multocida, E.coli and Avian influenza. “Comparing the outbreaks of high pathogen aviary influenza in 2003 and 2014, the situation 2003 was a reassortment of low pathogen strains to a high pathogen strain, spreading in a poultry dense area. In the fall of 2014 it concerned an introduction of a high pathogen virus in closed housing systems, which didn’t spread.” De Bruijn’s findings are not restricted to old diseases alone. Also a few new illnesses appeared. “Since the new decade, we saw significantly more chronic and clostridium related enteritis, Mycoplasma synoviae and AIS in laying hens.
According to De Bruijn the poultry industry ought to guard itself against diseases. “There is no link to company size or hygiene. Pathogens are widely spread and it can be considered to be an illusion we will once completely get rid of them. When a chicken will be in contact with pathogens, there is a chance of infection and possibly death. However, we can guard ourselves to diseases. Vaccinating free-range hens is a possibility for diseases such as Pasteurella multocida and coryza, although this should be done several years in a row. Unfortunately it is not an option for every disease.”
Besides vaccination, a few measures can be taken in order to stimulate a healthy immune system. “Eventually it is about the balance between immune system and infection levels. If a bird is flooded with pathogens from its environment, this has a vast impact on its immune system. Take care of the overall health of the animals. Pay attention to treating red mite, which can be an enormous stressor when a bird suffers continuous itching and is kept awake by it.”
Wild birds may be carriers of pathogens, just like other species present at and around poultry farms. Adjustments of the open-air runs may prevent wild birds from entering. The difficulty is that, once infection has taken place, a reservoir is created in the house’s environment. There is a chance the disease will return round after round. You can try to break the circle by vaccinating and try to eliminate the disease when it occurs on lower levels.”
In literature a soil crop cover is mentioned as a successful way to prevent worm infections from spreading. Yet, for a commercial house keeping the soil green may turn out to be challenging in reality. De Bruijn underlines the importance of consulting a veterinarian when a poultry farmer is dealing with losses or poor performance. “Use diagnostics to identify the root cause and to estimate the prospects for future flocks. This will help you to keep health issues at the farm under control, and it will lead to a timely solution.“ | <urn:uuid:72359dee-a2dd-40dd-b169-b0e65de179e0> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.poultryworld.net/Health/Articles/2015/6/Old-bird-diseases-occur-more-among-free-range-hens-1763127W/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657129517.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712015556-20200712045556-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.957497 | 1,234 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Every stock market investor aspires to become a successful one by making consistently substantial gains. However, to gain success in stock market investing, one needs to develop two very important and unique skills, understanding of fundamental analysis and reading technical charts. Both these are very different from each other, but are equally important for understanding and predicting stock performance.
Read More – Technical Analysis – A Complete Guide
Fundamental analysis involves studying a company’s financials. In this, one goes through all the aspects that may potentially impact a company’s value. Technical indicators make use of technical charts to identify profitable entry and exit prices of stocks by looking at the long-term patterns in stocks.
Here, we will discuss the concept of technical indicators and also share 5 of the most commonly used technical indicators that every investor should know about.
What is a technical indicator?
A technical indicator in stock investment analysis involves mathematical calculations that use historical prices, trading volumes, interest information, etc to forecast stock price and overall financial market direction. Technical indicators generally come in the form of chart patterns that can help investors or traders in predicting market trends. Indicators are generally plotted on price charts to indicate price directions. In simple terms, these tell the reader whether the stocks are in overbought or oversold condition.
Top 5 commonly used technical indicators
Over the years, there have been many technical indicators that are developed with new variants continuing to enter the trading world. Of these, 5 of the most commonly used technical indicators are:
Volume indicates the quantity of shares bought and sold over a given period. Investors and trades generally compare a chosen stock’s volume to its average price for a selected period. As volume gives an investor/trader a good insight into the general market perception about the stock for a given period. This way, they can understand and predict the stock movement and accordingly take trading or investment decisions.
As an example, suppose an investor sells 100 shares of a company at Rs. 10,000. Thus, the buyer and the seller jointly create a volume of 100 for the given stock. Volume is an important indicator about trade confirmation, however, it is never used as a stand-alone indicator but jointly with other indicators and technical price patterns.
MACD or Moving Average Convergence Divergence is used by investors/traders to check for trade signals. This technical indicator comprises 2 lines, that is MACD and the signal line. Both these lines move at different paces since the signal line generally moves slower as compared to the MACD line. If the MACD line crosses the signal line from above, it is an indicator of an uptrend in stock prices. If MACD crosses the signal line from below, the stock price may likely fall further. This information helps investors in deciding whether to buy or sell a stock.
- MACD above zero – indicates a bullish view and the stock price will likely move upward
- MACD below zero – indicates a bearish period and the stock price may likely go down
- Support and Resistance
A stock’s price may move around certain levels depending on the stock’s demand and supply. In general, these could either move up or down, indicating either support or resistance.
- Support: Support is triggered by demand of the stock and it keeps the price from dropping down beyond a level. This is the price level, where maximum demand for the stock can be expected. A support level also indicates high chance of price reversal towards an upside. Actual stock prices are mostly more than the support price levels.
- Resistance: It keeps the stock prices from rising. At a resistance level, maximum supply of the stock can be expected, indicating high chances of price reversal that will result in stock prices moving downwards. Actual stock prices are generally lower than the resistance price levels.
- Bollinger Bands
This indicator is used to gauge the price range of stocks and know how these will move within the given range. The price range width may expand or contract depending on the market volatility. A narrow bollinger band means that the market volatility is low, whereas a wider band means higher market volatility. Investors/traders use bollinger bands to also identify if a stock price is moving outside its band. In case it moves outside the upward band, the stock is said to be overbought. A stock may be oversold if its price is moving below the downward band.
RSI or Relative Strength Index is a technical indicator that can range from 0 to 100. It is used by investors/traders to understand the current market trend and the strength of a momentum. It tells market participants whether a share is currently overbought or oversold.
If a stock’s RSI is above 70, it is said to be overbought and the price is likely to fall.
RSI below 30 means that the stock is oversold and its price may move upwards in the upcoming trading cycle.
RSI divergence is also used as an indicator. If the RSI indicator goes against the ongoing market pattern, it means that the market trend is likely losing its strength and may therefore experience a reversal.
Since the stock market can be very dynamic, with many factors influencing its performance, technical indicators help traders and investors in gauging market trends. These offer useful information that can be used to maximize returns and minimize risks. A new investor or a trader who is just starting off with stock market trading can make use of the above-mentioned 5 indicators that are commonly used in the markets.
Fundamental analysis involves studying a company’s future profitability by looking at factors like financial standing and business environment. It considers both qualitative and quantitative factors such that the investor can decide about investing in the company. It gauges the general efficiency of a company’s operations, profit-making ability and future growth prospects.
Fundamental analysis is best suited for long-term investors since it is more theoretical in determining the long-term value of a stock. Technical analysis is practical for short-term or medium-term investors as it studies the price performance of stocks and trends.
Stock markets are generally risky because of constantly changing prices of securities. The price volatility is driven by multiple factors like economic conditions, market sentiments, company performances, news, etc.
Technical analysis is mostly used by short-term and day traders who aim to make profits through quick trading and short-term price movements. Therefore, it may not be suitable for new investors since it also requires sufficient understanding of the markets.
Technical analysis may be difficult to follow for new stock market investors since it requires a strong understanding of the market and price movement patterns. Once an investor gains sufficient knowledge of the markets, it is easier to understand and follow technical analysis. | <urn:uuid:2725d3c2-1347-4a46-9562-040f52e49d2a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.fisdom.com/what-is-a-technical-indicator-top-5-commonly-used-technical-indicators/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100476.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202235258-20231203025258-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.930409 | 1,375 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Pit Bull Eye Problems
by Serena Styles
Pit bull is a term used to describe various types of bull terriers. Certain breeds classified as pit bulls suffer from genetic eye problems. Other breeds do not inherently suffer from eye problems; however they can suffer from the same common ailments that any canine faces.
General Eye Problems
All three breeds of pit bull terriers are susceptible to general canine eye problems. Corneal ulcers, caused by ocular injury, form within the eye socket or the eye itself. Inflammation and irritation are typically caused when the eye is exposed to irritants such as dust and light chemicals.
When a pit bull's eyes begin showing signs of problems, it is important that action be taken immediately. Eye problems can progress rapidly and a treatable condition can quickly lead to a permanent disfigurement. For irritation, infection and corneal ulcers, the issue is treatable when caught in the early stages; left untreated, all three can cause blindness. Cataracts are usually not treatable, though a close watch should be kept on the dog to ensure that there is no underlying problem being disguised.
Treatment will typically involve a series of eye drops applied to the pit bull's eye several times throughout the day. In the case of irritation, a drop of almond oil or salt water will often rinse the irritant from the eye. In some instances the dog may require surgery to remedy the problem, after which special care must be taken to ensure the eye does not become infected. | <urn:uuid:5b30c388-c46e-42c8-99e3-c4cb3d0f797c> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://bpkcinc.site-forums.com/t341-pitbull-eye-problems | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119650193.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030050-00172-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944755 | 310 | 2.6875 | 3 |
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Re: galloping sauropods?
Scott A Hartman wrote:
> >>>I've seen some depictions of Brachiosaurs in a giraffe-like gallop, <<<
> Being graviportal (animals with straight, column-like limbs) doesn't mean
> that you can't run, after all, you have a graviportal limb design. But it
> does mean that the shock from
> impact with the ground is tanmitted right up the limb into the hip socket.
> Since bone doesn't compress (much), and there isn't enough cartilage to
> absorb the shock, it's quite tramatic on your body.
Cartilage does absorb some shock but its primary purpose is to allow the joint
to go through its range of motion with ease and lack of discomfort. Bone on
bone is not comfortable or efficient. Joint fluid acts as a hydraulic
dampener . Fluid does not compress in this situation. Finally, the ligaments
or joint capsule and surrounding musculature absorbs energy as well.
So the energy of impact would be dampened by the entire joint and surrounding
tissues. If there are any structures above the joint, I think some of the
energy would be transmitted there as well. Is this correct physics buffs and
As a matter of conjecture, my opinion is they moved much like elephants, but
we don't know this. How fast could they run? Fast enough to evolve
successfully over millions of years. | <urn:uuid:c2528f8e-b01a-4258-b612-e66d66e40648> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://dml.cmnh.org/1998Oct/msg00575.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188926.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00139-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947906 | 337 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The Constitution of America requires that the U.S. Census count every resident in the United States, every 10 years.
Starting in March 2010, census forms are being delivered to every residence in the United States and Puerto Rico. Once you receive your form, you are supposed to answer the 10 short questions and then mail the form back in the postage-paid envelope that is included in the package. If you don’t mail the form back, you will likely receive a visit from a census taker, who will ask you the same questions from the form and will fill the form for you.
The questions are mainly related to the number of family members in the household, type of residence and. telephone number. Name, date of birth and race of each person is also part of the questionnaire. The information you provide is confidential and for the purpose of obtaining population statistics mainly. According to the Census, “Your answers cannot be used against you by any government agency or court.”
The Census is also a very powerful tool to understand the racial mix of the country. The questions related to identifying the race of every person of the household is a multiple choice question listing different races including ‘Asian Indian’ for residents of Indian (India) origin. Make sure not to confuse this with ‘American Indian’ – the valid choice for Aboriginal or Native Americans, not for Asian Indians.
This question on race has been asked since 1790 and the reason is explained next to the question on the form:
“Race is key to implementing several federal laws and is needed to monitor compliance with the Voting Rights Act and Civil Rights Act. State governments use the data to determine congressional, state and local voting districts. Race data is also used to assess fairness of employment practices, to monitor racial disparities in characteristics such as health and education and to plan and obtain funds for public services.”
According to the Census official website:
“The 2010 Census will help communities receive more than $400 billion in federal funds each year for things like:
- Job training centers
- Senior centers
- Bridges, tunnels and other-public works projects
- Emergency services…”
This is your opportunity to make yourself count. This data will be used by different agencies to decide how big the Asian Indian population in USA is. If you don’t return the forms by mail, the Census workers will be canvassing the neighborhoods to collect this data from the missing households.
The following is from the Census website:
“All census takers carry official government badges marked with just their name.
“You may also ask them for a picture ID from another source to confirm their identity”
And note that, for your personal safety:
“If you still are not certain about their identity, please call the Regional Census Center to confirm they’re employed by the Census Bureau. Most importantly, the Census Bureau will NEVER, under any circumstances, ask to enter your home.” They are supposed to ask you the census questions, standing outside your entry door.
For more details, you may visit the official Census website listed below. For common questions, here is a link to Census Day questions answered. CNN also has a very informative article Census Day questions answered.
Census 2010 Official website
- USA Census 2010: Make yourself count as Asian Indians II
- New immigrants’ guide to the United States of America
- The ABC of Race Relations in USA – India Abroad!
- Change in US Labor Force by Race and Ethnicity
- US Employment scene by Race and Ethnicity
- I am not racist, but my brain may be!
- NRIs and India diaspora – the key challenges abroad! | <urn:uuid:fc5f1264-c40a-4374-b755-6f2fd1cd070b> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.theindiansabroad.com/2010/03/usa-census-2010-count-asian-indians/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999654315/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060734-00038-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948753 | 766 | 3.5 | 4 |
Elephants are animals that are important to a lot of people were Thailand in a long time ago and the Elephant is one of the symbols of Thailand for years as well.
Elephants are the largest land animals today. Take the pregnancy to 22 months, the longest of all the land animals of all kinds. Newborn elephant weighs 120 kg with an average lifespan of between 50 to 70 years, but the oldest elephant ever recorded last up to 82 years.
In Burma, Thailand, India and most of Asia. Elephants was used by the military as labors. In particular rooting trees and moving logs. And is often used for those condemned to death by the pedal.
Elephant has also been used as a vehicle for hunting safari. Vehicles and animals in the rites of the king or religion.
Myanmar and Thailand have brought War Elephants were used extensively as well. 'Luthheete' is an outstanding example of a battle using elephants in Southeast Asia.
'Luthheete' (Thai called : Yut-tha-hat-thee) is a war elephant, a hand-to-hand combat on elephants' backs on the battle in the ancient traditions of the monarchy in Southeast Asia region.
* This photo is a Royal Monument of King Naresuan. Located near the ancient Chedi, Province : Kanchanaburi, Thailand.
A War which is considered an honor. The elephant is a large animal And it is strife, the face, the loser will be fatal.
War elephant was an elephant trained and guided by humans for combat. Their main use was to charge the enemy, trampling them and breaking their ranks and instilling terror.
While Thai elephants also have been used for transport and entertainment.
INTERLEAVE : Old Vintage Fashion about Thai Elephants
Catalogue Referred to:- | <urn:uuid:e2f5204a-526a-4910-b405-5b580ba1f2ea> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://authenticamulets.blogspot.com/2014/06/interleave-thai-elephants.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891543.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122213051-20180122233051-00592.warc.gz | en | 0.958875 | 382 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Interview with graduate Michael Speed Explaining what it's like on the course and working with a visiting tutor
In this unit you’ll further your existing knowledge and understanding of the tools you need to explore the fundamentals of graphic design practice. These tools include (but are not limited to) conceptual and theoretical methods, research processes, and making. This is delivered through a series of thematic projects, task-based workshops and seminars. Within this unit, in addition to furthering your own independent practice, you’ll have the opportunity to undertake a collaborative project with other students and/or external partners. | <urn:uuid:011bca8d-60ec-44b9-bc80-f933dbe3b826> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.uca.ac.uk/study/courses/ba-graphic-design/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189771.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00618-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941372 | 122 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The Heart is a Lonely Hunter
by Carson McCullers
In BriefA classic work of Southern Gothic fiction set in a mill town in 1930s Georgia. John Singer is deaf and mute, largely alone in the world until four very different characters find themselves drawn to him. A violent alcoholic, a teenage tomboy, a frustrated black doctor and a quiet café owner come to rely on the silent Singer for a clearer understanding of their troubled existences.
Why you should read itListed by Time magazine as one of the 100 greatest English-language books from 1923 to 2005, this long neglected classic deserves a wider modern audience for its sensitively drawn characters and its detailed portrayal of Depression-era life in America’s conflicted South. | <urn:uuid:2bd014c6-7aae-4235-8b55-77bee352ab02> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.bookdrum.com/books/the-heart-is-a-lonely-hunter/9780140015669/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541322.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00197-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929975 | 147 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Hard to believe that you can survive six assassination attempts, but that is exactly what Hosni Mubarak has done. With the help of Egypt’s ruthlessly efficient security service, he has stayed atop the powder keg on the Nile for 27 years – and counting. Today the competing currents – Islamic fundamentalism, a neoliberal offensive, a restive working class, grinding poverty, and a majority of young people (54 per cent of the population is under 35) who are alienated by corruption and lack of opportunity – are growing sources of instability over which he manages to maintain his precarious grip. Of course it helps to have a State of Emergency (in effect now for 26 years) to fall back on.
Photo by World Economic Forum
Hosni Mubarak is the last in a line of Egyptian political bosses that have led the Arab world’s most populous country since Gamal Abdel Nasser seized power from a corrupt monarchy in the 1950s. Mubarak has held his post since 1983, making him the longest-serving head of state in modern Egyptian history. He comes from a tradition rooted in the Arab version of secular nationalism that was born at the time of post-World War Two anti-colonialism. Critics refer to this tradition as ‘Pharaonic’ because of its authoritarian style and intolerance of any opposition. But Mubarak is a pale imitation of his two predecessors, Nasser and Anwar Sadat.
Nasser was a larger-than-life character of varied intellectual interests, with a grand vision of both Egypt’s place in the world and of an Arab renaissance. In his heyday Egypt was the centre of anti-colonial development – clearly seen when he nationalized the Suez Canal and built the Aswan Dam. Sadat moved Egypt skilfully out of the Soviet orbit and had a charisma almost entirely lacking in Mubarak. The current President remains a remote, colourless figure, far removed from the lives or affections of most Egyptians – a technocratic ribbon-cutter appearing at official functions and identified with a faceless and arbitrary bureaucracy.
Given this pedigree, it is little wonder that the US has had to pump in $60 billion of economic and military assistance (1979-2006) to keep Mubarak afloat. This makes Egypt second only to Israel as a beneficiary of such imperial largess. It is this kind of dependence that probably obliged Mubarak reluctantly to allow other candidates to run against him in the 2005 Egyptian elections. For the first time, Egyptians were offered a choice at the polls. However, the vote was marred by major irregularities, including vote buying, counting illegal votes, and manipulating public employees. The candidate who finished second, the moderate Dr Ayman Nour, was beaten and imprisoned for five years for supposedly forging papers to get his party registered.
Like Nasser, Mubarak rose to prominence out of the military – in his case, the air force. After Sadat was assassinated during a military parade by fundamentalists (for signing a peace deal with Israel), Mubarak was well positioned within the ruling National Democratic Party (NDP) to take his place. The main opposition to secular nationalism in Egypt has always come from the Islamic fundamentalists, whose main political organization is the outlawed Muslim Brotherhood. These two groups have contended for influence since before World War Two. Egypt is in many ways the centre of the global Islamic fundamentalist revival, with activists like the influential intellectual Sayyid Qutb earning their bitterness in the cells of its state security forces. Mubarak has been able to play the card of Islamic conservatism in his attacks on Egypt’s liberal intelligentsia and Coptic Christian minority.
With the increasingly unpopular Mubarak now 80 years old, the question of succession obviously looms. His son, Gamal, like his father a shadowy figure, is part of an up-and-coming wealthy business group with a neoliberal market orientation that is increasingly influential in the NDP. But the idea of a family succession is likely to meet a lot of opposition and will probably only be possible if the entire issue can be resolved at the top. Already Mubarak’s other son, Alaa, has caused offence by being favoured in government tenders and privatization deals. Corruption of government officials, and the police in particular, is a constant source of frustration for ordinary Egyptians – the NGO Transparency International’s corruption index gives the country a rating of 2.8 out of a possible 10 (where 10 indicates freedom from corruption).
The huge rich-poor divide in Mubarak’s Egypt and the despair in both middle- and working-class communities manifest themselves in many ways: voter apathy – just 27 per cent of the population bothered to turn up for a constitutional referendum that strengthened presidential powers in 2007; a desire to leave – tens of thousands of young Egyptians have left for the Gulf States or register for the US Green Card lottery that is held every year; and worker militancy – strikes and demonstrations are now a daily occurrence, escalating from 222 in 2006 to 580 in 2007. There is political activism too – youth groups like the Kifaya protest movement or the more radical Youth for Change are increasingly daring in their confrontations with the plain-clothed agents of state security, who are often armed with nasty-looking short black rubber truncheons and commonly described as baltagiya – thugs.
In a part of the world rent with political turmoil, Mubarak may be ‘the last Pharaoh’, the end of the NDP ascendancy. It could be a case of ‘après moi, le déluge’. If Washington’s main pillar in the Arab world topples, the reverberations will be widely felt indeed. | <urn:uuid:2b36d833-96be-4aa2-8e56-a238cdd97314> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://newint.org/columns/worldbeaters/2009/04/01/hosni-mubarak/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889325.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120043530-20180120063530-00230.warc.gz | en | 0.959028 | 1,153 | 2.546875 | 3 |
What Is a Cohesive Academic Essay?
In a cohesive essay, all the parts stick together. Readers clearly understand what you are writing about and how you get from point to point. You probably know that a good essay should include an introduction, a body and a conclusion, but once you’ve made sure those main elements are there, try revising your essay to check for cohesive markers – the glue that binds them into a unified whole.
Signposting and Structure
An essay’s introduction should include your thesis statement and main points, usually at the
end of the introductory paragraph. By stating the argument and your points, you are telling the readers what information comes next and in what order they can expect it to come. Each paragraph in your essay’s body should have a topic sentence that deals with one of your main points, and you should finish dealing with one main point before moving to the next one.
When you proceed through the argument, readers will follow your thoughts more easily if you use transitions. Transitions can signal that you are adding information to a previous thought; the terms “and,” “also,” “moreover” and “not only…but also” all perform this function. They can also indicate contrast or disagreement, as in the terms “however,” “on the other hand,” “while.” Casual transitions, such as “because,” “as a result of,” “therefore” suggest that one thing results from another. Finally, some transitions indicate sequence or order, such as “next,” “to begin with,” “eventually,” “then.”
Repeating Key Words
To tie paragraphs, sentences and even parts of sentences together, check whether or not you are using similar or the same key words. In this article’s section on “Transitions,” for example, the word “transitions” appears four times. Instead of using that key word a second, third and fourth time, the section could have used the phrases: “They can signal…,” “Casual ones…,” “some….” However, repeating the word “transitions” ensures each sentence’s subject is clear. If you find yourself using different key words that confuse readers, consider replacing some of them with the main key word that you have chosen for the paragraph.
Staying on Track
Even if it’s using strong cohesive markers, your essay might veer from its argument by including unnecessary information. When you revise, ask yourself whether all the evidence and discussion that you include is strictly relevant to the thesis statement. Perhaps one of your body paragraphs includes an interesting statistic that you have tied into the paragraph with a transition such as “also,” but the statistic is only tangentially related to the point at hand. Removing such distractions from your main argument strengthen your essay’s logical coherence and helps to convince readers of your point.
Need expert help to write a good essay? Get it from EssayShark.com for the best possible price! You’ll get the opportunity to choose a writer to accomplish your paper and to give your suggestions in the process of writing. Are you still thinking about what to do? Leave your order right now! | <urn:uuid:8ca783d2-002e-487f-a1eb-6392755093ff> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://essayshark.com/blog/what-is-a-cohesive-academic-essay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988724.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20210505234449-20210506024449-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.945622 | 711 | 3.21875 | 3 |
A clearer picture of climate change is emerging from the sediment drawn from the bottom of Arctic lakes.
An international team of scientists, led by Darrell Kaufman, a Northern Arizona University professor of geology and environmental science, recently completed a five-year study that places the recent warming in the context of long-term climate change.
Because this warming occurred abruptly during the 20th century while atmospheric greenhouse gases were accumulating, these findings provide additional evidence that humans are influencing climate.
The evidence was found by generating a 2,000-year-long reconstruction of Arctic summer temperature using natural archives of climate change from tree rings, glacier ice and mostly from lake sediments from across the Arctic, a region that responds sensitively to global changes.
“Our reconstruction shows that the last half-century was the warmest of the last 2,000 years,” Kaufman said. “Not only was it the warmest, but it reversed the long-term, millennial-scale trend toward cooler temperatures. The cooling coincided with the slow and well-known cycle in Earth’s orbit around the sun, and it should have continued through the 20th century.”
He said during the past few decades, the Arctic has warmed at two or three times the rate of the rest of the world, and this enhanced warming is expected to continue.
“The Arctic amplifies climate change as reflective snow and ice are replaced by dark, heat-absorbing water and vegetated surfaces,” Kaufman explained. “This has consequences globally because, as the Arctic warms, glacier ice will melt, contributing to sea-level rise and impacting coastal communities around the globe, and thawing permafrost will release methane adding to the global greenhouse effect.”
Supported by a $2 million grant from the Arctic System Science Program of the National Science Foundation, results from the study, “Recent Warming Reverses Long-Term Arctic Cooling,” will be featured in Science magazine’s Sept. 4 issue.
Over the past five years, Kaufman, along with NAU students and researchers from more than a dozen universities, including the University of Arizona, collected sediment cores from Arctic lakes to decipher how the climate has changed over the last 2,000 years.
The period includes the Little Ice Age from about A.D. 1500-1800, when the Earth’s climate experienced significant changes, and extends back to relatively warm conditions during the first few centuries of the first millennium.
The springboard to the synthesis was the team’s climate records from 14 lakes, which were published individually in January as a special issue of the Journal of Paleolimnology. The volume was edited by Kaufman and included papers based on master’s theses of two NAU geology students.
One of the former students, Caleb Schiff, who now manages NAU’s Sedimentary Records of Environmental Change Laboratory, has participated in several of the lake-coring expeditions to Alaska. He specializes in using isotopes contained in sedimentary algae to investigate how storm tracks have changed with climate over thousands of years.
“The lake cores contain the ‘story’ of the environmental changes that have occurred in and around the lake over thousands of years. Each sediment layer is like a page of a book,” Schiff noted. “It is relatively easy to analyze the lake cores, but it is not always easy to interpret the climatic significance from those data.”
To develop a robust reconstruction of temperature change, the “proxy” temperature records from lake sediments were combined with existing data from tree rings and glacier ice.
“We focus on lakes as archives of information about past environmental and climate changes because lakes are more widely distributed across the landscape than are ice caps, and their climate records generally extend further back in time than tree rings,” Kaufman explained.
He said one of the most important and challenging aspects of the study was the comparison between his group’s field-based temperature reconstruction and the output of a computer model of climate change by the study’s co-authors at the National Center for Atmospheric Research.
“We don’t have a crystal ball; therefore, we need retrospective studies to provide boundaries for climate scenarios,” said R. Scott Anderson, an NAU professor of environmental sciences who uses pollen from lake sediment to reconstruct past vegetation changes, including those related to climate. “As with any kind of model, the inputs need to be grounded in what actually happened. So looking at the past tells us what actually happened and provides a reality check for models of the future.”
Kaufman, who has been studying past climate changes for more than 20 years, focuses on Alaska because the U.S. is an Arctic nation, and because climate changes in Alaska involve weather systems that affect both the Arctic and the North Pacific. He said similar studies in Canada, Greenland, Iceland and Eurasia added to the regional synthesis.
Kaufman also teaches a new NAU Liberal Studies Climate Change course. He said he wrote the Science article last spring as his class was learning about the causes of climate change, including volcanic and solar activity, and changes in ocean currents.
“Students in the class were the first to hear the results of the study. I was thrilled for them to share in my discovery,” he said. “I was pleased that they had gained the understanding about the climate system to realize that none of those natural factors that caused climate to change in the past is powerful enough to account for the recent warming trend, which occurred along with the build-up of greenhouse gases.”
For more information, go to www.arcus.org/synthesis2k/index.php | <urn:uuid:f921c383-a5eb-42e1-91bb-4b25be2df45c> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://news.nau.edu/arctic-lakes-help-scientists-understand-climate-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572289.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915195146-20190915221146-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.959194 | 1,189 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Back pain plagues everybody at some point or another. You twist it, you drunkenly sleep on the kitchen floor for too long, your niece was a couple years too old for that piggyback ride — it happens. Or maybe you have Degenerative Disc Disease, which is a pretty good chance since 30 million Americans suffer from it. If you’re not familiar, the condition is the degeneration of one or more of the intervertebral discs of the spine, which are the cartilage spacers between the vertebrae. It can be extremely painful and often requires surgery that involves fusing vertebrae together; while this can relieve the pain, it inhibits flexibility. And I know from experience that invasive spinal fusion surgery is no picnic. To offer a better solution to dealing with the detrimental effects of DDD, scientists at Cornell have been experimenting with repairing degenerated discs through 3D printing.
You may remember the Associate Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Cornell University, Dr. Lawrence Bonassar, from his success with 3D printing ears onto rats. Well now he and his colleagues are repairing the spines of rats with bioprinting. By loading a bioprinter with stem cells, a much less invasive surgery can be performed where the degenerated parts of the discs are targeted by the bioprinter. As is the nature of stem cells, they become spinal disc tissue over a couple weeks. So far, the procedure has been very successful on rats. Dr. Bonassar believes that entire discs can be printed in cases where patents’ discs are severely degenerated, though the surgery would be more complicated.
Research like this so quickly leads to major breakthroughs when bioprinting is involved. It wasn’t long ago that I was speculating about treating arthritis with some of the first bioprinted cartilage, and now spinal repair is on the table. The FDA has already approved a 3D printed polymer for cranial implantation, so bioprinted tissues will likely be going through initial trials soon. | <urn:uuid:70b12d55-4146-45d8-b93f-14e232cefe0c> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.3dprinter.net/3d-printing-spinal-discs-at-cornell | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115858171.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161058-00013-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958437 | 421 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Are you at risk for Vascular Disease?
Low cost | Pain-free | Noninvasive
Takes approximately 20 minutes
Significant risk factors:
- Age 50+
- Smoking history
- High cholesterol
- High blood pressure
- Family history of peripheral arterial disease, heart disease or stroke
Three simple screenings that detect vascular disease and can save your life:
- Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)
- Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
- Carotid Artery Stenosis (Stroke Risk)
ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM (AAA)
Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a weakening, bulging or ballooning of the major artery in the abdomen. A AAA can stretch the aorta beyond its safety margin causing it to burst or rupture. A ruptured aneurysm can cause severe internal bleeding which can lead to shock or even death.
- A pulsing sensation in your abdomen, similar to a heartbeat
- Severe, sudden pain in your abdomen or lower back
- On rare occasions, foot pain, discoloration or sores on the toes or feet
PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE (PAD)
Your arteries carry blood rich in oxygen and nutrients from your heart to the rest of your body. Peripheral arterial disease is a result of narrowed arteries usually caused by a buildup of plaque that reduces blood flow most notably to your legs.
- Leg pain that goes away with rest
- Numbness, tingling or weakness in the legs
- Burning or aching pain in the feet or toes while resting
- A sore on a leg or a foot that will not heal
- Cold legs or feet
- Loss of hair on the legs and/or feet
- Impotence in men
CAROTID ARTERY STENOSIS (STROKE RISK)
Carotid artery stenosis is a narrowing or constriction of the carotid arteries (located in your neck) which causes reduced blood flow to the brain. Carotid artery stenosis is a major risk factor for stroke and can lead to brain damage and paralysis.
- Weakness, numbness or a tingling sensation on one side of your body
- Paralysis or numbness of the face, arm or leg
- Trouble seeing out of one or both eyes
- Trouble with speaking and understanding
- Severe headache
Vascular disease is among the leading causes of death in the United States. Millions of Americans who are at risk for stroke or death from vascular disorders are unaware of their risk. Call today to take advantage of these low-cost vascular screenings.
To schedule an appointment or for more information, please call us at 812-532-7500 | <urn:uuid:6f5a77a0-589e-4389-84f0-5f73cf8ff087> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.myhph.org/services/vascular-center/vascular-screenings-special/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257847.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525024710-20190525050710-00033.warc.gz | en | 0.881008 | 594 | 2.609375 | 3 |
SECTION 504/AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT ACCOMMODATIONS
Students with disabilities, who do not meet the criteria for services under the Committee on Special Education, may meet the criteria for receiving accommodations under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.
In order to receive a 504 Accommodation Plan, a student must have a documented disability that impacts on the students' education.
The 504 Accommodation Plan is a legal document and accommodations can include but are not limited to: testing accommodations, program modifications, and a related service.
Parents who suspect that a student may have a disability requiring a 504 Accommodation Plan are encouraged to first explore these issues with appropriate pupil personnel/professional staff (i.e., teachers, guidance counselors, school psychologists, school social workers) who will attempt to remedy academic difficulties on the building level.
If exhaustive and pre-referral interventions do not succeed in helping the student to improve his/her academic standing/progress, parents/guardians are encouraged to proceed with a referral to the Committee on Special Education.
NOTICE OF RIGHTS UNDER SECTION 504
You have the right to be informed by the school district of your rights under Section 504. This is a notice of you and your child’s rights under Section 504 and the rights you have if you disagree with the school district’s decisions.
WHAT IS SECTION 504?
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, commonly called “Section 504,” is a federal law that protects students from discrimination based on disability. Section 504 assures that students with disabilities have educational opportunities and benefits equal to those provided to students without disabilities. To be eligible, a student must have a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activity.
THE SECTION 504 PROCESS
Your child has the right to an evaluation before the school determines if he or she is eligible under Section 504.
You have the right to:
Have evaluation and placement decisions made by a group of persons, often called a “504 team,” including persons who know your child, the meaning of the evaluation information, and the placement options available.
Have evaluation decisions based on a variety of sources, such as aptitude and achievement tests, teacher recommendations, physical conditions, medical records, and parental observations.
Receive notice before the district takes any action regarding the identification, evaluation, and placement of your child.
Refuse consent for the initial evaluation and initial placement of your child. If your child is eligible under Section 504, your child has a right to an annual review of the 504 plan as well as periodic re-evaluations, including re-evaluations before any significant change is made in your child’s placement.
IF YOU DISAGREE WITH THE DISTRICT’S DECISION
If you disagree with the district’s decisions regarding your child’s identification, evaluation, educational program, or placement under Section 504, you may request mediation or an impartial due process hearing. You and your child have the right to take part in the hearing and have an attorney represent you. Hearing requests and other concerns can be made to the District’s Section 504 Coordinator who can be reached at “Insert Name and Contact Information.”
You have the right to file a complaint of discrimination with the U.S. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights (OCR), or to file a complaint in federal court. Generally, an OCR complaint may be filed within 180 calendar days of the act that you believe was discriminatory. The regional office is located at 32 Old Slip, 25th Floor, New York, New York 10005. Phone: 646-428-3906 Website: www2.ed.gov/OCR | <urn:uuid:f7d3d641-3716-4ec0-b1ce-39e0768caf32> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.tuxedoufsd.org/o/tufsd/page/section-504-your-rights | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988955.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210509032519-20210509062519-00581.warc.gz | en | 0.932589 | 773 | 2.984375 | 3 |
An adolescent can resort to dishonesty for many reasons, including self-preservation and attempting to avoid responsibility. If your teen has a habit of lying, he might need your help to break this behavior and choose a more positive way to handle himself. Overcoming the tendency to lie takes a conscious effort by your youngster, so support him as he breaks this habit.
Examine your rules and expectations to ensure you are not contributing to your teenager’s dishonesty, advises extension specialist Diana Del Campo, with New Mexico State University. If your house rules are strict and oppressive, not allowing your teenager some freedom to make decisions in activities, she might feel cornered or trapped by the rules. For example, your teen might enjoy the freedom to go to the library, the mall or the park with friends instead of just coming straight home after school. If you don’t provide a little freedom, she might try to lie to get it.
Talk to your teenager about the dishonesty. Using a positive and proactive tone, approach the problem with an attitude designed to resolve the issue, not to discipline or shame your child, advises psychologist Jeffrey Bernstein, writing for the Psychology Today website. Discuss the importance of honesty to develop trust in relationships and mention how dishonesty hurts a relationship because of the breakdown of trust. You might also mention how telling the truth can feel frightening, but the long-term benefits of trust and transparency make honesty a worthwhile goal.
Ask questions about what motivates your youngster to lie to help you understand the issue more completely, suggests child psychologist Lisa Hunter, writing for the GreatSchools website. Understanding motivation can help your teen change the lying behavior and it can also enable you to recognize potential circumstances in which your child might feel tempted to lie. For example, if you learn that your teen feels inferior to others, you can expect him to embellish stories and make up details to impress others.
Avoid placing your teen in a position where she feels compelled to lie, recommends Del Campo. Instead of saying, “Why didn’t you come right home after school? Where have you been?” you might say, “I was worried when you didn’t come right home after school. The next time something comes up, I need you to call me so I know what’s going on.”
Adopt a policy that extends trust only if your child acts trustworthy. Verify the statements your child makes and the information he gives you. If your verification proves the validity of information, extend trust to your child. If you discover dishonesty, discuss the mistake with your child. A reasonable consequence of dishonesty is closer parental monitoring and reduced freedom until your child earns trust back with honest and trustworthy behavior. | <urn:uuid:28b441c3-8381-4905-9ccb-6f1f009c38e5> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://living.thebump.com/teen-stop-lying-10148.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156901.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921072647-20180921093047-00381.warc.gz | en | 0.939131 | 560 | 2.796875 | 3 |
First of all, it's important to recall that RMSE has the same unit as the dependent variable (DV). It means that there is no absolute good or bad threshold.
However, you can define it based on your DV. For a datum which ranges from 0 to 1000, an RMSE of 0.7 is small, but if the range goes from 0 to 1, it is not that small anymore. However, although the smaller the RMSE, the better, you can make theoretical claims on levels of the RMSE by knowing what is expected from your DV in your field of research. Keep in mind that you can always normalize the RMSE.
Decision support accuracy metrics that are popularly used are Reversal rate, Weighted errors, Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) and Precision Recall Curve (PRC), Precision, Recall and F-measure. These metrics help users in selecting items that are of very high quality out of the available set of items.
The metrics view prediction procedure as a binary operation which distinguishes good items from those items that are not good. ROC curves are very successful when performing comprehensive assessments of the performance of some specific algorithms.
Precision is the fraction of recommended items that is actually relevant to the user, while Recall can be defined as the fraction of relevant items that are also part of the set of recommended items. They are computed as --
Precision (P) = Correctly Recommended Items / Total Recommended Items
Recall (R) = Correctly Recommended Items / Total Useful Recommended Items
F-measure defined below helps to simplify precision and recall into a single metric. The resulting value makes comparison between algorithms and across data sets very simple and straightforward.
F-measure = 2PR / P + R
Coverage has to do with the percentage of items and users that a recommender system can provide predictions. Prediction may be practically impossible to make if no users or few users rated an item. Coverage can be reduced by defining small neighborhood sizes.
That's all. Hope it helps! | <urn:uuid:8e0b8761-79bb-4187-91aa-ae627402b121> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/14162/how-can-conclusions-be-drawn-from-recommendation-systems-evaluation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739104.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813220643-20200814010643-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.944221 | 422 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Who Lives in a Lake?
From the Series Who Lives Here?
Who Lives in a Lake? introduces emergent readers to a variety of lake-dwelling animals while providing them with a supportive first nonfiction reading experience. Carefully crafted text uses high-frequency words, repetitive sentence patterns, and strong visual references to support emergent readers, making sure they aren’t facing too many challenges at once.
Who Lives in a Lake? includes tools for teachers as well as introductory nonfiction features such as labels, a table of contents, words to know, and an index.
Who Lives in a Lake? is part of Jump!'s Who Lives Here? series.
|Interest Level||Preschool - Grade 1|
|Category||Beginning Readers, STEM|
|Number of Pages||16| | <urn:uuid:cf9bdf0f-d486-4c54-8873-6acbc49edb5c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://jumplibrary.com/shop/show/10361 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251689924.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126135207-20200126165207-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.852386 | 167 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Many people who have or have had family members with hemophilia will ask that their baby boys get tested soon after birth.
About one-third of babies who are diagnosed with hemophilia have no other family members with the disorder. A doctor might check for hemophilia if a newborn is showing certain signs of hemophilia.
Diagnosis includes screening tests and clotting factor tests. Screening tests are blood tests that show if the blood is clotting properly. Clotting factor tests, also called factor assays, are required to diagnose a bleeding disorder. This blood test shows the type of hemophilia and the severity.
Families With a History of Hemophilia
Any family history of bleeding, such as following surgery or injury, or unexplained deaths among brothers, sisters, or other male relatives such as maternal uncles, grandfathers, or cousins should be discussed with a doctor to see if hemophilia was a cause. A doctor often will get a thorough family history to find out if a bleeding disorder exists in the family.
Many people who have or have had family members with hemophilia will ask that their baby boys get tested soon after birth. In the best of cases, testing for hemophilia is planned before the baby’s delivery so that a sample of blood can be drawn from the umbilical cord (which connects the mother and baby before birth) immediately after birth and tested to determine the level of the clotting factors. Umbilical cord blood testing is better at finding low levels of factor VIII (8) than it is at finding low levels of factor IX (9). This is because factor IX (9) levels take more time to develop and are not at a normal level until a baby is at least 6 months of age. Therefore, a mildly low level of factor IX (9) at birth does not necessarily mean that the baby has hemophilia B. A repeat test when the baby is older might be needed in some cases. Learn more about the inheritance pattern for hemophilia.
Families With No Previous History of Hemophilia
About one-third of babies who are diagnosed with hemophilia have no other family members with the disorder. A doctor might check for hemophilia in a newborn if:
- Bleeding after circumcision of the penis goes on for a long time.
- Bleeding goes on for a long time after drawing blood and heel sticks (pricking the infant’s heel to draw blood for newborn screening tests).
- Bleeding in the head (scalp or brain) after a difficult delivery or after using special devices or instruments to help deliver the baby (e.g., vacuum or forceps).
- Unusual raised bruises or large numbers of bruises. If a child is not diagnosed with hemophilia during the newborn period, the family might notice unusual bruising once the child begins standing or crawling.
Those with severe hemophilia can have serious bleeding problems right away. Thus, they often are diagnosed during the first year of life. People with milder forms of hemophilia might not be diagnosed until later in life.
Screening tests are blood tests that show if the blood is clotting properly. Types of screening tests:
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
This common test measures the amount of hemoglobin (the red pigment inside red blood cells that carries oxygen), the size and number of red blood cells and numbers of different types of white blood cells and platelets found in blood. The CBC is normal in people with hemophilia. However, if a person with hemophilia has unusually heavy bleeding or bleeds for a long time, the hemoglobin and the red blood cell count can be low.
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) Test
This test measures how long it takes for blood to clot. It measures the clotting ability of factors VIII (8), IX (9), XI (11), and XII (12). If any of these clotting factors are too low, it takes longer than normal for the blood to clot. The results of this test will show a longer clotting time among people with hemophilia A or B.
Prothrombin Time (PT) Test
This test also measures the time it takes for blood to clot. It measures primarily the clotting ability of factors I (1), II (2), V (5), VII (7), and X (10). If any of these factors are too low, it takes longer than normal for the blood to clot. The results of this test will be normal among most people with hemophilia A and B.
This test also helps doctors assess a patient’s ability to form a blood clot. This test is ordered either along with other blood clotting tests or when a patient has an abnormal PT or APTT test result, or both. Fibrinogen is another name for clotting factor I (1).
Clotting Factor Tests
Clotting factor tests, also called factor assays, are required to diagnose a bleeding disorder. This blood test shows the type of hemophilia and the severity. It is important to know the type and severity in order to create the best treatment plan.
Levels of Factor VIII (8)
Normal (person who does not have hemophilia)
50% to 100%
Greater than 5% but less than 50%
1% to 5%
Less than 1%
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities
Division of Blood Disorders
1600 Clifton Road
Atlanta, GA 30333
TTY: (888) 232-6348
- Contact CDC-INFO | <urn:uuid:2dfa5041-30b0-491d-ae65-2f7833d59822> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/diagnosis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122222204.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175702-00046-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91888 | 1,180 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Today I spent some time with students discussing the issue of plagiarism. It’s an important issue to discuss, and one that I would prefer to cover at the start of the year rather than nearer the end of it, but I take heart from the fact that we are having these important discussions with our student population. I thought I’d share some of the resources I used to put my presentation together. First up, I think it’s important to note that one of the General capabilities that need to be addressed in the upcoming Australian Curriculum is Ethical behaviour. Here’s the information pertinent to this from the Australian Curriculum site.
In the Australian Curriculum students develop ethical behaviour as they learn to understand and act in accordance with ethical principles. This includes understanding the role of ethical principles, values and virtues in human life; acting with moral integrity; acting with regard for others; and having a desire and capacity to work for the common good. As they develop ethical behaviour students learn to:
- recognise that everyday life involves consideration of competing values, rights, interests and social norms
- identify and investigate moral dimensions in issues
- develop an increasingly complex understanding of ethical concepts, the status of moral knowledge and accepted values and ethical principles
- explore questions such as:
- What is the meaning of right and wrong and can I be sure that I am right?
- Why should I act morally?
- Is it ever morally justifiable to lie?
- What role should intuition, reason, emotion, duty or self-interest have in ethical decision making?
Understanding the need to behave with academic honesty certainly is an ethical understanding our students need to have.
The definition of plagiarism I used came from the Smartcopying website, an excellent source of information about copyright for Australian schools and TAFE institutions.
“Plagiarism occurs where a student uses someone else’s ideas or words in their work and pretends they are their own. If the student has used a lot of someone else’s words without that person’s permission, copyright infringement may also occur.”
A conversation like this can be a bit dry, so I used some recent controversy surrounding Beyonce and accusations of plagiarism of choreography to spark the student’s interest. Watch for yourself to see what you think.
Interestingly, I’ve just seen a post where Beyonce has admitted that the Belgian choreographer’s work was an influence on her latest video. I’ll keep watching this story as it’s bound to have some good fodder for future discussions with students.
We explored our school’s plagiarism policy and discussed actions the students could take to avoid falling into the plagiarism trap. We discussed effective notetaking, and techniques such as making dot points under information they might have cut and pasted from the internet to ensure they synthesise the information and write in their own words. The importance of proper attribution of resources they have used in a bibliography was explored, and I reminded them of the SLASA online referencing generator we have subscribed to, and mentioned EasyBib, as we are just starting the process of subscribing to this and think it is going to be incredibly useful for our student population. (We need to use APA style here in Australia, hence the need to purchase a site license rather than use the free version).
I wanted our students to understanding the view Universities take on incidents of plagiarism, so we took a look at the University of Melbourne’s page about Academic honesty and plagiarism.
I really liked the quote they use on their page, and made a point of discussing it in detail.
The most important attribute that the University of Melbourne would like to see in its graduates is a profound respect for truth, and for the ethics of scholarship. The reason why this is so important is that we want our graduates to be capable of independent thought, to be able to do their own work, and to know how to acknowledge the work of others.
Professor Peter McPhee (Provost 2007-9)
We had noted that the University of Melbourne uses Turnitin to check for incidents of plagiarism, something we do not have at our school. I showed the students Plagiarism Checker and explained how we are able to insert text and receive a list of Google links that may provide the source of where they have obtained information, if they have indeed plagiarised.
I then thought it wise to show the students a site they could use to help them check their work for incidents of plagiarism. We have to always remember we are dealing with young people, and even though they may have been part of a discussion like this, there’s no guarantee what they have heard has stuck. Sometimes, their issues with plagiarism are not because they have deliberately intended to cheat, but more because they have not understood that cutting and pasting people’s ideas is the wrong thing to do. I showed them PaperRater, and there was a fair bit of interest in this site.
I’ve only just discovered this site thanks to a tweet in recent days, so I haven’t had time to check its effectiveness. Another similar site is Grammarly, and I discovered this when I saw my son using it recently. He was using it to check the quality of the grammar in his writing, and I have to say, I was pretty impressed that he was the least bit interested!
I need to learn more about these sites, who is behind them, and how they work. If anyone is armed with more knowledge that will help us all out in understanding them more, I’d appreciate you leaving some feedback as a comment.
I’m pretty sure today’s discussion went somewhere towards hitting the mark with these students. This is the kind of discussion we need to continually revisit in our schools, even when kids tell us they’ve heard it all before! | <urn:uuid:535149aa-5c6b-4b85-895c-0db042a1ea26> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://jennyluca.com/2011/10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375099173.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031819-00257-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965304 | 1,234 | 2.921875 | 3 |
SWEET CHESTNUT (Castanea)
European chestnut (Castanea Sativa)
Chinese seedlings (Castanea mollissima) - Grown from open-pollinated seed collected from superior mother trees, selected for nut production characteristics including large nut size, good kernel qualities, consistent yields, blight resistance, cold hardiness.
Chestnuts are majestic trees capable of producing large quantities of delicious nuts every year. They bloom in early summer & ripen in early fall. They form inside prickly husks that are squirrel proof until they fall ripe from the trees. European & American chestnuts & their hybrids are potentially large spreading shade trees when grown in the open, although most orchard spacings are at 25 foot intervals. Denser spacings of up to 12 ft. will produce fine timber. Chestnut wood is an excellent, attractive & rot resistant hardwood. Chestnuts need a sunny location with good soil drainage
Chestnut trees are self infertile. That means that they must have another chestnut tree nearby with viable pollen to produce nuts.
Whilst all varieties produce male catkins and female flowers on new season's shoots, the male pollen may no longer be present when the female flower is ready for pollination. It is therefore recommended that several different varieties be planted for the purposes of commercial production. Pollen is transferred from one tree to another by wind.
Seed - where possible sow the seed as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame or in a seed bed outdoors. The seed must be protected from mice and squirrels. The seed has a short viability and must not be allowed to become dry.
Chestnuts require a well-drained soil, better
drained than apple trees require. The most common mistake in chestnut
cultivation is to plant them on sites that are too wet or too "heavy" (too much
clay). Clay soils can be tolerated if there is good surface drainage (slope),
but chestnuts do best on deep, sandy loams (rocks and gravel are okay). Soil pH
should be acidic, between 4.5 and 6.5. Chestnuts won't tolerate calcareous
(limestone) soils. Chestnuts don't require a very fertile soil, but do respond
well to fertilizer.
Gather Chinese Chestnuts as soon as they fall from the
burrs. Keep them out of the sun, since it will dry out the nuts. Harvesting is
easier if the grass under the tree is kept mowed low. The nuts drop over a two
week period and should be collected every two days. Place nuts on a screen in a
shady, cool, rather humid, well-ventilated place for several days to cure.
Chinese chestnuts have a high starch and water content and a very low oil
content. Nuts lack flavour when burrs open and chestnuts fall, but after they
dry slowly for one to two weeks in a cool place (50-65̊F), starches are
converted to sugars and flavour improves tremendously.
American Sweet - This native Eastern variety produces small nuts, which are much sweeter than any other kind. Tree very hardy and a strong, upright grower.
Amy - Pure Chinese, selected from our orchard, medium to large sized nuts, early ripening (a few days earlier than 'Eaton')
AU-Homestead - Selected at Auburn, AL; cold-hardy to -20 degrees F, medium-sized nuts, late ripening, reportedly some gall wasp resistance
AU Leader - Very sweet large nut. Excellent flavour raw or roasted.
Armstrong - This medium to large nut is one of the best tasting, but it doesn't keep long in storage. The tree bears very well. Chinese X American hybrid.
BELLE EPINE CHESTNUT (Castanea crenatata x C. sativa)
BISALTA #3 CHESTNUT (European X Japanese)
BOUCHE DE BETIZAC (European x Japanese)
Bournette - Mid-late season ripening. Hybrid variety bearing Large dark brown nuts. Pollinator. Spreading tree.
Bright - Has a large nut with a very sweet high quality kernel with an excellent taste. This is an outstanding selection and is highly recommended.
Byron (formerly 'Lindstrom 67') - Selection from Jerry Payne's planting in Byron, GA, vigorous grower, large nuts (but mis-shapen)
Carr - Old cultivar, medium to large-sized nuts, upright growth habit
Chandler - Selected by George Smith in South Carolina
CHINESE CHESTNUT (Castanea mollissima)
COLOSSAL CHESTNUT (Japanese x European)
Comfort - A very large, handsome nut, that has been grown in Pennsylvania for many years, and is found so nearly identical with Pargon in growth and fruit that it is not improbable that it was a nut of this variety from which Mr. Schaeffer, of Germantown, grew the original Paragon tree. Comes to fruit age very young, and is an enormous bearer of nuts of very good quality.
CONNECTICUT EARLY CHESTNUT (Castanea sp.)
Crane - Chinese selection from the Chekiang province of China. Nuts are dark red to brown in colour, flavour and keeping qualities are excellent. Crane is best adapted to the middle and southern USA. Produces a large tasty nut in this region. 32 to 40 per Lb.
Eaton - Flavour, texture and sweetness are among the best. Ripens 3 to 7 days, earlier than most Chinese. 30 to 40 nuts per lb.
EUROPEAN CHESTNUT (Castanea sativa)
Fordís Sweet - A heavy bearing timber-type Chinese chestnut that has a sweet kernel like the American Chestnut. Nuts are small and make good wildlife food.
Fordís Tall - A timber-type Chinese chestnut similar to Fordís Sweet that reaches a height of 70 feet. Medium sized nuts.
Gideon - Pure Chinese, selected from our orchard, medium to large sized nuts, mid-season ripening
Grimo 112X - This is a seedling selection of unknown
origin (possibly a Layeroka seedling). The tree is vigorous and productive. The
nuts are sweet, large and early to mid season ripening. It is moderately
resistant to chestnut blight. It is a good pollinator.
Japan Giant Chestnut - The tree is decidedly ornamental, hardy and productive, of dwarf habit, bearing extremely young; nuts of enormous size.
Japan Mammoth - Immense size, and of fine flavor; the burrs contain at times as many as five large nuts; the tree is similar in habit and growth to the Italian Chestnut; they yield fruit in two years after planting; seedlings vary in size and shape, as well as in habit of growth and productiveness, and are not so reliable as grafted trees. Early Reliance (Japan). Tree of dwarf, spreading habit; begins to bear very young. Nuts large, smooth and very attractive. Enormously productive.
Kohr - Selected by Clarence Kohr in Pennsylvania
Laguepie - Mid season ripening. Nuts medium sized.
LAYEROKA CHESTNUT (Chinese x European)
Maraval - Mid-late season ripening. Natural hybrid, bears medium-large nuts - shining mahogany-red. Pollinator.
Maridonne - Late season ripening. Hybrid variety, bearing large nuts of very good quality.
Marigoule - Very early season ripening. Good crops of large nuts. Pollinator. Upright vigorous tree.
Marlhac - Mid-late season ripening. Hybrid variety. Medium sized nuts.
MARRISARD CHESTNUT (Castanea crenatata x Castanea
Marron Comballe - Early-mid season. Large, light brown nuts of good quality
Marron de Lyon - Mid-late season ripening. Good crops of very large nuts.
MARRON DI VAL DI SUZA - (Castanea sativa)
MARRON DU VAR CHESTNUT (Castanea sativa)
Marron Goujounac - Mid season ripening. Good crops of large light brown nuts. Good pollinator
Marsol - Mid season ripening. Hybrid variety. Medium sized nuts.
Meiling -Large, good-flavored nut; early and heavy bearer; good keeping qualities. Chinese.
Mendes -A very hardy and productive Chinese selection, medium-sized nut with a short season.
Mossbarger - Chinese A hardy variety from Glendale Kentucky. A vigorous grower with large spreading canopy and bears early. Nuts are sweet and peel very easily. 30 to 40 per lb.
Nanking - Was once a very popular cultivar in southeastern USA, medium to large sized nuts, late ripening, tends to over-produce resulting in smaller nut size
NEVADA CHESTNUT (Castanea sativa)
Norris - Reportedly resistant to chestnut weevils, medium sized nuts
Numbo - A hardy, productive variety of European origin, but seems well adapted to this. climate. It ripens early, nuts are large and of good quality. An early fruiter; an exceedingly productive and annual bearer.
Orrin - Similar to 'Nanking', medium to large sized nuts, mid-season ripening, tends to over-produce resulting in smaller nut size
Paragon - This is most likely the "Sober Paragon", an American-European hybrid widely planted in the early 1900's. It has a vigorous, upright growth habit, is a consistent bearer of medium-sized nuts, mid-season ripening, very blight susceptible, It has produced many outstanding offspring both in terms of nut production and timber-type growth.
Payne (formerly 'Byron 3-3') - Pure Chinese, selected from Jerry Payne's USDA planting in Byron, GA; very large nuts; not yet widely tested
Peach - Pure Chinese, selected from our orchard, medium to large sized nuts, mid-season ripening
Perry (formerly 'Lindstrom 93') - Selection from Jerry Payne's planting in Byron, GA; nuts slightly smaller than 'Byron' but better shaped.
PRECOCE MIGOULE CHESTNUT (European x Japanese)
Ridgley - Tree of immense size and very productive, more than 5 bushels of nuts, have been gathered from the original tree in a single season; burrs are of medium size and carry from 2 to 8 nuts each; nuts of medium size, with some fuzz at point; kernels sweet and of good quality. One of the most valuable. Tree very healthy.
Rousse de Nay - Very early season. Large dark brown nuts of good quality. Good pollinator.
Qing- Chinese selection, Very sweet nuts, Pellicle separates freely from nut, 2 to 4 nuts per bur, Nuts are a light mahogany in colour. Qing has no sign of chestnut blight. Original tree planted in 1938 and to date tree is 114 inches in diameter and 35 feet tall. An excellent commercial nut due to its taste, size and keeping qualities. 18 to 22 nuts per lb.
Shing - Pure Chinese from Nanjing, China, seedling selected by Mike Nave in California; vigorous, productive, large-sized nuts; not yet widely tested
SILVERLEAF CHESTNUT (a.k.a Eurobella) (Castanea
SKIOKA CHESTNUT (Chinese x European)
SKOOKUM CHESTNUT (Chinese x European)
SLEEPING GIANT CHESTNUT (Chinese x American x
Smith - Selected by George Smith in South Carolina
TO613 CHESTNUT Castanea crenatata x C. sativa
Verdale - Early season ripening. Medium sized dark brown nuts which store very well.
Vignols - Very early to early season ripening. Good crops of large nuts. Pollinator.
W.C. - Chinese From Louisville, KY. Large dark colored nuts. Spreading tree with great orchard form. Good keeper sweet and peels very well. Very vigorous grower.23 to 25 per lb.
Copyright © 2007 gb-online eshop
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Spelling practice worksheets are available on TLSBooks.com, SchoolExpress.com and Teach-nology.com. These websites either have pre-made printable spelling lists with practice activities or allow teachers to make custom worksheets for students to review for practice.Continue Reading
TLSBooks.com has about 200 elementary-level spelling worksheets with pre-selected words. Some of them are grouped by occasion, type of word, object or theme. They are free to use and have lists accompanied with activities for practice.
SchoolExpress.com lets teachers make custom lists of up to 20 words. Students can review the words and then write them three times each for practice.
Teach-nology.com has worksheets suitable for elementary through high school students. Some examples include grade-specific worksheets and worksheets focused on commonly misspelled words.Learn more about K-12 | <urn:uuid:7f1afdf5-e720-4302-8316-c740e90f54bf> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.reference.com/education/spelling-practice-worksheets-available-596f46d564c90f45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607704.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523221821-20170524001821-00030.warc.gz | en | 0.937653 | 187 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The information instrument of national power, which has neither a recognized government lead nor a clear strategy for employment, remains the most misunderstood and underutilized element of D-I-M-E (Diplomacy, Information, Military, Economic). However, an examination of the application of information power from the First World War through the Cold War revealed that information has served as a potent instrument of national power. It is most effective when it is directed and supported by the President, guided by strategy that recognizes it as a fundamental component of official policy, coordinated across the whole of government, and implemented across the broadest spectrum of communication. Administrations should first decide whether the application of information power comports with enduring national values, their respective policy and national security objectives. Then, once the decision is made to employ information power, it must be adequately resourced to ensure its application aligns with the four key requirements. | <urn:uuid:455a86b4-c362-4d66-9f7e-5e14c9d655c4> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://publications.armywarcollege.edu/publication-detail.cfm?publicationID=726 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575168.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922053242-20190922075242-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.951334 | 182 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Dr. Vijai S Shankar MD.PhD.
Published on www.academy-advaita.com
15th October 2017
The intelligence in life has manifested life. Life evolves everything in a cycle, including food. A cycle is a circle and a circle neither has a beginning nor an ending. Fertilizers are a good example of this cycle of food in life, which is a circle.
The intelligence in life has manifested the first seed of vegetation on earth from atoms of air, water and fire as heat. The first seed of vegetation later evolved as the first seed of the animal kingdom.
The intelligence in life has evolved the excreta of the evolving animal kingdom and the minerals present in earth to form the first fertilizers for the evolving vegetation.
This is evident even to this day. Birds, bees and insects that feed on seeds and leaves of vegetation drop their excreta into the soil in and around vegetation. They function as fertilizers for more vegetation to grow.
This is a give and take cycle between vegetation and the animal kingdom for each to survive. This is evident not only in forests, but also in fields of agriculture where seeds are sown to grow crops. These are organic fertilizers.
Organic fertilizers also contain nitrates and phosphates. These minerals enable bacteria and other microbes to grow in the soil. The bacteria and microbes enrich the soil for good growth of vegetation. The enrichment is expressed as the quality of taste, smell and nutrient value in vegetation.
After World War II it was found in Europe that wheat grew more in areas where the ammunition of war was scattered. The nitrates and phosphates used to make ammunition functioned as fertilizers.
The industrial revolution paved the way for the inorganic fertilizer industry. Chemical nitrates and phosphates are used among other chemicals to form fertilizers. Inorganic fertilizers only increase the quantity of crop, but do not have the same quality of taste, smell and nutrient value as do organic fertilizers. This is because inorganic fertilizers transform the bacteria and microbes in the soil and this does not give quality to food. Food that is grown by using inorganic fertilizers eventually leads to ill-health much sooner than food that is grown by using organic fertilizers.
Millets do not need fertilizers to increase the quantity of the crop. Millets grow abundantly without inorganic fertilizers and they also preserve the quality and increase the quantity of food. They always lead to good health.
Author: Dr. Vijai S. Shankar
© Copyright V. S. Shankar 2017
The opportunity provided by life of the discovery of material for the production of man-made fertilizers was not missed by man. Not only did this provide for the needed increase in quantity, but it also yielded large financial rewards in the processing and marketing of an increasingly wide range of fertilizers. There was a serious downside to this development, however, and that was to deprive man of nature’s bounty, as clearly described in this article. Thus, significant wealth for the few was traded for damaging deprivation of natural resources and, in consequence, good health for the multitude. Understanding this is the gift of the wise.
Julian Capper, UK.
German Translator’s Note:
What life has naturally manifested through plants and animals has further sophisticated as made by humans. The outcome is as natural as what comes from nature, because man is nature too. However, the quality of for example fertilizers made by man are is not the same any more. This natural process is revealed as the cycle of life by Dr. Shankar and it needs to be understood deeply for a more healthy life to happen, illusory though it may be.
Marcus Stegmaier, Germany. | <urn:uuid:6b7139c4-639c-472e-83d3-354cfacb3e81> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.academy-advaita.com/en/articles/articles/intelligence20/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949331.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330132508-20230330162508-00712.warc.gz | en | 0.960174 | 798 | 2.609375 | 3 |
People think that N64 emulators are a relatively new invention that programmers created in recent years to make games from classic consoles more accessible. But that isn’t true. N64 emulators have been around for decades. UltraHLE is just one application among many. Though, many people will argue that it was one of the best.
What is UltraHLE?
UltraHLE was groundbreaking when it came out in the late 1990s. Created by Epsilon and RealityMan, the emulator came out just three years after the Nintendo 64 debuted. It was the first emulator of its kind that could run commercial N64 titles.
UltraHLE succeeded where so many other N64 projects failed because it used the Ultra High-Level Technique. Rather than emulating every aspect of a console, the HLE technique simulated the specific operations and functions of a game while it was running on the N64.
The tactic was far from perfect. UltraHLE worked amazingly with games that it had been specifically optimized to run. This meant that the collection of games the emulator could accurately run was small, less than two dozen, to be exact.
Many developers realized early on that the UltraHLE emulator could not succeed in the long run because it was unlikely to play newer games. But when it first came out, no one cared about this limitation.
They couldn’t stop lauding the authors for their work. UltraHLE did not survive. Because it could play N64 games so well, the emulator drew the attention of Nintendo.
The company started taking steps to sue Epsilon and RealityMan in 1999. The pair responded by retreating from the spotlight. Their emulator was discontinued just six hours after it came out.
RealityMan tried to produce a superior version of the emulator later on. But the legal pressure coming from Nintendo dissuaded him from pursuing the project. However, the work that Epsilon and RealityMan did lives on. Many developers have used the HLE technique to create better emulators.
- Written in C
- It uses the Glide API
- It can only emulate 20 games
- Inbuilt Debugger
- Supports Joysticks
- It supports full-screen mode
How To Install UltraHLE?
Step 1. Download UltraHLE
Step 2. Extract the zip folder
Step 3. Find the emulator’s .exe file and run it
Download UltraHLE 2064
- Size: 209KB
- Licesne: Freeware
- Platform: Windows
- Release date: Jul 13, 2003
UltraHLE Source Code Download
|File||Summary + Labels||Uploaded||Size|
|uhle-src1.0.0.zip||UltraHLE 1.0.0 Source||Aug 15, 2012||328.32KB|
|Ultra1037.zip||Ultra INI v1.0.37(Gecko/APE)||Aug 15, 2012||43.88KB|
|ultrahle.zip||UltraHLE 1.0.0||Aug 15, 2012||171.73KB|
How To use UltraHLE?
UltraHLE has the same limitations as all the other emulators from the late 1990s and early 2000s. Depending on the version you have downloaded (several UltraHLE versions were created after the original emulator was discontinued), you may have to run the emulator via a command line.
The best way to avoid errors is to download the installer. It will configure all the files you need to run the emulator. That includes the plugins and additional documentation to guide you where necessary.
UltraHLE was an amazing invention when it first came out. But it was discontinued over 2 decades ago. It hasn’t received any updates since then. It has a small collection of games. It can play those games very well. But if you want a more diverse offering of titles, you should use a modern emulator. | <urn:uuid:66f9e6ee-3287-4724-a45e-ddf7768894e5> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.technogone.com/ultrahle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945317.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325064253-20230325094253-00283.warc.gz | en | 0.951129 | 830 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Science Trivia - Flight IIScience Trivia Questions and Answers -
Printable Science Trivia
Position your cursor over the question mark found beside each question for the
What was the name of Charles Lindbergh's plane?
a. Enola Gay
b. Kitty Hawk
c. Spirit of St. Louis
d. Southern Cross
Who designed the first glider capable of carrying a person?
a. Charles Lindbergh
b. Otto Lilienthal
c. Orville Wright
d. Billy Bishop
Which country put the first satellite into space?
What was the name of the first lunar lander?
What sport did the first astronauts play on the moon?
Which country offered the first airline service?
Where was the first balloon flight?
c. New York
When were zeppelins first built?
What was the first type of aircraft to cross the Atlantic?
a. Hot air balloon
c. Mono plane
d. Sea plane
Who invented the first liquid filled rocket?
a. Robert Goddard
b. Orville Wright
c. Thomas Edison
d. James Crick
Click Here To Print This Quiz
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The eight aspects, or astanga limbs, of yoga are the yamas, niyamas, asanas, pranayama, pratyahara, dharana, dhyana, and samadbi. Salambhasana, Shalabasana Pose Yoga The yamas and niyamas are codes of moral and social conduct. The yamas are comprised of consideration toward all living things, and the ability to communicate with sensitivity, non-violence, moderation in all our actions, and non-greediness. The niyamas comprise cleanliness, contentment, the removal of impurities in the mind and body, study and reverence to a higher intelligence, or the acceptance of our limitations in relation to God. Salambhasana, Shalabasana Pose Yoga In the asanas, one gains the dual qualities of alertness and relaxation without tension. These qualities, achieved by recognizing and observing the reactions of the body and breath to various postures, can help an individual endure and even minimize the external influences on the body, such as climate, diet, and work. They are also a way to reduce physical avidya misunderstanding, because the body is an expression of the mind and its misapprehensions. In addition, asana practice also teaches us about the breath and how it behaves. | <urn:uuid:c447025d-9b17-48e2-989d-0040eed8b4aa> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://allyogapositions.com/salambhasana-shalabasana-pose-yoga.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476205.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303043351-20240303073351-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.922786 | 268 | 3.46875 | 3 |
CURRY RICE & SPICE!
Indian Food is famous the whole world over. There is hardly a country in the world where someone will not look up from the tv set and shout: ‘Hey let’s have an Indian tonight’. The most popular dish in Britain is not ‘fish and chips’ or ‘steak and kidney pie‘, but Indian food! How did Indian dishes develop, and how do people eat in India today?
Did you know that curry is not a spice? That’s right. What we call curry is a gravy made with a combination of peppers, ginger, coriander, cumin, turmeric and other spices. The word curry comes ‘kari’, a south indian word that means ‘sauce’. These spices have inspired wars and taste buds all over the world!
Spice adds a delicious favour to food, but there are other benefits. Spices were much needed before refrigerators were invented. They were used to preserve meat, sometimes for more than a year. If the meat had gone off in spite of this treatment, at least the spices would mask the bad taste! Without spices, people went hungry because they could not preserve their foods in the winter. Such was the importance of spices.
Recently, scientists have confirmed that cloves contain a chemical called eugenol that slows the growth of bacteria.
More than 7000 years ago merchant ships from Egypt and Greece sailed to India in search of its magical spices. A steady trade developed, and around the year 1000 Arabians had conquered India, and brought with them cumin and coriander and mixed it with Indian peper, ginger and turmeric. That famous combination is the spice-base of so many Indian dishes.
It seems amazing today as spices have become so cheap! But all throughout the dark ages until the 1800’s people would risk their neck for spices, and pay for them with gold! Vasco Da Gama sailed in 1497 from Portugal to India and Africa on a 24.000 mile journey. He lost two ships, but returned with a cargo of spices worth 60 times the cost of his journey!
Spices were rare and expensive. A pound of ginger was worth a sheep, and a sack of pepper was worth a man’s life. Bloody sea-wars were fought over the spice-trade. What people will not to in order to improve the flavour of their food!
Gradually, Great Britain began to emerge as the dominant trader with India. Britain’s famous East India Company was started in the year 1600 in order to conduct trade between Great Britain, India and China. The company grew very large and powerful due to a flourishing trade in tea, cotton, silk, opium and spices. The East India Company closed down in the year 1857, and replaced with the British Raj under the reign of Queen Victoria.
However, the Spice Trade continues. India’s most popular spices are: coriander, turmeric, garlic, pepper, cumin, cardamom, chillies, and vanilla.
BREADS & DISHES
Of course we eat more than curry in India. Apart from the sauce, we eat rice, or a combination of Indian breads. Some of these are:
Roti (a flat round unleavened break)
Dosa (a thin folded pan cake)
Naan, (a larger soft bread, often covered with melted butter)
Paratha (a brown flat wheat bread)
Then of course are such famous dishes are Tandoori chicken (marinated chicken chunks grilled in a clay oven), and biryani (flavored orange colored rice cooked with meat and vegetables).
A vegetarian only eats vegetable foods, and abstains from eating meats. Food plays a major part in Indian religion. Thousands of years ago, food was consumed after animal sacrifices to the gods. But with the rise of Budhism and Jainism, this slowly this started to change. The founders of these new religions believed in non-violence. They would quote old hindu sayings like: ‘How can he practice true compassion who eats the flesh of an animal to fatten his own flesh?’
The Hindu (brahmin) priests who used to offer animal sacrifices, noticed the new message, and slowly started to change. Today, Hinduism preaches the vegetarian way throughout India.
There are different reasons why people choose not to eat meat.
Religious reasons. Hindus believe that all life is sacred, and that killing animals is wrong.
Health reasons. A vegetarian diet is safe and healthy as many meats contain toxins and chemicals.
Economical reasons. Vegetarian foods like rice, wheat, lentils, and fruits are cheaper than meat.
Compassionate reasons. Many animals get treated badly, and live short lives to support the meat production industry.
The Indian dishes that we eat in Btitain are simply a dream to most people in India. They live on a very simple diet of rice, cooked lentils (dal), and flat breads (roti’s). Rice and dal in the afternoon, rice and dal in the evening. Yesterday, tomorrow, and next year. It’s the staple diet for hundreds of millions of Indians. Nutritious, easy and cheap.
Only rich villagers and people in the city can afford the different curry dishes. Variety is a luxury most people in the country can not afford.
Indian cooking has had a huge impact in the world. We can see this impact in two areas: The spread of the vegetarian lifestyle, and the popularity of Indian cooking.
India has influenced the world with its vegetarian culture. By 1908 the vegetarian movement had become global and the ‘International Vegetarian Union’ was started in Germany. Today there are many millions of vegetarians all over the world.
The United States has over 10.000 restaurants serving Indian food. In Britain, Indian food is even more popular. Two and a half million people have a curry every week. Over half of the meals that are eaten out in Britain today are Indian meals.
Popular Culture: ‘The Female of Spices’, an Indian movie based in New York about the healing properties of indian spices. Helen Mirren appeared in a 2014 film about Indian cuisine called 'The Hundred Foot Journey'. Anjum Anand's books and television appearances about Indian cooking have reached millions across the world. | <urn:uuid:fa96ba51-2494-46e2-861f-f31bc319ee81> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.goodshepherdhomes.org.uk/curry-rice-and-spice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027318894.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190823150804-20190823172804-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.964111 | 1,341 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Department of the Army Historical Summary: FY 1984
Tomorrow is never the time to start your preparation. The safety of this Nation in the atomic age cannot be built on good intentions and the decision to prepare when the time comes.
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
Fiscal year (FY) 1984 was a year of transition for the U.S. Army as it prepared to meet its varied worldwide obligations and missions. The implementation of force structures and development of weapon systems to complement the requirements of the AirLand Battle doctrine, as espoused in FM 100-5, was a central theme during the year. The Army recognized that the mid- to high-intensity conflict posed the greatest risk to the national security of the United States and, therefore, designed and trained forces to fight in accordance with the new AirLand Battle concepts of FM 100-5.
Several factors, however, compromised the full implementation of FM 100-5. The Army was aware that it lacked forces capable of rapid deployment to locations of low intensity conflict. Emphasis on much-needed modernization of heavy forces had left the Army with few units to deploy by airlift to meet the rapid deployment mission. Therefore, Army planners created the light division, lean in personnel and equipment, to employ best the scarce airlift capability, yet to retain the flexibility and combat power to accomplish its mission. Here too the Army made concessions as it balanced combat effectiveness against mission, airlift capacity, and doctrine.
A self-imposed military personnel ceiling of nearly 780,000 soldiers forced the Army to adjust to meet the goals of both FM 100-5 doctrine and the formation of light infantry divisions. Army planners solved this dilemma partially by reducing the size of heavy divisions, converting existing infantry divisions into light units, and using the resulting personnel savings to create new light divisions. These actions, started or continued in FY 84, would reach fruition in several years.
Meanwhile, the Army was still within the initial stages of its heavy force modernization program. Each new weapon system necessitated the Army's flexible adaptation because each system, in
turn, imposed new demands on sustainment, mobility, personal training, and doctrine. Often newer systems did not completely replace older weapons. The two had to exist side by side until the Army fielded new ones in their entirety, which marked a transition in materiel, training, and doctrine. Although the light forces could immediately take advantage of part of this modernization program, the majority of the new weapon systems were designed for a tank-versus-tank confrontation in Central Europe. The momentum of this so-called heavy modernization program could not be redirected easily because it underpinned central pillars of Army combat doctrine. Thus, the Army had to reevaluate its ongoing modernization program and simultaneously address the recognized needs of light forces. This process inaugurated another transitional period with adjustments to the twin demands of force modernization and rapid deployment.
The light force requirements included new doctrine, a different training program, lightweight yet powerful weaponry, and a distinct force structure, all designed to provide units with enhanced flexibility. The High Technology Light Division at Fort Lewis, Washington, field-tested various combinations of doctrine, weapons, and force structures for firepower, battlefield mobility, effectiveness, and deployment capability to determine the one best suited to the emerging light forces. Furthermore, the Army reemphasized the utility of the Special Operations Forces (SOF), increasing its capability and force structure to enhance effectiveness in unconventional warfare and thereby supplement the light forces in low-intensity conflicts.
Entering FY 84, the Army worked to resolve two major problems that hindered the combat capability of heavy and light forces lift and sustainment. The Air Force and Navy did not have the transportation resources to deploy the Army's forces in a timely manner either by air or sea. Once Army troops arrived in the area of conflict, sustainment requirements like food, fuel, ammunition, replacement personnel, and spare parts placed another heavy burden upon the already overextended U.S. lift capacities. Attempting to solve these problems, Army planners and logisticians pre-positioned POMCUS (pre-positioned materiel configured to unit sets) stores and war reserve stockpiles in Europe and deployed units in likely regions of conflict to reduce the lift requirements and improve the sustainment capabilities of Army forces in wartime. These actions altered the Army's force balance, funding allocations, force structure, logistics, and doctrine and allowed the Army to employ finite resources to meet its worldwide missions and obligations.
The balance between deployed forces and continental United States (CONUS)-based forces was one of several force structure issues drawing Army attention. Planners considered heavy-versus-light forces, combat-versus-support forces, and active-versus-reserve units in planning the most effective Army structure. As Lt. Gen. Fred K. Mahaffey, Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans (DCSOPS), noted in October 1984, "This concept of proper force balance does not imply equal parts, but rather the achievement of optimal ratios between the various components of balance necessary to meet our strategic requirements." (Army, Oct 84) During FY 84, planners continued to study the proper force balance, a task that covered rapidly changing facets of the Total Army occasioned by revised doctrine, force structure, equipment, training, funding, and missions. The steadily increasing quantitative and qualitative improvement in the Warsaw Pact armies naturally affected the determination of U.S. Army force balance.
The Army transformed its training program to emphasize a "train as you expect to fight" philosophy; it modernized the program to produce highly skilled soldiers to compensate for the numerical manpower superiority of Soviet backed forces. The Army underlined support for this program by seeking and recruiting high-quality personnel and retaining skilled soldiers. Dispatching reserve units to the National Training Center (NTC) and emphasizing realistic combined arms training improved greatly the capability and effectiveness of those units. After successfully demonstrating its value in enhancing unit morale and reducing personnel turbulence, the New Manning System expanded the number of COHORT (Cohesion, Operational Readiness, and Training) and American Regimental System units.
In 1979 the Army National Guard -(ARNG) and the U.S. Army Reserve (USAR), hampered by personnel shortages and insufficient quantities of modern first line equipment, did not attain prescribed readiness objectives. Since that time, the Guard and reserve forces have enhanced greatly their ability to support the Total Army and meet readiness goals. The roundout and CAPSTONE programs further integrated reserve units with active organizations, and Army policies reinforced this association by training both components together and equipping them with compatible, if not the same, equipment. The "first to go, first to equip" policy, in particular, demonstrated the Army's determination to forge a total force and to recognize that without the reserve forces it lacked the man power and equipment to fulfill missions. Here too, the transition to a more effective Total Army forced adjustments with far-reaching
ramifications for the ongoing force modernization, force structure, and doctrine aspects of Army planning and operations.
As General Mahaffey stated, "The Total Army's challenge, then, in a world of increasingly constrained resources and unconstrained requirements, is to create a properly structured, superbly trained and well-equipped Total Army of balanced forces, capable of responding across the entire spectrum of conflict." (Army, Oct 84) The following chapters demonstrate how the Army successfully worked to meet this challenge during fiscal year 1984.
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On Bicycles and Volcanoes
“the bright sun was extinguish’d … morn came and went – and came, and brought no day” – Darkness by Goerge Gordon, Lord Byron
Did you know that you are riding your bike today because of a volcanic eruption in Indonesia? Bear with me.
The wheel was invented sometime between 6,500 to 4,500 years ago. Wheeled vehicles appeared at some point in the 4th millennium BC and a wheel – axle combination was created around 3,000 BC. It took another five millennium for a German inventor – 32 year old Baron Karl von Drais de Sauerbronn to take the next step. In the Northern Hemisphere 1816 was the year ‘without summer’. The harvest failed. In Ireland alone, 65,000 people died. In Southern Germany, famine conditions prevailed and farmers unable to feed their horses, killed them. The young Baron, seeing a world without horse power and thus more human hardship, went to work and created a mechanical horse on wheels – the first two-wheel mechanism – called “laufmachine” or “running machine”. (also later called the velocipede, draisine (English) or draisienne (French), also nicknamed the dandy horse.) The rest, of course, is history.
What affected the weather so badly that it created a world-wide famine which, in turn, inspired the Baron to get going? An enormous volcanic erruption in Indonesia, that’s what.
If you cycle the Trans – Oceania Bicycle Expedition, you can join with us as we pay homage to the Gods of the Volcanoes who in 1815 unleashed the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history, killing hundreds of thousands of people, covering large parts of the world with ash clouds and, in the process, inspiring the creation of what eventually become the bicycle.
Pedaling through Indonesia from Medan, Sumatra to East Timor will put us in close proximity to numerous volcanos where we will have the opportunity to pay homage to the God, Vulcan (from whom the word volcano is derived). On the island of Java, cyclists will be able to actually cycle on the edge of the volcano Bromo (derived from Javanese pronunciation of Brahma the creator). After cycling by even more volcanoes in Bali and Lombok we will then spin through West Nusa Tengarra – the home of Tambora, the volcano that exploded in 1815. This event started a chain reaction that eventually led to the creation, half a world away, of the wooden horse and thus eventually allowing our 30 intrepid riders to use their own ‘running machines’ to journey amongst these fiery peaks.
It is there – hopefully with a good view of the volcano – that I plan to stop and contemplate the power of destruction and creation, death and birth, the cycle of life and pay my respects to the Gods. Then I will, in all humbleness, offer my thanks that there is such thing as a bicycle, a machine that has given me much pleasure – from the time I was three years old right up to the present day.
*As a side note the nasty weather that year had another effect – On holiday by Lake Geneva the 18-year-old Mary Shelley and her husband Percy were trapped in Lord Byron’s house by constant rain. To divert his guests Byron suggested a competition to write a ghost story. The result was Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein.
Pay homage to the Volcanic Gods of Indonesia. Join us for one, or all, of the Indonesian sections of the Trans-Oceania Bicycle Expedition: Sumatra Sutra, Java Jive, Volcanoes & Temples, Spice Island Hopping. | <urn:uuid:fe5367a3-6a16-4971-b55b-befe4fd10541> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://tourdafrique.com/2014/05/on-bicycles-and-volcanoes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119660038.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030100-00181-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957996 | 782 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Anxiety disorders affect millions of people across the country, and one of the most dangerous things about these disorders is that they can lead to thoughts of suicide if left untreated. If you are currently having thoughts of suicide, even on an occasional basis, ask for help. You can do this by calling a doctor or just talking to friends and family members who may be able to help you. Anxiety disorders are not the end of your life—you can overcome them.
If you’re having thoughts of suicide, there is nothing other people can do to make you feel better about yourself. However, they can give you the tools needed to do that. Lots of people kill themselves every year using suicidal methods like hanging, shooting, cutting, and overdosing, but these deaths are a real shame, since every single person has value in the community. You may feel hopeless right now, but there are people who can show you how to feel better. Although it is very difficult to deal with anxiety, others have gone through the same thing and can teach you methods for overcoming.
Call 111 or your local suicide hotline immediately if you are having thoughts of injuring yourself, for whatever reason. You are not alone in this ordeal, or else these phone lines would not exist. You can call anonymously in order to simply talk to someone about your problems. There is no pressure to do or not do anything—it is simply a tool to talk to someone and hear new ideas.
Pain and sadness is normal in every single person’s life, although many people hide it very well. However, if you find that your anxiety disorder is causing too much pain for you to bear, you can do one of two things: work to reduce the pain or work to increase your skills and resources for dealing with the pain. Although you may feel alone right now, millions of people are getting the help they need and living happy lives.
If nothing else, take some time to think about things. Even if you’ve had a horrible day, give yourself a few hours or days or even weeks to make a decision on ending your life. In that time, consider all of the options available to you and think about the other people your suicide will hurt. Suicide is not the answer to relief from pain in most cases, so by truly examining your feelings, you can work towards happier days. | <urn:uuid:37f9394b-06d4-419d-a780-7e2b05d7be80> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.recovery.anxiousminds.co.uk/anxiety-and-suicide/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=anxiety-and-suicide | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670135.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119093744-20191119121744-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.974303 | 478 | 2.875 | 3 |
Reforms Needed to Prevent Children with Disabilities from Being Lost in the Juvenile Justice System
New Report Finds Children with Disabilities Abused, Denied Treatment and Education
WASHINGTON – Children with disabilities are disproportionately placed in the juvenile justice system, receive inadequate treatment and are denied educational opportunities, the National Disability Rights Network asserted in a report released today.
“More than 65 percent of youth in the justice system meet the criteria for a disability, a rate that is three times higher than that of the general population,” said Curt Decker, NDRN’s executive director. “The millions we spend housing and feeding our young people behind razor wire can be far better spent helping them to find their way in this world.”
The findings in Orphanages, Training Schools, Reform Schools and Now This? are based upon scores of investigations by the nationwide Protection and Advocacy (P&A) System. P&As provide legal and other advocacy services to children and youth with disabilities in the juvenile justice system, and also maintain a presence in the facilities in which they are found, including prisons, jails, and detention centers. P&As have the legal authority to monitor and investigate allegations of abuse in these facilities.
Issues addressed in this report include: Diversion of children and youth with disabilities from the juvenile justice system (particularly stemming the “School to Prison Pipeline”), humane conditions while incarcerated (such as accommodation and communication needs, medical care, mental health treatment, and the prevention of abuse and neglect) and re-entry services like education and treatment to ensure the child or youth’s success upon release from the facility.
The report describes the problems children and youth with disabilities encounter, solutions used with success by the P&As, and provides specific recommendations for systemic improvements.
Some of those recommendations include:
- Congress should authorize and fund a Protection and Advocacy for Juvenile Justice Program to help divert youth with disabilities from entering the juvenile justice system, investigate and monitor conditions for youth with disabilities in the juvenile justice system, and ensure proper return to the community with needed services and supports.
- Congress should prohibit the use of solitary confinement and/or isolation for all juveniles, including those housed in adult settings.
- Congress should require that schools identified as having elevated school-based arrest rates: 1) lose the opportunity to use federal funds to employ School Resource Officers (SROs); 2) ensure SROs work is limited to traditional police activities and not discipline of non- violent student behavior; and, 3) require SROs in those schools to undergo training in specific, related topics.
- The U.S. Department of Education (ED) and Department of Justice (DOJ) should fully enforce laws requiring that education of youth in facilities is equal to that provided to students in other public schools.
Find out more and download a copy of the report at: http://www.ndrn.org/en/issues/juvenile-justice.html
# # #
The National Disability Rights Network (NDRN) is the nonprofit membership organization for the federally mandated Protection and Advocacy (P&A) Systems and the Client Assistance Programs (CAP) for individuals with disabilities. Collectively, the Network is the largest provider of legally based advocacy services to people with disabilities in the United States. | <urn:uuid:f5c23f07-5bd5-4d81-870b-74ec0449e7cd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://disabilityrightsar.org/new-juvenile-justice-report-report-finds-children-with-disabilities-abused-denied-treatment-and-education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572220.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816030218-20220816060218-00225.warc.gz | en | 0.939312 | 684 | 2.828125 | 3 |
State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2012 - Case study: Guatemala's agrofuel plantations feed land dispossession
|Publisher||Minority Rights Group International|
|Publication Date||28 June 2012|
|Cite as||Minority Rights Group International, State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2012 - Case study: Guatemala's agrofuel plantations feed land dispossession, 28 June 2012, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4fedb3e1c.html [accessed 6 May 2016]|
|Disclaimer||This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States.|
Ever since the Spanish Crown granted colonial land titles for what were ancient traditional Maya lands, indigenous communities in Guatemala have been involved in a continuous struggle for land rights.
In mid-March 2011, hundreds of Guatemalan army and police anti-riot personnel using live ammunition and tear gas, evicted thousands of residents of 14 small Maya Q'eqchi' villages located in the municipality of Panzos, Alta Verapaz, in the fertile Polochic River Valley. According to the Guatemala Solidarity Project (GSP), the affected Maya Q'eqchi' – who were regarded as 'land invaders' – were given an hour to gather all their possessions and were not allowed to salvage their crops, which were close to harvest. Following the government security crackdown, masked paramilitaries hired by a privately owned sugar cane company reportedly dismantled and burnt hundreds of homes and destroyed crops.
With nowhere to go, some 800 Maya Q'eqchi' families – including thousands of children – were left to camp out in the rain with no shelter or food; many on the sides of roads. According to local leaders, the raids came just one day after a community delegation had met with the big land-owners in a government-negotiated meeting. The impending eviction was never discussed.
While this can be seen as another clash in the long-running post-colonial struggle between the indigenous people of the area and settler families of European origin, there is now a bio-fuel element involved. At issue is access to traditional Maya Q'eqchi' ancestral land in one of Guatemala's most fertile river valleys. During the 36-year Guatemalan civil war, the Maya Q'eqchi' of Panzo – like many other indigenous communities – experienced massacres and were driven off ancestral lands into the Sierra de las Minas mountains. The subsequent post-conflict peace accord allowed for return and the promise of territorial security. By 2000, with credit available to allow rural communities to buy land, dozens of Maya Q'eqchi' communities believed they were close to finally gaining land deeds. However, the bio-fuel boom was about to change all that.
This came in the form of Guatemalan sugar-cane refining interests, reportedly with strong links to the sitting government. They were able to secure large loans of up to US$ 31 million from regional and multilateral development banks, which enabled the company to move sugar and ethanol refining operations away from traditional cane-producing zones on Guatemala's south-west coast and relocate them across the country in the Polochic Valley. Meanwhile, between 1998 and 2006, palm oil production was introduced into the valley. According to estimates by the Guatemalan National Institute for Agrarian and Rural Studies, between 2005 and 2010 the area of the country given over to oil palm plantations increased by 146 per cent.
In the Polochic Valley, both palm oil producers and the newly arrived sugar ethanol interests began a systematic land assembly process. According to Oxfam, this often involved negotiating sales or rental of small farms accompanied by thinly veiled death threats to discourage refusals. The agrofuel producers then appropriated the farms and evicted the indigenous residents to create the large sugarcane and palm oil plantations. Along with the displacement of thousands of indigenous peasant families, the need for large amounts of irrigation water has prompted diversion of the Polochic River. Environmentalists claim this has destroyed wetlands and ruined surrounding farms, when unprecedented annual floods result as the river tries to regain its channel.
According to local media, in 2009 the sugar-cane planting initiative went bankrupt and the lands were left abandoned. This encouraged the historically dispossessed Mayan Q'eqchi' to begin moving back down from their refuge in the near-by mountains. They re-established settlements on the lands they formerly occupied before the consolidation process and began sowing subsistence crops. In a region with high rates of malnutrition, this cultivation is vital to ensure that the impoverished families barely avoid starvation.
However, in late 2010 a solution was developed for the bankrupt sugar company involving recapitalization with investment by the largest exporters of sugarcane-produced ethanol in Central America – who have also expanded into palm oil cultivation. As a result, in February 2011 local radio stations began running advertisements reportedly paid for by the sugar company calling on former cane workers to evict the indigenous families from the plantation lands. A few weeks later, in mid-March 2011, the armed government security forces and plantation paramilitaries moved in to get the job done.
Between March and August 2011, private helicopters were used to drop grenades on the cornfields that survived destruction, aimed at intimidating the families trying to harvest the crop. Community land rights defenders were also threatened and murdered and families attacked at night by masked paramilitary forces.
In June 2011, the Guatemalan Human Rights Commission and a coalition of local and international organizations petitioned the IACHR which approved precautionary protective measures for the 14 communities. It called on the Guatemalan government to take concrete steps to 'prevent irreparable harm' to the communities and persons at risk.
In addition to questioning the social disruption of indigenous people in the Polochic Valley, critics have accused Guatemalan bio-fuel producers of being more interested in profiting from climate change subsidies than in meeting climate change goals. These subsidies include the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change's 'Clean Development Mechanism' (CDM). Since 2008 almost all the palm oil extraction companies in Guatemala have received CDM certification, allowing access to the available financial credits and making it possible to expand their activities.
With recognition that bio-fuel production was actually devastating environments and communities around the world, the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank placed a freeze on bio-fuel loans while they prepared so-called 'sector strategies'. One of these strategy mechanisms – the Round Table on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) – is supposed to help identify 'environmentally friendly' palm oil producers. Two of the large Polochic Valley producers have received RSPO certification. This allows them access to additional financing, thus making it potentially possible to expand production even more – onto land claimed by indigenous people. Even less favourable for the displaced in the Polochic Valley is that the new version of the programme for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD+) allows palm oil plantations to be considered as green 'forested' areas and earn carbon capture credits. It therefore also provides an additional incentive for Guatemala growers to keep expanding sugarcane and palm oil acreages under cultivation.
Meanwhile, in the Polochic Valley at the end of October 2011, the intimidation, sporadic attacks and displacement were still continuing, and the Commission of Petitioners for Preventative Measures was forced to denounce the failure of the Guatemalan government to comply with the precautionary measures recommended by the IACHR. No aid had reached the affected families, and nothing had been done by the government to resolve the land conflict.
By year's end, as Guatemalan bio-fuel enterprises continued to position themselves to benefit from multi-million dollar international climate change reduction payouts, the evicted indigenous Mayan Q'eqchi' of the Polochic Valley were left landless, homeless and at the mercy of whatever charitable handouts they may happen to receive from those sympathetic to their plight. | <urn:uuid:d6afd133-cee1-4fe9-b34e-7b42b973c2f0> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=category&category=COI&publisher=MRGI&type=&coi=&docid=4fedb3e1c&skip=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861754936.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164234-00218-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956904 | 1,669 | 2.640625 | 3 |
A panel of outside experts advising federal regulators about available technologies for improving fuel economy will include light-duty diesel engines for the first time in its final report, according to Autoweek. The panel said Wednesday that recent developments in emission controls indicate modern diesels will be able to comply with U.S. clean-air regulations.
“The potential of diesel engines to reduce fuel consumption by as much as 30 to 40 percent over comparable gasoline engines justifies their inclusion on the list of available technologies,” the interim report said. An earlier version of this same study was what led Congress to consider CAFE requirements through 2011, and eventually helped spur new legislation raising CAFE to 35 mpg by the 2020 model year.
The updated study, which hasn’t seen a revamp since 2001, will now also include hybrids as well—back then hybrids were considered a niche technology, and diesels couldn’t meet emissions standards. Autoweek said that the report will not deal extensively with all-electric or fuel cell vehicles because “the committee does not expect commercialization of fuel cell vehicles or widespread marketing of all-electric vehicles before 2020.”
Photo credit: Mercedes E300 Bluetec / Daimler Global Media | <urn:uuid:6f37c7d1-77ba-4ff9-b972-25a9ab4fac82> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.geek.com/mobile/diesels-now-considered-for-fuel-saving-potential-1372313/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541556.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00115-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955676 | 252 | 2.546875 | 3 |
SQL Server, General Statistics Object
The SQLServer:General Statistics object in SQL Server provides counters to monitor general server-wide activity, such as the number of current connections and the number of users connecting and disconnecting per second from computers running an instance of SQL Server. This can be useful when you are working on large online transaction processing (OLTP) type systems where there are many clients connecting and disconnecting from an instance of SQL Server.
This table describes the SQL Server General Statistics counters.
|SQL Server General Statistics counters||Description|
|Active Temp Tables||Number of temporary tables/table variables in use.|
|Connection resets/sec||Total number of logins started from the connection pool.|
|Event Notifications Delayed Drop||Number of event notifications waiting to be dropped by a system thread.|
|HTTP Authenticated Requests||Number of authenticated HTTP requests started per second.|
|Logical Connections||Number of logical connections to the system.
The main purpose of logical connections is to service multiple active result sets (MARS) requests. For MARS requests, every time that an application makes a connection to SQL Server, there may be more than one logical connection that corresponds to a physical connection.
When MARS is not used, the ratio between physical and logical connections is 1:1. Therefore, every time that an application makes a connection to SQL Server, logical connections will increase by 1.
|Logins/sec||Total number of logins started per second. This does not include pooled connections.|
|Logouts/sec||Total number of logout operations started per second.|
|Mars Deadlocks||Number of MARS deadlocks detected.|
|Non-atomic yield rate||Number of non-atomic yields per second.|
|Processes blocked||Number of currently blocked processes.|
|SOAP Empty Requests||Number of empty SOAP requests started per second.|
|SOAP Method Invocations||Number of SOAP method invocations started per second.|
|SOAP Session Initiate Requests||Number of SOAP Session initiate requests started per second.|
|SOAP Session Terminate Requests||Number of SOAP Session terminate requests started per second.|
|SOAP SQL Requests||Number of SOAP SQL requests started per second.|
|SOAP WSDL Requests||Number of SOAP Web Service Description Language requests started per second.|
|SQL Trace IO Provider Lock Waits||Number of waits for the File IO Provider lock per second.|
|Temp Tables Creation Rate||Number of temporary tables/table variables created per second.|
|Temp Tables For Destruction||Number of temporary tables/table variables waiting to be destroyed by the cleanup system thread.|
|Tempdb recovery unit id||Number of duplicate tempdb recovery unit id generated.|
|Tempdb rowset id||Number of duplicate tempdb rowset id generated.|
|Trace Event Notifications Queue||Number of trace event notification instances waiting in the internal queue to be sent through Service Broker.|
|Transactions||Number of transaction enlistments (local, DTC, bound all combined).|
|User Connections||Counts the number of users currently connected to SQL Server.| | <urn:uuid:e7622ea9-5779-4dbe-9004-ad6fd9877e9c> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/performance-monitor/sql-server-general-statistics-object?view=sql-server-2017 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741578.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114020650-20181114042438-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.789066 | 686 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A new silicon chip capable of manipulating the spin of a single electron could ultimately allow futuristic quantum computers to be built using conventional electronic technology, researchers say.
A quantum bit, or “qubit”, is analogous the bits used in conventional computers. But, instead of simply switching between two states, representing “0” and “1”, quantum physics permits a qubit to exist in more than one state simultaneously, until its state is measured.
This means quantum computers can essentially perform multiple calculations at once, giving them the potential to be exponentially more powerful than conventional computers.
Researchers have previously developed rudimentary quantum computers by exploiting exotic phenomena to generate qubits. Two of the most sophisticated methods involve using ions trapped in magnetic fields and electrons in superconducting circuits. However, both approaches are far more complicated than making the chips that power conventional computers.
Researchers have also created qubits from the “up” or “down” spin-states of electrons on quantum dots. But they lacked the ability to control the state of a single electron well enough to perform calculations using them. A team led by Lieven Vandersypen at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands has now created a device that can manipulate a single electron using conventional microchip fabrication technology.
“This is a breakthrough experiment,” says Guido Burkard, a physicist at the University of Basel in Switzerland, who was not involved in the research. “A major benefit of making a qubit using this method is that they are built upon existing semiconductor technology.” This should make the qubits easier to scale up into larger systems, he adds.
The Dutch team’s device was made using conventional microchip lithography. It consists of two electrodes that apply voltage across two semiconducting quantum dots – pieces of gallium arsenide each 100 nanometres across – to form a simple circuit.
The voltage causes electrons to hop between the dots. Each dot can accommodate two electrons but only if they have opposite spin.
This causes two electrons, with matching spin states, to become jammed – one on each dot. The researchers then isolated the dots from the circuit and used a magnetic field to alter the spin of the electron on the first dot. Once plugged back into the circuit, current will only flow if the first electron has been switched to a different spin-state to the second, proving it has been switched.
Burkard says electron-spin qubits could now rapidly catch up with more established methods of quantum computing. “I see no roadblocks to moving towards the first implementation of small quantum algorithms using electron-spin qubits,” he says.
Journal reference: Nature (vol.442, p.766) | <urn:uuid:14a226da-03c7-4ee6-afa6-d5bc8cff3106> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9768-electron-spin-trick-boosts-quantum-computing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150129.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724032221-20210724062221-00323.warc.gz | en | 0.925827 | 567 | 4.25 | 4 |
What caused the revolt of the three Feudatories?
In 1681, the Qing general Zhao Liangdong proposed a three-pronged attack on Yunnan, with imperial armies from Hunan, Guangxi and Sichuan. Cai Yurong, Viceroy of Yun-Gui, led the attack on the rebels together with Zhang Tai and Laita Giyesu, conquering Mount Wuhua and besieging Kunming.
When was the revolt of the three Feudatories?
1673 – 1681Revolt of the Three Feudatories / Period
Who in China had the monopoly of trade activity with foreigners under the canton system?
Under the system, the Qianlong Emperor restricted trade with foreigners on Chinese soil only for licensed Chinese merchants (Cohongs), while the British government on their part issued a monopoly charter for trade only to the British East India Company.
Why did the White Lotus Rebellion happen?
In the late 18th century, in response to famine, crowded conditions, and harassment from petty government officials, White Lotus leaders in central China began a rebellion; they promised their followers that there would be the return of the Buddha and the end of suffering.
What was the only city the Chinese allowed to trade with the outside world?
In response to a British attempt to expand their trade to some of the North China ports, the Qing emperor in 1757 issued a decree explicitly ordering that Guangzhou be made the only port opened to foreign commerce.
Why did Europe want to increase trade with China?
Two reasons that Europeans wanted to increase trade with China are that the British wanted to set up western style diplomatic relations, and also find places to build more markets for the manufactured goods.
How did Qing dynasty fall?
The Qing Dynasty fell in 1911, overthrown by a revolution brewing since 1894 when western-educated revolutionary Sun Zhongshan formed the Revive China Society in Hawaii, then Hong Kong.
Did Zuko become a member of The White Lotus?
There still are claims on TV Tropes that Katara and Zuko are members of the White Lotus in Korra’s time, even though there’s no real evidence of this within the show itself.
Which city was known as Peking?
|Postal||Peking Peiping (1368–1403; 1928–1937; 1945–1949)|
|Literal meaning||“Northern Capital”|
What problem did the British face with China’s Canton system?
What problem did the British face with Chinese markets that they called the “Canton System?” Macartney refused to perform kowtow, and the Qing refused to revise the Canton trading system.
Can China overtake Europe?
By 2030, China is forecast to become the world’s largest economy, for now, it has just surpassed the EU.
What did Britain do when the Chinese tried to shut down trade?
When the British refused to do so, Lin stopped all foreign trade and quarantined the area to which these foreign merchants were confined. After six weeks, the foreign merchants gave in to Lin’s demands and turned over 2.6 million pounds of opium (over 20,000 chests).
Who led the revolt of the Three Feudatories?
The Revolt of the Three Feudatories (Chinese: 三藩之亂) was a rebellion lasting from 1673 to 1681 in the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) during the early reign of the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722). The revolt was led by the three lords of the fiefdoms in Yunnan, Guangdong and Fujian provinces against the Qing central government.
When did the Three Feudatories start and end?
The Revolt of the Three Feudatories, ( Chinese: 三藩之亂; pinyin: Sānfān zhī luàn) also known as the Rebellion of Wu Sangui, was a rebellion in China lasting from 1673 to 1681, during the early reign of the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722) of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912).
What did the Three Feudatories do in the Qing dynasty?
The Revolt of the Three Feudatories ( Chinese: 三藩之亂) was a rebellion in the Qing Dynasty during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor. The revolt was led by the three lords of the fiefdoms in Yunnan, Guangdong and Fujian provinces against the Qing central government.
What caused the revolt of the three feudatories of China?
…the Manchus, starting the so-called Revolt of the Three Feudatories. Initial reverses suffered by the imperial forces prompted Burni of the Chahar Mongols—the supreme royal tribe until the Manchu conquest of Inner Mongolia in 1635—to revolt also against the Qing and sent ripples of political unease among other East Asian… | <urn:uuid:6e274562-9804-44fe-93e0-f3ba47eebdcf> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.andymatthewsphotography.com/what-caused-the-revolt-of-the-three-feudatories/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710710.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129164449-20221129194449-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.941809 | 1,085 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Magnesium sulfate is a chemical compound that comprises magnesium, sulfur, and oxygen. Its excessive consumption by humans can prove to be harmful. This article provides information on the side effects caused by this compound.
Magnesium sulfate is an inorganic salt. The therapeutic uses of this chemical compound are numerous. Its use is recommended for people affected by hypomagnesemia, which refers to the deficiency of magnesium. It is also used for the treatment of convulsions and nephritis in children. Its hydrated form, which is also referred to as Epsom salt, is used as a bathing salt or taken orally for treating constipation. It is sometimes used for treating eclampsia or delaying preterm labor in pregnant women. Like any drug, excessive intake of this compound can also cause adverse effects.
- Generally, most of the side effects are associated with the increased serum levels.
- The normal range for serum level in the body is 3 to 4 (mEq/l). Elevated levels can give rise to depression in the central nervous system, flushing, sweating, dilated pupils, and feelings of lethargy.
- Disorientation, frank coma, hypotension, flaccid paralysis, hypothermia, depressed reflexes, circulatory collapse, or cardiovascular depression could also occur.
- When the serum level is between 11 to 13 mEq/l, there are also chances of heart block or respiratory paralysis.
Effects on Metabolism
- Hypomagnesemia is one of the major side effects. It is associated with hypocalcemia, which refers to the presence of low calcium levels in the blood.
- This can lead to either neurological or gastrointestinal changes or both, which could result in weakness, vomiting, anorexia, lethargy, and nausea.
- Bone abnormalities in infants have been associated with the use of magnesium sulfate by pregnant women.
Effects on the Nervous System
- The effects of this chemical on the nervous system depend on the serum levels. Sedation, deep tendon reflexes, mental confusion, and muscle weakness is experienced, if its level is higher than 4 to 7 mEq/l.
- If the level is between 7 and 10 mEq/l, the patient may suffer from irregular respiration and a dip in the blood pressure.
- In situations, where its level is within 10 to 15 mEq/l, the effects include acute depression, areflexia, respiratory paralysis, or coma.
- Life-threatening situation could arise, if the serum level is above 15 mEq/l.
Effects on the Gastrointestinal Tract
- Consumption of 4 to 5 eEq/l of magnesium sulfate could cause nausea and diarrhea.
- Paralytic ileus is a situation where the normal gastrointestinal propulsive motor activity is disturbed. This could occur if the dosage exceeds 5 mEq/l.
Effects on the Respiratory System
- Taking it in a dose that is higher than 13 mEq/l has been known to cause respiratory arrest.
- When magnesium sulfate was administered as a tocolytic or labor repressant, which responds to diuretics, pulmonary edema was observed.
Effects on the Cardiovascular System
- The common cardiovascular side effects are chest pain and palpitations. In addition to that, hypermagnesemia increases the risk of cardio-toxicity (heart muscle damage) in the presence of hypocalcemia.
- Hyperkalemia, acidosis, digitalis therapy, and renal insufficiency also aggravate the risk.
- The patient could develop a double vision, which is medically termed as diplopia when magnesium sulfate is administered for tocolysis.
- In addition to this, dermatological urticarial eruption was noted as a hypersensitivity side effect.
- Dermatological urticarial eruption can be explained as itching with rashes.
Due to the adverse effects associated with the use of this chemical compound, medical experts take utmost care while prescribing and administering it in order to avoid the complications.
Disclaimer: The information provided in this article is solely for educating the reader. It is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a medical expert. | <urn:uuid:1143ce00-bb48-47be-be46-bdd598c70738> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://healthhearty.com/magnesium-sulfate-side-effects | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655446.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609064417-20230609094417-00501.warc.gz | en | 0.915203 | 891 | 3.171875 | 3 |
This article originally appeared on John’s blog Key Trends in Globalisation on the 22nd of July.
Inaccurate articles sometimes appear claiming China faces a “severe debt crisis.” Factually these are easily refuted. Changyong Rhee, the IMF’s Asia and Pacific Department director, pointed out that China’s national and local government debt is only 53% of its GDP, compared to U.S. government debt which is roughly as big as GDP, or in Japan where government debt is 240% GDP. Foreign debt is 9% of China’s GDP – insignificant set against the world’s largest foreign exchange reserves.
Factually, it is therefore unsurprising that China’s predicted “Lehman” or “Minsky” moment, a financial collapse, invariably fails to occur. But there is another, even more fundamental, reason why China’s economy does not suffer severe financial crises of the type that struck the Western economies in 2008 or wracked the Eurozone. As this illustrates a way that China’s economic structure is superior to the West’s, it is worth analyzing.
Starting with fundamentals, the way the argument is constructed that China faces a “serious debt crisis” violates the most elementary accounting rule – more precisely that of double entry book keeping, which was invented in Italy “merely” eight centuries ago! This is that for every debit entry there has to be a credit one, and vice versa. Discussion of only of one side of a balance sheet without the other is financial nonsense. Claims, such as in the Financial Times, that the big story of 2014 is “the black cloud of debt hanging over China” are financially meaningless given they do not discuss assets to be set against debt.
To illustrate this elementary accounting principle, take a simple example. A company borrows $100 million at 5% interest, uses it to build houses, and sells them at 15% profit. To declare “there is a crisis – the company has a $100 million debt” is evidently nonsense. The company has debts of $100 million but assets of $115 million. It can repay $105 million and make $10 million profit – there is no “debt crisis” whatever. That its assets are greater than its debt illustrates why it is financially illiterate to discuss only debt without assets. A “balance sheet” is called that because it has two sides, not one.
Apply this to China and the West’s financial systems. Evidently no financial problem exists in either if a borrower makes a profit on a loan – they repay it. A problem only exists if the borrower does not make sufficient money to repay the debt.
If the borrower is a small or medium one, again there is no difference between Western and Chinese financial systems. In both cases the borrower partially or fully defaults and, if necessary, goes bankrupt.
Specific criticisms can be made, which this author would tend to agree with, that in the West’s system companies are sometimes too easily allowed to use bankruptcy to escape debts, and China has propped up some companies that would have been better allowed to go bankrupt. But these are detailed points, not affecting the essence of the matter. China is also now taking a more robust line in forcing into default small and medium borrowers that cannot repay loans – recently Shanghai Chaori Solar Energy Science and Technology defaulted without a bail out.
But, by definition, individual bankruptcies by small and medium companies do not affect the financial system’s viability – they are a normal part of market functioning. The key difference between China’s and the Western financial system comes with debts by large institutions – “system making” ones to use technical economic terms. Here Western and China’s systems differ – and China’s is superior.
First take Western government debt. As Western governments ideologically oppose state investment, Western state borrowing is overwhelmingly used not to finance investment but consumption – via social security payments, unemployment pay etc. For example, in the United States at the depth of the post 2008 Great Recession, annual government borrowing was 13.6 percent of GDP but state investment was only 4.5 percent – borrowing overwhelmingly financed consumption. As Western government debt primarily finances consumption it therefore creates no lasting asset. That is why in the West it is not wholly misleading to look at state borrowing purely from the debt point of view – even if it is wrong conceptually.
China is different. The bulk of borrowing, particularly by local government, is for investment, primarily in infrastructure. Borrowing therefore creates lasting assets – roads, subways, housing etc. Assets in turn create revenue streams directly, indirectly, or both. Direct revenues are fares, rents, tolls, etc. Indirect revenues are generated as infrastructure investment aids economic growth, yielding taxes, and has well-known effects in raising land values – land sales being one of Chinese local government’s biggest sources of income.
As China’s government debt is used for investment, not consumption, analysis not financially offsetting debt by assets created by them is not merely wrong formally but is therefore a serious factual mistake. Similarly, company borrowing is primarily used for investment, i.e. asset creation.
This leads to a final difference between China’s and the West’s financial system. In both Western and China’s financial systems, if the value of an asset created by borrowing equals at least the value of the debt, there is evidently no problem. The difference between the two comes with bad investments – where the value of the asset created does not equal the borrowing.
A major financial crisis occurs when there are large scale bad investments by “system making” institutions, those that are “too big to fail” – this need not be a single bad investment but can be very large numbers of small bad investments, as with the U.S. sub-prime mortgage crisis. In these cases, in both the West and China, only the state has the resources to solve the problem. But the way the state intervenes is entirely different in China and in the West.
In the West, the financial system is fragmented – individual institutions are financially separate. As there is no unified financial system, the necessary transfer of resources from the state, to prevent collapse of “system making” institutions, is therefore external and chaotic. For example, following Lehman’s collapse, essentially every private Western bank had to be salvaged by government subsidies, direct nationalization etc. The same occurred with GM and Chrysler. In Greece, the EU and IMF ordered partial bond defaults, bailout packages etc. The transfer of resources from the state, and in some cases private bond holders, was via chaotic “crisis” means – the “Lehman moment.”
Basic laws of economics cannot be avoided, so if in China a substantial number of bad loans occur, as with banks in the 1990s, the state also has to transfer resources. But in China the core of the financial system is not fragmented, but is a single integrated whole constituting central government, local governments, state banks, and large state owned companies. Resources are therefore not transferred by chaotic crisis, as in the West, but within this integrated financial system. China’s financial system could be conceptualized by the analogy of a single person transferring money from one bank account to another – for example from the central government to bail out local governments. Or, if you want to put it more popularly, it is as though money is transferred from one pocket to another.
A transfer of resources from the state therefore takes place in China, as in the West, but in an orderly and not a chaotic fashion. That is why China never has a “Lehman moment” or a “Minsky moment,” a large scale financial crisis – the superiority of China’s financial system to the West precludes it happening.
To avoid misunderstandings, this does not mean that if large scale bad investments are made in China this does not create problems. If, for example, a bad railway investment is made which fails to generate adequate users, the resources transferred within the system to bail it out means these resources are not available to build a railway which is required. But the problem therefore does appear in the form of systemic financial crisis, which does not occur for reasons outlined, but in the form of the economy’s overall investment efficiency declining as resources are sucked into inefficient ventures at the expense of efficient ones.
The data on this latter process is clear. Every major economy suffered a decline in investment efficiency as a result of the international financial crisis. Taking the five years after the financial crisis began, the percentage of GDP that had to be invested in China for its economy to grow by 1% rose from 3.4% to 4.9% – China’s investment efficiency worsened under the impact of the global financial crisis. But in the United States the percentage of GDP that had to be invested for the economy to grow by 1% rose from 8.1% to 33.1%! In other words, China came through the negative consequences of the international financial crisis much more successfully than the United States.
Because they ignore elementary accounting rules, those writing that China will suffer a severe “debt crisis” are writing financial fairy stories – which is why, as with all such tales, they never actually occur.
* * *
The author is Senior Fellow at Chongyang Institute for Financial Studies, Renmin University of China.
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- Reality and Myth of the US ‘Internet Revolution’ – And its lessons for China - July 22, 2015
- Can the Lib-Dems save Tory Britain? - May 6, 2015 | <urn:uuid:a0bc726b-1087-48a6-aa9e-f094e7e49503> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.irishleftreview.org/2014/07/28/china-suffer-western-type-financial-crisis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156252.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919141825-20180919161825-00166.warc.gz | en | 0.949724 | 2,113 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Guest blog: Why should we care about bots?
by Lucy Hopkins, October 5
The history of bots dates back to the 1950s, when pioneering British Computer Scientist Alan Turing (who would now be 106 years of age!) began wondering whether machines could develop the ability to think like humans.
In 1950, he created a test which is now aptly named The Turing Test. This originally started out with two participants, one human and one computer. A person often referred to as a judge or interrogator would ask a series of questions to determine which participant was human and which was the computer. The Turing Test has now evolved to test a single participant, either a human or a machine.
Turing pioneered a parameter of intelligence for machines. According to him, if a machine can impersonate a human enough to convince the other person involved that they are interacting with another human being as opposed to a machine, then the machine is intelligent. This may be why we use the term artificial intelligence today.
Joseph Weizenbaum, a German Computer Scientist and Professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, took great interest in Turing’s work. So much so that in 1966, he developed the world’s first chatbot, ELIZA. ELIZA was designed to imitate a therapist who would ask open-ended questions and respond accordingly, the aim being to trick the user into thinking it was human.
Since the birth of ELIZA, we have seen a multitude of variations in the form of chatbots. So why, when bots have been around for decades, is there so much hype around chatbots and AI today?
Today, the way people communicate with businesses is evolving at rapid pace. 64% of people choose to message businesses instead of picking up the telephone and a mammoth 94% of customers “dread” contacting customer services. This demonstrates the demand for smart, 24/7/365 customer service.
For the first time since 2015, the use of messenger platforms such as Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, Kik, Viber, Telegram, WeChat and Line took over the use of social media in terms of monthly active users.
The change happened at about the 2.5 billion mark, when the number of people using messaging platforms started to climb sharply. As of the end of 2016, messaging apps boasted around 4 billion global monthly active users to social media’s 3.5 billion.
“We think that you should just be able to message a business in the same way that you message a friend.”
Consumers now expect instant customer service delivered in the same way they choose to communicate with their friends and family; through messaging platforms. This is where chatbots come in. Here are just a few examples of how bots can benefit businesses:
- Increase first contact resolution
- Reduce overall call agents
- Vastly reduce triage calls
- Streamline call routing to appropriate departments
- Flag high priority calls through sentiment analysis
- Increase and or create upsell opportunities
- Profile customers based on chatbot integrations
- Integrating profiling data into existing CRM’s
- Automate and streamline post call administration
- Leverage chat analysis to understand chat trends
- Streamline customer satisfaction surveying
- In-built ‘Next Best Action’ recommendations
- Automate DPA checks
Although these benefits are undeniably transformational for businesses, it’s important to remember that bots are not unbreakable and they can’t do everything that humans can – they’re designed to work in conjunction with humans agents.
By 2020, 55% of major brands will have some kind of AI initiative in place, many of which will be focused on customer service (Gartner).
To learn more about chatbots, check out the We Build Bots resources section.
Image credit: Mike MacKenzie | <urn:uuid:756891ed-bbb9-443c-b9e1-15e62838629a> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://techdragons.wales/guest-blog-why-should-we-care-about-bots/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313987.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818165510-20190818191510-00515.warc.gz | en | 0.942454 | 791 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Course Hero. "Culture and Imperialism Study Guide." Course Hero. 20 Mar. 2020. Web. 28 Mar. 2020. <https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Culture-and-Imperialism/>.
Course Hero. (2020, March 20). Culture and Imperialism Study Guide. In Course Hero. Retrieved March 28, 2020, from https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Culture-and-Imperialism/
(Course Hero, 2020)
Course Hero. "Culture and Imperialism Study Guide." March 20, 2020. Accessed March 28, 2020. https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Culture-and-Imperialism/.
Course Hero, "Culture and Imperialism Study Guide," March 20, 2020, accessed March 28, 2020, https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Culture-and-Imperialism/.
Edward W. Said
This work, a sequel to and extension of the author's landmark book Orientalism (1978), examines the multifaceted relationship between the literature produced by a culture and its social and political context. Culture and Imperialism clarifies how culture both reflected and reinforced the imperialist enterprise of the great western powers—Britain, France, and the United States—from 1700 to 1950. For such a project, Edward Said argues, no cultural expression is more valuable than the novel. It is no coincidence, he believes, that the high point of western imperialist expansion coincided with the golden age of the novel in the West. Thus, he presents detailed analysis of selected works by such European novelists as Jane Austen, Albert Camus, Joseph Conrad, E.M. Forster, and Rudyard Kipling. Said exhorts readers to interpret both political and literary history in terms of a struggle between power and opposition. As power and opposition play out in culture, one defines the other.
Said argues in Culture and Imperialism that the process of building and maintaining overseas empires in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries—imperialism—was closely linked to the cultures of Britain, France, and America, especially as these cultures were manifested in the literary genre of the novel. The argument represented in this title is that literature reveals as much about how European cultures were shaped by imperialism as were those non-European cultures about which the novels were written.
This study guide for Edward W. Said's Culture and Imperialism offers summary and analysis on themes, symbols, and other literary devices found in the text. Explore Course Hero's library of literature materials, including documents and Q&A pairs. | <urn:uuid:d85cb53b-065b-489c-8f1c-7ebd137709b0> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Culture-and-Imperialism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370493120.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328194743-20200328224743-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.931677 | 538 | 3.28125 | 3 |
WHAT IS IT? Advertisement, New York Tribune, March 1, 1860
In 1860 Barnum promoted his new "What Is It?" exhibition with a series of ads, including this one from the New York Tribune. Barnum avoided defining the exhibit, and used provocative language and images to draw visitors to answer the question for themselves. Claiming that What Is It? was captured in Africa and illustrated the link between man and monkey, Barnum opened the exhibit shortly after the publication of Charles Darwin's Origin of Species and at the height of political tensions over slavery in the U.S. Although the exhibit was politically controversial, the ad tried to reassured New York's middle-class public that What Is It? was playful, amusing, and not repulsive.
THURSDAY MARCH 1, 1860.
Can now be seen here an extraordinary living creature just arrived from the wilds of Africa
WHAT IS IT
Is it a lower order of man? or
is it a higher development of the monkey? or
Is it both in combination?
Nothing of the kind
Has ever been seen before.
It is alive, and is certainly the
MOST MARVELLOUS CREATURE LIVING
It can be seen at all ordinary hours in one of the main salons of the Museum during the day and evening, and in order that all may have an opportunity of witnessing this most remarkable of nature’s freaks, it may be seen also upon the stage of the lecture room at each entertainment.
THE "WHAT IS IT?" has nothing repulsive in its appearance, is playful, and is altogether the most amusing and interesting living specimen of creation ever seen.
The Sunday Times says it—
"it is an animal which would seem to supply the link supposed by philosophers to exist between the human race and brutes. The new curiosity just added to the Museum stock seems to supply t he real link between the man and the monkey. It was found in the interior of Africa, and by good fortune got alive to this country. It is monkey, all but the face, and that is entirely human.
The New York Herald says—
"WHAT IS IT?" –They have added to the list of curiosities at Barnum’s Museum a most extraordinary freak of nature, consisting of a creature supposed to belong to the orang outang species, but having all the appearance of a human being. It is said to have been captured in the interior of Africa, on the border of the river Gambia, by a party who were in search of the famous Gorilla. It stands about four feet high and weighs some fifty pounds. Its age cannot be correctly ascertained, but it is supposed to be over twenty years. The formation of its hands, arms and head are those of an orang-outang but its movements are those of a human being. Those who are fond of looking at the freaks nature frequently indulges in, should step in and form for themselves an opinion as to "What is it?"
The New York Sun says—
A nondescript animal supposed to be a connecting link in the chain of animal life between the brute and the human ape species is now at Barnum’s Museum. The limbs cannot be straightened any more than an orang-outang, its walk to an erect position is exceedingly awkward. The ears are far too high and too much back for a negro; the arms are several inches too long in proportion and the jaw and teeth are entirely animal. Its eyes are bright and intelligent but the brain is quite small, and Dan Rice in his palmiest days never could produce a heartier ‘Jim Crow’ laugh than this creature gets off on the slightest occasion. Sometimes a face in the crowd, another time its dress and again its image in the mirror, calls forth shouts of laughter. Various incidents which have already occurred show it to possess considerable powers of memory, and sometimes short words spoken by its keeper are repeated with considerable distinctness.
The New York Tribune says—
The nondescript arrived is as lively and playful as a kitten. It seems to be a sort of cross between the ape species and the negro. The brightness of his eye and its intelligent responses to the words and motions of the person in charge at once relieve it from the imputation of imbecility.
The Express says—
The animal at Barnum’s is the nearest approach to human of any creature supposed to belong to the lower order of animated beings. It stands erect to the height of four feet, and weighs fifty pounds. The legs and arms seem to be shaped pretty much like those of a human being, though neither can be made as straight as the limbs of human beings in general. The legs are devoid of calves as in the orang outang and taper down from the thigh to the ankle. The feet are formed like a negro’s with the heel projecting but the great toe is more like a thumb than a toe, and all the toes bend downward toward the sole. But, the most striking part of the animal is the head and face. The bottom of the face about the mouth is comparatively broad, and tapers away towards the frontal cone, which is uncommonly narrow. The forehead also recedes. The upper part of the skull continues to narrow till at the crown it ends almost in a point. The ears are higher up and further back than is usual in the human race. The mouth is very large, and well filled with very white teeth, doubled all through. The tongue is human, but the jaws cannot close together by a quarter of an inch. The creature is speechless, making a sort of ‘cheeping’ noise and is always on the broad grin. It walks with awkward steps, like a child just learning on its two feet, which the exhibitor says it has lately learned, its natural method of locomotion being on all four. It seems to be very imitative.
When brought here at first it refused all food except raw meat. Now it will eat fruit, cakes and almost any article of food eaten by human beings but prefers flesh dressed very rare. A great deal of mirth was elicited on Monday night while the creature was being exhibited.
Also just arrived in the steamer Baltic from California, a huge and savage BLACK SEA LION, entirely different from anything ever exhibited here before.
Also a GRIZZLY BEAR, weighing 2,000 pounds. | <urn:uuid:2988fb73-84d4-4e2b-85a5-f01cf1f4b05a> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://chnm.gmu.edu/lostmuseum/lm/125/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931008215.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155648-00021-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972153 | 1,325 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Swallows and Amazons (series)
||The English used in this article or section may not be easy for everybody to understand. (June 2012)|
Swallows and Amazons is a series of children's books by the English writer Arthur Ransome. The series is named after the title of the first book in the series. The 12 books are about the adventures by groups of children during school holidays. They mostly take place in England and Scotland between the World War I and World War II. The stories usually are about outdoor activities, especially camping, fishing and sailing.
The series remains popular today for its lovely, yet often realistic, depiction of childhood and the interplay between children's imagination and reality. It is part of the basis for a large tourist industry in the Lake District and Norfolk Broads areas of England, where many of the books are set. There are also several societies dedicated to the study and promotion of Ransome's work which are largely inspired by the series. The first was the Arthur Ransome Club in Japan. There is also the British-based group, The Arthur Ransome Society (TARS), which has an international membership.
The series begins with Swallows and Amazons, published in 1930. It tells the story of the Walker children, who sail a dinghy (boat) named Swallow, and the Blackett children, who sail a dinghy named Amazon. The Walkers are staying at a farm near a lake during the school holidays; the Blacketts live in a house on the opposite shore. The children meet on an island on the lake, and have a series of adventures that weave imaginative tales of pirates and exploration into everyday life in inter-War, rural England. | <urn:uuid:5b257c95-9e74-4261-b1e5-c1efa7db19a5> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallows_and_Amazons_(series) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805541.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119095916-20171119115916-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.972211 | 353 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Shiur for Ki Savo 5780
“That thou shalt take of the first of all the fruit of the ground, which thou shalt bring in from thy land that the L-RD thy G-d giveth thee; and thou shalt put it in a basket and shalt go unto the place which the L-RD thy G-d shall choose to cause His name to dwell there.”
– Deuteronomy 26:2, JPS 1917 Tanach
The first fruits (bikurim) from each person’s harvest, were to be brought to “the place that H’Shem your G-d will choose” after B’nei Yisrael entered the Land. Upon giving the bikurim to a Kohein, one of G-d’s representatives, a proclamation was made, by the giver, declaring a brief historical background, encapsulating the identity of the Children of Israel from humble origins:
“And thou shalt speak and say before the L-RD thy G-d: ‘A wandering Aramean was my father, and he went down into Egypt, and sojourned there, few in number; and he became there a nation, great, mighty, and populous.”
– Deuteronomy 26:5 , JPS 1917 Tanach
“My father, i.e. Yaakov, who was for a while a wandering lost person without a home of his own, was not at the time able to establish a nation deserving or fit to inherit this land.” – Sforno
Jacob, the father of the twelve tribes of Israel, began his endeavors to establish a family, and vocation, as a wandering Aramean, having left home to find a wife. Yet, he went out into the world without anything of value, nor even any gifts for his wife-to-be. After twenty years of working for Laban, he set out to his home country. From there, he and the seventy members of his family were called to go down to Egypt. The Children of Israel were enslaved, eventually freed, and received the Torah at Mount Sinai. Entering the Promised Land would be the culmination of the Exodus.
Upon entering the land, the show of gratitude, a deep appreciation of H’Shem, and the origins of a national identity were acknowleged. Today, we need to reconnect with our origins as children of H’Shem. Once we are able to acknowledge our heritage, so that we may identify with our past as a people, we may also become aware of the Inheritance that awaits us. “Men have not heard, nor perceived by the ear, neither hath the eye seen” (Isaiah 64:3). Regarding this verse, Rashi explains that while the sages note that the prophets only spoke in regard to the Messianic era, they were not able to speak of Olam Haba (Berachos 34a). What awaits us in Olam Haba is beyond description, imagination, or our greatest expectations. | <urn:uuid:0f5329a3-c3c4-4665-86d1-a390a0c73254> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://eitzchayim.com/2020/09/04/connecting-to-heritage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154175.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801092716-20210801122716-00636.warc.gz | en | 0.96879 | 642 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Hello people. I hope you’re all doing fine. Today I’m going to share a comprehensive guide containing everything you should know about PVC pipe glue and how to use it efficiently.
How to Glue PVC Pipe –
Gluing PVC pipe, or if you like to call it joining or connecting PVC pipe is not like typical gluing at all. Joining a PVC pipe to pipe fitting requires a special type of primer and cement – A chemical solvent that melts the surface of PVC and quickly hardens to combine the pieces, a quality not generally found in any ordinary adhesive. The result should create a bond that is airtight, and leakproof, something you will witness in welding metal.
In short, the procedure of gluing PVC pipe comprises applying primer to the outside of the pipe and the inside of the fitting, which cleans and preps the PVC. After about 10 seconds you apply cement to the same areas, then push the pipe properly and allow the cement to set.
Sounds like a cakewalk right? However, as simple it sounds gluing PVC pipe often gets messy, and if you make a mistake there’s no looking back. A mistake means you have to cut the pipe and start over, which obviously, is not a pleasant experience.
For a reliable PVC bond, let’s go through the gluing procedure in detail.
Tools Required –
- Tape Measure
- Cement and primer
- Plastic pipe and fittings
- Transition coupling
Interesting Read – What is PVC Fittings? | What is PVC Connection? | The Definitive Guide
How to Connect PVC Pipe Using a PVC Pipe Glue: A Step-by-Step Guide
1. Make Square Cuts for Strong Joints:
- Screw together scraps of 2×4
- Saw by a handsaw with a blade that’s 3 or 4 inches wide
Square pipe ends fit easily into the fittings, leaving plenty of contact areas for the solvent to work properly. They also make a smoother interior surface allowing fast water flow.
Generally, any fine-tooth saw is enough for the job, but buying special saws for cutting plastic can prove to be a worthwhile investment if you often indulge yourself in plumbing work. They are easy to find in any plumbing area or with the handsaws in your nearest hardware stores and home centres.
2. Deburring the Inside:
- Roll a quarter sheet of 80-grit sandpaper into a tube and flatten it slightly to the mat.
- Use sandpaper to file off the inner burrs.
- Hold the sandpaper at a slightly tilted angle and sand the inside and outside of the pipe till it creates bevelled edges.
Note that, if untouched, burrs can catch hair other debris creating blockages and clogs.
Burrs can also be removed by utilizing a file or pocketknife, but my recommendation is sandpaper. It works the best.
3. Deburring the Outside:
- File off the outside using sandpaper.
By doing so, the pipe will plant itself into the fitting easily and you’ll get a tighter fit.
4. Marking the Pipe and Fitting:
- Dry-fit the PVC pipe and PVC connector fitting utilizing a torpedo level, if needed. It will help in aligning the fitting.
- Make markings across pipe and fittings.
After spreading the solvent cement on both the pipe and fitting and pressing them together, you will only have a few seconds to get the alignment right before the pieces are joined together. Once the pieces are stuck together they can’t be undone. Therefore, making alignment marks beforehand is a must.
5. Apply the PVC Cement:
- Clean the inside of the fitting and outside of the pipe using a PVC primer.
- Let it dry for 10 seconds.
- Lay out an even layer of solvent PVC cement on the inside of the fitting and outside of the pipe.
To stop excess solvent cement from getting pushed towards water piping, keep a check on the amount of solvent you apply on the inside of the socket on the fitting.
Just applying the solvent on the pipe and pushing in the fitting won’t necessarily mean you have a strong joint. To make sure a strong and reliable joint you need to make an even layer of cement over all mutual surfaces.
6. Push and Twist:
- Set the pipe and fitting about the quarter-turn from their final positioning.
- Push the pipe into the PVC pipe connectors and twist and the fitting until the marks are positioned.
- Press and hold the pipe for 15 seconds.
Twisting the fittings will be handy as it will spread the solvent evenly to make a strong joint.
Pressing and holding properly is a critical part. If you let go immediately, the pipe may thrust out of the fitting resulting in a feeble joint.
7. Rectify Mistakes with a Coupling:
Mistakes happen. Even the most experienced professionals tend to get things wrong sometimes. Once in a blue moon, assembled PVC pipes don’t reach the predrilled holes because we dry-fit the PVC pipes and ignore or forget to allow extras space for shrinkage.
- Saw out the affected section
- Utilizes a coupling to re-assemble the parts. use new parts if necessary.
- Prime and cement the parts together.
Always buy extra fittings. Having extra fittings on hand will save you an extra trip to the hardware store and you can always return the extras if unused.
Transition Coupling; Join Different Types of Pipe:
What is Transition Coupling?
Transition couplings have a flexible rubber sleeve surrounded by band clamps and a metal sleeve. They’re useful in connection with plastic copper, steel, and cast iron. Each coupling is labelled with all the pipe sizes and types it is compatible with.
- Slide the pipe ends into the transition fittings
- Use a nut driver to turn the screws and tighten the bands and seal the joints.
Do’s and Dont’s: How to Glue PVC Pipe –
DON’T use the wrong type of cement/glue:
There are various types of PVC primer and glue available in the market depending on the type of plastic piping. Read labels and always choose a cement specially made to work with PVC. Keep information related to cement to choose which one fits the best. You may see one type of cement on the shelf which is made to work with CPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl-chloride) which looks similar in the name and attributes if you go by the label but is not an acceptable alternative.
There are many PVC cement options available in the market and the best manufactures are names like Weld-on, Gorilla, Oatey, and many more.
Fascinating Read – PVC Melting Point, Properties, Applications, Advantages & Disadvantages
DO a dry fit:
Before gluing PVC Pipe, set out all the pieces of pipe, and make sure when they’re connected, they fit accurately and cut to the right size and length you need. Marking and numbering pieces is also good practice to avoid gluing the wrong ones together.
Don’t Ignore Safety Warnings:
PVC primer and glue are tricky to work with and manufacturers warn about not having eye and skin contact with them. Before getting started ensure you wear safety goggles (ideally with side shields) and protective gloves. Covering your work surface is another factor to consider to avoid difficult clean up later. PVC pipe glue can leach harmful chemicals, therefore, always work with it in a well-ventilated area.
Do Twist is Must for a Strong Fit:
As mentioned above as well, twist the pipe a quarter of the way around as you shove into the fitting. This is a crucial step often neglected by people, twisting the pipe makes the glue spread better, offering a tighter fit. Hold the pipe and fitting tightly for 30 odd seconds to avoid the pipe popping out.
Do Allow Enough Cure Time:
After holding the pipe for 3 odd seconds, you must give it at least 20 minutes before working on it so the glue/cement can cure properly. Go through the product manual once to get an idea of how long the glue needs to cure before starting to use it for your project. It’s usually 24 hours.
1. Can PVC pipe be glued without primer?
Ans. Some will tell you that it’s not necessary to use primer while gluing PVC pipe and up to some extent they are right. Strong PVC bonds can be made without using primer. However, utilizing primer will ensure the creation of the bond between PVC pipe and fitting as sting as possible.
2. Can you glue a leaking PVC pipe?
Ans. Using Repair epoxy is the best way to repair leaks on PVC pipes and fitting. To repair your PVC pipe and Joint using epoxy, first clean and dry the affected area, ensure no water contact is crucial here. Apply the epoxy in the affected area and let it cure for 10-15 minutes.
3. Why does my PVC pipe keeps coming apart?
Ans. If the PVC pipe keeps coming apart there must be clogs inside it, you must’ve ignored it or not seen it while gluing. There is no problem with reusing the fittings. All you have to do is use a bit more primer to soften the remnants, and use sandpaper to wipe the inside of the pipe and fitting to remove additional dirt.
4. How do you fix a leaking PVC pipe without cutting and gluing it?
Ans. Well, this solution only works for minor leaks, anything substantial is a different problem altogether. Rubber and silicone tape come in a roll that you can wrap directly around the PVC pipe. The repair tape adheres directly to itself rather than adhering to the PVC pipe. Any minor leaks can be covered using this method, but if the tape is applied to larger leaks, it will just come off by the water pressure.
5. Should I PVC before gluing?
Ans. Some amount of sanding, and chamfering is a good practice for better insertion and fitting. That coupled with proper use of sandpaper for deburring will maximize your chances of getting a strong bond between the pipes and fittings.
Suggested Read –
- Plastic Abbreviations and Their Salient Features | The Ultimate Guide
- ABS Vs PVC | The Complete Guide
- Antistatic vs. Static Dissipative Plastics | Which One to Choose?
- ABS Pipe Sizes & Dimensions For Schedule 40 and 80
- HDPE Pipe Sizes and Dimensions | A Complete Analysis
- PEX Vs PVC | The Definitive Guide
- What is PET Plastic | PET Characteristics | PET Copolymers | How is PET Made | Advantages & Disadvantages
- Mechanical Properties of Plastic Materials | The Definitive Guide
- Top 10 Plastic Bottle Manufacturers in USA
Final Thoughts –
That’s all I wanted to say about PVC pipe glue and how to glue PVC pipe with ease and efficiency. The best PVC glues are those which is sold by the mainstream brands like Oatey, Gorilla, and Weld-on. In addition, always use a primer as it is essential to form a reliable bond. Also, never neglect to cure time to make the bond as strong as possible.
Thanks for reading. Have a wonderful day. | <urn:uuid:5ce8960b-8393-4a6b-85cf-265a0af1041c> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://plasticranger.com/how-to-glue-pvc-pipe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358180.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127103444-20211127133444-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.912049 | 2,408 | 2.765625 | 3 |
In his introduction to a new book on terrorism against Cuba, US academic Noam Chomsky details the history of US governments’ violent and often bizarre reactions to its small but defiant neighbour. CubaSí is privileged to have permission to exclusively reprint this introduction...
Perhaps the most striking feature of Washington’s war against Cuba since it dared to liberate itself at last in 1959 has been the frenzy with which it has been waged. Kennedy’s Bay of Pigs invasion soon after taking office was authorized in an atmosphere of “hysteria,” Defense Secretary Robert McNamara later testified before the Senate’s Church Committee. At the first cabinet meeting after the failed invasion, the atmosphere was “almost savage,” Undersecretary of State Chester Bowles reported, describing “an almost frantic reaction for an action program.”
The core component of the “action program” was a major terrorist war. Robert Kennedy, who was assigned the task of coordinating the massive campaign of state-directed international terrorism, repeatedly declared that overthrowing the government of Cuba was “the top priority of the United States Government—all else is secondary—no time, money, effort, or manpower is to be spared.”
The president himself was aware that allies “think that we’re slightly demented” on the subject of Cuba, a condition that persists to the present. When Cuba was in dire straits after the collapse of the Soviet Union, liberal Democrats led by Bill Clinton tightened the noose, outflanking the Bush administration from the right, in order “to wreak havoc in Cuba” (Representative Robert Torricelli, who was point man).
The extremism was of some concern to the Pentagon. The US Army War College in 1993 cautioned against the “innate emotional appeal” driving US policy-makers who saw Castro as “the embodiment of evil who must be punished for his defiance of the United States as well as for other reprehensible deeds”—though whether any of those conjured up ranked as high as “defiance of the United States” is doubtful.
The Kennedy brothers sought to bring the “terrors of the earth” to Cuba, in the words of JFK adviser and confidant historian Arthur Schlesinger. The terrorist war against Cuba peaked again in the late 1970s. The Reagan administration reacting by adding Cuba to the list of states that sponsor terror.
The irony passed without notice, as did the fact that Cuba replaced Saddam Hussein, who had to be removed so that the Reaganites could provide substantial aid to their new friend. Saddam remained a favored friend until 1990, when he quickly shifted status to reincarnation of Hitler by committing a real crime, not trivial misdemeanors like slaughtering Kurds but disobeying orders, or perhaps misunderstanding them. After the US invasion of Iraq he was captured, tried, and sentenced to death—for crimes committed in 1982, the year when he was dropped from the list of states supporting terror.
Again, the ironies passed unnoticed. There was of course an official pretext for condemning Cuba as a terrorist state in 1982: Cuba was allegedly supporting Central Americans who were resisting the “war on terror” declared by the Reagan administration as it entered office—in reality, an extraordinary terrorist assault on Central Americans that claimed hundreds of thousands of lives and left much of the region in ruins, handed down in history as a grand victory of American idealism and promotion of democracy. The other standard official reason, until today, is Cuba’s human rights record, a pretext that can only inspire ridicule outside of deeply indoctrinated circles, in the light of the human rights records of Washington’s favored clients, not to speak of its own.
While launching his terrorist campaign, President Kennedy also sharply intensified the embargo that President Eisenhower had initiated—legitimately, high officials explained, because “The Cuban people [are] responsible for the regime” (Undersecretary of State Douglas Dillon) and therefore must suffer hunger and deprivation for its sins. Kennedy agreed that it was Washington’s right and duty to cause “rising discomfort among hungry Cubans.” Eisenhower State Department official Lester Mallory had outlined the basic thinking in April 1960, at the time when the Administration secretly committed itself to overthrowing the insolent regime: Castro would be removed “through disenchantment and disaffection based on economic dissatisfaction and hardship [so] every possible means should be undertaken promptly to weaken the economic life of Cuba [in order to] bring about hunger, desperation and [the] overthrow of the government.”
Along with his terrorist war, Kennedy imposed a trade embargo of unprecedented severity, barring any transaction involving merchandise “of Cuban origin” or that “has been located or transported from or through Cuba [or] is made or derived in whole or in part of any article which is the growth, produce, or manufacture of Cuba.” In the years that followed, huge resources have been devoted to monitor international commerce to ensure that the strictures are upheld—no slight task when it is necessary to ban any product that might include Cuban nickel (Presidents Johnson and Reagan) or Swiss chocolate using Cuban sugar (President Clinton).
Allies might be pardoned for regarding “demented” as something of an understatement for these fervent efforts, across the political spectrum. One illustration has been provided by the Treasury Department, reporting to Congress in April 2004 on the activities of its Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), responsible for investigating suspicious financial transfers, a central component of the “war on terror.” OFAC informed Congress that of its 120 employees, four were assigned to tracking the finances of Osama bin Laden and Saddam Hussein, while almost two dozen were occupied with enforcing the embargo against Cuba.
From 1990 to 2003, OFAC reported 93 terrorism-related investigations with $9,000 in fines; and 11,000 Cuba-related investigations with $8 million in fines. Nothing changed, apparently, after radical Islamists who had been supported by the CIA came very close to destroying the World Trade Center in 1993, along with far more ambitious plans, barely thwarted. These revelations passed with no report in the press, though there was mention of Senator Max Baucus’s condemnation of “the administration’s absurd and increasingly bizarre obsession with Cuba” and “misuse of taxpayer money” to punish Cuba, “a dangerous diversion from reality…when the United States faces very real terrorist threats in the Middle East and elsewhere.” A “bizarre obsession” that traces back to the early months after the overthrow of the US-backed Batista dictatorship, and reached true fanaticism under Kennedy.
The effort to sustain the righteous punishment of the people of Cuba persists in the face of virtually unanimous global opposition, as demonstrated by the annual votes on the US embargo at the United Nations, where Washington can muster only dependent clients: Israel and some Pacific island. Dismissal of world opinion is of course standard. Also standard is the disregard for public opinion within the US, which for decades has favored normalization of relations with Cuba, by large majorities. More unusual is the fact that the frenzied assault persists in opposition to the will of major concentrations of private power: agribusiness, the pharmaceutical industry, energy corporations, and others.
The state interest in crushing Cuba overwhelms even this normally decisive factor in shaping foreign relations. The “bizarre obsession” appears irrational in the light of any threat posed by Cuba, apart from the quite serious threat in October 1962 that was largely a consequence of the terrorist war which was designed to culminate that month with “open revolt and overthrow of the Communist regime” that could achieve its “final success” only with “decisive U.S. military intervention.” Historian Thomas Paterson concludes, quite plausibly, that “had there been no exile expedition at the Bay of Pigs, no destructive covert activities, no assassination plots, no military maneuvers and plans, and no economic and diplomatic steps to harass, isolate, and destroy the Castro government in Havana, there would not have been a Cuban missile crisis. The origins of the October 1962 crisis derived largely from the concerted U.S. campaign to quash the Cuban revolution.” But apart from self-induced threats, the “hysteria” does appear to pass beyond the bounds of reason.
Irrationality, however, does not entail that there is no rationale, and there most definitely was. Apart from its deep historical roots, the rationale derives rationally from the exigencies of world control. The CIA informed the White House that overthrow of the Castro regime “was the key to all of Latin America; if Cuba succeeds, we can expect most of Latin America to fall.” And if we cannot control our own backyard in Latin America, Nixon’s National Security Council added, we will not be able “to achieve a successful order elsewhere in the world”: that is, to impose our rule over the world. As Henry Kissinger explained while expressing his support for Reagan’s terrorist wars in Central America, “if we cannot manage Central America, it will be impossible to convince threatened nations in the Persian Gulf and in other places that we know how to manage the global equilibrium”; to translate into English, we will not be able to rule the world effectively— always for the good of mankind, by definition. Other parts of the world had an even more cosmic significance, particularly the Middle East energy producing regions. Controlling them will provide “substantial control of the world,” in the words of the influential planner A.A. Berle, a prominent figure in the Roosevelt and later liberal administrations.
The basic logic was “the domino theory,” which has two variants. For the public, the threat is military conquest, as when Reagan strapped on his cowboy boots and declared a National Emergency because Sandinista hordes are only two days from Harlingen Texas, about to overwhelm us, and invaded the nutmeg capital of the world because it might provide a military base for the Russians (if they could find it on a map); and other similar effusions over the years. That version is dismissed with ridicule after it is exposed as absurdity, but the more serious version of the domino theory is never abandoned, because it is entirely reasonable. We might call it “the Mafia doctrine,” one of the few pervasive principles of imperial domination—the dedication to ensure “global equilibrium” or “stability,” in the preferred euphemism.
The logic is straightforward, and completely rational. The Godfather does not tolerate disobedience. If some small storekeeper fails to pay protection money, the Godfather sends his goons, not just to collect the money, which he wouldn’t even notice, but to beat him to a pulp, so that others do not get the idea that disobedience is permissible. He has to ensure that “the virus” does not “spread contagion” elsewhere, to borrow Kissinger’s terms when he was dealing with the urgent need to overthrow the parliamentary regime in Chile and impose a regime of killers and torturers—who quickly acted to spread a more acceptable form of “contagion,” establishing a brutally efficient international terror center with US backing, Operation Condor. The Mafia logic regularly applies in international relations. Cuba is an example, but only one of many. In the case of Cuba, the basic problem was clearly perceived at once by the Eisenhower administration.
The State Department understood that Castro “rejects the concept that hemisphere defense under U.S. leadership is necessary”— the term “defense” having its usual meaning: control and where necessary aggression.
What is more, State warned, Castro “favors a greater role for Latin America, if possible under Cuba’s leadership, in world affairs,…as an independent force, associated closely with the Afro-Asian bloc.” The latter concerns elicited more hysteria 15 years later when the Portuguese empire fell and Cuba played a leading role— and as historian Piero Gleijeses has demonstrated, a remarkably selfless one—in the liberation of Black Africa and in laying the foundations for the collapse of the US-backed Apartheid regime in South Africa. Eisenhower’s State Department warned further that the success of Castro’s economic programs might endanger US economic interests in Latin America, perhaps even beyond. Acting Secretary of State Douglas Dillon warned that “If Cuba gets away with the actions she is taking against American property owners [who pretty much owned Cuba], our whole private enterprise approach abroad would be in serious danger.”
A basic problem, US Ambassador to Cuba Philip Bonsal explained, is that “Castro continues to enjoy the support of the masses,” leading State Department Latin American analyst Calvin Hill to lament the “marked emotional reluctance among many Cubans to face up to the fact that their union with Castro is turning out badly.” The childlike emotionalism of the Latin temperament has always troubled sober and reasonable American officials, again in November 2009, when President Obama broke with Europe and Latin America by supporting the elections carried out under military rule in Honduras, and the US representative to the OAS had to instruct the backward Latin American peons that they should join the US in the real world, abandoning their “world of magical realism,” and should recognize the military coup as Big Brother did.
When Kennedy took over from Eisenhower, the CIA spelled out much the same concerns. In July 1961 the CIA observed that “The extensive influence of ‘Castroism’ is not a function of Cuban power… Castro’s shadow looms large because social and economic conditions throughout Latin America invite opposition to ruling authority and encourage agitation for radical change,” for which Castro’s Cuba provides a model. The same conclusion had already been presented to incoming President Kennedy by Arthur Schlesinger, transmitting the report of his Latin American Mission, which warned of the susceptibility of Latin Americans to “the Castro idea of taking matters into one’s own hands.” The dangers of the “Castro idea” are particularly grave, Schlesinger later elaborated, when “The distribution of land and other forms of national wealth greatly favors the propertied classes…[and] The poor and underprivileged, stimulated by the example of the Cuban revolution, are now demanding opportunities for a decent living.”
The Soviet threat was not entirely ignored. Kennedy feared that Russian aid might make Cuba a “showcase” for development, giving the Soviets the upper hand throughout Latin America. The State Department Policy Planning Council soon expanded on these concerns: “the primary danger we face in Castro,” it concluded, is “in the impact the very existence of his regime has upon the leftist movement in many Latin American countries… The simple fact is that Castro represents a successful defiance of the US, a negation of our whole hemispheric policy of almost a century and a half”—that is, back to the Monroe Doctrine, which asserted Washington’s intention and right to dominate the hemisphere.
As the charge against Castro indicates, the 50-year crusade to overthrow the Cuban government has deep historical roots. The great grand strategist John Quincy Adams, the intellectual author of the Monroe Doctrine, wrote that “the annexation of Cuba to our federal republic will be indispensable to the continuance and integrity of the Union itself.” Thomas Jefferson agreed. He wrote that Cuba’s “addition to our confederacy is exactly what is wanted to round our power as a nation… The control which, with Florida Point, this island would give us over the Gulf of Mexico, and the countries and isthmus bordering on it, as well as all those whose waters flow into it, would fill up the measure of our political well-being.” His successors found these constraints to be far too modest.
The eminent historian John Lewis Gaddis traces “the roots of the Bush doctrine” of preemptive war to the famous state paper of his hero, John Quincy Adams, justifying the murderous invasion of Florida in 1818, also setting the precedent for executive war in violation of the Constitution. Gaddis explains that Adams established the principle that expansion is the path to security, a principle which, he observes sympathetically, has guided political leaders ever since, by now reaching to plans for “ownership of space” for military purposes.
Adams understood that the indispensable conquest of Cuba would have to wait. The British were a powerful deterrent, just as they blocked repeated efforts to conquer Canada. But Adams wisely observed that as US power increased, and Britain’s declined, the deterrent would vanish and Cuba would fall into Washington’s hands by “the laws of political gravitation,” as an apple falls from a tree. By 1898 the laws of political gravitation had worked their magic, and the US was able to carry out the military operation known as “the liberation of Cuba,” in reality the intervention to prevent Cuba from liberating itself from Spanish rule, converting it to what historians Ernest May and Philip Zelikow rightly call a “virtual colony” of the US. The Eastern end, including Cuba’s major port on Guantánamo Bay, has remained an actual colony, held under a 1902 treaty that Cuba was forced to sign at gunpoint, and used in recent years in violation of the terms of the “treaty,” such as it is, as a detention camp for Haitians fleeing the terror of the US-backed military junta and as a torture chamber for those suspected of having harmed, or intended to harm, the US. The “virtual colony” gained authentic liberation in 1959, apart from its Eastern region. And within months the assault began, using the weapons of violence and economic strangulation to punish the inhabitants of “that infernal little Republic” who had so angered the racist expansionist Theodore Roosevelt “that I would like to wipe its people off the face of the earth,” he declared in fury as they continued to rebel, not recognizing that we had set them free. And to this day refusing to comprehend that their role is to serve the master, not to play at independence.
The valuable study that follows permits us to hear the voices of the victims of the international terrorism launched by the Kennedy brothers—for the first time, a remarkable comment on the reigning culture of imperialism in the US and its Western allies.
Noam Chomsky, 25 December 2009
Introduction to‘Voices from the other side: An oral history of Terrorism against Cuba’ by Keith Bolender, published by Pluto Press in August 2010. | <urn:uuid:92a5c61d-22a6-4b84-824b-513220fc9951> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://cubasolidaritycampaign.blogspot.com/2011/01/noam-chomsky-on-us-cuba-relations.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102393.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816191044-20170816211044-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.957805 | 3,899 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Success is a conscious decision. Whatever one wants to have in their life, they must decide to want it first. We make decision every day, from small ones to big ones, but how often do we find ourselves really carrying out what we decide to do?
What is a decision?
I see a decision as: the ability to choose something that one wants to do and then doing what is necessary to carry it out.
When we make decisions in everyday life, we don’t really think what will happen. We just do it.
“I decide to eat a peanut butter and jelly sandwich.”
“I decide not to go to work today and call in sick.”
“I decide I will do my math homework today.”
“I decide I to say hello to someone on the street.”
“I decide I will ask that girl out.”
“I decide to go to the gym today.”
“I decide to get two hours of work done today.”
“I decide to spend some time with my family.”
“I decide to go to sleep earlier.”
“I decide to influence the world in some way.”
These are all possible things that we think of every day. For the easier decisions, we simply follow through. If one can apply themselves to power of decision, it can make them really successful in anything they wish to do. There are two rules that I believe will help.
1. Carrying Out the Decision
How many times do we make a decision and then suddenly something comes up, and we end up not doing it. This is why I added the word “conscious” in front of decision, because when we are truly aware of our decisions, we won’t let it slide. We don’t let something that comes up stop the decision from carrying forth. A decision isn’t supposed to be wishy-washy.
Besides the last one, the examples provided above were quite simplistic. However, some decisions we require much more thinking to carry it out.
If one decided that they wanted to create a very successful business, they must consider all aspects to realistically getting there. It’s not as simple as deciding to go to bed later, even though the same concept of decision applies. But when that decision happens, it’s like snapping the fingers and saying, “I have made the decision to do this and carry it out no matter what” (without harming someone else in the process of doing so of course).
2. Making Decisions Quickly
Another thing about success is the ability to make decisions quickly. Making decisions quickly shows that one is decisive and has proactive qualities. Even though sometimes a result of a decision will end up failing, it is better than not carrying the decision out, which violates rule 1.
We make hundreds of decisions weekly, from checking our emails or going on Facebook to actually getting work done if you happen to work on the computer. These are all decisions that we make that affect our productivity level.
The biggest reason why we don’t make decisions in my opinion is because we fear something out of it; this produces anxiety, so we end up putting it off. This usually comes whenever we hear or see some other person doing something successful and we want to do it too, but we never make the conscious decision of starting, or when we feel good about ourselves (which could be many months later).
Napoleon Hill, in his book Think and Grow Rich, said that one of the major causes of failure is the lack of a well defined power of decision, “Men who succeed reach decisions promptly, and change them, if at all, very slowly. Men who fail reach decisions, if at all, very slowly, and change them frequently, and quickly.”
In conclusion, we have many choices in our life and these choices shape our future. But it is our ability to decide today, to make a conscious decision in the moment, that ultimately turns a thought that we have into reality. | <urn:uuid:ef8a28a5-3d67-4e7e-b183-2df1c1a55a3e> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.frombottomup.com/productivity/a-conscious-decision/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122720.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00010-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966671 | 857 | 2.671875 | 3 |
In a joint, historic proposal to the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) and the Army Corps of Engineers, the Columbia River Tribes and the Canadian First Nations have laid out a thoughtful, achievable, phased plan to restore fish passage at dams, like Grand Coulee, that have blocked salmon, steelhead and other anadromous fish from prime habitat in British Columbia for generations. This is NOT fantasy. If we want salmon, if we want a commerical and recreational fishing industy in the Northwest–this plan must be implemented. Certainly, we have a moral duty to the Tribes to implement the plan, but we also must do so for the economy and environment of this region. Restoring prime fish habitat in British Columbia is crtical to give salmon, and the fishing industry, a fighting chance as the impacts of climate change manifest themselves over the coming decades. We wholeheartedly support and endorse the proposal’s goals. Read the Proposal from U.S. Columbia Basin Tribes and Canadian First Nations here.
CELP has been working with a coalition of environmental organizations, in alliance with the Columbia River Tribes, to urge the State Department to modernize the Columbia River Treaty to include restoring the ecosystem of the basin. The Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) and the Army Corps of Engineers agreed that the 1964 Treaty, which expires in 2024, should be expanded to include the ecosystem as a third priority—in addition to the current priorities of generating hydropower and flood control.
What does including the ecosystem in the Treaty mean? Well, it could provide an international platform for the United States and Canada to jointly plan for reintroducing salmon to the upper Columbia Basin. Obviously, this is incredibly important to the Columbia River Tribes and First Nations who suffered incalculable cultural, economic, and spiritual losses when dams, like Grand Coulee, were built on the Columbia River without fish ladders—blocking salmon passages above them.
Renegotiating the Treaty is also important in the face of climate change. The best climate science tells us that the United States’ side of the Columbia Basin is going to get significantly warmer in the next decades, and we will continue to lose snowpack that provides the water salmon need. The 49th parallel will then become not just a dividing line between the US and Canada, but a dividing line between where there is and is not snowpack and refuge for fish and wildlife. To keep salmon in the Columbia River basin, and, for that matter, in the greater Northwest, we are going to need to work with Canada to open up this cooler habitat if possible. | <urn:uuid:405d3153-80ae-48c2-b8af-9bb1df31071b> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://celp.org/tag/columbia-river-tribes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663016373.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528093113-20220528123113-00502.warc.gz | en | 0.941159 | 534 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Lit. "weeks." A one-day festival (two days outside Israel) held on the 6th day of the Hebrew month of Sivan (50 days, or 7 complete weeks, from the first day of Passover) to commemorate the Giving of the Torah on Mount Sinai; Pentecost; "Festival of the First Fruits"; "Festival of the Giving of the Torah"; Azeret (solemn assembly).
How to cite this page
Jewish Women's Archive. "Shavuot." (Viewed on August 31, 2016) <http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/glossary/shavuot>. | <urn:uuid:c5e4c2ac-4a61-4078-b602-dd2845af2b1a> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/glossary/shavuot | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982956861.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200916-00134-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.851367 | 138 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Browse and Search This Collection
Contributed by Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records: State Archives
Government records protect the right of citizens, promote accountability for government officials and provide continuity. Records in the Arizona State Archives were created by individuals or agencies within state or local government organizations. Agency records include those from boards, commissions and departments, as well as executive, legislative and judicial branches and date from 1863 to the early 1990s. Local records include those from county and city governments and date from 1863 to the 1940s.
The government records included in the Arizona Memory Project represent a very small portion of the records at the Arizona State Archives. If you do not find what you are looking for please visit our website at https://www.azlibrary.gov/arm. | <urn:uuid:cedc67a7-f42f-410e-a084-16617e09e90c> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/landingpage/collection/archgov | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118831.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00054-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958331 | 156 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Glossary of Treatment Terms
Glossary of Treatment Terms
This is the act of refraining from using drugs or alcohol. In recovery, abstinence is something an addict works for throughout his or her life.
When a person continues to use drugs and alcohol to the point of negative consequences or the disease has not yet progressed to full substance dependence.
Addiction can be a physical and/or psychological reliance on a behavior or a substance such as drugs or alcohol that continues despite negative consequences.
A combination of behavioral, cognitive and motivational therapies in conjunction with medical treatment that provides the addict/alcoholic with the skills, the knowledge and the desire to maintain abstinence from substances while empowering the addict to
Once a person has stopped using drugs and alcohol and completed addiction treatment, they will return to their daily lives with an aftercare plan. This plan is a roadmap to help patients continue their abstinence which includes therapies, family treatment
A chemical compound that mimics the action of a natural neurotransmitter to produce a biological response.
Alcohol Self Test
Over the years, researchers have found common issues related to people suffering from alcohol abuse and dependence. A series of short questions can generally determine whether a person has or is heading toward an alcohol problem. These tests are self admi
Alcohol treatment center
A licensed facility that specializes in the evaluation and treatment of alcoholism, addictions and associated disorders.
A chemical compound that is similar to another drug in its effects but differs slightly in its chemical structure.
A drug that blocks the brain receptors response to another drug or a neurotransmitter.
American Society of Addiction Medicine is an association of medical personnel that are dedicated to improving addiction treatment, support research, educate physicians to advance the practice of addiction medicine.
A partial opiate agonist used in the treatment of opioid dependence.
A series of sixteen plus centers comprise the Center for Disease Control. This allows the agency to be more responsive and effective when dealing with public health concerns. Each group implements CDC's response in their area of expertise, while also
The abuse of a chemical or substance (pills, heroin, crystal meth etc) to the extent that it interferes substantially in emotional, social or occupational functioning.
When a person has formed a physical or psychological addiction or habituation to mood or mind altering chemicals such that cessation from the drug(s) will cause withdrawal symptoms.
Pain that is ongoing. Chronic pain may wax and wane in intensity.
Chronic Pain Management
The attempt, usually through physical and psychological therapy and medications, and surgical interventions to suppress in an attempt to improve the person's quality of life.
Clean and Sober
For many addicts, a combination of drugs and alcohol defined their using patterns. In recover, the term to be clean meant that a person's body was clean of drugs- he or she was no longer using. The term sober referred to a person who has maintained abst
Part of brain function that involves the interpretation of symbols and operations. Perception, memory, creativity, and critical thinking are part of cognitive functioning.
When a person decides to stop drinking, using drugs, smoking cigarettes etc. without medical assistance such as that provided during detox treatment. It is the abrupt cessation of ingesting drugs or alcohol, commonly described as quitting "cold turkey".
The inability to recognize the presence or severity of an addiction or behavior.
The failure to admit that one is addicted or to realize and accept the harm caused by the addiction.
With the continued consumption of drugs or alcohol, a person develops a physical and psychological dependence. Once a person reaches a level of dependence, he or she must continue to use and drink to avoid withdrawal symptoms. Stopping the use or alcohol
The removal from the body of a toxic substance is known as detoxification. This process typically requires medically administered drugs to ease the withdrawal symptoms that are associated with no longer using and to restore healthy physiological processes
An inpatient or outpatient program with medical supervision that manages the symptoms associated with withdrawal from addictive substances. Most addicts and alcoholics are much more comfortable when they enter an inpatient medical detox program that is im
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is a book that defines psychological disorders and the criteria for a diagnosis of a disorder. It is compiled and published by the American Psychiatric Association. The DSM is updated every few yea
This is a condition suffered by someone who has a mental disorder combined with a drug or alcohol problem. However, there are many people who have several addictions and mental health disorders. The term dual diagnosis is being replaced with co-occurring.
Half way houses
Half way houses, also known sober living houses or recovery houses are places of residence for people newly released from treatment who still require monitoring and support. There are various levels of lifestyles and services, depending upon cost.
An alcohol or drug treatment facility that provides patients with medical care 24 hours a day from a staff of doctors, nurses and licensed clinicians. The treatment facility must provide a specified number of activities, education, rehabilitation, and co
This is a meeting with specifically chosen individuals, sometimes with a professional, who come together to speak openly and honestly to the addict and alcoholic about his or her addiction disease.
Long term treatment
Treatment facilities that have addiction programs designed to address severe behavioral and psychological problems provide programs that last several months at a time: 3-12 months. These are known as long term treatment programs.
Medically Assisted Detox
Detoxification from drugs and alcohol can be a jarring process for the body. To ease the pain that often accompanies withdrawal during detox, and to control the psychological fluctuations that occur as well, doctors can prescribe a variety of drugs to eas
Mental Health Disorders
Psychological, thought and behavioral patterns that are disruptive to a person's emotional and physical well being are considered part of mental health disorders. These are fundamental characteristics that influence what a person believes and feels.
A class of depressant drugs derived from opium or compounds related to opium. Alternatively, the legal definition is any substance that is scheduled by the Drug Enforcement Agency as a Class 1-5 drug and is certified a controlled substance .
A 12 Step, self-help, anonymous and voluntary organization whose members have had problems with drugs. There are no dues or fees to join these 12 Step programs.
National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism is also part of the National Institute of Health that promotes research on the causes, consequences, treatment, and prevention of alcoholism.
The National Institute on Drug Abuse provides an avenue for research on drug abuse and the dissemination of information to improve prevention, treatment and policy as it relates to drug abuse and addiction .
National Institute of Mental Health is a federal agency that is part of the National Institute of Health dedicated to transforming the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses through basic and clinical research.
Office of National Drug Control Policy establishes policies, priorities, and objectives for the Nation's drug control programs.
A patient may reside at home or in a residence while they continue to receive mental health and substance abuse (alcohol) treatment. Usually treatment is 5-7 days a week for several (4-6) hours a day.
There is a broad class of drugs called psychotropic, or psychotherapeutic medication prescribed to people suffering from a mental health disorder. These drugs are designed to reduce depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar symptoms and a host of other.
A treatment program that provides living quarters for the patients while they move through an addiction program is known as residential treatment. Generally, a nurse and physician are on call, but usually are not on site.
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration is an agency of the United States government dedicated to reducing the impact of substance abuse and mental illness on America's communities. The agency helps set best practices and mai
Sobriety as it relates to addiction means that a person practices abstinence from alcohol. It is a state of being without alcohol. In addition, it also indicates that a new set of learned behaviors, attitudes, and thought processes have been developed.
Many people come to drug and alcohol to cope with specific life stressors. Many times these life stressors, such as domestic violence or rape, require special attention. Treatment tracks to address these problems have been developed. The specialty program
State Licensed Facility
Every facility whether a detox, inpatient, residential, outpatient, partial hospitalization that offers drug or alcohol treatment should always have a state license to do business in the health care industry.
The Joint Commission
The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations is an independent, not-for-profit, agency that accredits and certifies health care facilities and programs. It is a national organization that strives to set high standards of industry care
The treatment of drug and alcohol addiction combines a number of different processes (therapies) aimed at helping the patient overcome triggers to use, alter thinking patterns that lead to relapse, and confront and deal with problems that have caused the
Twelve Step Programs
The first twelve Step program began in the late 1930s --Alcoholics Anonymous. It is based upon the belief that a group alcoholics can keep each other sober. Over time, principles were laid out to guide recovering alcoholics in their mission to stay sober. | <urn:uuid:8e78549a-825a-4923-9d40-99f43fbc94df> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.recoveryconnection.com/glossaries/treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057119.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920221430-20210921011430-00696.warc.gz | en | 0.940565 | 1,883 | 2.6875 | 3 |
- 1The part of the land adjoining or near the sea: the west coast of Africa they sailed further up the coastMás ejemplos en oraciones
- The search for a missing yachtsman whose boat ran aground on the North East coast has been scaled down.
- There are also plans to have some naval vessels patrol the West African coast.
- They have now moved to the Sri Lankan capital Colombo on the south west coast.
verboVolver al principio
- 1 [no object] (Of a person or vehicle) move easily without using power: they were coasting down a long hillMás ejemplos en oraciones
- Any time the vehicle is coasting, it is not consuming any power, which adds many miles to the vehicle's overall range.
- While you are coasting with both skates parallel, move one skate forward and the other skate backward for balance.
- Suddenly the sail is flapping and useless, the acceleration is gone, and I'm coasting gently towards the edge of the airfield, still steering with my feet.
- 1.1Be successful without making much effort: Colchester coasted to victoryMás ejemplos en oraciones
- Saints coasted to a very comfortable 60-16 victory, after a devastating first-half performance which emphasised the gap between the top and bottom of Super League.
- And worryingly for their rivals, not only have New Zealand coasted to the second grand slam but they have also developed an international squad of remarkable depth in the process.
- Waterloo never looked back and coasted to a 56-50 victory, with Mike Sovran leading the way with 12 points and 7 rebounds.
- 2 [no object, with adverbial of direction] Sail along the coast, especially in order to carry cargo: (as adjective coasting) a coasting schoonerMás ejemplos en oraciones
- After coasting along the shores of Brazil and advancing up the River Amazon, then called Marañon, he returned by way of Hispaniola, to be driven for refuge from storm into the port of Aguada.
- Instead, he bumped into the Americas on his first voyage of discovery, landing first somewhere in the Bahamas, and then coasting along Cuba, before eventually returning to Spain.
- A small red ferryboat gently coasted on its way to San Fransisco.
the coast is clear
- There is no danger of being observed or caught: the streetcleaners kept stopping off for a smoke when the coast was clearMás ejemplos en oraciones
- She then looks up and down the street, as if she's making sure the coast is clear, and then she just takes off.
- And then, if the coast is clear, we can safely follow.
- Our characters were supposed to look around to make sure the coast is clear, then jump in the truck and race off.
Middle English (in the sense 'side of the body'), from Old French coste (noun), costeier (verb), from Latin costa 'rib, flank, side'. sense 1 of the noun arose from the phrase coast of the sea 'side of the sea'. | <urn:uuid:e5c6f7db-e621-4b06-bac6-89a9b7abe455> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles/coast | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609532374.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005212-00157-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925585 | 680 | 2.75 | 3 |
Answer by Diane Eager
This question arose following reports in New Scientist, Science (AAAS) News and Associated Press 17 November 2014 and Discover Magazine 18 November 2014 about research by Alan Sanders of NorthShore Research Institute in Illinois and colleagues. Sanders’ team studied the DNA of 409 pairs of homosexual brothers looking for common genetic markers named single nucleotide polymorphisms. The two places they found with most shared genetic markers were a region on the X chromosome named Xq28 and another on chromosome 8 named 8q12. The Xq28 region has been previously claimed as a site for a genetic basis for homosexuality in a much smaller study published in 1993. Sanders claims the new study “erodes the notion that sexual orientation is a choice”.
Other scientists are not so sure. They point out that Xq28 and 8q14 are not individual genes, but regions of chromosomes which may contain hundreds of genes, and this kind of chromosome study has been rendered obsolete by newer studies which can target specific genes. Furthermore, Neil Risch, a genetics expert at the University of California, San Francisco, explained that the newly published results are statistically too weak to demonstrate any genetic link. Also, according to Science News, “Sanders admits that although the strongest linkage he identified on chromosome 8, using an isolated genetic marker, clears the threshold for significance, the Xq28 linkage does not. But he says both cases are bolstered by (also less-than-significant) data from neighboring markers, which appear to be shared at higher rates between pairs of brothers.” (words in parentheses in original)
Our comments on the above report have to point out that: finding a statistical association with a section of a Chromosome 8 does not prove any genetic cause and effect. Sanders’ admission that Xq28 linkage did not clear the threshold for significance is an admission that the results actually failed the accepted test of statistical association, and therefore they have no basis for even thinking there could be a genetic cause and effect from this region of chromosome. In other words, there needs to be some ‘statistical’ evidence of honesty here: these researchers did not find a homosexual gene!
To make a valid claim for a homosexual gene scientists would have identify a specific gene, know the function of the gene, and explain how the activity of this gene forced people to be sexually attracted to the same sex. No researchers have come anywhere near doing this, or even claimed to.
The weak statistical association with a chunk of chromosome 8 in a small population of only 409 sets of brothers, along with the non-significant result for a chunk of the X chromosome, in no way “erodes the notion that homosexuality is a choice”. Many homosexuals may claim they did not make a conscious choice, but we all need to admit a lot of our behaviour can be undertaken without us knowing or ever making a conscious decision at a specific moment in time, e.g. losing our temper, wanting the largest slice of cake etc.
The real problem here is how do we decide what is right behaviour, whether we feel it is OK or not? To the evolutionist, who is in essence a pragmatic atheist, anything goes, and no absolute criteria are allowable. Whatever someone ‘feels like’ is natural. Nothing is right or wrong, merely socially acceptable or unacceptable, and social norms can be changed according to the opinions of whoever is influencing society at the time (politicians, media, entertainers, etc).
The real Creator God has a totally different set of criteria. What He created sex for is the only allowable criterion, and when He says it can’t be used for homosexuality He means it.
But what is more helpful is that His comment on the real cause of homosexuality or murder is earth shattering in its simplicity as well as it unpopularity in the present culture. Mankind does things the Creator has declared to be wrong because ever since the day the first man Adam made the choice to go against his Maker, human beings have been born with a sin problem. Our innate nature is to rebel against our Creator, i.e. we are all born sinners, but the resulting sins we commit will vary with the sinner, e.g. one person may be a glutton for sex of any sort whilst another wants to be greedy for riches of any sort. The Creator’s position is that none of us are born homosexual any more than we are born murderers or thieves, so beware any Judge or lawyer acting according to the false claim that homosexuality is not a choice. Sooner or later you will face the expanded version of this falsehood: “Don’t blame me. I was born a child abuser, or a thief!” At that point all law and social legislation fails, and anarchy is inevitable. It has happened before, to the people of Israel, and God’s Word records it in the statement “every man did what was right in his own eyes” (Judges 21:25). The result for Israel was disaster, and so it will be for the whole of western society, unless we all repent, i.e. make a choice to turn back to the Creator God and only Saviour, who is Jesus Christ, and live according to his ways.
Update: A much larger statistical study was published in August 2019 using data from 493,000 results from two commercial genome testing services. Participants were asked whether they ever had a same-sex sexual encounter. The researchers found five gene variants were more common in people who had answered yes. The research team claimed that these variations had some influence on same sex behaviour, but concluded there is no “gay gene”.
Even though this was a much larger study it is important to remember statistical correlation does not, and never will, prove causation. As such, we stand by we stand by our comments above that to prove a genetic basis for homosexuality scientist must be able to identify a particular gene or gene combination, show what it does, and explain how this forces people into homosexuality. We also stand by we stand by our comments above on the real cause of homosexuality.
Related question and answers on this topic:
Homosexuality: Are you born that way? Answer here.
You claim homosexuals are not born that way. What evidence do you have? Answer here.
Homophobia? Why do you people hate homosexuals if you claim God is a God of love? Answer here.
Homosexual behaviour is widespread in animals. Doesn’t this prove it is a natural behaviour? Answer here.
There is no reference to homosexuality in any Bible prior to the 1946 RSV so why do you oppose it? Answer here.
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© CAB International 2019. Halophytes and Climate Change: Adaptive Mechanisms and
324 Potential Uses (eds M. Hasanuzzaman, S. Shabala and M. Fujita)
20.1.1 Halophytes and the environment
Food production needs to increase by up to 70%
by 2050 to match the food needs of a growing
population that is expected to reach 9 million by
2050 (Panta et al., 2014). This increase is a
challenge because of two main problems we are
facing today: land and water scarcity. Worldwide
urbanization and land degradation are the main
causes of land scarcity for agricultural produc-
tion. Soil salinization is a major factor contribut-
ing to soil degradation. High levels of salts in soil
cause salinity, and in a global context NaCl is the
major cause (Munns and Tester, 2008; Rozema
and Flowers, 2008). Only about 6% of the world’s
land surface is composed of naturally saline
soils that have never been cultivated because of
their high salinity. Irrigated agriculture, which
produces 70% of crops, is the cause of soil
degradation, called secondary salinization. It is
estimated that about 20% of ir rigated land (230
million ha) is seriously affected by salts (Boscaiu
and Vicente, 2013). Irrigation water carries
salts (dissolved ions) that accumulate in the soil
with cycles of ir rigation and cause the loss of
more than 10 million ha of arable land every year
20 Practical Uses of Halophytic Plants
as Sources of Food and Fodder
Tiziana Centofanti1,* and Gary Bañuelos2
1Central European University, Budapest, Hungary; 2San Joaquin Valley
Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, USA
* Corresponding author e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Halophytes are plants that are adapted to saline soils in their natural habitats because they are salt tolerant.
They are found in a range of environments with varied salinity and climatic conditions. These plant species can
be irrigated with saline water and cultivated on saline soils that are unsuitable for commercial crops. Halophytes
are rich in nutrients, such as antioxidants, fatty acids and amino acids, and many species have been used trad-
itionally as herbs and vegetables, feed and fodder. Therefore, halophytes are considered one of the alternative
solutions to problems related to food security, fresh water scarcity, salinization and diversication of diets for
healthier nutrition. However, despite the promising future for multiple uses of halophytes, many problems re-
lated to halophyte cultivation for human and animal consumption and their commercialization have still not
been tackled. This chapter is intended to provide an overview of the development of halophytes as vegetable,
feed and fodder, and to highlight the importance of creating a demand in the marketplace for halophyte con-
Keywords: Alternative foods; Climate change; Marine ecosystem; Medicinal plants; Salinity
0004229901.INDD 324 11/2/2018 4:55:22 PM
Practical uses of halophytic plants as sources of food and fodder 325
(Owens, 2001). The problem of soil salinization
has occurred since ancient times. Yield losses
and crop failures were documented in old writ-
ten records of early civilizations such as those in
the Indus and Nile valleys. It is thought that the
collapse of the Mesopotamian civilization was
partly due to the similar phenomenon of soil
salinization due to irrigation (Aronson, 1985;
Boscaiu and Vicente, 2013). Civilizations have
historically been shaped by soil degradation (in-
cluding salinity) that restricted population num-
bers, limited where domestication could occur
and forced relocation (Hasegawa, 2013). The
Aral Sea Basin in central Asia represents one of
the worst cases of salinization, where salinity
and waterlogging affect up to 50% of the irri-
gated area (Kijne, 2005; Qadir etal., 2009). In
addition to soil salinity, freshwater aquifers are
becoming increasingly salty because of sea-level
rise and the increase in droughts. In human his-
tory, agriculture has expanded into new land at
the loss of natural ecosystems. Today, we are
aware of the consequences of this process (forest
conversion), which lead to signicant losses of
ecosystem services, such as habitat necessary to
maintain biodiversity, storage of carbon, ood
mitigation, and soil and watershed protection.
Hence, use of degraded lands has often been
suggested as an alternative to the issue of land
scarcity. Denitive data on the annual world-
wide loss of farmland due to soil degradation
and related causes are lacking. Gibbs and Sal-
mon (2015) used four approaches (expert opin-
ion, satellite observations, biophysical models
and inventories of abandoned agricultural land)
to assess degraded land at the global scale. They
concluded that there is a wide disagreement in
the spatial distribution of these degraded lands,
but estimated that the world’s total degraded
area ranges from 1 billion ha to 6 billion ha. The
disagreement stems from the uncertainty in cat-
egorizing an area as degraded, as this classica-
tion depends on a number of characteristics that
are subjective and site- and time-specic.
To meet the future food demand, we need
not only to develop alternative and more ef-
cient technologies to increase yield, but also to
enlarge the diversity of crops that are grown and
consumed. Today, among the thousands of crops
deemed edible, humans consume only about 20
crops on a large scale, of which the major four
(corn, rice, wheat and soybean) represent staple
foods worldwide. A diversication of our diets
with inclusion of traditional or neglected crops
that are rich in micronutrients, require less in-
puts (fertilizer s, water, pesticides) for growth and
can adapt to degraded environments (i.e. saline
soils) could be a win–win situation to tackle the
problem of food security and resources scarcity.
In line with other authors (Panta et al., 2014;
Ventura etal., 2014), we think that halophytes
(plants adapted to saline soil, see section 20.1.2)
may be a commercial, alternative plant group
for the use of saline land and to ease pressure on
the requirement for good-quality land and water
(Panta et al., 2014). Others have shown that
halophytes can be grown to produce oilseeds,
grains, forage, fuel, food, medicine, chemicals,
timber and bre (Kahn and Qaiser, 2006; Glenn
etal., 2013) or be used for soil or water conser-
vation or remediation (Ravindran et al., 2007;
Zhao etal., 2002). In addition, halophytes have
been tested for the treatment of saline aquacul-
ture efuent (Brown et al., 1999) and used as
landscaping ornamentals (Zia etal., 2008).
However, despite the promising future for
multiple uses of halophytes, many problems re-
lated to halophyte cultivation for human and
animal consumption and their commercializa-
tion have still not been tackled. This chapter
considers the development of halophytes as
vegetable, feed and fodder and highlights the
importance of creating market demand for halo-
phyte consumption. We also analyse the envir-
onmental impacts and benets of halophytes in
of halophytic plants
Halophytes are plants that are adapted to saline
soils in their natural habitats because they are
salt tolerant. Halophytes are found in a range of
environments with varied salinity and climatic
conditions. They are trees, grasses and saltbushes,
growing in salt marshes, saline deserts and
coastal areas around the world (Epstein et al.,
1980). They represent only a small fraction of
the total number of owering plants (2600 out
of 400,000) and only a small percentage of
halophytes is domesticated and used as food and
fodder. There is no broadly accepted denition of
0004229901.INDD 325 11/2/2018 4:55:22 PM
326 T. Centofanti and G. Bañuelos
halophyte but the most commonly used is: ‘a
halophyte is any plant that can complete its life
cycle and reproduce itself under conditions of
soil-water salinity of 8–10 dS m−1 electrical con-
ductivity (EC) (approximately 20% seawater) or
more’ (Aronson, 1985, 1989).
For a long time researchers have tried to
identify the mechanisms of salt tolerance, but
these have not yet been fully claried. Indeed,
the effect of salinity on growth varies among
halophytes and many differences do exist among
species in the balance of Na+ and Cl− in shoot tis-
sues (Flowers and Colmer, 2008).
For example, it has not yet been claried
whether mechanisms for salt tolerance are simi-
lar between all halophytes and whether mech-
anisms for salt tolerance in halophytes are linked
with other environmental variables such as arid-
ity, ooding, etc. (Flowers and Colmer, 2008).
There is clearly still much to learn about halo-
phytes and the diversity of mechanisms that
they employ to cope with salinity.
Salt tolerance comprises morphological,
physiological and biochemical adaptations at
the whole plant, tissue and cellular levels (Koyro
etal., 2011). These adaptations consist of com-
plex polygenic traits controlled by a number of
genes or groups of genes (Türkan and Demiral,
2009). Transferring salinity tolerance traits to
glycophytes (less salt-tolerant crops) would be
useful to obtain conventional crops that are
adapted to saline environments, but is currently
impractical due to complex polygenic traits.
According to Rozema and Schats (2013), glyco-
phytes would not accommodate the appropriate
allelic variants at all the loci involved in halo-
phyte salt tolerance.
Generally, in both glycophytes and halo-
phytes, salt-tolerance mechanisms involve con-
trolled uptake of salt ions in the root system,
compartmentalization of toxic ions in the vacu-
ole and synthesis of organic solutes in the
cytoplasm to metabolically balance the osmotic
potential of the Na+ and Cl− accumulated in the
vacuole (Zhu, 2001; Flowers and Colmer, 2008;
Shabala and Mackay, 2011). Sugars (e.g. sucros e),
sugar alcohols (e.g. sorbitol), amino acids (e.g.
proline), methylated proline-related compounds
(e.g. methyl-proline), betaines (e.g. glycinebe-
taine) and methylated sulfonio compounds (e.g.
dimethylsulfonioproprionate, DMSP) have been
proposed to fulll this function in halophytes
(Flowers and Colmer, 2008). In addition, to
counteract the oxidative damage caused by re-
active oxygen species (ROS), halophytes produce
antioxidative enzymes and non-enzymatic
molecules with antioxidant properties – such as
ascorbate, glutathione, alpha tocopherol, avon-
oids, anthocyanins, carotenoids and polyphenolic
compounds (Türkan and Demiral, 2009; Zhu,
2001). These antioxidants and organic solutes
confer nutritional value to the halophytes and
are ultimately responsible for the quality of the
vegetable product (Maggio etal., 2011). The en-
richment of the edible plant part with antioxi-
dant compounds, such as ascorbic acid (vitamin
C), β-carotene and polyphenols, is highly desir-
able for the human diet. Halophytes have gained
considerable attention and have been the subject
of many research studies in the past 30 years be-
cause they are considered one of the alternative
solutions to problems related to food security,
freshwater scarcity, salinization and diversica-
tion of diets for healthier nutrition. Their poten-
tial as alternative crops is multi-faceted: (1) they
can be irrigated with seawater; (2) they can
grow in arid saline environments, e.g. deserts,
marginal and degraded soils; and (3) they can
contain nutraceutical products that may be
benecial to human health. In section 20.2 we
discuss the role of halophytes as alternative
crops for sustainable use of natural resources.
20.2 Halophytes as Food
20.2.1 Traditional wild halophytes
Many halophytic plant species have been used
traditionally as herbs and vegetables, and a re-
view of the history of their uses can be found in
ethnobotanic reviews and literature (Davy etal.,
2001; Simopoulos, 2004; Guarrera etal., 2006;
Tardío etal., 2006).
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) is the only major
food crop derived from the halophyte wild pro-
genitor B. vulgaris subsp. maritima (Aronson,
1985). Similarly, the date palm (Phoenix dactylif-
era) cultivated today seems to have derived from
the wild halophytic population that grew in the
Middle East. Other traditional food staples derived
from halophytes that grow in ocean water are
eelgrass (Zostera maritima) and Palmer’s saltgrass
0004229901.INDD 326 11/2/2018 4:55:22 PM
Practical uses of halophytic plants as sources of food and fodder 327
(Distichlis palmeri) from the Gulf of California.
Eelgrass plant seeds have been used by the Seri
Indians as gruel after being toasted and ground.
The gruel was then mixed with fats or other fatty
seeds oils (i.e. columnar cactus) to prepare a
meal very rich in protein, fats and carbohydrates
(Felger et al., 1980; Aronson, 1985). Distichlis
palmeri (Glenn etal., 2013) is a highly salt-tolerant
grass endemic to the delta of the Colorado River
and in the northern Gulf of California, USA.
A perennial species, its grains are similar to rice
and wheat in size and nutritional value. The
plant can grow in ooded conditions – like paddy
rice – in seawater, and the grains were used by
the Cocopa Indians to make bread (Felger, 1979).
Another halophyte species that has been used
since ancient times is the mangrove. Mangroves
represent an abundant source of timber, re-
wood and charcoal, as well as tannins. The bark
of mangrove trees from genera like Excaecaria
agallocha, Kandelia, Rhizophora, Ceriops, Sonnertia
acida and Carapa are cut and boiled in large ves-
sels of water to extract the tannins that are then
used for shing and in the plywood industry (Ar-
onson, 1985). Many species of mangroves have
palatable foliage that can be used as animal feed.
In particular, the foliage of Avicennia marina,
Sonneratia alba and Rhizophora mangle has served
as camel and cattle feed (Chapman, 1976). In
Colombia, mangrove species including Avicenna
marina and A. germinans are used as food (Lieth
etal., 2000). In different regions of India, young
shoots and leaves of Chenopodium album and Am-
aranthus spp. are used as salads and vegetables,
and raw fruits of Capparis decidua are used for
pickles (Dagar, 2005; Rameshkumar and Es-
waran, 2013). People in the Maldives regularly
eat Sonneratia caseolaris, also known as mangrove
apple or crabapple mangrove fruit, which are eaten
raw and also used to make vinegar.
Sea spinach (Tetragonia sp.) was introduced
to the culinary world in the 18th century. Its ed-
ible leaves are the halophyte version of spinach
and they have been used pickled and cooked to
ght scurvy. Sea kale (Crambe maritima) is an-
other traditional halophyte vegetable precursor
of a widely consumed commercial cabbage. Its
shoots are served steamed or sauced like aspara-
gus (Panta etal., 2014).
Many of the plants described above have
been collected from wild populations or culti-
vated in private backyard and kitchen gardens
and sometimes sold at local farmers’ markets
(Wilson et al., 2000). These halophytic species
have great potential to be transformed into vege-
table crops for saline agriculture. Growing inter-
est over the past decade in cultivating crops
under saline conditions has led to rediscovery of
the potential of several promising halophytic
plant species to be farmed as gourmet vegetables.
Most are eaten as raw vegetables or in fresh
salads, and some are also cooked or pickled.
Apart from their palatability, these plants are –
in general – rich in protein, antioxidant com-
pounds and/or essential nutrients (minerals,
vitamins, amino acids and/or fatty acids). How-
ever, halophytes are wild species and they can
hardly compete with standard crops, which
were domesticated thousands of years ago and
improved over the centuries (Boscaiu and Vi-
cente, 2013). Traits that are adaptive for wild
plants, such as uneven germination, lack of seed
retention (seed shattering) and toxic substances
in tissues (saponins, tannins) are undesirable for
use of halophytes as cultivated plants (Brown
etal., 2014). For example, the agronomic char-
acteristics of Distichlis palmeri and its crop poten-
tial as grain still need to be identied to develop
efcient breeding programmes (Boscaiu and Vi-
cente, 2013). The history of traditional uses of
halophytes in communities is important in over-
coming the problem of domestication. Brown
etal. (2014) discuss the problems related to do-
mestication of halophytic plants for commercial
production. One important aspect to consider is
that the success of halophyte growth in saline
agriculture is related to the environmental con-
ditions. These species can be grown better in en-
vironments similar to those in which the plant
occurs in nature.
To date, most halophytic plants have been
tested for their yield and adaptability to saline
agriculture. A summary of saline agriculture
using domesticated halophytes is provided in
20.2.2 Saline agriculture
Saline agriculture is the cultivation of crops us-
ing seawater (approx. 40 dS m−1) or brackish water.
Seawater agriculture, as proposed by Glenn etal.
(1998), is an extreme case of halophyte farming
0004229901.INDD 327 11/2/2018 4:55:22 PM
328 T. Centofanti and G. Bañuelos
and allows the cultivation of only the most
salt-tolerant halophytes. Instead, the use of
brackish water represents a more viable option
for commercial saline agriculture, because a
higher number of halophyte crops can be grown
in much lower salinity levels than seawater
(Rozema and Flowers, 2008; Ventura and Sagi,
2013). Saline agriculture can be carried out on
marginal land, deserts and degraded soils close
to the sea. About 43% of the Earth’s total land
surface is arid or semi-arid, and seawater in the
oceans makes up 97% of water on earth. Hence,
saline agriculture could be an alternative, sus-
tainable way of increasing food production
without competing with conventional crops for
increasingly scarce resources such as fertile land
and good-quality irrigation water (Khan and
Duke, 2001; Boscaiu and Vicente, 2013).
Despite these positive environmental factors of
saline agriculture, successful agronomic tech-
niques must be developed for growing saline
water-irrigated crops in a sustainable manner.
These methods must also not contribute to fur-
ther damage of natural environments (Khan
and Duke, 2001). One primary consideration for
sustainable saline agriculture is to choose spe-
cies from climate regimes similar to those where
the potential crop is being planted, as the candi-
date species will be better adapted to local envir-
onmental conditions (Zerai etal., 2010; Brown
Optimization of irrigation quantity at each
salinity level (brackish or seawater) is another
important aspect for sustainable saline agricul-
ture, to allow salt leaching below the root zone,
and consequently avoiding soil salinization
(O’Leary, 1988; Lieth, 2000). Multi-year long-
term experiments with halophytes have been
conducted in various parts of the world; and no
decrease in yield, or negative impact on soil
structure has been observed because of saline
water irrigation. Sandy soils in coastal areas or
inland sand dunes may be readily available for
large-scale halophyte production without the
risk of salt contamination occurring on fertile
soils through leaching Ca2+/Na+ exchange and
subsequent clay dispersion. Likewise, under-
ground freshwater contamination should be
avoided by the existence of sufciently deep
water tables or adequate drainage. In addition,
saline agriculture must justify the expense of
pumping seawater for irrigation by producing
useful crops at high yields (Glenn etal., 1998).
However, seawater agriculture should be cost-
effective in desert regions – even though the yields
may be smaller than in traditional agriculture –
because it is cheaper to pump seawater at sea
level than to pump freshwater from wells (Glenn
etal., 1998). Typical agricultural wells lift water
from 20 m to as deep as 100 m, whereas the lift
of typical coastal seawater wells is only 3–10 m.
Furthermore, in some locations tides can be
used to irrigate crops without the need for pump-
ing (Glenn etal., 1994; Brown etal., 2014). In
addition, coastal desert farms on sandy soils
generally have unimpeded drainage back to the
sea, thus avoiding groundwater salt contamin-
ation. Furthermore, coastal and inland salt des-
ert aquifers often already have elevated concen-
trations of salts and so should not be damaged
by seawater irrigation (Glenn et al., 1998).
Glenn et al. (1998) have shown that normal
farm irrigation equipment can be modied to
protect it from seawater damage. Successful
long-term eld trials have been carried out with
the halophyte Salicornia bigelovii in saline agri-
culture for fodder production, as discussed in the
section 20.4 below. Some halophytes have also
been cultivated in saline agriculture as gourmet
vegetables. The long history of halophyte vege-
table cultivation and consumption has devel-
oped consumers’ appreciation for halophytes as
gourmet vegetables because of their salty taste
and high nutritional value (Mudie etal., 2005;
Lu etal., 2010). In section 20.2.3 we describe
some of the most cultivated halophyte gourmet
20.2.3 Halophytes as gourmet
220.127.116.11 Salicornia and Sarcocornia
Perhaps the most cultivated and consumed halo-
phyte vegetables are Salicornia and Sarcocornia
spp., which have been studied for their poten-
tial as gourmet food, animal feed and oils for
biodiesel. Salicornia and Sarcocornia species are
distinguished by their growth habit and ower
morphology (Kadereit etal., 2006, 2007).
In coastal communities, both Salicornia and
Sarcocornia have traditionally been used as
vegetables in fresh salads for self-consumption
0004229901.INDD 328 11/2/2018 4:55:22 PM
Practical uses of halophytic plants as sources of food and fodder 329
or for sale in local markets. Different species of
the Salicornia genus are suitable for vegetable
production. These halophytes are rich in min-
erals, fatty acids and antioxidant compounds,
such as polyphenols (Boscaiu and Vicente,
2013; Ventura and Sagi, 2013). In Salicornia
and Sarcocornia, total polyphenols are high, rep-
resenting 1.2 and 2.0 mg GAE g−1 fresh weight
(FW), respectively (Ventura et al., 2011). The
lower limit of other, non-halophytic leafy veget-
ables rated as rich in phenolic compounds is >
0.5 mg GAE g−1 FW (Isabelle etal., 2010). Leaves
of S. bigelovii are a source of omega-3 polyunsat-
urated fatty acids, and antioxidant β-carotene,
with quantities ranging from 4.7 (Ventura etal.,
2011) to 15.9 mg 100 g−1 FW (Lu etal., 2010).
These values are similar to those found in seaweeds
(4.0 mg/100 g FW) and spinach (5.1 mg/100 g
FW) (Isabelle et al., 2010). The highly saline-
adapted shoots of S. bigelovii contain ascorbic
acid content of 6 mg 100 g−1 FW (Lu et al.,
2010). These values are in a similar range to
those for non-halophyte leafy vegetables, such
as spinach (7 mg 100 g−1) and lettuce (< 2 mg
100 g−1) (Proteggente etal., 2002).
S. europaea has been grown in several trials
and also in small-scale commercial cultivation
using seawater in Ensenada, Mexico (Ventura
and Sagi, 2013). S. bigelovii is also grown in sub-
tropical climates, particularly in Mexico, where
growers can supply European markets with Sali-
cornia shoots in the off-season from September to
June (OASE Foundation, 2009). Indeed, most of
the halophyte vegetable production is sold as
gourmet vegetables in Europe and the USA
(Böer, 2006; Zerai et al., 2010; Ventura et al.,
2011). The young shoots are sold in the market
as ‘samphire’ or ‘sea asparagus’. They are succu-
lent and have a salty taste, which makes them
suitable as vegetables (Ventura et al., 2011).
High-yield production of Salicornia under saline
conditions is a necessary requirement for its
cultivation to be commercially viable (O’Leary,
1988). In addition to irrigation with seawater,
Salicornia has been tested in small lysimeter ex-
periments for irrigation with hypersaline drain-
age water (Grattan etal., 2008) or saline aqua-
culture efuent (Brown etal., 1999). Glenn etal.
(1998) proposed to combine shrimp farms with
halophyte production. Seawater is used to grow
the shrimps and the effluent water is then
used to grow halophytes (Buhmann etal., 2013;
Turcios and Papenbrock, 2014). This water is
also a source of nutrients. Salicornia and Sarco-
cornia spp. have proved to be efcient biolters
for the removal of nutrients from aquaculture
efuents (Shpigel et al., 2013). It is estimated
that a production level of 20–30 kg m−2 year−1
of fresh Salicornia biomass in the constructed
wetlands can remove 1–3 g m−2 day−1 of nitro-
gen (Shpigel etal., 2013).
Some of the problems encountered in halo-
phyte vegetable production are related to har-
vest and germination. Only the young shoots are
used in fresh market vegetable production, and
these must be harvested manually, thus creating
a labour-intensive element critical to halophyte
crop production (Panta etal., 2014). Often these
halophytes have repeated harvests during the
growing cycle. However, the disadvantage of
labour-intensive manual harvest can be offset by
the advantage of accumulating higher nal yiel ds
per area than crops harvested once per season.
In addition, high crop quality is obtained by har-
vesting only the young shoot tips. Ventura etal.
(2011) obtained the highest yield (16 kg m−2)
during a 6-month harvest period, using the
3-week interval for Salicornia; this is when the
harvest is done every three weeks for a total dur-
ation of 6 months and only the shoots of the Sal-
icornia plant are harvested, hence the harvest
can be repeated multiple times.These types of
studies are crucial to assess the commercial
feasibility of halophytes as gourmet vegetables.
Various factors affect germination rate: for
example, salinity levels of irrigation water applied
to the seeds, and temperature, both inuence
germination potential. Salicornia and Sarcocornia
spp. can be germinated with irrigation water
comprising concentrations of up to 75% sea-
water. Germination limits for Salicornia and Sar-
cocornia spp. occur only at extreme hypersaline
conditions of double the seawater concentra-
tion. Temperature has a strong impact on the
germination rate of Salicornia spp. Germination
usually happens during the winter and spring
months when the sediment salt concentration is
lowest (Davy etal., 2001, 2006).
18.104.22.168 Crithmum maritimum
Humans have consumed C. maritimum (marine
fennel) for centuries, and to date it is still often
gathered from the coastal salt marshes and inland
0004229901.INDD 329 11/2/2018 4:55:22 PM
330 T. Centofanti and G. Bañuelos
saltpans of Europe (Franke, 1982; Wagenvoort
et al., 1989; Davy et al., 2001; Simopoulos,
2004; Tardío etal., 2006).
C. maritimum is a facultative halophyte and
has been largely used for nutritional and medi-
cinal purposes. The plant is rich in several bio-
active substances, minerals, vitamin C, essential
oils and other biomolecules (Atia et al., 2009;
Meot-Duros et al., 2010). It grows in rocky
coastal environments in the Mediterranean re-
gion, where it is often subjected to sea spray
(Ben-Hamed et al., 2004). Traditionally, C. mar-
itimum has been collected and eaten for its anti-
scorbutic properties, owing to the vitamin C
content. This halophyte has the potential to be-
come a multipurpose cash crop (Ventura et al.,
2014). Oils extracted from the plant have shown
the presence of high concentrations of fatty
acids of the omega-3 and omega-6 series, which
have benecial effects against coronary heart
diseases (Guil-Guerrero and Rodriguez-Garcia,
1999). The succulent leaves are consumed fresh
or pickled as salty vegetables and its inores-
cence, in the shape of an umbrella, can be used
for ornamental purposes. As discussed for Sali-
cornia, the germination potential of C. mariti-
mum can hinder its cultivation for large-scale
commercial purposes. Atia etal. (2006) reported
that germination was signicantly inhibited
when NaCl concentrations exceeded 50 mM
(approx. 5 dS m−1).
22.214.171.124 Salsola soda
Salsola soda, more commonly known as ‘agretti’,
is a halophyte native to the Mediterranean basin.
It is a relatively small plant that grows to about
0.7 m on average in soils located within coastal
regions that are at times saturated with salt
water. Throughout history, the plant was a very
important source of soda ash, as people would
extract the ashes from S. soda. The plant is no
longer grown for the use of its soda ash, but ra-
ther is farmed as a vegetable in Mediterranean
countries such as Italy. Various Salsola species
are traditionally used in folk medicine for the
treatment of hypertension, constipation and in-
ammation (Tundis etal., 2009). In this regard,
alkaloid extracts from Salsola species have been
evaluated for the treatment of Alzheimer’s dis-
ease (Tundis et al. 2009). A preliminary study
conducted by Centofanti and Bañuelos (2015)
in central California, USA, showed that Salsola
soda can grow in saline (EC 2 >10 dS m−1) and
B-laden soils (10 mg L−1) of the San Joaquin Val-
ley, CA, USA, and easily tolerate irrigation with
saline and B-rich water (EC 3 dS m−1 and 4 mg B
L−1). In this poor-quality soil, under these grow-
ing conditions, the plant accumulated and re-
moved high amounts of Na (80 g Na kg−1 dry
weight (DW), B (100 mg B kg−1 DW) and Se (3–4
mg Se kg−1 DW) without showing any toxicity
symptoms (Figs 20.1 and 20.2). Hence, S. soda
showed promising potential as a plant species
that can be irrigated and grown in saline and
B-laden conditions and accumulate and harvest
unwanted ions from the soil. We have no direct
evidence of its ability to grow under wetland
growing conditions, although the plant is com-
monly grown under salty marshy regions in
coastal areas of Mediterranean Europe. The plant
can, apparently, survive under continuous wet
and saline growing conditions.
Currently, the authors of this chapter are
investigating the potential of agretti as a vege-
table crop in large-scale eld trials (Fig. 20.3) at
Red Rock Ranch, Five Points, central California,
USA. The goal of the study is to understand how
it can be grown and used on a sustained basis for
phyto-harvest of Na, B and Se eld soil drip-
irrigated with saline drainage water, as well as in
wetland conditions with simulated drainage water
representative of the salinity, B and Se levels
found on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley
in central California. In addition, consumers’
preferences and the potential market demand for
alternative vegetable crops such as this will be
performed in these current studies through eco-
nomic analysis and consumer surveys carried out
at farmers’ markets and retail centres. Currently,
agretti produced in the eld trials at Red Rock
Ranch is sold at farmers’ markets and served in
local restaurants in Fresno, California (Fig. 20.4).
126.96.36.199 Minor gourmet vegetables
Inula crithmoides is consumed in salads or pickled
in vinegar and is a dietary source of iodine. It
also contains a high total lipid content with a
signicant portion of omega-3 fatty acids. The
attractive yellow owers of I. crithmoides make it
a candidate for owering pots and landscaping
in arid saline areas such as Lebanon (Zurayk and
0004229901.INDD 330 11/2/2018 4:55:23 PM
Practical uses of halophytic plants as sources of food and fodder 331
Various minor halophytes used in fresh
salads or pickled are sold as gourmet vegetables
in local markets. Among these are Aster tripoli-
um, Batis maritima and Plantago coronopus,
which are rich in minerals and polyphenols, es-
sential amino acids and tocopherol antioxidants
(vitamin E); there are also high levels of vita-
mins A, C and K, and minerals. Perennial wall
rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) is another halophyte
leafy vegetable commonly cultivated in many
parts of the worlds (de Vos etal., 2013).
Three halophytic plant species, Atriplex
hortensis, A. triangularis and Tetragonia tetrago-
niodes (New Zealand spinach), are alternatives to
spinach (Wilson etal., 2000; Słupski etal., 2010)
owing to their similar chemical composition
Fig. 20.2. Salsola soda (agretti) grown on non-saline soil (Hanford sandy loam) with EC <1 dS m−1, water
soluble B concentration of 0.12 mg L−1, water soluble Se concentration of 0.002 mg L−1 and water soluble
Na concentration of 97 mg L−1. Plants were grown on the soil for 3 weeks and were 37 days old when the
picture was taken.
Fig. 20.1. Salsola soda (agretti) grown on saline soil (Oxalis silty clay loam) with EC >10 dS m−1, water
soluble B concentration of 10 mg L−1, water soluble Se concentration of 0.2 mg L−1 and water soluble Na
concentration of 1470 mg L−1. Plants were grown on the soil for 3 weeks and were 37 days old when the
photograph was taken.
0004229901.INDD 331 11/2/2018 4:55:25 PM
332 T. Centofanti and G. Bañuelos
(Carlsson and Clark, 1983) and their edible
leaves. These halophytes are used for human
consumption in the Netherlands, Belgium and
Portugal (Lieth, 2000; Panta etal., 2014). Yield
of A. triangularis was 21.2 t ha−1 on a FW basis
when grown under seawater irrigation (30 g
NaCl L−1) (Gallagher, 1985).
188.8.131.52 Nutritional aspects of gourmet
In section 184.108.40.206 we have listed the types of
secondary metabolites and nutraceutical com-
pounds that are naturally present in the edible
parts of halophyte vegetables. However, it is
possible to enhance the content of secondary
metabolites by specic agronomic practices (Ven-
tura etal., 2011), including amount and salinity
of irrigation water, plant fertilization, harvest
time and cycle, and harvested plant material
(young or old leaves) (Ventura etal., 2010, 2011,
2013). Little is known about how to implement
these agronomic techniques in large- scale halo-
phyte production, because these studies have
often been conducted in small eld trials for re-
search purposes, rather than for improvement
of commercialization of halophytes.
Microelement deciency may result from
soil alkalization as a side effect of soil saliniza-
tion (Grattan and Grieve, 1999). Ventura et al.
(2013) obtained an improvement of the quality
of leafy vegetable A. tripolium by iron fertilization
because, during cultivation, a leaf chlorosis was
Fig. 20.4. Salsola soda (agretti) grown in a
farmer’s field at Red Rock Ranch, central
California, and served in a restaurant in Fresno,
Fig. 20.3. Salsola soda (agretti) grown in a farmer’s field at Red Rock Ranch, central California, USA.
0004229901.INDD 332 11/2/2018 4:55:29 PM
Practical uses of halophytic plants as sources of food and fodder 333
indirectly induced by the high soil pH (> 8) that
affected the product quality. This species has
been tested for its potential as a halophytic cash
crop in pilot projects in The Netherlands, Bel-
gium and Portugal (Lieth and Mochtchenko,
2002; Geissler etal., 2009).
It is often mentioned that halophyte veget-
ables have potential negative health impacts
because of the high Na and Cl levels in the edible
shoot. However, they may only have a minor
impact on the plant’s nutritional value, because
a gourmet product is consumed in small quan-
tities. In addition, adding little or no salt to the
halophyte dishes during food preparation can
counterbalance the high NaCl content (Ventura
and Sagi, 2013). Many of those aspects related
to the taste of halophytes have not been tested
for consumers’ preferences and attitudes, be-
cause yield has received much more attention
than the effects of salinity on the quality param-
eters of the marketable product (Maggio et al.,
We discuss here the South American seed crop
Chenopodium quinoa because some of the 2500
accessions can tolerate salinity levels present in
seawater (approx. 40 dS m−1). Quinoa can also
tolerate other abiotic stresses such as drought,
frost and water stress (Boscaiu and Vicente,
2013), and it also withstands temperatures
from −4°C to almost 40°C. Interest in this seed
crop is increasing worldwide, owing to its excep-
tional nutritional quality (e.g. Vega-Gálvez etal.,
2010). C. quinoa is considered to contribute to
global food security because of the exceptional
nutritional quality of the seeds, which are rich
in vitamins, minerals, essential amino acids and
fatty acids (Adolf etal., 2013). C. quinoa is con-
sidered a ‘pseudocereal’ as its seeds contain
starch, proteins, essential amino acids (i.e. lysine)
in the nucleus of the grain, unlike wheat and
rice. In addition, quinoa seeds are gluten free
(James, 2009). C. quinoa has a long history of
cultivation, being grown in the Andean region
for thousands of years. Because of the high nu-
tritional quality of its seeds, and its adaptability
to a wide array of climates and environmental
conditions, it has been successfully grown – at a
small scale – in the USA and Canada, several EU
countries, Africa (Kenya) and Asia (the Himalaya
and the plains of northern India) (Boscaiu and
Vicente, 2013). Panta et al. (2014) reported
that C. quinoa had a grain yield potential of up to
5.2 t ha−1 when grown in temperate environme nts
in Argentina. Despite the high environmental
adaptability and high nutritional value of C. qui-
noa, its market is still relatively small, and it is
mainly sold in specialized shops at high prices.
of halophytes as food: is there a market
for halophytes as vegetables?
Halophytes have been studied for decades but
the main focus of past research efforts has been
understanding salt tolerance mechanisms. Large-
scale commercial production of halophytes is
still lacking. C. quinoa is one halophyte crop with
a larger market. Commercial cultivation of halo-
phytes requires the selection of superior geno-
types as gourmet vegetables, and denition of
the plant’s reproducible growing conditions
(Ventura and Sagi, 2013). Halophytes should
also be produced at a cost that is competitive
with conventional crops (Brown etal., 2014). In
addition, Brown etal. (2014) point out that the
halophytic crop should not adversely affect water
supplies or land that could support conventional
agriculture. Some of the common objectives of
traditional plant breeding and agricultural prac-
tices should be applied to the domestication of
halophytes for large-scale commercialization.
Some of the most important objectives are: se-
lection of the best genotypes for particular
agro-ecological conditions, reduction in toxic
compounds or anti-nutrient content, increased
yields, improvement of marketing characteris-
tics (uniformity of the product with respect to
taste, size, colour, etc.) and tailoring standard
agricultural practices to particular species (Bos-
caiu and Vicente, 2013).
Besides the development of plant breeding
strategies and agronomic practices for cultiva-
tion of halophytes, another crucial factor for
successful commercialization is consumers’ pref-
erences toward halophyte products and their
willingness to pay for them. There is very little
knowledge about these important aspects, which
are fundamental to the commercialization of
halophytes because farmers will start investing
in the crop only if there is marketing potential.
Consumers’ food choices depend on many factors
0004229901.INDD 333 11/2/2018 4:55:29 PM
334 T. Centofanti and G. Bañuelos
(Clark, 1998) but taste, avour and freshness
are considered the most important attributes in
fresh food quality (Migliore etal., 2015). Migliore
et al. (2015) showed that ‘healthiness’ has an
important impact on consumers’ choice, espe-
cially with regard to prickly pear fruit. Some of
the ‘credence attributes’ (i.e. environmental
conservation and nutritional aspects) can repre-
sent added value in products obtained from
halophytes, and should be studied in depth to
understand their role in consumers’ preferences
towards halophytes. This knowledge could cre-
ate a bigger market demand and trigger farmers’
investment in saline agriculture. The company
OceanDesertFood in The Netherlands represents
one example of halophyte commercialization.
Farmers in Mexico produce Salicornia and then
sell it to OceanDesertFood. Jeannette Hoek, the
company president, is creating a market demand
for halophyte food, fodder and products (OASE
Foundation, 2009). The company produces Sali-
cornia crackers and seaweed chips, which are
among its most popular products.
In general, the gourmet vegetable and herb
market requires the marketed products to be
fresh and visually appealing in respect of colour
and packaging. The product should also have a
particular taste and nutritional value cherished
by its consumers (van der Voort etal., 2007). In
particular, some halophytes can meet the stand-
ards of being ‘functional foods’ for health enthu-
siasts, owing to the high levels of nutritionally
valuable metabolites such as omega-3 fatty acids,
phenolic compounds, antioxidants or minerals
(Ares and Gámbaro, 2007; Del Giudice and Pas-
cucci, 2010). Other factors (credence attributes)
such as environmental conservation claims,
support to local farming, organic or origin certi-
cation, and knowledge and trust of the science,
are more difcult to evaluate and need further
analysis (Moser et al., 2011; Dentoni et al.,
20.3 Oilseed Production for Human
Consumption and Biodiesel
Halophytes are grown commercially for the bio-
fuels generated from the seeds and biomass.
Growing halophytes for biofuels has an import-
ant environmental advantage because these
plants can be gown on marginal saline land and
irrigated with seawater, thus reducing the com-
petition for land with agriculture. Salicornia bige-
lovii is probably the most widely grown halophytes
for oilseed and biodiesel production. Global Sea-
water Inc., a Mexican company, supports com-
mercial biodiesel production of S. bigelovii in
farms in Mexico. Christiansen (2008) reported
that 1 ha of Salicornia grown on coastal land can
produce between 890 and 950 L of biodiesel.
The Masdar Institute of Science and Technology
started a seawater-irrigated cultivation of Sali-
cornia in Abu Dhabi to produce biofuel for the
aviation industry, with the support of Boeing,
Ethiad Airways and UOP Honeywell (ICBA,
2011; Panta et al., 2014). Tamarix spp. and
Euphorbia tirucalii (a desert succulent from East
Africa) are saline- and drought-tolerant plants
that have been grown for biomass production to
generate biofuel. T. jordanis is most suited for
ethanol fermentation as it contains preferred
characteristics such as high cellulose, and low
hemicellulose and phenol content (Eshel et al.,
2010, 2011; Santi etal., 2014). T. aphylla irri-
gated with reclaimed sewage (EC approx. 3 dS
m–1) or brine (EC approx. 7–10 dS m–1) produced
52 and 26 t ha−1, respectively (Ventura et al.,
2014). Further studies on the yield potential of
halophytes for the production of biomass or oil-
seed for biofuels are needed.
In addition to biofuel, seeds from halo-
phytes can also be used to produce edible oils.
Panta etal. (2014) reported that among the 50
seed-bearing halophytic species that are poten-
tial sources of edible oil and proteins the most
studied are: S. bigelovii (Glenn et al., 1991),
Suaeda moquinii (Weber etal., 2001), Kosteletzk-
ya virginica (Gallagher, 1985; He et al., 2003),
S.aralocaspica (Wang etal., 2012), Salvadora per-
sica (Rao etal., 2004; Reddy etal., 2008), Batis
maritima (Marcone, 2003), Crithmum maritimum
and Zygophyllum album (Zarrouk et al., 2003),
Nitraria sibiria, S. salsa, Chenopodium glaucum
and Descurainaia sophia (Yajun et al., 2003).
There have been many trials of S. bigelovii as an
oilseed plant in various parts of the world (ICBA,
2007). Commercial Salicornia production trials
have been carried out in the USA, Middle East
(Jaradat, 2005; Abdal, 2009), India (Ramesh-
kumar and Eswaran, 2013), Mexico (Grattan
et al., 2008) and Africa (Zerai et al., 2010).
S.bigelovii has shown high seed yield (2 t ha−1)
0004229901.INDD 334 11/2/2018 4:55:29 PM
Practical uses of halophytic plants as sources of food and fodder 335
when cultivated under seawater irrigation (40g
NaCl L−1) or at root zone salinities greater than
70 g L−1 of total dissolved salts (Glenn et al.,
1997, 1999). These yield values are equivalent
or higher than freshwater-irrigated oilseed crops
such as sunower and soybean. With respect to
the nutritional value of S. bigelovii oil, the pro-
tein content is about 35% and its properties are
similar to those of safower oil (Glenn et al.,
1991; Zerai etal., 2010). The seeds of Salicornia
are very small (only about 1 mg in weight); this
makes retention at harvest difcult, with seed re-
coveries of only about 75% compared to 90% for
most crops. However, Salicornia seeds have been
successfully harvested using ordinary mechan-
ical equipment (Panta etal., 2014). A 25% lar-
ger seed size was reported in Salicornia plants
that had been cultivated for several crop cycles
and harvested with mechanical equipment, sug-
gesting that at least this species is subject to
improvement through mass selection (Zerai etal.,
2010). Other problems affect the success of
commercial production of Salicornia as oilseed.
At maturity, the plant tends to lie at in the eld
(lodge) and the seeds may shatter before harvest.
Salicornia must grow for 100 days at cool tem-
peratures before owering, to obtain high seed
yields (Glenn et al., 1998). Hence, commercial
production of Salicornia is strictly bound to cli-
matic regions of the subtropics that have cool
winters and hot summers. This region is where
large areas of coastal desert are found, thus fa-
cilitating the use of marginal land for halophyte
Other minor halophytes have been trialled
to obtain data on oilseed yield and quality. The
seeds of Kosteletzkya virginica, the perennial
seashore mallow, contain 32% protein and 22%
lipids (Gallagher, 1985). Suaeda persica can be
cultivated in soils with EC values ranging from
25 to 65 dS m−1, but the maximum seed yield is
obtained at 25–35 dS m−1 because, at higher EC
values (55–65 dS m−1), the seed yield can decline
by 40%–47% (Rao etal., 2004). The seeds con-
tain 40%–45% of oil rich in lauric (C12) and
myristic (C14) acid, widely used in the cosmetic
and pharmaceutical industries (Reddy et al.,
2008). Weber etal. (2007) reported that seeds of
S. fruticosa could be used as a source of edible
oil for human consumption owing to their 74%
unsaturated fatty acid content.
20.4 Halophytes as Forage
In principle, animals could be fed all halophytes
that are used as food for humans, either as vege-
table crops (e.g. Aster tripolium) or grains (e.g.
C. quinoa) (Boscaiu and Vicente, 2013). How-
ever, several factors such as biomass production,
the voluntary feed intake by animals and the nu-
tritional value of the product are still poorly
known, and should be further analysed to make
forage saline agriculture efcient (Norman etal.,
One of the most challenging agricultural
problems in dry lands that have been degraded
through overgrazing is to nd enough forage for
cattle, sheep and goat herds. Livestock such as
sheep, camels and cattle thrive well on certain
halophyte feeds (Swingler etal., 1996; Khan and
Ansari, 2008). Pigs and poultry are the most
sensitive to feed composition and the least sa-
line-tolerant farm animals (Masters etal., 2007).
Some of the most productive halophytes used for
forage are shrubby species of Salicornia, Suaeda,
and Atriplex from the family Chenopodiaceae.
Average yield potential of these halophytes
when irrigated with saline water is 10-20 t ha−1;
this is comparable to the productivity of conven-
tional forage species under non-saline condi-
tions (O’Leary et al., 1985; Glenn et al., 1999;
Masters et al., 2007). Other highly productive
species are the salt grass Distichlis and the succu-
lent viney ground covers such as Batis (Glenn
et al., 1998). D. spicata was examined and
showed considerable promise for selection as a
fodder crop for ruminants (Bustan etal., 2005).
In 2011, the International Centre of Biosa-
line Agriculture (ICBA) started large-scale halo-
phyte forage model farms to study the adaptability
and yield potential of salt-tolerant shrubs, trees
and grasses in the western regions of Abu Dhabi
Emirates (ICBA, 2012). Other studies are cur-
rently ongoing in cooperation with ICBA and
other research organizations in Saudi Arabia,
Pakistan and Bangladesh for the development of
biosaline fodder and forage production using
Sporobolus virginicus, D. spicata and Atriplex spp.
(Panta etal., 2014). The most well-studied halo-
phyte for forage is Atriplex spp. Many farmers
around the world feed Atriplex saltbush to sheep,
which creates a leaner, more hydrated lamb
meat, with higher levels of vitamin E. Of all the
0004229901.INDD 335 11/2/2018 4:55:29 PM
336 T. Centofanti and G. Bañuelos
Atriplex species, A. lentiformis is an important
forage halophyte because its leaves have a nutri-
tional quality (rich N source up to 17% crude
protein under 100% seawater) similar to that of
alfalfa (Pasternak etal., 1985; Pasternak, 1990).
A. lentiformis is a perennial, deep-rooted desert
shrub, which can be grown with seawater irri-
gation, but its seeds need to be germinated in
nurseries because they do not germinate under
high-salt conditions (Boscaiu and Vicente, 2013).
In addition to its salt tolerance, A. lentiformis is
also highly tolerant to drought and extremely ef-
cient in water use. However, the energy content
of the seeds is lower (approximately 15 Mcal kg
DW) than other conventional forages, and the
seeds contain some antinutrients. For example,
the seeds of S. bigelovii contain saponins, which
can have deleterious effects on animal growth
(Glenn et al., 1991, 2013. As a consequence of
these negative attributes the animal intake of
Atriplex spp. was low (0.3–0.4 kg dry matter d−1)
(Pasternak et al., 1985; Pasternak, 1990). The
plant is a perennial but it is advisable to cultivate
it as an annual because it tends to become woody
with age (Glenn etal., 2013).
Forage halophytes are often used as a com-
plementary feed source because of their high
salt content, to avoid meat containing levels of
Na that are too high and unhealthy. The use of
halophytes as feed or fodder for livestock will de-
pend on the specic animals to be fed, some ani-
mals being more sensitive to feed composition
than others. For example, the seed meal remain-
ing after extraction of oil from S. bigelovii seeds
can be used as a protein supplement in sh and
ruminant diets, but it cannot be used as a pro-
tein source in poultry feeds because of its high
saponin content (Glenn et al., 2013). In dry
lands of different climatic zones in Faisalabad,
Peshawar, Bhawalpur and Karachi in Pakistan,
forage halophytes (i.e. Atriplex and Maireana
spp.) represent a viable additional source of for-
age (Hollington etal., 2001). In arid coastal re-
gions where freshwater for crop irrigation is
limited, the straw or seed meal of S. bigelovii fed
to lambs turned out to be an acceptable feed
substitute (Swingle et al., 1996). For example,
S.bigelovii grown in seawater-irrigated agricul-
ture in the eastern coastal region of the Arabian
Peninsula can replace 25% of alfalfa in animal
diets (e.g. sheep) (Abdal, 2009). Other halophytes
are also successful as complementary feed for
animals that tolerate a halophyte-based diet,
such as goat and sheep. Feeding trial with goats
and sheep using 70% Sporobolus virginicus and
Distichlis spicata and 30% conventional feed
(Rhodes grass, Chloris gayana), showed that ani-
mals performed better in meat–fat–bone ratio
and body composition than animals fed on
100% conventional feed (ICBA, 2007). Simi-
larly, 1-year-old cow calves fed only on halophyt-
ic grass (Panicum turgidum) in Pakistan were
leaner than animals fed on maize (Khan and An-
sari, 2008). Other halophytic grasses, such as
Leptochloa fusca and Spartina patens, are grown in
arid lands for forage production. Mangrove and
other coastal halophytic species (i.e. Terminalia
catappa, Aeluropus lagopoides, Cynodon dactylon
and Brachiaria mutica) are fodder for cattle,
camel and goats (Dagar, 2005).
To increase the palatability and voluntary
feed intake in animals it is important to select for
low-salt-accumulating varieties of halophytes
(Ventura etal., 2014).
Animals that feed on a salty diet due to the
presence of halophytes in the diet may increase
their water consumption, which may in turn af-
fect animal weight. In addition to higher animal
requirement for freshwater when the diet is hal-
ophyte-based, all salt ingested by grazing animals
needs to be processed through the kidneys and
this may increase the energy requirement to me-
tabolize the feed (Panta et al., 2014). Further-
more, levels of metabolizable energy come from
the organic matter, which is usually lower in
halophytes (O’Connell etal., 2006). Finally, the
high salinity in the feed of halophyte-based diet
limits the amount an animal can eat and dilutes
the nutritional value, because salt has no calor-
ies but takes up space (Glenn et al., 1998). In
open grazing situations, animals turn to halo-
phytes only when the more palatable plants are
In this chapter, we have provided an overview of
the advantages and disadvantages of halophytes
as alternative plants for production of vegetables,
feed and fodder. One of the most important
0004229901.INDD 336 11/2/2018 4:55:29 PM
Practical uses of halophytic plants as sources of food and fodder 337
environmental benets is that halophytes can
grow on land that would be otherwise unused
for agricultural production, thus reducing land
competition for food production. In addition,
halophytes can grow on extremely saline soils in
dry lands and can be irrigated with seawater or
brackish water. However, there are many prob-
lems associated with halophyte cultivation. First
and most important, many halophytes need to
be domesticated to reach yields, taste and agri-
cultural practices comparable to conventional
crops. Second, but no less important, is the cre-
ation of a market for successful commercializa-
tion of halophytes as vegetables and animal feed.
Although there are many success stories of
halophyte production and commercialization
(Panta et al., 2014), large-scale and long-term
eld studies are needed to attain protable and
consumer-acceptable products. Studies on con-
sumers’ acceptance of alternative crops are
needed for halophytes to become a recognized
crop that starts to generate economic prots
(Ventura and Sagi, 2013). As in the case of qui-
noa, halophytes’ high nutritional value can be a
leverage to attract consumers’ attention and de-
velop large-base consumption, other than just
being gourmet vegetables in high-end restaur-
ants. Educational programmes and marketing
campaigns can be targeted toward the con-
sumption of halophytes, not only as functional
foods, but also as environment-friendly and less
Funds for part of the research reported in this
chapter were provided by the California De-
partment of Water Resources, Proposition 204
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People have begun to realize the enormous gap between the relational database abstraction and the way people actually think about information. To be clear, I am not suggesting that relational databases will stop being used or that they are going to go away, but that developers are going to stop thinking of their data in relational database terms.
Everyone from regular users to sophisticated developers thinks about information in a pretty simple way. There are objects, and there are connections or relationships between objects. For example if you have two objects, a cup and a table, the relationship between them might be “sitting on”, indicating that the cup is sitting on the table.
What makes this model so sturdy is that we can continuously add new objects: tables, cups, chairs, floors, table cloths, etc. And we can add infinite relationships, such as sitting on, sitting under, covering, etc. Computer scientists, and now, thanks to Facebook, everybody else, refers to this structure as a graph. New data models such as the graph provide new ways to think about persisting data.
The death of the relational database means the death of the relational database *abstraction* as a way that programmers think about data. What programmers need is to model data in the most natural way possible, and we are starting to see storage abstractions that are closer to how humans think instead of how computers need to.
What is Cassandra? What is NoSQL? Why are sites like Facebook, Twitter, Google and Digg all using these new technologies? And what does that mean to me?
The popularity of the NoSQL movement has exploded in the last year or two, as a number of these non-traditional data storage systems have gone from experimental curiosities to powerful production-ready engines that power the largest real-time social networking sites on the Web.
Born out of Facebook, Cassandra is one of super-hot players in this new movement. We recently had an opportunity to build a new social networking site using it for the first time, and we want to share what we learned.
In this presentation:
Code samples are in Ruby on Rails.
Solr is an open source, Lucene based search platform originally developed by CNET and used by the likes of Netflix, Yelp, and StubHub which has been rapidly growing in popularity and features during the last few years. Learn how Solr can be used as a Not Only SQL (NoSQL) database along the lines of Cassandra, Memcached, and Redis.
NoSQL data stores are regularly described as non-relational, distributed, internet-scalable and are used at both Facebook and Digg.
This presentation will quickly cover the fundamentals of NoSQL data stores, the basics of Lucene, and what Solr brings to the table. Following that we will dive into the technical details of making Solr your primary query engine on large scale web applications, thus relegating your traditional relational database to little more than a simple key store.
Real solutions to problems like handling four billion requests per month will be presented. We'll talk about sizing and configuring the Solr instances to maintain rapid response times under heavy load. We'll show you how to change the schema on a live system with tens of millions of documents indexed while supporting real-time results. And finally, we'll answer your questions about ways to work around the lack of transactions in Solr and how you can do all of this in a highly available solution.
Faced with the costs of vertically scaling their relational database systems, developers are increasingly turning to Apache Cassandra as an alternative. Cassandra solves the scaling problem by partitioning data, expanding horizontally and promising replication consistency. Effectively utilizing Cassandra requires that developers take different approaches to the ways they model data used in their applications. This presentation will explain how Cassandra achieves scale and reliability, and give an example of porting a SQL schema to Cassandra.
11th–15th March 2011 | <urn:uuid:dc374562-6a64-4d69-a75f-e43ac5ee278a> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://lanyrd.com/2011/sxsw/on/databases/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823220.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019031425-20171019051425-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.936598 | 809 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The importance of elementary school to a child cannot be overstated. For your kid to do well in elementary school, he or she needs support from both teachers and parents. This is in addition to being educated in the right school. As a parent, how do you make your child motivated and enthusiastic about education?
There are excellent schools for elementary education in Gilbert. Likewise, some schools aren’t good for the development of your child. Finding one that fulfills your wishes and suits your kid’s needs and disposition should be your priority. Here are three ways to put your kids on track to becoming successful students:
Choose the right school
The school you select will determine how well your child will learn. Choose a school that has the best teachers since they are an essential part of the educational system. After the selection, you should shift focus to the available facilities and how they can impact your child’s learning. Next, you have to decide whether your child needs a structured or open and flexible environment. It is also worth considering how the school deals with social and emotional issues as well as any other support your child might need.
Attend meetings or conferences
Avail yourself whenever the school needs you. Kids tend to do well if parents are involved in their academic lives. When attending these meetings, ask about your kid’s progress and what can be done at home to help him or her to improve. Parent-teacher conferences will equip you with all the information you need to know about your child’s behavior and performance in class. Meet your child’s teachers and ask for details such as the best subjects and conduct while in school. If your child needs particular attention, you can organize with the teachers to offer the right education plan.
Aid in homework
Homework helps to extend the activities carried out in the classroom and helps your kids to practice acquired skills. As a parent, it is vital to ensure that your young one gets to practice without distractions. Helping your kid with homework also has an effect of developing a work ethic and a sense of responsibility. When your kid understands that homework is a priority, he or she will benefit from lessons learned beyond the classroom. Make sure to remove any distraction that can hinder your child from concentrating on homework.
Aiding your child to receive the best elementary education involves proper research into the available schools and determining what is right for your child. You should also play your role as a parent in helping the kid understand that education doesn’t stop at school. Make your home environment conducive to doing homework.
The early years of schooling are the most important for children to create a solid foundation in their education. The choices you make at this stage will determine how your child will progress in his or her studies. Be supportive of your child’s education and get in touch with the teachers often to discuss their progress. | <urn:uuid:99b229d2-0d37-4e85-84cb-a3efddfbbf51> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.catsupandmustard.com/ways-to-help-your-child-succeed-in-elementary-school/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347402457.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529054758-20200529084758-00565.warc.gz | en | 0.969543 | 586 | 2.59375 | 3 |
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21 January 2013
Scientists have debated the causes of this warming, particularly in light of recent instrumental records of both atmospheric and oceanic warming from the region. As the atmosphere and ocean warm, so the ice sheet (holding an equivalent of 5 metres of global sea level rise, locked up in ice) becomes vulnerable to collapse.
Now research led by Cardiff University published in Nature Geoscience (20 Jan 2013) has used a unique 12,000 year long record from microscopic marine algae fossils to trace glacial ice entering the ocean along the western Antarctic Peninsula.
The study has found that the atmosphere had a more significant impact on warming along the western Antarctic Peninsula than oceanic circulation in the late Holocene (from 3500-250 years ago).
This was not the case prior to 3500 years ago, and is not the case in the modern environment. The study has also shown that this late Holocene atmospheric warming was cyclic (400-500 year long cycles) and linked to the increasing strength of the El Niño – Southern Oscillation phenomenon (a climate pattern centred in the low latitude Pacific Ocean) demonstrating an equatorial influence on high latitude climate.
Dr Jennifer Pike, School of Earth and Ocean Sciences said: "Our research is helping to understand the past dynamic behaviour of the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet. The implications of our findings are that the modern observations of ocean-driven warming along the western Antarctic Peninsula need to be considered as part of a natural centennial timescale cycle of climate variability, and that in order to understand climate change along the Antarctic Peninsula, we need to understand the broader climate connections with the rest of the planet."
Ice derived from land has a very distinctive ratio of oxygen isotopes. This research is the highest resolution application in coastal Antarctic marine sediments of a technique to measure the oxygen isotope ratios of microscopic marine algae fossils (diatom silica). When a large amount of glacial ice is discharged into the coastal ocean, this alters the oxygen isotope ratio of the sea water that the marine algae are living in. This creates a clear imprint in the fossils that reveals the environmental conditions of the time. The scientists used the oxygen isotope ratio of the fossils to reconstruct the amount of glacial ice entering the coastal ocean in the past 12,000 years, and to determine whether the variations in the amount of ice being discharged were the result of changes in the ocean or atmospheric environment.
Professor Melanie Leng, from the British Geological Survey and Chair of Isotope Geosciences in the Department of Geology, University of Leicester, said: "Technologically the analysis of the oxygen isotope composition of diatom silica is extremely difficult, the British Geological Survey is one of a very few research organisations in the world that can undertake this type of analysis. For this research project the methodology has been developed over the last five years with the specific aim of investigating the different amounts of melting in the polar regions. It’s fair to say we are world leading pioneers in this technique."
The research is co-authored with Cardiff University by the universities of Nottingham, Leicester and the British Geological Survey and was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).
1. The findings can be read in full in the Nature Geoscience paper "Glacial discharge along the west Antarctic Peninsula during the Holocene" http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/index.html
2. Cardiff University is recognised in independent government assessments as one of Britain’s leading teaching and research universities and is a member of the Russell Group of the UK’s most research intensive universities. Among its academic staff are two Nobel Laureates, including the winner of the 2007 Nobel Prize for Medicine, University President Professor Sir Martin Evans.
Founded by Royal Charter in 1883, today the University combines impressive modern facilities and a dynamic approach to teaching and research. The University’s breadth of expertise in research and research-led teaching encompasses: the humanities; the natural, physical, health, life and social sciences; engineering and technology; preparation for a wide range of professions; and a longstanding commitment to lifelong learning. Three major new Research Institutes, offering radical new approaches to neurosciences and mental health, cancer stem cells and sustainable places were announced by the University in 2010.www.cardiff.ac.uk
3. For further information, contact:
1. Dr Jennifer Pike [note: Dr Pike is in Australia but can be contacted by email for interview]School of Earth and Ocean SciencesCardiff UniversityEmail: PikeJ@cardiff.ac.uk
2. Professor Melanie J. Leng
Chair of Isotope Geosciences
Department of Geology, University of Leicester
Phone: 0116 252 3922
Email to Leicester: email@example.com
Head of Stable Isotopes
NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, British Geological Survey
Phone: 0115 9363515
Email to NIGL: firstname.lastname@example.org
This is an externally hosted beta service offered by Google. | <urn:uuid:343e4802-91de-438f-a109-11c68d0d9e0c> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.cf.ac.uk/news/mediacentre/mediareleases/10074.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637903638.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025823-00052-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913237 | 1,060 | 3.546875 | 4 |
The rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire
In 313 AD, Emperor Constantine legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire. A religion developed on the belief in the coming of the Christ (Messiah in Judaism), Christianity started as a denomination in Judaism based on the teachings of Jesus, a young Jewish rabbi in Nazareth. Rooted in both Jewish and Greek ideas and practices, Christianity was also influenced by Mithraism in the Roman Empire, an offshoot of the Persian religion Zoroastrianism. After the death of Jesus, his disciples spread it to the non-Jewish populations in the Roman empire. Especially in the hands of Paul of Tarsus, Christianity became a universal religion. | <urn:uuid:bbdf985f-0ecb-4ee1-b149-7ead67984738> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://teapartyorg.ning.com/profiles/blogs/cscope-skew-the-christian-faith | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363641.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209000407-20211209030407-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.948548 | 136 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Aerial view of ESAC
|European Space Agency|
|Remarks||ESOC is one of nine establishments operated by ESA|
The European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC) near Madrid in Spain is the ESA's centre for space science (astronomy, solar system exploration and fundamental physics). It hosts the science operation centres for all ESA astronomy and planetary missions together with their scientific archives. Past and present missions represented at ESAC include (in alphabetical order) Akari, BepiColombo, Cassini–Huygens, Cluster, Exomars, Gaia, Herschel, Hubble, ISO, INTEGRAL, IUE, LISA Pathfinder, Mars Express, Planck, Rosetta, SOHO, Solar Orbiter, Venus Express, and XMM-Newton.
In addition to deep space and solar system exploration, ESAC hosts the data processing of SMOS, a satellite observing the earth, and the CESAR educational programme.
ESA's deep-space antenna in Europe is located in Cebreros, Avila, about 90 km from Madrid and 65 km from ESAC. This installation provides essential support to the activities of ESAC. Inaugurated in September 2005, Cebreros features a highly accurate pointing control system and a 35-metre antenna that allow ESA to gather data from distant missions to Mercury, Venus, Mars and beyond.
ESAC is also involved in ESA missions conducted in collaboration with other space agencies. One example is Akari, a Japanese-led mission to carry out an infrared sky survey, launched on 21 February 2006. Future collaborative programmes include the NASA-led James Webb Space Telescope, the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope.
In addition, ESAC also hosts the Spanish Astrobiology Centre (CAB), an innovative research facility aimed mainly at encouraging young Spanish scientists to enter the fields of astrophysics and fundamental physics.
ESAC is located in Villafranca del Castillo, within the town limits of Villanueva de la Cañada, is located 30 km west of Madrid in the Guadarrama Valley. Evergreen oaks and the ruins of a nearby 15th-century castle (the Castillo de Aulencia) make a spectacular backdrop for the high-tech vista of ESA's large antennas and modern buildings.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to European Space Astronomy Centre.| | <urn:uuid:f11a15bb-ee25-4d98-bb90-9c8dbff8ca4a> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.knowpia.com/knowpedia/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141747887.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20201205135106-20201205165106-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.878127 | 495 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Low vision is when you have lost a specific amount of eyesight. With low vision it is hard or nearly impossible to do many of your usual tasks.
Low vision can happen at any age. While more common in older adults, normal aging itself does not cause low vision. You can have low vision because of eye injuries and accidents. It can also be caused by conditions such as macular degeneration, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy.
Sometimes low vision can be enhanced with medication, surgery, eyeglasses or other options. If your poor vision cannot be improved, there are ways to adapt. You can learn new ways to make the most of the vision you do have. Here are some things to know.
Vision rehabilitation: using the vision you have
Vision rehabilitation is when people with low vision learn how to do things in different ways. You will learn new methods to read, write or do tasks at home. Or you can learn to use specific low-vision aids. For example, there are different kinds of magnifiers for close work and telescopes for distance.
Vision rehabilitation professionals may work with you as a team.
This team may include:
- an ophthalmologist
- a low-vision specialist
- an occupational therapist
- a rehabilitation teacher
- an orientation and mobility specialist (helping you move around better)
- a social worker
- a counselor
Speak with your ophthalmologist to find vision rehabilitation programs and specialists for you in your area.
Low vision aids and techniques
There are multiple low vision aids and devices to help you with your daily activities. Have a discussion with your ophthalmologist or vision rehabilitation team about solutions for your specific needs. From talking watches to tablet computers, there are many low vision tools. Also ask if you will need training in how to use the devices.
Here are some low vision aids:
Optical low vision aids. Magnifying lenses make objects look larger and easier to see. Optical vision aids include:
- Magnifying spectacles. Magnifying spectacles are worn like regular eyewear to keep your hands free. They can be used for reading, threading a needle, or doing other tasks you need to do up-close.
Stand magnifiers. These magnifiers rest above the object you are looking at. This aides you to keep the lens at a proper distance. Stand magnifiers can also help people who have a tremor or arthritis. Some stand magnifiers have built-in lights.
- Hand magnifiers. There are magnifiers designed to help with different levels of vision. Some models have built-in lights.
Telescopes. These are used to help see objects or signs that are further away. Some telescopes can be attached to eyeglasses. Others are held like binoculars.
- Video magnifiers. These electronic devices make printed pages, pictures, or other tiny objects look larger. You often can adjust them to meet your specific vision needs. For example, with certain magnifiers you can add contrast to make printed words darker. There are a lot of new video magnifiers. Talk with your ophthalmologist about which ones can help you.
Low vision devices. These are designed to help with everyday tasks. They include:
- Audio books and electronic books.
With audio books, you can listen to text that is read aloud. With electronic books like Kindle®, Nook® and others, you can adjust word size and contrast to your needs.
- Smartphones and tablets let you alter word size, adjust lighting and use voice commands. There also are many applications (apps) to choose from, such as programs that read material aloud.
Computers that can read aloud or magnify what is shown on the screen.
- Talking items for example, watches, timers, blood pressure cuffs, and blood sugar machines.
Large-print books, newspapers, magazines, playing cards and bank checks.
- Telephones, thermostats, watches and remote controls with large-sized digits and high contrast colors.
Low vision techniques help you do everyday tasks.
Increase the amount of light in your house. Replace light bulbs with higher watt bulbs and add more lamps in lower-light areas.
Reduce glare inside and outside. Adjust lights inside so they don’t create glare. Cover your eyes by wearing a wide-brimmed hat or wrap-around sunglasses outside.
Create more contrast around your house. Use a colored tablecloth with white dishes, for instance. Or put dark contact paper on a desk where you have white papers.
Use heavy, bold felt tip markers when you write everyday lists or take notes.
If you have low vision, there are many methods to use your remaining sight. There are vision rehabilitation specialists who help you learn to do things in new ways. There are also low vision aids, devices and techniques to help you do everyday activities.
If you have any concerns about your eyes or your vision, speak with your ophthalmologist. He or she is committed to protecting your sight. | <urn:uuid:c3d3dcdb-73d7-4f31-8e00-a9307720fee1> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://westbocaeyecenter.com/what-is-low-vision-how-to-work-through-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153803.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728220634-20210729010634-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.922666 | 1,039 | 3.15625 | 3 |
July 16, 1987, began with a light breeze, a cloudless sky, and a spirit of celebration. On that day, two hundred members of Congress boarded a special train for a journey to Philadelphia to celebrate a singular congressional anniversary.
Exactly two hundred years earlier, the framers of the U.S. Constitution, meeting at Independence Hall, had reached a supremely important agreement. Their so-called Great Compromise (or Connecticut Compromise in honor of its architects, Connecticut delegates Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth) provided a dual system of congressional representation. In the House of Representatives each state would be assigned a number of seats in proportion to its population. In the Senate, all states would have the same number of seats. Today, we take this arrangement for granted; in the wilting-hot summer of 1787, it was a new idea.
In the weeks before July 16, 1787, the framers had made several important decisions about the Senate's structure. They turned aside a proposal to have the House of Representatives elect senators from lists submitted by the individual state legislatures and agreed that those legislatures should elect their own senators.
By July 16, the convention had already set the minimum age for senators at thirty and the term length at six years, as opposed to twenty-five for House members, with two-year terms. James Madison explained that these distinctions, based on "the nature of the senatorial trust, which requires greater extent of information and stability of character," would allow the Senate "to proceed with more coolness, with more system, and with more wisdom than the popular[ly elected] branch."
The issue of representation, however, threatened to destroy the seven-week-old convention. Delegates from the large states believed that because their states contributed proportionally more to the nation's financial and defensive resources, they should enjoy proportionally greater representation in the Senate as well as in the House. Small-state delegates demanded, with comparable intensity, that all states be equally represented in both houses. When Sherman proposed the compromise, Benjamin Franklin agreed that each state should have an equal vote in the Senate in all matters -- except those involving money.
Over the Fourth of July holiday, delegates worked out a compromise plan that sidetracked Franklin's proposal. On July 16, the convention adopted the Great Compromise by a heart-stopping margin of one vote. As the 1987 celebrants duly noted, without that vote, there would likely have been no Constitution.
(Photo: Oliver Ellsworth Senate Historical Office) | <urn:uuid:6c77a157-7692-4470-8da6-db3e01ae4877> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://cybercemetery.unt.edu/archive/oilspill/20121111081855/http:/www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Great_Compromise.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107879537.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022111909-20201022141909-00099.warc.gz | en | 0.965814 | 516 | 4.21875 | 4 |
The condition lymphocytopenia, or lymphopenia, is characterized by abnormally low lymphocyte levels. Lymphocytes are a kind of white blood cell that is part of your immune system.
Low lymphocyte count is a cause for concern because when lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) are low, the body’s ability to repel infections is weakened.
These cells help prevent infections by bacteria and viruses and also fight off infections already present, and a low count of these cells also increases the chance of certain types of cancer developing, mostly types of leukemia, lymphoma, and Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
There are three types of lymphocytes: B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. These white blood cells make up about 20% to 40% of all white blood cells in the body, and the normal range for lymphocytes is a count of 1,000 to 4,800 cells per microliter of blood.
In This Article:
- What Does it Mean if You Have Low Lymphocytes?
- What Causes Low Lymphocytes?
- What Is the Normal Range of Lymphocytes?
- Symptoms of Low Lymphocytes Count
- How Are Low Lymphocytes Diagnosed?
- How to Treat Low Lymphocytes
- Dietary Guidelines for a Better Lymphocyte Count
- Lifestyle Remedies to Prevent Lymphocytopenia
- Final Thoughts on Low Lymphocyte Count
What Does It Mean if You Have Low Lymphocytes?
To have low lymphocytes means to have a low absolute lymphocyte count (ALC). Absolute lymphocyte count is the product of the total white blood cell count and the percentage of lymphocytes (ALC = WBC X % lymphocytes). ALC in peripheral blood may indicate the body’s immune surveillance potential.
The three types of lymphocytes (B, T, NK) are necessary because all three play important roles in how the immune system functions optimally. Having not enough B cells can lead to a decrease in the number of plasma cells, and these cells produce antibodies (a protein in the blood that works with the immune system to fight off bacteria and viruses).
A reduction in the production of antibodies can cause an increase in bacterial infections. A low number of T cells or NK cells can result in problems controlling certain infections, especially if they’re viral, fungal, or parasitic. Severe lymphocyte deficiencies can lead to an increase in uncontrolled infections, which may be fatal. Low lymphocyte count causes are varied and stem from a number of diseases and conditions.
What Causes Low Lymphocytes?
Lymphocytopenia causes may include mild infections or the flu, which are often not serious. That being said, a low lymphocyte count also puts you at risk for a more severe infection such as a HIV (human immunodeficiency virus).
Lymphocytopenia can be inherited or acquired. Acquired causes of low lymphocyte count may include anything from autoimmune diseases like lupus to chemotherapy or radiation therapy and certain blood cancers. Inherited disorders may include DiGeorge syndrome and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.
1. General Causes
In general, people have low numbers of lymphocytes in the blood because the body does not make enough white blood cells. Alternatively, it can also be that lymphocytes are destroyed in the blood, and levels of lymphocytes are not properly developed as a result.
Some other causes are:
- Spleen damage: A low lymphocyte count can also be due to lymphocytes being trapped in the spleen, likely due to a spleen disease. Lymphocytes will pass through your spleen and into your blood.
- Fasting: Fasting or crash dieting can also produce low lymphocyte levels in your blood. Undernutrition or an inadequate diet can cause B and T lymphocyte cell levels to drop in the body. This can affect your immune system, which puts undernourished people at greater risk for an infection.
- Intense physical stress: Stress is a well-known trigger of weakened immune systems. Research published in the journal International Immunopharmacology in 2002 found that chronic mild stress can lead the body to alter the number of T cells and B cells that get produced.
- Other research shows that stressful life events can cause the opposite effect, lymphocytosis, which is a condition characterized by abnormally high levels of white blood cells.
- Zinc deficiency: A low lymphocyte count could also indicate a zinc deficiency. Zinc is an important antioxidant and mineral needed for immune health. Besides a weak immune system, symptoms of zinc deficiency can include leaky gut syndrome, thinning hair, poor wound healing, and rashes or other skin problems.
2. Acquired Causes
Acquired causes, meaning those that you were not born with but developed at some point in life, are most often connected to underlying medical health conditions or responses to other medical treatments. Some examples of acquired causes are:
- Infectious diseases, such as pneumonia, mononucleosis, and tuberculosis
- Steroid therapy
- Blood cancers and blood diseases, such as such as lymphoma, leukemia or Hodgkin disease, and lymphocytic anemia
- AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)/HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
- Aplastic anemia due to low platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells
- Autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus
Certain autoimmune disorders have an effect on B cells and T cells, leading to a decline in lymphocyte levels. Studies show that about three-quarters of people with lupus also have lymphocytopenia. In certain cases, blood tests confirm levels of a low absolute lymphocyte count.
3. Inherited Causes
Inherited causes, which are those passed down to you genetically by your parents, are almost always linked to defects in the genes that are part of lymphocyte development. Some of these diseases include the following:
- DiGeorge anomaly
- Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
- Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome
It’s not yet known how these diseases, conditions, or factors affect lymphocyte count; in fact, some people have a low lymphocyte count with no known underlying cause. More research needs to be done to gain a fuller understanding.
What Is the Normal Range of Lymphocytes?
Lymphocyte levels can be determined and analyzed through a blood test.
- The range value is calculated per milliliter of blood, and the normal range for lymphocytes is typically between 1,300 and 4,000 cells per milliliter.
- A percentage can also be used, but if it is, the figure tends to include all three types of lymphocytes: T cells, B cells, and NK cells.
- The percentage range should be between 20% and 40% of the total white blood cell count.
Symptoms of Low Lymphocytes Count
Trying to diagnose a low lymphocyte count is tricky, because on its own, the condition doesn’t present with any signs or symptoms; it’s typically noticed only when blood tests are done for other diseases and conditions. If symptoms do present themselves in mild cases of lymphocytopenia, they would look something like the following, (and as with anything, it can vary from person to person):
- Enlarged lymph nodes and spleen. This indicates the presence of cancer or an HIV infection. In this case, a low lymphocyte count can mean cancer.
- Cough, runny nose, and fever, which indicate a respiratory viral infection.
- Small tonsils or lymph nodes, which indicate a genetic immune system disorder.
- Swollen, painful joints and a rash. This indicates the presence of rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus.
As mentioned, when the number of lymphocytes is reduced considerably, it can lead to repeated infections by way of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
An abnormal increase in one type of white blood cell can cause a decrease in the number of other types of white blood cells, which means that it’s possible to have, for example, both high neutrophils and low lymphocytes.
A blood differential test will measure the levels of neutrophils and lymphocytes, and it is often used to confirm a high neutrophils-low lymphocytes problem like an infection, anemia, leukemia, and other diseases.
How Are Low Lymphocytes Diagnosed?
Despite whatever symptoms and signs might be presenting themselves, the answers are all in the blood—that is, the only way low lymphocytes can be diagnosed is through a complete blood panel workup done by your doctor. While symptoms may lead your doctor to believe that there is an issue, the only way to confirm the diagnosis is by drawing blood and analyzing it.
When the lymphocyte count is low or reduced, your doctor will test for HIV and other infections with another blood test. In rare cases, a bone marrow sample will be extracted so it can be studied under a microscope.
The blood tests will also determine the types of lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, and NK cells) in the blood. Some disorders, such as AIDS, are determined by a reduction in some kinds of lymphocytes, as are particular disorders related to hereditary immunodeficiency.
Low lymphocyte counts related to lymphoma (a group of blood cancers that develop in the lymphatic system, most notably Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma) are diagnosed through blood tests as well.
How to Treat Low Lymphocytes
How you treat low lymphocytes depends entirely on what’s causing the problem.
1. Drug-Related Causes
If a drug causes lymphocytopenia, then it will usually resolve on its own within time and no other intervention is required.
If the cause of the lymphocytopenia is AIDS, then the course of treatment is a combination therapy approach where three antiviral drugs are administered (at a minimum) so that T cell counts can be increased and the chance of survival lengthened.
3. Disease- or Illness-Related
If the lymphocytopenia is related to an illness or simple disease, the doctor will treat that underlying condition accordingly, depending on what it is. Over time, the white blood cell count should return to normal. If not, further investigation and testing will need to be done.
4. Mild Cases of Low White Blood Cell Count
In mild lymphocytopenia where there is no underlying cause, no treatment is offered as the situation will likely improve on its own over time.
5. Genetic Aberrations
When a genetic defect is the cause of lymphocytopenia, a blood stem cell transplant or a bone marrow stem cell transplant might be viable options considered by your doctor as a low lymphocyte count treatment.
Dietary Guidelines for a Better Lymphocyte Count
You may want to know how to increase lymphocytes naturally. A healthy, nutrient-rich diet can go a long way toward boosting lymphocyte levels. This will provide your immune system with everything it needs to fight off viruses and bacteria that can potentially lead to low lymphocyte levels.
The following is a dietary guideline to follow to help your body improve its lymphocyte count.
- Eat lots of lean protein: When the body doesn’t get enough protein, this leads to fewer white blood cells. As a result, you can increase lymphocyte production when you eat protein-rich foods such as grass-fed meats like poultry and beef, organic eggs, wild-caught fish and seafood, and legumes.
- Avoid foods high in trans and saturated fats: These fats thicken lymphocytes; as such, reducing trans and saturated fat consumption can help improve immune system health. Avoid unhealthy fats such as margarine, fried foods, hydrogenated oils, and processed baked goods.
- Consume healthy fats: Omega-3 fatty acids, on the other hand, will increase your lymphocyte count. Include omega-3 fatty acid foods such as avocado, ground flaxseed, hemp seeds, chia seeds, walnuts, sardines, albacore tuna, white fish, Alaskan salmon, herring, and Atlantic mackerel in your diet.
- Eat foods high in beta-carotene: Beta-carotene helps boost lymphocyte production. Foods rich in beta-carotene include carrots, sweet potatoes, butternut squash, romaine lettuce, and spinach.
- Eat zinc-rich foods: Zinc is needed to make lymphocytes. It also increases levels of NK cells and T cells, which strengthens your immune system. Foods high in zinc include oysters, asparagus, collard greens, spinach, broccoli, sesame seeds, and pumpkin seeds.
- Consume foods high in vitamin C: Vitamin C is known to increase the production of white blood cells such as lymphocytes. Foods high in vitamin C include bell peppers, parsley, kale, oranges, raspberries, tomatoes, and celery.
- Eat foods loaded with vitamin D: Not getting enough vitamin D can lower lymphocyte levels and weaken your immune system. Foods rich in vitamin D include organic eggs, raw milk, wild-caught salmon, sardines, mackerel, and tuna.
- Eat foods high in vitamin E: Vitamin E supports production of NK cells and B cells. Foods rich in vitamin E include sunflower seeds, almonds, kale, spinach, olives, asparagus, and collard greens.
- Eat selenium-rich foods: Selenium helps the body produce more white blood cells. Foods high in selenium include cod, shiitake mushrooms, salmon, tuna, eggs, oats, and broccoli.
- Eat more garlic: Garlic is known to boost white blood cell production, which increases the number of NK cells. Purchase fresh, powdered, or dried garlic, and use it in your cooking daily.
- Drink more green tea: Green tea compounds can boost immunity by fighting viruses that deplete white blood cells.
Lifestyle Remedies to Prevent Lymphocytopenia
There are also a number of lifestyle changes that could help you prevent lymphocytopenia, or low lymphocyte levels. Let’s take a look at some of the better prevention methods below:
- Get enough sleep: Getting enough sleep supports immunity, while being tired weakens your immune health by decreasing the levels of white blood cells. Make sure you are fully rested. Adults need at least seven to nine hours of sleep per night.
- Reduce stress: Stress weakens immunity; as a result, you become more susceptible to illness, which reduces white blood count. You can reduce stress with meditation, yoga, qigong, tai chi, deep breathing, and walking in nature.
- Limit alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol drinking can wreak havoc on your immune system, which prevents it from making enough white blood cells. Men should drink no more than two drinks daily, while women should not have more than one.
- Quit smoking: Smoking weakens your immune system, and this includes your white blood cell count. Consequently, your body fails to produce or maintain high amounts of lymphocytes.
- Maintain a healthy weight: Being overweight or underweight can negatively impact your body’s white blood cell count. As a result, your body will not produce enough white blood cells. That is why it is good idea to get enough exercise and eat a balanced diet. Try exercising for 30 minutes at least five times weekly. Pick activities you enjoy, such as running, walking, biking, swimming, or hiking.
- Practice good hygiene: Washing your hands is always a good idea. However, it is especially important when you want to increase your lymphocyte levels. Washing your hands reduces your risk of exposure to viruses and bacteria.
Final Thoughts on Low Lymphocyte Count
Lymphocytopenia, or abnormally low lymphocyte levels, can be a sign of spleen damage, zinc deficiency, aplastic anemia, autoimmune diseases, certain blood-related cancers, or AIDS/HIV. It can also be triggered by infectious diseases like tuberculosis, pneumonia, and mononucleosis, and inherited disorders like Wiskott-Aldich syndrome and DiGeorge syndrome.
How can you prevent or treat a low lymphocyte count? Start by eating a healthy diet high in lean protein, zinc, selenium, beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin D, and vitamin E. This will include lots of vegetables and fruit, and healthy fats like avocado and wild-caught fish. Also, be sure to get enough sleep, reduce stress, quit smoking, limit alcohol consumption, and maintain a healthy weight.
- What Causes Low Platelet Count (Thrombocytopenia)?
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- High White Blood Cell Count: Causes and Home Remedies
- Leukocytes in Urine: Natural Treatments
- What Does a Low MPV Mean?
- Monocytes Count: High, Low, Absolute Ranges, Causes and Remedies
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Stability operations, which “involve establishing or re-establishing order in a fragile state or territory,” [DoDD 3000.07 (2014)] are perhaps the best starting point for a discussion of the core activities of irregular warfare. This is because, of all the activities undertaken by military forces, stability operations 1) generally place the military in the most direct, prolonged contact with civilian populations and 2) generally involve the intentional restructuring or resetting of the civilian population’s relationship with their government. In this respect, stability operations get quickly to the heart of irregular warfare: the pursuit of legitimacy in the eyes of the population. This is especially true when there are spoilers attempting to undermine the government, whether for political purposes or for personal gain. However, in many cases, stability operations may not involve a clear opposition, but be undertaken as, for example, a prophylactic measure following a natural disaster, or in the face of rampant but unorganized crime.
Whether opposed or not, the basic goal of stability operations is to maintain or reestablish public order and safety of the civilian population, and if necessary return the state to its legitimate government. As the US military has learned over the last decade and a half, this requires in the short term, the establishment of a safe and secure environment, provision of essential government services, and the responsible delivery of aid. Each of these closely intertwined activities is enormously complex, and while we briefly take each in turn, doing any of them complete justice will necessarily be beyond the scope of this blog. In the longer term, stabilization of a post conflict state also requires transfer of these responsibilities to a host nation government that is legitimate, effective, and has the capacity to manage the activities transitioned to it. These longer-term issues are vital to consider in planning any phase of stability operations, but due to their complexity, will primarily be dealt with in later posts on transition and the interagency role in stabilization and stability operations.
It is important to be clear that this view of stability operations is specific to the point of view of a state conducting stability operations abroad. The view is substantially different for those attempting to stabilize their own state. According to the strategic framework developed by USIP and PKSOI, from the point of view of the host nation population there are five “end states” that must be sought, whom they rightly describe as the “final arbiters of whether peace has been achieved.” These end states are a safe and secure environment, rule of law, stable governance, a sustainable economy, and social well-being.
Guiding Principles for Stabilization and Reconstruction
• Safe and Secure Environment: Ability of the people to conduct their daily lives without fear of systematic or large-scale violence.
• Rule of Law: Ability of the people to have equal access to just laws and a trusted system of justice that holds all persons accountable, protects their human rights and ensures their safety and security.
• Stable Governance: Ability of the people to share, access or compete for power through nonviolent political processes and to enjoy the collective bene ts and services of the state.
• Sustainable Economy: Ability of the people to pursue opportunities for livelihoods within a system of economic governance bound by law.
• Social Well-Being: Ability of the people to be free from want of basic needs and to coexist peacefully in communities with opportunities for advancement.
However, from the perspective of an irregular warfare force provider, these end states are developed primarily through securing the environment, assisting with essential governmental services, and provision of aid. In the short run, these activities may have to be led by the supporting state, but in all cases the host nation government must as soon as feasible step up to bear the full weight of achieving each of the five end states identified in the Guiding Principles.
Safe and secure environment
It is not difficult to see that lawlessness and armed violence impede economic growth, destroy human and physical capital, and redirect resources from productive use. More perniciously, they also create an environment in which existing intercommunal conflicts can be deepened or activated. This can have the effect of crystallizing conflict within the culture, so that even if active conflict is eventually quelled, cultural cleavages can be reopened by spoilers, bad actors, and misguided nationalists generations later. Thus, delay in securing the environment, or lapses in attention that allow lawlessness or violence to return, can have compounding effects that continue to reverberate through the cultural landscape.
In addition, as the US has found in its recent efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq, the creation of a reasonably safe and secure environment, even if artificial at the start, is a necessary precondition to making gains in governance and the economy. It should not be terribly surprising that citizens from developing countries (which account for more than half of all armed conflict) have ranked safety, security and justice as primary concerns. According to USAID, “escalating crime in these already fragile states further impedes their emergence from poverty and instability. At the same time, poverty creates fertile conditions for crime, terrorism, and trafficking.” Conversely, “security-sector reform and the post-conflict reintegration of ex-combatants help create conditions that will enable these states to chart a positive path towards peace so that recovery and development can begin.”
However, while most military planners have focused on the immediate concern of reducing the manifestation of violence and lapses in public order, too often this comes at the expense of planning for the long term, including such systemic issues as police and judicial corruption, alignment with cultural norms and expectations, sustainability of security force assistance, and security sector governance. Again, according to USAID, “promoting effective and responsible governance of the security sector in all its manifestations is a critical element of any program designed to help societies evolve in more secure, democratic and prosperous ways.”
Essential government services
Provision of essential government services, such as water, sanitation, and dispute resolution, is required to generate stability once the environment is secure enough to conduct those services. This is because, in the short run, a population that does not have access to government-provided services will necessarily turn to any source that can provide them. The population will always have a preference for some providers over others, so lack of government services will not necessarily lead to reliance on insurgent groups, but does in most cases weaken the bonds between the government and the people, which will have long-term deleterious effects on security and stability.
The precise services that are required will vary from one country to another, and possibly from one province to another, based on the expectations of the people. These expectations are informed by the history and culture of that state, from minimalist (almost anarchist), in which little more than basic police and hospital services are expected, to maximalist, in which the people expect government involvement in nearly every aspect of their lives. In any case, there are some fundamental services that every government must provide to ensure a stable environment, without which basic human needs will be unmet and this deprivation will quickly induce instability. These include such essentials as water, food, shelter, health services, education, and sanitation. Again, not all societies expect the government to be the primary provider of these services, but all generally expect the government to act as the final guarantor.
Responsible delivery of aid
In cases where the government is not fully capable of securing its population and providing essential services, the international community will likely have to step in to fill the gap. Donor states will likely also be required to assist the government to develop the capability and capacity to provide security and essential services. In the short run, this will in most cases involve the provision of humanitarian relief and emergency infrastructure reconstruction (such as rebuilding of dams and hospitals). In the longer run, aid for stability operations runs the gamut from provision of food, medicine or other supplies; to training government officials and civil society leaders; to foreign military sales; to directly subsidizing the host nation’s budget.
However, not all help is helpful. There are many pitfalls that can beset a country attempting to stabilize a partner nation through foreign aid. While most of these issues are beyond the scope of this blog, a few warrant mention here.
First and foremost is the issue of sustainability. Aid that is not of a type and scale that can be adequately maintained by the host nation after transition (or at least by its permanent donor states) should be recognized as surge effort. In these cases, the transition planning must account for a declining level of effort following the drawdown of aid. If this decline is not manageable, then a more sustainable aid package should be considered, along with a reassessment of the strategic goals for stabilization.
Related to sustainability, but on a shorter timeline, is the issue of absorptive capacity. A state emerging from instability will likely not be able to take on all of the responsibilities of maintaining stability in part because it does not have the resources or the technical and bureaucratic capability to fully absorb the aid that is provided to it. Much like teaching a child mathematical concepts, a graduated approach may be necessary to build the capacity for different skills and responsibilities. In many cases, advanced functions may not be feasible in a reasonable time horizon.
In addition, some attempts at aid may even prove counterproductive to stability. For example, sudden and sustained influx of aid can cause economic shocks and inflation, which may exacerbate resource competition and provide additional impetus to corruption and criminality. As bad as these effects may be, the subsequent and inevitable withdrawal of aid will likely generate the mirror image shocks of stagnation and deflation may be worse.
Ironically, the worst scenario may be the one in which the aid is most effective. Aid which is effective and targeted to the neediest populations may actually exacerbate the very same tensions that lead to the instability in the first place, further cementing ethnic, regional, or other rivalries. Thus, aid to states that may exhibit such cleavages should be intentionally designed to provide something of clear value to all parties, even if the particular type of aid is not identical. For example, job training and medical aid may be given to a village composed primarily of a repressed majority ethnic group, while civic engagement training is given to a formerly empowered minority stronghold nearby.
While the characterization of stability operations outlined above does not map precisely to the doctrinal model used by the US military, this is in part intentional. More than merely an attempt to improve upon the model used in JP 3-07, Stability Operations, the foregoing is offered (as with much of the material in this blog) as a counterpoint to improve understanding of the issues that each model attempts to address. These alternate frameworks need not be seen as competitors for primary, but as approaching the same subject from two different angles. Each angle bringing with it a different perspective and possibly resulting, therefore, in different analytic outcomes. However, neither is the ultimate truth, as that is something none of us will ever know. | <urn:uuid:d2d88c20-6312-4bde-a2ab-995a0b794b4f> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://irregularwarrior.com/stability-operations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247518425.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222135147-20190222161147-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.956766 | 2,253 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Digging holes for a living is an ideal place to hide from maths, not to mention reading and writing, but, unfortunately, Iron Age roundhouses only really make sense if you understand their geometry. Maths is important to help us model the nearly 2-dimensional evidence of prehistoric postholes, and encourages us to think 3-dimensionally about structures.
Roofs are made using tree trunks, which, theoretically at least, start off as cones, but when the thin pointy end is removed, the trunk becomes a ‘frustum’ of a cone (plural: frusta or frustums) -- which is one for the pub quiz.
I want to introduce you to one of the most important graphs in the study of the prehistoric built environment. I first published it, but it’s not mine; it is just an equation.
So when we compare an average roundhouse with a large one, although only 70% larger in diameter, the latter’s roof is 3 times the size, with 3 times the weight and thrust of the former. So large roundhouses are much larger buildings than the average circular building, and more structurally challenging to construct.
- Simple angle to calculate
- Simple to construct
- Produces a balanced roof
- Minimum angle for thatch
- Uses the minimum amount of materials
- Used in Africa
The next problem is to try and appreciate what this surface graph may represent in terms of roof weight. This can be calculated theoretically, but luckily experimental archaeology can provide some ‘real’ figures.
Ignoring the porch in the calculations, the roof of our average 10m roundhouse comes in about 10 tonnes, compared with 25 tonnes for the large roundhouse. This is the ‘static’ roof load, but we can also calculate the effect of snow and ice.
As we have discussed in a previous article, trees were grown to order to fit a particular need, and woods would be managed to produce what builders required. It’s clear that roundhouses need long straight timber from several hundred trees of specific sizes, so someone better have planned ahead – at least 60 years ahead!
To be useful for prehistoric rafters, the butt must be thick enough at the ‘thin’ end to be rigid, but not too massive and heavy at the ‘thick’ end. If we decide that the trees we need have a butt thinner than 0.3m, but at least 0.1m thick, then our theoretical tree must be harvested between 35 and 60 years old. (Figures are for illustrative purposes only; actual growth may vary -- this is an unregulated market!)
The graph demonstrates that oak trees can only produce rafters within certain limits, and while it is clearly difficult to be specific, the maximum usable rafter is probably around 14 – 15 m in length, which corresponds to those required for the largest roundhouses found.
This suggests that the largest roundhouses required the longest timbers available, and given the exponential increase in weight for conical roofs, were probably at the limits of what it was considered safe to build.
This is what our graphs have told us: Not all roundhouses are equal -- some are considerably more equal than others, and if you live in one that is the biggest available and three times as large as the average, then you are probably not an average person.
However, in the next article we will look at some real examples, and I will show something truly remarkable about prehistoric buildings and the people who designed and built them.
Sources & Further Reading:
G. A. Carter 1998: Excavations at the Orsett ‘Cock’ enclosure, Essex, 1976. East Anglian Archaeology Report No 86.
see: F Pryor 2004: Britain BC: Life in Britain and Ireland Before the Romans Harper Perennial [pp 235 – 238]
[3 ] D W Harding, I M Blake, and P J Reynolds 1993 An Iron Age settlement in Dorsett: Excavation and reconstruction. University of Edinburgh. Department of Archaeology Monograph series No. 1.
http://www.butser.org.uk/iaflphd_hcc.html http://www.butser.org.uk/index_sub.html
S. C. Hawkes 1994. Longbridge Deverill Cow Down, Wiltshire, House 3: A Major Round House of the Early Iron Age. Oxford Journ. Archaeol. 13(1), 49-69.
Karl VanDevender Ice and Snow Accumulations on Roofs, in Disaster Response Handbook
University of Arkansas, United States Department of Agriculture, and County Governments Cooperating http://www.aragriculture.org/disaster/ice_snow/ice_snow_accumulation.pdf
James. 1989, Forester's Companion Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0631108114 | <urn:uuid:67e3b715-fc70-4d5a-aaeb-10ffed817e79> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://structuralarchaeology.blogspot.com/2009/02/22-iron-age-graphs-important-discovery.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119650516.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030050-00286-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919645 | 1,020 | 4.125 | 4 |
Grade 2 Daily Warm-Up – PowerPoint 2
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A PowerPoint providing a series of warm-up activities for Grade 2 students across the mathematics curriculum.
A 73-slide PowerPoint presentation containing a variety of quick warm-up activities.
A set of tangram pieces.
A scavenger hunt allowing students to find 2-D shapes in their surrounding environment.
A set of dominoes to help students with their understanding of 2-D shapes.
A 78-slide PowerPoint presentation containing a variety of quick warm-up activities.
Use this weekly active learning guide to celebrate National Physical Fitness Month in your Grade 2 or Grade 3 classroom.
Choosing your country and state helps us to provide you with the most relevant teaching resources for your students. | <urn:uuid:891210b2-b79d-4408-9b12-dbb80ea5702f> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.teachstarter.com/common-core-standards-in-america/grade-2/standards-for-mathematical-practice-grade-2/geometry-standards-for-mathematical-practice-grade-2/reason-with-shapes-and-their-attributes-geometry-standards-for-mathematical-practice-grade-2/ccss-math-content-2-g-a-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738888.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812083025-20200812113025-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.874565 | 268 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Select any example data visualization or infographic the is appropriate for the course. You will :
- Fully describe and detail the visualization or infographic.
- Describe what you feel is wrong with the example.
- Describe changes you will make to the work
- If the selected project was a static work, what ideas do you have for potentially making it usefully interactive? How might you approach the design if it had to work on both mobile/tablet and desktop?
- If the selected project was an interactive work, what ideas do you have for potentially deploying the same project as a static work? What compromises might you have to make in terms of the interactive features that wouldn’t now be viable?
- What about the various annotations that could be used? Thoroughly explain all of the annotations, color, composition, and other various components to the visualization.
- What other data considerations should be considered and why?
- Update the graphic: You can recreate the visualization, markup the visualization, or recreate it in another too (R, Excel, etc).
Be sure to show the graphic (before and after updates) and then answer the questions fully above. This assignment should take into consideration all the course concepts in the book. Be very thorough in your response. This should be at least three pages in length before graphics and contain at least two-peer reviewed sources. | <urn:uuid:211a5569-3dac-4db7-a88d-c62d379d9622> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://essaysovernight.com/2022/04/13/select-any-example-data-visualization-or-infographic-the-is-appropriate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337836.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006124156-20221006154156-00572.warc.gz | en | 0.93228 | 282 | 2.703125 | 3 |
I am always amazed at how little most of us know about the First Peoples to populate the Americas. Perhaps it’s that we have a hard time with the slaughter, the diseases, the herding into reservations – the genocide. But here in Southern Arizona we live right next door to the third-largest Indian reservation, some 4500 square miles over three counties, with several small adjuncts plus nine communities in Sonora, Mexico.
The Tohono O’odham Nation, the Desert People, believe themselves – with plenty of evidence – to be descendants of the ancient Huhugam (which archaeologists rewrote into Hohokam) whose presence here goes back some 10,000 years. The Huhugam built hundreds of miles of canals along with hillside terraces for farming throughout Southern Arizona. Villages along the Santa Cruz River were spaced 1-1/2 – 2 miles apart on alternating sides of the channel. That tells us there was administration and politics, that their society was much more complex than is commonly believed. Prolonged drought changed their society; huhugam means “all used up.”
It is probable, and their oral histories tell us, that the Huhugam came from the South, from what is now the southern part of Mexico and Central America known as Mesoamerica. They brought Mesoamerican ball courts and platform mounds and macaws with them. That fits with Hopi oral histories which talk about the melting of the glaciers after the ice age and getting into boats to cross the Pacific. The oldest known Americas habitation site is in Monte Verde, Chile, and mainstream archaeologists are finally acknowledging that there was boat travel. Although some may still believe that the Aborigines swam to Australia.
With funds raised from their successful casino operations, which some call the Indians’ Revenge, the Tohono O’odham built the Himdag Ki: Cultural Center and Museum, open to the public with sacred Baboquivari Peak overlooking it. Open Monday – Saturday from 10 a.m. – 4 p.m. with free admission, the Himdag Ki features examples of O’odam basketry, painting, photographs, and other art. There is a history of the Desert People, a Youth Council display, a library, and a tribute to O’odham veterans of America’s wars. There is also a gift shop with baskets, jewelry, books, tee shirts and desert food goodies for sale.
Built with native rock and wood, the mission of the museum is to promote knowledge and understanding of the O’odham and to keep their culture alive for younger generations. That culture includes sharing, helping neighbors and family, community participation, hard work, humility, self-respect, respect for others, respect for elders, and respect for the land – values which our larger world could well learn from.
To visit the Himdag Ki take highway 86, Ajo Road, west to Sells. At the sign for the Police Department and Business District turn south, curving west and intersecting with BIA Route 19. Turn south on 19 about nine miles to Topowa. At Fresnal Canyon Road turn east to the Himdag Ki. If traveling on a holiday, call ahead for possible closures, 520-383-0201. And if you are hungry and thirsty after your visit, try the café in Sells. If you’re lucky, they’ll have fresh fry bread.
The Man in the Maze is a common theme in O’odham basketry. I’itoi, Elder Brother, lives in a sacred cave on Baboquivari from where he led the Huhugam out of the Underworld. The maze now represents life, with all its twists and turns and dead ends and surprises, though which we all must pass.
For current information on Tohono O’odham governance, history, community affairs and more, visit online http://www.tonation-nsn.gov/. And if you are interested in learning more about the people who first populated the Americas and the Southwest, and about Indian life on the Rez, there are some really good books available through the Pima County Library system.
BIG PICTURE – THE AMERICAS: 1491, by Charles C. Mann (Vintage Books, 2005): This eminently readable book makes a strong case that the “New World,” before Columbus, had tens of millions of people and was “a thriving, stunningly diverse place. A tumult of languages, trade and culture, a region where tens of millions of people loved and hated and worshipped as people do everywhere.” Recent discoveries in Guatemala confirm Mann’s findings that population density was far higher than acknowledged, perhaps over 100 million. That would mean that “more people lived in the Americas than in Europe” with European diseases and armed conquest killing over 90 percent after colonization.
BIG PICTURE – FROM THE INDIAN’S POINT-OF-VIEW: An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States, by Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz (Beacon Press, 2014): “In the founding myth of the United States, the colonists acquired a vast expanse of land from a scattering of benighted peoples who were hardly using it…The historical record is clear, however, that European colonists shoved aside a large network of small and large nations whose governments, commerce, arts and sciences, agriculture, technologies, theologies, philosophies, and institutions were intricately developed, nations that maintained sophisticated relations with one another and with the environments that supported them…Native peoples had created town sites, farms, monumental earthworks, and networks of roads, and they had devised a wide variety of governments, some as complex as any in the world.” “The history of the United States,” Dunbar-Ortiz argues in her American Book Award-winning book, “is a history of settler colonialism – the founding of a state based on the ideology of white supremacy, the widespread practice of African slavery, and a policy of genocide and land theft.”
BIG PICTURE — SOUTHWEST: A History of the Ancient Southwest, by Stephen H. Lekson (School for Advanced Research Press, 2008): This book tells the story of Southwest archaeology and makes a strong case that the Southwest was populated first from the south, creating complex, state-level societies that mainstream archaeology has tried to deny. Lekson urges us to move past colonial biases and accept that “Native histories of what later became the United States and Mexico were intertwined.” To understand these far-flung and complex societies, he offers three rules: “1) Everyone knew everything; assume interconnection… 2) No coincidences; interregional coincidences were (mostly) not coincidental. 3) Distances can be dealt with; distance did not intimidate the ancients; distances should not intimidate us.”
LIFE AND DEATH ON A RICH REZ: Killers of the Flower Moon: the Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI, by David Grann (Doubleday, 2017): U.S. policy forced Osage Indian tribes off reservations in Kansas in the 1870s, consigning them to rocky, worthless land in Oklahoma. It was not yet known that the land sat on the largest oil reserves in the nation. Over 25 years in the early 20th Century some 600 Osage Indians were murdered for the oil rights that enriched them and their community. Federally-appointed “guardians” ripped off their charges and greedy men and women sought marriage with the Osage, some murdering their spouses and children to gain control over the oil. “This so-called Indian business…was an elaborate criminal operation, in which various sectors of society were complicit. The crooked guardians and administrators of Osage estates were typically among the most prominent white citizens; businessmen and ranchers and lawyers and politicians. So were the lawmen and prosecutors and judges who facilitated and concealed the swindling….”
LIFE ON A POOR REZ: The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, by Sherman Alexie (Little. Brown, 2007). Written as a novel for young people, the Spokane Indian writer’s words resonate with all ages as he describes the life of a reservation teenager living “approximately one million miles north of Important and two billion miles west of Happy.” Alexie writes with joy and love and humor and sadness, not glossing over problems like alcoholism and unemployment and poverty, but seeing them through a kid’s eyes, sometimes with hope, and sometimes not. Indians, as we see, grapple with the same challenges as the rest of us.
LIFE IN THE NATION NEXT DOOR: Desert Indian Woman: stories and dreams, by Frances Manuel and Deborah Neff (University of Arizona Press, 2001): The Tohono O’odham storyteller and weaver’s words were spoken, captured on tape, and written down with little editing. She tells of her life on the Rez, on the border with Mexico and in town, and the changes she has seen. “There are a lot of things we Indians don’t know about. We were just desert people, we didn’t know anything about money. We worked together, built houses together, planted together, talked together. If there was a problem we’d sit down and talk about it. When the Spaniards came and taught us about the days of the month and the days of the week, and the dollar sign – time, that’s when everything changed….
“Maybe things have changed because people have been bothering the moon….things happen now…the summer doesn’t come when it’s supposed to, the spring doesn’t come when it’s supposed to, winter doesn’t come when it’s supposed to. We don’t have that much rain…it rains here and it rains over there because the world and the sky and everything up there has been bothered. It’s the old thing – if you bother them too much the world’s gonna end.”
Isn’t it time to meet your neighbors? We can learn a lot from them because they’ve been here far longer than we have. Skehg tash! (Greeting, pronounced “skuk tarsh.”)
POSTSCRIPT: This will be my final Comments from the Chemo Couch column. While the multiple myeloma is stable with a chemo-for-life regimen, the cancer sucks the calcium out of my bones and ribs are cracking. I’m staying off pain killers and doing less. I want to thank Loretta and John Hunnicutt for the opportunity to write for ADI; I was never censored and am grateful for their support. For those who supported my sometimes contentious points-of-view in the Comments, thank you. For those who at least considered what I had to say, whether agreeing or not, thank you. That’s what dialogue and the exchange of ideas is all about. For that handful of cowards using their anonymity to lie, label and name-call, well, a new generation is rising and you, and I, are old news. I’m going to shut up. I suggest you do the same. | <urn:uuid:a8133cec-df76-40e3-9c6c-307d5bd3a6be> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://arizonadailyindependent.com/2018/04/15/comments-from-the-chemo-couch-the-other-nation-next-door/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215077.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819110157-20180819130157-00693.warc.gz | en | 0.955268 | 2,382 | 3 | 3 |
‘Superfoods’ to the rescue - UTech professor says eating more natural local produce could cut medical bill
Professor of Public Health Nutrition Dr Fitzroy Henry is urging policymakers to consider providing incentives to farmers who produce 'superfoods', given the potential these have to help cut the country's annual medical bill.
Superfoods, including breadfruit, sweet potato, ackee, plantain, banana, pigeon (gungo) peas, yam, Irish potato, coconut and cassava, are considered to have powerful components that help to fight disease and improve the immune system.
A recent study which Henry, a University of Technology (UTech) professor, co-authored has shown that several superfoods are being produced locally.
"Most of the solution to our health problems can come from agriculture," the UTech public health professor told The Sunder Gleaner before asking: "Can we put incentives to farmers so that we can have food produced and at a cheaper cost, those foods that are very helpful?
"It's only one Budget we have and one treasury. By that I mean, you allow people to buy the imported stuff and they get health problems, and then you have to pay money at the hospital so it comes out of the health-care cost," said Henry.
The global superfood industry is reportedly worth an estimated US$130 billion, and Henry is concerned that these foods are being manipulated by manufacturers to produce artificial products with questionable health claims.
He said by encouraging local farmers to plant more of these superfoods, Jamaicans could benefit from them before they are altered.
"We have a lot of natural superfoods here and this should be the basis on which we grow, market and develop our school-feeding programme, and all the other programmes that we have," he said.
Henry's study, 'Low-cost superfoods in the Caribbean', was published late last year and saw him collaborating with Shanika Allen, Deonne Caines and Sheerin Eyre to secure the prices of 158 commonly consumed foods from popular supermarkets, wholesales and open markets in six parishes.
The researchers found that several of these superfoods, which are produced locally, are inexpensive.
The public health expert argued that many Jamaicans have already acquired the taste for these foods, and as such, he is encouraging enterprising Jamaicans to consider establishing more fast-food restaurants that utilise these natural products that are healthy for the population.
"The genesis in our health problems is not in the health sector, it is in the agricultural sector," charged Henry.
Here's what some common superfoods can do for you
- Avocado: Helps support cardiovascular health, anti-cancer activity, boost immune system.
- Banana: Anti-diarrhoeal; ulcer-protective antimicrobial activity, wound healing, kidney cancer activities.
- Breadfruit: Cytoprotection, anti-cancer, antioxidant activities.
- Cassava: Cytoprotection; wound healing.
- Coconut: Glucose homeostasis and antioxidant activity, controls severe hyperglycaemia.
- Corn: Controls diabetes, lowers blood pressure, anti-cancer activities.
- Dasheen: Helps in the management of diabetic nephropathy.
- Kidney bean-red: Hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic properties, appetite control.
- Oats: Lowers LDL cholesterol and blood pressure, improves insulin sensitivity.
- Peas - pigeon (gungo): Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immune modulatory activities.
- Plantain - green/ripe: Gastroprotective, lowers cholesterol, antioxidant, mutagenic effect.
- Irish potato: Reduces blood pressure and cancer cell growth.
- Sweet potato: Antioxidant; anticancer activities.
- Brown rice: Cancer prevention.
- Yam: Lowers LDL cholesterol and colon cancer risk.
- Ackee: Antioxidant activity. | <urn:uuid:e916e6ce-3685-4c1b-bd19-5c8b256dcd60> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20160320/superfoods-rescue-utech-professor-says-eating-more-natural-local-produce-could | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106358.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820073631-20170820093631-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.935903 | 821 | 2.53125 | 3 |
A Bluetooth dongle is an adapter used on non-Bluetooth enabled computers to connect wirelessly to a Bluetooth device. Most dongles plug into a USB port. A Bluetooth enabled computer has the adapter installed with the hardware inside the device, allowing the user to preserve USB ports for other uses.Continue Reading
Bluetooth technology uses radio waves to allow communication between two devices. Both Apple and Windows devices are compatible with the technology. Computer peripherals, including wireless keyboards and mice often use this technology.
For many individuals, the cellular telephone brought their first Bluetooth device. Earpieces and microphones allow the user hands-free use of the cellular device. Further development of technology and advancement of cellular devices as mobile hotspots allows users to connect a computer or other device to a cell phone for Internet access.
Bluetooth and Wi-Fi operate using unlicensed radio broadcasting. Both operate in similar radio frequencies, but use different modulation techniques. Wi-Fi offers a replacement for wired networking. It broadcasts over longer distances than Bluetooth and offers greater security. However, Wi-Fi also requires more expensive equipment, such as a separate base station, and often uses more power. Bluetooth is ideal for data transfers between two devices that are in relatively close proximity to one another.Learn more about Technology | <urn:uuid:de0d653e-71fa-4ea0-9615-a7b02bb97071> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.reference.com/technology/bluetooth-dongle-5900002c0b730e76 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320476.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625083108-20170625103108-00461.warc.gz | en | 0.925919 | 258 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Presentation on theme: "Fresh Start Unit 1 Fresh Start Unit1 “Face” is a sense of worth that comes from knowing one’s status and reflects concern with the congruency between."— Presentation transcript:
Fresh Start Unit 1 Fresh Start Unit1
“Face” is a sense of worth that comes from knowing one’s status and reflects concern with the congruency between one’s performance or appearance and one’s real worth. “Face” stands for a very important sociological concept in Chinese culture. The concept of “face” roughly translates as honour, good reputation or respect. The essence of “face” lies in the drive for acceptance and approval of other people other than one’s real worth. 1. The importance of “face” Cultural information 1 Cultural Information
2. Be yourself; everyone else is already taken. — Oscar Wilde Being yourself is celebrating you, as an individual — learning to express yourself and be happy with who you are. For some people, it’s learning to love yourself. For others, it’s not hiding who you are or changing things about you to fit in. Cultural information 2 Cultural Information
3. Steps to be yourself ● define yourself ● stop worrying about how people perceive you ● be honest and open ● relax ● develop and express your individuality ● believe in who you are ● follow your own style Cultural information 2 Cultural Information
This text is a piece of narrative writing, in which the author tells about her experience during the first year at university, which at first seems to be very awkward but turns out to be on the right track at last. Global Reading - Structural analysis Rhetorical FeaturesStructural Analysis
Structural analysis the first is about her going into the wrong classroom; the second is about her falling down in the cafeteria; the last is about her witnessing the same embarrassing fall happening to someone admired by her. In the text, three incidents are narrated by the author: Despite the differences between these three incidents, they actually revolve around one theme: The growth of the author, who is able to draw lessons from the mistakes she has made and finally succeeds in adjusting herself to the college life. Rhetorical FeaturesStructural Analysis
Rhetorical Features 1 Detailed descriptions of events are everywhere to be seen in this text, which is a dominant feature of narrative writing. Since the description of an event will involve a lot of movements or actions, compound sentences and compound-complex sentences have been used frequently in the text. I first began to wonder what I was doing on a college campus anyway when my parents drove off, leaving me standing pitifully in a parking lot, wanting nothing more than to find my way safely to my dorm room. (Paragraph 1) Rhetorical FeaturesStructural Analysis e.g.
Rhetorical Features 2 I settled into my chair and tried to assume the scientific pose of a biology major, bending slightly forward, tensing my arms in preparation for furious note-taking, and cursing under my breath. (Paragraph 5) Rhetorical FeaturesStructural Analysis e.g.
Detailed reading 1 Detailed Reading Fresh Start Evelyn Herald 1 I first began to wonder what I was doing on a college campus anyway when my parents drove off, leaving me standing pitifully in a parking lot, wanting nothing more than to find my way safely to my dorm room. The fact was that no matter how mature I liked to consider myself, I was feeling just a bit first-gradish. Adding to my distress was the distinct impression that everyone on campus was watching me. My plan was to keep my ears open and my mouth shut and hope no one would notice I was a freshman.
Detailed reading2 2 With that thought in mind, I raised my head, squared my shoulders, and set out in the direction of my dorm, glancing (and then ever so discreetly) at the campus map clutched in my hand. It took everything I had not to stare when I caught my first glimpse of a real live college football player. What confidence, what reserve, what muscles! I only hoped his attention was drawn to my air of assurance rather than to my shaking knees. I spent the afternoon seeking out each of my classrooms so that I could make a perfectly timed entrance before each lecture without having to ask dumb questions about its whereabouts. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading3-4 3 The next morning I found my first class and marched in. Once I was in the room, however, another problem awaited me. Where to sit? Freshmen manuals advised sitting near the front, showing the professor in intelligent and energetic demeanor. After deliberation, I chose a seat in the first row and to the side. I was in the foreground (as advised ), but out of the professor’s direct line of vision. 4 I cracked my anthology of American literature and scribbled the date at the top of a crisp ruled page. “Welcome to Biology 101,” the professor began. A cold sweat broke out on the back of my neck. I groped for my schedule and checked the room number. I was in the right room. Just the wrong building. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading5 5 So now what? Get up and leave in the middle of the lecture? Wouldn’t the professor be angry? I knew everyone would stare. Forget it. I settled into my chair and tried to assume the scientific pose of a biology major, bending slightly forward, tensing my arms in preparation for furious notetaking, and cursing under my breath. The bottled snakes along the wall should have tipped me off. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading6 6 After class I decided my stomach (as well as my ego) needed a little nourishment, and I hurried to the cafeteria. I piled my tray with sandwich goodies and was heading for the salad bar when I accidentally stepped in a large puddle of ketchup. Keeping myself upright and getting out of the mess was not going to be easy, and this flailing of my feet was doing no good. Just as I decided to try another maneuver, my food tray tipped and I lost my balance. As my rear end met the floor, I saw my entire life pass before my eyes: it ended with my first day of college classes. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading7 7 In the seconds after my fall I thought how nice it would be if no one had noticed. But as all the students in the cafeteria came to their feet, table by table, cheering and clapping, I knew they had not only noticed, they were determined that I would never forget it. Slowly I kicked off my ketchup-soaked sandals and jumped clear of the toppled tray and spilled food. A cleanup brigade came charging out of the kitchen, mops in hands. I sneaked out of the cafeteria as the cheers died down behind me. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading8 8 For three days I dined alone on nothing more than humiliation, shame, and an assortment of junk food from a machine strategically placed outside my room. On the fourth day I couldn’t take another crunchy-chewy-salty- sweet bite. I needed some real food. Perhaps three days was long enough for the campus population to have forgotten me. So off to the cafeteria I went. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading9 9 I made my way through the food line and tiptoed to a table, where I collapsed in relief. Suddenly I heard a crash that sounded vaguely familiar. I looked up to see that another poor soul had met the fate that I’d thought was reserved for only me. I was even more surprised when I saw who the poor soul was: the very composed, very upper class football player I’d seen just days before (though he didn’t look quite so composed wearing spaghetti on the front of his shirt). My heart went out to him as people began to cheer and clap as they had for me. He got up, hands held high above his head in a victory clasp, grinning from ear to ear. I expected him to slink out of the cafeteria as I had, but instead he turned around and began preparing another tray. And that’s when I realized I had been taking myself far too seriously. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading10 10 What I had interpreted as a malicious attempt to embarrass a naïve freshman had been merely a moment of college fun. Probably everyone in the cafeteria had done something equally dumb when he or she was a freshman — and had lived to tell about it. 11 Who cared whether I dropped a tray, where I sat in class, or even whether I showed up in the wrong lecture? Nobody. This wasn’t like high school. Popularity was not so important; running with the crowd was no longer a law of survival. In college, it didn’t matter. This was my big chance to do my own thing, be my own woman — if I could get past my preoccupation with doing everything perfectly. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading11 12 Once I recognized that I had no one’s expectations to live up to but my own, I relaxed. The shackles of self- consciousness fell away, and I began to view college as a wonderful experiment. I tried on new experiences like articles of clothing, checking their fit and judging their worth. I broke a few rules to test my conscience. I dressed a little differently until I found the Real Me. I discovered a taste for jazz, and I decided I liked going barefoot. 13 I gave up trying to act my way through college (this wasn’t drama school) and began not acting at all. College, I decided, was probably the only time I would be completely forgiven for massive mistakes (including stepping in puddles of ketchup and dropping food trays). So I used the opportunity to make all the ones I thought I’d never make. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading12 14 Three years after graduation, I’m still making mistakes. And I’m even being forgiven for a few. Detailed Reading
Why did the author have the impression that “everyone on campus was watching me”? Detailed reading1--Quesion The author, being over-sensitive, was uneasy with her identity as a freshman. She thought a new student would attract others’ attention, as what she did or said was liable to be too naïve to be right. That feeling is a typical symptom of lacking in self-confidence. Detailed Reading
Why did the author exclaim “What confidence, what reserve, what muscles!” when she saw the football player? Detailed reading2--Quesion College life was a new experience to the author. That she marveled at the real football player showed her excitement about her new life. And more importantly, her response revealed her admiration of an image which was almost exactly the opposite of her own. This admiration would later become the motivation of her change. Detailed Reading
How many questions are used in Paragraphs 3, 4 and 5? Why does the author raise these questions? Detailed reading3-5-- Quesion Four elliptical questions are used in these paragraphs. Being a freshman, the author was not well acquainted with campus life. She was at a loss as to what to do when something unexpected happened. These questions are used to show her bewilderment. Detailed Reading
Why did she dine on junk food for the next three days? Detailed reading6-8-- Quesion Because she thought she had become the laughing- stock on campus. She couldn’t stand being laughed at by all the students when she turned up in the cafeteria. Detailed Reading
What was the key lesson Evelyn Herald learned during her first few weeks in college? Detailed reading Quesion The key lesson she learned during her first few weeks in college was that she realized she didn’t have to pay too much attention to what other people were thinking about her. The fresh campus life was her big chance to do her own things and be her own person. She might well relax herself and stop worrying about making mistakes because people all grow by trial and error. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading1– Activity Class Activity Group discussion: What lessons have you learned from Evelyn’s experiences after reading the article “Fresh Start”? Share the experiences when you first came to college. Detailed Reading
distinct a. clearly seen, heard, felt, understood, etc.; noticeable Detailed reading1– distinct1 e.g. Now that the boss was no longer present, there was a distinct change in her attitude. The children have distinct memories of their grandfather in his last days. Comparison:distinct & distinctive distinctive: It means having a special quality, character, or appearance that is different and easy to recognize. e.g.There is a distinct smell of beer in this room. distinct: Something that is distinct can clearly be seen, heard, smelled, etc. e.g. Beer has a very distinctive smell; it’s quite distinct from the smell of wine. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading1– distinct2 One of the features of this book is its illustrations. 本书特点之一就是具有清楚明了的图解。 distinctive ____________ distinct _________ Practice: Detailed Reading
clutch vt. hold or grasp vi. try to grasp or seize Detailed reading2– clutch e.g. The frightened woman clutched her bags to her breast. He clutched at the rope we had thrown to him but could not reach it. Synonyms: seize, grasp e.g. She seized my arm as she fell. grasp the essence / main points Detailed Reading
Detailed reading2-- glimpse glimpse n. 1. a quick look at sb. or sth. e.g.I caught a glimpse of our new neighbor. 2. a short experience of sth. that helps you begin to understand it e.g. Her worried face gave me a glimpse of her true feelings. 她的忧伤表情使我感受到她内心的真实感情。 Detailed Reading
Detailed reading2-- reserve reserve n. a quality in sb.’s character that make them not like expressing their emotions or talking about their problems e.g. Being a man of reserve, Mr. York was never popular with his colleagues. Judy has tried every means to break through the reserve of her stepson. Derivation: reserved a. e.g.The English have a reputation for being reserved. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading2-- whereabouts whereabouts n. approximate location ad. used to ask in what general area sth. or sb. is e.g. The orphan’s whereabouts is / are still unknown. The police have appealed for information concerning the whereabouts of the stolen car used in the robbery. Whereabouts did you grow up? Detailed Reading
Detailed reading3-- demeanor demeanor n. the way sb. behaves, dresses, speaks, etc. that shows what their character is like Practice: 他的举止沉着、稳健。 His demeanor was clam and steady. 这个女孩子的态度娴静而谦逊。 The girl has a quiet, modest demeanor. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading3-- scribble scribble (down) v. write sth. quickly and untidily e.g. I scribbled his phone number in my address book. He scribbled down our names. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading3-- grope grope v. 1. try to find sth. that you cannot see by feeling with your hands e.g.Ginny groped for her glasses on the bedside table. Collocations: grope for grope around e.g.We groped around in the darkness. 2. go somewhere by feeling the way with your hands because you cannot see e.g.I was groping my way blindly through the trees. Collocations: grope your way along / across, etc. Detailed Reading
tip off give an advanced warning or hint to Detailed reading5– tip off e.g. Somebody must have tipped the burglars off that the house would be empty. The police was tipped off about the robbery. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading6– goody goody (pl. goodies) n. 1. sth. that is nice to eat e.g. We bought lots of goodies for the picnic. e.g. The competition gives you the chance to win all sorts of goodies. Variant spelling: (British English) goodie 2. sth. attractive, pleasant, or desirable Detailed Reading
Detailed reading6–flail I flailed my arms to get her attention. The baby’s feet flailed under the quilt. e.g. flail v. (cause sth. to) wave or swing about wildly Detailed Reading
Detailed reading6– rear end rear end (informal) the part of your body which you sit on Detailed Reading
Detailed reading7– sneak sneak v. go somewhere secretly and quietly in order to avoid being seen or heard e.g. They sneaked off without paying! She snuck out of the house once her parents were asleep. Collocations: sneak in / out / away / off Synonym: creep Detailed Reading
Detailed reading8–crunchy- chewy-salty-sweet bite Word formation: The four adjectives are chained up with hyphens to form a new modifier placed before a noun. crunchy-chewy-salty-sweet bite Here the modifier “crunchy-chewy-salty-sweet” describes the texture and taste of the fast food, which is crunchy, chewy, salty and sweet. e.g. a red-hot news story an all-round athlete Detailed Reading
Detailed reading9– tiptoe tiptoe v. walk quietly and carefully on your toes, so that nobody hears you e.g. His mother tiptoed into the room. I tiptoed along the corridor. Collocation: tiptoe around (sth.): try to avoid dealing with a difficult or embarrassing subject or problem e.g. They were tiptoeing around the delicate subject of money. Detailed Reading
poor (old) soul used to show pity for sb. Detailed reading9– poor (old) soul e.g.The poor old soul had fallen and broken her hip. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading9– spaghetti tagliatelle 意大利干面条 a type of pasta that is cut into very long thin flat pieces spaghetti 意大利式细面条 a type of pasta in very long thin pieces, that is cooked in boiling water macaroni 通心粉 a type of pasta in the shape of small tubes Detailed Reading
Detailed reading9-- go out to sb. go out to sb. used to say that someone feels a lot of sympathy towards another person e.g. His heart went out to Mrs. Bradshaw and her fatherless child. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading9–grin grin v. show that you are very happy or pleased by smiling widely Collocation: grin from ear to ear: grin very widely Detailed Reading
Detailed reading9–slink slink v. go or move in a quiet, stealthy way; move as if one feels guilty or ashamed, or does not want to be seen e.g. She tried to slink (=sneak) out of the office so that nobody would see her. The cat slunk (=sneaked) through the grass toward its prey. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading10– malicious malicious a. very unkind and cruel, and deliberately behaving in a way that is likely to upset or hurt sb. e.g. a malicious remark malicious gossip Derivation ： malice (n.): a desire to harm sb. because you hate them e.g. He did it through malice. I am quite certain that his wife bears malice to / towards / against (=feels continuing dislike for) me. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading10–run with the crowd Comparison and translation run with the crowd An independent man, Peter never goes with the tide. 彼得是个有主见的人，从不随大流。 __________________________________________________________ You can do what you want to do, but never follow the crowd. 你想做什么就做什么，可别随大流。 __________________________________________________________ Hait hasn’t got a mind of his own on any matter of importance; he just swims with the tide. 海特在任何重要问题上都没有自己的主见，他只是随大流。 __________________________________________________________________________________ She is always falling into line with the majority. 她总是随大流。 ___________________________ Detailed Reading
Detailed reading11– shackle shackle n. a metal fastening, usually one of a pair, for encircling and confining the ankle or wrist of a prisoner or captive; (fig.) a restraint or check to action or progress, often used in the plural form The policeman placed shackles on the suspect’s hands. It is hard to break through the shackles of habit. e.g. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading1– It took everything … It took everything I had not to stare when I caught my first glimpse of a real live college football player. (Paragraph 2) Paraphrase: I could not help staring at the football player who was a direct contrast to myself and represented what I had desired but failed to be. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading3– I was in … I was in the foreground. (Paragraph 3) Paraphrase: Foreground means, as opposite to background, the part of a scene, landscape, etc. nearest, or represented in perspective as nearest, to the viewer, or the most noticeable or conspicuous position. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading9– I made my way … I made my way through the food line and tiptoed to a table, where I collapsed in relief. (Paragraph 9) Explanation: What she meant is that she sat down in relief as no one had noticed her. “Collapsed” is a hyperbole indicating her anxiety and the contrasting reality that no one actually cared. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading10– Probably… Probably everyone in the cafeteria had done something equally dumb when he or she was a freshman — and had lived to tell about it. (Paragraph 10) Paraphrase: Everyone who had done something dumb had survived the embarrassment (and so was able to recount the experience afterwards). Detailed Reading
Detailed reading11– I dressed a little … I dressed a little differently until I found the Real Me. (Paragraph 12) Explanation: Metaphorically, she means that she tried different experiences, as if trying on different articles of clothing, until she finally determined what her life should be like. Detailed Reading
Consolidation Activities- Vocabulary main Phrase Practice Word Derivation Synonym / Antonym VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar
4) Our sympathies the relatives of the victims. Consolidation Activities- Phrase practice 1 1) You have to take your daughter to hospital, as a rash on her face and hands. VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar has broken out _________________ 2) In the darkness, I the right box. groped for ____________ 3) I warned him repeatedly that it was no good that kind of tricks me. trying ________ on ____ go out to __________ Fill in the blank in each sentence with an appropriate phrasal verb or collocation from the text.
Consolidation Activities- Phrase practice 2 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 5) The drug traffickers were arrested after the police were by the local residents. tipped off ___________
Consolidation Activities- break out VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar e.g. 印度尼西亚爆发了森林火灾。 Forest fires have broken out across Indonesia. break out: (of war, fighting, disease, or similarly undesirable things) start suddenly
Consolidation Activities- grope for VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar e.g. 我在黑洞洞的屋里摸索着寻找电灯开关。 I grope for the light switch in the dark room. grope for: feel or search about uncertainly (for something) by hands; search uncertainly or with difficulty (for a solution, answer, etc.)
Consolidation Activities- try on VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar e.g. 你可以试试这件新上衣。 人们为什么热衷于摸彩票？ You can try on this new coat. try on: put on (an article of clothing) to find out whether it fits or is suitable; test the effect or result of Why do people like to try their luck on lottery?
Consolidation Activities- go out to sb. VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar e.g. 他非常同情布莱克曼夫人和她那没有父亲的孩子。 His heart went out to Mrs. Blackman and her fatherless child. go out to sb.: feel sympathy towards sb. and think about them
Consolidation Activities- tip off VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar e.g. 他向警察告密，揭露了恐怖分子的阴谋。 He tipped off the police about the terrorist plot. tip off: give an advance warning or hint to …
Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.1 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 1) assurance n. → assure v. → assuring a. e.g. 她向我们保证一切都会好起来的。 他的安慰话帮我排除了恐惧。 She gave us her assurance that everything would turn out all right. or She assured us that everything would turn out all right. His assuring words helped to banish my fear.
Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.2 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 2) discreet a. → discreetly ad. → discretion / discreetness n. e.g. 提出忠告要谨慎，接受忠告要虚心。 那人小心翼翼地把名片放进上衣口袋。 他以最谨慎的态度处理此事。 You need to be discreet in giving advice, humble in accepting it. The man discreetly slipped the card into his top pocket. He handled the matter with his best discretion.
Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.3 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 3) relax v. → relaxing a. → relaxation n. e.g. 你可以通过按摩来放松肌肉。 业余爱好应该是可以使人放松的。 瑜伽是一种可以使身心放松的运动。 You can relax your muscles by massage. Hobbies are supposed to be relaxing. Yoga is an exercise that can provide mental and physical relaxation.
Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.4 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 4) humiliation n. → humiliate v. → humiliating a. e.g. 士可杀不可辱。 他在老板面前批评他的同事，因而让同事蒙羞。 历史上中国曾被迫签署了太多屈节辱国的条约。 A scholar prefers death to humiliation. He humiliated his colleague by criticising him in front of the boss. In history, China has been forced to sign too many humiliating treaties.
Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.5 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 5) strategically ad. → strategic a. → strategy n. e.g. 在战略上，我们应该藐视一切敌人。 一般而言，首先参战的那方具有战略优势。 西部大开发战略吸引了全世界的注意。 Strategically we should despise all our enemies. The large-scale development strategy for the western region drew worldwide attention. Generally, the first to the field of battle has the strategic advantage.
He spared the embarrassment of kissing her in front of everybody. Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.6 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 6) embarrass v. → embarrassing a. → embarrassment n. e.g. 他淘气地寻找机会让他姐姐难堪。 每个人都会遇到不知该给服务生多少小费的窘境。 他避免了在众人面前吻她的尴尬。 He mischievously looked for a chance to embarrass his sister. Everyone has faced the embarrassing dilemma of deciding how much extra to give a waiter.
Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.7 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 7) maneuver v./n. → maneuverable a. e.g. 他设法跻身董事会。 在军事演习中，蓝军企图摸营，被红军挫败。 这艘船的大小适中，可操作性很强。 He maneuvered himself into the board of directors. In the military maneuver, the blue army attempted to attack the red army’s sentinels in the dark, but was defeated. The ship is of an appropriate size and is highly maneuverable.
The fruits, mature or immature, can be conserved with sugar. Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.8 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 8) mature a. → maturity n. e.g. 她是位成熟的夫人，但显得年轻而且异乎寻常地美丽。 她到十六岁发育成熟。 不管熟还是没有熟的水果，都可以用糖来保存。 She was a mature woman, but appeared young and was extraordinarily beautiful. She had reached maturity by the time she was sixteen. Antonym: immature a. → immaturity n.
carefully, meticulously Consolidation Activities- Synonym / Antonym1 1. Adding to my distress was the distinct impression that everyone on campus was watching me. Antonyms:vague, indistinct 2. With that thought in mind, I raised my head, squared my shoulders, and set out in the direction of my dorm, glancing (and then ever so discreetly) at the campus map clutched in my hand. Synonyms: VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar
Consolidation Activities- Synonym / Antonym2 3. What confidence, what reserve, what muscles! Synonyms:self-restraint, self-control 4. I spent the afternoon seeking out each of my classrooms so that I could make a perfectly timed entrance before each lecture without having to ask dumb questions about its whereabouts. Antonyms ： clever, intelligent, sensible VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar
Consolidation Activities- Synonym / Antonym3 5. Freshmen manuals advised sitting near the front, showing the professor in intelligent and energetic demeanor. Synonyms:manner, behaviour 6. I was even more surprised when I saw who the poor soul was: the very composed, very upper class football player I’d seen just days before … Antonyms:excited, agitated VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 7. I expected him to slink out of the cafeteria as I had, but instead he turned around and began preparing another tray. Synonym:sneak
Consolidation Activities- Synonym / Antonym4 8. What I had interpreted as a malicious attempt to embarrass a naive freshman had been merely a moment of college fun. Antonyms:mature, sophisticated VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar
Consolidation Activities- Grammar main VocabularyGrammarTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWriting Nominal Clauses so that Adverbial Clauses of Concession
Consolidation Activities- Grammar1.1 1) Nominal Clauses There are five main types of nominal clauses: that- clauses, interrogative sub-clauses, nominal relative clauses, nominal to-infinitive clauses and nominal -ing clauses. Nominal clauses function like noun phrases. They can occur as subject, object, complement, apposition, and prepositional complement. VocabularyGrammarTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWriting
Consolidation Activities- Grammar1.2 VocabularyGrammarTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWriting e.g. The hope is [that we will succeed]. (complement) The hope [that we will succeed] is unrealistic. (apposition) [What you do] does not concern me. (subject) I didn’t ask [where you live]. (object) I had prepared myself very carefully for [what I must say]. (prepositional complement) [To send him money now] would be [to put the cart before the horse]. (subject; complement)
Consolidation Activities- Grammar1.4 Practice Combine each pair of sentences into one, using nominal clauses. VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 1. Did he ever go there at all? Do you know? Do you know if/whether he ever went there at all? 2. What do you need? You need a good rest. What you need is a good rest. 3. Who does it belong to? You must give it back. You must give it back to whoever it belongs to.
Consolidation Activities- Grammar1.6 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 4. I decided to resign, which was wise. My decision to resign was wise. 5. It is proposed that we should import more equipment. The proposal is to be discussed at the meeting. The proposal that we should import more equipment is to be discussed at the meeting. 6. Who can have told you that? It puzzles me. Who can have told you that puzzles me.
Consolidation Activities- Grammar2.1 2) so that VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar So that introduces an adverbial clause of purpose, which usually contains a modal verb. The teacher must speak clearly [so that his students can understand well]. They climbed to the top of the mountain [so that they could get a bird’s-eye view of the city]. e.g.
Consolidation Activities- Grammar2.2 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Practice 1. He wore glasses and a false beard. Nobody would recognize him. Combine each pair of sentences into one, using “so that”. He wore glasses and a false beard so that nobody would recognize him. 2. They are hurrying. They don’t want to miss the train. They are hurrying so that they may not miss the train. 3. Please arrive early. We want to be able to start the meeting on time Please arrive early so that we can start the meeting on time.
Consolidation Activities- Grammar2.3 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 4. John wanted to be heard in every room. He spoke through a microphone. John spoke through a microphone so that he could be heard in every room. 5. She locked the door. She didn’t want to be disturbed. She locked the door so that she wouldn’t be disturbed. 6. John has bought a bicycle. He may save money on fares. John has bought a bicycle so that he may save money on fares.
[Although the car was badly damaged], none of the passengers was hurt. We enjoyed our holiday [despite the fact that it rained sometimes]. [However difficult the situation is], we shall stick to it. Consolidation Activities- Grammar3.1 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 3) Adverbial Clauses of Concession Adverbial clauses of concession express a contrast of meaning or implication of “unexpectedness” in relation with the main clauses. They are often introduced by concessive conjunctions such as although, though or prepositions such as despite. e.g.
Consolidation Activities- Grammar3.2 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Practice Combine each pair of sentences into one, using adverbial clauses of concession. 1. He had been prevented by illness from studying. He passed the exam. He passed the exam although he had been prevented by illness from studying. 2. He might be or not be here. I shouldn’t have time to see him. No matter whether he was here or not, I shouldn’t have time to see him.
Consolidation Activities- Grammar3.3 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 3. Mr. Johnson is rich. Mr. Johnson is by no means a happy man. Rich as he is / Although he is rich, Mr. Johnson is by no means a happy man. 4. He is ill. He works hard. Despite / Although he is ill, he works hard. 5. The minister escaped without a scratch. Everything around the minister was blown to pieces. Though everything around him was blown to pieces, the minister escaped without a scratch.
Consolidation Activities- Translation1 1. 听到他屡遭失败的消息，我感到很难过。 (distress) If you distress someone, you upset them by doing or saying something that causes them to feel unhappy or alarmed. VocabularyGrammarTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWriting Translate the following sentences into English. It distressed me a great deal to hear the news that he had suffered repeated failures.
Consolidation Activities- Translation2 Practice ： 如果我问了你的这一切使你感到苦恼，我很抱歉。 请不要自寻烦恼。 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar I’m sorry if I’ve distressed you by asking all this. Please don’t distress yourself.
Consolidation Activities- Translation3 2. 他虽然失去了老板的欢心，但仍然装出一副高兴的样子。 (assume) VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar If you assume a particular expression or way of behaving, you look or behave in this way deliberately in order to give people a particular impression. He assumed an air for cheerfulness, even though he lost favor with his boss.
Consolidation Activities- Translation4 Practice ： 文职官员们装出一副军人的样子。 他装出一副悔过的样子。 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Civil servants assume a certain military air. He assumed an expression of penitence.
Consolidation Activities- Translation5 3. 如果你再犯同样的错误，他会对你非常生气的。 (furious) VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar When you are furious with / at sb. or sth., you are extremely angry or annoyed with him / at it. He will be furious with you if you repeat the same mistake.
Consolidation Activities- Translation6 Practice ： 他为没有更早明白这件事而对自己非常生气。 他因为她所做的事情而大发雷霆。 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar He was furious with himself for not realizing it sooner. He was furious with her at what she had done.
Consolidation Activities- Translation7 4. 我们都被他的坦率的观点、幽默的语言和亲切的态度所 深深吸引。 (draw) VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar If something draws you, it is so interesting or noticeable that you look at it or move towards it. We were all greatly drawn by his frank views, humorous words and genial manner.
The Hollywood blockbuster has used many big stars to draw a large audience. Consolidation Activities- Translation8 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Practice ： 收音机的声音吸引了孩子们的注意。 这部好莱坞大片为了吸引大批观众，动用了许多大牌明星。 The noise of the radio drew the children.
Consolidation Activities- Translation7 5. 等到欢呼的掌声平息下来，那位诺贝尔奖获得者开始演 讲。 (die down) VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar If something dies down, it becomes very much quieter or less intense. After the cheering applause died down, the Nobel Prize winner began his speech.
The gossip will soon die down now that the woman is dead. Consolidation Activities- Translation8 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Practice ： 她等到笑声渐渐停止。 既然这名妇女已经死了，这些闲言碎语也将很快消失。 She waited until the laughter had died down.
Consolidation Activities- Translation7 6. 我发现现实毕竟是非常严酷的，一个人难以完全按照自 己的理想去生活。 (live up to) VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar If someone or something lives up to what they were expected or desired to be or do, they are as good as they were expected or desired to be. I feel realities are after all very harsh, so one can hardly live up entirely to his ideals.
You have failed to live up to your promises. Consolidation Activities- Translation8 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Practice ： 这部电影没有我期望的那么好。 你没能实现自己的诺言。 The film didn’t live up to my expectations.
Consolidation Activities- Dictation VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Dictation You will hear a passage read three times. At the first reading, you should listen carefully for its general idea. At the second reading, you are required to write down the exact words you have just heard (with proper punctuation). At the third reading, you should check what you have written down.
Consolidation Activities- Integrated skills1 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Dictation There are generally two educational methods: / the lecture method and the group learning method. / In a lecture classroom, / the teacher dominates the class / by doing most of the talking. / Students listen and take notes. / This method is best at passing on content to students. / It prepares students for a society / that values discipline and self-control. / The problem is that students forget most of the facts / that they have mechanically memorized. / In contrast, / the teacher of a group learning classroom / appears to have no definite
Consolidation Activities- Integrated skills2 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar role at all, / wandering about from group to group. / Students do not memorise information, / but they actively generate their own ideas, / each contributing insights for the success of the group. / This method prepares students for a society / that values creative ideas. / The disadvantage is that / students have not memorised enough basic facts.
Consolidation Activities- Integrated skills3 Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE word you think appropriate. Academic success (1) in many forms. For most students, it’s a stellar transcript that opens doors into great jobs or great graduate schools. For (2), academic success also includes (3) happens outside of the classroom. With so much (4) on in college, though, how can you make sure you’re headed down a path toward true academic success — and toward a truly rewarding college experience? comes _______ others _______ what _______ VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar going _______
You may arrive at college knowing that you are destined to become a teacher, a lawyer, a doctor, or an engineer. Or you may arrive (5) having the slightest idea about what you want to major in. No matter which end of the spectrum you’re on, however, you should let yourself explore everything that your school has to (6) academically. Take classes in a subject you’ve never taken before. Follow a passion that doesn’t (7) to your major. Just let yourself really learn from your environment. There will undoubtedly be a lot of people giving you advice about what you should do during and after (8). Consolidation Activities- Integrated skills4 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar not ____ offer ______ college ________ relate _______
And while you may be in school to learn, you will, at some point, have to draw your own line in the sand. Pick a career and course of study that suits you, (9) your parents. Pay attention to the fire in your belly and learn what you’re truly passionate about. Make sure you’re happy at your school. And once you’ve made a choice, feel confident in your decision and do all you can to (10) from the resources around you. Consolidation Activities- Integrated skills5 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar not ____ learn ______
Consolidation Activities- Hints1 This sentence lacks a predicate of intransitive verb, meaning “to happen” or “to occur”. VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar
Consolidation Activities- Hints2 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar After for most students, here an echoing structure is naturally expected.
Consolidation Activities- Hints3 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Grammatically speaking, in this sentence, includes needs an object whereas happens outside the classroom at the same time requires for a subject. In terms of the meaning, it can be inferred from the context as “academic success also includes the thing that happens outside the classroom”. A pronoun, which leads an object clause and functions as “the thing that”, is required here.
Consolidation Activities- Hints4 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Here following with so much, a noun or gerund is expected. In college is a separate phrase, leaving on pending to combine with the previous missing word, which hints at a phrase that means a lot of things are taking place or happening.
Consolidation Activities- Hints5 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar You may arrive at college knowing something, “or” you may arrive not knowing anything. Or here strongly suggests a contrast in meaning, which is also suggested by the following expression end of the spectrum you are on. In the meantime, the slightest often collocates with negations, and not to have the slightest idea is a natural expression to mean “to have no idea”. Here, before the –ing participle having, a word of negation is expected.
Consolidation Activities- Hints6 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar After the infinitive marker “to”, the basic form of a verb is naturally expected. “That” leads in an attributive clause to modify “everything”, which serves as the object of this verb. The next sentence indicates an antonym of “take” is required here.
Consolidation Activities- Hints7 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar This sentence further illustrates the previous sentence Take classes in a subject you’ve never taken before. Naturally, the passion and your major should not be related. After “doesn’t”, the basic form of a verb is naturally expected. And it must be able to collocate with “to”.
Consolidation Activities- Hints8 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar After the two prepositions during and after, a noun or gerund is needed. The whole passage talks about life in college. It can be inferred from the context that the advice people give you concerns with your life during and after college.
Consolidation Activities- Hints9 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar How to draw your own line in the sand? The next sentence should further explain this idea and “your own line” stresses the contrast between your own decision and your parents’ choice. So a negation is naturally expected here.
Consolidation Activities- Hints10 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Judging from the context and the logic of the passage, this sentence echoes the repeated message in the previous part, e.g. “Just let yourself really learn from your environment”. After the infinitive marker “to”, the basic form of a verb is naturally expected.
Consolidation Activities- Oral activities VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Giving a Talk Having a Discussion
busy / idle, great professors, a big campus, diversified courses, fewer exams, first experience of romantic love, a wide spectrum of extra-curricular activities, part-time jobs Consolidation Activities- Oral activities1 Topic A: How I Started My College Life Topic B: My Idea of What College Life Should Be Like VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar freshman, orientation week, campus tour, placement tests, oral interviews for admission to different students’ societies, chaos, excitement, homesickness Words and phrases for reference ： Words and phrases for reference:
Consolidation Activities- Having a discussion Having a Discussion Topic: Do you believe that one can live a perfect life without making any mistake? VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Viewpoints for reference: a. To be a better self is far more important than to be perfect for everything. b. The idea of living a perfect life urges us to be a better self.
a definable beginning, middle and ending; a central idea (or the thesis) descriptive, narrative, expositive, persuasive (or argumentative) Consolidation Activities- Writing main VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Essay Writing 1. An Introduction Different kinds of essays: Structural features:
Consolidation Activities- Writing1 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar What makes a good essay: Task ResponseCoherence and Cohesion Lexical Resource Grammatical Range and Accuracy Fully and appropriately explain / prove / discuss the thesis with clear, relevant and well-supported ideas in required length Information and ideas are well organized, presented and linked A wide range of vocabulary used in an accurate and appropriate manner for the task A wide range of structures used in an accurate and appropriate manner for the task
Consolidation Activities- Writing3 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 2. Sample Why King’s College? ① This paragraph will explain why I am going to King’s College. ② The first reason I go to KC is that it is small. ③ The classes are easy to get to on time, and if I have to run to the library, I can get there quickly. ④ Second, KC is located in a small town. ⑤ I can walk anywhere I want to go. ⑥ Third, the cost of going to KC is low, and most of the books are checked out to the students in the library. ⑦ Fourth, the instructors are friendly and easy to find during their office hours. ⑧ This paragraph has explained why I am attending King’s College. Sample Analysis
Consolidation Activities- Writing4 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar The sample is a one-paragraph essay. Sentence ① constitutes the beginning of the essay and also serves as its thesis. Sentences ② - ⑦ are supporting ideas and make up its body. Sentence ⑧ is the end of this essay and reiterates its main idea.
Consolidation Activities- Writing5 VocabularyGrammarTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWriting 3. Practice Write a one-paragraph essay on the given topic: Why I Kept ________ as My Pet.
Consolidation Activities- Writing6 VocabularyGrammarTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWriting Why I Kept a Cat as My Pet Most people choose to keep cats as their pets for some similar reasons. First and foremost, I think cats are cute. I love to see my cat mewing to be fed. And it seems cats can do a lot of things with their body. They curl up and bury their face when they sleep. They arch their back in a frightened and defensive mode. And even fashion models try to imitate “cat’s walk”. Second, cats are clean animals. They do a tidy-up after they eat. They can be trained to use cat litter when they have to pee and shit indoors. Third, cats are better than dogs in a sense that you don’t have to walk them, which can save me a lot of trouble. Keeping pets can be a rather personal choice and my first pet cat was given by my father as a birthday gift. Example:
Section Five Further Enhancement Text IIMemorable Quotes Lead-in Questions Text Questions for Discussion
Lead-in Questions 1.How do you understand the purpose of a University? 2. What can corrupt a University’s soul? Lead-in questions Text IIMemorable Quotes e.g.Intellectual corruption: plagiarism. To train its recruits to be qualified for a job. To educate its students to be civilized citizens. To urge on knowledge seekers to pursue thought, wisdom and even truth. a. b. c.
A University Stands and Shines John Masefield 1 There are few earthly things more splendid than a University. In these days of broken frontiers and collapsing values, when the dams are down and the floods are making misery, when every future looks somewhat grim and every ancient foothold has become something of a quagmire, wherever a University stands, it stands and shines; wherever it exists, the free minds of men, urged on to full and fair enquiry, may still bring wisdom into human affairs. Text1 Text IIMemorable Quotes
Text2 Text IIMemorable Quotes There are few earthly things more beautiful than a University. It is a place where those who hate ignorance may strive to know, where those who perceive truth may strive to make others see; where seekers and learners alike, banded together in the search for knowledge, will honour thought in all its finer ways, will welcome thinkers in distress or in exile, will uphold ever the dignity of thought and learning and will exact standards in these things. They give to the young in their impressionable years, the bond of a lofty purpose shared, of a great corporate life whose links will not be loosed until they die. They give young people that close companionship for which youth longs, and that chance of the endless discussion of the themes which are endless, without which youth would seem a waste of time. 2
Text3 Text IIMemorable Quotes There are few things more enduring than a University. Religions may split into sect or heresy; dynasties may perish or be supplanted, but for century after century the University will continue, and the stream of life will pass through it, and the thinker and the seeker will be found together in the undying cause of bringing thought into the world. To be a member of one of these great Societies must ever be a glad distinction. In conferring it upon us you declare, or let it be presumed, that we are qualified to teach in those ways of life which we have followed. It has been a mark of the Humanist since he began among us that “gladly wolde he lerne, and gladly teche”; and although all of us would more gladly learn than teach, to be counted fit to teach is something of a crown to all men
Text4 Text IIMemorable Quotes On behalf of my fellows in this glory, on behalf of the very learned, valiant, wise and gifted men beside me here, who stand for the Law by which we live, the air by which we breathe, the Free Enquiry by which we hope to endure, and the Art by which we shall be remembered, I thank you for this great distinction, which links us with you while we last. 6
Text1 – About the author Text IIMemorable Quotes About the author: John Edward Masefield ( ) was an English poet and writer, and Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom from 1930 until his death in He is remembered as the author of the classic children’s novels The Midnight Folk and The Box of Delights, 19 other novels (including Captain Margaret, Multitude and Solitude and Sard Harker), and many memorable poems, including “The Everlasting Mercy” and “Sea-Fever”, from his anthology Saltwater Ballads. The text was a speech delivered at the University of Sheffield on June 25, 1946, in response to a toast in his honor.
impressionable years (Paragraph 2): the years when the young are learning in a university and when they are most apt to learn and shape their personality Text2 – impressionable years Text IIMemorable Quotes
one of these great Societies (Paragraph 4) ： It refers to a University which, according to the author, is most splendid, most beautiful and most enduring of all earthly things. Text4 one of these great … Text IIMemorable Quotes
Text3– gladly wolde … Text IIMemorable Quotes … gladly wolde he lerne, and gladly teche (Paragraph 5) ： A quotation of Chaucer, it is a pedagogical advice from Geoffrey Chaucer, who in his Canterbury Tales describes the Clerk of Oxford thus: “Gladly wolde he lerne and gladly teche.” The three operative words in that Middle English sentence from six hundred years ago are “gladly,” “learn,” and “teach.” What Chaucer meant was that without gladness — without joy — one can expect from the educative process only a little learning.
In these days of broken frontiers and collapsing values, when the dams are down and the floods are making misery, when every future looks somewhat grim and every ancient foothold has become something of a quagmire, wherever a University stands, it stands and shines … (Paragraph 1): Speaking metaphorically, Masefield is commenting on the reality of the time before and after World War II, and the human affairs that lack wisdom. Frontiers and dams represent restraints on human vices and, according to John Masefield, could be provided by human wisdom. Text1– In these days … Text IIMemorable Quotes
Text2- They give Text IIMemorable Quotes They give to the young in their impressionable years, the bond of a lofty purpose shared, of a great corporate life whose links will not be loosed until they die. (Paragraph 2): Professors will provide students, who are in the most vulnerable age and most apt for learning, both knowledge and enlightenment, and guide them in a noble direction.
Questions for discussion1 1. How do you understand the idea that a University is even more enduring than religions and dynasties? A University is even more enduring than religions and dynasties in that it is a place where the undying cause of bringing thought into the world is carried out. Text IIMemorable Quotes 2. The author maintains that “the thinker and the seeker will be found together in the undying cause of bringing thought into the world” (Paragraph 3). Cite a modern instance or two of thought brought into the world. Charles Darwin: theory of evolution; Albert Einstein: theory of relativity; Sigmund Freud: theory of psychoanalysis.
3. What is the Humanist? What do you think are the major marks of the Humanist? The Humanist is the man who believes in human intelligence and reason rather than depending on a god or religion. Some of the major marks are stress on intellectual side, the emphasis on human dignity, sufficient attention paid to the importance of the present life, and the improvement of one’s ability and the pursuit of the beauty of life. It may mean that it is an honor to be part of a University. 4. What is “this great distinction” the author mentions in the last but one line of the selection? Questions for discussion2 Text IIMemorable Quotes
5. Make an analysis of these few paragraphs and show four main points of the selection. Four main points of the selection could be that a University is splendid; it is beautiful; it is enduring; and it is an honor to be part of it. Questions for discussion3 Text IIMemorable Quotes
Memorable Quotes1 Text IIMemorable Quotes 1. Mistakes are the portals of discovery. — James Joyce
2. Experience is the name everyone gives to their mistakes. — Oscar Wilde Memorable Quotes3 Text IIMemorable Quotes
Questions for discussion1 Text IIMemorable Quotes Questions for Discussion 1) Discuss with your classmates some mistakes you’ll probably try to avoid on your journey through life and explain why. For example: I can not afford to choose a wrong career because I think it’ll be rather difficult for me to transfer from one line of work to another … Tip
For example: a. I believe choosing English as my major is a big mistake because my mother picked it for me. I gradually found out I was not interested in language study at all. Now I’ve learned the importance of making my own choice. b. The biggest mistake I’ve made so far is that I never allow myself to make any mistake. I feel much pressure from my perfectionism obsession. And I’ve lost some precious opportunities to achieve major breakthroughs in my university life because of this. Questions for discussion1 Text IIMemorable Quotes 2) Share with your classmates a mistake you’ve made in your life. And discuss with them what you’ve learned from it. Tip
Memorable Quotes1 Text IIMemorable Quotes James Joyce ( ) was an Irish novelist and poet of the early 20th century, best known for his landmark novel Ulysses (1922), a modern re-telling of The Odyssey.
Memorable Quotes1 Text IIMemorable Quotes Oscar Wilde ( ) was an Irish writer and poet, regarded as one of London’s most popular playwrights in the early 1890s, also a spokesman for aestheticism. | <urn:uuid:ee3171a7-314b-4cd5-b376-9e03e5c5876c> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/4265306/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698544097.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170904-00204-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934848 | 14,463 | 3.421875 | 3 |
What Happens During A Stroke?
When the required blood supply to the brain is affected, it leads to stroke. This stoppage or interruption in the blood flow to the brain is caused either due to:
- Any blockage
- Any bursting of an artery
It ultimately leads to a stoppage in the flow of blood to the brain, thus impacting the functioning of the brain cells. In severe cases, the condition can be life-threatening as well.
It all depends upon the injury or disruption to the brain cell caused by stroke. In some cases, the recovery is almost impossible. On the some other, sometimes with the help of home care for stroke patients, therapy or rehabilitation, the patient recovers rapidly. Certain techniques like living aids, adaptive equipment, or other innovative tools are counted in the category of stroke aids. These can help an individual to recover successfully and lead a healthy life again.
The article will highlight some easy-to-follow therapy sessions for stroke patients to help them in the easy recovery.
Explore The Internet for Free Therapy Sessions:
It is believed that during a stroke attack, every 1 out of 5 patients suffers a direct impact on their peripheral vision. Thus, they find it hard to either locate things or even read properly. On the web, some online free therapy tools can help brain cells recover to improve their vision.
Sometimes, it is just about 20 minutes’ free session online; a person recovering from a stroke can improve their vision to some extent.
About The Rehabilitation Games
Since stroke impacts one side of the body more than the other, it weakens that body part. The recovery of such patients is possible with some level of rehabilitation. Each week you need to undergo 45 minutes of therapy for revival purposes. However, repetition, in this case, is essential, and one needs to ensure that.
In this case, there are rehabilitation games that are available online. These are aimed towards improving the motor skills for independent living. Some games involve the use of arms for better coordination purposes. In other, the tracking of fingers is practised for better hand movements after stroke.
Confidence for Better Communication:
Yet another issue which many stroke patients feel is unable to communicate with people properly. It is also due to stroke impact on one side of the body, including the tongue. This condition is called aphasia. There is some computer software for this purpose. Such games can help patients improve their level of understanding. However, it could do less as far as proper conversation is concerned.
Apart from these, some therapies can help make tea even with the help of better technological involvement. Some other rehabilitation games can do wonders for patients recovering from a stroke. It is not about performing that particular task once; it is about repeating the same task for reinforcement purposes. Thus better results could be attained.
Selecting the right rehabilitation technique depends upon the intensity of stroke and its impact on the patient. Thus, you need to select the right technique accordingly. | <urn:uuid:44567009-38ff-4931-92a2-0f79c4cee8ad> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.wcbct.org/importance-of-stroke-recovery-aids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301488.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119185232-20220119215232-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.943716 | 609 | 3.15625 | 3 |
As the United States looks to wind down the war in Afghanistan and grapples with upheaval in Syria, several smaller conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East also could have national security implications for the United States and its allies.
These “internal political crises,” as Center for Strategic and International Studies senior fellow Robert Lamb describes them, could destabilize an entire region or prompt the U.S. to intervene either politically or militarily to prevent an escalation through actions ranging from economic sanctions to drone attacks.
But Lamb warns: “We aren’t always all that good at addressing these sorts of situations."
Here are five smaller political conflicts that hold dangers for the United States:
- Mali: In recent days, France has intervened in the African nation with the deployment of hundreds of troops to key areas and with the launch of aerial assaults on Islamic militants advancing from the north. Though the U.S. is only providing logistical and surveillance assistance to France, Islamic militant groups linked to al-Qaida in northern Mali could use their territory to launch attacks on Western nations or jeopardize peace in neighboring countries. Analysts liken the stronghold that Islamic extremist groups have in the north to what the Taliban had in Afghanistan during the 1990s.
- Somalia: As the Somali government tries to take control of the war-torn nation in the Horn of Africa, the U.S. has conducted airstrikes there during President Obama’s tenure. The strikes from American unmanned drones have targeted al-Qaida-linked groups, and are expected to continue for the foreseeable future. On Friday, the U.S. provided "limited technical support” to France in an operation to rescue a French citizen being held by militants, Obama announced days later. Although U.S. combat aircraft entered Somali airspace, they did not fire their weapons. The hostage and at least one French soldier died in the gunfight.
- Yemen: Yemen’s new and unstable government is dealing with threats from both the north and the south. The U.S. ambassador to Yemen recently said that Iran was assisting secessionists in the southern part of Yemen in an attempt to destabilize a government that has helped the U.S. combat terrorism. Yemen also sits around the Strait of Hormuz, a key waterway for Iranian trade. Not only is Yemen dealing with separatists in the south, but it is combating al-Qaida and other Islamic militants in the northern part of the country. In the last year, al-Qaida militants have targeted government, military, and security officials throughout Yemen. The U.S. has ramped up its drone attacks in the region and has killed several high-ranking al-Qaida leaders as well.
- Uganda/Central African Republic: To help Ugandan troops in their fight against the Lord’s Resistance Army and its leader Joseph Kony, Obama sent 100 U.S. special forces troops to Uganda about a year ago. Although the troops are combat-equipped, they are mainly there to help with surveillance, logistics, and training. Since Kony has fled Uganda, the U.S.-assisted troops have moved into neighboring Central African Republic, which has recently been dealing with its own rebel insurgency. Last week, the C.A.R. government made a deal with rebels to end a conflict that could have disrupted the hunt for Kony.
- Democratic Republic of the Congo: Struggling with both immense poverty and political insecurity for decades, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been combatting rebel groups in the eastern part of the country, one of which is receiving aid from Rwanda. The U.S. has begun training carefully vetted members of the Congolese military, which has had a reputation for corruption. Instability in such a large nation in the heart of Africa could engulf several surrounding nations. This conflict might not get as much attention, however, as it does not have the threat of spawning international terrorism, as the do the conflicts in Mali and Somalia. | <urn:uuid:8f016e7f-0d7b-44a6-a7d2-8d749faf54b6> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.nationaljournal.com/nationalsecurity/5-conflicts-abroad-that-could-have-implications-for-the-u-s-20130115?mrefid=skybox | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500829916.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021349-00110-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968951 | 810 | 2.59375 | 3 |
If you live in Phoenix, you know where the Black Canyon Road is. It's the I-17 freeway, which replaced the Black Canyon Highway, which is at about 27th Avenue. But not in old-time Phoenix!
In the map above, you're looking at what would be 7th Avenue on the left and 7th Street on the right nowadays. And north of the city limits, which in 1897, was at Van Buren, 7th Avenue was the Black Canyon Road and 7th Street was the Cave Creek Road. Yeah, that one has moved too, about the same distance, to about 28th Street.
Of course Phoenix has grown since then. And after many years it gets kind of confusing. Many of the street names in Phoenix have changed as the city grew. And if you think about it, it makes sense. Once you're out of town, the logical thing to name a road is for its destination. And that's how 7th Avenue became the Black Canyon Road, because it was the road to Black Canyon, as 7th Street was the road to Cave Creek.
If you look more carefully at the map at the top of this post, and if you're familiar with Phoenix Streets, you'll see Orangewood, which is the half-mile street between Glendale and Northern. Back in 1897, when the Orangewood Addition (we call them subdivisions nowadays) was platted, it was waaaay out in the country!
So if you're doing some Phoenix History Detective work, look out, the names have changed!
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History Adventuring posts are shared there daily including "then and now" photos, billboards, aerials, videos, and super high-definition photos of historic Phoenix, Arizona. Discounts for seniors, students, teachers, and veterans. | <urn:uuid:7d2ab275-ab54-4412-8878-7a3f8c6ffd2f> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.historyadventuring.com/2018/02/when-7th-avenue-was-black-canyon-road.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742906.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115182450-20181115204450-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.975609 | 394 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Kolkata, Oct 22 (IANS) India has one of the highest rates of antibiotic resistance in the world, said a recent report, stressing on limiting the use of antibiotics through improved water, sanitation and immunisation.
Titled ‘The State of World Antibiotics 2015’, the study conducted by Centre for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy (CDDEP), New Delhi, also shows that in 2010, India was the largest consumer of antibiotics ahead of China and the US.
“MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) resistance rates have remained high in India. Carbapenem resistance has been increasing overtime. Overall, India has one of the highest rates of antibiotic resistance in the world,” Ramanan Laxminarayan, director, CDDEP, and a lead author of the study told IANS on Thursday.
MRSA is a common pathogen responsible for skin and soft tissue infections, severe bloodstream infections, and pneumonia. Carbapenems are considered last-resort antibiotics, used for infections that are resistant to first-, second- and even third-line antibiotics.
The countries consuming the most antibiotics overall in 2010 were India (13 billion Standard Unit (SU)), China (10 billion SU) and the US, (7 billion SU), according to the study.
In terms of human use of antibiotics, the report said the highest rates of increase are in middle-income countries, particularly the BRICS, a trend that is likely to continue as incomes continue to rise.
“BRICS had the greatest upsurge in antibiotic use from 2000 through 2010:68 percent in Brazil, 19 percent in Russia, 66 percent in India, 37 percent in China, and 219 percent in South Africa,” the report said.
Explaining the trends further, Laxminarayan said the increased demand for animal protein and resulting intensification of food animal production is leading to greater use of antibiotics in agriculture, again driving resistance.
“In India, the use of antibiotics in pre-mixed feed for livestock is going up a lot. We are not even aware that antibiotics are going inside our system. The strategy would be to stop use of antibiotics in the pre-mixed feed,” Laxminarayan, also associated with Public Health Foundation of India, elaborated.
Though the Indian Council of Medical Research began setting up the Anti-Microbial Resistance Surveillance Network in 2011, Laxminarayan said surveillance alone is not enough. The key is preventing intake of antibiotics in cases where they are not needed.
“The first step would be to not purchase antibiotics over the counter without a doctor’s prescription. Doctors should also exercise caution while prescribing them,” he said. | <urn:uuid:8af224d9-c1f6-4f5d-bf4d-bffab181e56d> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.mangalorean.com/india-has-one-of-highest-rates-of-antibiotic-resistance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172447.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00243-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934389 | 570 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Mackinzee Macho | March 5, 2021
Mackinzee Macho is an undergraduate student and Senior Program Manager in Human and Ecological Systems Transformations for the Foresight Lab. The Foresight Lab is a think-tank that shifts culture toward social, economic, and ecological well-being through consulting. This series, “The Power of Food,” will explore topics like carbon sequestration and regenerative farming.
Yard trimmings and food waste make up a quarter of America’s municipal solid waste. At the landfill, this organic matter breaks down anaerobically, releasing methane-a potent greenhouse gas. Seventeen percent of anthropogenic methane emissions come from landfills decomposing organic matter. If we redirect our organic waste into composting piles, we could greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change.
Composting involves collecting organic waste and allowing it to decompose into a nutrient-rich, organic fertilizer. Compost is extremely high in nutrients and can be used on houseplants, gardens, yards, and more. This fertilizer is organic and maintains soil health in such a way that its microorganisms thrive. Also, it nourishes plants in the best way possible.
This all works because organic matter is made up of carbon, including leaves, grass, sticks, vegetable and fruit scraps, cardboard, and even human or pet hair. It is important to maintain the correct balance of nitrogen, carbon, moisture, and oxygen in your compost. Typically, a 25-30:1 ratio is recommended for carbon to nitrogen-rich materials or browns to greens. Carbon-rich brown ingredients are straw, twigs, dried grass clippings, and cardboard. Nitrogen-rich green ingredients include food scraps and fresh lawn clippings. Moisture is needed for the decomposers to break down the organic matter, so keeping an eye on moisture levels is key. Lastly, turning the pile every so often incorporates oxygen. Mixing your compost pile prevents anaerobic decomposition and promotes a healthy process.
Residential composting can be done indoors, outdoors, or off-sight at a municipal composting facility. Vermicomposting is typically practiced indoors with worms while cool or hot composting is performed outside.
Whatever you choose to do, composting is an important action individuals can take to reduce anthropogenic climate change. Compost improves soil health and promotes microbial growth, nurturing healthier plant growth. By diverting compostable materials out of landfills, we are reducing the amount of methane released, aiding in the fight against the climate emergency. Our food originates from the ground, so why not put it back to work there?
A few useful resources for the know-how on composting can get you started: “7 Secrets to Perfect Compost”, “Backyard Conservation Tip Sheet” and “A Place to Rot: The Modern Farmer Guide to Compost Bins”. | <urn:uuid:1043ca56-f333-429b-acc4-3951b5b23e5a> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://iowaenvironmentalfocus.org/author/maxabernstein/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178374686.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306100836-20210306130836-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.899485 | 610 | 3.59375 | 4 |
These 6 technologies are redefining the ‘smart city’
The phrase “smart city” conjures up images of gleaming new infrastructure, from intelligent street lights to NASA-style command centers. In reality, however, technology’s biggest impact on urban life is much less flashy. Rather than betting on VR headsets or other currently popular interfaces, communities that invest in six underlying capabilities are best positioned for the longer term:
Allowing personalized recognition between people and systems
In the popular imagination, small towns are where “everybody knows your name,” sharing goods and spaces without a second thought. The urban bike rack may seem like the polar opposite, yet programs like Citi Bike entrust strangers to pick up objects worth hundreds of dollars and drop them off across town. Such systems recognize individuals and extend privileges accordingly, using technology from biometrics to token-based authentication to enable the sharing economy. If sharing one’s home is an expression of faith in fellow citizens, Airbnb is an early example of how technology expands circles of trust, bringing aspects of small communities to even the largest cities.
Providing context-aware, location-based information for efficient and engaged movement
Mobile phones with ubiquitous GPS have nearly rendered the feeling of being lost obsolete, yet the built environment is only beginning to understand where people want to go. While autonomous vehicles dominate headlines, simply understanding people’s locations and desires offers both a big economic and social payoff. Ridesharing services like Via blur the distinction between private and public transportation, effectively creating “on-demand buses.” Similarly, by analyzing millions of data points from Amsterdam to Singapore, the MIT Senseable City Lab estimates that intelligently matching riders could reduce the total number of taxi trips by as much as 40 percent.
Observing, understanding and anticipating the world around us, from the movement of people to the quality of our environment
Sensors are hidden but ubiquitous components of the urban landscape. Beyond piecemeal installations, communities are recognizing the benefits of a holistic approach. The Array of Things project is deploying environmental sensors across Chicago, aiming to be a “fitness tracker” that captures and analyzes data impacting quality of life, including air quality, climate and noise pollution. New York City’s recently announced Neighborhood Innovation Labs take this a step further, partnering with communities, government, technologists and educators to solve locally-identified challenges, starting in Brownsville, Brooklyn.
Creating secure, convenient methods to pay for goods and services
Blockchain, best known as the technology behind bitcoin, is finding unexpected applications in the built environment. The Brooklyn Microgrid shows how solar power can be shared across a neighborhood, improving sustainability and resilience to disruptions. By facilitating decentralized, low-cost and secure transactions, blockchain empowers citizens to participate in what had previously been the exclusive purview of large utilities. Such peer-to-peer approaches offer the potential to transform other urban markets, from ridesharing to real estate.
Linking people to services, resources, amenities and each other
In a world where internet-connected devices outnumber humans, connectivity is essential to competitiveness. Through LinkNYC, my company, Intersection, is replacing old payphone infrastructure and bringing free gigabit wireless to New York City, where nearly 20 percent of residents lack broadband at home. Though the kiosks themselves are becoming a fixture of the streetscape, LinkNYC’s biggest impact may be invisible, with each unit supporting hundreds of simultaneous users. Since launching last year, over 1.3 million individuals have registered to use the WiFi, with over 5 million sessions occurring each week. As access to high-speed broadband is democratized, more citizens will be able to fully participate in their community’s growth.
Enabling different systems, information sources and data types to work together
As the examples above demonstrate, no technology operates in isolation. Just as smartphone apps connect with each other, physical systems need interoperability. Unlike consumer applications, however, systems in the built environment are harder to interconnect, from elevators to energy systems. Cities and real estate developers that overcome traditional biases towards closed and proprietary systems can provide a platform for others to build upon and improve.
To improve people’s lives, technology needs to serve people, not vice versa. Questions of accessibility and equity must remain at the forefront as communities envision responsive neighborhoods. While no one can predict what technologies will dominate next year’s headlines, places that embrace these foundational capabilities will be ready for whatever comes next. Beyond simply being “smart” today, such communities enable all of us to collaborate in building better environments tomorrow. | <urn:uuid:75f02fdf-4b32-4dee-8bc7-712693b71fd8> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.urbanaworld.com/these-6-technologies-are-redefining-the-smart-city/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676594886.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723032237-20180723052237-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.925936 | 952 | 2.953125 | 3 |
In complex adaptive systems, processes occurring at the fine-scale bring about emergent higher-level regimes, that in turn feeds back to control or regulate what occurs at the fine-scale. This is what we refer to as the Emergence of Control. This control can be seen, for example, in ecosystems where the interactions among biota co-evolve to create and maintain a regime which reinforces the system state (this is a phenomenon known as lock-in). Equally, in social systems institutions emerge to control the interactions among individuals in society.
In certain cases, control mechanisms, which maintain a system in a certain state, may break down and the system may make a transition to an alternative state. For example, the transition from high to low primary productivity in ecosystems. In others, control mechanisms may maintain a system in an undesirable state, and it is desirable to stimulate a transition to an alternative regime state. For example, society’s current lock-in to fossil fuel energy production and a desire to transition to a post-fossil society.
In this research group we aim to explore the dynamics that give rise to these control mechanisms and develop an understanding of how they emerge and how we may (be able to or need to) steer control mechanisms in nature and society.
- How do control regimes emerge at different scales and co-evolution occur, leading to the selection of a specific locked-in state?
- Through what mechanisms is control effected?
- Under what conditions is control hierarchical or distributed?
- How does control evolve over time?
- How do transitions from one control regime to another control regime occur?
Method of working
The research group will focus on mechanisms of control across several disciplines (Fig. 1). However, the unifying element are the methods we use to understand these mechanisms. The initial focus of the group will be to develop ideas around submitting a Gravitation proposal in the last quarter of 2020. | <urn:uuid:36b5c7ff-d02c-4a68-8a02-0c48f88725f3> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.uu.nl/en/research/centre-for-complex-systems-studies-ccss/research/working-groups/emergence-of-control-in-complex-adaptive-systems | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00044.warc.gz | en | 0.919083 | 396 | 2.734375 | 3 |
November 11, 2019 • Evelyn J. Arevalo
Starship Mk1 at Boca Chica Beach, Texas.
Image Source: SpaceX
SpaceX is currently building the first prototype of their most ambitious project --Starship. The spaceship that could completely change humanity's future, enabling us to become a space-faring civilization to further explore our galaxy and colonize the Moon and Mars. It will be the world's most powerful rocket in history!
The first prototype is made of stainless steel, referred to as, 'Mark1' or 'Mk1' and it's under construction at their South Texas launch site in Boca Chica Beach, Brownsville, Texas. There is also another prototype named 'Mk2' under construction in Florida, but today's article is all about Texas' Mk1.
Image Source: SpaceX
This first prototype of the vehicle features 3 Raptor engines, 2 aerodynamic fins located at the top of the crafts nose cone, 2 larger bottom fins, and 6 landing legs that are 'hidden' under mounts.
All these new design features will soon be tested. SpaceX plans conduct a test flight with this prototype by launching the craft 20 kilometers above Boca Chica Beach, Texas, then attempt landing it vertically on a nearby concrete pad. This will be the very first time a fully assembled Starship prototype will be tested.
The exact test date is still pending but those who know Elon Musk, CEO of SpaceX, know he has crazy timelines. As he famously said,
"If the schedule is long it's wrong, if it's tight its right."
So, a launch date could surprise us at any time!
Image Source: SPadre / Twitter @SpacepadreIsle
Meanwhile, SpaceX teams have transported the bottom half of its Starship Mk1 prototype to the launch pad that's approximately a mile away, down the road, from their assembly site at Boca Chica. There, Starship MK1 was installed atop a newly built launch mount where it will undergo several weeks of preparations.
In order to move the vehicle to the launch pad and onto a mount, SpaceX engineers disassembled Starship Mk1 partially. The nose cap, fins and engines were removed before the fairing, top half, were unstacked.
Image Source: Mary / Twitter @BocaChicaGal
Teams have been working hard installing additional hardware. They installed 6 landing leg mounts that will have the role of aiding Starship Mk1's first landing attempt. It seems as if the new leg design will deploy the legs vertically from inside the mounts.
Image Source: NASASpaceflight/Twitter @BocaChicaGal
At the bottom base they installed 6 black steel structures, those are the vehicles retractable landing legs which will be covered by shiny stainless steel mounts. The leg mechanism could deploy up and down upon landing.
Source: Austin Barnard/Twitter @austinbarnard45
SpaceX engineers have recently begun to install Mk1’s two forward fins, located near the tip of the prototype's nose fairing. These are aerodynamic fins that will be used to provide the craft some control to shift trajectory while flying and upon landing.
The craft is also undergoing all sorts of wiring and electronics installations, as other internal structures.
There are currently some road closures scheduled in the city's website. The road closures signify dates when SpaceX will close the roads in order to continue some major building work that could interfere with regular road traffic. Current closure dates are November 13th and an alternative date on the 14th. These road closures could change.
During those or upcoming road closures, SpaceX teams should begin moving the upper nose cone section to the launch pad and that's when we will know that other pre-flight preparations will follow, then a triple Raptor engine static fire test as the launch date approaches.
It will be exciting to watch!
Comments will be approved before showing up. | <urn:uuid:ddce58d3-279b-4aed-9047-da556d36bb95> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.tesmanian.com/blogs/tesmanian-blog/spacex-starship-mk1-moved-to-the-launch-pad-in-texas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540531917.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211131640-20191211155640-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.945344 | 808 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Coffee roasting involves science, art, and intuition. The act, or craft, of roasting is viewed many different ways, but to put it simply, it is the final step in processing coffee before brewing and drinking. When heat is applied to the raw coffee seeds, the seeds will go through a series of transformations during the various stages of roast.
First, moisture in the seeds evaporates and smells like fresh grass. This is called the drying phase. Then coffee turns yellow and smells more like hay. As the roast progresses into the final stages, the seeds smell like baking bread.
The coffee's compounds react to the heat, which causes small amounts of moisture to build up pressure and eventually burst during roast. This is called first crack. The roast degree is determined during the development phase, which begins with the first crack and ends when the roaster decides to complete the roast.
This is the first consumable degree of roast. Coffee seeds have completed the initial flavor development stage called first crack, which is signaled by audible popping sounds. Visually, they are light brown and have a slightly wrinkly appearance. First crack is when a light roast will be stopped.
First crack has fully completed and, as the roast continues, the sugars brown further. The surface of the seeds become a bit smoother and less wrinkled. To classify as a medium roast, the second crack, which would sound like a light snapping or crackling, should not be heard. Coffee at this stage smells sweet and often peaks in aromatic intensity.
At this degree, first crack has come and gone. The seeds have developed to the point where the initial sounds of second crack are just beginning. Roasting beyond this point will degrade the coffee's terroir with burnt flavors that eclipse the flavor profile the coffee might offer.
Roasting coffee is the transfer of heat to raw coffee seeds. Roasting machines achieve this in two main ways: conduction and convection. Drum Roasters utilize a combination of conduction (contact heat through metal drum to seeds) and convection (hot air through the seeds), while Air Roasters primarily utilize convention by moving a stream of hot air through the seeds. The majority of the roasting community agrees that a good balance of conduction and convention produce optimal roast. | <urn:uuid:a2482782-0686-4e37-af75-a67036162bee> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.insightcoffee.com/process | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526517.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720132039-20190720154039-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.95647 | 464 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Public health requires a proactive approach, focusing as it does on ensuring the mother and child’s health and prevention of infection and disease. The World Health Organisation estimates that 22 per cent of global maternal deaths occur in India, where millions of women suffer pregnancy-related morbidity. Let me share some more information on this subject.
Every 12 minutes a woman dies in child birth; three lakh children die as soon as they are born; 1.2 million children die before their first birthday. Infant mortality is a big issue. A large number of births happen by C-section. Even if women undergo periodic antenatal check-up, about 14–15 per cent of them will need caesarean section. That means 5.2 million C-section operations a year, for which we need two lakh gynaecologists. We have only 50,000. Most, if not all of them, live in small to big towns and cities but 60 per cent of new births happen in rural India. The practice of midwifery which used to be quite common some decades ago is now virtually extinct.
In this field of Maternal and Child Health, I would like to cite the example of the wonderful, inseparable and inspiring couple Dr Abhay Bang and Dr Rani Bang. This couple has selflessly dedicated itself to the health, social and educational improvement of the tribal people of the Gadchiroli district in North-Eastern Maharashtra, one of the most backward districts in that State, where they found 92 per cent of tribal women had gynaecological disorders, a good part STD related. They also discovered pneumonia was a major child killer in 58 villages in Gadchiroli district. Determining that the major problems affecting mothers and children in India are malnutrition, infection and unregulated fertility, they went about improving the quality of care that mothers receive during pregnancy and childbirth knowing this to be one of the most effective ways to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality.
Dr Abhay Bang devised a novel Home-Based Neonatal Care (HBNC) programme to save newborns at remote places. A married woman in the village is given rigorous training in examining pregnant women, diagnosing their health, possible need for expert supervision and distribution of basic medicines to both the mother and the newborn child. This woman named Arogyadoot (wellness ambassador) is also trained to give injections to the newborn. HBNC has been extremely successful in the villages in Gadchiroli where the maternal and infant mortality rates have reduced significantly as a result of Dr Bang’s interventions.
We are all inspired by Dr Bang’s success story and it is time for us to create awareness on Home-Based Neonatal Care in our communities around. Maybe a small push in the right direction will lead to saving the lives of thousands of mothers and newly born babies. Be the inspiration and connect people for a healthy world.
Director, Rotary International | <urn:uuid:6f9f2e67-6e1e-4761-b691-53c37811db2c> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://rotarynewsonline.org/maternal-and-neonatal-healthcare/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400201699.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200921112601-20200921142601-00494.warc.gz | en | 0.95035 | 599 | 3 | 3 |
To mark the occasion, the freshly elected Labour government under Clement Atlee affixed signs to the gates of each mine, which read: “This colliery is now managed by the National Coal Board on behalf of the people.”
In a leaflet handed out at the time, Attlee wrote: “The coal mines now belong to the nation.
“This act offers great possibilities of social advance for the workers, and indeed for the whole nation.
“If all alike – workers, National Coal Board and Government – shoulder their duties resolutely, and use their rights wisely, these great advances will be assured.”
The move was seen as a victory for workers.
Miners in Britain had campaigned for nationalisation in one form or another since about 1892, but it took decades of organised struggle – and, ultimately, World War 2 – to make it a reality.
World War 2 and the road to nationalisation
By 1919, campaigning from the Miners’ Federation of Great Britain – which saw public ownership of coal mines as a route to better pay and working conditions - had led the Liberal UK government to establish the Sankey Commission, which considered the possibility of nationalising coal.
The former site of Lewis Merthyr Colliery, Trehafod, now the Rhondda Heritage Park. (Picture source: Gareth James)
Though the Commission recommended coal mining be taken into public control, the UK government refused – but it continued to be a key issue for miners, as well as for the growing Labour party.
Labour had run in the 1918 election on a promise to nationalise mines with “an increased share of control for workers”, but by the next election, in 1924, had removed explicit mention of worker control from their manifesto.
Tensions over whether a nationalised coal industry should emphasise efficiency for the public or meaningful control for its workers continued into the following decades – and arguably, never ended.
During that time, the industry hit a slump.
Dr Ben Curtis, a south Wales industrial historian, said: “The interwar years were difficult, especially for the south Wales coal industry, for a whole series of reasons - overseas competition, the nature of the uses for the coal mined in south Wales, and so on.
“And certainly, the industry wasn't really able to perform adequately for the needs of the British [second world] war economy.”
When the UK entered into World War 2 in 1939, coal was central to the effort – the fuel not only warmed homes but powered factories, railways and ships. As mines overseas were rendered inaccessible by conflict, the south Wales coalfield – the largest in Britain – became all-important.
A mine in Cefn Bryn-Brain, Swansea (Picture source: Geoff Charles; National Library of Wales)
“During the war, the industry is placed under state control,” Dr Curtis said.
“We're still in private ownership, but they had to do what the government said, in terms of running the industry, in terms of having mining as a reserved occupation - a whole number of things.”
So great was the need to keep mines running that this “reserved occupation” status – exempting mineworkers from military service – also meant that young men could also be “drafted” into mining instead of the armed forces. Around ten percent of 18 year-olds at the time were “Bevin Boys”, draftee miners, so-called for Ernest Bevin, the Minister of Labour and National Service at the time.
.A tribute to the "Bevin Boys" in Staffordshire, England (Picture source: Flying Stag)
“Then there was the Reid Report, produced in 1945, about the future of the coal industry,” Dr Curtis added.
“It concluded that coal was too important an industry to be left in private hands – that they’d shown they weren’t up to the job, that it needed to be run as a state industry in order to make it a better place to work - and so that was the recommendation.”
When the Labour party took power from Winston Churchill’s Conservatives later that same year, plans to nationalise a raft of public utilities – not only coal, but electricity, railways, iron and steel -were set in motion.
Vesting Day and beyond
When Vesting Day came around, it was treated as a day of national celebration by mineworkers – the culmination of multiple generations’ worth of campaigning.
Signs were put up at around 1,400 mines across the UK to mark Vesting Day, the day on which UK coal industry assets were "vested" in the state.
“It really was perceived as a big deal, especially in south Wales,” Dr Curtis said.
“In Penallta [Rhymney Valley], miners and their families gathered around the pithead, waiting for the floodlights to be switched on.
“A band played, miners sang Mae Hen Wlad fy Nhadau, speeches were made – one apparently shouted - ‘private enterprise has had it!’
“At Duffryn Rhondda colliery, in the Afan Valley, there was a ceremony attended by pretty much the entire population of the surrounding villages.
“In the Rhondda Valley, there was a whole series of nationalisation celebrations put on through to February 1947 – concerts, exhibitions, mass meetings, and so on.
“This really wasn’t something that just happened on paper.”
Arthur Horner, a Merthyr Tydfil-born miner and General Secretary of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), was heavily involved in drafting the government’s Coal Industry Nationalisation Act.
Disused winding tower at Penallta Colliery, Rhymney Valley (Picture source: Chris Sampson)
Horner, a founding member of the Communist Party of Great Britain, had led on developing the NUM’s Miner’s Charter, which made demands including two weeks’ paid holiday, the five-day working week, and a stable and guaranteed rate of pay – as well as adequate pensions, improved health and safety, training for young people, and decent compensation for injured workers.
In part because of Horner’s influence, some of those demands – such as the five day working week - were implemented from the very beginning of nationalisation, and over the following decade all were secured.
The task ahead, however, was enormous. Along with more than 1,400 coal mines, the National Coal Board (NCB) took over assets including 225,000 acres of farmland and 140,000 miners’ houses, as well as shops, offices, and holiday parks.
A National Coal Board train, 1965. (Picture source: Ben Brooksbank)
The UK coal industry was suddenly the largest public-owned corporation outside the Communist bloc - employing just under 700,000 workers across the UK – and needed to harmonise the views of politicians, miners, engineers, and the NCB, all of whom had differing visions.
Dr Curtis said: “One of the key things was that there was more of a consultative element to the process in the early years of nationalisation, in terms of how the industry was run – you had consultative committees.
“There were mechanisms by which the union could make its views known on any number of topics- there was a forum for discussion, to a degree that hadn’t existed before.”
Over time, though, this atmosphere diminished.
Some miners noted that those who had been managers or mine owners during privatisation made up a significant part of the NCB – “It was the same rugby team just wearing different jerseys,” one Rhondda miner allegedly complained.
The Aberfan Disaster left 116 children and 28 adults dead. (Picture source: Huw Evans Agency)
Along with bitter tragedies like the Aberfan Disaster and the explosion at Six Bells Colliery, Gwent, years of Conservative rule and the closure of unprofitable mines during the 1960s led to deepening resentment towards the NCB.
“The NUM certainly falls out of love with nationalisation, and colliery closures really drive that,” Dr Curtis added.
“It was perceived that they were turning the industry into state capitalism – there was a sense by that period that, fundamentally, there was still this master and servant dynamic.”
This discontent played out in the form of widespread striking in 1972, 1974, and finally, the year-long strike of 1984, which saw the NUM face off against Margaret Thatcher in an attempt to prevent further pit closures.
The closures went ahead, and in 1994, under Thatcher’s successor, John Major, the industry was put back into private hands.
The quick sale of the NCB’s assets and land has left a complicated legacy across the UK, and perhaps nowhere moreso than the south of Wales, where hundreds of unstable coal tips still dominate the landscape. | <urn:uuid:90424a93-cb89-4ea4-bfbc-b9677a088c8b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.coalzoom.com/article.cfm?articleid=27512 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.973952 | 1,897 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Some prostate cancer patients unnecessarily undergo surgery or harsh treatments because science fails to identify the differences between slow-growing and aggressive forms of the disease. Researchers at Case Western Reserve University and Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes are developing technology that allows patients to safely choose to do nothing, opt for relatively mild treatments or take drastic measures.
The project is one of several Anant Madabhushi, an associate professor of biomedical engineering at Case Western Reserve and director of the Center for Computational Imaging and Personalized Diagnostics, is involved in.
Madabhushi brought the center and a dozen researchers to Case Western Reserve from Rutgers University this academic year. The center's overall mission is to develop the new science of using big data to identify different forms of diseases and the most effective treatments.
"The data does exist," Madabhushi said. "If someone has a disease, we can detect it. The issue is what to do next. We're detecting half-a-million cases of breast and prostate cancers each year. How do you treat them? What are the options? What is the right treatment?"
Madabhushi and Robert Veltri, an associate professor of urology at Johns Hopkins, have won a three-year, $1.2 million Department of Defense grant to develop a guide to steer prostate cancer patients to the most effective treatment.
The medical community estimates 241,740 prostate cancer cases were diagnosed nationally last year, and the number is expected to grow annually as the population ages and detection improves.
The researchers are concentrating on identifying the 15 percent of prostate cancers considered very low-risk. Sufferers are likely to survive 20 years, depending on the treatment they receive.
"We don't want to expose someone to a therapy that won't work for him," Madabhushi said.
Not only may patients suffer unnecessarily,
|Contact: Kevin Mayhood|
Case Western Reserve University | <urn:uuid:7542b7bf-c1fa-4890-8da0-757fed1c3408> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-1/Using-big-data-to-identify-prostate-cancers-and-best-treatments-30401-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246639482.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045719-00033-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945818 | 388 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The Carbon Cycle
By Logan Templin
What is The Carbon Cycle?
The carbon cycle is one of the major biogeochemical cycles describing the flow of essential elements from the environent to living organisms and back to the environment again.Carbon is an element found in nature it can be found in animals, plants, soil, the ocean, and us. If carbon gets in the atmosphere it warms up our planet.
Surface Ocean and Deep Ocean
Some of the carbon dioxide stays as dissolved gas, but much of it gets turned into other things. Photosynthesis by tiny marine plants in the sunlit surface waters turns the carbon into organic matter. Many organisms use carbon to make calcium carbonate, a building material of shells and skeletons. | <urn:uuid:b6aae9bf-58cb-4943-bd0c-33168490a383> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.smore.com/q2er | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578602767.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423114901-20190423140901-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.897776 | 152 | 3.4375 | 3 |
We know that algorithms can outperform humans across an expanding range of settings, from medical diagnosis and image recognition to crime prediction. However, an ongoing concern is the potential for automated approaches to codify existing human biases to the detriment of candidates from underrepresented groups.
For example, hiring algorithms use information on workers they have previously hired in order to predict which job applicants they should now select. In many cases, relying on algorithms that predict future success based on past success will lead firms to favor applicants from groups that have traditionally been successful.
But this approach only works well if the world is static and we already have all the data we need. In practice, this simply is not the case. Women, for instance, have been entering STEM fields in record numbers, but if firms used their historical employment data to decide whom to hire, they would have very few examples of successful female scientists and engineers. At the same time, the qualities that predicted success yesterday may not continue to apply today: just think of how remote work during the pandemic has changed the nature of teamwork, communication, and teaching.
So instead of designing algorithms that view hiring as a static prediction problem, what if we designed algorithms that view the challenge of finding the best job applicants as a continual learning process? What if an algorithm actively seeks out applicants it knows less about, in order to continuously improve our understanding of which candidates will be a good fit?
While there is a growing body of work on the potential gains from following algorithmic recommendations, especially in hiring, no one has examined how algorithm design can shape the quality of firms’ hiring decisions and access to opportunity for job applicants.
In a recent study with my colleagues Lindsey Raymond and Peter Bergman, we sought to do just that. We developed and evaluated hiring algorithms that are designed to explicitly value exploration, in order to learn about people who might not have been previously considered for jobs. The algorithm incorporated exploration bonuses that increase its degree of uncertainty about quality. Those bonuses tend to be higher for candidates who are “underrepresented” in the firm’s existing data, which could mean applicants with unusual majors, who attended less common colleges, who have different types of work histories, who are demographically underrepresented at the firm, etc.
We focused on the decision to grant first-found interviews for positions in consulting, financial analysis, and data science—sectors that offer well-paid jobs, and have also been criticized for their lack of diversity. We analyzed records of job applicants to these types of positions with a Fortune 500 firm. Like many of its peers, the company receives a large number of applications and rejects the majority of candidates on the basis of an initial automated résumé screen. Of those who pass the screen and move on for an interview, hiring rates are still low. Only 10% ultimately receive an offer.
We built and tested three résumé screening algorithms to compare hiring outcomes. Our first model followed a typical static supervised learning approach (SL), which relied on past data sets to make predictions about who would be successful. The second model was similar, except that it updated the training data used throughout the test period with hiring outcomes of applicants selected for interviews. We called this the updating SL model. The third model was the one I mentioned above, which values exploration. We called this the UCB model, for its implementation of an “upper confidence bound.”
We then evaluated the candidates that each algorithm selected relative to each other and to the actual interview decisions made by human recruiters in the firm. Although we evaluated the diversity of applicants selected by the algorithms, we did not incorporate any explicit diversity preferences in their design.
We found significant differences in the candidates selected by the exploratory versus static algorithms. The UCB model more than doubled the share of selected applicants who are Black or Hispanic, from 10% to 23%. In comparison, the SL and updating SL models decreased Black and Hispanic representation to approximately 2% and 5% respectively.
This increase in diversity from the UCB model was persistent throughout the test sample. This is important because, if the additional minority applicants selected were weaker, the model would update and learn to select fewer such applicants over time. However, the model continued to select more minority applicants relative to both the human and SL models. This suggests that the additional Black and Hispanic candidates the algorithm selected were just as good as other candidates—the firm had simply not given them as many opportunities in the past.
We found a difference in gender results, too. All of the algorithms increased the share of selected applicants who are women, from 35% under human recruiting to 41% with the SL model, 50% with the updating SL model, and 39% with the UCB model.
We think the reason the percentage of women was lower in the UCB model was that men tend to be more diverse in dimensions like geography, education, and race, leading them to receive higher exploration bonuses on average.
Our overall findings were clear: When you incorporate exploration into the algorithm, you improve the quality of talent and hire more diverse candidates. Firms that continue to use static approaches in their algorithms risk missing out on quality applicants from different backgrounds.
This could be a game changer for hiring. If firms want to identify and hire the best applicants, they should consider building algorithms that understand the value of exploration and learning. | <urn:uuid:7cd59d65-a9e1-487e-9ff6-49a3ee40c825> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fastcompany.com/90575394/design-of-hiring-algorithms-can-double-diversity-in-firms?partner=feedburner&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+fastcompany%2Fheadlines+%28Fast+Company%29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00244.warc.gz | en | 0.960413 | 1,091 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Case 122 - High Stakes, High Risks: The Reykjavik "Base Camp"
Donovan, Frederick and James Goodby
This case study focuses on the historic October 1986 nuclear disarmament negotiations between the U.S. team, led by President Ronald Reagan, and the Soviet team, led by General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev, in Reykjavik, Iceland. Gorbachev proposed a 50-percent reduction in offensive strategic arms, the elimination of intermediate-range nuclear force (INF) missiles based in Europe, and new negotiations on a ban on nuclear testing. In a whirlwind of exchanges, the two leaders discussed whether to eliminate all nuclear weapons or just ballistic missiles within the next decade.
The study could be used in courses on international affairs, public policy, national security affairs, international negotiations, presidential decision-making, arms control, or history, with different teaching strategies suited to the background of the participants. | <urn:uuid:068e7d22-cfee-4c27-b2c5-a4b671056291> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://casestudies.isd.georgetown.edu/products/high-stakes-high-risks-the-reykjavik-base-camp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506528.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923162848-20230923192848-00621.warc.gz | en | 0.90601 | 190 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The site, a triple-peaked mountain riddled with caves, is located in Siwa Oasis, a few miles southeast of the town of Shali, about 5 km southwest of the centre of the town of Siwah.The site lies about 2km south west “the Amun temple remains” and “Aghurmi- (the Oracle Temple)”. The German mission house is in the south western side inside the site, so is a transmission /receiving pole for the SCA. The site is bordered by al-Dakrur dwellings in the north, then Siwah-al-Dakrour asphalt road, then palm trees and Berket Agourmy. From the east and south it is bordered by Siwah- al-Dakrour asphalt road, and by sandy lands used for medical reasons, then al-Dakrur dwellings.
The caves and quarries on this mountain were used during the late period (26/30 Dynastic) and the Ptolemaic period. There are also later tombs on the mountain dating to the Roman period. Folkloric tales and stories suggest that Gabal el-Takrour belongs to King “Ibrik”, an ancient Siwa King, and that his treasuries are buried and hidden in that mountain. There is also a story that says that that there is an underground tunnel that links Gabal al-Takrur, Amun Temple (Om Obeidah), the Oracle Temple and Gabal al-Mauta tombs together. In the time being, there is a big celebration that is performed every year in the full moon nights of October month, where the Siwa people head to al-Takrur mountain to pray, this celebration is known by “the Tourism Feast”. A rest house for King Ahmed Fouad was established in 1928 on a raised side of (Qasr Hassouna) site. “al-Senousy” the great inhabited one of.site’s tombs in1938.
There are lots of tombs in the mountain and as Ahmed Fakhry said they are two, but archaeologists disagree with him considering them two caves.The caves in the slopes of the mountain appear to have been in use since at least the Ptolemaic period, both as tombs and dwellings. Tow large caves near the summit are decorated with pillars and were used as tombs. One of these cave called, cut into the middle of the hill, possesses six pillars and opens to the north. There are no decoration on the walls, only modern graffiti. Nearer the summit, another cave,called opening north, possesses four papyriform columns with only parts of their capitals remaining. In the right of entrance found small room, in the end of cave south it is tree small rooms, the cave suffer from native people of Siwa to found the treasure of the local king in Siwa, called (Apriq) Opposite this cave is a Greek inscription of three lines.On the top of the mountain is an ancient limestone quarry where stone for the temples in Siwah Oasis was exctracted. Beside the limestone quarry found the marble quarry in north of the site.Several Late Roman period tombs are cut into the lower parts of the hill near the town. These rock-cut tombs are small and undecorated. | <urn:uuid:a6fe0ebb-691b-457c-a810-3ed3ee0817f7> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.marsaalamtours.org/en/gabal-al-takrur | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663019783.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528185151-20220528215151-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.969196 | 715 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The Nettle - Urtica dioica
The nettle is a highly successful plant found all over the temperate areas of the world. It spreads by means of seeds and underground rhizomes that creep around just under the surface of the soil.
The jagged leaves held in pairs along the square stems are easily recognisable particularly after having experienced the sting. The plant itself is variable growing from 0.6 to 2 metres plus in height and can be found in a variety of habitats and soil types. It prefers rich soils and therefore does well around human settlements benefiting from the waste we produce - often indicating where old settlements have long since disappeared from the countryside.
How did the nettle get its name?
The latin name of the plant dioica means 'two houses' - this refers to the fact that the male and female flowers are normally carried on separate plants.
It is possible that the 'nettle' is derived from Noedl meaning a needle - referring to the stinging mechanism in the nettle leaves. Others suggest that it comes from the Latin nere and other similar old European verbs meaning to sew.
What's in the sting?
The stinging structure of the nettle is very similar to the hypodermic needle although it predates that man-made invention by millions of years! Each sting is actually a hollow hair stiffened by silica with a swollen base that contains the venom. The tip of this hair is very brittle and when brushed against, no matter how lightly, it breaks off exposing a sharp point that penetrates the skin and delivers its stinging payload.
It used to be thought that the main constituent of the sting was formic acid - the same chemical used by ants, giving that never forgotten burning sensation that demands to be scratched. Although formic acid is present in the sting, recent research has shown that the main chemicals are histamine, acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). A fourth ingredient has yet to be identified.
Remember when stung a natural remedy will often be found close at hand. The leaves of the dock contain chemicals that neutralise the sting and also cool the skin.
A real sting in the tail
The sting of our native nettle is nothing compared to some of its tropical cousins! One species in Timor causes a burning sensation and symptoms like lockjaw which can last for days or weeks.
The effects of another species from Java last for months and have frequently caused the death of some of its unfortunate victims. | <urn:uuid:62f1927c-6e50-4efc-8902-76e093cbf173> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://nettles.org.uk/nettles/lore.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211664.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817025907-20180817045907-00517.warc.gz | en | 0.960506 | 520 | 3.65625 | 4 |
This section is from the book "Materia Medica Pharmacy, Pharmacology And Therapeutics", by W. Hale White. Also available from Amazon: Materia Medica Pharmacy, Pharmacology And Therapeutics..
Dry Chlorine Gas is passed through Aldehyde. Butyl-chloral (C4H6Cl3O) is formed. It is separated by fractional distillation, and water is added.
Dose, 5 to 20 gr.; .30 to 1.20 gm.
The action of this drug is exactly similar to that of chloral, but butyl-chloral hydrate is less certain in its effects. It is said to be less depressant to the heart, but this is doubtful. It has a specific action in relieving neuralgia of the fifth nerve. | <urn:uuid:2a61b7e7-4675-4398-a002-4d33c9989142> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://chestofbooks.com/health/materia-medica-drugs/Pharmacy-Pharmacology-And-Therapeutics/II-Butyl-Chloral-Hydras-Butyl-Chloral-Hydrate.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587719.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025154225-20211025184225-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.936367 | 174 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The tepid pace of federal action on considering wildlife and plant species for listing as endangered or threatened may soon accelerate. The US Fish and Wildlife Service and WildEarth Guardians — which says in the last four years it has filed the majority of the lawsuits requesting determinations — have agreed on a list of 251 species that warrant the most immediate attention. But it's not yet a done deal.
If Judge Emmet Sullivan with the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia approves the settlement, and FWS follows through, a proposed rule for listing each of the species, or a decision to not list a species, will be made by Sept. 30, 2016 (or earlier for certain species). At least one party interested in this issue, the Center for Biological Diversity, is contesting the agreement. Some other conservation groups are supporting it. A court decision may occur on or soon after June 20, 2011.
- US FWS, Listing Workplan ; press release, May 10, 2011.
- WildEarth Guardians ; Nicole Rosmarino, 505-699-7404.
- Center for Biological Diversity, May 17, 2011, press release, "Judge Halts Settlement Over Hundreds of Endangered Species, Orders Parties Back to Negotiations."
- Judge Emmet Sullivan, U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia; case name, In Re Endangered Species Act Section 4 Deadline Litigation, Miscellaneous Action No. 10-CV-0377-EGS.
- List of 251 species, including birds, butterflies, mammals, reptiles, fish, mollusks, and wildflowers (near bottom, click on "Learn more about the 251 species …"; the spreadsheet includes the state in which each species is located, allowing you to localize the story; every state has, or has been home to, at least one of the species).
Of the 251 species, some have been candidates for more than 30 years, while others have been on the candidate list for less than a year.
If the 251 species are all addressed, that would still leave nearly 1,000 other species that are on the candidate list. Groups other than WildEarth Guardians may take legal actions addressing any candidate species in the next six years, despite this agreement. More than 1,300 species in the US and 570 species abroad are on the list of designated endangered and threatened species.
Even if FWS decides to list a species, appropriate agencies and organizations may not have the time, people, funding — or support of politicians, affected landowners, and various interest groups — to make substantial gains to protect it, so that will remain a large part of the story. | <urn:uuid:73ef5259-1792-4f2d-bef8-24ad183b9fc0> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.sej.org/print/publications/tipsheet/parties-near-deal-endangered-species-listing-speed | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042985140.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002305-00237-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934162 | 550 | 2.6875 | 3 |
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