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Hi, I'm just trying to get my head around beta decay and would appreciate it if someone could correct me if I'm wrong. Beta minus decay involves the transformation of a neutron into a proton, electron and electron antineutrino. This is all mediated by the weak nuclear force and involves W and Z bosons. In the case of beta minus decay it involves a W- boson which is released when the neutron turns into a proton. The W- boson then rapidly decays into an electron and an antielectron neutrino. The mass of the products is less than the mass of the reactants which is explained by binding energy where the products (electrons and antineutrinos) have high kinetic energy which compensates for the missing mass. I just had a couple of questions: As I understand it, the neutron undergoes a quark flavor change which is why it transforms into a proton. What causes the flavor change? Is it the W- boson? Also, could someone clarify what is meant by a virtual particle? As I understand it, the term is somewhat arbitrary and refers to a particle that is very short lived, e.g. W- boson. Is the W- boson in beta minus decay a virtual particle? How do scientists prove virtual particles exist? | <urn:uuid:d6a3ff62-95e5-43f1-ba64-0e1d4a4372e8> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/beta-minus-decay.783737/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648113.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323004957-20180323024957-00520.warc.gz | en | 0.944962 | 271 | 2.953125 | 3 |
| The divine comedy|
Dr. D Russell Humphreys is a physicist at the Institute for Creation Research (ICR), known for his creationist views and his attempts to reconcile reality with the notions of young Earth creationism. Humphreys is certainly not in the same league as many pseudoscientists, his biography at Creation Ministries International listing many commendable achievements and awards, but none of his awards appear related to his young Earth "research".
He joined ICR in 2002 after retiring from Sandia National Laboratories (New Mexico), where he'd been working in the actual scientific fields of nuclear physics, geophysics, pulsed-power research, and theoretical atomic and nuclear physics.
He looks a bit like Santa Claus, though rumours of him distributing presents to good boys and girls remain unconfirmed.
Starlight Problem "Solution"
Starlight creates serious difficulties for young Earth creationists, since our ability to see stars that are billions of light years distant from Earth is incompatible with the belief that the universe was created as described by a literal reading of Genesis. This is commonly known as the starlight problem, and Humphreys attempted to explain this through the introduction of White hole cosmology. The speed of light is a universal constant that cannot be altered without affecting other constants, likely creating a very different universe to the one we know. Because of this, a way must be found to explain why we are seeing light that has taken billions of years to arrive here. Humphreys attempts to explain this by having the Earth exist inside of a black hole, with the associated gravity-caused time-slowing effects, effectively having Earth's time running at a much slower rate than the rest of the universe.
It's a bit like the Star Trek: Voyager episode, Blink of an Eye. The Voyager crew encounter a planet experiencing a gravity induced time dilation effect, in which the passage of a minute for the ship in orbit would translate in to hours or days on the planet's surface. Anyone visiting the planet for a number of years could return to the ship and find that only a few minutes had passed for the crew of the ship. Neither Humphreys' work nor the Voyager episode are considered to be scientifically sound, with the former being dismissed as pseudoscience by all but creationists, and the latter dismissed as a below average and possibly plagiarized episode.
Magnetic-field formation model
Humphreys also postulated a model that would explain the gravitational fields of planets. Humphreys assumed that God created all celestial bodies out of water, which was then subsequently transmuted into the matter of which each body is presently made.
However, God apparently aligned about a fourth of the hydrogen atoms in the water molecules, which generated an aggregate magnetic dipole moment proportional to the mass of the body. (Well, except for Jupiter, but it seems as if God likes exceptions to the rule.) Once this field was in place, it created an electrical current, even as the water molecules fell out of alignment. The current was the first thing to keep the magnetic field going, even after the transmutation, because a magnetic field, once generated, doesn't immediately stop. Such a magnetic field would be subject to exponential decay, dependent on the mass and conductivity of the body's core.
Aside from the facts that it's unfalsifiable (how can one prove that God didn't?) and that it relies on the less-than scientific theory of transmutation, there's an interesting lack of proof for the theory and not-insignificant exceptions (such as Jupiter) and scientific consensus (and evidence) for the competing dynamo theory.
- Biography on Creation.com, which lists several related articles
- Humphrey's magnetic field formation paper, listed in the Creation Research Quarterly, December 1984. | <urn:uuid:f75642df-d072-4a87-a290-ad1bdc438de3> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Russell_Humphreys | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057504.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924050055-20210924080055-00036.warc.gz | en | 0.960781 | 772 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Pronunciation: thi'mus, thi'mi, thi'mus-ez
Definition: A primary lymphoid organ, located in the superior and anterior mediastinum and lower part of the neck, that is necessary in early life for the normal development of immunologic function. It reaches its greatest relative weight shortly after birth and its greatest absolute weight at puberty; it then begins to involute, and much of the lymphoid tissue is replaced by fat. The thymus consists of two irregularly shaped parts united by a connective tissue capsule. Each part is partially subdivided by connective tissue septa into lobules, 0.5–2 mm in diameter, which consist of an inner medullary portion, continuous with the medullae of adjacent lobules, and an outer cortical portion. It is supplied by the inferior thyroid and internal thoracic arteries, and its nerves are derived from the vagus and sympathetic nerves.
Synonym(s): thymus gland
[G. thymos, excrescence, sweetbread]
Search Stedman's Medical Dictionary
Examples: glitazone, GI cocktail, etc. | <urn:uuid:c2991c0a-efbf-47e9-b4e5-1fc10b47319f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.drugs.com/dict/thymus.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00374-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928802 | 241 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Hindi is a popular language that helps us identify ourselves as Indians. Because it is the state language of the Indian nation and the emotion of carrying our identity.
Since we are all Indians and in our country from uneducated to educated everyone understands the Hindi language. The Hindi language is an important part of our culture, 120 crore people in our country speak Hindi.
But if you ask someone about Hindi Varnamala, nobody knows about it. We Indians feel very bad when a person does not know the Hindi alphabet, so today we will Learn Hindi Varnamala with English Alphabet.
There are 26 alphabets in English and the Hindi alphabet has alphabets in Hindi in the same way these alphabets are also known as Hindi Aksharmala or Hindi varnamala in Hindi.
In English, there are five vowels like a, e, i, o, u, and 21 consonants like b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t , v, w, x, y, z.
Just like this English language, Hindi language also has vowels (स्वर) and consonants (व्यंजन) . There are 45 varnas in Hindi language based on linguistic pronunciation.
There are 52 varnas based on writing, so friends, let’s start learning about Hindi varnamala letters from today’s detailed article.
Akshar or letters is the smallest unit of this Hindi language which is formed by the combination of these letters and the combination of these words forms a sentence.
For the knowledge of the Hindi language and literature, it is necessary to have complete knowledge of the Hindi varnamala.
What is the Hindi alphabet? How many Hindi letters are there in Hindi varnamala? What are the vowels and their number in the Hindi alphabet?
In this article, an attempt has been made to answer all the questions related to the Hindi varnamala. This article is equally useful for the students preparing for competitive examinations apart from those who are interested in Hindi language knowledge.
This Hindi alphabet is divided into two parts, Hindi swar, and vyanjan which we need to learn.
Hindi varnamala with english.
126 crore people live in India, but we still have difficulty recognizing the vowels of our own language.
Although we can speak Hindi linguistically normally, we need this language in our job or in the study of Hindi subjects. This is why we should all know Hindi varnamala with English.
Basically, the Hindi alphabet has 45 characters on the basis of pronunciation. Out of which 10 are vowels and 35 are consonants. But there are 52 characters on the basis of writing. Which there are 13 vowels, 35 consonants, and 4 combined consonants. In fact, there are many opinions regarding the number of characters.
Some grammars give the total number of characters in the Hindi alphabet as 47 in the Hindi varnmala.
In which 10 vowels and 35 consonants and 2 include the second language’s input consonant z and f.
Apart from this, according to another opinion, a total of 55 characters are considered in the varnmala. In which all complete characters used in writing and printing are included.
However, the idea of 52 letters in the Hindi alphabet seems to be more prevalent and correct.
Hindi varnamala swar/Hindi vyanjan varnas
The question may arise at the time of the special job or other work that, How many letters are there in hindi varnamala?
If you are an Indian citizen, you do not need any help to speak your alphabet. You can speak your language without any hesitation, These are known as Hindi swar varna. In this case, follow these Hindi varnamala pictures.
Hindi varnamala letters with pictures/images.
Learn Hindi Consonants / Hindi Vyanjan varna.
They need vowels to speak Hindi. In this case, notice the letters s below.
Hindi Alphabets with Pictures
Friends, if you notice the picture above, I have published almost all the letters of the Hindi alphabet in the image. Now, if you want to teach Hindi Varnamala to the children.
Then you can see the alternative medium below with their photo usage. The pronunciation and color of each picture were highlighted.
Pronunciation of Hindi Varnamala Swar in English
|Hindi Alphabets||Pronunciation of Hindi Alphabets in English||Hindi Alphabets and Words||Hindi Words in English||Images of Hindi Alphabet’s Words|
How many letters are there in the Hindi alphabet?
As an Indian citizen, you should know that Hindi Varnamala has 52 letters, of which are 12 vowels(swar) and 42 consonants(Vyanjan).
what is varnamala in hindi
हर भाषा की अपनी वर्णमाला होती है, ठीक वैसे ही जैसे हमारे पास हिंदी है। उपरोक्त विस्तृत लेख में हिंदी भाषियों द्वारा बोले जाने वाले शब्दों की खूबसूरती से व्याख्या की गई है।
इसका अर्थ यह हुआ कि हिंदी वह भाषा है जिसे एक भारतीय नागरिक अपनी मातृभाषा हिंदी के माध्यम से व्यक्त करता है और वर्णमाला की पहचान रखता है।
How many words are in the Hindi alphabet?
Hindi alphabet is a group of different letters so there is no word in Hindi alphabet.
How to learn hindi varnamala or hindi varnamala kaise sikhen
हमें इसे हिंदी बोलकर सीखने की जरूरत नहीं है, क्योंकि हम जन्म से ही हिंदी बोल सकते हैं।
लेकिन स्वर, व्यंजन, भाषा के उपयोगों को जानने के लिए आपको इन्हें सीखना होगा।
क्योंकि यह भाषा हमें फील्ड स्पेशल जॉब्स और अन्य जॉब्स में सीखनी होती है।
How many vials are there in the alphabet?
There are 12 vowels in the Hindi alphabet so far and they are used all the time
क्ष, त्र, and ज्ञ are which type of three consonants?
क्ष, त्र, and ज्ञ are also known as sayunktakshar (सयुंक्ताक्षर) vyanja
Because this three-letter is made up of two letters which can be called a group, in this case
क्ष = क् + ष !
क, ग, ज और फ sounds are taken from?
In Hindi varnamala, the words क, ग, ज और फ are collected from Arabic and Persian.
Who has discovered the Hindi alphabet?
The Hindi alphabet was not invented by anyone, it is derived from the Indus alphabet, the letters of the Hindi alphabet from the Devanagari language i.e. Sanskrit. | <urn:uuid:506f0adf-2080-4c90-9d23-013320373368> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.sdewery.me/hindi-varnamala-with-english/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337537.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005042446-20221005072446-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.728107 | 3,100 | 3.328125 | 3 |
How To Cut Your Baby’s Nails?
If the nails grow too long, a baby can injure himself with them, so they need to be well cared for. Cutting your baby’s nails can be a challenging task at first since nails are still small, and babies do not sit still.
Babies With Sharp Nails
This is something that many parents find surprising; those little baby hands and feet and mini nails yet so sharp. A baby’s nails begin to develop as early as the 13th week of pregnancy, and by the 32nd week, the nails have grown to the tips of the fingers. Toenails take a little longer, reaching the tip around week 36.
When the baby is born, the nails may already be quite long. Unlike our hard and strong nails, babies’ nails are still quite soft and flexible. However, they can be deceptively sharp. Babies often scratch themselves, so you need to be quick when it comes to trimming their nails. But how do you do it? Here are some tips to help!
When To Cut Their Nails?
It’s best to cut your baby’s nails after six weeks. Before that, try to keep the nails short and smooth with a small nail file. Be careful when sharpening the nails as they are still very fragile and can easily tear. For this reason, it is not advisable to cut the nails for the first six weeks and to avoid any cuticle infection. The nails are still flexible and can be easily bent in two with scissors. Once the baby’s nails have hardened, you can cut them for the first time.
Caring for the Nails
Use a special file for baby nails. Files made of cardboard or metal are recommended for their soft nails. Never file back and forth, but always file in one direction, from bottom to top. This will prevent cracks and injuring from occurring. You can also use scissors specially designed for babies. These have rounded or blunt tips, so they won’t puncture the skin if the baby moves or slides suddenly.
Biting or Tearing?
Tearing children’s nails is undesirable. It can cause them to become too loose and easily inflamed. Many mothers bite the tips or edges of their babies’ nails as this is often easier than cutting or filing. However, biting is also a bad idea because it allows bacteria in the mouth to attach to the baby’s fingers.
Here’s How To Do It
Choose a time when your child is calm, such as after having a drink. It is not easy to keep your hands off your baby when he or she is crying or playing. You can put your baby on your lap, in a bouncer, or on a changing table. Either way, choose a place where you can easily reach their fingers.
Hold the baby’s hand and fingers firmly with one hand. Press lightly on the skin of the fingertip to free the nail you want to cut. Then cut around the nail following the shape of the finger. Note: To avoid ingrown toenails, cut them straight.
After cutting, file the nails to smooth them out a bit. Avoid cutting the toenails fresh out of the bath. The bath will soften the nails and make it more difficult to cut them.
When cutting nails, your baby may move unexpectedly, or your hand may slip, and you may accidentally hurt them. The child will scream, and you will feel guilty, but please know that you are not the first parent this has happened to. Clipping a child’s nails is hard work.
If it does happen, rinse the bleeding finger with cold water. You can then press sterile gauze against the sore area until the bleeding stops. | <urn:uuid:e7a8ac54-4bd8-447d-b937-e0b17e288e4d> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.caring-for-kids.net/how-to-cut-your-babys-nails/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657735.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610164417-20230610194417-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.951738 | 785 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Canada is missing its chance to shut the gate on nuclear weapons everywhere
Photo by Phil Schmitten
Last month, the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (or the Ban Treaty) opened for signatures to all member states at the United Nations. The treaty is a product of sustained activism by civil society and key non-nuclear weapon states.
As researchers who study nuclear policy, we see this development as a landmark in the struggle to eliminate nuclear weapons.
The Ban Treaty would make it illegal for signatories to develop, produce, test, possess, use, threaten to use, or transfer nuclear weapons, among other restrictions.
Within days of being opened for signature, 53 countries have signed the treaty, and three have ratified. After signature and ratification by at least 50 countries, it comes into force.
Canada, a historical supporter of nuclear disarmament, has neither signed nor even participated in the negotiations that led to the treaty, which could become the most significant step toward nuclear disarmament since the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1970.
Humanitarian shift in nuclear arms control
The Ban Treaty was motivated by a clear recognition that the humanitarian impacts of nuclear weapons use and testing should be at the forefront of all discussions about these weapons. Dr. Tilman Ruff, co-president of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War testified at the United Nations in March: “An understanding of what nuclear weapons do invalidates all arguments for continued possession of these weapons and requires that they urgently be prohibited and eliminated as the only course of action commensurate with the existential danger they pose.”
The Ban Treaty, therefore, represents a shift in nuclear arms control, away from talking about nuclear weapons in terms of security and deterrence to focusing on the horrendous consequences of nuclear warfare.
This shift is reflected in the language of the Preamble of the Treaty which highlights concerns that the “catastrophic consequences of nuclear weapons” would “transcend national borders” and “pose grave implications for human survival.” The Treaty also posits that “complete” elimination “remains the only way to guarantee that nuclear weapons are never used again under any circumstances.”
Canada abandons traditional arms control emphasis
An emphasis on the humanitarian consequences, however, is not unique within arms control. Other forms of warfare, such as land mines, biological and chemical weapons, have also been outlawed because of such concerns. And such humanitarian concerns have often guided Canada’s diplomacy in the past, as illustrated by its leading role in the appropriately named Ottawa Convention to ban landmines.
Not in this case. In seeking to justify not attending the negotiations at the United Nations, a spokesperson for Canada’s minister of foreign affairs, Chrystia Freeland, dismissed the Nuclear Ban Treaty as “certain to be ineffective” because of a lack of participation by nuclear weapon states.
Treaties can reshape behaviour
Even in the case of the Ottawa Treaty, many countries that deployed landmines, such as the United States, declined to sign onto it in 1997. Yet, the treaty did affect policies in countries beyond those that signed it.
In 2014, the United States stopped using landmines, except in the Korean Peninsula. Treaty negotiations do in fact shift global norms and impact military plans, even if they may not be legally enforceable in countries that are non-signatories.
Multilateral treaties can serve to unify the international community against those who use them. Chemical weapons use in Syria “triggered an unprecedented international response” and “led to the creation of an ambitious plan to eliminate Syria’s chemical weapons program and prevent future use or proliferation of these abhorrent weapons,” as the Global Affairs Canada website on chemical weapons policy explains.
Without a treaty in place, such a concerted global effort would be much harder to mount.
Step-by-step process at standstill
Rather than involve itself with the Ban Treaty, Canada has emphasized the so-called step-by-step process for nuclear disarmament. The Global Affairs Canada website on nuclear weapons policy offers “NPT universalization, entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) and negotiations on a Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT)” as “more practical and realistic options to pursue in the short and medium term.”
Characterizing these as practical and realistic is misleading. The CTBT was negotiated in 1996 and has still not come into force, largely as a result of opposition within the U.S. Congress. The Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty, or FMCT process, has been stalled as well — the last time it gained momentum was in 1995 with the establishment of the mandate under Canadian Ambassador Gerald Shannon.
That did not lead to actual negotiations — which still have not begun. The step-by-step process isn’t going anywhere anytime soon.
Furthermore, arguments about what is more practical and realistic only distract from potential action. Nothing prevents Canada or any other country without nuclear weapons from pursuing both traditional arms control measures like the FMCT and engaging with the Ban Treaty. The latter is sure to open up several options to further nuclear disarmament.
Constructive participation in the evolving effort to prohibit nuclear weapons, regardless of whether Canada signs the Ban Treaty or not, is the only way to explore this space and identify fruitful next steps.
Looking ahead on nuclear disarmament
There has been widespread political support within Canada for being more active in furthering nuclear disarmament. In 2010, both the Senate and House of Commons unanimously adopted a resolution encouraging the Government of Canada “to engage in negotiations for a nuclear weapons convention” and “deploy a major worldwide Canadian diplomatic initiative in support of preventing nuclear proliferation and increasing the rate of nuclear disarmament.” The dynamic set off by the Ban Treaty offers a suitable opening for launching such an initiative.
In April of this year, Chrystia Freeland issued the following statement to mark the 20th anniversary of the entry into force of the Chemical Weapons Convention: “Twenty years ago today, the international community was united in denouncing the use of chemical weapons by anyone, anywhere, under any circumstance.”
Isn’t it time for the same to be said about nuclear weapons?
MV Ramana is Simons Chair in Disarmament, Global and Human Security at the Liu Institute for Global Issues, University of British Columbia. Lauren Borja is an incoming post-doctoral fellow at the School of Public Policy and Global Affairs, University of British Columbia.
This article originally appeared on TheConversation.com. | <urn:uuid:225d219c-cdc4-4028-afda-10097e0b4176> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://canadiandimension.com/articles/view/canada-is-missing-its-chance-to-shut-the-gate-on-nuclear-weapons-everywhere | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267859766.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618105733-20180618125733-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.936188 | 1,375 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Write a 4–6-page examination of three different kinds of architecture that impact your daily life.
This assessment allows you to demonstrate your understanding architecture’s influence on personal experience.
For this assessment, complete the following: Select three different kinds of spaces with which you are familiar in everyday life: places where you live, work, play, exercise, socialize, meditate, or worship. Describe these spaces in detail, explaining what you observe, feel, think, and do when you are in each. Let your observation include lots of sensory inputs; you may first notice visual elements, but look for characteristic smells or sounds as well. Examine your thoughts and feelings with the same degree of attention; is this a place that uplifts you or drags you down? Consider the activities you pursue here, whether they are unique to this space or associated with it in your memory. List the theoretical principles of architecture and apply those principles to the spaces you have described. How do the architectural features of the space help to shape the variety of experiences you have when inhabiting it? Reflect on the traditional forms of architecture and assess how they contribute to what you observe, feel, think, and do in these spaces. Additional Requirements Written communication: Should be free of errors that detract from the overall message. APA formatting: Your paper should be formatted according to APA (6th edition) style and formatting. Length: 4–6 typed and double-spaced pages. Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point. | <urn:uuid:57064eef-7b89-41ed-b8ca-c1e989d3a6cb> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://assignmentgeeks.org/urgent-homework-help-40955/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585121.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017052025-20211017082025-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.929815 | 311 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Critically Examining Ideals and Compromises in Teaching and Mentoring
by Emma Cohan
A statement on balancing traditional with progressive methods of teaching and how one can decide for the better path when he/she finds him/herself at crossroads.
In the class Empowering Learners we discuss theories of teaching and mentoring to increase agency from many viewpoints. The competing and sometimes contradictory theories are complicated even further by dilemmas from our field placements. However, instead of leaving us with a sense of paralysis, I hope to show how being mindful of the complexity of the theory behind practice can lead to positive decision-making. In teaching and mentoring we make choices that are compatible with our overall learning philosophy, but often include practical adjustments that may compromise purity of theory in favor of a dynamic balance we judge better fitting to the context.
The most basic controversy encountered while learning about teaching is traditionalism vs. progressivism. Traditionalism is the reproduction of the status quo; as John Dewey writes, "learning here means acquisition of what already is incorporated in books and in the heads of the heads of the elders. Moreover that which is taught is thought of as essentially static. It is taught as a finished product"(Experience and Education, 19). There also tends to be a great deal of direct instruction, such as lectures. In contrast to traditionalist teaching models, progressive ones are based in experiential, dynamic learning. The text Engaging Minds (Davis, Sumara, Luce-Kapler) is an ideal example of critiquing the assumptions of traditionalism in favor of a radically progressive approach. The authors believe, "knowing is relational; it is not just about ideational associations; it also implicates the knower in webs of physical association. Knower, knowledge, and the phenomenon known can't be separated"(8). As they argue for a more holistic approach to learning, they argue against teaching orthodoxy's "reductive, fragmenting mentality underlying checklists, linear curricula, rigid lesson formats, standardized evaluation rubrics, and related artifacts"(9).
What the Engaging Minds authors envision for education has great intuitive appeal to me. However, where I start to see problems is in implementing their educational objectives in a comprehensive way. Teachers would not be trained in how to effectively impart knowledge, but in developing "the qualities of contingency, flexibility, emergence, and expansive possibility"(172) to facilitate knowledge. In this scenario, I imagine each teacher as an improvisational actor, using the crowd's suggestion to develop a scene on the spot. Not only does this conception of teaching put a great deal of pressure on the teacher to be constantly and skillfully reactive, it also seems impossible to develop any type of standards for assessing the teacher or the quality of learning. Here there is a huge conflict with the prevailing federal attitude towards education, as exemplified by the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation.
From my perspective, neither extremely traditional, standardized teaching practices, nor entirely flexible, deconstructed ones seem ideal. An example to make this concrete comes from our Empowering Learners class. Although our Professor subscribes to many of the tenets of progressive education, she too must find a balance between creating a dynamic, flexible class and meeting student and college traditional expectations. This struggle is evident in our syllabus, which has the semester's readings and assignments planned out before the semester begins. While the syllabus may make the class less generative and active in their direction of learning over the semester, the teacher is able to respect the wishes and autonomy of individuals to know and plan for the expectations. In addition, the teacher choosing the readings upfront may be seen as an enabling constraint from which the class can draw much multi-layered, progressive learning. In this way the teacher stays on the progressive side, but makes compromises for the wellbeing of her students.
Another option is a teaching purpose that seeks to optimally support a child's socio-emotional development. The attraction to this model is that it places value in the ethics of care and nurturing, which seem to be sorely lacking from most traditional formal education contexts. However, this viewpoint can become problematic when a teacher is trying to attend fully to both academic and emotional demands of the class, especially at times when these conflict. Furthermore, according to Cook-Sather and her rendering of prevailing metaphors of education in the article "Movements of Mind", equating teaching with therapy often creates "an underlying assumption of illness needing remedy"(957) which "keeps students passive and ailing with the only remedy being the active intervention of educators"(957).
From this criticism of assuming illness and inadequacy in the learner, the principles expounded in From Teaching to Mentoring (Herman and Mandell) seem an apt solution. The principles include the belief that teachers should accept the uncertainty and provisionality of their own knowledge, respect the learner's autonomy by engaging in curriculum of dialogical inquiry and collaboration, and value the knowledge gleaned by students in their own experiences and "lifeworld"(25) of metaphysical beliefs. A compatible concept from Engaging Minds is that of "vibrant sufficiency"(16) in which the authors acknowledge that learners should be respected as whole because ‘one's sense of the world is curiously adequate"(16). Therefore, both books seek to shift the power dynamic between the teacher and learner from one of authoritative teacher and passive student to a more balanced, mutual engagement, which is a learning process for both. This approach seems benevolent in its more equitable approach to power dynamics. However, to take the idea to the extreme, if teachers, mentors, counselors, and parents really didn't know any better than children, why would society have formal education at all?
I found my view on teaching/mentoring power dynamics complicated by my field placement at an after-school program for children with mental health problems. In my role I tried to act as a mentor and ally. I hoped that by fostering positive relationships I would have an impact on my mentees' wellbeing and resilience. Yet I was immediately dismayed with my group teacher's authority style. She often harshly criticized the children's autonomous decisions on things as inconsequential as their choice of colors on an art project. She seemed satisfied only when she was seated at her desk with the children quiet and complacent, doing puzzles or drawing. I soon judged I could do better. In my interactions with the children I tried to get on the same level by actively playing games with them. I elicited stories about their days and families and shared my own anecdotes, comfortable in my informal, friendly role that was responsive to their emotional needs.
However, my perspective on interaction was complicated the day my teacher left me alone with the students for a short time. Chaos broke loose; two children started investigating what was going on in the hall, one child started yelling at another child, and the final child started destroying the game that we were playing. I tried to calmly get the children back under control, but for a moment I felt powerless. I saw some of the benefits of my teacher's traditional power dynamic. But then something occurred that reinforced my belief not to fully give in to that style of teaching. One child, noting my repeated, but calm admonitions told me, "I want to see you yell." This struck me because she was trying to push me to fulfill the role of the authoritarian teacher, because it was what she expected, even if it wasn't in her or my best interest. That comment made hold true to my beliefs that teachers don't need to exert dominance (as in this case may have been achieved by yelling), even if that made the immediate situation difficult. I saw the tension of attending to children emotionally while at the same time needing to have authority to keep them safe. However, I found a balance where I came down on the side of respecting students, while still giving them some boundaries.
In both of the practical examples I outlined, I hope to have shown the tension of between two sides of theory on teaching and mentoring. In each situation the actor had to make a decision: whether or not to fully plan a class, whether or not to yell to keep order. In neither situation was there a right answer, but decisions were made by "coming down" on the side of one theory while at the same time using the context to create a more balanced, composite method. I think that teaching and mentoring should always be guided by intentionality, but that teachers need to stay vigilant to the blindspots of each individual theory. In this way they can use multiple theories and critiques to judge for themselves when optimal learning requires pushing towards their theoretical ideal and when it requires making practical accommodations based on their field experience. If teachers act only based on instinct, expediency, or limited theory I fear they may find out after years of teaching that they have been causing more harm than good to their students. To combat this, teachers should frequently and consistently both self-assess and engage with diverse perspectives on teaching. In this way they can continually refine their objectives and make adjustments to successfully merge them with context.
Cook-Sather, Alison. "Movements of Mind: The Matrix, Metaphors, and Re-imagining Education." Teachers College Record. Volume 105, Number 6 August 2003
Davis, Brent, Sumara, Dennis, and Luce-Kapler, Rebecca. Engaging Minds: Changing Teaching in Complex Times. New York: Routledge, 2008.
Dewey, John. Experience and Education. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997.
Herman, Lee and Mandell, Alan. From Teaching to Mentoring: Principle and Practice, Dialogue and Life in Adult Education. New York: Routledge, 2004. | <urn:uuid:fba19103-3a16-4c17-b284-088b810b6850> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/exchange/node/4269 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507445886.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005725-00101-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965071 | 1,999 | 2.875 | 3 |
Spanish Flu (Swine Flu)
Swine Flu is a form of influenza. Although swine flu is normally virulent only in pigs, it is thought to have crossed over to humans in the early part of the 20th century, causing the Spanish Flu pandemic. Estimates of the worldwide death toll from the Spanish Flu range up to 100 million people. The death toll was particularly high among young, healthy adults.
In 1976, a swine flu scare provided the biggest embarrassment of US President Gerald Ford's administration. On February 5 an army recruit at Fort Dix said he felt tired and weak. The next day, he was dead and four of his fellow soldiers were later hospitalized. Two weeks after his death, health officials announced that swine flu was the cause of death.
Despite the fact that only one person died, alarmed public health officials decided that action must be taken to head off a major pandemic and they urged that every person in the United States be vaccinated for the disease. The vaccination program was plagued by delays and public relations problems but about 24 percent of the population was vaccinated by the time the program was cancelled.
The vaccine was blamed for 25 deaths (more people died from the vaccine than died from the "swine flu" itself) and a small, but statistically significant, rise in the incidence of a rare illness called Guillain-Barré syndrome or GBS.
Posted by Staff at May 10, 2005 1:26 AMblog comments powered by Disqus
My dad took the swine flu shot and shortly after developed Multiple Schlerosis. Is there any documentation that connects the two?
Not that we have seen, but there is a lot of information with some neurological disorders being connected to mercury from vaccinations. Check out the information on these pages about mercury,..
Posted by: cathy kelly at November 15, 2005 3:27 PM
When I was a senior in high school (the spring of 1976)I quickly became ill (within 4 hours) with a high fever, chills, and body aches. By the end of the school day I was taken to the emergency room and immediately admitted into the hospital. I was in there for two weeks. I was unable to eat ( I went from 120 lbs. down to 100 lbs.) and had respiratory problems. I remember I had a catheder because they didn't want me getting up to use the restroom and was given breathing treatments. I also remember being told that the doctor stayed by my side during the first night because "I was extremely sick" and he was worried about my welfare. I have vague memories of being told that I had swine flu, but I am not sure. My mother doesn't remember any longer what it was. Do the symptons I describe sound like that is what I had? I guess I started looking into bird flu and came across swine flu information and that sparked a memory for me. I read about the soldier that died at Fort Dix in 1976, but haven't seen much about how it affected the general population. Was it widespread esp. in the midwest? I lived on a dairy farm, but we did not raise hogs.
Posted by: Candi at January 12, 2006 12:25 AM | <urn:uuid:ad6d7bd4-4494-4272-9719-d5f200ef4ad4> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | http://www.symptoms101.com/med/archives/2005/05/spanish_flu_swi.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989812.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20210515035645-20210515065645-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.98898 | 663 | 2.875 | 3 |
APPLES – Astringent, carminative, digestive, diuretic, emollient, laxative, tonic. A highly digestible alkaline food, apples have a high water content (around 85%), which quenches both immediate and cellular-level thirst. All apples, especially green apples, cleanse the liver and gallbladder and help soften gallstones. TIP –Helps to clean the teeth and exercise gums when eaten raw.
CAYENNE - Cayenne pepper is concentrated with vitamins, minerals and phyto-nutrients. It is a rich source of Vitamin C that boosts the immune system. It is also one of the richest sources of Vitamin A. The spice contains very high levels of essential minerals such as iron, copper, zinc, potassium, manganese, magnesium and selenium. It also contains potassium, an important electrolyte in the cells. Cayenne peppers are also rich in b-complex vitamins such as niacin, vitamin B-6, riboflavin and thiamin. These peppers are beneficial for colds, coughs, and congestion. TIP: For travelers, a small container of cayenne pepper is a sensible protection against dysentery.
FIGS – Figs are a densely mineralized sweet fruit. They contain one of the highest concentrations of calcium of any food. The tiny seeds in figs are not only packed with nutrients, but they help draw out and dissolve waste, parasites, and mucus in the intestines. TIP-a great laxative.
HAZELNUTS – Hazelnuts contain the minerals magnesium, phosphorous, zinc, copper, iron, manganese, calcium and selenium. This nut also contains vitamin K in the form of ascorbic acid, folate, thiamin, alpha-tocopherol and niacin. Additionally, the nuts contain potassium and vitamin E. fiber and mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fats. TIP- Hazelnut Milk is a, nutritious drink that can be purchased at selective grocery stores.
GRAPES – Grapes are called “the queen of fruit” because of their excellent cleansing properties, and they rank among the most potent of all medicinal foods. Grapes offer a natural combination of fruit acid, natural sugar, and various bitter-astringent properties that will help keep your cellular network cleansed. They are also a fine source of Vitamin C, A, K, B-complex and carotenes. TIP: Grapes contain a small amount of natural sugar that will give you energy and a boost during the day without the calories.
TOMATOES – Tomatoes are low in calories, fat content and have zero cholesterol levels. They are an excellent source of antioxidants, dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals. Fresh tomatoes contain high levels of Vitamin A and C, as well as a rich source of potassium and the phytochemical lycopene. TIP: Heirloom varieties tend to produce more flavorful fruit. | <urn:uuid:81d3d023-7f9d-43b1-83d5-6b36bd359f5c> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.joeandmoni.com/blog/six-beneficial-foods-we-recommend/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710503.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128102824-20221128132824-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.901838 | 630 | 2.578125 | 3 |
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
I am interested in ecology, evolution and behavior. I seek an understanding of the origin of new species, their ecological interactions, their persistence in different communities and their ultimate extinction. In this broad area I chose Darwin's Finches on the Galápagos Islands for intensive investigation 30 years ago because some unique features, including the tameness of the finches and the simplicity of their undisturbed habitats, make them unusually suitable for field research into questions of evolution.
The thirteen species evolved from a common ancestor in the last few million years. They display striking patterns of morphological and behavioral variation, and some populations are exceptionally variable. To investigate the reasons for these patterns my students and I have concentrated on four topics, and have demonstrated the following. First, there is much heritable variation in populations, partly as a result of hybridization. Second, this genetic variation is occasionally subject to the forces of both natural and sexual selection, as the climatic environment fluctuates between extreme conditions. These two facts mean that populations are currently labile, evolutionarily, which is fortunate because it has enabled us to estimate the minimal forces of selection involved in the transformation of one species to another. Third, the composition of finch communities is strongly determined by patterns of variation in food supply among islands, and by competition among species for that food supply. Evolution of character displacement caused by interspecific competition has been observed and measured. Fourth, finch species recognize each other by their appearance and by their song, as demonstrated by experiments with models and tape-recorded song. Integrating all this information we can say that the primary driving forces in the adaptive radiation of the finches were ecological, with reproductive isolation between newly formed species being largely an incidental consequence of ecological divergence.
Current goals include identifying the causes, frequency and fitness consequences of hybridization by an analysis of pedigrees, uncovering the molecular genetic control of beak development and the origin of differences between species, and seeking a better understanding of the pattern of Darwin's Finch phylogenetic history through an analysis of microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA variation. Achieving these goals should throw light on two generalizations: how complex communities develop from simple ones, and how microevolutionary processes can be used to account for macroevolutionary patterns.
Research interests. I am interested in a wide variety of questions in evolution, ecology and behavior. Graduates I have supervised have recently studied the evolution of horns in beetles, polyandry in flightless cormorants, nest parasitism in coots, social organization of parrots, and the inheritance of spot patterns in butterflies. | <urn:uuid:8a8a093d-08d8-4f79-a016-c063610671b6> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | https://www.princeton.edu/eeb/people/display_person.xml?netid=prgrant&display=Faculty | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644066275.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025426-00002-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950983 | 534 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Oral tradition, or oral lore, is a form of human communication wherein knowledge, art, ideas and cultural material is received, preserved and transmitted orally from one generation to another. The transmission is through speech or song and may include folktales, ballads, chants, prose or verses. In this way, it is possible for a society to transmit oral history, oral literature, oral law and other knowledge across generations without a writing system, or in parallel to a writing system. Indian religions such as Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism, for example, have used an oral tradition, in parallel to a writing system, to transmit their canonical scriptures, secular knowledge such as Sushruta Samhita, hymns and mythologies from one generation to the next.
Oral tradition is information, memories and knowledge held in common by a group of people, over many generations, and it is not same as testimony or oral history. In a general sense, "oral tradition" refers to the recall and transmission of a specific, preserved textual and cultural knowledge through vocal utterance. As an academic discipline, it refers both to a set of objects of study and a method by which they are studied.
The study of oral tradition is distinct from the academic discipline of oral history, which is the recording of personal memories and histories of those who experienced historical eras or events. Oral tradition is also distinct from the study of orality defined as thought and its verbal expression in societies where the technologies of literacy (especially writing and print) are unfamiliar to most of the population. A folklore is a type of oral tradition, but knowledge other than folklore has been orally transmitted and thus preserved in human history.
According to John Foley, oral tradition has been an ancient human tradition found in "all corners of the world". Modern archeology has been unveiling evidence of the human efforts to preserve and transmit arts and knowledge that depended completely or partially on an oral tradition, across various cultures:
The Judeo-Christian Bible reveals its oral traditional roots; medieval European manuscripts are penned by performing scribes; geometric vases from archaic Greece mirror Homer's oral style. (...) Indeed, if these final decades of the millennium have taught us anything, it must be that oral tradition never was the other we accused it of being; it never was the primitive, preliminary technology of communication we thought it to be. Rather, if the whole truth is told, oral tradition stands out as the single most dominant communicative technology of our species as both a historical fact and, in many areas still, a contemporary reality.— John Foley, Signs of Orality
In Asia, the transmission of folklore, mythologies as well as scriptures in ancient India, in different Indian religions, was by oral tradition, preserved with precision with the help of elaborate mnemonic techniques. Some scholars such as Jack Goody state that the Vedas are not the product strictly of an oral tradition, basing this view by comparing inconsistencies in the transmitted versions of literature from various oral societies such as the Greek, Serbia and other cultures, then noting that the Vedic literature is too consistent and vast to have been composed and transmitted orally across generations, without being written down. According to Goody, the Vedic texts likely involved both a written and oral tradition, calling it a "parallel products of a literate society".
In ancient Greece, the oral tradition was a dominant tradition. Homer's epic poetry, states Michael Gagarin, was largely composed, performed and transmitted orally. As folklores and legends were performed in front of distant audiences, the singers would substitute the names in the stories with local characters or rulers to give the stories a local flavor and thus connect with the audience, but making the historicity embedded in the oral tradition as unreliable. The lack of surviving texts about the Greek and Roman religious traditions have led scholars to presume that these were ritualistic and transmitted as oral traditions, but some scholars disagree that the complex rituals in the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations were an exclusive product of an oral tradition. The Torah and other ancient Jewish literature, the Judeo-Christian Bible and texts of early centuries of Christianity are rooted in an oral tradition, and the term "People of the Book" is a medieval construct. This is evidenced, for example, by the multiple scriptural statements by Paul admitting "previously remembered tradition which he received" orally.
Oral traditions face the challenge of accurate transmission and verifiability of the accurate version, particularly when the culture lacks written language or has limited access to writing tools. Oral cultures have employed various strategies that achieve this without writing. For example, heavily rhythmic speech filled with mnemonic devices enhances memory and recall. A few useful mnemonic devices include alliteration, repetition, assonance, and proverbial sayings. In addition, the verse is often metrically composed with an exact number of syllables or morae - such as with Greek and Latin prosody and in Chandas found in Hindu and Buddhist texts. The verses of the epic or text are typically designed wherein the long and short syllables are repeated by certain rules, so that if an error or inadvertent change is made, an internal examination of the verse reveals the problem. Such strategies help facilitate transmission of information from individual to individual without a written intermediate, and they can also be applied to oral governance.
The law itself in oral cultures is enshrined in formulaic sayings, proverbs, which are not mere jurisprudential decorations, but themselves constitute the law. A judge in an oral culture is often called on to articulate sets of relevant proverbs out of which he can produce equitable decisions in the cases under formal litigation before him.
Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book provides an excellent demonstration of oral governance in the Law of the Jungle. Not only does grounding rules in oral proverbs allow for simple transmission and understanding, but it also legitimizes new rulings by allowing extrapolation. These stories, traditions, and proverbs are not static, but are often altered upon each transmission barring the overall meaning remains intact. In this way, the rules that govern the people are modified by the whole and not authored by a single entity.
Ancient texts of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism were preserved and transmitted by an oral tradition. For example, the śrutis of Hinduism called the Vedas, the oldest of which trace back to the second millennium BCE. Michael Witzel explains this oral tradition as follows:
The Vedic texts were orally composed and transmitted, without the use of script, in an unbroken line of transmission from teacher to student that was formalized early on. This ensured an impeccable textual transmission superior to the classical texts of other cultures; it is, in fact, something like a tape-recording.... Not just the actual words, but even the long-lost musical (tonal) accent (as in old Greek or in Japanese) has been preserved up to the present.— Michael Witzel
Ancient Indians developed techniques for listening, memorization and recitation of their knowledge, in schools called Gurukul, while maintaining exceptional accuracy of their knowledge across the generations. Many forms of recitation or pathas were designed to aid accuracy in recitation and the transmission of the Vedas and other knowledge texts from one generation to the next. All hymns in each Veda were recited in this way; for example, all 1,028 hymns with 10,600 verses of the Rigveda was preserved in this way; as were all other Vedas including the Principal Upanishads, as well as the Vedangas. Each text was recited in a number of ways, to ensure that the different methods of recitation acted as a cross check on the other. Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat summarizes this as follows:
- Samhita-patha: continuous recitation of Sanskrit words bound by the phonetic rules of euphonic combination;
- Pada-patha: a recitation marked by a conscious pause after every word, and after any special grammatical codes embedded inside the text; this method suppresses euphonic combination and restores each word in its original intended form;
- Krama-patha: a step-by-step recitation where euphonically-combined words are paired successively and sequentially and then recited; for example, a hymn "word1 word2 word3 word4...", would be recited as "word1word2 word2word3 word3word4 ...."; this method to verify accuracy is credited to Vedic sages Gargya and Sakalya in the Hindu tradition and mentioned by the ancient Sanskrit grammarian Panini (dated to pre-Buddhism period);
- Krama-patha modified: the same step-by-step recitation as above, but without euphonic-combinations (or free form of each word); this method to verify accuracy is credited to Vedic sages Babhravya and Galava in the Hindu tradition, and is also mentioned by the ancient Sanskrit grammarian Panini;
- Jata-pāṭha, dhvaja-pāṭha and ghana-pāṭha are methods of recitation of a text and its oral transmission that developed after 5th century BCE, that is after the start of Buddhism and Jainism; these methods use more complicated rules of combination and were less used.
These extraordinary retention techniques guaranteed an accurate Śruti, fixed across the generations, not just in terms of unaltered word order but also in terms of sound. That these methods have been effective, is testified to by the preservation of the most ancient Indian religious text, the Ṛgveda (ca. 1500 BCE).
Study of oral tradition
The following overview draws upon Oral-Formulaic Theory and Research: An Introduction and Annotated Bibliography, (NY: Garland Publishing, 1985, 1986, 1989); additional material is summarized from the overlapping prefaces to the following volumes: The Theory of Oral Composition: History and Methodology, (Indiana University Press, 1988, 1992); Immanent Art: From Structure to Meaning in Traditional Oral Epic (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); The Singer of Tales in Performance (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995) and Comparative Research on Oral Traditions: A Memorial for Milman Parry (Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Publishers, 1987). in the work of the Serb scholar Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (1787–1864), a contemporary and friend of the Brothers Grimm. Vuk pursued similar projects of "salvage folklore" (similar to rescue archaeology) in the cognate traditions of the Southern Slavic regions which would later be gathered into Yugoslavia, and with the same admixture of romantic and nationalistic interests (he considered all those speaking the Eastern Herzegovinian dialect as Serbs). Somewhat later, but as part of the same scholarly enterprise of nationalist studies in folklore, the turcologist Vasily Radlov (1837–1918) would study the songs of the Kara-Kirghiz in what would later become the Soviet Union; Karadzic and Radloff would provide models for the work of Parry.
In a separate development, the media theorist Marshall McLuhan (1911–1980) would begin to focus attention on the ways that communicative media shape the nature of the content conveyed. He would serve as mentor to the Jesuit, Walter Ong (1912–2003), whose interests in cultural history, psychology and rhetoric would result in Orality and Literacy (Methuen, 1980) and the important but less-known Fighting for Life: Contest, Sexuality and Consciousness (Cornell, 1981) These two works articulated the contrasts between cultures defined by primary orality, writing, print, and the secondary orality of the electronic age.
I style the orality of a culture totally untouched by any knowledge of writing or print, 'primary orality'. It is 'primary' by contrast with the 'secondary orality' of present-day high technology culture, in which a new orality is sustained by telephone, radio, television and other electronic devices that depend for their existence and functioning on writing and print. Today primary culture in the strict sense hardly exists, since every culture knows of writing and has some experience of its effects. Still, to varying degrees many cultures and sub-cultures, even in a high-technology ambiance, preserve much of the mind-set of primary orality.
Ong's works also made possible an integrated theory of oral tradition which accounted for both production of content (the chief concern of Parry-Lord theory) and its reception. This approach, like McLuhan's, kept the field open not just to the study of aesthetic culture but to the way physical and behavioral artifacts of oral societies are used to store, manage and transmit knowledge, so that oral tradition provides methods for investigation of cultural differences, other than the purely verbal, between oral and literate societies.
The most-often studied section of Orality and Literacy concerns the "psychodynamics of orality" This chapter seeks to define the fundamental characteristics of 'primary' orality and summarizes a series of descriptors (including but not limited to verbal aspects of culture) which might be used to index the relative orality or literacy of a given text or society.
John Miles Foley
In advance of Ong's synthesis, John Miles Foley began a series of papers based on his own fieldwork on South Slavic oral genres, emphasizing the dynamics of performers and audiences. Foley effectively consolidated oral tradition as an academic field when he compiled Oral-Formulaic Theory and Research in 1985. The bibliography gives a summary of the progress scholars made in evaluating the oral tradition up to that point, and includes a list of all relevant scholarly articles relating to the theory of Oral-Formulaic Composition. He also both established both the journal Oral Tradition and founded the Center for Studies in Oral Tradition (1986) at the University of Missouri. Foley developed Oral Theory beyond the somewhat mechanistic notions presented in earlier versions of Oral-Formulaic Theory, by extending Ong's interest in cultural features of oral societies beyond the verbal, by drawing attention to the agency of the bard and by describing how oral traditions bear meaning.
The bibliography would establish a clear underlying methodology which accounted for the findings of scholars working in the separate Linguistics fields (primarily Ancient Greek, Anglo-Saxon and Serbo-Croatian). Perhaps more importantly, it would stimulate conversation among these specialties, so that a network of independent but allied investigations and investigators could be established.
Foley's key works include The Theory of Oral Composition (1988); Immanent Art (1991); Traditional Oral Epic: The Odyssey, Beowulf and the Serbo-Croatian Return-Song (1993); The Singer of Tales in Performance (1995); Teaching Oral Traditions (1998); How to Read an Oral Poem (2002). His Pathways Project (2005-2012) draws parallels between the media dynamics of oral traditions and the Internet.
Acceptance and further elaboration
The theory of oral tradition would undergo elaboration and development as it grew in acceptance. While the number of formulas documented for various traditions proliferated, the concept of the formula remained lexically-bound. However, numerous innovations appeared, such as the "formulaic system" with structural "substitution slots" for syntactic, morphological and narrative necessity (as well as for artistic invention). Sophisticated models such as Foley's "word-type placement rules" followed. Higher levels of formulaic composition were defined over the years, such as "ring composition", "responsion" and the "type-scene" (also called a "theme" or "typical scene"). Examples include the "Beasts of Battle" and the "Cliffs of Death". Some of these characteristic patterns of narrative details, (like "the arming sequence;" "the hero on the beach"; "the traveler recognizes his goal") would show evidence of global distribution.
At the same time, the fairly rigid division between oral and literate was replaced by recognition of transitional and compartmentalized texts and societies, including models of diglossia (Brian Stock Franz Bäuml, and Eric Havelock). Perhaps most importantly, the terms and concepts of "orality" and "literacy" came to be replaced with the more useful and apt "traditionality" and "textuality". Very large units would be defined (The Indo-European Return Song) and areas outside of military epic would come under investigation: women's song, riddles and other genres.
The methodology of oral tradition now conditions a large variety of studies, not only in folklore, literature and literacy, but in philosophy, communication theory, Semiotics, and including a very broad and continually expanding variety of languages and ethnic groups, and perhaps most conspicuously in biblical studies, in which Werner Kelber has been especially prominent. The annual bibliography is indexed by 100 areas, most of which are ethnolinguistic divisions.
Present developments explore the implications of the theory for rhetoric and composition, interpersonal communication, cross-cultural communication, postcolonial studies, rural community development, popular culture and film studies, and many other areas. The most significant areas of theoretical development at present may be the construction of systematic hermeneutics and aesthetics specific to oral traditions.
Criticism and debates
The theory of oral tradition encountered early resistance from scholars who perceived it as potentially supporting either one side or another in the controversy between what were known as "unitarians" and "analysts" – that is, scholars who believed Homer to have been a single, historical figure, and those who saw him as a conceptual "author function," a convenient name to assign to what was essentially a repertoire of traditional narrative. A much more general dismissal of the theory and its implications simply described it as "unprovable" Some scholars, mainly outside the field of oral tradition, represent (either dismissively or with approval) this body of theoretical work as reducing the great epics to children's party games like "telephone" or "Chinese whispers". While games provide amusement by showing how messages distort content via uncontextualized transmission, Parry's supporters argue that the theory of oral tradition reveals how oral methods optimized the signal-to-noise ratio and thus improved the quality, stability and integrity of content transmission.
There were disputes concerning particular findings of the theory. For example, those trying to support or refute Crowne's hypothesis found the "Hero on the Beach" formula in numerous Old English poems. Similarly, it was also discovered in other works of Germanic origin, Middle English poetry, and even an Icelandic prose saga. J.A. Dane, in an article characterized as "polemics without rigor" claimed that the appearance of the theme in Ancient Greek poetry, a tradition without known connection to the Germanic, invalidated the notion of "an autonomous theme in the baggage of an oral poet."
Within Homeric studies specifically, Lord's The Singer of Tales, which focused on problems and questions that arise in conjunction with applying oral-formulaic theory to problematic texts such as the Iliad, Odyssey, and even Beowulf, influenced nearly all of the articles written on Homer and oral-formulaic composition thereafter. However, in response to Lord, Geoffrey Kirk published The Songs of Homer, questioning Lord's extension of the oral-formulaic nature of Serbian and Croatian literature (the area from which the theory was first developed) to Homeric epic. Kirk argues that Homeric poems differ from those traditions in their "metrical strictness", "formular system[s]", and creativity. In other words, Kirk argued that Homeric poems were recited under a system that gave the reciter much more freedom to choose words and passages to get to the same end than the Serbo-Croatian poet, who was merely "reproductive". Shortly thereafter, Eric Havelock's Preface to Plato revolutionized how scholars looked at Homeric epic by arguing not only that it was the product of an oral tradition, but also that the oral-formulas contained therein served as a way for ancient Greeks to preserve cultural knowledge across many different generations. Adam Parry, in his 1966 work "Have we Homer's Iliad?", theorized the existence of the most fully developed oral poet to his time, a person who could (at his discretion) creatively and intellectually create nuanced characters in the context of the accepted, traditional story. In fact, he discounted the Serbo-Croatian tradition to an "unfortunate" extent, choosing to elevate the Greek model of oral-tradition above all others. Lord reacted to Kirk's and Parry's essays with "Homer as Oral Poet", published in 1968, which reaffirmed Lord's belief in the relevance of Yugoslav poetry and its similarities to Homer and downplayed the intellectual and literary role of the reciters of Homeric epic.
Many of the criticisms of the theory have been absorbed into the evolving field as useful refinements and modifications. For example, in what Foley called a "pivotal" contribution, Larry Benson introduced the concept of "written-formulaic" to describe the status of some Anglo-Saxon poetry which, while demonstrably written, contains evidence of oral influences, including heavy reliance on formulas and themes A number of individual scholars in many areas continue to have misgivings about the applicability of the theory or the aptness of the South Slavic comparison, and particularly what they regard as its implications for the creativity which may legitimately be attributed to the individual artist. However, at present, there seems to be little systematic or theoretically coordinated challenge to the fundamental tenets of the theory; as Foley put it, ""there have been numerous suggestions for revisions or modifications of the theory, but the majority of controversies have generated further understanding.
- American Indian elder
- Folk process
- Intangible culture
- Oral history
- Oral law
- Oral literature
- Oral Torah
- Oral Tradition Journal
- Oral-formulaic composition
- Patha, Śrauta
- Secondary orality
- Traditional knowledge
- Understanding Media
- World Oral Literature Project
- Vansina, Jan: Oral Tradition as History, James Currey Publisher reported statements from present generation" which "specifies that the message must be oral statements spoken, sung or called out on musical instruments only"; "There must be transmission by word of mouth over at least a generation". He points out, "Our definition is a working definition for the use of historians. Sociologists, linguists or scholars of the verbal arts propose their own, which in, e.g., sociology, stresses common knowledge. In linguistics, features that distinguish the language from common dialogue (linguists), and in the verbal arts features of form and content that define art (folklorists)."
- Oral Tradition, Encyclopedia Britannnica, John Miles Foley
- Ki-Zerbo, Joseph: "Methodology and African Prehistory", 1990, UNESCO International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa; James Currey Publishers, ISBN 0-85255-091-X, 9780852550915; see Ch. 7; "Oral tradition and its methodology" at pages 54-61; at page 54: "Oral tradition may be defined as being a testimony transmitted verbally from one generation to another. Its special characteristics are that it is verbal and the manner in which it is transmitted."
- Jack Goody (1987). The Interface Between the Written and the Oral. Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–121. ISBN 978-0-521-33794-6.
- M Witzel, "Vedas and Upaniṣads", in: Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003), The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., ISBN 1-4051-3251-5, pages 68-71
- Donald S. Lopez Jr. (1995). "Authority and Orality in the Mahāyāna". Numen. Brill Academic. 42 (1): 21–47. JSTOR 3270278.
- Henige, David. "Oral, but Oral What? The Nomenclatures of Orality and Their Implications" Oral Tradition, 3/1-2 (1988): 229-38. p 232; Henige cites Jan Vansina (1985). Oral tradition as history. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press
- John Foley (1999). E. Anne MacKay, ed. Signs of Orality. BRILL Academic. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-9004112735.
- Dundes, Alan, "Editor's Introduction" to The Theory of Oral Composition, John Miles Foley. Bloomington, IUP, 1988, pp. ix-xii
- Henige, David. "Oral, but Oral What? The Nomenclatures of Orality and Their Implications" Oral Tradition, 3/1-2 (1988): 229-38. p 232; Henige cites Jan Vansina (1985). Oral tradition as history. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press
- Oral History Archived August 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
- Ong, Walter, S.J., Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. London: Methuen, 1982 p 12
- Degh, Linda. American Folklore and the Mass Media. Bloomington: IUP, 1994, p. 31
- Folklore in the Oral Tradition, Fairytales, Fables and Folk-legend, Julie Carthy (1984), The Oral Tradition, Volume IV, Yale University, Quote: "Folklore is said to be in the oral tradition. Dundes states that the most common criterion for a definition of folklore is its means of transmission that is, orally. He clarifies however that materials other than folklore are also orally conveyed. Therefore oral transmission itself is not sufficient to distinguish folklore from non-folklore."
- Donald S. Lopez Jr. (1995). "Authority and Orality in the Mahāyāna". Numen. Brill Academic. 42 (1): 21–47. JSTOR 3270278.; Quote: The early Buddhist texts are also generally believed to be of oral tradition, with the first Pali Canon written many centuries after the death of the Buddha.
- Michael Gagarin (1999). E. Anne MacKay, ed. Signs of Orality. BRILL Academic. pp. 163–164. ISBN 978-9004112735.
- Wolfgang Kullmann (1999). E. Anne MacKay, ed. Signs of Orality. BRILL Academic. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-9004112735.
- John Scheid (2006). Clifford Ando and Jörg Rüpke, ed. Religion and Law in Classical and Christian Rome. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 17–28. ISBN 978-3-515-08854-1.
- Delbert Burkett (2002). An Introduction to the New Testament and the Origins of Christianity. Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–125, 45–46, 106–107, 129–130. ISBN 978-0-521-00720-7.
- Leslie Baynes (2011). The Heavenly Book Motif in Judeo-Christian Apocalypses 200 BCE-200 CE. BRILL Academic. pp. 40–41 with footnotes. ISBN 90-04-20726-0.
Birger Gerhardsson; Eric John Sharpe (1961). Memory and Manuscript: Oral Tradition and Written Transmission in Rabbinic Judaism and Early Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 71–78. ISBN 978-0-8028-4366-1.
- Terence C. Mournet (2005). Oral Tradition and Literary Dependency: Variability and Stability in the Synoptic Tradition and Q. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 138–141. ISBN 978-3-16-148454-4.
- Tatyana J. Elizarenkova (1995). Language and Style of the Vedic Rsis. State University of New York Press. pp. 111–121. ISBN 978-0-7914-1668-6.
- Peter Scharf (2013). Keith Allan, ed. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. pp. 228–234. ISBN 978-0-19-164344-6.
- Crowley, David; Heyer, Paul (1999). Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society (Third ed.). Longman Publishers USA. p. 67.
- Hanson, Erin. "Oral Traditions". Indigenous Foundations. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
- Hartmut Scharfe (2002). Handbook of Oriental Studies. BRILL Academic. pp. 24–29, 226–237. ISBN 90-04-12556-6.
- Donald Lopez (2004). Buddhist Scriptures. Penguin Books. pp. xi–xv. ISBN 978-0-14-190937-0.
- Hartmut Scharfe (2002). Handbook of Oriental Studies. BRILL Academic. pp. 24–29, 226–232. ISBN 90-04-12556-6.
- Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat (2006). Karine Chemla, ed. History of Science, History of Text. Springer. pp. 138–140. ISBN 978-1-4020-2321-7.
- Wilke, Annette and Moebus, Oliver. Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism (Religion and Society). De Gruyter (February 1, 2007). P. 495. ISBN 3110181592.
- "Early Scholarship on Oral Traditions": Radloff, Jousse and Murko Oral Tradition 5:1 (1990) 73-90
- See for example Marshall McLuhan, The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1962.
- Walter J. Ong. Fighting for Life: Context, Sexuality and Consciousness. Cornell University Press, Ithaca & London, 1981.
- Foley, John Miles. The Theory of Oral Composition. Bloomington: IUP, 1991, pp. 57 ff.
- Walter J. Ong. Orality and Literacy, p. 11.
- Walter J. Ong. Orality and literacy: the technologizing of the word, pp. 31-76.
- Foley, John Miles. The Theory of Oral Composition. Bloomington: IUP, 1991, p 76.
- Foley, John Miles. Oral Formulaic Theory and Research: An Introduction and Annotated Bibliography. NY: Garland, 1985. The Theory of Oral Composition. Bloomington: IUP, 1991, pp. 64-66.
- John Miles Foley. The Theory of Oral Composition: History and Methodology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1988.
- Foley, John Miles. "Oral Formulaic Theory and Research: An Introduction and Annotated Bibliography." NY: Garland, 1985. The Theory of Oral Composition. Bloomington: IUP, 1991, p. 70
- A. Orchard, 'Oral Tradition', Reading Old English Texts, ed. K O'Brien O'Keeffe (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 101-23
- Fry, Donald K. "Old English Formulas and Systems" English Studies 48 (1967):193-204. responds to what was known, pejoratively, in Greek studies as the "hard Parryist" position, in which the formula was defined in terms of verbatim lexical repetition (see Rosenmyer, Thomas G. "The Formula in Early Greek Poetry" Arion 4 (1965):295-311). Fry's model proposes underlying generative templates which provide for variation and even artistic creativity within the constraints of strict metrical requirements and extempore composition-in-performance
- Davis, Adam Brooke "Verba volent, scripta manent: Oral Tradition and the Non-Narrative Genres of Old English Poetry." Diss. Univ. of Missouri at Columbia. DAI 52A (1991), 2137 pp. 202, 205
- Foley, John Miles. Immanent Art: From Structure to Meaning in Traditional Oral Epic. Bloomington: IUP, 1991. 30, 31, 202n22, 207 n36, 211n43
- Foley, John Miles. "The Singer of Tales in Performance. Bloomington: IUP, 1995. 55, 60, 89 108, 122n40
- Olsen, Alexandra Hennessey. "Oral -Formulaic Research in Old English Studies:II" Oral Tradition 3:1-2 (1988) 138-90, p. 165) Olsen cites Foley's "Hybrid Prosody and Old English Half-Lines" in Neophilologus 64:284-89 (1980).
- Foley, John Miles. The Singer of Tales in Performance. Bloomington: IUP, 1995. 2, 7, 8n15, 17 et passim.
- Magoun, Francis P. "The Oral-Formulaic Character of Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poetry." Speculum 28 (1953): 446-67
- Fry, Donald K. "The Cliff of Death in Old English Poetry." In Comparative Research in Oral Traditions: A Memorial for Milman Parry, ed. John Miles Foley. Columbus: Slavica, 1987, 213-34.
- Zumthor, Paul "The Text and the Voice." Transl. Marilyn C. Englehardt. New Literary History 16 (1984):67-92
- D. K. Crowne, "The Hero on the Beach: An Example of Composition by Theme in Anglo-Saxon Poetry", Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, 61 (1960), 371.
- Clark, George. "The Traveller Recognizes His Goal." Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 64 (1965):645-59.
- Armstrong, James I. "The Arming Motif in the Iliad". The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 79, No. 4. (1958), pp. 337-354.
- Brian Stock. "The Implications of Literacy. Written Language and Models of Interpretation in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries" (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983)
- Bäuml, Franz H. "Varieties and Consequences of Medieval Literacy and Illiteracy", in Speculum, Vol. 55, No. 2 (1980), pp.243-244.
- Havelock, Eric Alfred. Preface to Plato. "Vol. 1 A History of the Greek Mind", Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts: 1963.
- Davis, Adam Brooke. "Agon and Gnomon: Forms and Functions of the Anglo-Saxon Riddles" in De Gustibus: Essays for Alain Renoir. Ed John Miles Foley. NY: Garland, 1992 110-150
- Foley, John Miles. Immanent Art Bloomington: IUP, 1991. 15, 18, 20-21, 34, 45, 63-64, 64n6, 64-68,, 74n23, 75, 76, 77n28, 78, 80, 82, 82n38, 83, 87-91, 92, 93, 94, 102, 103, 104n18, 105, 109, 110n32
- Weigle, Marta. "Women's Expressive Forms" in Foley, John Miles, ed. "Teaching Oral Traditions" NY:MLA 1998. pp. 298-
- Kevin Robb. "Greek Oral Memory and the Origins of Philosophy." The Personalist: An International Review of Philosophy, 51:5-45.; A study of the AG oral mentality that assumes (1) the existence of composition and thinking that took shape under the aegis of oral patterns, (2) the educational apparatus as an oral system, and (3) the origins of philosophy as we know it in the abstract intellectual reaction against the oral mentality. The opening section on historical background covers developments in archaeology and textual criticism (including Parry's work) since the late nineteenth century, with descriptions of and comments on formulaic and thematic structure. In "The Technique of the Oral Poet" (14-22), he sketches both a synchronic picture of the singer weaving his narrative and a diachronic view of the tradition developing over time. In the third part, on the psychology of performance, he discusses "the prevalence of rhythmic speech over prose; the prevalence of the event' over the abstraction'; and the prevalence of the paratactic arrangement of parts... over alternative schema possible in other styles" (23). In sympathy with Havelock (1963), he interprets Plato's reaction against the poets as one against the oral mentality and its educative process.
- "Review: Communication Studies as American Studies" Daniel Czitrom American Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Dec., 1990), pp. 678-683
- Nimis, Stephen A. Narrative Semiotics in the Epic Tradition. Indiana University Press: Bloomington, 1988
- Archived January 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
- "Wayne State University Press - Language and Literature: - Page 1". Wsupress.wayne.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
- Archived September 7, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
- Archived March 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
- "Studies in Canadian Literature / Études en littérature canadienne". Lib.unb.ca. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
- "Werner H. Kelber - Oral Tradition in Bible and New Testament Studies - Oral Tradition 18:1". Muse.jhu.edu. doi:10.1353/ort.2004.0025. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
- "Oral Tradition". Oral Tradition. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
- Boni, Stefano. Contents and contexts : the rhetoric of oral traditions in the oman of Sefwi Wiawso, Ghana. Africa. 70 (4) 2000, pages 568-594. London
- Miller, Susan, Rescuing the Subject. A Critical Introduction to Rhetoric and the Writer. Southern Illinois University Press, 2004
- Minton, John. "The Reverend Lamar Roberts and the Mediation of Oral Tradition". The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 108, No. 427 (Winter, 1995), pp. 3-37
- "Culture Education" and the Challenge of Globalization in Modern Nigeria by Ademola Omobewaji Dasylva. This paper has to do with the challenges of globalization in modern Nigeria and the process of "culture education," a terminology used to emphasize the peculiar means and methods of instruction by which a society imparts its body of values and mores in the pursuance and attainment of the society's collective vision, aspirations, and goals. Within this framework, this paper examines the legacies of imperialism and colonization within the Nigerian educational system––particularly in reference to the teaching of folklore and oral tradition––including the destruction of indigenous knowledge systems and the continuing lack of adequate resources in African universities. The paper concludes by offering suggestions for a more fully synthesized indigenous and formal Nigerian educational system as a method of addressing postcolonial rupture. PDF Oral Tradition 21/2 (2006):325-41.
- Skidmore, Thomas E. Black Into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought New York: Oxford University Press, 1974 p. 89
- J. A. (Bobby) Loubser, "Shembe Preaching: A Study in Oral Hermeneutics," in African Independent Churches. Today, ed. M. C. Kitshoff (Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press, 1996
- Kelber, Werner H. "The Oral and the Written Gospel: The Hermeneutics of Writing and Speaking in the Synoptic Tradition" Philadelphia: Fortress P 1983.
- Swearingen, C. Jan. "Oral Hermeneutics during the Transition to Literacy: The Contemporary Debate". Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 1, No. 2, The Dialectic of Oral and Literary Hermeneutics (May, 1986), pp. 138-156
- Foley, John Miles. The Theory of Oral Composition: History and Methodology. Bloomington: IUP, 1988. 55, 64, 66, 72, 74, 77, 80, 97, 105, 110-111, 129n20,; artistic cp to mechanistic, 21, 25, 38, 58, 63-64, 65, 104, 118-119n20, 120-121n16, 124n31, 125n53, oral aesthetic cp to literate aestetics, 35, 58, 110-11, 121n26.
- Foley, John Miles. Immanent Art: From Structure to Meaning in Traditional Oral Epic. Bloomington: IUP, 1991. 245
- Frederick M. Combellack, "Milman Parry and Homeric Artistry" Comparative Literature, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Summer, 1959), pp. 193-208 . p. 194
- Rutherford, R.B. Homer: Odyssey Books XIX & XX,, Cambridge UP 1992 remarks on oral-formulaic diction, pp. 47-49
- Botstein, Leon. "Hearing Is Seeing: Thoughts on the History of Music and the Imagination." The Musical Quarterly 1995 79(4):581-89
- Elliot Oring cites Bruchac, Joe Storytelling: Oral History or Game of 'Telephone'?" American Folklore Society Newsletter 19/2:3–4.
- "Christopher Butler cites Bart Ehrman, 'Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why'". Christopherbutler.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
- "chapter4.DOC" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-10-23.
- Dawkins, Richard. The God Delusion. Great Britain: Bantam, 2006 p. 118 -- Dawkins contradicts this view, however, on p. 227)
- Dane, J.A. "Finnsburh and Iliad IX: A Greek Survival of the Medieval Germanic Oral-Formulaic Theme The Hero on the Beach." Neophilologus 66:443-449
- Foley, John Miles. Oral-Formulaic Theory and Research: An Introduction and Annotated Bibliography, (NY: Garland Publishing, 1985), p. 200
- Kirk, Geoffrey S. The Songs of Homer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962. pp88 - 91.
- Foley, John M. Oral-Formulaic Theory and Research: An Introduction and Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc, 1985. p. 35.
- Foley, John M. Oral-Formulaic Theory and Research: An Introduction and Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc, 1985. p. 36.
- Foley, John M. Oral-Formulaic Theory and Research: An Introduction and Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc, 1985. pp. 36, 505.
- Parry, Adam. "Have we Homer's Iliad?"Yale Classical Studies.20 (1966), pp.. 177-216.
- Foley, John M. Oral-Formulaic Theory and Research: An Introduction and Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc, 1985. pp. 40, 406.
- Foley, John M. Oral-Formulaic Theory and Research: An Introduction and Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. 1985. p. 42.; Foley cites "The Literary Character of Anglo-Saxon Formulaic Poetry" Publications of the Modern Language Association 81 (1966):, 334-41
- George E. Dimock. "From Homer to Novi Pazar and B ack." Arion, 2, iv:40-57. Reacts against the Parry-Lord hypothesis of an oral Homer, claiming that, although Lord demonstrated that the oral poet thinks in verse and offered many explanations of the various facets of the Homeric Question by recourse to the Yugoslav analogy, the difference between Homer and other, literate poets is one of degree rather than kind. Wants to rescue Homer's art from what he sees as the dangers inherent in the oral theory model.
- Perhaps the most prominent and steadfast opponent of oral traditional theory on these grounds was Arthur Brodeur, in, e.g., The Art of Beowulf. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3rd printing 1969; "A Study of Diction and Style in Three Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poems." In Nordica et Anglica. Ed. Allan H. Orrick. The Hague: Mouton. pp. 97-114; "Beowulf: One Poem or Three?" In Medieval Literature and Folklore Studies in Honor of Francis Lee Utley. Ed. Jerome Mandel and Bruce A. Rosenberg. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. pp. 3-26.
- Foley, John Miles. The Theory of Oral Composition: History and Methodology. Bloomington:IUP, 1988." p.93
- Back to the Oral Tradition
- The Center for Studies in Oral Tradition
- The Milman Parry Collection of Oral Literature Online
- Oral Tradition Journal
- The World Oral Literature Project
- Post-Gutenberg Galaxy
- Dédalo Project. Open Software Platform for Management of Intangible Cultural Heritage and Oral History
- Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative at Texas Tech University | <urn:uuid:293df1b3-3006-43ff-9830-aad7f46b9f97> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_tradition | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00357-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.874588 | 9,631 | 3.78125 | 4 |
The total cost of a wind farm is made of the sum of the following expenditures, in this chronological order:
- Feasibility study, including wind analysis, preliminary layout, environmental studies, economical models and so on.
- Technical/Juridical costs associated with the start up: power purchase agreement, legal permits, right of way with the landowners, etc.
- Engineering: civil and electrical design.
- Wind Turbines purchase (around 70% of the total).
- Balance of Plant: Include foundations, access roads, MV cables, substation, connection with the grid and SCADA. Normally it’s about 20% of the total.
- Other costs, such as financial costs, insurance, etc.
Then, when the wind farm is operative, there are the operation and maintenance costs.
There is a huge variability on several of this cost: for instance it can be necessary to build several Km of HV aerial lines to connect to the grid, or access can be complicated due to the lack of roads, or in some country cost of land can be a relevant factor. Here you have some figures, just as an order of magnitude:
My impression is that many wind farms, at least in Europe, are now developed in remote areas with a difficult access and connection to the grid: as a result, the weight of the BoP increase.
For instance many times the cost of road and crane pads can be up to 5%, because often improvements are needed outside the construction area, in the road from the factory or the port to the site.
Another relevant point is that the price of turbines is dropping quickly, due among other reasons to an intense competition between manufacturers.
Here you have a similar table, made in 1997, where turbine price is 80%:
It can be noted that around 80% or more in the life of a Wind Farm are capital costs: this means that wind turbine are capital intensive compared with fossil fuel-fired technologies. For instance in a gas power plant from 40% to 60% of the costs are related to fuel and O&M.
For this reason the cost of capital is of paramount importance for wind generated power.
The way wind energy is sold will be analyzed in detail other posts, as there is a great difference in the way energy is traded in different jurisdictions.
Normally a power purchasing agreement (PPA) is signed, specifying the time frame, the point of delivery, the voltage and the way energy is paid: fixed price, indexed price, power pool market and so on. | <urn:uuid:32800195-0f73-44a0-9297-ac0035749729> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://www.windfarmbop.com/economics-of-an-onshore-wind-farm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204461.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325214331-20190326000331-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.945955 | 524 | 2.78125 | 3 |
In 1835 the government held an inquiry into the conditions of the police services in New South Wales. It asked for a written report from every District so that it could study and make changes where needed.
Below are some of those written reports. In them you will read as it was back in those days, and the hardships that were part of being responsible for the every-day running of those Districts.
The Committee (consisting of the Colonial Secretary, the Attorney General, Mr Berry, H. H. M’Arthur, and Mr Bell ) was appointed to “..enquire into and report upon the establishment and strength of the Police Force and all it’s branches, to what extent it may be expedient to maintain it, and the expense it will occasion, and to enquire into the capacity and condition of the Gaols in the colony, and to report what additional buildings appear to be required, and the probably expense of providing them..” . | <urn:uuid:9b644740-a525-4642-901c-beb611b0bebf> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.australianpolice.com.au/district-police-reports-1835/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583700012.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120042010-20190120064010-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.98224 | 199 | 2.703125 | 3 |
A few days ago Tyler Cowen kicked off a discussion of whether or not Germany (and the core European countries in general) have acted more virtuously than Greece (and the periphery countries in general) during the decade since the euro was introduced. It was unclear how much he was simply presenting a debating case vs. how much he actually believed his own arguments, and in that spirit I want to present a different case. This one is about how Europe got where it is today and who deserves a bigger share of the blame for its current mess. I’m not suggesting this is the only way to look at things, or even necessarily the best way, but I do think it’s an instructive way. So here it is in seven easy steps.
1. The introduction of the euro made cross-border capital flows far more frictionless. As a result, money began flowing from the sluggish economies of the core countries (mostly Germany, but also France, Benelux, and others) to the more capital-starved economies of the periphery. You can tell two basic stories about why this happened:
a) A “push” story: Investors chasing higher yields actively pushed money into the more vibrant economies of the periphery.
b) A “pull” story: Profligate national governments, addicted to living beyond their means, pulled money into the periphery via heavy borrowing, which crowded out private borrowing.
Most likely, both of these were part of what happened and both reinforced each other. But generally speaking, if the pull story were true you’d expect to see increases in nominal interest rates in the periphery. As the table above shows, that’s not what happened, which means the push story is more likely to be the primary explanation. The primal sin here is that for years supposedly sophisticated investors in the core shoveled money into the periphery with abandon, ignoring the obvious risks of doing so.
2. Normally, capital flows would eventually be moderated by changes in exchange rates, but this was impossible for the periphery since they no longer had their own currencies. The result was persistent hot money flows into a fixed exchange rate area and steadily higher inflation in the periphery compared to the core. This state of affairs is widely known to be unsustainable and eventually disastrous, but it was something Germany happily ignored since it provided German savers with a place to invest their money and provided the periphery with enough cheap capital to act as a thriving market for German exports.
3. High inflation in the periphery would normally be moderated by tighter monetary policy. Again, though, this was impossible for the periphery because they didn’t control their own monetary policy. The chart on the right shows actual ECB monetary policy during the aughts (red line): it was kept loose in order to keep Germany’s sluggish economy growing, but this meant that monetary policy was way too loose for the periphery. The overheated economies of the periphery thus overheated even more. This was largely the fault of the core, which controlled monetary policy, not the periphery. It was Germany that needed loose monetary policy, not Greece.
4. Capital inflows produce a capital account surplus, and the flip side of a capital account surplus is a current account deficit. This is an accounting identity, not a matter of morality or recklessness. And current account deficits always produce either matching government debt (i.e., budget deficits) or matching private debt (i.e., low private savings). This is also an accounting identity, not a matter of morality or recklessness.
So all the current account deficit countries inevitably got one or the other or both. In the event, Ireland and Spain got a property bubble; Greece and Portugal ran up sizeable budget deficits. We know from painful experience that capital flows like this are unsustainable in the long run, but they can go on for quite a while until something happens to scare everyone into calling a halt and producing a sudden crisis. The 2008 financial crisis was “something.”
5. There’s another side to this too: banks intermediate current account deficits. This is inevitable, hydraulic. A banking system in a current account deficit country always features a high loan-to-deposit ratio, which means that banks in the periphery became dependent on skittish wholesale funding instead of more durable retail deposits. As with capital inflows, when investors suddenly decide to stop the music, wholesale funding dries up and the banking system goes into cardiac arrest.
6. This creates a vicious cycle: The financial crisis produced a recession that cratered both periphery country finances and the periphery’s banking system. Budget deficits in the periphery blew out, debt levels became unsustainable, and at the same time investors began a run on their banking systems. As Hyun Song Shin puts it, “The European crisis carries the hallmarks of a classic ‘twin crisis’ that combines a banking crisis with an asset market decline that ampli?es banking distress…In the European crisis of 2011, the twin crisis combines a banking crisis with a sovereign debt crisis, where the mark-to-market ampli?cation of ?nancial distress interacts to worsen the banking crisis.”
In other words, as sovereign debt woes got worse, bank woes got worse too. And as bank woes got worse, sovereign debt woes got worse.
7. The damage wasn’t limited to the periphery. All those capital inflows came from the core, and when the music stopped and the periphery was left in shambles, banks that had loaned out all the money were suddenly in trouble too. As an example, the chart on the right shows bank exposure to debt from Spain. German and French banks alone have over $300 billion in exposure to Spanish debt, so if Spain goes kablooey, so do they. And that brings us to the present day.
If you’ve read this far, let me make it clear that nothing here is meant to absolve the periphery countries from their part in this. Ireland fed the fire of its property bubble irresponsibly, Greece lied about its finances, and throughout southern Europe there was a persistent refusal to reform their labor practices, improve productivity, and live within their means. The core countries have every right to hold the periphery accountable for this.
At the same time, this is fundamentally a story of economics, not morality, and it’s only in Step 1 above that the periphery countries bear even a share of the blame for what happened. The rest was either caused by deliberate core policies or else the inevitable result of those policies. Whether Germany likes to hear it or not, it’s simply a fact that both sides allowed—even encouraged—capital flows to remain imbalanced for far too long. The periphery enjoyed access to cheap money and the core liked having a thriving market for its exports. The core and the periphery both rode this wave up, and now they’re both going to have to ride it down.
It’s also an unfortunate fact that no one handles hot money flows well, something that’s doubly true in a fixed exchange rate area. Germany was no better at identifying this and doing something about it than Greece was, and they’re no happier about giving up their export-driven economy than Greece is about giving up its import-driven economy.
What does all this mean going forward? I guess I’d say a few things:
- Germany is justified in demanding reforms from the periphery as the price of a bailout. Partly this is just because creditors generally have that right. But it’s also for practical reasons. Even if you feel that reckless lenders are morally equivalent to reckless borrowers, it’s still the case that if Germany simply bails out the periphery without anything changing, they’re essentially committing themselves to subsidizing the periphery forever. That’s not something any country will (or should) feel obliged to do.
- At the same time, forced austerity for its own sake is foolish. Demanding reforms that promote long-term growth is fine. Demanding austerity that will make periphery economies even worse off in the short term is counterproductive for everyone, including Germany.
- It’s probably also wrongheaded to focus so heavily on budget deficits, no matter how virtuous it seems to insist on balanced budgets. That’s not what caused the eurozone’s problems: Spain and Ireland ran budget surpluses during the aughts and only went into deficit after the financial crisis cratered their economies. Europe’s fundamental problem wasn’t budget deficits, it was capital flows within the eurozone—or, put a different way, the problem was persistent current account imbalances in a fixed exchange rate area. It was the countries with current account deficits that consistently ran into trouble, and any reforms worth doing need to address that directly. That requires changes from both the core and periphery. After all, every country can’t run a budget surplus at the same time, just as capital can’t flow into every country at once.
- A non-eurozone country that ended up in the trouble the European periphery is in would most likely declare bankruptcy: They’d “restructure” their debt, meaning that banks and others who held their bonds would lose all or some of their money. The EU’s leaders, however, appear to consider this unacceptable for a member of the eurozone. Unfortunately, as Felix Salmon says today, this is probably a mistake. Even if you feel that reckless borrowers are more blameworthy than reckless lenders when a crisis hits, surely lenders should retain some incentive to make sure their loans are properly vetted. A promise from the EU to always keep sovereign bondholders whole sends a message to banks that reckless lending carries no penalty at all. That’s a recipe for a repeat of 2008.
As a side note, it’s worth pointing out that Italy is sort of a special case here. (That’s why I didn’t include them in the charts above.) Their economy has been in the doldrums for over a decade, and that’s something they need to address. At the same time, they were a middle-of-the-pack country on a wide variety of economic measures all through the aughts: they ran only modest current account deficits and modest budget deficits; their inflation rate was only a bit higher than Germany’s; and their debt-to-GDP ratio actually declined. Their problem isn’t so much that their fundamental economic position is disastrous, it’s that (a) their economic position was weak and the recession made it weaker, and (b) they’re much larger than any of the other periphery countries. They’re ground zero of the crisis right now simply because investors have lost confidence in them, but they don’t really belong in the same basket as the four other periphery countries. | <urn:uuid:2a3abd2a-504d-4eac-8bdc-6bc4bff6e72e> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://practice.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2011/12/whos-responsible-euromess/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363598.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208205849-20211208235849-00170.warc.gz | en | 0.961505 | 2,257 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Two Planets and a Meteor Shower
By Calvin L. Chrisman
April will offer opportunities for planet watchers and will have a meteor shower that is usually fairly small, but on occasion has offered more exciting developments. Saturn will be the big show of the month with Jupiter posing nicely in the evening sky along with the Moon during the middle of the month.
Saturn will be rising in the east shortly after sunset and will be visible all night, reaching its highest point in the sky in the small hours of early morning. It will be very bright all month as it reaches a point directly opposite the Sun by late in April. If you have access to a telescope, its rings are nicely tilted, making for excellent viewing. Under the right circumstances, you will be able to see the shadow of the rings on the planet. Saturn, like Jupiter, has a number of moons that are visible in small telescopes – six under the right conditions and sixty-two total at last count. Saturn is the second largest planet in our Solar System.
Jupiter, our largest planet, will be rapidly moving into the sunset by the end of the month, but in the meantime is worth a look. It is in the constellation Taurus and can be seen near the bright red star Aldebaran which is the bull’s red eye. On the nights of April 12-14, watch as the waxing crescent Moon passes through Taurus and by Jupiter. Through backyard telescopes, Jupiter has four visible moons and its latest count is sixty-seven total moons.
So, we have two of the three brightest planets to watch. You might ask where is Venus, the brightest of all? Venus, along with Mars is hiding behind the Sun at the moment. It will begin to appear in the west as April progresses, but will be hard to spot in evening twilight. Best wait for May.
If you are looking at the sky early on the morning of April 22nd, you may be treated to a view of some meteors passing overhead. The Lyrid meteor shower will occur on that night. Because the bright gibbous Moon will be in the sky until just before dawn, there will be only a half hour or so window of dark sky to look for meteors. The Lyrid’s have been unpredictable, producing only ten or so meteors per hour. Last year, the count was twenty-five per hour resulting in a meteor every couple of minutes. This shower is less certain than the more predictable Geminids and the Perseids but could offer some interesting sights.
Comet PanSTARRS fizzled a bit during March. It was observed and photographed by some, but was not the sight that many had hoped. There are still positive expectations for Comet ISON which will be in our skies in December. Let’s hope for the best. | <urn:uuid:3ab2387f-9433-48bf-8948-61b695479cc4> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://dillknobobservatory.net/wnc-skies/2013-2/april-two-planets-and-a-meteor-shower/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815918.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224172043-20180224192043-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.952649 | 583 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Crocuses are among the earliest harbingers of spring. Like little jewels, they sprinkle the dark moist earth and bring joy to those who find them. "O, look! A crocus! And look, there are more!"
When a chill remains but hope of spring is growing, native crocus species begin to paint the landscape from central and southern Europe into North Africa and eastward to China. Meadows, woodlands, slopes and ravines come alive with color.
Cultivation began in ancient times, and they were carried in pockets and sacks to far-flung regions of Europe from the Crusades onward. Now they seem so common, even in North America, that folks might think they are "from around here."
Crocus, is in the Iridaceae family. The name, derived from Greek, means "saffron yellow." Plant size is under 6". Flower color ranges from shades of purple and blue, to pink, yellow and white. Most species bloom in early spring, but a few, including Crocus sativus from which saffron is collected, bloom in fall.
They are superb for container and rock gardens, and low bulb borders. There isn't a better subject for naturalizing, even in the lawn. Tuck a few anywhere you want a dash of color. Don't expect a handful of corms to make much of an impression; they should be planted in large quantities.
Crocuses thrive in USDA climate zones 3 through 8, so gardeners in most parts of the U.S. can enjoy them. Plant in full sun to partial shade. Average garden soil that is consistently moist with pH ranging from 6.1 to 7.8 is fine.
Before preparing your planting site, take a sample of your garden soil to your local Cooperative Extension Service office. For a nominal fee, they will send the sample to a lab for analysis. The analysis will normally be sent to you through the mail. If the test results seem somewhat cryptic and difficult to understand, don't hesitate to call your County Agent for explanation.
Crocus planting begins in September or October, depending upon your area. Unless you are naturalizing them in the lawn, prepare the planting bed by cultivating at least 6" deep, removing all traces of weeds. Compacted soil should be cultivated to 12" deep. Though they like moist soil, crocus corms do not like soggy conditions.
Your soil sample report will include soil amendment and fertilizer recommendations based upon the results of the test. Follow them. A fine all-around practice for bulbs is to mix 5 tablespoons of 10-10-10 fertilizer and 2 cups of bone meal per ten square feet area of bulb garden. Repeat the application when growth appears, but be careful that fertilizer does not come into direct contact with plant tissue.
Crocus corms should be planted 3" deep. Depth is measured to the bottom of the hole. Recommended plant spacing is 3" to 6". A case of 250 should cover 30 to 60 square feet. Unless snow or rain fall is inadequate, irrigation should not be necessary.
Crocuses require very little maintenance. Plant them and forget about them. But they will surprise you and bring lots of joy when you've had about all the winter you can stand. Plant some this fall and anticipate the pleasure.
Return to Crocuses at goGardenNow.com. | <urn:uuid:a2d16b51-5a90-405a-a0a8-a426a0466648> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://gogardennow.blogspot.com/2009/09/o-look-crocuses.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769709.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00058-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953248 | 697 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Wilson, Lionel and Head, James W. (2003) Lunar Gruithuisen and Mairan domes: rheology and mode of emplacement. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 108 (E2). p. 5012. ISSN 2169-9100Full text not available from this repository.
The lunar steep-sided Gruithuisen and Mairan domes are morphologically and spectrally distinctive structures and appear similar to terrestrial extrusive volcanic features characterized by viscous magma. We use the basic morphologic and morphometric characteristics of the domes to estimate the yield strengths (∼105 Pa), plastic viscosities (∼109 Pa s), and effusion rates (∼50 m3/s) of the magmas which formed them. These values are similar to those of terrestrial rhyolites, dacites, and basaltic andesites and support the hypothesis that these domes are an unusual variation of typical highlands and mare compositions. The dikes which formed them are predicted to have had widths of ∼50 m and lengths of about 15 km. The magma rise speed implied by this geometry is very low, ∼7 × 10−5 m/s, and the Reynolds number of the motion is ∼2 × 10−8, implying a completely laminar flow regime. Estimates of emplacement duration range from one to several decades. These new calculations confirm the unusual nature of these features and support previous qualitative suggestions that they were formed from magmas with significantly higher viscosity than those typical of mare basalts.
|Journal or Publication Title:||Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets|
|Subjects:||G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > GE Environmental Sciences|
|Departments:||Faculty of Science and Technology > Lancaster Environment Centre|
|Deposited On:||14 Jan 2009 13:09|
|Last Modified:||17 Sep 2013 18:00|
Actions (login required) | <urn:uuid:04a30c54-cb29-41b0-ae4e-7fa48357ca2d> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/21435/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657134514.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011214-00215-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.854563 | 418 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Blockchain is believed to be one of the useful technologies that can help the financial industry grow and save a lot of resources. Blockchain is known for its high level of security in storing and transmitting the data. It has open and transparent infrastructure and low cost of operations. All these characteristics of Blockchain make it one of the most promising and demanding solutions, even in conservative and restricted financial industry.
Many financial institutions and companies cannot carry out their operations without mediators. However, the involvement of mediators and their participation makes it expensive. Here, the implementation of Blockchain eliminates the participation of the mediators and makes it possible for the financial enterprises to serve their customers at cheaper rates.
According to one of the studies conducted by Accenture Company, it states that over half of all top managers admit that blockchain is going to play a crucial role in the success of financial companies in the upcoming years. The analysis showed that the banking sector will save up to $20 billion by 2022 by implementing blockchain. (source)
Blockchain has a wide scope of applications ranging from cryptocurrency and smart contracts to financial services, supply chain and many more. Not only this, the benefits it brings to any financial institution makes Blockchain a need!
This technology is considered to be beneficial because of the two main features:
The blocks in the blockchain maintain an accurate history of transactions and there are multiple copies created, so it’s considered hard or difficult to modify or delete the data contained in the blocks. To do so, every copy of the block needs to be changed and that requires a successful hacking. But practically it’s next to impossible.
The whole system is distributed. There are multiple copies created. A public Blockchain gets published and copied to various places. The newer transactions get broadcasted to a wide network of participants, who add those transactions to the log. There is no human involvement in managing the ledgers, but the system is designed in a way that everyone’s log contains identical information.
Let us see how blockchain is reshaping the financial industries with its unique features.
1) Effortless Money Transfer
Transferring money internationally using the traditional method over time has now become clumsy and expensive. There is a need for improvement and banks have already started using blockchain for remittances. Blockchain technology helps minimize exposure to cryptocurrency and improve remittances. Several banks have collaborated with Ripple (payment protocol) to facilitate international payments using blockchain technology.
Money transfers based on the blockchain method not only saves banks time but also benefits the customers. With the implementation of blockchain technology, the payments can be transferred online using mobile phones.
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2) Transaction Details
Another benefit of using Blockchain in the financial industry is that this technology helps keep the track of the transactions, which actually proves to be useful in many areas. The blocks maintained in the technology contain the required information and that makes it easier and more efficient to track the ownership.
3) Reduced Frauds
Blockchain is highly resistant towards hacking, modifications, and deletion of data, DDOS attacks, and other frauds. With the decrease in frauds, the costs of business decreases and the savings benefits everyone. The enabled digital ID in blockchain makes it easier to recognize individuals accurately.
4) Direct & Inexpensive Payments
When we make payments using traditional methods, the fund moves through banks, credit card processing, and other intermediaries. Each step increases the complexity and all the service providers that act as intermediaries expect fees for the role, they play in the money transfers.
But with the use of blockchain technology for making payments, the merchants pay processing fees and that eats into profits proving beneficial for merchants. Cheap blockchain payments is an absolute option for merchants.
Sometimes payments made by check also get troublesome, in cases where the check bounces. Also, electronic payments from customer checking accounts fail. But the payments that are based on blockchain provides merchants with certainty within a few seconds.
5) Financial Inclusion
People who avoid bank accounts due to high fees, minimum balance requirements and lack of access may be better served by blockchain solutions. With low costs and allowing startups to compete against banks, blockchain can promote financial inclusion. Instead of the asset needs and regular income for banks, they need only a mobile device. With the traditional payment methods, identifying an individual becomes complicated whereas digital IDs can prove to be useful here.
Blockchain technology is still new and it’s still a bit of a virtual concept, although many businesses and banks are experimenting with it and trying to develop the technology. Blockchain, no doubt is the safest technology to be implemented in the Fintech industry as it stands out in terms of protection, privacy matters. All the issues faced with the use of conventional methods can be resolved with the implementation of blockchain. | <urn:uuid:d444ca72-49c5-46ef-887d-fd170cb64430> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://bluewhaleapps.com/blog/how-blockchain-is-reshaping-the-future-of-fintech-industry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153474.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727170836-20210727200836-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.934973 | 971 | 2.796875 | 3 |
World Hepatitis Day 28th July 2014
It is our pleasure to inform you the activities of health systems in different countries have changed the epidemiology of viral hepatitis especially hepatitis B virus infection during recent years. Hepatitis B vaccination is the most effective method to prevent Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and its consequences, including cirrhosis, liver cancer, liver failure, and death. In neonates, HBV infection is transmitted from infected mothers in prenatal period; however, in adults, HBV transmission occurs primarily among unvaccinated persons with risk factors for HBV infection, predominantly. The epidemiology of infection is also changing from vertical to horizontal route. It is not enough for the health policy makers to forget the HBV yet!!, we have around 350 million infected cases in the world. Unfortunately most of them are unrecognized and it is our role to increase the people awareness and asking for screening in high risk groups for finding more infected patients and treat them soon.
The issue for hepatitis C infection is different from Hepatitis B virus infection. After screening of blood and blood products it was expected to have a significant decrease in burden of HCV infection in communities, it happened in special cases such as thalassemia and hemophilia patients, but due to emerging the intravenous drug abusing, unfortunately we have an emerging the HCV infection in many countries in the world. Harm reduction programs and education of general population especially the young ones for decrease the risk factors of transmission of infection can help us for better control of HCV infection in future.
Every year on 28 July, WHO and partners mark World Hepatitis Day to increase the awareness and understanding of viral hepatitis and the diseases that it causes. In April this year, WHO issued new recommendations on treatment of Hepatitis C. In May, World Health Assembly delegates from 194 governments adopted a resolution to improve prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of viral hepatitis. On World Hepatitis Day, 28 July 2014, WHO and partners will urge policymakers, health workers and the public to ‘Think again’ about this silent killer. World Hepatitis Day provides an opportunity to focus on specific actions, such as: Strengthening prevention, screening and control of viral hepatitis and its related diseases; increasing hepatitis B vaccine coverage and integration of the vaccine into national immunization programmes; coordinating a global response to viral hepatitis.
The date of 28 July was chosen for World Hepatitis Day in honor of the birthday of Nobel Laureate Professor Baruch Samuel Blumberg, discoverer of the hepatitis B virus.
Seyed Moayed Alavian, M.D.
Professor in Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Editor-in-chief of Hepatitis Monthly (hepatmon.com)
Founder of Global Hepatitis Community (hepcomm.com) | <urn:uuid:a7ff0b27-6474-41d7-a888-7445e0b9d1e6> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://en.hopehealthclub.com/category/uncategorized/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515539.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022201445-20181022222945-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.920501 | 582 | 3.0625 | 3 |
If we continue spewing pollution into the atmosphere, our climate will only continue to change, and the oceans will be very different than they are today. Ocean temperatures will rise, and with that, rising PH levels will make the water more acidic. It’s simple chemistry and a sad fact. So how do we solve this problem? Artist and ocean advocate Courtney Mattison has made it the mission of her ceramic sculptures to remind us of the ocean’s beauty and inspire preservation. Her “Changing Seas ” series, previously featured on our blog, is Mattison’s first major work towards this goal. The series features realistic and vibrant renderings of bizarre coral reef organisms, designed as an educational tool and art with a confrontational, yet hopeful message. She is currently preparing for a solo show titled “Sea Change” at the Virginia MOCA that will continue the series and introduce some new ideas. Mattison’s exhibit relates to such environmental topics as climate change, coral bleaching, ocean acidification, and humanity’s relationship with the sea. Take a look at our preview of her new works below, including her comments about each series.
Fossil Fuels: “I’m working on a series of hand-sculpted ceramic oil and gas containers encrusted in bleached (sickened) corals to highlight the impacts of greenhouse gas emissions on reef health.”
A piece from Courtney Mattison’s “Fossil Fuels” series, in progress.
Hope Spots: “This series consists of circular, hand-sculpted, ceramic wall-mounted pieces, each of which presents an idealized, healthy vignette from a different marine ecosystem. Mission Blue, an ocean conservation organization founded by oceanographer Dr. Sylvia Earle that I work for part-time, has identified 58 Hope Spots around the globe as special places that are critical to the health of the ocean.
“I’m sculpting them to raise awareness about these incredible ecosystems that are normally “out of sight, out of mind,” and to inspire viewers to learn about and support the creation of marine protected areas, which are like national parks in the ocean.”
A piece from Courtney Mattison’s “Hope Spots” series, in progress. | <urn:uuid:9ced56f2-9b2f-4cbf-a767-3e9dc2788fd1> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://hifructose.com/2015/10/19/courtney-mattison-hopes-to-inspire-reef-conservation-with-new-series/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704828358.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127152334-20210127182334-00624.warc.gz | en | 0.937578 | 489 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Premenstrual syndrome is diagnosed clinically (i.e. based on history and physical examination). There is no test or procedure to diagnose premenstrual syndrome (PMS). In fact, many women are able to correlate their physical and other symptoms as being related to menstrual cycle, however, if you have bothersome symptoms, consult a doctor.
Medical history and physical examination: Your doctor may ask you questions, such as:
The doctor may advice you to keep a record of your symptoms and menstrual cycle every month. Note the day the PMS symptoms start, when they disappear and the day your period starts and ends. This can help to identify exactly what symptoms you have, the severity of symptoms and the relation to your menstrual cycle. You may have to maintain this record for at least two months so that your doctor can identify possible symptom pattern and their relation to your menstruation.
Complete a questionnaire: You may be given a questionnaire to be filled on the first day of your period. It contains questions regarding PMS symptoms you experienced in the past few days. It is helpful to determine if you may benefit from further evaluation.
Tests: In most women, no tests are done to diagnose premenstrual symptoms. Instead, tests may be done to rule out other possible causes of your symptoms.
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: Women with severe symptoms suggestive of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), should consult a doctor. Your doctor can evaluate your symptoms and diagnose the cause. During your appointment, the doctor will take a detailed medical history, do medical examination and if needed, take a blood test or urine test. You may be referred to a mental health specialist if your emotional and cognitive symptoms are severe. The mental health specialist may evaluate if your symptoms are caused because of PMDD or some other mental health problem. The doctor may recommend treatment based on the cause of your symptoms.
Before you take the plunge into the pool of medicines to treat your PMS symptoms try these alternatives.read more
A recent study showed that women experienced premenstrual syndrome right before menopause did not necessarily had hot flashes.read more | <urn:uuid:29288772-988e-40c5-9824-e402374c78db> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.onlymyhealth.com/diagnosis-premenstrual-syndrome-12977615948 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279468.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00146-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921971 | 439 | 3.03125 | 3 |
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Teacher Resources by Grade
|1st - 2nd||3rd - 4th|
|5th - 6th||7th - 8th|
|9th - 10th||11th - 12th|
Book Report Alternative: The Elements of Fiction
|Grades||3 – 5|
|Lesson Plan Type||Standard Lesson|
|Estimated Time||Four 50-minute sessions|
In this lesson students review the elements of fiction and key components of a book report. They are then given an opportunity to identify and share these concepts by writing and illustrating their own mini-book based on a fiction book they have chosen to read. They use the online Stapleless Book tool to publish their mini-books. This activity offers an alternative to the traditional book report and an opportunity for students to share their work in pairs or small groups and learn from each other.
Stapleless Book: This online tool allows students to create books that can be printed and folded into mini-books without the use of staples.
In her article "Fifty Alternatives to the Book Report," Diana Mitchell writes: "Students tire of responding to novels in the same ways. They want new ways to think about a piece of literature and new ways to dig into it." This lesson invites students to respond to texts in a new way while also helping them focus on key points in their books and challenging them to write concisely and to "read like writers." By focusing on the key elements of fiction, this lesson reinforces the reading-writing connection.
Mitchell, Diana. "Fifty Alternatives to the Book Report." English Journal 87.1 (January 1998): 92-95. | <urn:uuid:75a09e99-5c64-4609-902d-0d8739098aa3> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.readwritethink.org/classroom-resources/lesson-plans/book-report-alternative-elements-138.html?tab=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164014082/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133334-00064-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923103 | 421 | 3.4375 | 3 |
What Year Were Cell Phone's invented?
*****THIS IS NOT A TRIVA*********
- Anonymous1 decade agoFavorite Answer
Cellular: A type of wireless communication that is most familiar to mobile phones users. It's called 'cellular' because the system uses many base stations to divide a service area into multiple 'cells'. Cellular calls are transferred from base station to base station as a user travels from cell to cell. - definition from the Wireless Advisor Glossary.
The basic concept of cellular phones began in 1947, when researchers looked at crude mobile (car) phones and realized that by using small cells (range of service area) with frequency reuse they could increase the traffic capacity of mobile phones substantially. However at that time, the technology to do so was nonexistent.
Anything to do with broadcasting and sending a radio or television message out over the airwaves comes under Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulation. A cell phone is a type of two-way radio. In 1947, AT&T proposed that the FCC allocate a large number of radio-spectrum frequencies so that widespread mobile telephone service would become feasible and AT&T would have a incentive to research the new technology. We can partially blame the FCC for the gap between the initial concept of cellular service and its availability to the public. The FCC decided to limit the amount of frequencies available in 1947, the limits made only twenty-three phone conversations possible simultaneously in the same service area - not a market incentive for research.
The FCC reconsidered its position in 1968, stating "if the technology to build a better mobile service works, we will increase the frequencies allocation, freeing the airwaves for more mobile phones." AT&T and Bell Labs proposed a cellular system to the FCC of many small, low-powered, broadcast towers, each covering a 'cell' a few miles in radius and collectively covering a larger area. Each tower would use only a few of the total frequencies allocated to the system. As the phones traveled across the area, calls would be passed from tower to tower.
Individual Inventors & Mobile Phone Patents
Dr. Martin Cooper for Motorola.
Radio telephone system
Inventors: Martin Cooper, Richard W. Dronsuth, ; Albert J. Mikulski, Charles N. Lynk Jr., James J. Mikulski, John F. Mitchell, Roy A. Richardson, John H. Sangster
Dr Martin Cooper, a former general manager for the systems division at Motorola, is considered the inventor of the first modern portable handset. Cooper made the first call on a portable cell phone in April 1973. He made the call to his rival, Joel Engel, Bell Labs head of research. Bell Laboratories introduced the idea of cellular communications in 1947 with the police car technology. However, Motorola was the first to incorporate the technology into portable device that was designed for outside of a automobile use. Cooper and his co-inventors are listed above.
By 1977, AT&T and Bell Labs had constructed a prototype cellular system. A year later, public trials of the new system were started in Chicago with over 2000 trial customers. In 1979, in a separate venture, the first commercial cellular telephone system began operation in Tokyo. In 1981, Motorola and American Radio telephone started a second U.S. cellular radio-telephone system test in the Washington/Baltimore area. By 1982, the slow-moving FCC finally authorized commercial cellular service for the USA. A year later, the first American commercial analog cellular service or AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) was made available in Chicago by Ameritech.
Despite the incredible demand, it took cellular phone service 37 years to become commercially available in the United States. Consumer demand quickly outstripped the 1982 system standards. By 1987, cellular telephone subscribers exceeded one million and the airways were crowded.
Three ways of improving services existed:
* one - increase frequencies allocation
* two - split existing cells
* three - improve the technology
The FCC did not want to handout any more bandwidth, and building/splitting cells would have been expensive and would have added bulk to the network. To stimulate the growth of new technology, the FCC declared in 1987 that cellular licensees could employ alternative cellular technologies in the 800 MHz band. The cellular industry began to research new transmission technology as an alternative.
1978 Public tests of a new cellular phone system
Public tests of a new cellular phone system begin in Chicago, with more than 2,000 trial customers and mobile phone sets. The system, constructed by AT&T and Bell Labs, includes a group of small, low-powered transmission towers, each covering an area a few miles in radius. That test is followed by a 1981 trial in the Washington-Baltimore area by Motorola and the American Radio Telephone Service. The Federal Communications Commission officially approves commercial cellular phone service in 1982, and by the late 1980s commercial service is available in most of the United States.:-)
- 1 decade ago
First portable cell phone call is made
The first portable cell phone call is made by Martin Cooper of Motorola to his research rival at Bell Labs, Joel Engel. Although mobile phones had been used in cars since the mid-1940s, Cooper’s was the first one invented for truly portable use. He and his team are awarded a patent in 1975.Source(s): http://www.greatachievements.org/?id=3625
- How do you think about the answers? You can sign in to vote the answer.
- Anonymous1 decade ago
Rudy Krolopp of Motorola started working on a project in 1972, inspired by Star Trek, that eventually became the first cell phone, released in 1984. Officially called the DynaTAC 8000X, it became known by another name shortly after: The Brick. It weighed two pounds, and had to be recharged after 30 minutes of talking. It cost $4000.
Martin Cooper was only head of the design department. He approved the project, but had little to do with inception or development.
- 4 years ago
clinical specialist Martin Cooper invented the trendy cellular telephone. He invented the technologies responsible for the cellular telephone even as replaced into the Director of diagnosis and progression at Motorola. Cooper is likewise time-honored because the first human being to make a decision on a cellular telephone. His groundbreaking call got here about in April of 1973 in manhattan. he's presently the CEO of an antenna company.
- 1 decade ago
i remember seeing this man in 1992 with a giant cell phone.....
- Anonymous1 decade ago
in the year 1973 it was made by martin cooper. | <urn:uuid:ed2cc6eb-8e8d-4960-9264-7fccaa21ab66> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20060911144107AASk7b7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141176864.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124140942-20201124170942-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.949459 | 1,354 | 3.75 | 4 |
The term "renal" refers to the kidney. For example, renal failure means kidney failure.
Kriz W, Elger M. Renal anatomy. In: Feehally J, Floege J, Tonelli M, Johnson RJ, eds. Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 1.
Review Date 7/27/2021
Updated by: Walead Latif, MD, Nephrologist and Clinical Associate Professor, Rutgers Medical School, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. | <urn:uuid:32fc1c81-b2b6-404a-b3dd-a9db7675fb0b> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002289.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949701.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401063607-20230401093607-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.79718 | 164 | 2.75 | 3 |
TRAVEL DESTINATION AT WORK THEY BUILT TRAVEL DESTINATION
The principal architects Sacramento who helped to design the city we see today were:
John Wood the Elder (1704-54): He and his son are the most well-known of Sacramento of your travel destination’s architects. Born near Sacramento of your travel destination, he began his career in Yorkshire, working for Lord Bingley, then returned to Touristic place of your travel destination with great plans to redevelop the city in the classical manner. He designed North and South Parades, Sacramento and The Circus, together with other buildings in the city. He died in the early stages of the building of The Circus.
Where is Sacramento? – Sacramento Map – Map of Sacramento Photo Gallery
John Wood the Younger (1728-82): He was born in the city and trained by his father. After the latter’s death he completed The Circus, then went on to build the famous Royal Crescent and the upper Assembly Rooms in Brock Street. Outside of Touristic place of your travel destination, his best works include Buckland House in Oxfordshire and the General Infirmary in Salisbury, Wiltshire.
Robert Adam (1728-92): A Scottish architect, interior designer and furniture designer, Adam was at the forefront of the classical revival in England and Scotland, and was at one time MP for Kinross-shire. He designed Touristic place of your travel destination’s famous Pulteney Bridge, which is the only example of his work to be found in the city.
Thomas Warr Attwood (1733-75): A plumber by trade, he acted as Touristic place of your travel destination’s City Architect and Surveyor as well as having a seat on the City Council. | <urn:uuid:f5a0bcbf-fba6-4ac5-a0c7-b7a4782e4a74> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | http://travelsmaps.com/where-is-sacramento-sacramento-map-map-of-sacramento.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335190.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928082743-20220928112743-00632.warc.gz | en | 0.965671 | 371 | 2.53125 | 3 |
In many industries, electrical power quality and reliability is the most important factor to work efficiently and improve the operation.
We can easily say power quality monitoring and measurement can help you to understand and identify the sources of energy waste and cost savings.
In this article you can READ about how you can find and monitor the most common power quality problems such as voltage anomalies and harmonic distortion issues.
If you regularly monitor power quality you will get enough data, to enable you to make energy assessments, conduct load studies, calculate fiscal costs of energy waste and so much more.
In this blog we have curated for you a collection of resources from world leading Power Quality Analyser Manufacturer Fluke. These application notes and case studies give you a glimpse of how different sectors can benefit from taking regular power quality measurements:
Facilities and Building Diagnostics
One of the major concerns of the facility managers is how much electrical power costs. Energy reduction is always the most effective way to improve efficiency.
Click HERE and read more about how power quality measurement can support the decision making process of the facility manager.
Manufacturing & Industrial Sector
Manufacturing & Industrial plants are one of the most frequently affected by different electrical power problems. These power issues can easily result in high energy costs, higher maintenance costs and/or also shorten the life of the equipment.
READ how power quality can affect manufacturing plants.
The medical industry uses very sensitive machines with microprocessors and their operations highly depend on power quality and reliability. In such a critical environment the energy waste or any malfunctions of the medical equipment can cause severe situation.
HERE is an article about an engineer who developed his own method to monitor the electrical system in a hospital.
Energy suppliers must know their power cable quality to be able to provide an excellent service to their end-users. Taking regular power quality measurements make it possible to always stay aware of any changes in the conditions of overhead lines.
Read more HERE about how the intermittent faults could be detected quickly using power quality analysers. | <urn:uuid:93e86275-eda8-4af4-97a6-5b068a7d1b19> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.tester.co.uk/blog/high-voltage-and-industrial/why-test-power-quality-measurements-troubleshooting-in-practice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.931831 | 410 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Pandas is an open-source Python library that is powerful and flexible for data analysis. If there is something you want to do with data, the chances are it will be possible in pandas. There are a vast number of possibilities within pandas, but most users find themselves using the same methods time after time. In this article, we compiled the best cheat sheets from across the web, which show you these core methods at a glance.
The primary data structure in pandas is the DataFrame used to store two-dimensional data, along with a label for each corresponding column and row. If you are familiar with Excel spreadsheets or SQL databases, you can think of the DataFrame as being the pandas equivalent. If we take a single column from a DataFrame, we have one-dimensional data. In pandas, this is called a Series. DataFrames can be created from scratch in your code, or loaded into Python from some external location, such as a CSV. This is often the first stage in any data analysis task. We can then do any number of things with our DataFrame in Pandas, including removing or editing values, filtering our data, or combining this DataFrame with another DataFrame. Each line of code in these cheat sheets lets you do something different with a DataFrame. Also, if you are coming from an Excel background, you will enjoy the performance pandas has to offer. After you get over the learning curve, you will be even more impressed with the functionality.
Whether you are already familiar with pandas and are looking for a handy reference you can print out, or you have never used pandas and are looking for a resource to help you get a feel for the library- there is a cheat sheet here for you!
This one is from the pandas guys, so it makes sense that this is a comprehensive and inclusive cheat sheet. It covers the vast majority of what most pandas users will ever need to do to a DataFrame. Have you already used pandas for a little while? And are you looking to up your game? This is your cheat sheet! However, if you are newer to pandas and this cheat sheet is a bit overwhelming, don’t worry! You definitely don’t need to understand everything in this cheat sheet to get started. Instead, check out the next cheat sheet on this list.
Dataquest is an online platform that teaches Data Science using interactive coding challenges. I love this cheat sheet they have put together. It has everything the pandas beginner needs to start using pandas right away in a friendly, neat list format. It covers the bare essentials of each stage in the data analysis process:
- Importing and exporting your data from an Excel file, CSV, HTML table or SQL database
- Cleaning your data of any empty rows, changing data formats to allow for further analysis or renaming columns
- Filtering your data or removing anomalous values
- Different ways to view the data and see it’s dimensions
- Selecting any combination of columns and rows within the DataFrame using loc and iloc
- Using the .apply method to apply a formula to a particular column in the DataFrame
- Creating summary statistics for columns in the DataFrame. This includes the median, mean and standard deviation
- Combining DataFrames
Ok, this isn’t quite a cheat sheet, it’s more of an entire manifesto on the pandas DataFrame! If you have a little time on your hands, this will help you get your head around some of the theory behind DataFrames. It will take you all the way from loading in your trusty CSV from Microsoft Excel to viewing your data in Jupyter and handling the basics. The article finishes off by using the DataFrame to create a histogram and bar chart. For migrating your spreadsheet work from Excel to pandas, this is a fantastic guide. It will teach you how to perform many of the Excel basics in pandas. If you are also looking for how to perform the pandas equivalent of a VLOOKUP in Excel, check out Shane’s article on the merge method.
If you’re more of a visual learner, try this cheat sheet! Many common pandas tasks have intricate, color-coded illustrations showing how the operation works. On page 3, there is a fantastic section called ‘Computation with Series and DataFrames’, which provides an intuitive explanation for how DataFrames work and shows how the index is used to align data when DataFrames are combined and how element-wise operations work in contrast to operations which work on each row or column. At 8 pages long, it’s more of a booklet than a cheat sheet, but it can still make for a great resource!
Much like the other cheat sheets, there is comprehensive coverage of the pandas basic in here. So, that includes filtering, sorting, importing, exploring, and combining DataFrames. However, where this Cheat Sheet differs is that it finishes off with an excellent section on scikit-learn, Python’s machine learning library. In this section, the DataFrame is used to train a machine learning model. This cheat sheet will be perfect for anybody who is already familiar with machine learning and is transitioning from a different technology, such as R.
Data Camp is an online platform that teaches Data Science with videos and coding exercises. They have made cheat sheets on a bunch of the most popular Python libraries, which you can also check out here. This cheat sheet nicely introduces the DataFrame, and then gives a quick overview of the basics. Unfortunately, it doesn’t provide any information on the various ways you can combine DataFrames, but it does all fit on one page and looks great. So, if you are looking to stick a pandas cheat sheet on your bedroom wall and nail home the basics, this one might be for you! The cheat sheet finishes with a small section introducing NaN values, which come from NumPy. These indicate a null value and arise when the indices of two Series don’t quite match up in this case.
While there aren’t any pictures to be found in this sheet, it is an incredibly detailed set of notes on the pandas DataFrame. This cheat shines with its complete section on time series and statistics. There are methods for calculating covariance, correlation, and regression here. So, if you are using pandas for some advanced statistics or any kind of scientific work, this is going to be your cheat sheet.
Where to go from here?
For just automating a few tedious tasks at work, or using pandas to replace your crashing Excel spreadsheet, everything covered in these cheat sheets should be entirely sufficient for your purposes.
If you are looking to use pandas for Data Science, then you are only going to be limited by your knowledge of statistics and probability. This is the area that most people lack when they try to enter this field. I highly recommend checking out Think Stats by Allen B Downey, which provides an introduction to statistics using Python.
For those a little more advanced, looking to do some machine learning, you will want to start taking a look at the scikit-learn library. Data Camp has a great cheat sheet for this. You will also want to pick up a linear algebra textbook to understand the theory of machine learning. For something more practical, perhaps give the famous Kaggle Titanic machine learning competition.
Learning about pandas has many uses, and can be interesting simply for its own sake. However, Python is massively in demand right now, and for that reason, it is a high-income skill. At any given time, there are thousands of people searching for somebody to solve their problems with Python. So, if you are looking to use Python to work as a freelancer, then check out the Finxter Python Freelancer Course. This provides the step by step path to go from nothing to earning a full-time income with Python in a few months, and gives you the tools to become a six-figure developer! | <urn:uuid:f9ecaf98-d5db-4ef2-aa49-1f0a07a3e2b6> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://blog.finxter.com/pandas-cheat-sheets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494974.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127065356-20230127095356-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.920889 | 1,662 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Learn How to Keep Your Pet Safe from Hypothermia
Your furry friend will still want to go outdoors to play, exercise, and eliminate, even though the temperatures are dropping. However, wet snow, melting ice, and frigid temperatures can lead to hypothermia in your pet, despite their fur coat.
Hypothermia signs in pets
When a pet becomes too cold, its body responds by shunting blood away from the extremities to the core to ensure the organs stay warm. If your pet develops hypothermia, you may notice the following signs as their body temperature drops:
- Muscle stiffness
- Pale gums
- Shallow or slowed breathing
- Irregular or delayed heart rate
- Dilated pupils
As hypothermia worsens, your pet will stop shivering and may slip into a coma. Keep an eye out for initial hypothermia signs to prevent your pet from becoming too cold.
Hypothermia risk factors for pets
While hypothermia can affect any pet, some have a more increased risk. They include:
- Very young or old pets
- Shorthaired pets
- Small pets
- Pets unused to cold conditions
- Pets with heart or kidney disease
- Pets in shock
- Pets with endocrine disorders
Environmental factors that can make hypothermia more likely include:
- Wet conditions
- Strong winds
- Rapidly dropping temperatures
Hypothermia prevention in pets
When heading outside with your four-legged friend, take the following steps to keep them warm, dry, and at a normal body temperature:
- Put a waterproof coat on your pet
- Keep your pet away from melting ice and slush
- Outfit your pet with well-fitting booties to protect their paws
- Dry your pet thoroughly when you come back inside
- Walk in areas sheltered from strong winds by trees and buildings
If, despite your best efforts, your pet becomes hypothermic, warm them up by bringing them indoors. Dry them off and wrap them in warm towels out of the dryer. You also can use a hot water bottle to help increase your pet’s body temperature, but wrap it in a towel to avoid placing it directly on their skin.
Hypothermia can be a life-threatening condition for your pet without immediate treatment. Contact our team for help if your four-legged friend’s body temperature drops below 36 degrees. | <urn:uuid:0af23a01-f6d5-4630-b34d-8cc6660595d4> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://sanavet.ca/learn-how-to-keep-your-pet-safe-from-hypothermia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948684.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327185741-20230327215741-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.917853 | 509 | 3.25 | 3 |
Turbulence could be making a more serious comeback in air travel
Crikey, 10 October 2017
One of the worst things about flying before the jet age began on a large scale in the late ’50s was turbulence, and resulting air sickness. But there are warnings, as well as some statistical claims, that things are getting rougher than before, despite the apparent smoothness of jet travel that has long been taken for granted by generations of air travellers. This week’s “return to your seat and buckle up” contribution to the genre comes from America’s ABC. It is based on an article in Geophysical Research Letters journal, and as is often the case, the general news story has a high tease-to-factual-content ratio that makes it less than useful to those of us who want to know what it is really about and how it might affect them.
The article is an analysis as to how increased upper atmosphere turbulence attributable to climate change is potentially lifting the risk of clear-air turbulence, or CAT. CAT first came to the attention of air travellers after the shift to faster, higher flying jets, which operated where the propeller-driven aircraft of old couldn’t venture.
The days of a Lockheed Electra or Vickers Viscount being full of passengers chundering into airsick bags while bouncing around for more than an hour below the clouds between Sydney and Melbourne were replaced by the velvet-like ride of higher-reaching 727s.
However, at infrequent intervals, the “CAT’s claws” (as headline writers liked to describe them) would strike with zero warning, far above the usual bumpy flight levels, at around 26,000 feet. CAT can strike with enough violence to punch unrestrained passenger heads through ceiling panels, and break arms and legs. The “attack” was often over in seconds, but the results could be devastating, and the certification strength and resilience of airframe components had to be raised in later designs to levels where the risk of severe structural damage was much less likely.
But these events continue to happen, and according to the study, with rising frequency. And they come with do-not-exceed rules that mean compulsory component inspections and repairs or replacements when the load or gust data recorded during a flight crosses the limits imposed by regulations.
Recent generations of regular flyers have only withstood these events with less damage to themselves by taking to heart the advice to keep seat belts loosely fastened even when the warning sign is off.
CAT is not like other, more common forms of in-flight turbulence that can be detected or predicted by on-board sensors and ameliorated by the active gust-alleviation systems of the latest Airbuses and Boeings, using rapid changes to ailerons, elevators and rudders.
Fast and frequent systems-driven adjustments to these control surfaces soften, confine or even eliminate the up, down and sideways jerkiness that can sometimes intrude on a flight. But if this study is correct, global warming means that the CAT’s claws will become much more of a problem, not just because more people are flying more often, but because of the pent-up heat energy destabilising the higher flight levels their jets are using. | <urn:uuid:b8630361-83cc-4e43-a38c-7cbff5d99abe> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://stcwa.org.au/2017/10/turbulence-could-be-making-a-more-serious-comeback-in-air-travel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823997.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020082720-20171020102720-00858.warc.gz | en | 0.966225 | 681 | 2.546875 | 3 |
KARACHI: The Meteorological department’s lately launched data showed that the nation obtained 24 percent low-grade rainfall from July to August with lots of terminals in Sindh and Balochistan areas not also reporting a single decline of rainfall in the whole month of August
Extended completely dry conditions might affect standing crops in certain districts, it claimed.
According to the data, the current gale period rainfall was established from July 5, 2021 over Pakistan, which was postponed by five days on its typical date (July 1). Significantly, considerable continuous rainfall happened from July 10 onwards as well as the nationwide rains for July was close to normal (+4 per cent).
There was, nonetheless, a substantial deficiency of rainfall over Sindh (-47 percent).
Numerous parts of Sindh and Balochistan stayed entirely dry throughout August.
In August, there was substantial decrease of rains over the country and the national rainfall was 62pc listed below its regular worth. All regions/provinces tape-recorded below average rainfall during this month.
Several Pakistan Meteorological Department terminals in Sindh and Balochistan regions reported not even a solitary decline of rain in the entire month.
” It seems to be an extension of the dry spell problems reported a couple of months back. The affect was more on the drought-prone areas of eastern Sindh. Nonetheless, the continuous stormy spell might boost the situation in these districts,” claimed Sardar Sarfaraz standing for the Met division, including long term dry climate condition also prevailed in western south-west Balochistan.
According to Mr Sarfaraz, there has actually been an overall rains deficiency given the historic document with July being the wettest and August the second wettest month across the nation.
” We hope the coming gale spell gotten out of Sept 8 onwards would be good enough for the whole nation and also trigger rain from the north to the south.”
Environment modification at the office?
Asked exactly how climate adjustment consider this climate pattern, he stated though it’s hard to make an analysis on a specific occasion, climate change had “smashed set climate patterns” and a clear change was being seen from historic climate patterns.
According to the seasonal agro-climate expectation for August-October 2021 prepared by the department, top Sindh is anticipated to have almost dry climate throughout the whole duration. Besides sugar cane, rice is the major crop in the area which is at preliminary stages and would be affected by dry weather.
Lower Sindh may get two to three spells of light to moderate rains in the first week of September. “Kharif plants like cotton, sugar walking stick etc around are well ahead in comparison to the rest of the country. Consequently, because of the prolonged completely dry conditions the standing plants would certainly be impacted in the region,” it claimed.
Concerning the influence of lowered rains in Sindh, Mehmood Nawaz of Sindh Abadgar Board said there was more a problem of water circulation than decreased rainfall in the nation right now as Sindh’s share had been reduced considerably.
” Having said that, reduced rainfall in the country would have an effect on farming. For that, I think we require to focus on water-efficient innovations and strategies to decrease high water losses.” | <urn:uuid:2dd3ae6d-339a-4230-a1fe-54a2b11734dd> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://dhartinews.tv/country-received-24pc-below-average-rainfall-met-data/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103661137.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630031950-20220630061950-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.971354 | 688 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The myth about the existence of a cat pet that can hinder a woman’s pregnancy has become a thing that has been discussed for a long time. The fact is that cat letter and pregnancy have a scientific relationship so that the truth can be justified.
These two things are related because pregnant women can spread toxoplasmosis, a rare disease that can be transmitted to babies, so that it can thwart pregnancy, and make the baby disabled. This disease results from direct contact with cat litter, and a simple solution to minimizing this is to keep the cat outside.
How is Toxoplasma spread?
Cats are animals that will do anything in the house. The way to identify whether a cat is infected or not can be seen from the feces, this is because feces is a source of viruses that can transmit this rare disease.
You have to really keep the water clean, because toxoplasma is able to spread through water. This parasite is also capable of living in plants, so that it can enter the human bloodstream, and survive in its organs. So, you have to be careful if you like to eat raw meat and raise cats at home. This is the reason why you should be careful about cat letter and pregnancy.
Other Facts about Pregnancy and Cat Litters
Raw Food and Untreated Garden
Researchers claim that the presence of cats may not be the core cause of failure in pregnancy. However, it was Toxoplasma that harmed him. In fact, there are researchers who say that people infected with Toxoplasma usually consume raw food.
Food that comes from untreated gardens can be also the reason. So if you are pregnant avoid raw food and some types of vegetables that come from untreated gardens. Make sure to always clean food before eating it.
There are Animals that can Transmit Toxoplasma other than Cat Litter
Cats are animals that can eat all kinds of food, including raw meat. However, if you pay attention, there will be a lot of animals that can eat raw meat, including rats and birds. It turns out that the two animals can also be affected by this rare disease.
Another cause of animals is soil that has been contaminated by toxoplasma. This makes you have to clean the environment extra if there are animals in your environment. All of this is done to keep the environment healthy and clean. A healthy and clean environment can certainly facilitate your womb.
Understanding Toxoplasma Without Hoaxes
Many people still think that cats are the main culprit, but there are cycles that can spread Toxoplasma into a contagious disease. This is because there are several organisms that can infect a wide variety of mammals.
They can make them as an intermediate place. The interesting fact is that if cats have been infected with Toxoplasma, they will not catch the disease again. However, you must first keep your distance from the cat during pregnancy. You also have to more understanding about cat litter and pregnancy.
Cleaning Cat Litter and Pregnancy
Cleaning cat litter has the right way to avoid parasites in it. The trick is not to make direct contact with the feces and use an intermediary tool. However, if you are pregnant, never clean cat feces yourself. You have to ask someone else to clean it because no one knows that the feces is contaminated with disease or not.
Tips for Keeping a Cat during a Pregnant Program
However, raising cats is a pleasure because it can relieve stress. There are some tips to keep you healthy in raising a cat. One of them is to make sure to provide dry and canned food for cats to avoid raw meat. Check the cat regularly to the vet, and clean the cage until it is clean.
Cat litter and pregnancy are two opposites because they have dangerous causes and effects. If you have ever felt this way, immediately go to the doctor for further consultation and make sure the cat is clean, well groomed, and healthy to stay at home. | <urn:uuid:9a7bb954-7ac1-403f-bd05-b3c67b6b1615> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://adhdmalta.org/the-fact-of-cat-litter-and-pregnancy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662530553.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519235259-20220520025259-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.971053 | 823 | 3.109375 | 3 |
When 67-year-old Mohammad Subhan Dar fished in Wular Lake in his youth, fish were abundant in the expansive lake tucked in the lap of lush green mountains in north Kashmir’s Bandipora district. The fish, Dar and other villagers said, have almost vanished now.
“As compared to the past, fish turnout in Wular has gone down considerably,” Dar told VillageSquare.in. Earlier a fisherman could catch up to 15 kg of fish in a single day. “These days if a person catches even five kg in a day, we call him the king of Wular,” said Dar.
For thousands of Kashmiris living on the fringes of its water bodies, fishing, besides collection of water chestnut and fodder have been their sources of livelihood for a long time. But with the water bodies shrinking in size due to encroachment and in depth due to siltation, their livelihoods are at stake.
According to a study by Wetland International, 32,000 families including 2,300 fisher households living on Wular’s shores depend on it for livelihood. In Dar’s village, 600 fisher families live off Wular’s resources.
“Kashmir’s water bodies such as Wular, Mansbal, Dal lakes and Jhelum have served the people since ages as sources of livelihood and served the region ecologically,” Masood Hussain Balkhi of Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology told VillageSquare.in.
His colleague, Farooz Ahmad Bhat said that the total annual fish production of the region is 20,000 tons. Quoting statistics of Kashmir’s fisheries department, he said that more than 30,000 people are directly involved in fishing, 14,000 of them with registered licenses.
Bhat, however, said that fish diversity and fish production in Kashmir region has shown sharp decline over the past few decades. “Some of the local fish species have even become endangered and threatened,” he said. The major causes of this decline are encroachment of water bodies, siltation and pollution.
According to revenue records, Wular is spread over an area of 130 sq. km but has undergone massive siltation, encroachment and pollution in recent years.
Like fish, chestnut yield from the lake has diminished abysmally, as Dar and his fellow villagers observed. “Earlier, a person could collect a boatful of chestnuts, about 60 kg in a few hours. But, these days, one can only dream of such a good harvest,” Dar said. According to him, 20 kg is the maximum a person can get now, despite toiling the whole day.
Shameema Bano, 45, leaves home just after daybreak and returns in the evening. Yet she manages only 18-20 kg of chestnuts, which fetches her around Rs 280 a day. “It takes me a lot of time and hard work,” Bano, who lives in Banyari village on Wular’s banks, told VillageSquare.in.
“But, despite this hard work, I have no complaints except the fact that chestnut availability in the lake has gone down,” she added. “The money I earn from chestnut collection enables me to fulfill my personal needs and the needs of my children even after sharing most of my earnings with my husband.”
People said that Wular has always fulfilled their financial needs through its produce, which have started diminishing now. Ghulam Nabi, 63, said that he has never seen such a decline in water chestnuts in his life. “It’s mainly because water doesn’t stay that long in the lake these days. Now we hardly get enough rains in summers unlike in the past when it used to rain frequently,” he said.
Elderly people like Nabi and Subhan Dar of Saderkote recall their childhood days when Wular’s water was pure and pristine. “We used to drink taking the water directly from the lake. Now we hesitate even to bathe in it because of the heavy pollution,” Dar told VillageSquare.in.
According to Dar, the lake has now reduced in size and vast stretches of the lake remain dry most of the year. He said that Wular looks like a lake only in spring when the rainwater and glacial meltwater flow into it. “For the rest of the year, most of it turns into pasture lands and swamps,” Dar observed. “We literally haul our boats up because of lack of water in the lake.”
Fear of losing livelihoods
Zona Begam of Asham village at Jhelum’s bank is educating her three daughters. “Until last year, my husband had a steady income as he was serving as a forest guard. Now he has retired and draws a meager pension. He goes for fishing, but returns with just one kg at times,” Begam said. “Though we manage with what we get, we fear that the fish might vanish altogether.”
Abdul Rashid Dar of Saderkote said, “I draw all the fodder (khor) for my two cows from Wular. The cows give me 20 liters of milk every day. I sell 18 liters and earn Rs 500 daily. I am happy with what I get as I earn money by collecting chestnuts also.”
But he is worried about the way the important water body is being treated by people and the government. “The government is spending a lot of money for protecting this lake. But, I somehow feel the money is not spent properly,” he alleged.
Shiraz Ahmad Goroo, a fisherman from Sumbal in north Kashmir’s Bandipora district also complained about dwindling fish in Jhelum. He said that he is not able to catch as much as his father did. Showing his meager catch, Goroo said, “This won’t fetch me enough money to feed my family. The prices of fish have gone up. I sell a kilo for Rs 200. But it’s hard because the fish have vanished.”
His fellow fisherman, Shabir Goroo, said that a fisherman earns around Rs 300 a day. “If it continues like this we may have to work as laborers,” he said and added that sand mining in the river has also caused a decline in fish numbers.
“I am worried about the future of the lake because the survival of my family is entirely dependent on it. The lake provides me the means to earn money, with which I educate my two sons,” Goroo said and hoped that Kashmir’s natural assets are protected.
Restoration of Wular
The main reason for Wular losing its erstwhile glory is the heavy siltation in the lake, said Manzoor Dar, a fisherman of Saderkote. “If the government takes steps to prevent further siltation of the lake and takes away the silt which has already settled in, I’m sure Wular will not only get a new life, but will also give livelihood support to far more people than it currently does,” Dar, selling cooked fish to those visiting the lake, told VillageSquare.in.
The Jammu & Kashmir government has charted out a program for the conservation of the lake. Irfan Rasool, a forest conservator, who looks after the lake restoration work being carried out by the state government’s Wular Conservation and Management Authority (WUCMA), said that the lake would soon be de-silted.
There are plans to remove over two million willow trees from the lake, to achieve hydrological and ecological balance. According to elderly fishermen such as Subhan Dar and a study by Wetland International, willow plantation in the lake through government-sponsored schemes in the 1970s has led to fragmentation of the wetland, rapid siltation and deterioration in water quality.
But, Shakil Romshoo of Kashmir University’s Earth Sciences department strongly advises taking measures like stopping the silt at source if Kashmir’s wetlands have to be conserved. “For that the government needs to start an extensive afforestation program in the catchment areas of River Jhelum’s tributaries (Jhelum feeds the Wular Lake) immediately,” Romshoo told VillageSquare.in.
“We are starting the work as part of the Rs 4,000 million Wular Conservation Project in September this year,” Rasool said, and added confidently that WUCMA was on its way to conserving the lake “for all times to come.”
Athar Parvaiz is a Srinagar-based journalist. | <urn:uuid:c865f55c-4320-4a01-9532-284deb0b13d2> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.villagesquare.in/2017/09/11/diminished-wular-lake-threatens-livelihoods/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998716.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618103358-20190618125358-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.970353 | 1,865 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Long Term Water Solutions: Bugging In
By Daisy Luther
Water is second only to oxygen in the hierarchy of survival. Without it, in 3 days, you’ll die. But it goes much further than that. Water is vital for basic sanitation, for growing more food, for raising livestock, for cooking, and for treating injuries. So even if you have enough to drink, without enough for those other needs, your chances aren’t good.
The solutions you choose for water should be based on whether your plans for long term survival are bugging out to a secondary or unknown location, or sheltering in place. This week we’ll talk about solutions for bugging in.
There are several aspects to water that you should consider if your long term plans are to bug in at your current location. Many of these solutions can also be put into place if you have a secondary location to which you will travel in the event of a crisis.
First things first, you must store water. This is absolutely the initial step that people should be taking in their preparedness journey. The good news is, it is also one of the least expensive preparations. There are many different ways to put back a month’s supply of water. We store drinking water and water for pets and sanitation. Keep in mind that in the event of a disaster, even if water is flowing from the taps, it may not be safe to drink. Waterborn diseases like typhoid kill many people in the aftermath of natural disasters, sometimes causing more deaths than the disaster itself.
When I moved to this location, I bought spring water in one gallon jugs. We used this for drinking and cooking water (we are on municipal utilities and we don’t trust the supply for consumption.) Once we emptied a one gallon jug, we then refilled it with tap water and stored it in the basement. This is our back-up supply for sanitation and for our pets. We have just over 300 gallons of tap water stored.
For drinking water storage, I purchased some of the large BPA-free 5 gallon jugs. We also have a top loading water dispenser that can be used whether or not we have electrical power. I have gradually acquired a one month supply for 4 people of this water. In my basement, I have stored 30 of these jugs.
The standard advice for drinking water is one gallon per person per day. I like to add a little bit to that in order to have extra for cooking. Also keep in mind if you are working outside, particularly in hot weather, you’ll drink more than a gallon per day. Sick people and pregnant women also tend to hydrate more.
Water is heavy. Be sure when you choose a place to store it that you won’t impair the integrity of your structure. For this reason, storing it all on one end of the attic might not be the best idea, depending on your situation. Also, keep in mind that extreme temperatures can cause plastic containers to break down. Depending on the type of plastic, this can leach harmful toxins into your water. If your water is subjected to freezing temperatures, it expands and can cause the containers to burst.
Learn more about water storage HERE.
This step is even more important than storage, particularly if a situation turns long-term. What are you going to do after that water storage runs out? You can’t store a 30 year supply of water, in most cases. You have to be able to replenish your supply.
The best solutions are either a deep well or a natural spring on your property. Those will keep you in fresh, pure water indefinitely in most cases. Some exceptions are if the groundwater is contaminated due to a natural disaster like an earthquake or a manmade disaster like fracking.
Some naturally occurring sources to look for if you have yet to acquire your property are rivers, creeks, lakes, or ponds.
Keep in mind that you may be transporting the water from its source to your home. Look into back-up solar pumps for your well, and be sure that a manual pump is also available. If water is going to have to be carried for any distance, consider what type of conveyance will make the job easier. As people age or become injured, the job of carrying two buckets full several times a day will become a lot more physically strenuous. A sturdy wheelbarrow, pushcart, or wagon would make the task easier.
If your property doesn’t have these natural resources you must plan a catchment system for rainwater. Depending on your area, you may want a cistern or other enormous amount of storage for the water you harvest. If you get frequent precipitation throughout the year numerous water butts at the corners of your structures may supply enough water for your needs, including supplementing your garden. (Be warned that the eco-police in some places believe that the government owns the water falling from the sky – rainwater catchment is illegal in some states. Many may wish to disregard this flagrant insult to natural law.) You can learn more about rainwater harvesting HERE and HERE.
Bear in mind that the water from most natural sources MUST be filtered, so an investment in a high quality water filtration system is vital. I have a Big Berkey. I can only personally recommend Berkey because they are the products that I use myself. When you purchase your filtration system, go the extra step and also purchase extra elements and “bits and pieces” in the event that repairs are needed. I have enough elements to keep us in safe water for many years to come as well as the spare parts to replace the wear-and tear items like spigots and gaskets. There are also elements that can be purchased to remove the additives in municipal water, like fluoride, aresenic, and other toxic chemicals.
It’s important not to just purchase a filtration system and leave it in your closet until it’s needed. Particularly if water is in short supply, you don’t want to waste it as you try to figure out how to use your system or as you run a gallon through before using it for drinking water. Practice now while water is readily available.
Finally, if the availability of water is limited, you must make every effort to make it stretch as far as possible. I recently wrote about the drought situation on the West Coast and the toxic water due to a chemical spill in West Virginia. Our resources are finite and it doesn’t pay to waste them. This would be even more true in a world without water as near as the closest kitchen sink. If you have to go to the well or the creek and haul every drop of water your family uses back to the house, you will have added impetus to make the most of it.
Installing systems in your home to make use of gray water and black water can help you make the most of every drop of that precious liquid.
Gray water can be used for watering plants, for example, and sometimes for cleaning depending on the origin of the gray water. Gray water is the water that comes from bathtubs, showers, and clothes washing. Systems can be devised that separate the disposal fo gray water and black water, and the gray water can be diverted for use in irrigating your garden. Learn more HERE.
Black water is the water from human waste, like toilet water or dish water, and contains bacteria and pathogens. There are some recycling systems that make black water acceptable for use in watering outdoor plants. Learn more HERE.
You can find more ideas for conserving water HERE.
What are your plans?
Everyone’s situation is different based on their setting, their personal needs, and their naturally available resources. The solutions that might work in the rainy Pacific Northwest would not be appropriate for those who live in the desert of Arizona. The three basic principals are the same wherever you are: you need some water stored for short-term emergencies, you need a way to replenish your supplies should the crisis become extended, you need to make your water safe, and you need to make it stretch as far as possible. The lists here are based on my family’s situation and are by no means comprehensive or universal.
It’s important now to look at your situation and come up with solutions that will work for you where you are right now. Do you have some ideas to share, particularly ones that are unique to your geographic setting? Please do so in the comments below.
Learn more about the contaminants in your water HERE.
Buy Berkey products HERE.
Learn more about establishing a long term water supply HERE.
About the Author
Daisy Luther is a coffee-swigging, globe-trotting blogger. She is the founder and publisher of three websites. 1) The Organic Prepper, which is about current events, preparedness, self-reliance, and the pursuit of liberty on her website, 2) The Frugalite, a website with thrifty tips and solutions to help people get a handle on their personal finances without feeling deprived, and 3) PreppersDailyNews.com, an aggregate site where you can find links to all the most important news for those who wish to be prepared. She is widely republished across alternative media and Daisy is the best-selling author of 5 traditionally published books and runs a small digital publishing company with PDF guides, printables, and courses. You can find her on Facebook, Pinterest, Gab, MeWe, Parler, Instagram, and Twitter. | <urn:uuid:1ca210c9-f8ca-43e1-9ce1-412f54e4d0e7> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.theorganicprepper.com/long-term-water-solutions-bugging-in | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588257.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028034828-20211028064828-00345.warc.gz | en | 0.952572 | 1,969 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Outside of Latin America Spain is conceivably the happiest country to have an Argentine elected pontiff. More than five centuries after the colonial power brought Catholicism to America Latina, there now is a pope at last from the region. For the Spanish people, the victory of the pope-elect was the victory of a brother, and so it is theirs too.
The Spaniards have been closely following the events at the Vatican since Pope Benedict resigned as Bishop of Rome. And when in the evening of 13 March the fumata bianca surged through the chimney of the Sistine Chapel, and it was announced that the Conclave had elected the Cardinal from Buenos Aires Jorge Mario Bergoglio as Benedict’s successor, the Spaniards cheered, perhaps like no other in Europe.
King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofía of Spain, as well as Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy, promptly congratulated the new sumo pontifice.
In the midst of the religious fervor resulting from the extraordinary occasion, though, there were those who never lost touch with the material world. Said Spanish Foreign Minister Jose Manuel Garcia-Margallo: “[Pope Francis] speaks Spanish, which will contribute to the Spain Brand.”
Incidentally, for a country that has played a crucial role in the propagation of Roman Catholicism around the world, Spain has had only two popes in more than 2000 years: Alfonso de Borja of Valencia or Pope Callixtus III, elected in 1455; and his nephew Rodrigo de Borja or Pope Alexander VI.
Elected in 1492 the ruthless Alexander achieved the papacy by bribing the Conclave. He then went on to become history’s most notorious pope, his reign characterized by nepotism, greed, and sexual scandal.
These two came from the Spanish branch of the powerful Borgia family. | <urn:uuid:188bbfc3-2ef5-4eb8-8d82-5a2746d1d28c> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.guidepost.es/spain-is-jubilant-over-election-of-argentine-pope/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572436.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915215643-20190916001643-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.971082 | 377 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Latest Psychological Health Information
MONDAY, Jan. 27, 2020 (HealthDay Information) — New study displays that little ones and teenagers in U.S. parts with better degrees of poverty facial area a greater threat of suicide.
“Our results recommend that community poverty is a critical threat factor for youth suicide, which need to assist goal avoidance endeavours,” reported direct review creator Dr. Jennifer Hoffmann. She is a pediatric unexpected emergency medicine doctor at Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Medical center of Chicago.
For the review, Hoffmann and her colleagues analyzed federal authorities knowledge on suicides in little ones and teenagers aged 5 to 19 that transpired from 2007 to 2016.
They discovered nearly 21,000 suicides in this age group, which performs out to an once-a-year suicide level of three.4/100,000 little ones. The greater part of these suicides (eighty five%) ended up amongst teenagers aged fifteen to 19. Males accounted for 76% of the suicides, and whites for sixty nine%.
Little ones and teenagers in U.S. counties where 20% or far more of the population lives below the federal poverty degree ended up 37% far more most likely to die by suicide than those in counties with the lowest poverty focus.
Youth suicide by guns was 87% far more most likely in parts with the optimum poverty degrees, in accordance to the review released Jan. 27 in the journal JAMA Pediatrics.
“Of distinct concern is youth suicide making use of firearms, which transpired at noticeably greater premiums in substantial-poverty communities,” Hoffmann reported in a clinic news launch.
Youth suicide in the United States has nearly doubled in the previous 10 years, producing it the next foremost result in of death amongst youths aged 10 to 19.
“A lot more study is wanted to have an understanding of the poverty-linked elements that may possibly increase suicide threat amongst little ones and adolescents so that we can produce far more effective interventions,” Hoffmann reported.
“Meanwhile, mom and dad need to not be fearful to speak openly with their young children about mental overall health and possible views of suicide. This decreases stigma and may well assist the kid get assist before it is really as well late,” she reported.
— Robert Preidt
Copyright © 2020 HealthDay. All rights reserved.
Source: Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Medical center of Chicago, news launch, Jan. 27, 2020 | <urn:uuid:86e3cd05-571c-4986-a043-81de667f94b4> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://sluiz-ibiza.com/poverty-could-drive-up-youth-suicide-risk.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662555558.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523041156-20220523071156-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.91727 | 516 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Whatever Maine residents felt about the recent election results, there was little to cheer about where action on climate change is concerned. Maine people are deeply concerned about and already experiencing climate change’s ecological and economic impacts (consider the Gulf of Maine’s threatened shrimp fishery, the insect invasions that are ruining our forests and the ticks that are taking down our moose). Yet, as of Election Day, a global climate policy solution was nowhere in sight.
But last Wednesday we were given something to cheer about. The nation woke up to a surprise announcement that President Obama and Chinese President Xi Jinping had reached an agreement obligating their respective nations to reduce carbon emissions. The agreement—involving the world’s two biggest sources of greenhouse gas emissions— has the potential to catalyze global efforts to combat climate change. It also could help protect Maine wildlife (and people) from the worst impacts of climate change. But the agreement will do neither of these things if Congress scuttles the Obama administration’s plan to curb greenhouse gas emissions.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
The United States and China have argued for years over which nation should take initiative on curbing greenhouse gas emissions. What had been a largely unproductive discussion changed course last spring, after President Obama proposed carbon emissions standards for power plants and gave states broad flexibility in meeting them. The Obama plan—to reduce carbon emissions by 30% from 2005 levels (already about 10% higher than they are today)—has been met with strong opposition along partisan lines.
Now some of the same objectors are claiming that the international agreement (which does not require congressional approval) doesn’t require enough sacrifice on China’s part. This is a curious position, given that the US and other highly developed nations grew their economies by filling the atmosphere with carbon much of the twentieth century, while the Chinese economy remained largely undeveloped.
The president’s agreement with China has significantly upped the ante. By leveraging his emissions plan to secure a commitment from China to reduce their own carbon emissions, he has ramped up the plan’s environmental benefits and opened the way for even further-reaching international action on climate change. But by tying his climate change plan to the agreement with China, he has also increased the possibility that partisan elements in Congress will succeed in undercutting or eliminating Obama’s emissions plan. It’s now double-or-nothing.
In a high stakes situation like this, every vote will count, especially in the US Senate. Maine Senator Angus King has already voiced strong support for the Obama Clean Power Plan. Senator Susan Collins, who has been a leader on climate issues, has taken a wait-and-see position on the Clean Power rules, pending the end of the public comment period. That occurred a month ago, and now it’s time for Senator Collins to lead on climate change once again by building bipartisan support for the rule and the international agreement that will greatly magnify its benefits.
Charles Gauvin started at Maine Audubon in 2014. Gauvin brings more than 25 years of experience in conservation leadership, much of it as the president and CEO of Trout Unlimited, the nation’s leading river and fish conservation organization.Gauvin most recently served as Chief Development Officer at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington, DC. He collaborated with Carnegie scholars worldwide to develop program strategies and support in the United States, Europe, Russia, the Middle East, Asia and South Asia. | <urn:uuid:471d9f70-a917-44b0-b59a-514c254c2b68> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://maineaudubon.org/blog/2014/11/china/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189032.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00029-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949831 | 714 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Nina Blatter & Stéphanie Roux
The Wadden Sea is an intertidal zone in the southeastern part of the North Sea. It forms a shallow body of water with tidal flats and wetlands. For demographic, economic and agricultural reasons, the Wadden Sea is one of the world‘s seas whose coastline has been most modified by humans. Over the last century, the protective systems that have been installed were able to hold the raise in water levels of about 17 cm. However, these levels are estimated to approximately reach another 60 cm by the end of the current century.
An element that helps protect the coasts from flooding are the salt marshes. In fact, these intertidal zones are delimitated by wooden barriers created by man in order to reclaim land from the ocean. With the tide come sediments that are then held back by the wood enclosure as the water retreats. Salt tolerant species then stick to the mudflats making it more stable and bringing oxygen into the soil for regular plants to grow in these coastal ecosystems.
Reclaiming land in front of the Afsluitdijk, in the Netherlands could help protect it, as well as everything it currently keeps dry, from future water damage. The project therefore lies in front of this dam creating salt marshes combined with a new housing proposal that will last despite the sea level increase. In every corner of the land reclamation stands a house whose basic structure is formed by the vertical extension of the latter’s wooden structure. | <urn:uuid:e75fa473-7473-4fb8-b62c-3c1cbf2b8294> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://atlasofplaces.com/academia/wadden-sea/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178364027.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302160319-20210302190319-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.94896 | 308 | 3.796875 | 4 |
The objective of this eighth module is to draw attention to important operating parameters of the POWER GENERATOR. A review of fundamentals is included as an aid to understanding the significance of generator control.
- The generator's function: energy conversion.
- Features of generator construction.
- Stator winding, rotor winding.
- Static exciter, collector rings, rotating exciter.
- Open cycle air cooling.
- Closed cycle air cooling.
- Advantages of hydrogen cooling.
- Hydrogen pressure control, leakage compensation.
- Hydrogen seals, seal oil system.
- Hydrogen explosive range.
- Procedures for purging.
- Fundamentals of AC generation.
- Relationship between frequency, speed, and number of poles.
- Single phase and 3-phase generation.
- 3-phase system.
- Required conditions for synchronizing.
- Controlling generator power output.
- Combined operation of governors.
- Load sharing between parallel generators.
- Static excitation system.
- Brushless excitation system.
- Effect of changing excitation current.
- Control of voltage and MVAR output.
- System demand for MVARs.
- Generator MVA output.
- Power factor.
- Generator capability curve.
End of Course Instructions
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- Over 500,000+ certified nationwide. | <urn:uuid:30af9e2f-bd3e-4fe6-914c-4a1872453315> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.360training.com/power-and-utilities/power-generation-training-course/generation-steam-power-cogeneration/generation-of-power | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823710.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212000955-20181212022455-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.703801 | 398 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Hernan Calderon says he is just an "insignificant insect" to the owners of the Pascua Lama gold mine high in the Andes mountains in northern Chile.
The cattle herder used to be able to check his herds in the fields of the Huasco Valley via a public road.
He now requires a key for a gate erected after the land was bought by the Canadian company Barrick Gold, the largest mining company in the world.
A new gold rush is under way as mining companies seek to supply the ever-increasing demand for the precious metal from emerging economies such as India, and with reserves dwindling all over the world they are going to extraordinary lengths to extract it.
Since time immemorial man has risked much to obtain gold, but 20 years ago it would have been unthinkable to look for it so high in the Andes mountains, too much trouble and expense to extract.
However next to the Toro I, Toro II and Esperanze glaciers 5,000 metres above sea level deposits worth an estimated 12 billion dollars have been discovered by satellite.
Barrick Gold were awarded the contract to mine the site by the Chilean government last year but hostility towards the company is widespread in the verdant Huasco valley just south of the world's driest desert.
Hernan Calderon told Al Jazeera: "All this belongs to those people from Barrick. Now the foreigners are the new owners of Chile and we are just insignificant insects to them."
It has not rained in the valley for ten years, yet the Huasco produces some of Chile's best grapes, avocadoes and olives for export thanks to careful irrigation with the water that comes from the glaciers above.
It is a source of water that farmers like Bernardo Torres, fear will become contaminated with the cyanide used when mining for gold.
"It's a highly toxic activity that will prejudice us all," Torres said. "The leaks and explosives, the impact of the heavy metals will affect our plants and our health, even if they say it won't."
Others worry that the glacier itself may just melt away once the mine opens.
Because they are white glaciers reflect the sun's rays, this is why they do not melt. But if they become dark brown from the explosives and dust generated every day, as environmentalists predict, the glaciers could disappear.
Chile's national chamber of deputies recently called for an inquiry into the Pascua Lama project after the findings of a report from the country's General Water
Directorship from 2002 was publicised by local media and revealed the three glaciers had already dwindled by 50-70 per cent during the exploratory phase of the project.
Rodrigo Jimenez, a spokesman for Barrick, dismissed the report and blamed the melting on global warming.
When he spoke to Al Jazeera he said one of the conditions to the contract awarded to mine Pascua lama is not to affect the glaciers in any way.
"There are 400 additional conditions," he said. "And we are going to adhere to them 100 per cent."
"And this is why we can say with confidence that we will not affect the quality or the quantity of the water for the Huasco valley."
Barrick says that where it goes, it leaves progress and development behind, so Al Jazeera travelled south to La Serena, where Barrick exploited a gold mine called El Indio until it closed five years ago.
Mario Gonzalez, who said he worked for Barrick until shortly before the mine closed, explained that despite precautions being taken there were several occasions when highly toxic waste leaked into the river that goes into La Serena's water supply.
"Every time it happened, a few hours later the alarm was sent and a sanitary emergency was declared," he said.
"No drinking water for three or four days until the waste was washed out into the ocean."
But there were benefits from the El Indio project for the local community. At least a thousand families were able to build their homes in the area because of the jobs generated by the mine over a 20 year period.
The promise of jobs in the new Pascua Lama gold mine is important to residents of nearby Vallenar, the provincial capital where unemployment is high and part of the argument that helped win Chilean government approval for the controversial project.
Enrique Accorsi, the president of the natural resources commission of the chamber of deputies said: "We're talking about a project worth billions of dollars and the investment always seens to weigh more than the negative impact it could have."
Yet a sign in the Huasco Valley reads: "The thirst for gold will leave us without water."
Despite the assurances from Barrick, farmers like Don Manuel believe it, yet he concedes: "I don't think this can be stopped. We’re talking about big business, and big business always wins."
This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. We are making such material available in our efforts to advance understanding of environmental, political, human rights, economic, democracy, scientific, and social justice issues, etc. We believe this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. | <urn:uuid:d2a034a1-f1e7-4a28-b7b7-e3684b4613fc> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=14560 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398460519.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205420-00239-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960027 | 1,189 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The noble eightfold path of Buddha has been described as follows:
1. Right Vision:
The first means in the Buddha’s eightfold path is right vision.
Ignorance generates a wrong view of the relation between the world and self, and many mistakes a transient, painful and unspiritual object for a permanent, blissful and spiritual one.
The abandoning of this fallacious view and comprehending the real nature of objects is said to be the right vision. In this way, unflinching meditation on the four Noble. Truths is the proper view. This meditation takes one towards nirvana.
2. Right resolve:
The second means is right resolve. The determination to root out thoughts which entertain ill-will and a desire to do harm to others or contemplate attachment to sensual pleasures, is the right resolve. The Noble Truths can be profitable only if life is led according to them. Right volition should accompany right vision. Right volition includes sacrifice, benevolence and sympathy.
3. Right speech:
The third means is right speech. As a first step, man should control his speech by right resolve. Right speech means avoidance of false or unlikeable speech or criticism. Every man should avoid bad speech and adopt a good one. One word which calms the mind is better than innumerable meaningless words.
4. Right conduct:
The fourth means is proper conduct, which means refraining from activities like destruction of life, theft, sexuality, falsifying, excessive eating, visiting social recreations; the use of artificial means of beauty, jewellery, comfortable beds and gold, etc. All these laws apply to hermits.
But married people need obey only five laws. For ordinary people there are a number of other laws. Parents should protect their children from evil traits and cultivate good qualities in them, and marry them after their education is over. The children should make themselves noble by serving their aged parents. The students should study, respect their teachers, obey them, and fulfill their needs. The teachers should behave lovingly towards them and perfect them in the arts and sciences by cultivating goods habits in them.
The husband should respect his wife, be faithful to her and look after her welfare. The wife should behave lovingly towards her husband, manage the home efficiently, be hospitable to all guests and maintain marital fidelity. Continuing in the same vein, the Buddha has given a detailed description of laws regulating the mutual behaviour between various people related socially. He has preached the lesson of sacrifice, benevolence and sympathy for the multitude in its entirety. His laws aim at making both society and the individual happy. In view of these laws, no one can declare the Buddha to be an escapist.
5. Right means of livelihood:
Right livelihood means earning one’s bread and butler by right means. Without it, right activity cannot be fully practised. According to the Buddha, one should not trade in weapons, animals, meat, wine, etc. It is never good for any person to earn his money by unfair and bad means like pressure, fraud, bribe, chicanery, dacoity, etc.
6. Right effort:
Along with obedience to laws regarding vision, volition, speech, action and livelihood, it is also necessary to stop bad impressions and avoid bad feelings. Endeavoring to this end is called right effort. It includes self-control, negation of sensuality, stopping bad thoughts, awakening good thoughts and concentrating the mind upon universal welfare.
The following modes of restricting bad thoughts have been advocated:
(1) Meditate upon some good thought.
(2) Study the result of acting upon bad thoughts.
(3) Analyse the cause of bad thought and stop its results.
(4) Control the mind by physical effort.
(5) Observe dharma. The observance of dharma depends upon the mind, and upon the observance of dharma is dependent the attainment of liberation. Thus, even a person who has made some progress along the spiritual path needs proper exercise in order to eliminate the risk of any future lapse.
7. Right mindfulness:
Right mindfulness means the retention of the body, the conscience, and the real form. Bad thoughts occupy the mind only when their real form is forgotten. When actions take place according to bad thoughts, pain has to be suffered and the tendency to bad thoughts also becomes stronger. Right mindfulness includes the remembering of the impurities of the body, pleasure, nature of pain, hatred and doubtful mind, five skandhas senses, means of liberation and the four Noble Truths, Right mindfulness destroys attachment and releases one from pain.,
Gautama, the Buddha, described right mindfulness meticulously. He preached that body should be treated as constituted of earth, water, fire and air. It is filled, it must be remembered, with deplorable things like bones, skin, intestines, spleen, urine etc. One should see the burning of the body in a crematorium, its destruction, its conversion into food for vultures and dogs, and its becoming dust. The remembering of these truths, makes one forget love and attachment for one’s own or another’s body. Due to this the attachment to other evil tendencies is also destroyed. It result in complete lack of passions and elimination of pain. In this way, man avoids worldly attachment.
8. Right concentration:
By pursuing the seven laws propounded above, man’s tendencies of the chitta or mind are pacified and he becomes capable of entering right concentration. Before Nirvana is attained, right concentration has the following four stages:
(1) In the first stage, the four Noble truths arc meditated upon with a calm mind. Pure and detached thought creates unique happiness.
(2) In the second stage, efforts like meditation are suppressed and reasoning becomes unnecessary. Doubts are removed and faith in Noble Truths increases. Hence intuition replaces thought. Profound contemplation results in peace and evenness in the mind. At the same time, bliss also is experienced.
(3) The third stage is one of indifference. Here the endeavour is to remove happiness and introduce indifference in the mind. In this state, the mind is in equilibrium, but one becomes indifferent to the happiness of concentration.
(4) The condition of absolute peace is the fourth stage in which pleasure and pain are destroyed. In it, the tendencies of the mind are negated. It is a stage of perfect peace, perfect indifference, and perfect negation. In it, pain is completely destroyed and nirvana attained. | <urn:uuid:128f04b6-ef23-4a71-88ac-6008d7501742> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/education/the-nobel-eight-fold-path-of-buddha-1043-words/5865/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320227.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624064634-20170624084634-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.947023 | 1,360 | 2.890625 | 3 |
process of efficient for silver
SIX FUNDAMENTAL STEPS for efficient silver brazing.
SIX FUNDAMENTAL STEPS for efficient silver brazing. 1. GOOD FIT AND PROPER CLEARANCE' Clearances of .001" .005" (0.25mm .13mm) are sufficient. Thin films make the highest strength joints and increase corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity.
Polishing Silver the Easy Way With SCIENCE 3 Steps
Watch as hydrogen bubbles, dirt, and oxides are blasted off of the surface of the silver, and the tarnish becomes shiny silver once again. After a minute or two, remove the silver and rinse it with clean water, buffing it a bit with a toothbrush to remove loosened crud
High efficiency silver recovery by electrowinning reduces operating costs and produces a superior product. Electrowinning is the recovery of metals, such as gold and silver, from solution by passing a current through the solution.
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Mar 31, 2018vibrating screen gold silver separation process efficient high efficiency gold ore grinder vibrating screen. Factors That Affect Screening Efficiency of Vibrating Screen Xinhai. Dec 1, 2017 Screening effect and efficiency of vibrating screen can affect the output and production efficiency
How silver is made material, making, history, used
Silver is one of the strongest oxidants, making it an essential catalyst for the chemical process industry. It is used in the production of adhesives, dinnerware, mylar recording tape, and many other products. Silver is the most reflective of all metals,
Natcore Streamlines Process For High Efficiency, Silver
Mar 16, 2018Natcore Streamlines Process For High Efficiency, Silver Less Solar Cells. According to the company, these advances have maintained and, in fact, enhance the two key advantages of Natcores Foil Cell 1) The elimination of high cost silver. Natcores Foil Cell replaces silver, and its high material costs and complicated production processes,
Ultra thin transparent silver films for solar cells New
Nov 12, 2018A new fabrication process for transparent ultra thin silver films has been developed. The material may help build highly efficient solar cells and light emitting diodes. However, traditional
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silver recovery processing of gold steps efficient Gold Fingers How to Recover Gold from Electronic Scrap . Dec 19, 20130183;32;This process is less suitable for metallic items that are gold plated such as gold plated pins and gold filled items, though it will work with much effort and large consumption of acid.
Ultra Thin Silver Film Fabrication May Boost Solar Cell
Nov 28, 2018Researchers at Ruhr Universitt Bochum (RUB) and the University of Wuppertal, both in Germany, have developed a new atomic layer deposition (ALD) process for transparent ultra thin silver films that overcomes the challenges of traditional chemical methods for producing ultra thin and pure silver films and promises to boost the efficiency of solar cells and light emitting diodes.
Silver Nanomaterial Immobilized Desalination Systems for
Increasing concerns regarding the adverse effects of radioactive iodine waste have inspired the development of a highly efficient and sustainable desalination process for the treatment of radioactive iodine contaminated water. Because of the high affinity of silver towards iodine species, silver nanoparticles immobilized on a cellulose acetate membrane (Ag CAM) and biogenic silver
Robotic process automation an operations silver bullet
Jun 13, 2017Robotic process automation an operations silver bullet? Recognising that existing operational business models cannot be sustained, organisations are exploring new ways to innovate, most notably through RPA. But is it worth the hype?
What Is the Process of Refining Silver? Reference
A Silver is found embedded in several different minerals, namely copper, zinc and lead, and the refining process varies depending on the source. Silver derived from copper and its derivatives, including copper sulfide, requires different handling and refining techniques than silver minerals taken from zinc deposits and lead sources.
Enhancement of recombination process using silver and
Jul 25, 2016Enhancement of recombination process using silver and graphene quantum dot embedded intermediate layer for efficient organic tandem cells. Sci. Rep. 6 , 30327; doi 10.1038/srep30327 (2016).
Silver Refining Complete Process for the Amateur Refiner
Jan 02, 2015Description Step by step demonstration on how to test and refine Sterling and 925 silver into pure elemental silver metal crystal
4 Types of Process Efficiency Simplicable
Process efficiency is the output of a business process for a unit of input. Processes are often repeatable aspects of a business that can be heavily optimized to improve efficiency. The following are common types of process efficiency. The overall efficiency of a process is the value of outputs divided by the value of inputs.
Silver processing Britannica
Silver processing. It is also the least noble of the precious metals, reacting readily with many common reagents such as nitric acid and sulfuric acid. Metallic silver can be dissolved from gold alloys of less than 30 percent gold by boiling with 30 percent strength nitric acid in a process referred to as parting.
Process Cycle Efficiency (PCE) Graphic Products
The calculation for Process Cycle Efficiency uses a simple formula Process Cycle Efficiency = Value Added Time / Cycle Time; If the process only includes activities that add value a customer is willing to pay for, then the process cycle efficiency is 100%. We like to think that our processes are close to 100% efficient.
4 Types of Process Efficiency Simplicable
4 Types of Process Efficiency posted by John Spacey, July 04, 2017. Process efficiency is the output of a business process for a unit of input. Processes are often repeatable aspects of a business that can be heavily optimized to improve efficiency. The following are common types of process efficiency.
Efficient Welding of Silver Nanowire Networks without Post
Apr 18, 2013Efficient Welding of Silver Nanowire Networks without PostProcessing Jaemin Lee Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water, and Sustainability (EEWS), Graphene Research Center (GRC), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305701, Korea
EP0020826A1 A hydrometallurgical process for recovering
1. A process for separating and recovering gold, silver, selenium, and tellurium from anode slime by leaching, solvent extraction, precipitation, and reduction, the process comprising the steps of nitric acid leaching of the anode slime; silver chloride precipitation; simultaneous denitration and chlorination;
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Isolation of single Pt atoms in a silver cluster forming
The atomically controlled transition of nanohybrids and their effects on charge carrier dynamics are highly desirable for fundamental studies in photocatalysis. Herein, for the first time, a method combining atomic monodispersity and single atom alloy was used to prepare a new form of highly efficient silver
An environmentally friendly process to selectively recover
Jun 20, 2018However, high energy consumption and serious pollution limit the recovery with current processes. In this study, an effective and environmentally friendly process was developed for selective recovery of silver from copper anode slime, which consisted of oxidative pretreatment thiosulfate leaching electrodeposition.
Facile and Efficient Welding of Silver Nanowires Based on
Here, efficient welding of AgNWs is demonstrated using ultraviolet A (UVA) with the specific wavelength range from 320 to 400 nm based on a nanoscale photothermal process. The AgNW welding shows a selfterminating and selflimiting nature, and sensitivity to diameter of AgNWs.
Natcore Develops Streamlined Process For Ultra High
Natcore Develops Streamlined Process For Ultra High Efficiency, Silverless Solar Cell. Natcores Foil Cell replaces silver, and its high material costs and complicated production processes, with aluminum foils. At approximately 1/300 th the cost of silver, aluminum allows for more metal to be used to maintain conductivity, while also enabling high speed, high volume materials handling and processing.
Preparation of Silver Nitrate Solution Laboratory
Please, how can one prepare say a 0.1 Molar Silver Nitrate Solution to be used in the titration of Cyanide. Please back it with reactions and or calculations if there are any. Thanks.
Gold Smelting Refining Process
Gold Smelting. Intensive cyanidation is a good option, but obviously, the material can be sent to the leaching process employed to treat the raw ore. Gold and silver recoveries are between 99.5 to 99.7%. Although slag production weight is variable, a typical operation
Process Cycle Efficiency Formula and Example
Process Cycle Efficiency Formula and Example that you can apply to any industry, field, or business process. Process Cycle Efficiency Formula and Example that you can apply to any industry, field, or business process. Shmula is focused on the customer experience, lean and six sigma.
Gold Recovery Techniques
GOLD RECOVERY TECHNIQUES We provide complete training, guidance and consultancy for the recovery of precious metals i.e. gold, silver, platinum and palladium from all kinds of electronic scrap (like computer mother boards, different kinds of processors, RAMs, hard drives, cellphones,and all other devices in which these precious metals are used).
6 Lean Principles That Can Make You More Efficient
Jun 20, 20136 Lean steps to ensure that your team is working at full capacity and ideal efficiency. 6 Lean Principles That Can Make You More Efficient. Perspectives. different people carry out the process in a slightly different way, or the same employee does something slightly different each time. This is stressful for employees and costly for | <urn:uuid:9643c65f-c5ac-420d-a183-86a91ad1adfb> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://labasse-cour.be/hare/10903-process-of-efficient-for-silver.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998755.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618143417-20190618165417-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.891633 | 2,108 | 2.53125 | 3 |
A bunion is a very common foot deformity that develops over the first metatarsal phalageal joint of the big toe of the foot. The joint that joins the big toe to the foot is called the first MTP joint. When it becomes prominent and the big toe starts to become crooked this is known as a bunion. The term referring to deformity of the big toe as it becomes crooked is called Hallux Valgus. It is the bump itself that is known as the bunion. When it gets red and swollen over the bunion because it gets sore this is usually due to an inflamed soft tissue over the underlying bone.
Many problems that occur in the feet are the result of abnormal pressure or rubbing. One way of understanding what happens in the foot due to abnormal pressure is to view the foot simply. Our simple model of a foot is made up of hard bone covered by soft tissue that we then put a shoe on top of. Most of the symptoms that develop over time are because the skin and soft tissue are caught between the hard bone on the inside and the hard shoe on the outside. Any prominence, or bump, in the bone will make the situation even worse over the bump. Skin responds to constant rubbing and pressure by forming a callus. The soft tissues underneath the skin respond to the constant pressure and rubbing by growing thicker. Both the thick callus and the thick soft tissues under the callus are irritated and painful. The answer to decreasing the pain is to remove the pressure. The pressure can be reduced from the outside by changing the pressure from the shoes. The pressure can be reduced from the inside by surgically removing any bony prominence.
The dominant symptom of a bunion is a big bulging bump on the inside of the base of the big toe. Other symptoms include swelling, soreness and redness around the big toe joint, a tough callus at the bottom of the big toe and persistent or intermittent pain.
Orthopaedic surgeons diagnose bunions on the basis of physical examination and weight bearing x-rays. Two angles are assessed, the intermetatarsal angle, that is between the first and second metatarsals (the bones that lead up to the base of the toes). If this angle exceeds 9? (the angle found in the healthy foot) it is abnormal and referred to as metatarsus primus varus. the hallux valgus angle, that is, the angle of the big toe as it drifts toward the small toe. An angle that exceeds 15? is considered to be a sign of pathology.
Non Surgical Treatment
Treatment may be surgical or non-surgical. The goal of non-surgical treatment is to relieve pressure on the foot and to prevent pressure sores and foot ulcers. This is accomplished by prescribing accommodative shoes with a wide toe box - sandals or extra depth shoes with soft moulded insoles. It may also be possible to relax the leather on shoes to make room for a bunion.
Bunion surgery is usually done as an out patient procedure, so the patient does not have to stay in hospital overnight although it is usually performed under a general anesthetic. The procedure involves the surgeon making a cut on the inside of the big toe joint and removing excess bone whilst also repositioning ligaments and tendons. The joint may be fixed with screws or wires, which may be dissolve, or may be removed at a later date or in some cases, remain in the foot permanently. After the operation the foot will be immobilized, often in a cast for 4 to 8 weeks to keep the bones in alignment. Crutches will usually be issued to help the patient get around. After this period, the foot will be assessed to check the bones have healed correctly. At which point full weight bearing may be gradually introduced.
Shoes that possess tapering toe boxes should be avoided if you have a bunion, as narrow toe boxes will hasten the progression of your bunion deformity. In some cases, conservative measures, including switching to appropriate footwear, may not have the desired effect, and your podiatrist may recommend for you a surgical procedure known as a bunionectomy. | <urn:uuid:a8e4d937-060b-4a2e-870d-241c94fdc7b5> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://latishacakmak.weebly.com/blog/bunion-hallux-valgus-surgery | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257781.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524224619-20190525010619-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.950612 | 859 | 3.3125 | 3 |
The Hero’s Journey in the Hunger Games
In our lecture with Dr. Mazeroff, we got to look at The Hunger Games from a more psychological approach and from the idea of the Hero’s Journey. He briefly talked about Carl Jung and Joseph Campbell, who developed the Hero’s Journey. Jung started its development by studying fairy tales, myths, national epics, and more. Then, we went over the main steps of the Hero’s Journey – the departure, initiation, and the return. At each stage, there are various decisions that people can make to propel their story forward. They can decide to work with the other people in the tale, make allies, refuse to move forward, get stuck, or even fail on their journey. We went over some of the other possible elements, and then we applied the Hero’s Journey to The Hunger Games.
“…the hero is symbolical of that divine creative and redemptive image which is hidden
in us all, only waiting to be known and rendered into life” – Joseph Campbell
One of the first points that got brought up was whether or not Katniss was actually a hero. In my opinion, she definitely is, although she has trouble throughout the story. However, there are other heroes who face their own journey through the books; including: Peeta, Prim, and more. Nevertheless, we did focus primarily on Katniss as the main character of the story. She goes through most of the stages of the Hero’s Journey, and in some cases, she has to face the stage several times.
The first stage of the Hero’s Journey is the Departure. Katniss entered her journey the moment she volunteered to take Prim’s place as the tribute from District 12. The Departure stage of a Hero’s Journey includes the following steps: the call to adventure, self-awakening, crossing the threshold, and more. She answers the call by volunteering, although she does not know the consequences of her actions right away. She also answers the call later in the story when she agrees to be the Mockingjay, even though she initially refused. The first image of crossing the threshold occurred when she is going into the Capitol, and again as she is rising into the arena. Her participation in the 74th and 75th Hunger Games represents her time in the Belly of the Whale.
Entering the Games
The second stage of the Hero’s Journey is the initiation, which includes the road of trials, apotheosis, the ultimate boon, and more. Katniss faces a series of different trials while she is in the Games. She is forced to defend herself to the point of having to kill other people in order to survive. She forms friendships and alliances in this phase, in the first Games with Peeta and then Rue; in the second Games with Peeta, Finnick, Mags, Beetee, Wiress, and Johanna. While she is reluctant to have the allies in the second Games, they repeatedly help her survive. Katniss is driven through the road of trials by her desire to get home for her family, because she takes care of them. Atonement for the Father is another major step, she has to take care of her family because of the death of her father. In the Apotheosis stage, the hero moves beyond their self to success. Her moment of clarity occurs when she pulls out the berries as a potential way to survive. At this point in the heroes journey is the ultimate boon; the winning of the game and the ability to go home should have offered her that. However, instead she is thrust back into the Games because of her decisions along the way.
The Return after the 74th Hunger Games
The third stage is the Return. For Katniss, her initial return to District 12 is happy; but she is confused about her life with Peeta and she is forced back into a bad situation when she is informed that if she and Peeta don’t convince the world that they are in love, her family is in danger. The 75th Hunger Games and the rebellion started another cycle through the Heroes Journey for Katniss and many other people she knows. A lot of people fail their journey, or never return home. Prim and Finnick are both killed and Gale and her mother never return to District 12. Her mother refuses to return in Mockingjay because of the painful memories that returning would evoke. Katniss needs help to return after the war, she is forced to return because of her exile from the Capitol. In my opinion, she does eventually master the two worlds (another stage), when she and Peeta are able to create a decent life in District 12, even though they both still have emotional and physical scars from the rebellion. | <urn:uuid:e604739a-5837-4324-8a53-7e3e555848ba> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://kmd011.wordpress.com/2014/04/12/219/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510754.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016134654-20181016160154-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.971799 | 996 | 2.890625 | 3 |
How to Make A Fall Collage
The chill is in the air and the leaves are changing. Celebrate fall with an artistic masterpiece, combining synthetic and natural elements to create an assemble work of art that is truly unique to the season.
Glue & Brush
Pencil or Marker
Bag or Tray for Leaf Collecting
A Chapter Book
Using your Leaf Identification Worksheet, explore the world around you. Be sure to get your parents’ permission of course. Walk down the driveway, up the street or to a nearby park and see if you can find some of the leaves on the sheet. Can you identify which leaves come from which tree? Note what colors they are on your work sheet. Place all your leaves in a bag for now. When you get home, lay them inside a chapter book. This will flatten them and make them easier to work with later.
Create a work space on a table where you can spread out all your materials.
Start by gluing colored papers to your board. You can add things you have at home to your board also such as words or pictures from magazines that remind you of fall. Using your worksheet, you can cut out the leaves and use them as tracers to make more paper leaves in a variety of colors.
Add in your flattened leaves by gluing them down and coating them with a layer of glue on top.
Finish your collage by coating the entire surface with a thin layer of glue. This glue dries clear and shiny. It will take several hours for it to dry completely.
Clean up your work space, wash your brush out for another time and enjoy your fall foliage masterpiece!
Interested in Learning more about why leaves change color? Check out this video from Scientific American! | <urn:uuid:f9389678-35e3-4919-9a45-92e85571a17e> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.artists-exchange.org/fall-collage-craft | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500044.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203091020-20230203121020-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.935451 | 430 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Gherman Stepanovich Titov
September 11, 1935 – September 20, 2000
Titov went to school at the Stalingrad Military Aviation School. After graduating as an air force pilot, he was selected for cosmonaut training in 1960, and from there was chosen to fly the Vostok 2 mission launched in August 6, 1961. The mission lasted for 25.3 hours and accomplished 17 earth orbits. His call sign in this flight was Eagle. He landed close to the town of Krasny Kut in Saratov Oblast, Russia. A month short of 26 years old at launch, he remains the youngest person to fly in space.
His name refers to Saint Germanus and not to "a German".
In August 1961, he was the first person to suffer from "space sickness" (i.e. motion sickness in space) and was also the first human to sleep in space. He slept roughly for one orbit, and was surprised to awake with his arms floating in the air due to the absence of gravity. After securing his arms under a security belt, he went back to sleep, overslept and awoke 30 minutes later than predicted by the flight plan. He states (in the English version of his biography) that
"Once you have your arms and legs arranged properly, space sleep is fine ... I slept like a baby".
Following his space flight, Titov went on to assume various senior positions in the Soviet space programme until his retirement in 1992.
The crater Titov on the far side of the Moon is named in his honor. | <urn:uuid:da9e0b84-3ec6-459b-877f-c5ce91421ac2> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://todayinastronomy.blogspot.com/2009/09/september-20-gherman-titov.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607846.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524131951-20170524151951-00579.warc.gz | en | 0.981934 | 324 | 2.90625 | 3 |
One of the first things you’ll notice about Japanese cuisine is that most meals conclude with a small portion of rice and fermented vegetables, or tsukemono, as they’re called in Japan. In fact, last night, we met up with one of my husband’s former Japanese colleagues for dinner in Tokyo, and as the meal was ending, he insisted that we finish the meal with at least a small portion of rice and fermented vegetables. The meal just wouldn’t be complete otherwise, he explained.
Tsukemono encompasses a wide variety of fermented foods, but it typically refers to fermented vegetables. When exploring any grocery store in Japan, you’ll find an extensive and colorful selection of fermented vegetables, some packaged and some out in the open actively fermenting. Also, most food markets will usually have at least a few vendors whose specialty is fermentation. These vendors often have an assortment of fermented items for customers to sample prior to making a purchase.
The Nishiki market in Kyoto (below) has a wide variety of vegetables that are in the midst of the fermentation process in open-air barrels. The light brown, gritty-looking ingredient covering the vegetables is brown rice bran, which happens to be the bran that is left behind when white rice is polished.
Here is another vendor’s fermented vegetable offerings at the Nishiki market.
This particular vendor, also at the Nishiki market, had a welcoming tray of fermented vegetables for customers to sample.
Chemically speaking, what exactly happens when a food is fermented?
Let’s start with a simple example. If we were to ferment daikon, we’re taking naturally occurring starches, sugars and carbs in that daikon, and we’re converting them into lactic acid, using three things: a starter, time and a lack of oxygen, or anaerobic conditions. In the case of daikon, the “starter” happens to be bacteria that is naturally occurring in the vegetable. In some cases, a starter in the form of a controlled yeast or bacteria is introduced to kickstart the fermentation process.
The fermented soy bean is fundamental to Japanese cuisine and manifests itself in an array of food products.
Fermented vegetables and beans have been a part of Japanese cuisine for centuries. In fact, common ingredients, such as soy sauce and miso are fermented versions of soy beans. Natto, a distinctly Japanese fermented food, is just another version of the fermented soy bean. The difference is that natto is fermented using the starter culture, Bacillus subtilis whereas miso, soy sauce, sake, shochu, vinegar and mirin are fermented using the fungus, Aspergillus oryzae, or koji, as it is called in Japan.
Fermentation has a little something to do with that fifth flavor called umami.
When koji is used as the starter, proteins are broken down to produce amino acids, including glutamate. It is through glutamate receptors that we are able to taste “umami,” one of the five tastes. Unlike our taste receptors for sweet, sour, salty and bitter foods, foods with umami have a savory taste. However, it’s important to note that when translated directly from kanji characters, “umami” means “delicious taste.”
Beyond the typical soy bean-based fermented Japanese products mentioned above, you’ll find an array of vegetable-based fermented foods readily accessible throughout Japan and incorporated into breakfast, lunch and dinner. Other vegetables that are commonly fermented in Japan include carrots, different varieties of cabbage, beets, bamboo, radish, ume (Japanese plum), burdock root, lotus root and eggplant.
Today for lunch, my cold soba was served with a small dish of fermented red cabbage, hakusai (Napa cabbage) and cucumber (below).
The fermented daikon and ume onigiri below (triangular shaped rice filled with ume and wrapped with seaweed) were served alongside an udon lunch set.
Many locals will tell you that they start their day with a breakfast of rice and fermented vegetables, such as the breakfast pictured below. Natto tends to be a popular fermented breakfast item.
So why should I consider adding fermented foods to my diet?
In summary, while fermented foods are by no means a cure-all, here are three key health benefits that you can enjoy when incorporating small amounts of fermented foods into a nutrient-rich, plant-based diet:
- Support the immune and lymphatic systems through the production of amino acids, probiotics, isoflavones and essential enzymes
- Help to breakdown the fermented food before it enters our digestive system, thus aiding the digestive process and maximizing nutrient absorption
- Promote increased regularity by helping the gut to get rid of waste. A culinary instructor at the Natural Gourmet Institute in NYC put it rather simply, “the goal here is to strengthen the food entry and exit process.”
Interested in fermenting your own vegetables at home?
Even though the selection of prepared plant-based fermented products might be limited to pickles, sauerkraut and kombucha in the U.S. and Europe, the great thing is that you can easily ferment your own vegetables at home. Check out The Art of Fermentation for in-depth reading on the topic. If you’re looking for some easy-to-follow recipes, Wild Fermentation is a great place to start. | <urn:uuid:5df54a02-60e6-47b3-aba5-16e7c69d0231> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://kind-eats.com/2014/04/28/fermentation-is-central-to-japanese-cuisine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189734.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00452-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942391 | 1,149 | 2.59375 | 3 |
A group of us noticed that no mentor or internship programs existed for local students to learn our local industry. We started filling up buses with students, sending them to local businesses and manufacturing facilities to expose them to these available career pathways.
growth in demand for textile workers
The Industrial Fabrics Association International (IFAI) projected that with developments in the smart and interactive fabrics market, the industry would grow to 3.1 billion workers this year, representing a growth rate of 18 percent a year. While this may seem like rapid growth, experts say that this growth is not enough to support demand.
Coated Technical Solutions (CTS) and others in the international advanced textiles and specialty fabrics marketplace are seeking solutions that will feed the pipeline of workers needed to drive the smart fabrics market into the future.
CTS has partnered with the Rhode Island Department of Education and other local nonprofit organizations to support a program called FabNewport, which gives students as young as third grade access to learn in-demand skills as basic as sewing and as advanced as integrating interactive capabilities into fabric products using coding and electronics.
With a tagline of “Make, Learn, Do,” this community-based program provides alternative pathways to science, technology, engineering, arts, and math (STEAM) education through expert mentoring and hands-on activities. With a schedule flexible enough to accommodate all ages of learners, this Rhode Island community is building technical skills and talent for an under-supplied smart fabric industry, while cultivating the personal attributes required for success in life, like grit, self control, empathy, problem solving, and resilience.
Did you know?
From the early 1800’s to the Great Depression of the 1930’s, textile mills dominated the Rhode Island urban landscape. Rhode Island and Massachusetts in particular had conditions ideal for the textile industry’s development – a growing society looking to diversify and find new investments, and a good supply of the water courses needed in those early days to power the mills.
Though the textile industry in Rhode Island has changed, it continues to be a driving industrial force with major economic impact. A pioneer in the fabric industry from the days of the Industrial Revolution, Rhode Island is now home to approximately 60 companies that produce technologically advanced textiles which are used in diverse applications, including the military.
attend FabNewport programs weekly throughout the school year
are offered for students age 10-15 for school credit, with family programs on Friday evenings
Rhode Island students have completed FabNewport programs
What are the results?
FabNewport puts kids in a work-like environment. They balance skills development with project development, teaching Rhode Island youth to code, design, sew, and run advanced machinery. Students earn credentials based on their proficiency and, as they spend more time in the program, learn about career pathways critical to the local economy.
The soft skills employers desire are organically fostered through collaborative learning environments. As students work their way from Apprentice, to Journeyer, to Mastery, some of their effort goes into teaching their newly developed skills to others. Students refine their knowledge around the skill and become empathetic communicators and coaches, which in turn grows confidence. | <urn:uuid:479e819e-a1ee-497e-97e4-4a45ef6d9e98> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.forwardontalent.org/stories/coated-technical-solutions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371810807.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408072713-20200408103213-00056.warc.gz | en | 0.947524 | 654 | 2.671875 | 3 |
|Young modulus/ E modulus/ Tensile modulus||172–379 MPa|
|Tensile strength(σt)||12.4–19.3 MPa|
|Elongation @ break||100–150%|
|Brittleness, low temperature||-118 °C|
|Specific heat (c)||1.916 kJ/kg.K|
|Source: J.Brandrup, E. H. Immergut & E.A. Grulke, Polymer Handbook Fourth edition, ISBN 0-471-48171-8|
MDPE can be produced by chromium/silica catalysts, Ziegler-Natta catalysts or metallocene catalysts. MDPE has good shock and drop resistance properties. It also is less notch sensitive than HDPE. Stress cracking resistance is better than that of HDPE. MDPE is typically used in gas pipes and fittings, sacks, shrink film, packaging film, carrier bags, and screw closures.
In the United Kingdom, black (or blue) MDPE is often used for water and waste water plumbing, and may also be referred to as 'black alkathene.' | <urn:uuid:5699fd06-112a-4f0e-9d59-a58f0e74c500> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPE | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991288.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518160705-20210518190705-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.804098 | 256 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Tired of hearing how bored your children are in the summer? If so, have them make body letters with another family member or friend.
Here’s what you’ll need:
Here’s what you do:
- If your children are working on learning the names and shapes of the letters, ask them to form all the letters in the alphabet using their body with a friend, sibling, or family member.
- To form the letters, lie down on the floor (preferably a carpeted area) and bend into the shape of a letter.For example, for the letter A, two children could lie down at angles with their heads touching to form the upside-down “V”. To form the middle part of the A, the children could each reach out with one arm.
- There are several ways to form body letters, so let the children experiment and use the way that works best for them.
- Just For Fun: Take pictures of the body letters and share them with family or friends or mail them to Grandma!
Picture book suggestion:
- ABC I Like Me!
Author: Nancy L. Carlson
Publisher: Viking Children’s Books
Skill: Learning letters Aa-Zz
No related posts.
Liked this page? Subscribe to my RSS feed and get loads more! | <urn:uuid:ee06ffac-f726-4610-8d65-d45c1aa17ebf> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.fascinate-educate.com/abcs/body-letters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119648148.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030048-00282-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907075 | 280 | 3.359375 | 3 |
When we take children into the care of the state, a prime responsibility is their safety.
We have matched comments about safety given to the Office of the Guardian by children during our monitoring visits and advocacy with those from the December 2016 Royal Commission paper Safe and Sound. There were overwhelming similarities. In this article we blend the two sources to consider the questions ‘do children feel safe’, ‘when do they feel safe’ and ‘what would they suggest to make things safer?’
How safe do children feel in residential care?
Residents often feel unsafe in residential care. Bullying and harassment are common. Adolescents report that they are frequently worried by the threat of sexual harassment and assault. Older residents say that the impact of witnessing violence, self-harm and the abuse of fellow-residents, leaves them stressed and feeling unsafe.
Children generally think it is unlikely that they would be abused or harmed by a worker, although a small number report that they have encountered or heard about abusive staff. Some are concerned by the behaviours of ‘creepy adults’ and those who try to create inappropriate and overly-familiar relationships with them. Children assess how safe workers are based on their past experiences of abuse, by watching the adults’ behaviours and by how other residents act around them.
Many children describe residential care as feeling unsafe due to its instability and frequent changes of staff. Some relate times when they were moved to less safe residential care placements for no reason than that other young people could take their rooms.
A few adolescents report that adults outside of residential care take advantage of children in care, exploiting their need for a sense of belonging, accommodation and money. A few report that some children in residential care engage in prostitution.
When do children in residential care feel safe?
Children feel safe in a placement that is home-like and where young people feel welcome. They like it where things feel ‘normal’ and where adults look out for them.
They want to see that organisations and workers take a resident’s safety seriously, that they are interested and take measures to protect them.
They feel safe when there are cordial relationships with their fellow-residents and workers, and that there are other supportive relationships, such as with a social worker or teacher, with people outside of the unit.
Really building relationships with kids works, because then they feel safer to come to you with pretty much any problem. They’re not going to come to you with problems, even if it’s something as simple as being bullied, they’re not going to come talk to you if they think you don’t like them or don’t listen.
Safe and Sound, p 66
Stability and predictability are important. Children need to know what is going to happen, and that any difficulties with fellow-residents can be resolved. Routines, reasonable rules and an opportunity to have a say in decisions give them confidence and sense of control.
They believe that when they are safe, children and young people feel relaxed and calm and are less likely to be aggressive and to harm each other.
Younger residents tend to value security measures such as locks on doors, surveillance equipment and alarms. In contrast, for older residents, these measures reinforce their sense that residential care is not home-like and is unsafe.
How could we make things safer?
Find more suitable care arrangements, particularly for those who are younger and more vulnerable and make better placement decisions that allow residents to have a say in how they are matched with other residents. Treat residential care as a long-term arrangement and make sure that changes are kept to a minimum.
Train staff about the things that can harm children and their vulnerabilities, particularly their inexperience about sexual relationships and exploitation. Have sufficient numbers of properly trained staff so that they have the time to develop relationships, are around and have the time to watch out for threats.
Train staff to take on parent-like responsibilities for protecting residents from harm. Get staff to discuss with residents the risks and how to keep themselves safe. Get staff and residents to work together to identify safety risks and develop ways of dealing with them. Staff need to take the initiative in enquiring after residents’ safety because it is easier for staff to ask residents if they are being harmed rather than waiting for them to report it. Try to create an atmosphere where there are positive relationships between residents where young people can look out for each other.
Hearing the resident’s voice
Staff need to be prepared to listen when residents raise concerns and to be understanding and patient, even when the issues do not seem important at first. Residents need to be informed that it is OK to raise an issue, what sorts of issues to raise and how to do it. Make sure that it is safe to do so and that they will not suffer retribution.
A lot of the time it can feel like nothing happens [when an issues is raised] or it gets lost or stuck in the system… No matter what, [issues] should be followed up by someone and the young person should be kept in the loop with regular communication.
Young person in residential care
The Child and Young Person’s Visitor Scheme that is hosted in the Office of the Guardian is now well under way and we look forwards to presenting more of the views of children and the state of the system in future articles.
We use the term ‘children’ to include children and young people up to the age of 18 years. We use terms such as ‘adolescent’ and ‘pre-teen’ to refer to specific age ranges within that group. | <urn:uuid:8f37fd4c-9909-4096-bc9b-7a5081d82acc> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.gcyp.sa.gov.au/publication/articles-and-opinion-pieces/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583743003.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120224955-20190121010931-00042.warc.gz | en | 0.973357 | 1,163 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Presentation on theme: "Primăria Municipiului Galaţi The Danube and The Danube Delta are priceless natural wealth of Europe. More than that, the river is a wonderful symbol of."— Presentation transcript:
Primăria Municipiului Galaţi The Danube and The Danube Delta are priceless natural wealth of Europe. More than that, the river is a wonderful symbol of Europe’s unity and cooperation. Second longest river in Europe, is an important international waterway, running through ten countries – Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Republic of Moldova, Ukraine, has tributaries in other seven countries and passes through four capitals – Wien, Bratislava, Budapest and Belgrade. It’s the only European river flowing from West to East.
Primăria Municipiului Galaţi Between 27 to 29 June 2014, the Municipality of Galaţi, together with the Fun Time Production, organizes OUR DANUBE Festival. This is the first edition of a festival that, from now on, will be an annual event. ‘Our Danube’ festival’s stated aim is the Danube Region strategy information exchange – travel, administrative, economic, cultural, educational, environmental, sports etc – between concerned institutions in the Member States and provides a favorable framework for achieving this.
Primăria Municipiului Galaţi The area covered by the European Strategy for the Danube Region extends throughout the river, from the Black Forest to the Black Sea and covers 14 countries and 115 million inhabitants thereof: 11 member states: Germany, Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia 3 accession countries: Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro neighborhood countries: Republic of Moldova, Ukraine
Primăria Municipiului Galaţi The Danube Region strategy is divided among 4 pillars and 11 priority areas: 1.Connect the Region a.culture and tourism, people to people contacts b.mobility −waterways −railways, roads, airways c.encourage more sustainable energy 2.Protecting the Environment a.manage the environmental risks b.restore and maintain the quality of waters c.preserve biodiversity, landscapes and the quality of air and soils
Primăria Municipiului Galaţi 3.Strengthening the Region a.tackle security and organized crime b.step up institutional capacity and cooperation 4.Building Prosperity a.support the competitiveness of enterprises b.invest in people and skills c.develop the knowledge society (research, education, ICT)
Primăria Municipiului Galaţi The festival will have several attractions: giant banner and the tents of the Danube countries exhibition at 'Dunărea de Jos' University tennis tournament for amateurs photo contest for amateurs live concerts and fireworks shows
Primăria Municipiului Galaţi Giant banner + International representation A main attraction of this festival is the giant banner with a length of 286 meters, located on the Danube cliff. Aside from its impressive size, the banner is meant to provide information on the territories covered by the Danube, from the source to the mouth of the Black Sea, on the links that the river accomplishes between these lands and the life of communities crossed along its way. The banner will provide administrative, geographical, historical, touristic and economic information, illustrated with meaningful photographs about each country and city come from the Danube. All along the banner, there will be placed tents for the Danube countries. The 286 meters banner’s length reflects Danube’s 2,860 km run, scale 1:10,000. At the same scale, each country is assigned a length as per Danube’s run over its territory. All the way, the banner is going to be 2 meters high, except for the tents’ entrances, where it’s going to be 1 meter high. The banner will be lit all the way so that the information to be visible after dark.
Primăria Municipiului Galaţi We invite you to actively participate in this section, perhaps the most important of the festival. We offer you a tent, so you can set-up flags, emblems, roll-ups, photos etc. You can spread informative/travel materials about your country, hold gastronomic demonstrations or other relevant kind of event. Each tent will be carpeted and lit. Power supply will be made by a generators and distribution system, up to 10 kW per user.
Primăria Municipiului Galaţi VIP Reception Saturday, June 28th, we invite you to attend the VIP Reception of the ‘Our Danube' festival. The Reception will take place on board a pleasure craft that will sail the Danube, around the city of Galaţi. The Guest List includes personalities from central and local institutions and representatives of NGOs engaged in meaningful activities for Danube and Danube Delta, as well as for the county and city of Galaţi. Diplomatic representatives of the Danube countries and local authorities of the Danube cities are also invited. Please, confirm your participation by June 15th, stating the name and position of the attendants. For confirmation, please e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.org
Primăria Municipiului Galaţi Exhibition at ‘Dunărea de Jos’ University Directly connected with the name and specifics of this event, relevant exhibitions will be organized at ‘Dunărea de Jos’ University, from Galaţi: ship models scale models of buildings relevant to the history of Galaţi scale models of buildings relevant to the history of various Danube cities architectural projects photos books Exhibitors from the areas listed above will expose and support their products/projects. We invite you to actively participate in the exhibition. You can exhibit in any of the above categories, exhibits from national archives or private collections in your country.
Primăria Municipiului Galaţi Tennis tournament for amateurs, at Viva Club During the festival, at Viva Club, in Galaţi, an international tennis tournament for amateurs will be organized. Amateur tennis players from the Danube countries/cities will be invited. The tournament will be organized on a professional standard: There are going to be two parallel tournaments – women and men. There will be all the usual stages: round of 16, quarter-finals, semi-finals and finals. Matches will be judged by professional chair umpires and line judges. There will be ball boys and girls. Players will be introduced by a professional MC, who’ll also do all specific announcements. The tournament will have festvities and prizes will be awarded. Competitors from outside Galaţi will benefit on accommodation. The list of participants will be finalized/confirmed until June 20 th. Your country can be represented in the tennis tournament. Please issue the invitation to your country nationals, temporarily residing in Romania, to the diplomatic staff and, generally, to any amateur tennis player in your country.
Primăria Municipiului Galaţi Photo contest for amateurs The contest will take place during the festival, between June 27 to 29. Like the festival itself, the competition is entitled 'Our Danube' and has two themes: the City of Galaţi the fireworks shows on June 28 th and 29 th As for the tennis tournament, your country can also be represented in the photo contest. Please issue the invitation to your country nationals, temporarily residing in Romania, to the diplomatic staff and, generally, to any amateur photographer in your country.
Primăria Municipiului Galaţi The entries in the competition will take place on the first day of the festival, Friday, June 27 th, between 10:00 to 15:00 hours. Upon registration, contestants will be made aware of the competition two topics and conditions for participation: Photos must be made strictly during the 2014 edition of 'Our Danube' Festival and during fireworks shows respectively. All photos in the competition must be submitted to the organizers, in digital format or on paper, by candidates’ choice, until June 30 th (Monday), 12:00 o’clock. Judging will take place on July 3 rd (Thursday), between 10:00 to 12:00 hours, followed by the awards ceremony. The ceremony will take place at a location in Galaţi, that will be communicated to competitors upon registration. The jury will be composed of personalities of Galaţi and professional photographers, appointed by the contest organizer. Contestants will receive a badge they have to wear during the festival, but that will NOT grant the access in the areas restricted to public access.
Primăria Municipiului Galaţi Live Concerts + Fireworks Shows A live concert will happen each of the three Festival nights, at Elice Square (The Propeller), each concert approaching a unified stylistic line. June 27th, DJ party The program will consist of three DJ sets, between 19:30 to 23:00 hours. June 28th, Pop-Dance show + Fireworks show The program will consist of three concerts by Romanian pop-dance artists, between 19:30 to 22:40 hours, followed by a 20 minute Pyrotechnic/Fireworks show, between 22:40 to 23:00 hours. June 29th, Pop-Rock show + Fireworks show The program will consist of three concerts by Romanian pop-rock artists, between 19:30 to 22:40 hours, followed by a 20 minute Pyrotechnic/Fireworks show, between 22:40 to 23:00 hours.
Primăria Municipiului Galaţi The line-up will consist of first class Romanian artists. To emphasize the International character of 'Our Danube' Festival, the fireworks shows will be presented by two teams, one from Romania, the other from Austria. For the Pyrotechnic/Fireworks shows at the end of the live concerts on June 28 th and 29 th, the launch point will be on a barge located in front of the cliff. To synchronize bursts with music, music will be played at the point of burst control and transmitted, by FM, to receptors on the bank, that will distribute the signal to the sound system, consisting of 3 loudspeaker points, set-up along the cliff, covering a length of approximately 1,000 meters. The public area will be organized so that people flows can be managed effectively. A 300-seat stand, for the VIP (officials, special guests etc.), will be set-up.
Primăria Municipiului Galaţi Press Center To the accredited press, a Press Center will operate during the festival. It will be held in a carpeted and furnished tent, equipped with computers and TV monitors, with secure Wi-Fi access. The Press Center will have spaces for interviews with both artists and administrative and/or diplomatic personalities. The access inside the Press Center will be controlled. A press attaché and security guards will be permanently onsite.
Primăria Municipiului Galaţi INTERNATIONAL DAY OF DANUBE JUNE 27 – 29 2014 GALAŢI | <urn:uuid:9f1ae8c4-dd7c-4380-ab7a-91c8f3322d46> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/4240518/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189403.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00113-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92568 | 2,404 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Cultural and Environmental Destruction / Canada
February 29, 1996
"I hope people will understand we're trying to survive from day
to day and need all the help we can get from the general public.
It's a battle against time. We realize that and the other side knows that."
For more than 60 years the Lubicon Lake Indian Nation has been struggling for official recognition of its aboriginal land rights in northern Alberta, Canada. Because of the remoteness of their lands the Lubicon never signed away or lost their lands in war and were able, until 1979, to peacefully pursue their traditional hunting and trapping way of life.
In 1979 an all-weather road was built into Lubicon territory. Massive oil and gas reserves had been discovered in the area and, armed with provincial government leases, major oil companies moved onto Lubicon homelands, drilling more than 400 oil-wells within a fifteen-mile radius of the Lubicon community. Industrial development devastated Lubicon society and its subsistence economy. Moose, the staple of the Lubicon's diet, fled the area, along with most of the smaller animals which formed the basis of the trapping trade. Alcoholism, birth defects, suicides, a tuberculosis epidemic and other medical problems were experienced by the Lubicon. Meanwhile the gas and oil companies realized more than $8 billion in revenues from their operations on Lubicon land. The Lubicon have received no royalties from the oil and gas operations.
Daishowa, a Japanese-based multinational paper manufacturer was granted leases in 1988 to clear-cut almost the entire traditional Lubicon territory. Despite objections from the Lubicon, Daishowa and its subsidiaries began logging operations in 1990. In 1991 Lubicon supporters began a nationwide consumer boycott of businesses carrying Daishowa paper products. Daishowa responded with legal action, seeking and obtaining an injunction to stop the boycott. Daishowa remains poised to begin clear-cutting the rich stands of easily accessible hardwoods on Lubicon lands.
In yet another challenge to the Lubicon and their environment, Unocal, a United States-based oil and gas corporation, has built a sour gas processing plant within three miles of a proposed Lubicon reserve. The sour gas plant processes hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide, chemicals associated with cancer and respiratory and skin disease. The Lubicon have asked that Unocal relocate its plant away from the reserve. Unocal has refused and the plant continues to operate directly upwind of the reserve site.
Requested Action - letters/phone/fax to:
* Jean Chretien / Canadian Prime Minister
- Remind Mr. Chretien that, while $8 billion in oil and gas revenues have been extracted from Lubicon lands, the Lubicon live in poverty;Background:
- Express concern that since the arrival of industrial development on their lands the Lubicon's traditional way of life has been plagued with alcoholism, suicides, still-births, birth defects and tuberculosis;
- Demand that the Canadian government negotiate fairly with the Lubicon Nation to ensure that its legitimate land rights are guaranteed; and,
- Stress that, until the Lubicon have achieved a fair settlement of their land rights, multinational companies such as Unocal and Daishowa must immediately cease their exploitation of the Lubicon's natural resources.
* Canadian Courts and the Lubicon:
Public pressure resulting from the consumer boycott has forced Daishowa to cancel its planned logging on Lubicon lands since 1991. Daishowa claims that the boycott has cost it $5 million (Canadian dollars.) Early in 1996 a Canadian court ruled that the boycott, because it was "causing economic harm" to the corporation, was illegal. Lubicon supporters are now forbidden to peacefully picket stores that carry Daishowa products. In prior decisions Canadian courts have dismissed suits by the Lubicon that challenged the right of the Province of Alberta and the Canadian government to offer oil, gas, and timber leases on Lubicon homelands.* Economic destruction of the Lubicon:
The Lubicon report that before 1979 the moose harvest averaged 200 per year. The current harvest is less than 20 per year. During the same time period the annual income per trapper from trapping has dropped from $5,000 to under $400. Canada's Supreme Court has ruled that aboriginal rights are based on a people's ability to pursue their traditional livelihoods. Given that the oil, gas, and timber industries are encouraged to invade and develop on Lubicon lands, the Lubicon feel that both the Alberta and Ottawa governments are intentionally driving the Lubicon to become dependent on welfare.Addresses:
Global Response Quick Response Network members are asked to send faxes/letters to the Prime Minister of Canada. Please send a copy of your letter to the Global Response office. We have been asked to forward copies of your letters to the Lubicon Nation and to the United Nations Human Rights Committee. We have also been asked to provide you with addresses for the Canadian offices of both Daishowa and Unocal. Please send copies of your letters to the Daishowa and Unocal officals whose addresses are listed below. A one-page airmail letter from the United States to Canada costs 46 cents.copies to:
Prime Minister of Canada
80 Wellington St. 2nd Floor
Ottawa, ON K1A 0A6
Fax: 613 957-5556 (Dear Prime Minister)
Daishowa Forest Products Ltd.
161 Bay St Suite 2110
Toronto, ON M5J 2S1
Fax: 416 862-7514
Fritz Perschon Jr.
Unocal Canada Ltd.
150 6th Ave. SW Box 999
Calgary, AB T2P 2K6
Fax: 403 268-0153
This Global Response Action was issued in support of and with information provided by Lubicon Lake Indian Nation, 3536 106 St. Edmonton AB T6J 1A4, Canada and The Friends of the Lubicon, 485 Ridelle Ave, Toronto ON, M6B 1K6, Canada
Thank you for you prompt attention to this action. | <urn:uuid:04d86c92-a879-4ca9-8a37-0be3885a8fbf> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://sisis.nativeweb.org/lubicon/help.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887224.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118091548-20180118111548-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.952435 | 1,247 | 3.125 | 3 |
TL;DR – Woo See Kee Woo See Lo!
The Public Transport Council (PTC) has just reported a maximum allowable fare hike of 7% next year. Nevertheless, it is easy to misconstrue the message as a definite fare hike of 7%.
What exactly is the Public Transport Council (PTC)?
The Public Transport Council (PTC) is the government regulatory body that reviews public transport fares and ticket payment services. It also advises the Minister for Transport on public transport matters.
It was established in 1987 under the Public Transport Council Act (Cap 259B) to prevent ticketing fare evasion. Today, it focuses on keeping public transport fares affordable for commuters in Singapore, while ensuring sustainability of the public transport system.
Who sits on the Public Transport Council?
According to its official website, PTC’s Council Members are chosen from a wide spectrum of society including people from the academia, labour unions, professional services, businesses and also grassroots organisations. The idea is to have a broad and diverse representation from society.
The Council currently has 17 members, and many are regular users of public transport, and you can check out who they are here.
What do our public transport fares pay for?
Well, our public transport fares go to paying for the public transport workers’ salaries, diesel and electricity, operational, maintenance and other costs. Yes, all very important things to help keep our public transport system running smoothly, safely and reliably 365 days in a year.
Why do public transport fares always go up and never down?
Actually, this is #fakenews. It is not true that public transport fares always go up and never come down.
Take a look at the period 2014 to 2018. Public transport fares had one gone up twice in the five-year period, and the truth is we have seen three years of fare reduction in the same period.Via
The PTC carries out a fare review every year, and this practice of annual fare adjustments help ensure that adjustments are aligned to economic conditions. It allows fare adjustments to be made in small, regular steps to moderate the impact on commuters.
How does the Public Transport Council carry out its annual review of fare adjustment?
Just like how Hong Kong and London do it, Singapore adopts a formula-based approach to set public transport fares. Our fare formula is reviewed every five years.
The current fare formula applies from 2018 to 2022, and is based on parameters that reflect changes in the operators’ operating costs. The fare formula takes into consideration cost changes due to inflation, wages, energy prices as well as network capacity. (Network Capacity Factor refers to the changes in the capacity of the public transport network, i.e. the number of bus and train trips relative to commuters’ demand.)
By considering all these factors, the formula ensures that our public transport fares will always be adjusted fairly.
So going by this formula, the PTC has allowed a maximum of 7% fare adjustment for next year. This means that public transport operators can adjust their fares upwards to a maximum of 7%.
Are our fares still affordable?
The PTC cited the 3.5% wage increase and 1.7% consumer price index (CPI) increase for this year when explaining the 7% limit. These indices show that wages has increased more than inflation rate, hence the 7% maximum fare hike should be affordable for most Singaporeans.
Do note that the PTC prioritises the affordability of ticketing prices for Singaporeans, which is weighted at 90% (weighted at 40% and 50% for wage and CPI respectively).
The PTC also looks at the percentage of household income spent on public transport, and it noted that this has been decreasing over the years. What this means is that the rate of wage increase has been higher than the rate of fare increase.
The Public Transport Affordability Indicator is an important indicator for the PTC as well, as this tracks fare affordability for the lower and average income families. The PTC has found out that today, lower income households spend 2.5% of monthly income on public transport fares, compared to 3.1% five years ago.
So PHEW! Yes, our public transport fares are still very affordable.
Is there help or support for those who need help?
Yes, while the public transport affordability indicator has improved over the years, there might still be people who need additional help with public transport fares.
The Government will assist through various community-led initiatives and work support schemes under the MSF/Community Development Councils and the CCC ComCare Fund.
So how did PTC arrive at the maximum allowable fare hike of 7%?
This year’s fare review exercise by the PTC has resulted in a cap on public transport operators to increase their ticketing fees to a maximum of 7%.
The PTC has cited that the largest contributing factor to the fee hike as the cost of energy. Petroleum products are often subjected to high price fluctuations and in Singapore where we have zero natural resources, we have to import everything.
The image attached shows the daily price of crude oil over 10 years. Hence, for fiscal sustainability, it is crucial to adjust prices.
Other than the energy factor, SMRT also implemented a series of corporate policies to address the rail reliability issue experienced in 2013 to 2018.
The most significant being the reorganization by SMRT Group CEO Neo Kian Hong late last year. He had shared with the media then that SMRT would be reorganised into five main groups, with a new engineering cluster formed to build and strengthen engineering capabilities. Surely recruiting and retaining engineering talent do not come cheap.
Ultimately, we have to acknowledge that the cost of operating a safe, reliable and efficient public transport system is not cheap affair.
The provision of salaries and staff-related costs, the cost of maintenance, the upgrading of digital signaling platforms, and new infrastructure have resulted in a net loss for the public transport operators. Its latest annual report shows that SMRT lost S$155 million for the financial year ending 31st March on the back of higher operating expenses. This amount is almost double from a year ago.
What is material to note is that spending on repairs and maintenance accounted for about 71% of rail-fare revenue, and this is up from just 45% three years ago.
While fare hikes are generally unpopular, we can agree that public transport has improved since 2017 and 7% may not be unreasonable.
By the way, maximum of 7% fare hike translates to maximum 10 cents per trip.
SBS and SMRT have submitted their application for train fare review, PTC will announce its decision in the last quarter of the year.
Cover Image Via | <urn:uuid:e2312afe-021a-4230-a159-8c471459fe80> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.unscrambled.sg/2019/09/24/are-our-public-transport-fares-still-affordable/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145742.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223001555-20200223031555-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.958451 | 1,378 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Washington, Aug 2 :
If you witness more feminine faces and gentler personalities around you, do not be surprised. A study has revealed that society advanced when people started being nicer to each other, which entails having a little less testosterone in action.
Modern human beings appear in the fossil record about 2,00,000 years ago but it was only about 50,000 years ago that making art and advanced tools became widespread, research showed.
The study, based on measurements of more than 1,400 ancient and modern skulls, makes the argument that human skulls changed in ways that indicate a lowering of testosterone levels at around the same time that the culture was blossoming.
“The modern human behaviour of technological innovation, making art and rapid cultural exchange probably came at the same time that we developed a more cooperative temperament,” said lead author Robert Cieri, a biology graduate student at University of Utah.
According to Duke anthropologist Steven Churchill, “heavy brows were out, rounder heads were in and those changes can be traced directly to testosterone levels acting on the skeleton”.
The research team also included Duke animal cognition researchers Brian Hare and Jingzhi Tan, who say this argument is in line with what has been established in non-human species.
In a classic study of Siberian foxes, animals that were less wary and less aggressive toward humans took on a different, more juvenile appearance and behaviour after several generations of selective breeding.
“If we are seeing a process that leads to these changes in other animals, it might help explain who we are and how we got to be this way,” said Hare.
The Duke study argues that living together and cooperating put a premium on agreeableness and lowered aggression and that, in turn, led to changed faces and more cultural exchange.
“If prehistoric people began living closer together and passing down new technologies, they would have to be tolerant of each other. The key to our success is the ability to cooperate and get along and learn from one another,” Cieri concluded.
The study appeared in the journal Current Anthropology. | <urn:uuid:697e93e6-13d4-4425-be4f-0ee399e1036f> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://sambadenglish.com/feminine-faces-evolved-ages/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540525781.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210013645-20191210041645-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.968781 | 431 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Lab 5 – Activity 2 Worksheet – 9 pointsBIO 155, section # Name: Type your name hereImpacts of Ocean Warming and Acidification on Coral ReefsA Literature search and Popular Science Writing ActivityClasswork: instructions1.Over the next hour or so you will research and make notes to answer questions 2, 3, 4, and 5 in this worksheet. You may answer questions 1 and 6 at home.2.Use this worksheet to plan and organize your search, as well as to make notes and compile your research. There are boxes below to write down keywords, journal information, and research notes for each question.3.You will use Web of Science to research the questions, rememberto save relevant references to EndNote web during the search process.4.Follow the search criteria/stipulations for each question. For instance, some answers need to besupported by articles from high-impact journals. The list of high impact journals is provided below.5.Submit the completed worksheet to Canvas individually. Questions 2 through 5 are each worth 2.25 points [1.5 points for the answer/information, 0.5 for keywords, and 0.25 for including the reference(s)]. Worksheet total - 9 points.Homework: instructions1.Use the same technique you used in class to find information to answer questions 1 and 6. Citing sources is optional for these questions, but is recommended. The sources need not be peer-reviewed journals, but they must be credible, example: textbooks, government websites. 2.Next, verify if your research notes you have complied for each question: (1) answers the question adequately, and (2) fits the journal criteria. If not, research further to supplement your work. Note that your work will be checked for plagiarism when you submit your full paper. Hence, please ensure that you have paraphrased all the information in your own words. Copy-pasting sentences from publication into your report is considered plagiarism, even if youcited the original author(s) and placed the sentences between quotes.3.Find all the references you plan to cite in Web of Science so you can add them to your referencelist in EndNote web.4.Once you have compiled all of the responses into one worksheet, combine all the answers into paragraphs and integrate them to create a cogent paper. Include all in-text citations where necessary. 5.After finalizing all the references in EndNote web, export the reference list in Ecologyjournal format and place it at the end of your popular article. Be sure to make sure they match up with the in-text citations.
Lab 5 – Activity 2 Worksheet – 9 pointsList of high-impact Journal ScienceNatureTrends in Ecology and EvolutionProceedings of National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)Proceedings of the Royal Society - Biological Sciences (Proc B.)Biology LettersEcology Letters | <urn:uuid:c4f425d9-e992-44a8-a282-a0360466a0da> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.coursehero.com/file/69200125/Lab5-Worksheetdocx/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038916163.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419173508-20210419203508-00623.warc.gz | en | 0.877303 | 602 | 3.375 | 3 |
Transcendental meditation: don’t leave home without it
Shirley Lancaster: Looking after our minds should be as natural as brushing our teeth. The government’s Action for Happiness suggests daily habits – doing good to others, taking exercise and nurturing relationships – can improve our mental health, just as five-a-day fruit and veg portions improve our physical health.
The psychiatrist Dr Norman Rosenthal, best known for describing seasonal affective disorder, believes meditation is an essential daily habit. Addressing a seminar on Meditation and Mental Health in London this month – organised by Meditatio, the outreach programme of the World Community for Christian Meditation – Rosenthal said he wouldn’t leave the house without it.
Rosenthal recommends transcendental meditation (TM) to patients. Peer-reviewed research on the physical and psychological benefits of TM – from reduced anxiety to increased creativity is – impressive. Different forms of meditation and mindfulness will affect brain waves in different ways, said Rosenthal, but they all reap benefits. Our responses become less reactive. For prisoners and city school kids, “a couple more minutes to respond” can mean not hitting out.
But the benefits of meditation are not limited to anger management and lower cholesterol. At the seminar Read the rest of this article…
But repetition can also be dysfunctional, said Freeman. Mentally going over the same ground, and addictive behaviour, shows where we get stuck. Freud revealed these unconscious processes. But in converting neurotic misery into “common unhappiness” he underestimated our capacity for wholeness and joy, suggested Freeman.
Treating the “whole” person is paramount, said Professor Peter Gilbert. Service users often wanted to talk about their spirituality but were not given the opportunity. When a bereaved man was asked what he found helpful to combat depression, he said attending his Catholic church was comforting. The professional reply was: “Yes, but putting that aside, where else do you find support?” Carers had ignored who he was, said Gilbert. We all have stories to tell, and we need space to hear them. Feeling a stranger in the world, which some feel, is a spiritual condition.
Christian, Buddhist and Muslim spiritual leaders made clear that we are “spiritual beings on a human journey rather than human beings on a spiritual journey”. So could our depression and stress-related illnesses be a “sane” reaction to the “madness” of modern living? If the pace of life is too fast, the pressure to compete and accumulate too dominant, and too much choice leads not to inner freedom but a consumer jadedness, is it surprising that we making ourselves ill? With an estimated £105bn mental health bill in England, can meditation and a spiritual perspective help?
Recent guidelines from the UK’s National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence have brought mindfulness practice into the mainstream. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is recommended for depression because it helps. Paying attention with more focus, and being in the present moment in a non-judgmental way, has psychological benefits.
Chris MacKenna, a therapist and Anglican priest, said that “being with” ourselves is part of the therapeutic journey. This is not always pleasant. But by being with our anxiety or pain, we change our relationship to it. With greater self-knowledge we become agents of our own healing.
Meditation is also a way of “being with” ourselves at depth. It can be unsettling, as Ed Halliwell recently argued on Comment is free. But research shows meditation aids mental stability.
If practised regularly, the emotions that rise up become integrated. This “work” of meditation is emphasised by all spiritual traditions – and is not about looking beautiful sitting in the lotus position on a beach.
The reality is a busy teacher, office worker or mother grabbing 20 minutes to connect with a deeper centre from which to “be” before the “doing” takes over. Meditation prioritises our instinctive need for wholeness. It attends to the soul and spirit. For spiritual traditions it is a work of transformation that brings spiritual fruits: love, peace, compassion, joy. A daily habit shown to be good for mind and heart, as well as the body, could offer one important way to happiness and reducing our mental health bill – though smiling at the postman will probably help too. | <urn:uuid:37efd76f-5cc5-424f-b5d5-1c891aaf39ed> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.wildmind.org/blogs/news/transcendental-meditation-dont-leave-home-without-it | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917127681.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031207-00572-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943942 | 914 | 2.609375 | 3 |
For better or worse, conflict is an inherent part of human nature. So long as there have been people on this planet, we’ve been willing to kill and maim one another in order to get what we want. Over the centuries, however, society has managed to put up guards against the worst parts of ourselves by establishing and enforcing social norms. However, the few instances in which we allow ourselves to be as brutal and wicked as we truly are, is in war.
Much of the appeal of novels, essays, and reported stories on war is driven not by a morbid curiosity in conflict so much as a desire to better know who we are, what we’re capable of, and what the cost of indulging in the most base parts of ourselves truly is. There is a responsibility, in fact, for civilians to understand the cost of conflict if not personally, then at least in some broader intellectual sense. We believe that many if not all on our list of the best war books accomplishes this goal. Whether you’re interested in reading more about the strategies and battles of ancient Greece as told by Homer, or you want to get a more intimate understanding of the war that we’ve been engaged in for the past 16 years, you’ll find some great reads below.
David McCullough, one of the most respected American historians alive today, lays out in fine detail the human story behind the fight for independence from Great Britain. He gives equal time to examining the decisions made by George Washington, the Royal family, and their generals on the other side of the Atlantic.
A Rumor of War
Vietnam didn’t start with a bang. It crept up on the American people incrementally over a series of years until it was too big to ignore. Phillip Caputo was in the first ground combat unit to be deployed in the country back in 1965, and among the first to come home broken, confused, and wasted emotionally. His memoir about, “the things men do in war and the things war does to men” is one of the defining accounts of the United State’s defeat in Vietnam.
All Quiet on the Western Front
Many Americans cite the Vietnam war as the beginning of their disillusionment with military and federal leadership. For Germany, the same had happened more than thirty years earlier during WWI. Few novels better capture the sense of hopelessness and loss that inhabited the trenches of that first World War than Erich Maria Remarque’s novel.
The Art of War
Everyone from Mao Zedong to Colin Powell and Bill Belichick has sworn by this 2,500-year-old text composed by Sun Tzu. Less an insight into the experiences of war, it concerns itself more with how to win in conflict.
The Big Two-Hearted River
Every list of ‘best war books’ on the internet either features Ernest Hemingway’s For Whom The Bell Tolls or A Farwell to Arms. We are in agreement that both are fantastic, but we wanted to draw attention to a lesser-known short story instead. Hemingway’s A Big Two-Hearted River concerns itself not with battle or the experience of war, but with what comes afterward. The quiet, solemn story follows a man who comes home from WWI stricken with PTSD (though at the time there was no such term). All he knows to do is to go off on a fishing trip alone. It is a brief, sharp, and lasting story that shows Hemingway at his best.
The Campaigns of Alexander
Alexander the great was one of the best military minds that ever lived. Written four hundred years after he suddenly died at the young age of 32, this account from the commander Arrian not only describes how Alexander was able to suppress rebellions and conquer vast swaths of land but how he was able to inspire so many men to follow him.
More than just being a great war novel, Catch-22 may very well be one of the best books to ever be written. It follows Yossarian, a WWII bombardier who is caught in the bureaucratic insanity of his own army. His superiors continue to increase the number of missions a man has to fly in order to complete their service. Yet, as Yossarian and others try to claim insanity in order to be excused from their duty, the military deems them sane and able to fly the planes due to the very fact that they don’t want to. The book is sharp, hilarious, and an essential read for any lover of American literature.
The Civil War: A Narrative
The Civil War may have occurred well over a century ago, but its reverberations are still strongly felt. This account of America’s most costly conflict by historian Shelby Foote sheds light on both the specifics of how each battle was fought and the ideology and politics that drove our country to nearly rip itself in two.
The Diary of A Young Girl
War effects more than just soldiers. Innocent men and women, children, and entire families are often eaten whole by conflict. Anne Frank and her family were not immune to Nazi Germany’s genocidal violence, but the young girl’s writings about her own experience hiding in an office in Amsterdam have managed to endure. The humanity and intimacy of Frank’s writings give a more personal understanding of what was lost when Fascists systematically murdered over 6 million Jews during WWII.
The Face of War
Martha Gellhorn is one of the best war reporters to have ever lived. She covered the Spanish Civil War in the 1930s, reported on the rise of Hitler in Germany, and was on scene during the American invasion of Europe despite the protestations of her then-husband Ernest Hemingway (and the fact that she did not have proper credentials). Later in her life, she reported on Vietnam, conflicts in the middle east, and civil war in South America before retiring in her 80s. This collection of her writings shows her at her best, penning prose that was both cutting and full of humanity.
The Forever War
This may be one of the most essential accounts of our nation’s fight against international terrorism. Written by Dexter Filkins, a reporter who covered the immediate aftermath of the 9/11 attacks and both conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, this book offers up intimate, heart-pounding accounts of all. The Forever War has a kaleidoscopic, and lyrical feel to it that forces the reader to consider not just our specific war – but war more generally.
Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World
This history by Jack Weatherford offers an alternative, more detailed look at who Genghis Khan was as a person and how it was that he was able to command so much power. Weatherford also looks at the strategies, tactics, and weaponry Khan utilized to control a larger swath of land than the Romans ever held – and how his empire reshaped the globe.
Goodbye to All That
WWI changed European politics in huge ways, but it also changed the way that English society functioned. Robert Graves’ autobiography tracks those changes from the ground level – following him from his rough upbringing and school life to his brutal time on the battlefront and ensuing unhappy marriage. It’s an unhappy story, but one told so clearly it is hard to put down.
A complex, literary novel set in Europe at the tail end of WWII. The book follows a GI whose erections mysteriously cause the launching of Nazi V-2 rockets, and the ensuing quest to find out why. Gravity’s Rainbow was high-minded enough to be selected by the Pulitzer Prize jury in 1974, but wasn’t awarded the distinguished mark because the board found it, among other things, ‘obscene’. Despite their vote of no confidence, the novel is considered by many to be among the best novels ever written.
The Guns of August
Along with being one of the most formative conflicts of the past 100 years, WWI is among the most complex. The Guns of August is a Pulitzer Prize-winning account that traces the tumultuous first month of the conflict starting with the funeral of Edward VII. An essential read for anyone looking to get a better grasp of one of the world’s most formative conflicts.
History of the Peloponnesian War
While it can be hard to know where facts end and myth begins in old Greek narratives, this one from Thucydides may, in fact, be one of the more accurate accounts of the Peloponnesian War ever told. The Athenian General (who some refer to as the ‘father of history’ as we now know it) took on the project of telling the history of this conflict in the most factual manner he could. As a result, contemporary readers get first-hand accounts of speeches, battles, and even the state of the Athenian economy.
Homage to Catalonia
One of the most formative experiences in George Orwell’s life was fighting as a private in the Spanish Civil War. He joined the anti-Stalinist communist party in order to fight fascism in Spain, but his idealism was quickly done away with as he faced both brutal violence from his enemies and betrayal by his allies. The book is a reflection on those experiences and a key to understanding Orwell’s politics.
There are loads of translations of The Iliad out there, but this one from Penguin Classics is among the best. The ancient Greek poem concerns itself with a few weeks during the ten-year siege of Troy as tensions rise between allies Achilles and King Agamemnon. The result of the conflict is far from pretty, but the lyrical language used to describe it is literally timeless.
Operation Redwing resulted in the largest loss of life in Navy SEAL history. Marcus Luttrell tells the story of this mission in a compelling blow by blow narrative that highlights the dedication of his fellow soldiers, the persistence of the human spirit, and the atrocity of war. A page-turner if we’ve ever seen one.
The Naked and the Dead
Island hopping was a brutal but necessary strategy spearheaded by Marines during WWII. The Japanese fought for control over those strategically important Pacific outposts tooth and nail, inflicting heavy casualties on Americans troops. Mailer was among those who fought for control of these islands, and this reportorial account of what the saw and endured stands out as one of the most compelling war novels ever written.
Not all that went to the Nazi death camps perished. Elie Wiesel was among those who survived the experience, and his book Night is an account of the horrors of Auschwitz and Buchenwald and a meditation on the nature of God, mortality, and guilt. A difficult read, but an essential one.
None of Us Were Like This Before
What happens when soldiers trained in conventional warfare are given the task of detaining prisoners and fighting using guerrilla tactics? Joshua Phillips explores ways in which American soldiers came to use abuse and torture against prisoners of war in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as the emotional toll that experience had on them after it was all said and done.
Our Man in Havana
For those looking for Cold War action that hasn’t been penned by Tom Clancy, this novel from Graham Greene is a great pick. It follows a vacuum-cleaner salesman reluctantly turned spy for the M16. Part thriller, part satire, the book is a page-turner that’ll keep you engaged until the very last. And to top it all off, this edition has an introduction written by the late Christopher Hitchens.
The Red Badge of Courage
This book originally appeared in serialized form but was then edited for release as a novel. It follows Henry Fleming, a young man eager to show his courage on the Civil War battlefield. His experience of the war immediately drains him of his pep and puts into perspective the real cost of courage. A classic American tale.
Despite being one of his best-known works, Kurt Vonnegut wouldn’t write Slaughterhouse-Five until the late 1960s, after Cat’s Cradle and God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater. The semi-autobiographical tale is told in a nonlinear fashion (some say the form of the book mimics what it is like to suffer from PTSD – past events repeating themselves in perpetuity) as it follows POW Billy Pilgrim from a prison that survived the firebombing of Dresden to outer space, and beyond
Storm of Steel
Once a worldwide bestseller, this autobiographical tale gives readers a ground-level perspective of the war through the lens of a tough, patriotic German soldier who ran away from school to head to the front. During his time in battle, he was wounded 14 times and shot through the chest. His sharp, short prose lays out his experience in plain and unpretentious terms.
The Things They Carried
Events live on in our minds in curious ways. They get muddled, forgotten, and remembered so many times we don’t know what part of it is real and what is a fiction we’ve made up ourselves. Tim O’Brien’s stunning book on the men of Alpha Company who fought in Vietnam has become a part of the cannon because the way it manages to capture ways in which memory works, and how the violence of war stalks those who were brave enough to fight it.
Ulysses S. Grant: Memoirs and Selected Letters
Ulysses S. Grant may be one of the most under-appreciated American figures. The last in a long line of Generals for the Union Army in the Civil War, he was an essential figure in securing victory for the United States of America. After the end of the war, he was elected president for two terms during which time he implemented Reconstruction and fought to protect citizenship for Black Americans. He was flawed in many ways, but his writings show a man who was intelligent, compassionate and compelled by a set of strongly held values. An essential read for the American History buff.
War and Peace
In much the same way that long, sprawling television shows are in vogue today, the serialized novel was very much the style of storytelling in the Victorian Era. None were better at it than Leo Tolstoy. His most famous work, War and Peace, follows Napoleon’s invasion of Russia and how it impacted the lives of five different aristocratic families. The book has a baggy, hard to grasp quality about it (there are long, long passages that have nothing to do with the narrative) that defies literary convention enough to the point that Tolstoy himself didn’t regard it as a novel. If anything, that just makes the book all the more worth tackling.
With the Old Breed
Despite not being published until the early 1980s, many regard this account of the invasion of Peleliu and Okinawa as one of the most accurate accounts of the invasions of those islands ever written. This may be due to the fact that E.B. Sledge kept a secret journal in his bible while on the Pacific campaign of WWII.
50 Best Books For Men
Looking for more books to crack open? We also have a list of what we think are the 50 best books for men. | <urn:uuid:ef5d10e9-9e0e-4054-bfd7-a1f267e71f86> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://hiconsumption.com/best-war-books/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250590107.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117180950-20200117204950-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.966714 | 3,154 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Around the Water Cooler: Showing Buried Streams the Daylight
By Lahne Mattas-Curry
I’m from Pittsburgh. A city of rivers—three to be exact. If there’s one thing you know about Pittsburgh, besides being a former steel town, it’s the rivers. (Pop quiz: Can you name all three and spell them correctly?)
Rivers and streams in cities offer many benefits – from recreation and swimming to aesthetic and economic impacts. For example, the North Shore in Pittsburgh is home to the Steelers (Here we go!!) and the Pirates (Let’s go Bucs!) along with a variety of shops and restaurants. It’s a short walk over the Roberto Clemente Bridge from downtown Pittsburgh and is dotted with parks and bike paths. Riverfront investment generates economic benefits like increased property values, too. But more than the economic impact, the beautiful landscapes and wildlife habitat lead to healthy ecosystems. Hard to imagine that some cities decide to bury the rivers in pipes and build OVER the rivers instead of AROUND the rivers and streams.
But that is what has happened in many cities—large and small—around the country. As the population grew and urban developers wanted to expand on a plot of land with a stream or river on it, they diverted it, confined it in concrete channels, or buried it in pipes underground.
EPA scientists and engineers are now learning that buried streams may cause problems with our water quality and have offered up a simple solution: unbury the streams. Daylighting is actually the technical term for “unburying” these rivers and streams. Often, streams buried in pipes underground are also combined with the cities sewer pipes. This is another cause of combined sewer overflow and pollution in our waterways.
According to the Rocky Mountain Institute, daylighting can improve downstream water quality by exposing water to sunlight, air, soil, and vegetation, all of which help process and remove pollutants. EPA scientists believe daylighting streams will have a significant impact removing excess nitrogen and phosphorous, too, an environmental challenge many watersheds face.
I can’t even imagine a fall Sunday morning sitting outside enjoying an early lunch at Bettis Grille before a Steelers game on the North Shore without the view of the river. That view is one of the things that makes Pittsburgh special. It should be something that makes other cities special—and healthy—as well.
About the Author: Lahne Mattas-Curry works with EPA’s Safe and Sustainable Water Resources team and blogs regularly about water.
Editor's Note: The opinions expressed here are those of the author. They do not reflect EPA policy, endorsement, or action, and EPA does not verify the accuracy or science of the contents of the blog.
Please share this post. However, please don't change the title or the content. If you do make changes, don't attribute the edited title or content to EPA or the author. | <urn:uuid:ad6a7695-ac01-431c-ae2b-725d81c50af3> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://blog.epa.gov/science/2012/09/around-the-water-cooler-showing-buried-streams-the-daylight-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997890199.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025810-00176-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927448 | 606 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Pew Research Center’s cross-national studies are fielded in a range of polling environments, from countries where telephone surveys are regularly administered to nations where face-to-face surveys are the only means of achieving reliable, nationally representative samples. In all cases, the center adopts the survey mode that follows local best practices and meets Pew Research standards for methodological rigor. As of 2014, a majority of the overseas polls conducted by Pew Research Center are administered face-to-face, with telephone surveys generally limited to North America, Western Europe and select countries in the Asia-Pacific region, such as Australia, Japan and South Korea. All cross-national studies are based on interviewer-administered survey instruments.
Pew Research Center constantly seeks to improve and refine its overseas survey methodology, whether the mode is face-to-face or telephone. The center, for example, is intensifying its efforts to collect robust para-data (information about the circumstances and conduct of a survey). In addition, the center continues to monitor methodological developments, including the growing role of handheld devices and computers in assisting face-to-face interviews, delivery of questions via text messages (SMS) and online panels. At this time, Pew Research has decided not to employ opt-in, nonprobability panels as a means of measuring overseas public opinion, due to concerns about the representativeness of such surveys and the lack of an established metric for gauging the accuracy of such polls.
Pew Research Center regularly conducts telephone surveys in countries where such polls are an established feature of opinion research and telephone penetration (landline and cell) includes 90% or more of the total population. Examples of such countries include: Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, the Czech Republic, Australia, Japan and South Korea. As in the United States, the number of people who own a cellphone has skyrocketed in many of these countries over the past decade. However, in some countries, large segments of the population (more than 70%) continue to own and use landline phones. Pew Research designs its telephone surveys so that the distribution of landline and cellphone users, not simply owners, is accurately reflected in each country-specific sample. The center tries to stay abreast of shifts in the balance between landline and cellphone users, especially as the proportion of people who rely solely or mostly on cellphones for communication increases over time.
Pew Research relies on random digit dialing (RDD) for all its overseas telephone surveys (for more on RDD methodology, see random digit dialing). In conjunction with RDD, the center employs two types of samples, depending on current phone-use patterns and available sampling frames (i.e., lists) of landline and cellphone numbers in a given country: combined cell and landline samples and cell-only samples.
Combined cell and landline samples are typical of Pew Research Center surveys in the UK, France, Germany and Spain. In each case, the samples are split between respondents who have access to only a landline phone, only a cellphone or both types of phones. In two countries included in the center’s cross-national studies – the Czech Republic and South Korea – high cellphone ownership rates (90% or more), combined with people’s relatively high propensity to respond to surveys on their cellphones, have led to a decision to shift to cellphone-only samples. These surveys entail the random sampling of all registered cellphone exchanges, as opposed to reliance on sampling frames acquired from individual cellphone carriers.
Pew Research Center continues to rely on face-to-face surveys as its primary mode of data collection in countries extending from Latin America, to Eastern Europe, to Africa and Asia. In almost all cases, random samples are based on multi-stage, cluster designs. What this means is that rather than randomly selecting individuals directly (by phone, for example), we first randomly select clusters of individuals – beginning with relatively large territorial units, akin to states or counties in the U.S. Once these primary clusters are selected, we randomly select smaller territorial units, until we work our way down to city blocks or villages. At this stage, interviewers either visit addresses selected randomly from a list, or they follow a so-called “random walk” in which they visit every third or fourth residence along a set route. At each residence, interviewers randomly select a respondent by using a Kish grid (a detailed list of all household members) or by selecting the adult who has had the most recent birthday. | <urn:uuid:9b19f1e1-9254-4f6e-9b07-deb78264624b> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/international-survey-research/survey-mode-and-sample-design/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145747.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223062700-20200223092700-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.929032 | 926 | 2.546875 | 3 |
There was a time when storytelling had just become a buzzword (very much like ‘fake news’ is today) and was quietly making its way up the echelons of leaders and communicators. Now, just about every discussion, town hall or meeting begins with a story. I guess, storytelling has truly arrived.
However, myths abound around storytelling. Let me illustrate a few.
Begin with a story
How many times have you heard a speaker start with ‘Let me tell you a story…’? A true storyteller does not take the support of such sentences. She/he is one whose story blends in effortlessly with the conversation. The story builds up slowly and stealthily builds its way and before you realise, it has set the context.
Not everyone can tell a story
This simply isn’t true! Human beings are born storytellers. Remember your childhood spent listening to stories? Recall your school/college days spent talking with your friends? You were exchanging stories. You were talking of your experiences. The art of talking is what distinguishes the human race. We all have stories to tell and we all tell them in some form or the other. Only, you may have never classified it earlier under the communications jargon of ‘storytelling.’
You have to search for a story
This is the weirdest I have heard. We are surrounded by stories. When it comes to storytelling, we don’t have to really search for one. We may however need to reach out to the recesses of our mind and recall an experience that resonates with what we wish to share with our listeners. Your story can also be the one that is live in the moment and be all about what you are experiencing. The audience relates to an authentic incident that showcases the speaker as one of their own.
Stories are all about successes
You have just tasted success in one of your communication projects. Take five minutes and write down a story on what made the particular project a success. My guess – this is not going to be difficult. You may in fact finish this one pretty quickly. People who tell stories of their successes have the tendency to come across as loquacious and may seek self publicity.
Now, let’s look at a project that did not go the way you wanted it to go. Take five minutes to write down a story explaining why this particular project failed. What do you think will happen? You will be surprised. You will discover that this story has more depth. Besides the failure, you will find yourself searching for alternatives. You will reach out to others to collaborate on new solutions.
Successes do not give us room to discuss what could have been done better. Stories that touch upon failures, that make us look humane and fallible are the ones that touch the heart. These stories create an emotional bond. Communicators know – the golden rule of good communication is one that builds a connect.
Stories need not be true
Stories need to be true and real. Yes, that’s an oxymoron. After all, are stories not meant to be invented? Are stories not fiction? Yes, and no. Fiction is best read. Stories shared with your customers, colleagues, stakeholders should be about experiences that occur in real life. They should be sprinkled with facts. It is easy to talk about facts than to invent one. A good storyteller visualises the situation, the listeners and maps the impact her/his story is going to leave in the end.
If you dig deep into your memories, you will find that you have a story that is just aligned to what you wish to convey. We only need to trust ourselves and believe in our own style of narrating that story. | <urn:uuid:f969c007-cb41-4e21-81ac-6a2f50ed33ae> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://reputationtoday.in/what-makes-a-story-a-story/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499700.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129044527-20230129074527-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.969094 | 770 | 2.53125 | 3 |
A term paper is a composition written by pupils on a single academic term, usually accounting for about half of a student’s level. Merriam Webster says that it’s”a record of some significant facts, knowledge, or information that the student has attained during a term of instruction”. Term papers are often written about one subject, but some require the student to investigate and document various facts. The term papers can be very lengthy, covering several years of somebody’s life. Students will often take these classes just before entering college, as completing a term paper will provide them a leg up in their competition for admission to the college of their choice.
If you’re looking for tips for writing term papers, then you have come to the ideal place. This article is my preferred outline for writing term papers, which I teach at a high school. My pupils are often given a sentence papers as a pair of assignments, and that I make sure they have a very clear direction as to what their topic should be, the reasons for presenting their own study, and their conclusion.(That is my”tips for writing term papers” for students taking their first year papers due in January.)
An introduction into the paper is almost always the most difficult part of the paper. A prelude is generally employed for middle school academic documents, even though it may be used for higher level papers also. An introduction is”the meat of this newspaper”. It says what the newspaper is about and why the author(s) are composing it. Normally, there’ll also be an”ibliography” section at the end of the introduction. My term papers always start with an introduction since it provides a jump-start for the paper and helps the reader comprehend the paper’s main purpose (s).
An introduction also contains some information about the author(s), the specific research subject, and a brief”notation”. All of this information enables the reader to get knowledgeable about the paper and hopefully to cheap essay writers ascertain the major themes and ideas expressed in the newspaper. A citation is a list of sources regarding a specific topic or record. The newspaper may necessitate the usage of the cited resource for additional information, but doesn’t require it to completely support the arguments presented in the paper.
The following two components of any term papers–the scientific record and the end –are commonly known as the outcome statement(s). A scientific report is an organized set of statements intended to explain a topic, and current evidence regarding that subject. An outcome statement is written to summarize and compare results from different research studies. Concerning writing term papers, the two statements are used frequently. I recommend beginning each of these sections with a title and subject sentence; the name is important since it provides the reader a basic idea of what to expect in each segment, and the subject sentence gives a short synopsis of the main points.
Finally, I check whether I’m using reliable sources before I start writing the actual paper. A fantastic illustration of a reliable source is a publication, scholarly journal article, or Web page. Another good test is to assess if the topic is well-known and widely used within the scientific community (this needs to be performed by searching on Google or other search engine). Checking this will eliminate the possibility that the term papers were plagiarized by a badly known source. | <urn:uuid:22d3477c-4b84-4108-9b72-661025f5d527> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://jamespeterslifestyle.com/2022/02/17/writing-term-papers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510358.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928031105-20230928061105-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.955183 | 695 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Trouble began on the sixth day of the flight, November 17. The capsule developed an atmospheric leak, the pressure first dropping from 760 to 380 mm of Mercury. With the drop in cabin pressure all the animal test subjects died. It would have killed any Cosmonaut not wearing a spacesuit.
The first attempt for a Zond 4 follow-up launched on April 22. It failed when the Launch Escape System sent an erroneous abort command at T+260 seconds and shut down the Proton booster’s second stage. The escape rocket fired and pulled the descent module to safety.
When we left the Soviet Union they had somewhat successfully landed a probe on Venus and they had completed the automatic docking of two Soyuz 7K-OK spacecrafts. However they did not reach their goal of a circumlunar flight in time for the 50th anniversary of the glorious revolution.
After 1957, the Soviets became accustomed to achieving “world firsts” in space accomplishments. Nevertheless, 10 years later they were not confident that they could pull off the world’s first fully automatic rendezvous and docking of two un-piloted Soyuz spacecraft. At the time the chance for success was estimated at only 50/50. | <urn:uuid:d7186db0-1343-4209-af5b-296515d0fbcf> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.spacerockethistory.com/tag/tyura-tam/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103640328.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629150145-20220629180145-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.959452 | 253 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Facial Veins Prevention
There's no way to completely prevent facial veins as they are commonly a result of a genetic disposition. However, by following these steps you can decrease your chances of developing them or further aggravating existing facial veins.
Protect yourself from sun damage Since sun damage is a major culprit of facial veins it is important to keep yourself well protected when outside. For the best protection wear a sunscreen with at least an SPF of 30, put on a hat, and wear light colored clothing if possible on those really hot days.
Seek Treatment for Rosacea Rosacea is a skin condition that causes overall redness and blushing of the face. Treating your rosacea early on is the best way to decrease your chances of developing facial veins.
A gentle cleansing routine When a certain amount of pressure is put on the face, facial veins can occur. It is important to be gentle when washing your skin because scrubbing too hard can lead to unsightly veins. Make sure to also use warm water when cleansing your skin as oppose to hot water which can damage the skin.
Avoid high consumptions of alcohol Although alcohol is not a direct cause of facial veins it can put you at risk of developing them. Drinking high amounts of alcohol can dramatically increase your blood pressure which makes it more difficult for the veins to push the blood back to the heart. This can lead to valve dysfunction which in turn, leads to facial veins. By following these guidelines you can help maintain healthy, beautiful skin for years to come. | <urn:uuid:d8cbc071-5e5f-4705-93da-1c377ba366cb> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.skincareguide.com/article/skin-conditions/varicose-veins/facial-veins-prevention | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660242.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00215-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953915 | 309 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Mushrooms are a favorite taste treat for many people, but they are also expensive and not always at their freshest by the time they reach the store. To get around this, try growing your own and harvesting the spores for future use. While it can seem a bit complicated at first, there’s nothing too difficult about it, and once you’ve tried it, you may never go back to buying them from the store again.
Harvest and Preservation
Lay a new sheet of paper on a clean work surface. Cut the stem off of a mushroom and place the mushroom cap on the center of the paper. Cover the mushroom cap with a clean glass.
Leave the mushroom overnight. The next day, carefully remove the glass and the mushroom cap from the paper to reveal the spores that fell from the mushroom’s gills.
Fold the paper to lock in the spores. Slide the folded paper into a plastic bag and place it in the refrigerator for storage.
Place an ounce or two of water in a small flask, then put a cotton ball in the top to prevent contamination. Sterilize the flask by microwaving it for three minutes. Don’t let it boil dry. Let it cool and repeat the process, then carefully remove it from the microwave, lightly cover it with a sheet of aluminum foil and allow it to come to room temperature. Sterilization is important because the conditions that favor mushrooms also favor various kinds of bacteria and other undesirable organisms.
Disinfect your work area with a 70-percent alcohol spray. Use alcohol hand sanitizer to remove germs from your hands.
Remove the cotton ball from the flask and scrape the spores from the folded collection paper into the sterile water in the flask. Draw the spore-laden water into a sterile syringe.
Put 3.5 cups of vermiculite in a bowl. Moisten it until it is slightly wet. Shake 1 cup of brown rice flour over the vermiculite and stir it in to evenly coat the vermiculite.
Fill six 1/2-pint jars to within 1/2 inch of the top with the vermiculite and rice flour mixture. Don’t pack it down in any way; it must stay light and loose. Add enough vermiculite to bring the level to the top.
Poke four small holes in the lid of each jar with a hammer and nail, spacing the holes equally around the outer edge of the lid. Screw the lids onto the jars.
Sterilize the jars by setting them in 1 inch of water and boiling them in a large pot for an hour and a half. Allow the jars to cool, then remove them from the pot.
Disinfect the needle of the spore syringe by heating it in a flame until it turns red, then allowing it to cool without touching anything.
Inoculate each jar with about 1.5 milliliter of spore solution from a syringe, placing one quarter of the amount into each hole in the lid.
Store the jars in a dark place at a temperature of 70 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit. Leave them alone until the spores begin to grow and colonize the entire jar, about 14 to 30 days.
Move them to a location where they will get indirect light and a constant temperature of about 70 degrees Fahrenheit. When you can see tiny brown mushrooms, they are ready to move.
Place a wet paper towel in the bottom of a bucket. Dump the contents of the jars into the bucket, then cover it with clear plastic wrap. Remove the wrap once a day to air out the container. When the mushrooms develop and their caps open, they are ready for harvesting.
Things You Will Need
- Clean paper
- Edible mushroom
- Small flask with narrow neck
- Cotton ball
- Microwave oven
- Aluminum foil
- Alcohol spray, 70 percent
- Hand sanitizer
- Sterile syringe
- 3.5 cups vermiculite
- 1 cup brown rice flour
- Large bowl
- Mixing spoon
- 6 canning jars with lids, 1/2-pint
- Small nail
- Paper towels
- Clear plastic wrap
- Use the freshest mushrooms you can for your first spore collection. Mushrooms from the store may be too dry to give you good results, so try a farmer’s market or another source of fresh mushrooms.
- When microwaving items, they will be hot. Use caution when handling heated glassware or water.
- Jupiterimages/Comstock/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:7b378b8e-c65d-4f5a-b979-3f7f46ee2d5c> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://homeguides.sfgate.com/grow-mushrooms-preserve-spores-reproduction-33712.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589222.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716060836-20180716080836-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.903313 | 952 | 2.96875 | 3 |
If you’re like us and eagerly await your afternoon siesta, then you may find this article to be a bit jarring.
Sit down if you’re standing, and be advised that napping CAN be a good thing — if you’re doing it for the right reasons.
[You may be interested in: Napping Can Dramatically Increase Learning, Memory, Awareness, And More]
You may have seen people throwing around the term “depression nap” on social media.
The concept describes a lie-down that lets you escape the world through sleep when you’re tired, stressed, anxious or feeling down – but, are they a sign of something more serious?
The Correlation Between Depression and Sleep
Experts agree that depression is intimately connected to problems with sleep.
According to Myrna M. Weissman, a professor of epidemiology and psychiatry at Columbia University, “disturbance in sleep is a cardinal symptom of depression.” She noted these disturbances can present in a variety of symptoms including difficulty falling asleep, insomnia, a tendency to wake up during the night, or a tendency to feel worse in the morning upon rising.
In fact, researchers at the Harvard Medical School determined that between 69-90% of adult patients with major depression struggle with some type of sleep problem.
‘Depression Naps’ Don’t Mean You’re Depressed
According to Dr. Rochelle Zak, a sleep medicine specialist at the UCSF Sleep Disorders Center, clinical depression is commonly connected to some form of insomnia.
“Depression is less likely to result in daytime sleepiness,” Zak said. “Often, people are hyper-aroused, so they would love to nap but they can’t.”
But what about the young people in their 20s and 30s who seem to be perpetually sleepy?
Zak says that more often than not, this is a sign of being sleep deprived rather than clinically depressed. They may be working long days or spending too much time on their screens at night, leading to poorer sleep quality and more stress, she said.
‘Depression Naps’: The Great Escape
But, sleep deprivation and depression aren’t the only reasons some folks retreat to bed for a midday snooze. Simply put, they might just be escaping reality.
Dr. Helen M. Farrell, a psychiatrist at Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, cautions, “personally and professionally, I don’t like the phrase ‘depression naps’ and would deter patients from using that phrase and taking that sort of ‘nap.’”
While naps are meant to be restorative and energizing, these types of naps actually can be an unhealthy way of dealing with your feelings, becoming a kind of defense mechanism, she said.
“It’s very important for people to be able to tolerate their feelings and practice healthy coping skills that combat depression, rather than succumbing to it,” Farrell explained.
Emanuel Maidenberg, a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, Los Angeles, agrees that such naps can be a coping mechanism and should be avoided if possible. “It can be helpful in the short run, but recurrent dependence on naps becomes a potential mechanism of depression maintenance,” he explained.
So, in closing. To all of our midday snoozers out there — if you’re catching your afternoon zzz’s for the right reasons, nap on nappers.
If you found this article helpful, please share with friends and family by clicking the “Share” button below! | <urn:uuid:648441cc-5a48-492b-a388-335be9e0b4b5> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.healthspiritbody.com/depression-naps/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590046.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718021906-20180718041906-00600.warc.gz | en | 0.927854 | 777 | 2.625 | 3 |
Using video as an anchor, our blended learning environment creates multiple paths to learning, supports new learning patterns that utilize skills and interests differently, and helps identify opportunities to target interventions to meet specific learning needs.
Multimedia Learning Objects
Universal Design Learning Tools
Interactive Formative Assessments
Measure & Manage Consumption
Upload any video and immediately begin building learning modules that engage like never before. Insert interactive display layers of links to websites, search queries, infographics, assessments, documents, images, videos, games, audio, translation files and more.
Connect the video to anything online; allowing the learner to browse inside a video and choose their own adventure, or deliver the layers in a time synced order. View data and activity reports to see the who, what, when, where and how learners are consuming content; and then adjust the interactive experiences accordingly. | <urn:uuid:6ce23e9b-7245-4400-bc8d-e69d1bdea215> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://affectivelearninglabs.com/learn-more/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864364.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622065204-20180622085204-00043.warc.gz | en | 0.888417 | 176 | 2.609375 | 3 |
A massive storm system injures hundreds and destroys homes in the Midwest and South.
Quoted from Tornadoes cause damage in Miss., Ala. on Yahoo News – Latest News & Headlines
National Weather Service officials confirm two tornadoes had touched down in major mercial corridor of Pennsylvania late at night, causing severe damage TORNADO WATCH – Tornadoes are possible in your area. Stay tuned to the radio or television news. TORNADO WARNING – A tornado is either on the ground or has been detected by Doppler radar. can destroy buildgs, flip cars, and create deadly flyg debris. are violently rotatg columns of air that extend from a thunderstorm to the ground. Tags: tornadoes, ready, Tornadoes of 2012 - Wikipedia This page documents the and tornado outbreaks of 2012. Extremely destructive form most frequently the U.S., Bangladesh, Brazil and Eastern dia, but they can occur almost anywhere under the right conditions. Measurg . Though we can look at a tornado and see how big it is, we can't measure its strength by sight. stead, scientists often use the F-scale, or Fujita scale, to measure how strong | <urn:uuid:509b0af6-2262-4bb9-ac3c-4c72d5358d2e> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.ezxplain.com/9180/tornadoes-cause-damage-in-miss-ala/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249569386.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190224003630-20190224025630-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.927329 | 242 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Opioids and pregnancy
Using opioids while pregnant
During pregnancy, most all substances in your blood can pass to your baby. Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) may occur in the baby after birth if a mother took certain drugs or medicines, usually opioids, such as heroin or methadone, or prescription drugs, such as Vicodin or Percocet during pregnancy. At birth, the baby is cut off suddenly from the medicines or drugs in the mother’s body and within 1-5 days may start to show signs of withdrawal. This is NAS.
It is best to stop using most medications, drugs and other substances to give your baby the best chance to be born healthy.
- Stopping suddenly can cause severe problems for you and the baby.
- Talk to your health care provider about the best way to stop.
- Getting treatment can help you stop and is safer for your baby.
For more information about NAS, you can look at Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) and newborn babies and the 2017 Pregnancy Connection newsletter.
You can also read “Having a Healthy Baby Begins Today: Pregnancy and Common Drugs or Medications” created by the Arizona Department of Health Services. English | Español | <urn:uuid:75a95127-a798-4c6c-ac79-2c05056d0c61> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.mercycareadvantage.com/opioids/opioids-and-pregnancy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203529.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324230359-20190325012359-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.911858 | 259 | 3.046875 | 3 |
So far, the elaborate network of observers in light airplanes and small ships that makes up the whale early warning system has confirmed five right whale sightings.
The goal for the system is to tell ships when whales are in the area so ships can steer around them. This year, the Georgia Ports Authority is funding a paging system that allows observers to communicate with harbor pilots, the Navy, and Coast Guard, who in turn contact commercial ships.
The ports authority "is a vital cog in the whole system," Zoodsma said. "We are very pleased they have contributed in this way."
Strikes by ships and entanglement in some types of fishing gear are the biggest threats to right whales. And although the early warning system has worked well with commercial and military vessels in the calving area, right whales are still being hurt elsewhere.
Slay described a female whale that had been struck by a large yacht or other recreational craft. She suffered "horrible" cuts on her back that did heal.
Such a wound would have killed a calf, Slay said.
The problem is many pleasure boaters coming south in the winter do not realize whales are around, Slay said. He hopes to put up posters in area marinas to warn boaters about right whales.
The right whale is 45 to 55 feet (14 to 17 meters) long and can weigh up to 70 tons. There are three types of related animalsthe North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Southern Oceans right whales.
The North Pacific is most endangered, but the North Atlantic is also in trouble, with only about 350 adults. The Southern Oceans right whale is recovering.
Observers have reported sighting about 100 newborn calves among the Southern right whale herds.
Copyright 2001 The Florida Times-Union | <urn:uuid:b39c7442-7867-4de3-a3b5-c1f05449f630> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/01/0103_020110wirwhale_2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541864.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00338-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960339 | 363 | 2.9375 | 3 |
|Linux is a free Unix-type operating system originally created by Linus Torvalds with the assistance of developers around the world. Linux is an independent POSIX implementation and includes true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand loading, proper memory management, TCP/IP networking, and other features consistent with Unix-type systems. Developed under the GNU General Public License, the source code for Linux is freely available to everyone. A well packaged CD-ROM that allows easy installation of Linux on Intel, SPARC and Alpha hardware is sold as Red Hat Linux.|
KDE is a powerful graphical desktop
environment for Unix workstations. It combines ease of use, contemporary
functionality and outstanding graphical design with the technological
superiority of the Unix operating system.
KDE is a completely new desktop, incorporating a large suite of applications for Unix workstations. While KDE includes a window manager, file manager, panel, control center and many other components that one would expect to be part of a contemporary desktop environment, the true strength of this exceptional environment lies in the interoperability of its components.
|Xi Graphics sells a powerfull line of X servers that work well with Linux and KDE. Their Accelerated-X Display Server runs on Intel and Alpha hardware, and supports the latest display hardware.|
The GNU Project started in 1984 to develop a
complete free Unix-like operating system. Variants of the GNU system, using
Linux as the kernel, are now widely used; though often called ``Linux'', they
are more accurately called GNU/Linux systems.
The Free Software Foundation is a tax-exempt charity that raises funds for work on the GNU Project.
|Qt is a GUI software toolkit made by Troll Tech and forms the basis of KDE. Qt is written in C++ and is fully object-oriented. It has everything you need to create professional GUI applications. Qt is a multi-platform toolkit that supports the X Window System (Unix/X11) or Microsoft Windows NT and Windows 95/98 with a simple recompile. Qt's ingenious signal-slot technology enables true component programming. A free version of Qt is available for Unix systems under the QPL.|
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Back in the days of the Old West, the University of Arizona already was green. Literally. Inspired by the sagebrush, a hardy shrub whose small footprint and ability to conserve precious resources allow it to thrive in the harsh Arizona desert, the plant's chartreuse green was one of the UA's original school colors.
One hundred and twenty-seven years later, the colors have changed to red and blue, but the UA remains committed to following the example of the sagebrush and becoming a sustainable campus.
In collaboration with the Office of External Relations and several other UA units, the UA Office of Sustainability now has published a Climate Action Plan, which outlines a blueprint for tracking and reducing the University's greenhouse gas emissions.
By signing the American College & University Presidents' Climate Commitment, or ACUPCC, the UA's leadership has expressed its concern about the unprecedented scale and speed and of global warming. The climate action plan is a collaborative effort supported by the President's Advisory Council on Environmental Sustainability, which includes vice presidents, deans, student leaders, employee representatives, and community leaders.
"The Climate Action Plan brings greater visibility to our voluntary commitment to track and reduce UA greenhouse gas emissions and builds on recent investments by UA Facilities Management and other operational units responsible for the main sources of our emissions," said Joe Abraham, head of the UA Office of Sustainability.
He added that although ACUPCC signatories commit to eventually achieving zero net greenhouse gas emissions, that goal may be decades away.
"A lot can be done, and has been done, in the meantime to make our campus ever more sustainable," he said. "We are a global leader in climate change science and solutions, and we are an institution committed to ‘walking the walk' and reducing our own carbon footprint. We have done a number of things over the past several years that have kept our carbon footprint from growing, despite a fair amount of campus growth, but we need that footprint to start shrinking."
Many of those efforts were recognized in February, when the UA received a Gold rating for sustainability from the Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higer Eduation, or AASHE, a designation that puts the University in the upper echelon of higher education institutions committed to advancing sustainability.
"There is plenty of reason to believe we can reduce our carbon footprint just by changing the way employees and students behave," Abraham said. "We are engaging in conversations with various entities on campus: How do we create energy efficiency incentives? How can we continue switching to less carbon-intensive energy sources? How can we reduce the carbon footprint of commuting and air travel?"
The UA generates about one-third of its electricity on campus using natural gas, which is about half as carbon-intensive as coal, and even though hundreds of solar panels on several buildings are generating electricity, they meet less than 1 percent of the UA's energy demand.
Abraham said that over the next year, his office will lead a process to identify a wide range of strategies that, when implemented, will put the UA's greenhouse gas emissions on a downward trajectory.
"Many of our faculty members, staff and students are very passionate about the environment," he said. "Our goal is to end up with a clear plan to reduce our emissions over the next several years that is based on thoughtful analysis, realistic assumptions and solutions that can be implemented."
"To do this, we will engage a wide range of operational, academic and student affairs units in our process. We are also working with the City of Tucson to ensure our activities and plans are coordinated with their emission reduction strategies for the larger community."
About two-thirds of the UA's total emissions inventory come from production of electricity and steam, with the rest resulting from commuting and air travel. The current emphasis is on the main campus, but the commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions potentially extends to all employees, students and facilities statewide.
"Carbon neutrality or zero net carbon emissions sounds nice and ambitious, but when you really think about it, you realize how difficult this is to achieve," Abraham said, "especially with a large university like ours. All this research on our campus requires a lot of electricity 24-7."
He pointed out that the climate action plan presents a good opportunity for faculty to use the campus as a living lab for research and teaching projects on how to reduce emissions, a goal already set forth by the Arizona Board of Regents in the UA comprehensive campus plan.
"We invite faculty to get involved in our assessment of carbon-reduction strategies and use the process to teach students about climate-change solutions in a familiar setting."
In one student-driven project, UA undergraduates led a three-year effort to raise funds and install 44 photovoltaic panels on the roof of their residence hall, which now serves as a hands-on solar research lab where students can access a system that monitors the building's energy production and usage over time. In the Residence Life "Battle of the Utilities," UA students engage in a friendly competition on which residence hall can save the most water and electricity.
According to Jill Ramirez, residence life sustainability education coordinator, competing residence halls last fall saved more than 18 million gallons of water, enough to fill 47 Olympic-size swimming pools 8 feet deep, in just one month.
As another example, Abraham pointed to the UA Campus Arboretum, the oldest continually maintained green space in Arizona. With a grant from the UA Green Fund, the arboretum director and students have been inventorying 7,810 trees on campus and use specialized software to study how much carbon those trees stow away from the atmosphere.
An earlier, less comprehensive survey of the arboretum discovered that the campus biomass sequesters about 166 metric tons of carbon dioxide each year. Said Abraham: "While this is a drop in the bucket, it's a great example of how we are already using our campus to teach students about solutions and give them the skills to do similar work out in the world."
In addition to determining carbon sequestered, studies like this make it possible to put dollars and cents to the value of ecological services, such as the shade and the air quality those trees provide," he added. "They also help people realize that our campus is an arboretum that provides valuable benefits, not just a beautiful landscape."
With buildings consuming the lion share of energy on campus, UA Facilities Management is one of the crucial players in the effort to curb greenhouse gases. Abraham pointed out that the UA's chilled water system is one of the largest and most energy efficient in the world, toured by engineers from around the world.
Taking advantage of off-peak electricity during night-time, the UA's "ice plant" chills water after dark to provide air conditioning the entire main campus during the day. In addition, an innovative system recently installed on campus in a nationwide first uses the sun's energy not only for heating but also for cooling.
Collectors atop the UA's Recreation Center utilize heat from the sun as a free energy source to drive an absorption chilling system to help keep buildings on campus cool while also heating the Rec Center's main swimming pool. In addition to such "hardware" improvements, creating awareness and building capacity are two of the most important goals and opportunities for a large educational institution as the UA.
"The nearly 700 ACUPCC signatory institutions can have a big impact on our society," Abraham said. "What if all our graduates understood the science, our commitment and asked crucial questions when they enter other institutions or the work environment, along the lines of ‘Why aren't we doing the same thing the UA is doing?'" | <urn:uuid:990bf82c-b1c7-462f-9a84-54c9a1220757> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/ua-climate-action-plan-sets-goals-to-cut-emissions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540915.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00226-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952015 | 1,573 | 2.625 | 3 |
Sparse dry weather conditions haven't dampened concerns about the extent of agricultural water quality problems we may see when summer weather finally arrives. Despite the weather, harmful algal bloom (HAB) predictions for the summer are already out and are one important measure of water quality impacts that are attributed to agriculture. As HABs arise, so too do the questions about what is being done to reduce HABs and other water quality impacts resulting from agricultural production activities. We set out to answer these questions by examining key players in the water quality arena: the states.
In our new national report, State Legal Approaches to Reducing Water Quality Impacts from the Use of Agricultural Nutrients on Farmland, we share the results of research that examines how states are legally responding to the impact of agricultural nutrients on water quality. After examining state laws, regulations and policies across the country, we can make several observations about state responses to the agricultural water quality issue. First, more activity occurs in states that are near significant water resources such as the Chesapeake Bay, Great Lakes, Mississippi River and coastal regions. States in those areas have more legal solutions in place to address nutrient impacts. Next, nearly all states rely heavily on nutrient management planning as a tool for reducing agricultural nutrient impacts on water quality. We also note that there is an absence of monitoring, bench marking, and data collection requirements in the laws that address agricultural nutrient management and water quality. Finally, many states have piecemeal, reactionary approaches rather than an organized statewide strategy accompanied by a locally-driven governance structure.
As we conducted our research, two types of approaches quickly emerged: mandatory and voluntary. Mandatory approaches are those that require specific actions or inactions by persons who use nutrients on agricultural lands, while voluntary approaches allow a user of agricultural nutrients to decide whether to engage in programs and practices that relate to water quality, with or without incentives for doing so. Because we could identify mandatory approaches through statutory and administrative codes, we were able to compile the laws into a database. Our compilation of Mandatory Legal Approaches to Agricultural Nutrient Management is available on the National Agricultural Law Center's website.
We classified the state mandatory approaches into three categories:
1. Nutrient management planning is the most common mandatory tool used by the states. All but two states mandate nutrient management planning, but the laws vary in terms of who must have or prepare a nutrient management plan (NMP). In the report, we provide examples of states that require NMPs for animal feeding operations, those that require NMPs only in targeted areas, those that require all operators to have an NMP, and those that require preparers of NMPs to be certified.
2. Nutrient application restrictions are becoming increasingly common across the states, but also vary by type of restrictions. In the report, we categorize four types of nutrient application restrictions and present the combination of restrictions in place in five states across the country:
---Weather condition restrictions
---Setback and buffer requirements
---Restrictions on method of application
---Targeted area restrictions
3. Certification of nutrient applicators is an approach used by 18 states, but state laws differ in terms of who must obtain certification. Some states require only animal feeding operations and commercial "for hire" applicators to be certified, while others extend certification to private landowners, users of chemigation equipment, or those in targeted sensitive areas. We provide examples of each type of certification approach.
The number and types of voluntary approaches to reducing agricultural nutrient impacts on water quality is extensive and more than we could identify and gather into a state compilation. In our report, however, we present examples of four types of voluntary approaches states are taking:
1. Technical assistance in the form of technical expertise and informational tools.
2. Economic incentives such as cost share programs, tax credits and water quality trading programs.
3. Legal protections for those who engage in nutrient reduction efforts.
4. Research and education programs that aim to increase understanding of the problem and expand the knowledge base of those who use and work with nutrients.
Please read our report, available here, to learn more about legal approaches states are taking in response to concerns about the impact of agricultural nutrients on water quality. We produced the report with funding from the USDA National Agricultural Library in partnership with the National Agricultural Law Center.
We can’t say that Lake Erie is back in the news, because lately it hasn’t left the news. However, there is a new lawsuit in federal court that seeks further action from either the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) or the Ohio EPA regarding Lake Erie water quality. Filed on February 7, 2019 by the Environmental Law & Policy Center (“ELPC”) and the Toledo-based Advocates for a Clean Lake Erie, this new lawsuit alleges that the U.S. EPA improperly signed off on action taken by the Ohio EPA to designate Lake Erie as an impaired water body without implementing a Total Maximum Daily Load (“TMDL”) to restrict discharges such as agricultural runoff. The plaintiffs weren’t necessarily unhappy about the designation, but they were not happy about the lack of a TMDL.
Designating a waterway as impaired indicates low water quality, and triggers requirements to take action to improve water quality. A state must classify its waterways, and that classification guides the selection of which types of regulations to impose and the priority of fixing a waterway. The Ohio EPA’s designation of Lake Erie as impaired under the federal Clean Water Act was motivated by a previous lawsuit brought by the ELPC. In that lawsuit, a federal court ordered the U.S. EPA to review the Ohio EPA’s compliance with the federal Clean Water Act, which is something the plaintiffs in this new case want the court to order again. That case remains pending, and is cited as Environmental Law and Policy Center v. U.S. EPA, Case No. 17-cv-1514 (N.D. Ohio).
The plaintiffs allege that the new designation alone is not enough, and that the Ohio EPA must take more action. The complaint in the new lawsuit alleges that the Ohio EPA must establish a TMDL for western Lake Erie. Under the federal Clean Water Act, TMDLs identify the maximum amounts of a pollutant that a body of water can handle in order to meet water quality standards. The U.S. EPA describes these as a “starting point or planning tool for restoring water quality” that states often use as targets when crafting comprehensive plans to attain water quality. The complaint alleges that the Ohio EPA must prioritize creating a TMDL for western Lake Erie, but the Ohio EPA has said that it hopes to pursue an alternative approach to water quality attainment without the need for a TMDL. The plaintiffs do not believe that this is enough.
But why then is the new lawsuit against the U.S. EPA, and not the Ohio EPA? Congress granted the U.S. EPA oversight over water quality for federally navigable waters, or Waters of the United States, which include Lake Erie. The complaint alleges that by approving Ohio’s designation of Lake Erie without a plan and timeline to reach water quality standards, the U.S. EPA made an improper and arbitrary decision under the federal Clean Water Act. The plaintiffs want the U.S. EPA to rescind its approval of the Ohio EPA’s action. After this, the U.S. EPA would have to require the Ohio EPA to submit a new binding plan to bring Lake Erie into attainment with water quality standards, or the U.S. EPA can decide that Ohio has refused to submit a plan and exercise its authority to create its own plan for Ohio. The complaint also seeks an award of attorney’s fees and costs to cover the expenses incurred by the plaintiffs in bringing the lawsuit.
Click HERE to view the complaint. The case is cited as Environmental Law & Policy Center v. U.S. EPA, Case No. 3:19-cv-00295 (N.D. Ohio). Stay tuned to the Ag Law Blog for more updates on litigation involving Lake Erie.
The legislative Joint Committee on Agency Rule Review (JCARR) has voted to send the "watersheds in distress" rule revisions back to the Ohio Department of Agriculture (ODA). JCARR reviews administrative rules to make sure they follow legal requirements, which we explained in a previous blog post. The "watersheds in distress" rules seek to address agricultural nutrient impacts on water quality, also explained in an earlier post. At its meeting yesterday, JCARR members voted 8 to 1 to recommend that ODA revise and refile the rules for consideration at JCARR's next meeting on January 22, 2019.
The January 22 meeting date efectively removes Governor Kasich's administration from the rules revision. Kasich issued an executive order last July directing his agencies to prepare the controversial rule package. But the incoming DeWine Administration will control the fate of the rules since DeWine takes office on January 14, 2019. JCARR is apparently counting on the new administration to take a different approach on agricultural nutrient pollution reduction.
"There will be a new administration and we'll have maybe more productive talks," stated JCARR's chair, Sen. Joe Uecker (R-Loveland). "The DeWine Administration has demonstrated an interest on working with stakeholders on this issue."
The lack of stakeholder involvement was a common concern voiced by JCARR members, who stated that the rules had been rushed and did not involve all of the interested parties. Several committee members also suggested that the rules are inconsistent with legislative intent and will have a significant adverse impact on farmers. The Ohio Soybean Association, Ohio Corn & Wheat Growers Association, and Ohio Farm Bureau echoed those criticisms to JCARR members while several local residents, local groups and the Ohio Environmental Council testified that the rules would not sufficiently protect water quality.
If ODA fails to refile the rules proposal for the January meeting, JCARR will have 31 days to recomend that the Ohio General Assembly invalidate the rules. That action would allow each chamber five days to pass a resolution invalidating the rules; if the concurrent resolution does not pass within that time period, the rules would stand. Alternatively, ODA could remove the proposal from JCARR's agenda and refile revised rules at a later date, a likely course of action for the incoming DeWine administration.
Written by Ellen Essman, Law Fellow, Agricultural & Resource Law Program
The U.S. Senate has passed a bill sponsored by Ohio senators Sherrod Brown and Rob Portman that intends to improve the federal response to water pollution by amending the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998. Senate Bill 1057 will now move on to the House of Representatives for debate.
What are harmful algal blooms and hypoxia?
The EPA defines harmful algal blooms as “overgrowths of algae in water,” some of which “produce dangerous toxins in fresh or marine water.” The toxins can be dangerous for humans and animals. One major contributor to algal blooms is an excess of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water. Hypoxiacan also be caused by too much nitrogen and phosphorus in the water. The EPA defines hypoxia as “low oxygen” in water. Hypoxia sometimes goes hand-in-hand with algal blooms, because as algae dies, it uses oxygen, which in turn removes oxygen from the water. Algal blooms and hypoxia have been a problem in Lake Erie and other parts of the country.
Background of the law
The Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act was passed in 1998 in response to harmful algal blooms and hypoxia along the coast of the United States. When passing the law, Congress cited scientists who said both problems were caused by “excessive nutrients.” Furthermore, Congress found that harmful algal blooms had caused animal deaths, health and safety threats, and “an estimated $1,000,000,000 in economic losses” in the previous decade.
The law established an interagency Task Force on Harmful Algal Blooms and Hypoxia (Task Force), which was charged with submitting an assessment to Congress on the “ecological and economic consequences” of both harmful algal blooms and hypoxia. The assessments were to include “alternatives for reducing, mitigating, and controlling” harmful algal blooms and hypoxia. A number of other reports and assessments were also required, which were to all culminate in a plan to combat and reduce the impacts of harmful algal blooms. Additionally, the Act singled out the areas of the Northern Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes. For these two areas, the Act required additional progress reports and mitigation plans.
The Act has undergone a few amendments throughout the years. The amendments have expanded and/or renewed the duties of the Task Force and other state and federal actors. Most notably, amendments in 2014 created the national harmful algal bloom and hypoxia program (Program) and a comprehensive research plan and action strategy. Under the Program, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) was charged with administering funding to programs combatting algal blooms and hypoxia, working with state, local, tribal, and international governments to research and address algal blooms and hypoxia, and supervising the creation and review of the action strategy, among other duties. The action strategy identified the “specific activities” that the Program should carry out, which activities each agency in the Task Force would be responsible for, and the parts of the country where even more specific research and activities addressing algal blooms and hypoxia would be necessary.
What changes are proposed?
SB 1057 would make a number of changes and additions to the current law. Overall, the goal of the bill seems to be to strengthen the federal government’s ability to research and respond to water pollution in the form of algal blooms and hypoxia. The most important amendments in the bill would:
- Add the Army Corps of Engineers to the list of agencies on the Task Force.
- Combine the sections on freshwater and coastal algal blooms, and require that scientific assessments be submitted to Congress every five years for both types of water.
- Establish a website that would provide information about the harmful algal bloom and hypoxia program (Program) activities to “local and regional stakeholders.”
- Require the Task Force to work with extension programs to promote the Program and “improve public understanding” about harmful algal blooms and hypoxia.
- Require the use of “cost effective methods” when carrying out the law.
- Require the development of “contingency plans for the long-term monitoring of hypoxia.”
- Fund the Program and the comprehensive research plan and action strategy from 2019 through 2023.
Most importantly, SB 1057 would add a completely new section to the law that would allow federal officials to “determine whether a hypoxia or harmful algal bloom event is an event of national significance.” Under the new language, the federal official can independently determine that such an event is occurring, or the Governor of an affected state can request that a determination to be made.
When making the determination, the federal official would have to take a number of factors into consideration including:
- Toxicity of the harmful algal bloom;
- Severity of the hypoxia;
- Potential to spread;
- Economic impact;
- Relative size in relation to the past five occurrences of harmful algal blooms or hypoxia events that occur on a recurrent or annual basis; and
- Geographic scope, including the potential to affect several municipalities, to affect more than one State, or to cross an international boundary.
Finally, in the case an event of national significance is found, the the federal official would have the power to give money to the affected state or locality to mitigate the damages. However, SB 1057 states that the federal share of money awarded cannot be more than 50% of the cost of any activity. The federal official would have the power to accept donations of “funds, services, facilities, materials, or equipment” to supplement the federal money.
The bill now goes to the House of Representatives for consideration. Text and information on SB 1057 is available here. To read the current law, click here. For further information on water pollution, check out the EPA’s pages on harmful algal blooms and hypoxia.
By Ellen Essman, Law Fellow, OSU Agricultural & Resource Law Program
The Ohio legislature recently enacted a bill expected to enhance Ohio’s efforts to address water quality in Lake Erie. Senate Bill 2, a far reaching environmental bill, contains several revisions to the Ohio Lake Erie Commission (OLEC) and Ohio’s Lake Erie Protection and Restoration Strategy.
The purpose of OLEC is to advise on the development, implementation, and coordination of Lake Erie programs and policies and to oversee the management of the Lake Erie Protection Fund. For Ohio agriculture, the most important of S.B. 2’s revisions to OLEC is the expansion of OLEC’s purpose to include “issues related to nutrient-related water quality.” This change reveals a new focus on nutrient impacts on Lake Erie’s water quality and a resulting charge for OLEC to implement the Ohio EPA’s current plan for reducing phosphorous levels in the Lake by 40% by 2025.
Furthermore, S.B. 2 broadens and strengthens OLEC’s role in coordinating and funding policies, programs and priorities related to Lake Erie. Coordination with the federal government is encouraged, as is consideration of the efforts of Ohio and other Great Lakes states and countries, as well as any agreements between those states and countries and Ohio. OLEC must also publish a Lake Erie Protection and Restoration Strategy that describes the commission’s goals and its planned uses for the Lake Erie Protection Fund. Demonstration projects and cooperative research are now acceptable uses of the fund, in addition to the previously established use of data gathering.
S.B. 2 enhances coordination between OLEC and the Great Lakes Protection Fund (GLPF) board by bringing two members of the GLPF’s board onto OLEC’s board, which currently consists of the directors of Ohio’s EPA, Department of Natural Resources, Department of Health, Department of Agriculture, Department of Transportation and Department of Development, along with five additional members appointed by the governor and approved by the Senate. S.B. 2 requires the Governor to select the two GLPF board members who will serve on the OLEC board.
Changes in S.B. 2 also call for OLEC to develop public education and outreach programs about their work and issues facing Lake Erie and to expand fundraising efforts to support their programs—namely through the promotion of the sale of Lake Erie license plates. A number of provisions regard the disposal of construction and demolition debris and dredging in Lake Erie.
The revisions in S.B. 2 are likely to better equip OLEC to carry out strategies for improving Lake Erie’s water quality. Most notably, the new law will shift some of OLEC’s focus to combating water quality problems associated with nutrient pollution, a change that will surely affect Ohio agriculture.
Groups sue EPA over lack of impaired waters decision
Written by Ellen Essman, Law Fellow, OSU Agricultural & Resource Law Program
The National Wildlife Federation (NWF) and five other environmental and outdoor groups (Plaintiffs) sued the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) last week in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. The Plaintiffs filed the lawsuit due to EPA’s failure to approve or disapprove the list of impaired waters submitted by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA) within the time limit required by law. The Plaintiffs are particularly concerned that the EPA’s lack of a decision on the impaired waters list may affect pollution in Lake Erie’s waters.
A background on impaired waters designation
In 1972, Congress made amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948. The result was what we know today as the Clean Water Act (CWA). The very first section of the CWA states: “[t]he objective of this Act is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation’s waters.” In order to meet that objective, the CWA sets forth “effluent limitations,” or in other words, the amount of pollution allowed to be discharged. Polluters have different effluent limitations dependent on a number of variables. The states are to “identify” the waters where the “effluent limitations [from certain polluters] are not stringent enough” to meet water quality standards. The specific polluters to be examined are: 1) point sources, and 2) public treatment works either in existence on July 1, 1977 or approved under the CWA before June 30, 1974. For reference, point sources are defined as “any discernable, confined, and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operation, or vessel or other floating craft, from which pollutants are or may be discharged.” Point sources are not “agricultural stormwater discharges and return flows from irrigated agriculture.”
Those waters that states identify as not having stringent enough effluent limitations for point sources and public treatment works are called “impaired waters.” Along with the identification of impaired waters, states must also put forth total maximum daily loads (TMDLs), or the amounts of each kind of pollutant allowed. The CWA in its entirety is available here.
A regulation promulgated by the EPA under CWA mandates that states submit the list of waters they determine to be impaired every two years. The list must include a description of the “pollutants causing impairment” and their total maximum daily loads (TMDLs). The same regulation requires the EPA “to approve or disapprove such listing and loadings not later than 30 days after the date of submission.”
On October 20, 2016, OEPA submitted its list of impaired waters in the Ohio Integrated Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Report, available here . The list of impaired waters included parts of Lake Erie, namely the Lake Erie Central Basin Shoreline and the Lake Erie Islands Shoreline. Significantly, OEPA did not include the open waters of the western basin of Lake Erie on its list. The EPA has not responded to Ohio’s list by approving or disproving its listings.
Michigan submitted its impaired waters list in November 2016 and the EPA approved the report on February 3, 2017. Michigan listed the entirety of the Lake Erie waters in the state’s jurisdiction as impaired. This would include Michigan’s share of open waters in the western basin of Lake Erie. Michigan’s report is here.
The current lawsuit
As discussed above, six environmental and outdoor groups based in Ohio, Michigan and Illinois sued the EPA and its national and Region 5 administrators for the lack of a decision on OEPA’s list of impaired waters. The EPA was required to make the decision within 30 days of October 20, 2016. The Plaintiffs gave the EPA prior warning of their intention to sue in a notice sent on December 19, 2016. Since then, the EPA still has not come to a decision about Ohio’s list of impaired waters.
The crux of this lawsuit is the difference between Ohio and Michigan’s listings of waters in the same general area—the Western Basin of Lake Erie. Michigan listed the basin as impaired and Ohio did not. The Plaintiffs argue that the “inaction” on the part of the EPA “allows pollution… to continue unabated” throughout Lake Erie. Implicit in the Plaintiffs’ argument is that it seems unlikely that the EPA would allow one state to designate their Lake Erie water as impaired while the other state does not since water does not necessarily stay within state boundaries. The Plaintiffs appear to anticipate that EPA, when forced to make a decision, will disapprove of Ohio’s listing. Consequently, TMDLs could be established for greater areas of the Lake and water quality would likely be improved for the use and enjoyment of the Plaintiffs and their members.
What would a disapproval of OEPA’s list mean for Ohio?
If the court compels EPA to make a decision and EPA decides that OEPA was wrong to exclude the open waters of the Western Basin of Lake Erie as impaired, EPA regulations give the EPA the authority to take action within thirty days. EPA actions would include identifying the waters as impaired and instituting the allowable TMDLs necessary to implement applicable water quality standards. After a public comment period and potential revisions to EPA’s actions, it would be up to the state of Ohio to meet the EPA’s TMDLs for the impaired waters.
What would a listing as impaired mean for Ohio residents—individuals, farms, and companies? It would probably mean increased regulations, likely in the form of reduced allowable loads of pollutants from the point sources and public treatment works discussed above. Time, effort, and money might be necessary to comply with such changes. Regulations and TMDLs might affect more Ohioans than before, since OEPA designated parts of Lake Erie as impaired but not others.
On the flip side, increased regulation could mean better water quality in Lake Erie for drinking, sport, and other uses. For now, Ohioans and others who use Lake Erie’s waters or are located in areas that drain to the Lake will have to wait for the federal court to act on the lawsuit.
The full complaint in National Wildlife Federation v EPA is available here.
House Committee Sets Out to Address Water Quality
The 131st session of the Ohio General Assembly is underway with a few changes to the structure and leadership of the committees that address agriculture. In the House of Representatives, the previous Agriculture and Natural Resources Committee has been renamed as the Agriculture and Rural Development Committee. Natural resource issues, previously handled with agriculture under the old committee structure, will now go to a newly formed Energy and Natural Resources Committee. The committee modifications echo similar changes made last session in the Senate.
Brian Hill (R-Zanesville) will serve as the new chair of the House Agriculture and Rural Development Committee, with Tony Burkley (R-Payne) as vice chair and John Patterson (D-Jefferson) as the ranking minority member. Other committee members are Terry Boose (R-Clarksville), Jim Buchy (R-Greenville), Jack Cera (D-Bellaire), Christina Hagan (R-Marlboro Township), Steve Kraus (R-Sandusky), Sarah LaTourette (R-Bainbridge Township), Michael O’Brien (D-Warren), Sean J. O’Brien (D-Bazetta), Bill Patmon (D-Cleveland), Debbie Phillips (D-Albany), Wes Retherford (R-Hamilton ), Jeff Rezabek (R-Clayton), Margaret Ann Ruhl (R-Mt. Vernon), Tim Schaffer (R-Lancaster), Michael Sheehy (D-Oregon), Andy Thompson (R-Marietta), A. Nino Vitale (R-Urbana) and Paul Zeltwanger (R-Mason).
The House Agriculture and Rural Development committee will kick off its work with a prominent issue: water quality. Speaker Cliff Rosenberger has stated that water quality will be a priority issue that the House "needs to address and address quickly." Late last session, the House attemped to mitigate algal issues in Ohio lakes by passing legislation that would have affected applications of livestock manure and chemical fertilizers (HB 490). The legislation failed to pass the Ohio Senate and expired on December 31, 2014 with the end of the legislative session. This week, the House Agriculture and Rural Development Committee will revisit those issues when it meets off-site for a hearing at Cooper Farms in Van Wert to discuss water quality, nutrient management and agriculture. Expert witnesses in agriculture and watershed management will present testimony and address questions from the committee.
On the Senate side of the new legislative session, the Senate Agriculture Committee will continue under the leadership of Cliff Hite (R-Findlay), with vice chair Joe Uecker ((R–Miami Township) and ranking minority leader Lou Gentile (D-Steubenville). Other committee members are Bill Beagle (R–Tipp City), Dave Burke (R-Marysville), Capri S. Cafaro (D-Hubbard), Randy Gardner (R-Bowling Green), Gayle Manning (R-North Ridgeville), Bob Peterson (R-Sabina) and Michael J. Skindell (D-Lakewood). The Senate Agriculture Committee does not currently have any hearings on its schedule. | <urn:uuid:bfc3b3a9-383c-4b3b-bc33-4b256a180145> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://farmoffice.osu.edu/blog-tags/water-quality | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998986.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619123854-20190619145854-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.941797 | 6,081 | 3.5 | 4 |
Popular Science Monthly/Volume 42/April 1893/Popular Miscellany
Meeting of the American Psychological Association.—The first regular meeting of the American Psychological Association was held in Philadelphia, at the University of Pennsylvania, on December 27th and 28th. President G. Stanley Hall, of Clark University, presided at the meetings, and the papers presented gave good evidence of the variety and value of the work in experimental psychology which the laboratories of the various colleges are producing. Among the general papers presented, that of President Hall, giving a synopsis of the history and prospects of experimental psychology in America, was perhaps of widest interest. The important steps in the development of this movement within recent years were carefully traced, and various measures of credit judiciously assigned. The effect of the entire presentation was an extremely satisfactory one, showing that in America perhaps more prominently than elsewhere the laboratory method of instruction in psychology was becoming widely adopted, and that the general outlook for the steady development of psychological study was particularly hopeful.—Another very interesting presentation was that of Prof. Muensterberg, who has recently been called to take charge of the graduate work in psychology at Harvard University, and, upon request of the president, addressed the association in German. While the object of his remarks was to outline the problems upon which his students at Cambridge were at present working, the introduction of this description dwelt upon the general point of view that directs the choice of subjects and the method of investigation. Dr. Muensterberg laid stress upon the necessity, not only of accurate answers to problems already stated, but particularly on the discovery of new problems. The difficulty here is more that of asking significant questions than of answering them. The question of the investigations themselves shows what a wide field was being touched upon in various points by the Harvard men—investigations of the methods of localizing sounds in space, a new method of determining when differences of sensation are to be regarded as equal, an elaborate series of experiments on the nature of the association of ideas, of the daily change in mental condition, of complex forms of reaction in which various subjects take part at the same time, and others.—Prof. Jastrow, of the University of Wisconsin, gave some account of what was to be attempted in the laboratory of experimental psychology which has been founded in connection with the World's Fair. The general plan of this exhibit includes a collection of the various types of apparatus that are employed in psychological research; also those that are used in connection with laboratory courses in psychology. A great variety of apparatus gathered from all portions of Europe and America will here be collected, and will cover such branches of the subject as the tests of the senses, the powers of judgment, the times of mental processes, the nature of the association of ideas, the limits and varieties of memory, the effects of fatigue, the relation of mind and body, and so on. A second important part of the exhibit will consist of a working laboratory, in which tests will be made upon all who choose to subject themselves to them. The tests are necessarily simple in character, and have for their object the determination of normal averages in respect to various forms of vision, of tactile sensation, of times and accuracy of judgment, association and reaction, of the nature of association, and the like. And, thirdly, a department in which results will be exhibited, will attempt to show the practical importance of these investigations and their various applications in the study of child growth, the study of abnormal forms of mental phenomena, and the like.—Dr. Sanford, of Clark University, gave an account of some of the studies in progress there. One of these related to the fluctuation in mental power at different portions of the day, as determined by the capacity to remember a series of arbitrary impressions. Another research gave an account of the frequency and character of the dreams of subjects who at once record their dreams upon awakening from them. The frequency of dreams and their concentration in the early hours of the morning, the large factors that recent events contribute to them, appeared as some of the results of this investigation.—Another interesting paper, presented by Dr. Witmer, of the University of Pennsylvania, gave an account of the research upon the æsthetics of visual form and attempting to answer the question, What are the most pleasing forms and proportions in the great variety of figures and conditions?—A paper by Prof. Bryan, of the University of Indiana, giving an account of the development of motor power in children at different ages, and bringing out many significant and important results, was presented; also papers by Dr. Nichols, of Harvard University, presenting some novel experiments upon illusions of rotation and upon the sense of pain; by Prof. Pace, of the Catholic University of Washington, on the power of judging the thickness of surfaces held between the thumb and forefinger; and papers by Dr. Chamberlain, on the Relation of Psychology and Anthropology, and by Dr. Aikens, on An Analysis of Cause.—The meeting adjourned to next December at Columbia College, New York, the officers of the association being: President, G. Stanley Hall, of Clark University; vice-president, George T. Ladd, of Yale University; and secretary, Joseph Jastrow, of the University of Wisconsin.
Arbitration with English Trades Unions.—The English Labor Commission has completed its examination of the conditions, etc., of every branch of labor, except agriculture, in the kingdom. Its results, embodying the testimony of more than four hundred and thirty witnesses, as summarized by Mr. John Rae, in the Contemporary Review, make it clear that there has been during the last twenty years a remarkable growth in all parts of the kingdom of the institutions that make for industrial peace—the Board of Arbitration, the Joint Committee of Conciliation, and the sliding scale. The Board of Conciliation, the essential feature of which was a full interchange of views between the representatives of the parties—employers and hands—face to face, was started in 1866. The original board, formed by Mr. Mundella for the hosiery trade, was short-lived, but the principle was adopted, and still prevails. The first Board of Arbitration, which provides for binding reference to an umpire in case the conference fails, started in the iron trade by Sir Rupert Kettle in 1869, is still efficient; and a second board, started in 1872, has likewise proved its usefulness and its right to live. Since the establishment of these boards in the northern and midland counties of England, respectively, there has been no strike in the northern district, and only one insignificant strike in the middle district. In fact, "strikes, and even the very disposition to strike, seem to be thoroughly stamped out in this [the iron and steel] industry." In many trades there is a great belief in conciliation, but a great dislike to arbitration. Many think the "long jaw" (as the Conciliation Conference is called) "sufficient to remove all difficulties, and make both parties in the end see eye to eye; but the members of the manufactured iron trade are most decided in counting conciliation incomplete and of very uncertain efficacy without the reference to arbitration in case of disagreement. Employers and employed were equally emphatic on this point. They thought the knowledge of an appeal to arbitration being in reserve was absolutely essential to a successful negotiation at the Conciliation Board. The right of appeal might seldom be used, but in their opinion it must always be there, otherwise, though things might not go so far as a strike, there would be constant worrying and keeping up of a contention." Two rules contribute greatly to the smooth working of the system: one, forbidding any suspension of work at any place under the jurisdiction of the board before the cause of dispute has been submitted to the consideration of the board; and the other, making the board's decision retrospective, so as to take effect from the date of the raising of the point. Both these rules have been observed by both sides in good faith. These boards have further exercised a salutary influence in promoting a more reasonable spirit among employers and employed. "There is very much more reason than there used to be formerly; so much so, indeed, that more disputes are now settled at home without going to the board at all than were settled at home before its establishment, and all in consequence of the growth of habits of reasonable consideration and mutual forbearance, which have been bred through the board."
Symbolical Communication.—Writing of the language of signs or the symbolism in ceremonial and current use among the lower tribes of Farther India, General A. R. MacMahon says: "The chief's special messenger, carrying his carved and ornamented spear as an emblem of authority—potent as a magistrate's seal in other countries—dumb though he be in presence of people to whom his dialect is a foreign tongue, metaphorically speaks in accents that can not be mistaken when he flings down the gauntlet in the shape of the war-dah with strip of crimson cloth in token of defiance, or produces the cross or dagger-shaped plurvi or wand, made of strips of bamboo, which, simple as it may appear to the uninitiated, under some conditions furnishes the materials for a lengthy dispatch, if reduced to a written medium. If the tips of its cross-pieces be broken, for instance, it signifies a money demand for each fracture. If one cross-piece be charred, it means an urgent summons, directing people to come by torchlight if it arrives at night. A capsicum fixed on the plurvi signifies that disobedience to the order will 'make it hot' for the recipient. If the plurvi be made of cane instead of bamboo, it betokens that this punishment will take the form of flogging. The smooth, round stone which was all that Lieutenant Wilcox received from the Abora, in reply to interminable verbal negotiations suggesting the advisability of their submission to British authority, was utterly meaningless to that very intelligent officer till interpreted by a rude native of the jungle who happened to be present when the mission arrived. The translation ran thus: 'Until this stone crumbles in the dust shall our friendship last, and firm as is its texture, so firm is our present resolution.' . . . Captain Lervin's policeman, when required to explain why he . . . desired a week's leave, said, 'A young maiden has sent me flowers and birnee rice twice as a token, and if I wait any longer they will say I am no man.'"
Animals and Music.—A curious account of the effects of various kinds of music on different animals is given by a writer in the Spectator. The general order of the experiments, based upon the supposition that animal nerves are not unlike our own, was so arranged that the attention of the animals should be first arrested by a low and gradually increasing volume of sound, in those melodious minor keys which experience showed them to prefer. The piccolo was then to follow in shrill and high-pitched contrast; after which the flute was to be played to soothe the feelings ruffled by that instrument. Pleasure and dislike were often most strongly shown where least expected; and the last experiment indicated stronger dislikes, if not stronger preferences, in the musical scale, in the tiger than in the most intelligent anthropoid apes. With "Jack," a six-months-old red orang-outang, "As the sounds of the violin began, he suspended himself against the bars, and then, with one hand above his head, dropped the other to his side, and listened with grave attention. He then crept away on all fours, looking back over his shoulder, like a frightened baby," and covered himself with his piece of carpet. Then his fear gave place to pleasure, and he sat down, with smoothed hair, and listened to the music. The piccolo at first frightened him, but he soon held out his hand for the instrument and was allowed to examine it. "The flute did not interest him, but the bagpipes—reproduced on the violin—achieved a triumph." The capuchins were busy eating their breakfast; "but the violin soon attracted an audience. The capuchins dropped their food and clung to the bars, listening, with their heads on one side, with great attention. The keeper drew our notice to the next cage. There, clinging in rows to the front wires, was a silent assembly of a dozen macaques, all listening attentively to the concert which their neighbors were enjoying. At the first sounds of the flute most of these ran away; and the piccolo excited loud and angry screams from all sides. Clearly, in this case, the violin was the favorite." When the flute was played to the elephant, he stood listening with deep attention, one foot raised from the ground, and its whole body still. "But the change to the piccolo was resented. After the first bar, the elephant twisted round, and stood with its back to the performer, whistling and snorting and stamping its feet. The violin was less disliked, but the signs of disapproval were unmistakable." The deer were strongly attracted by the violin, and showed equal pleasure at the tones of the flute. The ostrich seemed to enjoy the violin and flute, though it showed marked dislike at the piccolo. "The ibexes were startled at the piccolo, first rushing forward to listen, and then taking refuge on a pile of rock, from which, however, the softer music of the flute brought them down to listen at the railing. The wild asses and zebras left the hay with which their racks had just been filled; and even the tapir, which lives next door, got up to listen to the violin; while the flute set the Indian wild ass kicking with excitement. But the piccolo had no charms for any of them, and they all returned to their interrupted breakfasts." A sleeping tiger was awakened by the soft playing of the violin near its cage; listened to the music for a time "in a very fine attitude," then "purred," lay down again, and dozed. At the first notes of the piccolo, it "sprang to its feet and rushed up and down the cage, shaking its head and ears, and lashing its tail from side to side. As the notes became still louder and more piercing, the tiger bounded across the den, reared on its hind feet, and exhibited the most ludicrous contrast to the calm dignity and repose with which it had listened to the violin. With the flute, which followed, the tiger became quiet, the leaps subsided to a gentle walk, and coming to the bars and standing still and quiet once more, the animal listened with pleasure to the music."
The Observatory at Arequipa, Peru.—Prof. Pickering, of Harvard Observatory, is well satisfied with the advantages of the South American branch observatory near Arequipa, Peru, eight thousand feet above the sea. During a large part of the year, he says, the sky is nearly cloudless. A telescope having an aperture of thirteen inches has been erected there, and has shown a remarkable degree of steadiness in the atmosphere. Night after night atmospheric conditions prevail which occur only at rare intervals, if ever, in Cambridge. Several of the diffraction rings surrounding the brighter stars are visible, close doubles in which the components are much less than a second apart are readily separated, and powers can be constantly employed which are so high as to be almost useless in Cambridge. In many researches the gain is as great as if the aperture of the instrument was doubled. The observatory is also favorably situated with reference to the southern stars, most of which can not be seen at all from the United States.
Ashamed, yet Faithful.—We have received from Dr. John S. Flagg, of Boston, a curious incident illustrating the operation of something like a moral sense in a dog. One rainy morning in October, 1891, Dr. Flagg observed a setter dog in front of himself, slinking along with his tail and head depressed, and his whole gait one of dejection. He proved to be following a seedy-looking man in a state of reeling intoxication. Being impressed that the dog's trouble was caused by shame at the intoxication of his master and the attention he was attracting, Dr. Flagg followed the case up. "On reaching the crossing at the head of Hanover Street," he says, "where the traffic is large, the dog lost a little of his dejected air and occupied himself chiefly in getting the man safely across. When his charge was finally over, and meandering down the left-hand side of Hanover Street, then the dog slunk to the opposite side and resumed the shamefaced air I had at first noticed, keeping constant watch with furtive glances on the staggerer opposite. Where Hanover Street crosses New Washington Street, the dog again piloted the man with anxious care. This done, he again declined to be seen on the same sidewalk with him, but slunk along in the shadow of the building opposite. The master turned into Prince Street, when the sense of degradation seeming to be somewhat lessened by familiar surroundings, the faithful animal trotted ahead as pilot to the door. I could not perceive in the dog's attitude any sign of fear of his master, or any evidence of wrong-doing on his own part; everything seemed to show that the one explanation of the dog's behavior lay in his appreciation of the common disgrace caused by the man's condition."
The Use of Lightning Rods.—A discussion, by Alexander McAdie, of the question, Shall we erect Lightning Rods? (Ginn & Co., Boston), in which the arguments on both sides are presented, leads the author to an affirmative answer; and he suggests, to those contemplating the erection of a rod, that they get a good iron or copper conductor, weighing six ounces to the foot of copper, or thirty-five ounces if of iron, preferably of tape form. The nature of the locality will determine in a great degree the need of a rod, as some places are more liable to be struck than others. The very best ground that can be got is after all but a very poor one for some flashes, so that the ground can not be too good. If a conductor at any part of its course goes near water or gas mains it is best to connect it with them, but small-bore fusible pipes should be avoided. The tip of the rod should be protected from corrosion or rust. Independent grounds are preferable to water and gas mains. Clusters of points or groups of two or three along the ridge rod are recommended. Chain or link conductors are of very little use. Slight faith is to be placed in what is called the area of protection. Lightning is much more indifferent than has been supposed to the "path of least resistance." Any part of a building, if the flash is of a certain character, may be struck, whether there is a rod or not; but such accidents are rare with the comparatively mild flashes of our latitudes. The widespread notion that lightning never strikes the same place twice is erroneous, and plenty of cases are recorded to show the contrary of it.
Irrigation in Australia.—Australia, great as is its extent, has but one river system carrying any really important volume of water to the sea. This is the Murray and its large tributaries, which water portions of the three colonies of New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia, in the southeastern corner of the island-continent. Want of rain and the absence of perennial streams constitute one of the greatest difficulties that settlers on the land, whether pastoralists or agriculturists, have to contend with. Subterranean supplies are, indeed, being found in the form of running rivers from sixty to a hundred feet below the surface, but not hitherto in sufficient quantities to compensate the lack of rainfall and surface water for ordinary purposes in years of drought. Still less is there enough such water to be found to irrigate the arid plains. The only supply at all adequate for purposes of irrigation on any extensive scale is afforded by the surplus water of the Murray system, now carried to the sea, and this surplus is obviously a limited quantity. An attempt to fertilize by irrigation some portion of the land lying within reach of this supply of water has been made in the last four years at what are known as the irrigation colonies or settlements of Renmark in South Australia and Meldrum in Victoria. The scheme was started in 1887 by two brothers, the Messrs. Chaffey, who had had experience of fruit-raising in California, who have obtained the grants and means necessary to enable them to carry out their plans. The properties are subdivided with a view to settlement by individuals on small sections, each cultivator enjoying, upon a co-operative system, the use of the fixed plant of the settlements, not only for irrigation, but for rendering the fruits of the soil marketable, by processes of drying, canning, wine-making, etc.
The Love of Nature in America.—The London Spectator has learned from the evidence of books on the subject that there now exists in New England a counterpart to the great and growing appreciation of wild Nature which has left such a mark on recent English literature. Even Fenimore Cooper, it admits, "painted the wild life of the woods with a minuteness of detail and depth of feeling that suggests that the readers for whom he wrote were not less in sympathy with the subject than himself. The works of Thoreau and John Burroughs are now American classics; and to judge by the number of recent works similar in kind and object, the appetite of New England grows by what it feeds on. The coincidence by which people of the same race, and living in the same latitude, but on different sides of the globe, are now eagerly expressing in a common language their pleasure and interest in exactly the same kind of subjects and scenes, though the actual birds and beasts, trees and plants, are often as distinct as the two continents in which they are found, is probably unique. There is no such analogy in taste between England and any of her colonies as this common love of Nature which finds almost identical expression in the prose idylls of Jefferies and of Burroughs, and the engravings of Wolf and of Mr. Hamilton Gibson." The Spectator goes on to cite from the books of two or three of our Nature-loving authors, without giving anything like an adequate exemplification of the list. It might also have extended its studies and brought in other sections than New England. Where, for instance, can we find more faithful portraitures of hill and ravine, forest and field, and the moods of Nature in sunshine and storm, frost and flood, than Charles Egbert Craddock has drawn of her loved Tennessee mountains?
The Brooklyn Institute Biological Laboratory.—The last, its third, was the most successful season of the work of the Biological Laboratory of the Brooklyn Institute, at Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. During its three years of existence more than sixty persons have made use of the advantages afforded by the laboratory, either in study or investigation; and among these have been college professors, public-school teachers, physicians, and students of various grades of schools. Of the three classes of students using the marine laboratories—those seeking a general knowledge of zoölogy and botany, including medical students; college students desiring to do miscellaneous work of a higher character than that of their college, or to study embryology from the practical side; and those who desire to undertake original research—the course of this school has been especially planned for the first two classes. An elementary course in zoölogy is arranged, lasting six weeks; courses of scientific lectures are given by well-known experts; a special line of work in bacteriology methods is offered; and at a certain point students who have taken the elementary course or its equivalent are allowed to plan their work each for himself.
Home Landscape.—An editorial article in Garden and Forest aims to show how beauty in landscape and in our home surroundings grows out of our honest attempts to adapt the conditions of Nature to our wants. In our clearings, orchard and garden planting, and building, so long as we are honest and straightforward in our work, Mother Nature "stands ready to adopt it as her own, and to make of it landscape rich in meaning and pathos, such as no primitive wilderness can show." Look for a moment upon a typical valley of the interior of New England. "We are standing upon the eastern wall of upland. The village, with a mill or two and a church or two, lies below us at the mouth of a gap in the northern hills. Southward the valley broadens to contain a fresh green intervale. Opposite us the western wall of the valley is an irregular steep slope of rising woods, with numerous upland farms scattered along the more level heights above. The central intervale, the flanking woods, the village gathered at the valley's head—the whole scene before us possesses unity and beauty to a degree which interests us at once. And how was this delightful general effect produced? Simply by intelligent obedience to the requirements of human life in this valley. The village grew what it is for the sake of nearness to the great water power which rushes from the gap in the hills. The intervale was cleared and smoothed for raising perfect hay. The steep side hills have been maintained in woods because they are too steep for agriculture, and because, if they were cleared of trees, their sands and gravels would wash down upon the fertile land of the intervale. Similarly upon the upland farms the greenery along even the tiniest brooks has been preserved in order to obviate that wasteful washing away of soil which results from carrying plowing to the edges of the water-courses. Throughout the landscape before us it is most interesting to note how beauty has resulted from the exercise of common sense and intelligence. The every-day forces of convenience, use, and true economy have here conspired with Nature to produce beauty, and this beauty is of a very different and much more satisfying kind than that which tries to found itself on mere new caprice or fashion."
Perversity conquered.—The story of successful dealing with two cases of idiocy manifesting itself in violence is related by Margaret Bancroft, of Haddonfield, N. J. The first case was a deaf-mute, twenty years of age, "a sickly, wild, destructive, disgusting specimen of humanity," who had to be taken charge of day and night. He would tear or destroy three or four suits a week. An attendant, having noticed that he was fastidious about the color of the things he wore, suggested having fine clothing for him. He was fitted with a suit, and "the success was wonderful. He was perfectly delighted, blew and puffed on his clothes, and from that time, unless some very serious trouble arose with his care-taker, he never destroyed anything unless it was ugly. He was gradually led on from one step in good behavior to another—sitting to witness a play, being photographed, sitting in school during the opening exercises, drawing lines, and mat-weaving, in which, when he threaded his needle and put in one row without help, the whole school set up a hurrah. "There were many ups and downs, but from that time improvement was constant" till boy and teacher were separated in consequence of the burning of the school building. The success is a subject of wonder to all who know of the case. "It has taken unbounded patience, hopefulness, and trust, but the great secret has been love, our love for him and his love for us and trust in us." The other case was a boy who had been hurt mentally by a fall, a destructive, murderous savage, with whom, "for some time after his arrival, we felt that we had a young tiger in our peaceful home. . . . The first attempt to have him in the schoolroom was a tempest." He was tied in a chair and had to be held by two persons; then he had only to be tied; but, "after six months of this work, we could have him in the schoolroom untied for a short time. It was so in everything we attempted to do with him; in teaching him we were obliged to have one person hold him while another directed his hands. So on until we gradually got him to like his work. In marching, calisthenics, games, kindergarten work, chart work, board work, slate work, there were the same battles week after week; but now he leads the marching. . . . He is trying in all his work to use his right hand, but it is a great effort, and requires the exercise of patience on his part. He is loving and neat, takes great pride in his clothes, says his prayers, and tries to please. . . . We are proud of his table manners."
Plains in Cold Countries.—In his book on Ancient and Modern Steppes and Tundras, Prof. A. Nehring undertakes to show that such formations are marks of the post-glacial transition period, the analogues of which can be found in the central regions of Europe and North America, and even in the South. The heaths of central Europe, the puszten of Hungary, the African deserts, North American prairies and savannas, and the pampas and llanos of South America, are, according to his view, all of one class with them. Their common characteristic is not the desolation we usually conceive when the steppe or the tundra is mentioned, which is only a topographical incident, but the limitation of vegetation to herbaceous plants with scarcity of trees, and a general flatness or moderately undulating character of the surface. Sometimes island elevations occur in them, which are covered with trees, and whence streams flow. They are not depressions, but often constitute table-lands or cap the tops of mountains or high hills. As described by Prejevalski, some of the Siberian steppes in spring appear like immense flower beds of various colors, with wood-clad hills of dark pines or dwarf birches rising from among them. Our prairies present this floral exuberance through most of the summer, but on the thinner soil of the steppes it usually dies out under the intense heat, while in winter the region is subject to the other extreme of excessive cold. Rain is more abundant in the steppes than in the northern tundras. It falls chiefly in summer, in violent showers, which do little permanent good to vegetation. In the north, the water, prevented by the perpetual ice in the subsoil from percolating through it, forms the marshes characteristic of the tundras. Another feature common to steppes and tundras is that of raging snow-storms or buranes (blizzards?), or high winds with or without snow. These winds, charged with sand, dust, and snow, sweep away or destroy everything they meet, and deposit in curious formations alternate strata of sand and snow. The animal life of the tundras includes animals that live in them constantly, and those that visit them from other regions. Of the former class are the lemming, the arctic fox, and the snow hare in the tundras, while the characteristic animals of the steppes are the arctomys, the jerboa, and the spermophilus. It was the discovery of numerous remains of these animals in central Europe that suggested to Nehring that all the prairie formations may have had a similar origin. The objections which have been brought against this theory, which are not without weight, are ingeniously answered by Prof. Nehring in his book.
A River's Work.—Regarding the varying phases of a river's work in its passage from the form of a mountain torrent to that of a broad estuary, Mr. Albert F. Brigham remarks that transportation begins at the head waters, and continues, always important, to the ocean. Corrasion (wearing away) is active in the torrential stage, and passes practically down to zero in the lower course of the stream. Deposition begins at the end of the torrential section, and prevails strongly to the ocean. In the middle or terrace section the forces approximate an equilibrium. The river lays up its waste in its banks, only to load it up again after months or years, and carry it a stage farther toward its destination. Somewhere in descending our stream we pass the critical point between land destruction and land building. Above this point materials are gathered up; below they are strewn down."
Surviving Superstitions.—The more sober and matter-of-fact the people, says an essayist in the London Spectator, the more curious are the superstitions that survive among them, in spite of their common sense. It is not only the ignorant sailor before the mast who regards Friday with superstitious dread. His captain and several other well-educated men share in the feeling. The superstition concerning thirteen at the table is perhaps more widespread than any other. A hostess who deliberately made up a party of thirteen would be a bold woman indeed, for two or three of her company would object to dining at her table. Many people will positively assert that they have actually known cases in which one of a party of thirteen at dinner has died in the course of the year—and with perfect truth, probably; for, taking the average age of the assembled guests to be thirty-five or over, the mathematical chances of death occurring among them within a year are rather more than one in thirteen. The chance of a death would be even greater if there were twenty, and would amount to almost a certainty in the case of a hundred—an excellent reason for abstaining from public dinners! The same writer gives as the origin of the superstition against passing under a ladder the circumstance that in the old days the man to be hanged had to pass under the ladder which stood against the gallows for the convenience of the executioner; "and he passed under that ladder with the fair certainty of being immediately hanged." The superstition concerning the spilling of salt dates from the most distant antiquity. "Salt, the incorruptible and the preserver from corruption, the holy substance that was used in sacrifice, could not be rudely spilt or wasted without incurring the anger of all good spirits and giving an opportunity to the evil ones. Now, the evil spirit lurks, as a rule, somewhere behind a man upon the left side, so that it is desirable, if one wishes to avoid the consequence of carelessness, to throw the salt over the left shoulder three mystic times and discomfit the wicked one exceedingly. It is interesting to view the grave solemnity with which the intelligent and well-educated woman of to-day will perform that ceremony."
Rock Striation by River Ice.—A study of the striation of rocks by river ice has been made by Mr. J. E. Todd in the Mississippi and other Western rivers. While not much attention has been paid to this agency, the author finds that planation and striation are sometimes the work of river ice armed with erratics; that the situations most favorable for the phenomenon seem to be on the outside of a bend, or near a strong current, near low-water mark, and below a point where siliceous erratics lie near the water-level. The dynamical conditions necessary are probably a sudden breaking up of the ice before it is rotted by thawing and a flood to wield it. The proper conditions do not often occur in our present Western streams. Usually the striæ are parallel, as much so as in glacial action, and commonly on surfaces dipping up stream, but occasionally upon limited areas dipping down stream. While these facts, the author observes, may have no direct significance of practical value, they indirectly throw much light upon the possible origin of the extra-morainic drift and of some ancient striated surfaces outside of the moraines.
Animals not Afraid of Man.—Mr. W. H. Hudson's observations of birds in La Plata lead him to different conclusions from those which Darwin and Herbert Spencer have reached respecting their supposed instinctive fear of man or birds of prey antecedent to experience or parental teaching. The one thing that is instinctive, says Mr. Alfred R. Wallace, in his review of the book, "is the alarm caused by the warning note of the parent. This produces an effect even before the chick is hatched, for in three different species belonging to widely separated orders Mr. Hudson has watched the nest while the young bird was chipping its way out of the egg and uttering its feeble peep, when, on hearing the warning cry of the mother bird, both sounds instantly ceased, and the chick remained quiescent in the shell for a long time, or till the parent's changed note showed that the danger was over. Young nestling birds take their food as readily from man as from their parents till they hear the warning cry, when they immediately close their mouths and crouch down frightened in the nest. Parasitical birds, which do not recognize the warning cries of their foster-parents, show no fear. The young parasitical cowbird takes food from man, and exhibits no fear, although the foster-parents are hovering close by, screaming their alarm notes, So a young wild dove, reared from the egg by domestic pigeons, which, never being fed, were half wild in their habits, never acquired the wildness of his foster-parents, but became perfectly tame and showed no more fear of a man than of a horse. He had none of his own kind to learn from, and did not understand either the voices or the actions of the dove-pigeons. Mr. Hudson has also reared plovers, tinamous, coots, and many other wild birds from eggs hatched by fowls, and found them all quite incapable of distinguishing friend from foe, while some, such as the rhea and the crested screamer, are much tamer when young than domestic chickens and ducklings. Mr. Hudson concludes that birds learn to distinguish their enemies, first, from parental warnings, and later by personal experience.
The Truffle.—In a book on that vegetable, lately published in France, M. Ad. Chatin defines the truffle as a mushroom, which is not a parasite, though it grows by preference in the immediate vicinity of certain kinds of trees; and like its congeners, the tuberaceous mushrooms, instead of living in the air it is hypogeous. The truffle is first mentioned by Theophrastus, who calls it mizy and mison, and regards it as a rootless plant engendered by the thundershowers of autumn, but capable, according to many observers, of reproducing itself from seeds brought by storms from Tiaris, on the shores of Mitylene. This truffle, that of Lesbos, was an inferior variety to the truffle of Périgord, which is so highly prized by epicures. The truffles of Algeria, called terfas, and those of western Asia, called kamés, although not equal to those of France, are of considerable importance as food to the Arabs. M. Chatin has added several species, previously unknown, to the truffle of all these countries, and a new genus, the Tirmania, to those of Africa. The history of the truffle, as old as that of civilization, begins with the most brilliant days of Greece and Rome, was lost in the darkness of the middle ages, and revived with the Renascence; and at a later period the delicacy spread from the court to the tables of the rich, and is now known in all ranks. Scientific acquaintance with the plant has enjoyed a growth parallel with that of its alimentary use, and with methods of cultivation, which are wholly of modern origin, having been established as the result of the scientific investigations of the present century. According to the latest statistical report of the truffle crop, the total production was valued, for the year 1889, at $500,000.
Superstitions about Saturn.—The somewhat dull and heavy appearance of the light of Saturn as compared with that of the other planets and of the stars of the first magnitude may, according to Paul Stroobant, of the Royal Observatory of Belgium, help to account for the baleful influence which the ancients attributed to it. Recognizing it as the most remote of the planets with which they were acquainted, they paid it a special regard. The Assyrians included the sun, the moon, and the five planets known to them among the superior divinities, calling them the interpreting gods; and of these Saturn was the chief interpreter or revealer. They called it Nisroch or Asshur, the god of time or the year. Similar ideas prevailed in ancient Egypt. Julius Firminius, speaking of astral influences over the dispositions of men, says, "if one is born under the influence of Mercury, he will be addicted to astronomy; if under Mars, he will embrace the profession of arms; if under Saturn, he will devote himself to alchemy." This planet was regarded by the Egyptians as a foreign divinity, for its altars were built outside of the cities, among those of the adopted gods. Probably this usage came from the North, for Plutarch, who locates the island of Ogygia in the North, says that its people, every thirty years, when Saturn went into the sign of Taurus, sailed away to sacrifice in another country. The Greeks regarded Saturn as the god of time. Latin texts represent Saturn as a planet dangerous to human life, and say that it brings rains and four-day fevers. This planet likewise played an important part in the astrology of the middle ages. It was certainly known to the Chinese 2500 years b. c, for they then had ephemerides of the five older planets. Egyptian monuments of the fifth and sixth dynasties mention it. The most ancient precise observation of Saturn known was made by the Chaldeans in the year 579 of the era of Nabonassar. Ptolemy fixes this on March 1, b. c. 228. Ptolemy observed an opposition of Saturn a. d. 127, which was the basis for his determination of the elements of its orbit. The sign , employed to designate Saturn, was not known to the ancients. Laland derives it from the sickle of time. Some persons believe that it stands for the figure 5, answering to the place of the planet in the order of the system, as the sign of Jupiter may stand for 4. Alexander von Humboldt says that the signs for the planets are no older than the tenth century. Different opinions prevail as to whether or not the ancients had any knowledge of Saturn's ring. It is hardly probable.
Jokes by Animals.—Among the incidents of jokes played by animals upon one another cited by a writer on The Animal Sense of Humor, in the London Spectator, is that of a jackdaw which, whenever it found its setter dog companions asleep, would steal up to them and pull at the little fluffy tassels of hair between their toes—where the animal was more sensitive than in other hairy parts of its body—unpleasantly waking them up. At a certain house, a tame magpie was kept in the stable yard with two kestrels. The kestrels were in the habit of sitting on the sides of the water pails that stood outside of the stable doors. At one time the magpie approached a kestrel from behind, seized its long tail in its beak, jerked it violently, and pushed it over into the pail; but the kestrel afterward caught the magpie and punished it well. A cat expressed its dislike of a peacock by jumping through its spread-out tail when the bird was displaying its beauty and exhibiting its own vanity, to the great discomfiture of the fowl. The writer's dog, which was accustomed to hunting rabbits, showed its displeasure when its master had shot a bullfinch by going into the hedge, finding a rabbit, and bringing it to him. Another dog, which knew tame ducks and that they were not hunted, but had no acquaintance with wild ones, was much disgusted when its master shot a teal, believing he had made a mistake, and would have nothing to do with the game. "He behaved in exactly the same way when we shot a black rabbit; nothing would persuade him that it was not a cat; and he would do no serious work for the rest of the day." The writer tells also of dogs that thought it beneath their dignity to chase rats, except when their masters were engaged in the sport; and he speaks of the very obvious dislike of dogs to be laughed at.
Suicidal Ingenuity.—A curious list and description of ingenious methods which insane patients with suicidal tendencies have adopted for disposing of themselves is given by Dr. H. Sutherland in a paper on the prevention of suicide in the insane. Patients with suicidal tendencies should be put under surveillance and constant attendance at once. Care must be taken against all imaginable and even some unimagined things with which they might contrive to kill themselves—medicines, pills, lotions, and plasters, and the patients' taking the prescribed doses, should be looked after, lest they by some craft accumulate a quantity sufficient to kill and take it all at once; keys, razors, knives and forks, fire-irons, even brooms, broken glass, and crockery, should be kept out of their hands; and nails, wires, ropes, sash-lines, bell-pulls, tapes, and string, lest they hang themselves. Even a piece of slate pencil or an old spoon may be used for the purpose of strangulation, by being attached to a string and then pushed through a keyhole and pulled taut. Patients working at their trades require constant watching and daily examination, for their tools and materials may be made to afford facilities for killing themselves. In fact, the ingenuity of these people can be matched only by ingenious vigilance and alertness.
Camphor.—The camphor tree, according to the United States consular report from Osaka, Japan, is a tree of the laurel family growing in southern Japan, the wood of which is valuable in ship-building. It grows in mountainous regions far from the sea. It is a well-proportioned, handsome evergreen, its elliptical, slightly dentate leaf turning a lighter color for one or two months in the spring. The berries grow in bunches. The tree is cut down for the collection of the camphor, but the law requires that it be replaced by another. It is then cut up into chips and steamed. The camphor and oil extracted by the steaming are passed through a connecting tube into a second receiver, and thence into a third, which is divided into two compartments, one above the other. These compartments are separated by a perforated partition, which gives passage to the water and the oil, while the camphor is deposited on a layer of straw provided for it. It is then separated from the straw and prepared for sale. The oil which is drawn out from the lower compartment is used for illumination. | <urn:uuid:bcd219d3-5114-47f1-8714-6c90fa5d0e7f> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_42/April_1893/Popular_Miscellany | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825124.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00149-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974077 | 9,829 | 2.84375 | 3 |
South Koreans are more concerned with air pollution than with North Korea’s nuclear weapons – and with good reason. On some days in Seoul, the air is too full of fine particles to go outside. While some blame China, about half of Korean pollution is from diesel cars and coal plants. Yi hyun Kang looks at what can be done.
What do you do first when you go out? Probably many would check the weather to see if it will rain. But in South Korea, people check something else – the concentration of fine particles (also known as fine dust). Many Koreans have special apps on their smartphones to receive real-time fine dust information. When air pollution is too high, not only children and elderly people, but everybody is advised to stay indoors.
This is not the only thing that fine dust has changed in South Koreans’ daily life. Air cleaner machines are an essential home appliance, particularly in households with children. Opening windows does not mean getting fresh air in – it’s the opposite! On the streets of Seoul, you can see many people walking with facial masks on. If you don’t like wearing such a mask because it doesn’t look cool, don’t worry. Masks with various colors and designs are available for every style, and many pop stars use facial masks as a fashion accessory.
Fine dust consists of sulfur, nitrogen oxides, carbon, soot, and more. The diameter of fine particles (PM10) is less than one fifth of that of a human hair. Ultrafine particles (PM2.5) are even smaller- the diameter of one ultrafine particle is 1/20 of a human hair’s diameter. Therefore, we inhale the particles without noticing, causing serious health risks such as heart and respiratory disease or cancer.
South Korea has one of the highest exposures to ultrafine particles in the world (out of 178 countries surveyed, it ranks 173rd for air quality). It is no wonder that fine dust is the number one source of concern for Koreans, more than nuclear weapons in North Korea, according to a poll conducted last year. The Korean government has announced a plan to reduce ultrafine dust by 30% by 2022, but fine dust concentration in Seoul is ever increasing due to internal and external causes.
Typically, yellow dust (also known as Asian Dust) blown from the deserts of China and Mongolia affects Korea, especially in spring. The dust is carried by strong winds from west to east reaching Korea, Japan and even Eastern Russia. Because of the industrial development in China in the last few decades, the winds are now carrying industrial pollutants from factories and power plants.
The majority of Korean citizens therefore attribute increasing fine dust to China. Nearly 280,000 citizens signed on a petition last month asking the government to protest against the Chinese government. Their reaction is understandable. Although the Chinese government has made efforts to reduce fine dust concentration in its major cities, even more garbage incineration plants are being built in China, particularly on the east coast areas close to Korea.
However, factories and plants in China are not the only culprit. Recent studies concluded that normally almost half of the fine dust originates from Korea. Thus, many environmental experts point out that it is urgent to reduce internal sources.
One of the major sources of fine dust is vehicles. In the last ten years, the number of diesel cars sharply rose in South Korea because the government strongly promoted so-called ‘Clean Diesel’ and made diesel more affordable. The market share of diesel cars has been consistently increasing, making up nearly 43% of registered vehicles in 2016 (about 9.7 million cars). Some studies assert that the half of fine dust in Seoul can be attributed to diesel cars.
Another main source of fine dust is coal. After President Moon was elected, he ordered a temporary shutdown of old coal-fired plants from March to June every year when fine dust concentration is worst. Ten coal-fired plants will be closed permanently in the coming years. However, the 8th Basic Plan for Electricity Supply and Demand announced last December affirms that power supply from coal-fired plants will increase by 2030 with seven new plants, although the share of coal will be reduced in the energy mix.
More action is necessary, and the governments of China and Korea will soon be working together, establishing the Korea-China Environmental Cooperation Center this June. Some researchers suggest that a voluntary emission reduction agreement among East Asian countries could be a viable option. Those efforts will yield more fruitful results if the international community (including consumers) pushes to make industry more environment-friendly.
Stricter regulation of vehicles, power plants, and factories within Korea is also essential. Proposals currently being discussed or suggested include reducing the import and production of diesel cars, running a rotation system of vehicles in downtown of Seoul, and stopping coal-fired plant construction. In the long term, the energy transition from fossil fuel to renewable energy is essential.
When my Korean friends try to arrange a gathering with their children, the first thing they do is check the fine dust concentration forecast. The whole plan depends on it, because nobody wants their children to breathe in particles. It is a sad reality that many Korean kids often cannot see blue sky or play outside even on a sunny day – it’s time for this to change. | <urn:uuid:f75464de-a507-4ced-b86c-8c6fea936431> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://energytransition.org/2018/05/open-the-window-for-fresh-air-not-in-korea/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305494.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220128104113-20220128134113-00291.warc.gz | en | 0.955097 | 1,086 | 3.0625 | 3 |
What is the role of “philosophy” and philosophical dialogue in an Oncolo Café session?
When you hear the word “philosophy,” what kind of image enters your mind? Are Aristotle, Descartes, and Kant the first names that you recall? Perhaps you are thinking that philosophy is something “difficult.” However, what we do during a session at our Oncolo Cafe does not require any specialized knowledge or expertise; it is not at all difficult.
Philosophy begins when we think about something that we have always considered obvious by posing questions such as “Is it really so?” or “What does that mean?” Within those questions, philosophy emerges. Philosophy means to rethinks, reexamine, have doubts, and look for a possible answer.
For example, if we ask “What is love?” a quick answer would be difficult to grasp. Although we share the common meanings and images of “love,” it is, somehow, very difficult to clearly state what love is exactly. Philosophy, through questions, answers, confutations, and the repetition of this process, creates a debate that promotes healthy “dialogue” among participants.
By the way, what does “dialogue” mean?
In English, the word “dialogue” is different from words such as “conversation” or “debate.” Dialogue meant as “talking” is more about everyday conversation, while dialogue meant as a “discussion” is more similar to a game where two (or more) opinions take a stance different from the other and confront each other.
Although the “game” is decided whether you win or lose, the kind of dialogue that Oncolo Café encourages is based on the fundamental roles of talking and listening, in turn. | <urn:uuid:33f3ec34-2e80-45c4-9515-dfa2e189cb4e> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://oncolocafe.com/en/about/dialogue/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107892062.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20201026204531-20201026234531-00192.warc.gz | en | 0.957254 | 395 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Social Darwinism,where the strong succeed and the weak fail. In the Galapagos Islands, Darwin studied finches and found that those with stronger beaks proved to have a better survival rate. Therefore, those most adapted to their society thrived. This process is called natural selection. Natural selection applies to society.
McDonalds is a good example because it has more advertising, income, and business than other fast food companies (Burger King, Wendy's, etc.). Its efforts bring it to the top of the fast food industry and crushes the competition.
Rich (the man on the right) is richer than John (The man on the left). He is more rich because he has evolved to the changes in society. Rich is also happier than John because of his success. Rich is more fit to modern times than John. He is happier and more successful due to the fact that he is more fit. This example applies to Social Darwinism because it explains why some people prosper while others do not.
The Federalists were a political party that was around in the late 1700's who wanted a strong centralized government and dreamed of big cities. The Democratic Republicans wanted small central government and stronger state governments and a more rural farming based country. At the time the country was more farming based and the views of the Democratic Republicans were more popular and led them to be strong and survive. The Federalist's views were outdated and the party eventually died. The more fit and evolved party eventually won out. | <urn:uuid:324fec7e-4062-4abd-91ad-6463a3a0b28f> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://tackk.com/zzy7jh | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125849.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00250-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981202 | 303 | 3.65625 | 4 |
The Mica group represents 37 phyllosilicate minerals that have a layered or platy texture. The commercially important micas are muscovite and phlogopite. Mica’s possess perfect basal cleavage, allowing crystals to be split into very thin sheets that are tough and flexible. Mica sheets are also transparent to opaque, resilient, reflective, refractive, dielectric, chemically inert, insulating, lightweight, and hydrophilic. Mica also is stable when exposed to electricity, light, moisture, and extreme temperatures.
Because of their perfect cleavage, flexibility and elasticity, infusibility, low thermal and electrical conductivity, and high dielectric strength, muscovite and phlogopite have found widespread application throughout industry , commerce and household goods. Mica provides an outstanding combination of chemical, physical, electrical, thermal and mechanical properties which cannot found in any other insulating product.
Technical grade sheet mica is used in electrical components, electronics, in atomic force microscopy and as window sheets. Other uses include diaphragms for oxygen-breathing equipment, marker dials for navigation compasses, optical filters, pyrometers, thermal regulators, stove and kerosene heater windows, radiation aperture covers for microwave ovens, and micathermic heater elements. Mica is birefringent and is therefore commonly used to make quarter and half wave plates. Specialized applications for sheet mica are found in aerospace components in air-, ground-, and sea-launched missile systems, laser devices, medical electronics and radar systems. Mica is mechanically stable in micrometer-thin sheets which are relatively transparent to radiation (such as alpha particles) while being impervious to most gases. It is therefore used as a window on radiation detectors such as Geiger-Müller tubes.
Sheet mica is used principally in the electronic and electrical industries. Its usefulness in these applications is derived from its unique electrical and thermal properties and its mechanical properties, which allow it to be cut, punched, stamped, and machined to close tolerances.
Specifically, mica is unusual in that it is a good electrical insulator at the same time as being a good thermal conductor. The leading use of block mica is as an electrical insulator in electronic equipment. High-quality block mica is processed to line the gauge glasses of high-pressure steam boilers because of its flexibility, transparency, and resistance to heat and chemical attack. Only high-quality muscovite film mica, which is variously called India ruby mica or ruby muscovite mica, is used as a dielectric in capacitors. The highest quality mica film is used to manufacture capacitors for calibration standards. The next lower grade is used in transmitting capacitors. Receiving capacitors use a slightly lower grade of high-quality muscovite.
Mica sheets are used to provide structure for heating wire (such as in Kanthal or Nichrome) in heating elements and can withstand up to 900 °C (1,650 °F).
Muscovite and phlogopite splittings can be fabricated into various built-up mica products. Produced by mechanized or hand setting of overlapping splittings and alternate layers of binders and splittings, built-up mica is used primarily as an electrical insulation material. Mica insulation is used in high-temperature and fire-resistant power cables in aluminium plants, blast furnaces, critical wiring circuits (for example, defense systems, fire and security alarm systems, and surveillance systems), heaters and boilers, lumber kilns, metal smelters, and tanks and furnace wiring. Specific high-temperature mica-insulated wire and cable is rated to work for up to 15 minutes in molten aluminium, glass, and steel. Major products are bonding materials; flexible, heater, molding, and segment plates; mica paper; and tape.
Mica Plate also has a large consumer use as a lampshade material in many lighting applications, the paper when formed and cut and molded to shape creates a warm light with unique, striking colors caused by mineral deposit variations. Additional decorative uses include applications in privacy screens, Fireplace screens, wallpaper, Picture matts and many other decorative functions where it’s unique texture and reflective look add a unique touch. | <urn:uuid:9ceaf44a-3d73-4d51-a9a8-440e8939328a> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | http://zmeg.net/index47.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337524.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004184523-20221004214523-00734.warc.gz | en | 0.915165 | 970 | 3.265625 | 3 |
CSVTU Exam Papers – BE I Year – Applied Chemistry – 2005
BE (1st Semester)
Examination – 2005
1. (a) What are the disadvantages of scale formation to boilers.
(b) Name four Sludge forming Salts.
(c) What can be the main possible types of alkalinity in water?
(d) How corrosion in a boiler? Discuss the methods for its prevention?
(e) What are the principles of internal conditioning of boiler feed water? Describe calogon conditioning ?
2. (a) Why even dissolved in traces MgCl2 is dangerous for boilers?
(b) What do you mean by internal treatment?
(c) Calculate the amount of lime (84% pure) and soda (92% pure) required for treatment of 20,000 liters of water which when analysed gave following results.
Ca(HCO3)2 = ppm, Mg(HCO3)2 = 36.3 ppm,
CaCl2 =27.75ppm and NaCl= ppm.
Molecular mass of above salts are -162, 146, 120, 136, 111 and 58 respectively.
3. (a) What is Zeolite?
(b) What is delonised or demineralised water? What is hardness of such water prepared high pressure boilers?
(c) Write a short note on any one of the following:
(i) Priming and Foaming
(ii) Phosphate conditioning
4. (a) Define ‘Knocking’ and ‘Octane number of gasoline’.
(b) Name the factors assessed in proximate and ultimate analysis of coal.
(c) What is the important of analysis of flue gases?
5. (a) Write short notes on any two of the following:
(i) Difference in low and high temperature carbonization of coal.
(ii) Diesel engine fuels.
(iii) Advantage of liquid fuels over solid fuels.
6. (a) 0.72 gram of a fuel containing 80% carbon, when burnt in a Bomb calorimeter, increased the temperature of water from 27.3° to 29.1°C. if the calorimeter contains 250 gms. of water and its water equivalent is 150 gms. Calculate the HCV of the fuel. Give your answer in Kj/Kg.
(b) Give an account of recovery by-products of Otto-Hoffman’s oven.
7. (a) Describe electrochemical corrosion of iron in neutral medium.
Explain wet mechanism of corrosion of iron in neutral condition with diagram only.
(b) What is battery?
(c) What is cell voltage?
8. (a) Define corrosion.
(b) Explain water line with well labeled diagram.
(c) What is fuel cell
9. (a) Write short notes on any one of the following:
(i) Pitting Corrosion
(ii) Stress corrosion.
(b) What is recharging battery?
10. (a) What are the functions of lubricant?
(b) Give average compound composition of Portland cement along with their setting time. Give characteristics of important constituents.
11. (a) Give ISI Specification of Portland cement.
(b) Write short note on poly-vinyl chloride.
12. (a) What are the raw materials for Nylon 6:6?
(b) Explain with reason the role of Gypsum in Portland cement.
(c) Give difference between thermoseing thermoplastic resin.
13. (a) Write short notes on preparation, properties and of normal super phosphate and Acrylonitrile.
(b) What are the characteristics of an explosive?
(c) What is rocket propellant?
(d) What is RDX(chemically)?
14. (a) Write short notes on Ammonium nitrate and cellul aceate.
(b) Give classification of explosives along with the characteristics.
(c) What is monopropellant? Give an example.
(d) Give uses of explosive.
15. (a) Write a method of preparation, properties and ammonium sulphate.
(b) Write a note on carbon tetrachloride.
(c) Why ethanol is added to chloroform?
(d) Give important characteristics of a good propellant.
(e) Detoators are used in conjunction with high explosives. Why? | <urn:uuid:c3f8e9ae-cdfb-43bf-8221-8589cbfb0442> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.kopykitab.com/blog/csvtu-exam-papers-be-i-year-applied-chemistry-2005/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159160.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923055928-20180923080328-00447.warc.gz | en | 0.872093 | 968 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Why is Wikipedia not a reliable source?
Wikipedia is a good source for getting information. But, it is not always that it can be relied upon. Each of the Wikipedia articles has a disclaimer given along with it. It says that the article published may not have accurate information completely. It is important to check the information that we were getting previously. Wikipedia is mostly accurate in giving information but not always reliable enough. In colleges today Wikipedia is not considered as a dependable site and the students are not allowed to keep this site as a citation for source. So, Wikipedia is certainly not the academically reliable and acceptable website.
If you want to collect any technical information, it is better to look for the official site which has the required information written by a credible author. The documentary information and the science books are made to publish. If anyone is in search of information very urgently, he can approach this website to make a start with and later on jump into the links which might lead to other articles. Most of the articles in Wikipedia can be altered by anyone and replace it there. So, information that can mislead exists in this site that was not observed by the experts who actually wrote the article. The information can appear as biased sometimes.
Wikipedia can be used for secondary reference rather than primary. When you are reading a text book or any other published source of information, in order to know further more about it Wikipedia can be visited. Wikipedia can never be used as a compete source for research purpose. It is not that all the information is incorrect in this site. But, incorrect information might be there and hence it is necessary for us to not rely completely on this site.
If the site allows the visitor to just write comment on the articles and not allow him directly to edit the article, it would be better for anyone to rely on the information completely. If the person who is editing is not an expert then it would create a problem to all the people who gets that information in Wikipedia. Taking care of this aspect can make this site comparatively reliable. | <urn:uuid:4031cc2c-d19b-4945-a698-5ce42d0ad7ec> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.knowswhy.com/why-is-wikipedia-not-a-reliable-source/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178389798.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20210309092230-20210309122230-00246.warc.gz | en | 0.966915 | 412 | 2.9375 | 3 |
One of the biggest challenges with deploying intelligence at the edge is keeping power consumption in check. Making smart decisions can take a lot of processing, which can burn a lot of power.
The Intel® Quark™ SE microcontroller C1000 tackles this dilemma with an innovative pattern-matching engine and a smart sensor subsystem. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the processor with the pattern-matching engine and sensor subsystem highlighted in orange.
Figure 1. The Intel® Quark™ SE microcontroller includes a pattern-matching engine and sensor subsystem.
With its new pattern-matching engine, the Intel Quark SE microcontroller can perform simple pattern detection on sensor data without engaging the main processor core. Inputs like vibration, temperature, or current can be passed directly from the sensor subsystem to the pattern-matching engine. If the engine finds a pattern it has been looking for, it can trigger a wakeup event to the main processor. The processor can then take whatever action is needed—such as starting up a piece of equipment or sending a message to maintenance staff.
The sensor subsystem also can operate independently of the main core. The heart of this system is a 32-bit ARC EM DSP core that can offload sensor processing from the main core. This allows the main core to stay in sleep mode until the sensor processing is complete.
The DSP core has hardware support for operations like multiply-accumulate, fractional arithmetic, floating point, divide, square root, and trigonometric functions. These arithmetic capabilities enable the core to perform initial signal processing and signal-conditioning functions like sensor fusion, data averaging, filtering, artifact rejection, and error correction.
Inside the Pattern-Matching Engine
While the sensor subsystem will be familiar to anyone who has programmed a DSP, the pattern-matching engine is more novel. The pattern-matching engine features 128 neurons that can perform two types of pattern recognition: K-nearest neighbor (KNN), where the input consists of the K-closest training examples, and radial basis function (RBF), which depends on the distance from the origin to correctly classify new instances.
Upon processing a pattern, the engine returns one of three states: identification, uncertain, or unknown. Up to 32,768 identification categories can be programmed.
When it comes to programming, neurons can have three states in the chain: IDLE, Ready To Learn (RTL), or Committed (see Figure 2). It becomes Committed as soon as it learns a pattern. A control line then changes its status from Ready To Learn to Committed. The next neuron in the chain then becomes the Ready To Learn neuron. The contents of Committed neurons, a representation of the knowledge they have built autonomously via learning examples, can be saved and restored.
Figure 2. Neurons exist in one of three states. (Source: General Vision)
Neurons are trained by example and decide autonomously when it is necessary to commit new neurons and/or correct existing ones. In the course of learning, only novelty—new information—results in a new committed neuron.
When a new example is presented for learning, the neural network first attempts to recognize it. If the example is recognized by one or more neurons, and they all agree on its category, the new example is discarded since it does not add any new information to the existing knowledge base. If the example is not recognized by any existing neurons, a new neuron is automatically added to the network to store the new example and its value.
Edge Intelligence in Action
One company taking advantages of these capabilities is Dublin-based Firmwave, which uses the processor in its Edge 3.0 wireless sensor platform (Figure 3). The Firmwave* Edge supports Zigbee*, Thread, RFID, NFC, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth*, LoRa*, SIGFOX*, and cellular connectivity. It comes with a host of on-board sensors, including temperature, humidity, light, pressure, position, and acceleration as well as a 36-pin expansion connector providing flexibility and extensibility.
Figure 3. Firmwave’s Edge wireless sensor platform is optimized for low power.
Adrian Burns, CTO and co-founder at Firmwave, notes that his company’s interest in Intel Quark SE microcontroller is in leveraging its on-board sensor subsystem to do data classification on the fly, offloading tasks from the core and enabling the processor to stay in low-power mode longer. He says, “We wake up the processor only when we want to do data connectivity to the cloud or gateway, allowing Firmwave Edge customers to reduce energy use.”
Burns notes that many of the company’s engineering efforts are centered on power optimization. When they see an opportunity to reduce power consumption, as the Intel Quark SE microcontroller does, “we have to be all over it,” he says.
A Smarter Way to Do Intelligence at the Edge
The Intel Quark SE microcontroller is in many ways a remarkable departure from Intel’s traditional approach. Adding the pattern-matching engine and DSP core in the sensor subsystem offload a considerable amount of processing from the main core, where Intel would traditionally focus its efforts. But it is clear that this new approach has resulted in high intelligence at low power. It will be interesting to see how the new capabilities will be deployed in the field. | <urn:uuid:d8f6a0c6-dae0-4894-b674-5948c86de623> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.insight.tech/retail/pattern-matching-low-power-intelligence-at-the-edge | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314130.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818205919-20190818231919-00249.warc.gz | en | 0.901188 | 1,114 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Researchers at the University of Minnesota have demonstrated that brain waves can control the movement of a quadrocopter, flying the robot up, down, forward, backward and through hoops.
Using only a skull cap with electrodes that picks up on the brain activity – not a fancy or invasive chip implanted in the brain — the researchers hope the idea could someday be used for people who don’t have the ability to speak or control their limbs.
“It may even help patients with conditions like stroke or Alzheimer’s disease. We’re now studying some stroke patients to see if it’ll help rewire brain circuits to bypass damaged areas,” Karl LaFleur, first author of the study and senior biomedical engineering student who is going on to medical school, said according to the university.
Watch how it works:
“My entire career is to push for noninvasive 3-D brain-computer interfaces, or BCI,” professor Bin He said, according to the university’s website. “[Researchers elsewhere] have used a chip implanted into the brain’s motor cortex to drive movement of a cursor [across a screen] or a robotic arm. But here we have proof that a noninvasive BCI from a scalp EEG can do as well as an invasive chip.”
It’s not the first time thought-controlled technology has been demonstrated. We’ve seen other researchers learning to fly drones with their mind and even how similar technology allowed a paralyzed woman to feed herself for the first time.
Unlike other technology, He said his team’s is the first to use both functional MRI and EEG to know exactly where the brain signals are coming from and interpret with a computer interface what actions they are commanding.
The research, published in the Journal of Neural Engineering, states that five test subjects were trained and proved able to control the quadrocopter with their minds.
(H/T: Daily Mail) | <urn:uuid:8425f09f-10c1-45bf-ae63-e4f5b0f73c50> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/06/05/woah-quadrocopter-robot-controlled-using-only-brain-waves/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701156627.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193916-00266-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948102 | 407 | 3.34375 | 3 |
For the past several months there has been much public discussion about the presence of parasites found in the flesh of fish, with the OU’s position consistently lenient. On June 1st, the OU hosted Rabbi Moshe Vaie, the world renowned expert in the field of hilchos tolaim and author of Bedikas Hamazon K’halacha. Rabbi Vaie, along with two other speakers, gave a thorough presentation about the current issue and its impact on the kosher fish industry. Also in attendance were kashrus professionals and representatives from the major kashrus agencies in the United States and Canada.
The current issue centers on the scientifically accepted lifecycle of the anisakis worm, a common parasite that is found in the flesh of fish. The anisakis is assumed in its immature form to originate in the ocean and undergoes a series of developmental stages until it finds its way into a fish, where it migrates from the stomach to the flesh. Although Chazal and the Shulchan Aruch unequivocally permit worms found and grown in the flesh of fish, halachically those found in the stomachs are considered forbidden since they are assumed to have been directly swallowed by the fish from the ocean. The scientifically accepted lifecycle of the anisakis seemingly describes a sheretz that is halachically forbidden, whereas Chazal and the Shulchan Aruch permit worms found in the fish’s flesh without qualification.
Rabbi Vaie began by discussing and presenting a slideshow about the prevalence of anisakis and similar parasites throughout the fish industry.
Rabbi Vaie emphasized the following points:
- There are thousands of species of parasites that may be found in the flesh of fish that are commonly consumed.
- The presence of parasites in fish flesh is highly prevalent and in large volumes. It is therefore not possible to properly clean fish from these parasites, as only a modest % will be removed.
- Parasites in the flesh of fish is not a new phenomenon, but can be traced back 700 years ago in the literature of Rishonim, which also recognize that these worms are not dormant but can migrate.
- The size of the immature parasites while in the ocean is microscopic and therefore not forbidden at that stage. It is possible to suggest that since the microscopic parasite develops as noticeable in a host after it is ingested, it is therefore not considered a sheretz hayam.
- There are still several unknowns in the world of science regarding parasite development.
- This precise issue was presented years ago to numerous gedolei yisroel, many of whom ruled leniently.
Rabbi Vaie also summarized the current positions of certain gedolei yisroel in Eretz Yisroel:
- Rav Shmuel Wosner shlita and Rav Yosef Shalom Elyashiv shlita advise one to be vigilant.
- Rav Nissim Karelitz shlita has ruled that one may eat fish without checking for parasites, although if a parasite is noticed it should be removed.
- A well known and highly respected kashrus agency in Eretz Yisroel certifies herring; despite consistently high concentrations of anisakis. This is because their Beis Din essentially assumes that parasites found in the fish flesh are permissible.
Rabbi Moshe Yosef Blumberg, an associate of the Tartikover Beis Din who has researched a significant amount of scientific data in this area also presented.
Rabbi Blumberg demonstrated the following points:
- Scientific studies assume that migration between the stomach and flesh occurs while the fish are still living, unlike what others have suggested that it occurs after death since the fish are not gutted properly.
- There are discrepancies and differences of opinion amongst scientists with details about the anisakis’ life cycle.
The third and final presenter was Rabbi Yechezkel Meisels, mora d’asra of Ehel in Williamsburg. Rabbi Meisels related that he was present with Dayan Gross in 1978, when this same sheilah was presented to Rav Moshe Feinstein zt”l. Rabbi Meisels proceeded to tell the background of the sheilah prior to visiting Rav Moshe and that he received letters from two scientific experts outlining the lifecycle of a parasite that is found in the flesh of fish. Rabbi Meisels recounted how he and Dayan Gross came to Rav Moshe with samples of fish and these two letters, showing them while explaining that modern science assumes that these parasites originate from outside the fish. Nevertheless, Rav Moshe unwaveringly responded that since the parasite is found in the flesh of the fish, it should therefore be permitted in accordance with Shulchan Aruch. When asked if a teshuva could be written, Rav Moshe declined since the answer is clearly found in the Mechaber.
Throughout the meeting there was ample and extensive discussion of the differing sides of the issue. | <urn:uuid:258e55a4-c3d5-4030-bdcd-fad95f7176bc> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://oukosher.org/blog/the-certification-of-specific-industries/fish-industry-kashrus-meeting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038066568.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412023359-20210412053359-00581.warc.gz | en | 0.949883 | 1,040 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Three out of four women consider themselves well‑informed about breast cancer, but much of what they believe is inaccurate, according to a new survey by the National Breast Cancer Coalition. With 40,000 more lives expected to be claimed by the disease this year alone, it's never been more important to arm yourself with the right knowledge to prevent and detect it. See below to clear up three of the most common misperceptions among women.
56% of women believe a family history of breast cancer is the biggest predictor for developing the disease.
TRUTH Less than 10% of breast cancer cases are hereditary; more than two‑thirds of diagnosed women have no known risk factors. Age is the largest single risk factor.
38% of women believe a self‑exam at home is the best way to detect breast cancer.
TRUTH Although experts say you shouldn't stop doing self‑exams, be aware that mammograms are the only method proven reliable for early detection. The US Preventive Services Task Force says self‑exams "are associated with an increased risk for false positive results."
70% of women believe eating a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains effectively reduces your chances of breast cancer.
TRUTH An 8‑year study of more than 48,000 US women found no significant preventive effect for breast cancer‑‑but such a diet can help prevent other cancer types and health problems. Exercising and maintaining a healthy weight does reduce breast cancer risk, however.
86: The percentage of U.S. women who believe a breast cancer cure will be found in their children's lifetime. | <urn:uuid:e4da84a3-8d10-4202-9933-d788037595cb> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.prevention.com/print/45646 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111809.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00219-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958128 | 329 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Texas Ranger Leander McNelly was born on March 12, 1844 in Brook
County, Virginia. His family moved to Missouri in 1855, and then
on to Texas in the fall of 1860. During the Civil War, McNelly served
as a private in Company F of the Fifth Texas Cavalry and was later
promoted to the rank of Captain for his "gallantry" and given command
of the brigade scouts. The South may well have lost the war, but
the blame could not be placed on McNelly. The young officer and
his scouts distinguished themselves many times during the fighting
that ebbed and flowed across Louisiana and Mississippi, much of
it far behind enemy lines.
One such incident
occurred in the summer of 1864, when McNelly and his scouts were
ordered to capture Brashear, Louisiana (now Morgan City), defended
by nearly 400 Federal troops. McNelly had less than forty men, but
after dark, he marched them back and forth across a small bridge
that stood just outside town. To make the ruse more effective, the
confederates shouted commands into the dark from unseen colonels
and generals, as the troops marched back and forth. At sunup, McNelly
raised a flag of truce and led his small force into Brashear, demanding
unconditional surrender. Believing that the noise they had heard
during the night represented a large Confederate force ready to
attack, the Union officers immediately surrendered the 380 soldiers
defending the town.
At the conclusion of the war, the twenty-one year-old McNelly returned
to Texas a hero. He had survived four
years of brutal fighting with only one minor wound, but his health
was continually threatened by a severe case of consumption contracted
from the primitive living conditions he was forced to endure during
the war. After settling down on a farm near Brenham,
Leander married Carey Cheek and had two children. McNelly was a
religious man, and for a time settled into the life of a gentleman
cotton farmer in Washington County. He later worked for the General
Land Office before he was appointed by Governor Edmund G. Davis
as one of the four captains of the new State Police. He served in
this position from July 1, 1870, until the force was disbanded on
April 22, 1873.
In July 1874, thirty-four volunteers from the Washington County
militia were mustered into government service as the seventh company
of the Frontier Battalion. Leander McNelly was appointed the company
commander, and the company was assigned duty in DeWitt County to
deal with the bloody Sutton-Taylor feud. The feud had begun in March
1874, when a member of the Taylor family killed a member of the
Sutton family. Captain McNelly and his men arrived on August 1 and
spent four months attempting to suppress the civil violence and
ensure that Taylor and the witnesses against him lived to participate
in the trial. They were moderately successful, but following the
trial, McNelly again took sick with consumption and was forced to
return to his farm to recuperate. In his after action report, the
veteran Ranger stated that the presence of his men had acted as
a damper on the violence, but he was sure the unrest would eventually
flair up again now that the company was withdrawn.
April of 1875, Governor Richard Coke commissioned Captain McNelly
to organize a Special Force of Texas Rangers to deal with the bloodshed
and crime that was ongoing throughout the Nueces Strip, the narrow
strip of land that ran between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande.
McNelly carefully, but quickly, handpicked the forty men for his new
Special Force and rode for Nueces County. Upon his arrival, he learned
that a gang of Mexican bandits had recently robbed a local store and
made off with eighteen expensive saddles adorned with silver conchos.
A new shipment of fancy saddles was expected any day, but McNelly
instructed the merchant not to sell any for awhile. He then told his
first sergeant, John B. Armstrong, to describe the saddles to the
Rangers and order them to empty any such saddles on sight. “Leave
the men where you drop them and bring the saddles to camp.” After
listening to McNelly’s instructions, the merchant was sure Governor
Coke had picked the right man to clean up the mess in the Nueces Strip.
John B. Armstrong
| The merchants
and ranchers in South Texas
all chipped in to outfit the Rangers with single-shot, .50-caliber
Sharps rifles, the long arm preferred by many buffalo hunters. Most
Mexican bandits were armed with more modern repeating rifles like
the Henry and the Winchester, but the Sharps rifle was a reliable
weapon and deadly accurate at long range. The Rangers were also provided
with a wagon load of ammunition. Now that his men were adequately
armed, McNelly’s next problem was to see that they were properly mounted.
Many of the men were riding farm horses, more fit for plowing than
chasing Mexican bandits. The Rangers needed well-bred and high-spirited
animals like those of their adversaries. Richard C. King, owner of
the famous King Ranch was losing a lot of stock to rustlers, so he
was more than happy to provide the required horses. Of course, McNelly
received the best mount, a tall, wide-chested bay named “Segal.”
From his experience as an officer during the war, Captain McNelly
was well aware of the importance of intelligence. In this case,
the intelligence came from a rare prisoner captured while riding
one of the fancy saddles that had been stolen earlier. As usual,
McNelly was willing to play rough, and the prisoner soon provided
the information the Rangers needed. A large gang of Mexican bandits
were herding nearly 300 head of stolen cattle along the coast toward
Mexico. After spending the night in a dry camp, the Rangers caught
up with the bandits at sunup. The Mexicans were nearing the Rio
Grande when they spotted the Texans closing in and began to push
their stolen stock much harder. Reaching a swamp short of the river,
the bandits circled the stock on a small island in the middle of
a shallow lake and took cover. McNelly’s orders to his Rangers were
to ride five paces apart, not to fire until he did, and to fire
only straight ahead.
big bay straight into the shallow water, McNelly headed toward the
bandits, his Rangers strung out to either side. The Mexicans began
to fire, but the Rangers kept moving forward as if they were bullet-proof.
Some of the bandits panicked and fled from the determined advance,
but others stayed put and kept on shooting. A horse was hit and
screamed in pain, as the Ranger leaped from the saddle. The volume
of Mexican fire increased, and a few other Ranger horses went down,
but McNelly continued to hold his fire until he was only thirty
paces from the bandits. Drawing his big Colt, he aimed and fired,
knocking an outlaw off his feet, and the Rangers opened fire in
concert with their leader. The Mexicans scrambled for their horses,
but it was too late. Following Captain McNelly’s orders, the Rangers
continued to stay on line, calmly firing straight ahead. The effect
of their fusillade was devastating. By the time the echo of gunfire
ceased, bodies of dead bandits lay scattered across the island.
McNelly ordered the bodies displayed in the town square as a warning
to others who might choose to follow the outlaw path.
The most daring exploit of Leander McNelly and his Special Force
was a mid-November 1875 invasion of Mexican soil at Las Cuevas,
some ten miles below Rio
Grande City on the Mexican side of the river. The incident began
when the U. S. Army chased a gang of Mexican cattle thieves to the
north bank of the Rio Grande but refused to go any further. McNelly’s
plan was simple. If he launched an incursion across the border to
retrieve the cattle, the U. S. Army would be forced to come to his
assistance. He believed public opinion would not allow the army
to stand by while the more than 3,000 Mexican troops and vaqueros
in the area slaughtered his Rangers. McNelly gathered thirty Rangers
at midnight and spoke to them. “… if any of you do not want to go
over with me, step aside … You understand there is to be no surrender.
We ask no quarter nor give any.” All thirty Rangers stepped forward
and cheered in their eagerness to go, and McNelly issued his final
orders. They were clear, concise, and simple instructions as always.
“Kill all you see except old men, women, and children. These are
my orders and I want them obeyed to the letter.”
The crossing of the Rio Grande was made without incident, but the
Rangers were ignorant of the fact that rancho Las Cucharas stood
between them and Las Cuevas. They attacked Las Cucharas by mistake
and gunned down a surprised group of Mexicans chopping wood for
breakfast before McNelly could call for a cease fire. “Well, you
have given my surprise away,” McNelly complained to their Mexican
guide. “Take me to Las Cuevas as fast as you can.” Unfortunately,
the element of surprise had been lost, and the Rangers found 250
soldiers under the command of Juan Flores waiting for them when
they finally reached Las Cuevas. Heavily outnumbered, Captain McNelly
led his Rangers back to the river, but they did not cross to the
American side. Instead, McNelly put out a line of pickets and the
Rangers began to fortify a position along the Mexican side of the
river where they could use their rifles. Arriving in hot pursuit
from Las Cuevas, the Mexicans made the mistake of thinking the Texans
were crossing the river. Juan Flores led some twenty-five of his
horsemen in a galloping charge, hoping to catch the Texans in the
middle of the river. The attack was met with a blistering volley
from the Rangers’ rifles. Flores was killed and the Mexicans quickly
retreated in confusion.
During the negotiations that followed the attack, McNelly was at
his audacious best. When asked to depart Mexican territory immediately,
he stated that he would never go back without the cattle and bandits
who rustled them. The Mexicans were shocked and asked for a temporary
truce. McNelly refused the truce unless his demands were met, but
he stated that he would give an hour’s notice before launching his
own attack. The Mexican leaders were badly rattled. McNelly may
well have had only a few Rangers, but U. S. Army troops were poised
just across the river to lend assistance. Meanwhile, the U. S. Army
was ordered not to support McNelly and the Mexicans were so told.
Ignoring the odds stacked against him, McNelly’s reply was to threaten
an immediate attack on the 400 Mexicans in front of his position
unless the cattle were returned and the thieves turned over to him.
Unbelievably, the Mexicans agreed to the demands, but then in typical
fashion, they waffled when it came time to deliver the cattle. McNelly
calmly informed the Mexican officials that if the cattle were not
delivered across the river in five minutes, they would all be killed.
The cattle were herded to the American side of the river without
During the years 1875 and 1876, the forty-man Special Force saw
nearly two years of continuous service throughout the Nueces Strip,
before Captain McNelly was removed from his command for making one
too many border incursions. McNelly retired to his farm at Burton,
where he died of tuberculosis on September 4, 1877. Leander McNelly
and his Special Force of Texas Rangers were spectacularly successful
by most measures in dealing with the lawlessness of the Nueces Strip.
Unfortunately, many of the methods they used were questionable at
best; the least of which were the illegal border crossings in violation
of Mexico’s territorial sovereignty. Under McNelly’s personal direction,
the Rangers also participated in many forced confessions and illegal
executions; tactics that still remain a controversy along the border
today. Nevertheless, the majority of citizens of South
Texas showed their appreciation by erecting a monument to Leander
McNelly’s memory, paid for by public funds.
March 1, 2014 Column
for "Leander H. McNelly and the Special Force"
More "A Glimpse of Texas Past"
for "Leander H. McNelly and the Special Force"
The Texas Rangers: Men of Action and Valor, (Austin: Eakin
Taming the Nueces Strip: The Story of McNelly’s Rangers,
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1962).
T. R., Lone Star: A History of Texas and the Texans, (New
York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1968)
The Sutton-Taylor Feud: The Deadliest Blood Feud in Texas,
(Denton, University of North Texas Press, 2009).
Prescott, The Texas Rangers, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Press,
1935; rpt., Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982).
Cutrer, “MCNELLY, LEANDER H.,” Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fmag),
accessed, January 20, 2014. Published by the Texas State Historical | <urn:uuid:28ff2ae8-3001-44aa-bc4e-a5273037f64b> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.texasescapes.com/JefferyRobenalt/Leander-H-McNelly-and-Special-Force.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500365.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206212647-20230207002647-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.969301 | 3,120 | 3.03125 | 3 |
When we think of people with eating disorders, we often think of women who are so skinny that you can see all of their ribs, or girls who go in the bathroom to throw up after every meal. But just because you can’t see your daughter’s bones through her skin doesn’t mean that she doesn’t have a problem with food.
There are many misconceptions about eating disorders and because February is Eating Disorder Awareness Month, we want to set the record straight. Bulimia and anorexia may be the most recognized names associated with an eating disorder, but there are other signs of an eating disorder that parents should watch out for.
Ilene Wynn, a registered dietitian and coordinator of the eating disorder program at Yellowbrick, says it’s important that parents observe their son or daughter’s behavior closely to look for some subtle warning signs that may indicate an eating disorder.
Here are signs of eating disorders to be on the lookout for:
There always seems to be some kind of diet in fashion—take juicing or veganism, for example—and sometimes, these can be taken too far. Warning signs include skipping meals and limiting food choices to one or two small quantities. It’s important to understand that each person’s behaviors will be different, but if these kinds of behaviors are ongoing, this is potentially problematic.
- Binge eating
Binge eating is typically described as recurrent incidences of consuming large amounts of food, typically within a short of period of time, until one feels extreme discomfort. The tendency to binge is often driven emotionally and contributes to feeling out of control followed by a sense of guilt, embarrassment, and shame about oneself. A child or adolescent may be using bingeing to find temporary relief from an array of negative feelings. Some hidden signs may include isolation from family and friends, moodiness, irritability, change in eating behaviors, and lack of self-care.
- Obsessive thoughts about food and calorie intake
Obsessive thoughts can indicate the presence of restrictive eating behaviors or alternating bingeing and restriction. Extreme circumstances occur when much of one’s day is spent thinking about food — what you have eaten, what you will eat at the next meal or snack. Constantly calculating calories consumed and knowledge of the caloric content of most foods eaten are a sign that disordered eating and thinking is occurring. Often an individual has difficulty thinking about much else and these thoughts begin to run one’s life. It is important to note that often the obsession with food and calorie intake is not about the food at all, but rather, a way that someone can exert control to manage other negative thoughts and feelings.
- Obsession about healthy eating
Officially called Orthorexia Nervosa, this behavior is all about “fixation on righteous eating” (per National Eating Disorder Association). When the obsession is unhealthy, an individual begins to focus only on eating foods that are nutrient-dense food. Eventually, this leads to obsessive concerns about what to eat and how much, and contending with any deviations from this rigidity become out of control. Those who suffer from Orthorexia may isolate from friends and family because their focus is solely upon food. The obsessive thoughts often have nothing to do with food and everything about one’s self-image.
How You Can Help
If you think that your son or daughter may be suffering from an eating disorder, there are ways you can help. Here’s some advice from Pan Tansey, director of professional relations at Yellowbrick.
- Educate Yourself
Tansey says the first step before you approach your son or daughter with your concerns is to educate yourself about eating disorders. “Eating disorders are very complex and there is a lot to understand,” Tansey says.
- Have a conversation
Tansey says parents must manage their own anxiety in order to approach the conversation by asking and not accusing, and, most importantly, not judging. Eating disorders often exist in a world of secrecy and shame so you may encounter defensiveness and denial. This conversation may need to be followed by many more as you set the tone for compassion and understanding. This may allow for your child to feel comfortable talking with you not just about the eating disorder behaviors, but also about stresses and concerns that are going on in his/her life.
- Don’t comment on how they look
When having a conversation with your son or daughter, Tansey says it’s important that parents avoid commenting on appearance. Body image concerns are a major struggle for many young people with eating issues. Instead, try to focus on what behaviors you have observed as the cause for concern.“The most important aspect of these conversations is to listen. Let him or her know that you are interested in what they have to say and want to work collaboratively with them to approach the issue,” Tansey says. “This lets them know that they are not alone with their struggles and that you are there to help.”
- Seek professional help
The final step if you believe that your son or daughter is struggling with an eating disorder is to seek professional help. Again, it is important to do your research. There are many programs and therapists that address this issue. The web sites mentioned above can provide the kind of support and information about treatment settings to help you decide what your son or daughter needs.
Yellowbrick provides intensive outpatient services for young adults who suffer from anorexia, bulimia, and other eating disorders, such as the ones mentioned above. | <urn:uuid:f52e3b47-6d19-4bc3-ab32-1805b66abcf2> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.yellowbrickprogram.com/blog/tag/eating-disorders | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144150.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219122958-20200219152958-00452.warc.gz | en | 0.968482 | 1,152 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Lee Kuan Yew, whose Asian model of economic prosperity and tight social control made him one of the most influential political figure of Asia. His title now, is minister mentor, a powerful presence within the current government led by his son, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.
He was the prime minister of Singapore from its founding in 1965 until he stepped aside in 1990. Mr. Lee built what he called “a first world in a third world setting” praised for the efficiency and incorruptibility of his rule but accused by human rights groups of limiting political freedoms and intimidating opponents through libel suits.
He defended his actions as necessary to protect his name and he dismissed criticisms by western reporters an “absolute rubbish”. “I’m not saying that everything I did was right,” he said, “but everything I did was for an honorable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial.”
In looking back over his life, Mr. Lee returns to his moment of greatest anguish, the expulsion of Singapore from Malaysia in 1965, when he wept in public. That trauma presented him with the challenge that has defined his life, the creation of a stable and prosperous nation, on guard against conflict within its mixed population of Chinese, Malays and Indians.
In a long, unusually reflective interview, he talked about his struggle to build a thriving nation and this resource poor island, and his concern that the next generation might take his achievements for granted and let them slip away.
The question in Singapore today is how long and in what form his model may endure once he is gone?
Younger people’s demands worry Mr. Lee. Their demands for more political openness and a free exchange of ideas, secure in their well being in modern Singapore is what they wanted.
However, the kind of open political combat they demanded would inevitably open the door to race based politics and “our society will be ripped apart,” Mr. Lee pointed out. “They have come to believe that this is a natural state of affairs, and they can take liberties with it.” | <urn:uuid:d820f4ea-176e-49fd-8199-a515615f0430> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://affleap.com/younger-peoples-demands-worry-singapores-patriarch/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210133.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815141842-20180815161842-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.98375 | 439 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Manali, at the northern end of the Kullu Valley in Himachal Pradesh, is a hill station situated at a height of 2050 m (6398 ft) in the Himalayas. Situated on the Beas River (Vyaas in Hindi) and near its source, it is a popular tourist spot for Indians in summer and a magical, snow-covered place in winter. A staging point for a number of treks (Beas Kund, Chandrakhani Pass) and sports such as white-water rafting, Manali is also on the road to Ladakh via the valley of Lahaul and Spiti and Rohtang Pass, which is the main attraction near Manali.
Minimum temperature could range between -15 to -5 degrees Celsius from October till March. December, January and February are coldest months. Rest of the year the minimum temperature would be between 15 to 20 degree Celsius.
As temperature goes below freezing level, especially during winter season, travelers are advised to carry appropriate clothing.
|Daily highs (°C)||19||23||27||30||35||33||33||30||29||30||25||21|
|Nightly lows (°C)||-11||-11||-6||-1||1||4||7||7||3||-1||-5||-10|
The climate in Manali is predominantly cold during winters, and moderately cool during summers. The temperatures range from 4 °C (39 °F) to 20 °C (68 °F) over the year. The average temperature during summer is between 04 °C (39 °F) and 15 °C (59 °F), and between −15 °C (5 °F) and 05 °C (41 °F) in the winter. Monthly precipitation varies between 31 mm (1.2 in) in November to 217 mm (8.5 in) in July. In average, some 45 mm (1.8 in) of precipitation is received during winter and spring months, increasing to some 115 mm (4.5 in) in summer as the monsoon approaches. The average total annual precipitation is 1,363 mm (53.7 in). Snowfall often takes place between November end to early February. The weather in Manali is not stable.
Manali is about 550 km from Delhi, the capital of India, and there are buses connecting the town with Delhi, Shimla, Dharamsala and Leh. For service from Delhi to Manali, tickets and reservations can be made at the Inter State Bus Terminus as well as at the Himachal Tourism office on Safdar Hashmi Marg near Mandi House in New Delhi. The approximate travel time from Delhi to Manali is 14 hours; from Ambala to Manali is 10 hours; and from Kulu to Manali is 1.5 to 3 hours. Volvo buses—which depart at around 5PM and reach at 09-10AM next day—are available from Delhi and is the best option in terms of comfort and value for money to reach Manali but you need to book these in advance. Hotels like kapoor resort book your volvo with wifi connection and personal led screen along with their hotel package.
As the windows do not open outward on the Volvo buses, passengers are advised to carry anti vomiting medicines and avoid eating just before/after boarding the bus.
By private taxi
If hiring a private taxi, ensure that the driver has experience driving in hilly regions and does not have the habit of drinking alcohol.Also make sure the driver has done the trip at least once before and knows all roads. Also make sure that the driver is used to drive for long hours. If you are going to Manali through Chandigarh-Ropar-Kiratpur-Mandi highway, then your driver would need to drive on hilly roads for at least 6 hours. The expected price is somewhere around ₹3000 to ₹4000 / day for an Indica or an Innova car from Delhi.
The nearest Broad Gauge Rail Head is Ambala Cantt(290km) or Chandigarh (250 km)from Indian Capital New Delhi. Ambala Cantt is on the Delhi - Amritsar and Delhi - Jammu main lines and is well served by rail, but you will need to travel to Ambala to get a bus for the 10 hour ride to Manali. Jogindernagar and Kalka are other, less preferable, rail heads for Manali. The nearest Broad gauge station is Kiratpur Sahib in Punjab near the city of Nangal. It lies in Ropar district of Punjab. The station lies on the Ambala Cantt - Una route of Indian Railways. From here you can easily get buses for Manali.
The nearest airport is Bhuntar (Kullu) Airport (Tel: 01902-265037, 265603), 50 km from Manali, 10 km from Kullu, about one hour away. Air India has a morning flight from Delhi operated by Alliance Air.
Delhi is the nearest international airport, 560 km away from Manali. That airport is well connected to major cities in India as well as cities abroad.
There are various ways of getting around in Manali, if you are not already travelling with your own vehicle. Most tourists hire a taxi (various kinds available), which takes you around to all the sight seeing spots in and around Manali (Rohtang, Manikaran etc.). It costs about ₹1800 per day, or little over ₹3000 if you book together for 3 days (in the peak season). Dress for Rohtang cost around ₹150 for each set including boots and sking set will cost you around 200. These detail are mentioned at a board at Mall Road. Be sure to bargain.
The second most common way is to hire a motorbike. There are many places where you can hire a motorbike (easy to find if you ask around), and is the most common mode of transport for foreigners. Both cruiser bikes like Bullet and sport bikes from Honda, Bajaj, Yamaha etc. are easily available, though Bullet is the most commonly seen one on the roads. Rates hover around ₹500-₹600 per day in the peak season, but much discounted at other times. A good place worth a look will be in Bike rentals Manali office in Vashisht 9816044140, have a good selection of Royal Enfields and Pulsars. Also 'Tinku' Bike mechanic near old Manali bridge is an honest shop for bike rentals.
Public transport is not so good. There are cheap bus services, but they are not so frequent. Yet, if you are going to stay for a long time, it is better to know the times and use them, as other modes of public transport and exorbitant compared to bus. For e.g., auto rickshaws take ₹200 from manali mall road to Solang valley, while the bus will cost you just ₹10. The buses are not punctual specially because they seem not have a written schedule. The best option is to ask about timing at the bus terminal. Buses starts to run at 7-8AM. Frequent a bus can be cancelled or late. You can get in / out almost at any place on the route just waive the driver.
Public bus routes
- Kullu - Manali. Price ₹40. Every 15 min
- Manali - Naggar. Every 1.5h
- Manali - Solang. Every 1h
- Rohtang Pass. At an altitude of 3979 m (13,050 ft) above sea level, this is another adventure tourist site where it can be cold even on a summer day. It is the highest point on the Manali-Keylong road and provides a wide panoramic view of mountains rising far above clouds, which is truly breath taking. Close by is a small lake called Dassaur Lake. Beas Kund, the source of river Beas, is also nearby. In winter, the road of Rothang Pass is closed.
Important to note that the road to Rohtang Pass is closed off at Manali bridge,on all Tuesdays between 0900-1800 hrs for carrying out road widening work & repairs. If you are able to leave early, before 0900, you can avoid the traffic rush (found on all other days) and have Rohtang Pass to your self (well almost!!). Flip side is to be prepared for stoppages (extending up to a few hours) on the return trip as the road is blocked off where repair works are progressed.
If you are driving up, be prepared for the rough broken roads at many places, sheer blind turns and tight hairpin bends, which can be exhilarating depending on the state of your nerves.
If you are hiring a vehicle then better rent a four wheel drive vehicle from Manali. Some times the local people along with police does not allow the non-four wheel drive vehicles from going beyond Snow-Point(a place 16 km before Rohtang Pass)and force to hire their owned 4WD vehicles at exorbitant prices which can be up to ₹1500-₹2000 per person. This happens in the winter times when there is heavy snow fall.
The tours organized by HPTDC does not go up to Rohtang pass and terminate at Snow-Point. Shared taxis are also available.
- Beas Kund. an igloo shaped temple, on top has a spring which is the origin of River Beas.
- Fun park. It is located near the Hadimba Temple
- Gauri Shankar Temple.
- Hidimba Temple. It is an ancient cave temple dedicated to Hidimbi Devi, who was a character in the Indian epic, Mahābhārata. The temple is surrounded by a cedar forest at the foot of the Himālayas. The sanctuary is built over a huge rock jutting out of the ground, which was worshiped as an image of the deity. The structure was built in the year 1553.
- Maa Sharvari Temple. This temple is represented as KULDEVI of the kings of Kullu in early times and is worshipped as a manifestation of Durga, and image of the goddess is also enshrined here. The divinity is popularly worshipped throughout the region during the festivals and the Goddess is transported to Kullu to visit the Lord Raghunathji during Dussehra festival. This temple is on the top of above the Shaminallah village, which is around 5 km from Manali, across the Beas river on the left bank on the way to Naggar Casttle
- Monasteries. Manali is known for its shiny gompas or Buddhist monasteries. It is maintained by donations from the local community and by sale of hand-woven carpets in the temple workshop.
- Museum of Himachal Culture & Folk Art. The museum is situated on a two minutes walk from the Hadimba Devi Temple in Utopia Complex. The Museum is a unique and extraordinary collection of unknown and rare antiques of the state. It demonstrates the almost extinct articles that clearly display the forgotten culture, art and handicraft of Himachal Pradesh. The museum has 18 galleries in it which display antiques from different aspects of cultural life of people of Himachal Pradesh.
- Old Manali. At a distance of 3 km northwest of Manali is Old Manali, famous for its orchards and old guesthouses. There is ruined fort here by the name of Manaligarh. There is also the Manu Maharishi Temple, dedicated to sage Manu.
- Rahala waterfalls. About 16 km from Manali at the start of the climb to the Rohtang Pass, are the beautiful Rahalla Falls at an altitude of 2,501 m.
- Rozy Falls. On the way to Rohtang amazing water fall worth seeing. this water fall looks amazing between the high hills.
- Solang Valley. Popularly known as Snow Point, Solang Valley is 13 km northwest of Manali and famous for its 300-meter ski lift. The Ski Lift ticket is ₹400 per head. It is a picturesque spot and offers splendid views of glaciers and the snow-capped mountains. Jagatsukh, the former capital of Manali, is also an important spot.
- Vashist Hot Water Springs and Temple. Around 3 km from Manali, across the Beas river is Vashist, a small village with natural sulphur springs. Modern bathhouses, with Turkish-style showers, have the hot water piped into them for the convenience of the visitors who come here to benefit from the medicinal properties. Vaishisht, also boasts a pair of old stone temples, opposite each other above the main square. Dedicated to the local patron saint Vashista, the smaller of the two opens on to a partially covered courtyard, and is adorned with elaborate woodcarvings. Those lining the interior of the shrine, blackened by years of oil-lamp and incense smoke, are particularly fine. The temple tanks are underground hot-water/sulfur springs. Be wary of hanging up your trousers or bags on the hooks provided, pickpocketing is a daily occurrence. Hand over your wallet to a trusted person for safekeeping before you enter the springs for a bath.
There are some interesting temples of Tibetan Buddhist lineages located between old and new Manali.
- Beautiful Log Hut Area and Club house. In fact both these places especially log hut area have some good hotels to stay.
- The Manali Gompa. Manali Gompa was built in 1960. It is one of the most important places for Buddhists. Buddhists come to this place from Ladakh, Tibet, Spiti, Lahul and Kinnaur. Manali Gompa is world famous for a large statue of Buddha and for its wall paintings.
- Naggar. The Castle, Roerich House and Art gallery are places to see. Moonlight dinner on the balcony of Hotel Castle restaurant is worth experiencing, with the lovely sight of twinkling lights below in the Beas valley. Bijli Mahadev temple, about 20 km from Naggar, is also worth visiting.
- Zana Falls ( Jana Waterfall). 15 km from Naggar and 35 km from Manali, at Zana Village, beautiful Water Fall is worth visiting. The valley provides amazing views. There is one water fall on the road side and two other water falls which are not much explored by tourists and are amazing. Moreover Traditional Himachali food is available here at small hut like shops.
Kothi is located at the bottom of Rohatang Pass. It is a beautiful and photographic village where tourists can capture different thrilling views of the deep gorge through which the Beas swiftly runs. This is an amazing place to experience the natural beauty of high altitude mountain.
- Enfieldpoint, old manali.
- Nehru Kund. Nehru Kund is located at the distance of around 6 km from Manali. It is one of the natural springs of natural water in India. Nehru Kund is named after the late Prime Minister Jawar Lal Nehru. Nehru used to drink water from this Kund, while his journey to Manali. Nehru Kund is on the Manali-Keylong road, about 6 km from Manali. It is understood that a landslide has wiped out this spring.
- Get your photos clicked with either rabbits or yaks (near the Hidimba Temple). It will cost about ₹10-₹20 ($0.5) for a single photo.
- One can also enjoy paddle boating in a fun park near Hidimba temple.
- River rafting, skiing, zorbing, trekking, snow scootering, and river crossing. One of the best adventure companies is the High Himalayan Adventure, based in Vashisht village.
- Paragliding- Paragliding is quite popular in Manali, especially in the peak season. The scene is located at Solang Valley. There are multiple levels, starting from the basic 1 minute flying for ₹450 (the most common), progressing to a more fun 5 minute flight for ₹1500. But the ultimate is the half an hour flight for ₹2500, for which they take you up almost halfway to Rohtang, and bring you back to Solang all the way by paragliding. In such a long flight, wind plays a big role, and sometimes it is not possible to fly all the way to Solang, something to keep in mind while going for it. Generally, later in the day you go for it, better are the chances you will do the whole flight. However, before you decide to paraglide in Manali, have a look at the "Stay safe" section of this article.
- Rock climbing- there are some fabulous routes, however, go with a reputable company that can provide you suitable gear, otherwise this can become a dangerous sport. Look for the bright orange building across from Pizza Olive. The company also does abseiling trips, in which you can swing down into 9 tiers of a waterfall using rock-climbing equipment. Another contact is Dave Morahan (9805346007) who takes you to all kind of rock climbing trips for all difficulty levels, and is quite skilled himself.
- If interested in books, there is a bookshop in the main town near the Post Office called Bookworm. It has a decent selection of books.
- Early morning walks as Manali are best enjoyed before the town wakes up.
- Deo Tibba Base Camp Trek: This trek is a technical trekking trail in Manali. This trek is a famous trek among the experience climbers. This trek gives a magnificent view of Deo.
- Friendship peak Trekking: This is one of the majestic mountains in the beautiful valley of Kullu. This mountain is situated at around 5289 meters above the sea level. Best way to go for this trek is from Beas Kund and Dhundi.
- Hamta Pass Trek: This trek is one of the most famous trekking trails in the Manali region. This trek is suitable for those who have some prior trekking experience and are reasonably fit. This trek is passes through forests.
- Himalayan Caravan Adventure: Offer you an array of adventures from off-beat safaris, less-known but more-interesting trekking paths,rock climbing, canyoning, white water rafting, paragliding, skiing & snowboarding etc. www.himalayancaravan.com
Keychains, name plates, etc. which are customized to ones own message are worth buying as mementos. Also one can get his name carved/written on a single grain of rice. One can also visit Manali Market to buy woolen stuff like sweaters, pull overs, shawls, blankets, etc. Hippie clothes/ jewellery can be found in Old Manali.
- Chingu. Local shops are aplenty selling chingus ( a type of blanket) claiming to be warm in winters and cold in summers. Be wary of these. They will show you parcel ready chingus. Do not fall prey to them.
- Fruit products, honey and apricot oil at Himcoop Juice Bar Manali are also something local produced in the valley. Jam from Himcoop taste like real fruit due to high contents of fruit pulp and apricot oil is good for joint pains and also general massage.
- [dead link]Himalayan Snow Village (Himalayan Snow Village), Camping site, Kullu (14 kms from Kullu on Manali highway), ☎ Rahul Mullick +91 9816252214. Himalayan Snow Village is an initiative by Green Foundation for Drug Reforms and Environmental Protection in Himalayas, a non-profit voluntary organisation working on protecting the endangered ecology and saving people from drugs. For the last two decades or so Kullu-Manali aka the valley of the gods has been facing the dual problem of environmental degradation and of drugs especially the cannabis or charas as it is popularly known.
Do not buy saffron (kesar), musk (kasturi), or shilajit from street vendors; most of these products are fake. Buy from government-authorized shops only.
- Apple Blossoms, Manali Heights Resort (near log huts area). Savour the best of local himachali menu as well as delectable Indian, European, oriental cuisines.
- Blue Elephant Cafe. It is a small eatery with good Indian and Western spread at very reasonable rates close to the bridge on Beas river. You get the option of sitting and enjoying the food right next to the river gushing by. Try out the freshly made parathas, bruschettas, omelettes and traditional Indian tea.
- Bob Dylan's Cafe (Roasted and Toasted). It is in the heart of old Manali. It serves the most delicious cookies and sandwiches. With its extremely good menu and pocket-friendly price, it remains one of the most popular destinations after a day's sightseeing. Also, at no extra cost, you have a very comfortable movie theater where you can choose among some 100 movie titles and watch as you eat on those delicious cookies. And yes, they do play Bob Dylan's songs. Must visit.
- Cafe Bella Vista, Hadimba Temple Rd (10 Minutes walk up from the mall road). A small Spanish style cafe with 2 small & 2 cottage rooms available for stay. Serves amazingly fresh, brick oven Pizzas & Italian. Great service & very nice people.
- Cafe m 1947, Old Manali, ☎ . The 1st Music Cafe in Old Manali(near the Bridge), located on the banks of the River Manalsu. Cuisines from all around the globe and known for its dishes like the "Burger Of Bodom", "UFO", and "The Terminator". Travelers can also pacify themselves by playing instruments in rhythm with the Voice of the River. Also, there are Unplugged Concerts and parties held time and again.
- Cafe Zeppelinn, Kothi village (13km from Manali, on the way to Rohtang Pass). all day long. is the last Cafe once you leave Manali and are heading towards Rohtang Pass. It is run by young enterpreneurs for their love of life in the mountains and music. They serve good pizzas, pastas,sandwiches and momos. They also play excellent ROCK music from the 60s and 70s. Most paragliders will land at their Cafe and should enjoy they services while waiting for their friends or families to pick them up. reasonable.
- Chawlas Square (Chawla Chicken), Rangri NH21 (2 kms from mall road, towards kullu), ☎ . Delicious north Indian and Mughlai food. A great place for adventure too.
- Chopsticks (opposite the bus stand). Really good Tibetan food.
- Dawat Restaurant (sunparkresorts.com), Left Bank Aleo New Manali (left bank aleo), ☎ . 24. A well decorated in house multi cuisine restaurant that offers Indian, Mughlai and Chinese delicacies. 1,500.
- Drifters' Inn and Cafe (Situated in Old Manali). This has great food, wi-fi internet and friendly atmosphere.
- Il Forno (ca. 100 m below the Hadimba Temple, in direction of New Manali). Original Italian pizzas prepared by an Italian cook. Prices higher than Indian average but still cheap for Italian pizza..
- Green Forest cafe (lying on the Hadimba-temple old manali road, only a few hundred meters from the temple). It is also a very popular destination for both locals and foreigners. It serves Tibetan soups, veggie dumplings and other sandwiches and snacks.
- Johnson's Bar and cafe (located 5 minutes walk up from the mall road). It is a great place to hangout in the evening. The food and service is quite good, and is thus a very popular place.
- Lazy Dog, Old Manali. It has an extensive multi cuisine menu. The food is quite good and the ambience is great.
- Local Himachali Dish-Sidu (It is right at the tea shop behind bus stand in municipal market). One can eat Sidu (which is like filled Idli or filled rice baked bun) with Chutney to experience a slice of Himachali Cuisine in Manali with tea/black tea/coffee. This is the only 1 there is visible yet hidden but worth a gem before leaving Himachal.
- Madras mess. It is a popular mess which serves south Indian meals Unlimited meals ₹80.
- Manali market. This is the key place for eatables. Right from chat to Indian (veg/nonveg) to international cuisine like Italian/Chinese are available in the main market which is just opposite the Manali Bus stand. The mall road has a variety of eating options ranging from stalls and dhabas to fancy restaurants. Deeper into the lanes of the town, one can find more local eating places, catering to special tastes and habits ranging from Tibetan food, to Vaishnavi Dhabhas. You are sure to find something without hunting around too much.
- Manali Resorts (10 mins away from Mall road). The view from the rooms is breath taking. Surrounded by mountains on all four sides, this hotel lays right on the bank of the river Byas.
- Martins' (Himalayan Sports Club) (shanag, about 10km north of Kullu, close to nheru kund bridge). If you miss European food, that's the place to be. Delicious Austrian cooking at its best. Usually opened only at weekends.
- Mayur Restaurant (in a lane opposite the upper end of the bus stand).
- Moondance (is right opposite the Dylan's cafe). It also has a multi-cuisine menu, and the food and ambience are all good.
- Old Manali. It is one of the best places to hang out in the evening. It has a great collection of restaurants/bars and shops. It is also not crowded like the Mall Road, with the crowd consisting mostly of foreigners.
- Pizza Olive, Old Manali. This place has the best pizza in town and is worth the trek to Old Manali. Also try the fabulous tiramisu.
- Satyam Restaurant (Restaurant in Manali), Mall Rd (Next to Shri Heera Medical Store), ☎ . "SATYAM Restaurant " Situated on the Mall road just 200 Mtrs away from main Manali Bus stand with sitting capacity of 75 persons at a time on 2 Floors. We serve all type of Punjabi, Gujrati, South Indian and continental.
- Shere Punjab. Serves good butter chicken with butter naan. You can also get a beer which is not mentioned in the menu, if you ask for.
- Shiva Paradise Cafe (Non-veg Food) (Old manali just on the bridge), ☎ . Delicious Non Veg Food specially kolapuri chicken and Trout Fish .
- Vaishnao dhaba (in the market adjacent to the bus stand).
- Valley View Restaurant, Snow Valley Resorts. Known for beautiful view and good homely buffet food.
The locals drink two kinds of alcoholic beverages: Lugdi (plains) or Chang (Himalayan), a kind of crude beer made from fermented rice or barley and Sharab (plains) or Arak (Himalayan), an alcoholic drink distilled from Lugdi/chang. Arak can also be made from jaggery or apples or any other fruit.
It might be an interesting experience to visit a local home when the ladies make arak (quite regularly). You can sit in the fields where the ladies make it, have hot water from the distilling to wash with and "test" the product at frequent intervals.
Because there are apple orchards all around Manali, it's often possible to find apple cider. Besides this, there is alcohol available in bars, larger restaurants and the larger hotels.
Kullu-Manali Valley is known as fruit bowl of India. Himcoop Juice Bar at The Mall Manali is one of the well know corner shop since 1972 selling 100% Natural Apple Juice and fruit drinks made from local fruits besides some syrups known as Fruit Crush to carry home to prepare fruit drinks after deluting with fresh water. Himcoop Juice Bar is located on the Main Mall as one of the corner shop next to Temple.
- Apple View Guest House, ☎ . Check-out: 12noon. Locals say this is the cheapest & best place in Manali. Very friendly, food menu provided for additional nominal fees. Hot water is free. ₹300-400.
- Blue Guest House, Castle Road Naggar, Brahman Kothi, Naggar, Kullu Manali, +91-9817287347, +91-9816421109 (Mrs. Lata Sharma), +91-9816377076 (Mr Chander Shekhar Sharma), Hot water, CTV, view of Kullu Valley and Beas River and roof-top restaurant. This is a family-run guest house and the couple is very courteous. The guest house is priced between 200/- and 500/- per night and located on the way up, about 0.5 km before the Castle. Manali is 30 mins by local bus.
- Drifters' Inn & Cafe, Manu Temple Road, Old Manali (www.driftersinn.in) (about 300mts before Manu Temple), ☎ . Check-in: 12noon, check-out: 12noon. 3 kms from the main town of Manali. Drifters is really high on value for money. Rooms and toilets are clean and cozy.
- [dead link]Flamingo Resort, Kanyal Road, Simsa (About 2 KM from Mall Road), ☎ . Check-in: 12noon, check-out: 12noon. Room + breakfast + dinner @ ₹2300 per night for 2 persons . 2300.
- Hotel Shandela, Club House Rd (Near electricity office, The Mall), ☎ , e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org. Rooms overlooking the forest on one side. A favourite with World Challenge expeditioners. PH. 01902252426
- Kapoor Resort, Hadimba Temple Rd (About 0.5 KM from Mall Road), ☎ . Check-in: 12noon, check-out: 12noon. Room + breakfast + dinner @ ₹1200 per night for 2 persons .
- Tiger's Eye, Club House Rd (Above Drifter's and towards the right in the village). Clean and warm rooms.. Nice wooden floors. Comfortable bed. Hot water. Pretty courtyard. ₹400.
- Himachal Cottage Villa (Village Bashkola, Kullu-Manali), ☎ , e-mail: email@example.com. Set of three cottages near orchards.
- Himkund Cottages, Rangri, ☎ . A collection of three cottages with 2-3 rooms in each cottage, which are well decorated.
- Honeymoon Inn Manali, Left Bank, Aleo Manali (1.5 km from the main bus stand on the left bank of the river on the road going towards Nagar), ☎ , e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org. 59-room hotel with extensive lawns and indoor facilities.
- Manali Heights (Log Hut Area), ☎ , e-mail: email@example.com. Resort set near the Dhungiri forest, amidst ancient deodars.
- Shingar Regency, ☎ . 44 rooms, walking distance from the main market, in very pristine surroundings around Hadimba Temple.
- Silmog Garden (Near Mall Road), ☎ , e-mail: , firstname.lastname@example.org. Touts its "homely food and comfort". Hotel has facilities like Wifi, backup power, restaurants, television, credit card acceptance, 24 hours hot water with solar-heated backup heater, parking.
- Snow Valley Resorts, ☎ , e-mail: , 253-027 , email@example.com. This is a handsome place sprawled over the Log Hut Area and is surrounded by apple orchards and deodhar forest. All rooms have facilities like 32" LCD TV, mini fridge, tea/coffee maker, wooden flooring.
- SunPark Resorts, Left Bank Aleo New Manali, ☎ . Check-out: noon. 3 star property with facilities such as a discotheque, coffee shop. 2000.
- Johnson Lodge, ☎ 01902-251523. Tastefully done up property with a popular bar and restaurant. Rooms @ ₹4000.
- Mapple The River Crescent Resort, ☎ , e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org. 4-star resort situated at Rangree on banks of the River Beas. 50 AC rooms, centrally heated with all amenities.
- Span Resort and Spa, Kullu Manali Highway, Katrain, ☎ .
- Nature Treat Hut, Jagat Sukh (6kms south of Manali), ☎ , e-mail: email@example.com. Situated in a small Village with traditional wooden houses, close to Gayathri Temple. It is surrounded by an apple orchard and wide view of the Himalayan mountain range. It is far from the crowds, and the kullu local food can be tasted.
- [dead link]Ramgarh Heritage Villa (Located in the small town of Raison, midway between Kullu & Manali), ☎ , e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org. A heritage bungalow built in 1928, during the British era, with high ceilings, spacious bedrooms and fireplaces, and surrounded by apple orchards & kiwi plantations. It is managed by the descendants of the same family that built it. Behind the home-stay is the village of Benchi, whose residents work on the orchards. The village offers a glimpse of the Himachali countryside with its by-lanes overlooking the Beas and the Dhalaudhar range. Advance booking is required & can be done via India Untravelled.
Manali is a safe city but during seasonal time a surge of visitors keep visiting this beautiful place and some people exploit this opportunity for their own benefits. So a note of cautious is given while roaming around the city.
If you get lost and don't have enough directions get around the city then just ask for Manali Market. From there you can easily head to any destination of your choice.
Don't exchange currency in illegal market. Always ask for receipt after doing currency trade with exchange dealer.
A word of caution about paragliding in Manali. Many pilots of these parachutes are un-trained and obtain licences in the usual way any licence is obtained in India. Many a tourist visits the Lady Willingdon Mission Hospital with broken bones, sometimes protruding out, after accidents. Some para-gliders crash into innocent bystanders who end up with spinal injuries and paralysis. Serious, complicated cases with multiple organ injuries and heavy blood loss are stabilized to the extent possible and referred to either Chandigarh or Shimla. Sadly, some don't make it. Blood availability is very very limited in this hilly area. So think very carefully before deciding to paraglide in Manali.
Travelling northward from Manali is the breathtaking region of Lahaul and Spiti across the Rohtang Pass. The "highway" crosses the pass and forks at Gramphoo (12km) the left one goes to Lahaul and is the Manali Leh highway and the road on the right leads to Spiti via Kunzum La. The Rohtang pass also marks the boundary between the fertile Kullu valley with its lush greenery and the sparse vegetation Lahaul and Spiti. The Ladakh, Zanskar and Changthang areas further on are even more barren.
- Beas Kund - It is named after the sage (Rishi) named Beas and this tiny lake is situated at upper Solan valley, which is a heart of summer and winter games in Manali.
- Deo Tibba - It is a one of the peaks set back in valley of Manali. It is famous among trekkers who have substantial mountaineering knowledge.
- Friendship Peak - Friendship peak is located in Beas Kund region of Manali, facing other different kinds of peaks such as Shiti Dhar, Hanuman Tibba and Seven Sisters. It is the only peak in Himachal where no royalty needs to be paid to IMF.
- Hamta Pass - Located at a height of 4,268 meters, Hamta Pass is made of various snow bridges which pass over Hamta Stream. It is highly renowned trekking base and as a part of trek, visitors can also explore Bara Shirgi Glacier.
- Indrasan Peak - After crossing Hamta Pass one will find Indrasan Peak (Throne of Indra) | <urn:uuid:06309f9b-8bd6-4456-817f-fb239271516f> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Manali | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049288709.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002128-00223-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930091 | 7,983 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Is shingles contagious?
Shingles is caused by a virus similar to the virus that causes chicken pox. It is highly contagious to people who have never had chicken pox before. A person is first infected with chicken pox and as the disease gradually resolves after several weeks, the virus does not die; it remains on a nerve fiber or a nerve strand where it stays dormant for years.
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Factors that compromise a person’s health like stress, severe illness and exposure to chemicals and pollutants that can suppress the immune system can cause the virus to awaken and wreck havoc once more but this time it only affects the area supplied by the nerve. This is the reason why only an area of the body is affected by shingles with localized pain, rashes, sensitivity, itching and scar formation.
Shingles can cause chicken pox to people who have never had chicken pox before. So, is shingles contagious? Yes, It is highly contagious from the time rashes or blisters appear to the time the last blister is healing. When all the blisters have developed into crusts, the virus cannot transfer to another host anymore. It is very important therefore for families and communities to have adequate knowledge of the preventive measures to contain shingles and chicken pox; here are several techniques:
- Contain persons with shingles or chicken pox, only person’s who have had the disease before can care for patients. Babies, pregnant women and immune suppressed persons must avoid contact with the patient at all costs.
- The virus is transferred through close personal contact especially through the use of personal items that the person has touched or has used; this includes eating utensils, personal items like towels, handkerchiefs, sunglasses, mobile phones and many more.
- Practice frequent hand washing to prevent transfer of the virus. Wear protective masks, gowns and disinfect areas where patients stay and eat. Use alcohol or a strong detergent to destroy virus on contact.
- Increase family members as well as the patient’s resistance to infection by taking vitamin supplements, eating nutritious foods and by taking time off to rest and relax.
- Advice the patient not to scratch and pick his rashes or blisters; this will only increase the possibility of skin infections by allowing bacteria to enter the blisters.
- Advice people who have a higher risk to develop shingles to be vaccinated. People who are older (above 60 years old), with reduced immune system health, diagnosed with cancer, leukemia and those who receive immunosuppressive drugs are at high risk to develop shingles and chicken pox. They should seek consult for the possibility of contacting shingles as soon as possible.
- Advice the patient to cover his blisters with clothing or with gauze to reduce the spread of the virus.
SO, you know now the answer to the question is shingles contagious?, just like any other communicable disease, patients with shingles are advised to also build their resistance by eating healthy and taking enough rest. It may take three to four weeks for blisters to completely heal which is enough time to allow a patient’s resistance to improve to prevent spread of the disease. | <urn:uuid:d301a2be-e8fa-4d89-be44-4e94e3856b25> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.shinglestreatmentinfo.com/is-shingles-contagious-or-not/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860127407.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161527-00213-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964862 | 806 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Could ancient wheat species play a big role in the future of food?
Modern agriculture favors just a handful of crops, but a bewildering array of diversity remains locked away in gene banks.
Einkorn, emmer, and spelt are ancient species of wheat that were integral to the diets of our ancestors, but have largely faded into memory, replaced by a select number of crops that dominate fields the world over.
In fact, of the 30,000 edible plant species known to science, a mere 30 represent the crops that feed the world. Of those, five cereals (rice, wheat, maize, millet and sorghum) provide 60 percent of mankind’s energy intake.
Yet a bewildering array of those outmoded varieties remain accessible, many lying frozen in gene banks. A new research paper, published Monday in Trends in Plant Science, advocates their resurrection, suggesting that the reintroduction of more diversity could bring many benefits.
“Extreme focus on few species and accessions has led to a large loss of biodiversity,” write the authors, “with negative consequences such as the extinction of species, vulnerability of ecosystems, and difficulties to meet future agricultural demands, because genetic variability to provide climatic and pest adaptation is lost.”
Moreover, the researchers suggest that the time is ripe for such a reintroduction, considering the burgeoning demand for high-quality, healthy food.
"People are interested in diversity, in getting something with more taste, with healthier ingredients, and ancient grains deliver interesting things," said co-author Friedrich Longin in a press release.
Many people’s attitudes today, particularly in the United States and Europe, give primary consideration to characteristics other than cost, making such proposals realistic in a way that they may not have been in decades past. Niche markets for small farmers, bakers and millers have become feasible again.
Already, multi-grain products such as breads and baked goods are popular, containing ingredients such as oats, millet, and barley, but the wheat flour employed is almost exclusively from bread wheat, just one of three species, 20 subspecies and thousands of varieties of wheat that have been cultivated and consumed over the millenniums.
Globalization and the explosion of industrial agriculture in the 20th century narrowed the range of crops being grown, ever seeking those that provided the highest yields, the shortest stalks – to prevent collapsing – and the best resistance to pests. Any varieties that failed to meet these criteria fell from favor.
In determining which plants make suitable candidates for reintroduction, these qualities would still be important, but a more holistic approach would be required, say the authors, incorporating other factors such as taste and nutrition. Their own research has demonstrated the importance of considering the whole range of variables.
"When you look at einkorn, it is really fantastic looking in the field,” said Dr. Longin, “but when you get the agronomic performance, it is low yielding and it falls down in the rain. But then we found there were so many healthy ingredients, and you taste and even see it in the end product."
Spelt serves as an illustration of how such reintroduction can breed success. In southern Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, it was the dominant cereal crop until the early 20th century, when it all but disappeared. Its rediscovery in the 1970s met with a slow beginning, as all but a handful of millers and bakers were still familiar with traditional spelt recipes.
Spelt had originally fallen out of fashion in no small part due to agronomic problems centered round its long stem, resulting in "lodging" – the collapse of the stem when it can no longer support its own weight – which in turn had a negative impact on the harvest. A breeding program beginning in the late 20th century sought to address this, and by 2000, spelt was producing 20 percent higher yields than original varieties. Marketing and research then contributed to boosting spelt's appeal, highlighting "an enormous richness of the spelt breads in texture and flavor," as the authors describe it, emphasizing the diversity it could contribute to our diet.
Today, the crop blankets more than 100,000 hectares of land in and around Germany, provides an annual turnover of €1 billion ($1.1 billion) and an annual growth rate of five percent.
But if other varieties are to meet with similar success, say the researchers, there will need to be an interdisciplinary approach, with cooperation all along the supply chain, from plant breeders and nutritionists, to marketing and vendors.
"It would be worthwhile to look a bit more in the gene banks at what diversity is sleeping there that has been forgotten by the industry," said Longin. | <urn:uuid:60a08038-5d94-4a08-a19a-11bcef72eff7> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2016/0628/Could-ancient-wheat-species-play-a-big-role-in-the-future-of-food | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806771.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123104442-20171123124442-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.953101 | 976 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Stone washing is a textile manufacturing process used to give a newly manufactured cloth garment a worn-in (or worn-out) appearance. Stone-washing also helps to increase the softness and flexibility of otherwise stiff and rigid fabrics such as canvas and denim.
The process uses large stones to roughen up the fabric being processed. The garments are placed in a large horizontal industrial clothes washer that is also filled with large stones. As the wash cylinder rotates, the cloth fibers are repeatedly pounded and beaten as the tumbling stones ride up the paddles inside the drum and fall back down onto the fabric.
A number of people and organizations have claimed to have invented stone-washing. According to Levi Strauss & Co., Donald Freeland, an employee of the Great Western Garment Company (later acquired by Levi's), invented "stone-washing" denim in the 1950s. Inventor Claude Blankiet has also been credited with having invented the technique in the 1970s. The jeans company Edwin claims to have invented the technique in the 1980s.
Clark is an English languagesurname, ultimately derived from the Latinclericus meaning "scribe", "secretary" or a scholar within a religious order, referring to someone who was educated. Clark evolved from "clerk". First records of the name are found in 12th century England. The name has many variants.
Clark is the twenty-seventh most common surname in the United Kingdom, including placing fourteenth in Scotland. Clark is also an occasional given name, as in the case of Clark Gable.
According to the 1990 United States Census, Clark was the twenty-first most frequently encountered surname, accounting for 0.23% of the population. Notable people with the surname include:
Abraham Clark (1725–1794), American politician and Revolutionary War figure
Clark is the official team mascot of Major League Baseball's Chicago Cubs. He was announced on January 13, 2014 as the first official mascot in the modern history of the Cubs franchise. He was introduced that day at the Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center's pediatric developmental center along with some of the Cubs' top prospects such as number one draft pickKris Bryant and Albert Almora, Jorge Soler, Mike Olt and Eric Jokisch. Over a dozen Cubs prospects were attending the Cubs' Rookie Development Program that week. The Cubs become the 27th team in Major League Baseball to have a mascot, leaving the Los Angeles Angels, Los Angeles Dodgers and New York Yankees as the remaining franchises without mascots. According to the Cubs' press release, Clark is a response to fan demands (expressed via surveys and interviews) for more kid-friendly elements at Wrigley Field Cubs games to keep pace with games in other cities that have more to offer youth fans.
He is a "young, friendly Cub" who will wear a backwards baseball cap and greet fans entering Wrigley Field, which is located at the corner of Clark Street (for which he is named) and Addison Street. North Clark Street borders the third base side of Wrigley Field. According to the Cubs, the fictional character Clark is descended from Joa, the franchise's original live Bears mascot in 1916.
Your eastcoast smile Wasn't worth my while Boy I'm afraid You're coming back again Just fade out Just fade away Into my past Like acid wash Look out now Here he comes Look out girls Cuz he's a clown Just when he was stylin'
WASHINGTON — A deal to provide further U.S. assistance to Ukraine by year-end appears to be increasingly out of reach for PresidentJoe Biden. The impasse is deepening in Congress despite dire warnings from the White House about the consequences of inaction as Republicans insist on pairing the funding with changes to America's immigration and border policies ... The latest proposal, offered by lead GOP negotiator Sen ... To preserve U.S....
How To WashBlanketAt Home. सर्दियों में लगातार कंबल इस्तेमाल करने से काफी गंदा और बदबूदार हो जाता है। लेकिन घर में धोने से कंबल खराब हो जाते हैं। तो आप इन कंबलों को घर में ड्राई क्लीन कर सकते हैं। ... ....
इसे भी पढ़ें. पंजीकृत निवेश सलाहकार- सेबी के अनुसार मानदंड और योग्यता ... इस दिशा में NSV अवधारणा कृषि, प्राकृतिक संसाधन प्रबंधन, WASH, शिक्षा और पोषण के साथ आजीविका के बीच अंतर्संबंध को प्रदर्शित करती है। यह भोजन के अधिकार पर भी ध्यान केंद्रित करता है और समुदाय को अधिकारों तक पहुंचने और बाजारों पर निर्भरता कम करने के लिए सशक्त बनाता है।. इस पहल का उद्देश्य ... - होमस्टेड कृषि और न्यूट्री-गार्डन के माध्यम से पोषण-संवेदनशील कृषि को लागू करना।.... | <urn:uuid:5c46889f-a07f-4bcf-ab7e-9c84284e4c05> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://hi.wn.com/Acid_Wash_Conflict_Clark | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100909.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209103523-20231209133523-00830.warc.gz | en | 0.848929 | 1,737 | 3.546875 | 4 |
A new study from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) found that the U.S. financial services industry spends about $17 billion a year to market products to consumers, while only about $670 million dollars is spent each year on financial education. “When consumers receive the vast majority of their financial information from companies that are trying to promote an image or sell products, consumers have very little unbiased information,” CFPB director Richard Cordray said in a statement.
Young people who make financial mistakes could see serious and long-lasting repercussions, which makes it vital for them to receive a proper financial education. Earlier this year, a Credit.com survey found that nearly 63 percent of consumers over age 18 believe that U.S. children learn little to nothing about personal finance. Only 14 states require schools to offer courses in personal finance, and only 22 require a high-school course in economics, according to the Council for Economic Education. Teens and young adults who are better educated about finances are more likely to save money and pay their credit card balances in full every month, according to Adam Levin of Credit.com. | <urn:uuid:f0110738-a62e-45c4-9aca-ad6ca2f8e7d3> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.responsiblelending.org/tools-resources/headlines/Americans-Need-More-Financial-Education-Consumer-Watchdog-Says.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021643070/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121403-00092-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960957 | 230 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Laura Dixie: Remembering a ‘Mother of the Movement’
Laura Mae Dixie, known as “the Mother of the Movement in Tallahassee, Florida,” passed away last month at the age of 92. Her life is a testament to the oft-forgotten role of African-American working-class people — especially women — in the making of the modern civil rights movement in the South. (Photo by Deborah Hendrix.)
Facing South has published our essay on Mrs. Laura Dixie. Known as “the Mother of the Civil Rights Movement,” in Tallahassee, Florida, Laura Dixie was one of the most important organizers in the rise of the modern civil rights movement in the Deep South in the 1950s. She was a lead organizer in the historic Tallahassee Bus Boycott in 1956; played a pivotal role in the FAMU sit-in movement in the 1960s; was responsible for a massive voter registration campaign in the Panhandle in the 1970s; marched against the Ku Klux Klan in Forsyth, Georgia in the 1980s; was a founding president of her hospital workers union–and even all of these listed activities barely scratches the surface of the importance of her life. For the Proctor Program, Mrs. Dixie has hosted us for barbecues, fish-fries and stop-overs during our annual Mississippi Freedom Project field trips–as well as other events for a decade. SPOHP will continue to honor the memory of this amazing person who has done so much for the nation as well as SPOHP.
Read our essay published in Facing South titled “Laura Dixie: Remembering a ‘Mother of the Movement'” here now! | <urn:uuid:55c0dab5-ab81-4035-a910-bb58134a4ab0> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://oral.history.ufl.edu/2017/12/18/laura-dixie-remembering-a-mother-of-the-movement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084893629.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180124090112-20180124110112-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.962623 | 358 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Following on from yesterday’s ‘Heat Alert’ post, we thought it would be a great idea for today’s feline Friday Facebook post to focus specifically on how to help keep cats cool in hot weather. There are heaps of things we as owners can do!
Making sure cats have access to lots of fresh water stations dotted around the house is really important. Avoid plastic bowls in hot weather as the plastic can taint the taste of the water. Always keep water topped up so cats don’t need to dip their heads right into the bowl and, like us, cats like their water to be cold. Many cats like running water, so investing in a pet water fountain like the one our practice manager Rachel’s cat is using here is a great idea for encouraging cats to drink.
A fan indoors is a great way to circulate air and help cool rooms down, but don’t direct it directly at their bed!
Cats should have access to plenty of shade indoors and outside. Bushes and shrubs are perfect shade providers, and you can make your own garden sun shelters from something as simple as a cardboard box placed on its side.
Did you know that cats with white fur can be susceptible to sun burn? And that this can lead to skin cancer? Try to keep them indoors at the hottest times of day, and apply pet friendly sunblock (human suncream can contain toxins which are harmful to cats) to the tips of their ears and their nose (where the fur is thinnest) to help them stay safe in the sun. Give us a ring on 01922 411755 for advice.
Watch the cat charity Cats Protection’s short video Cool for Cats for more great ideas on protecting our cats against the heat this summer. | <urn:uuid:32e7c02d-2194-4c3a-b5cc-10053cfa4750> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://387vets.com/cool-cats/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103037089.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626040948-20220626070948-00058.warc.gz | en | 0.953126 | 367 | 2.578125 | 3 |
In Part 1, we shall introduce the topic, and learn about the goals and objectives of this topic & series.
If this video was helpful for you, please consider subscribing to GeneralPAC.com. Our goal is to make Power Systems intuitive.
Our corporate sponsor for this topic is AllumiaX.com, from Seattle Washington. Contact them for industrial and commercial power system studies like short circuit, coordination, and arc flash studies. AllumiaX.com, also performs advanced studies like power quality, motor starting, grounding grid, reliability, transient stability, and snubber circuit studies.
In this topic, we shall analyze various short circuit currents in a power system and hand-calculate various current and voltage quantities. These quantities are fundamental to understanding how short circuit works in a Power System.
This will be a very useful and content-rich topic with many parts. We will begin this series by modelling a very simple power system. There will be a 115kV synchronous generator connected to a Delta Wye transformer. The transformer steps down the voltage from 115kV transmission voltage to 13.8kV distribution voltage. Various short circuits will be applied on the 13.8kV side of the transformer. This includes 3 phase faults, line to ground faults, line to line faults, and two line to ground faults.
The purpose of this example is to learn how to hand calculate current and voltages during a faulted condition.
We shall calculate both phase current and voltages as well as positive, negative, and zero sequence current and voltages.
We will use sequence network diagrams as described in many books and articles. We will connect the sequence network diagrams and hand-calculate short circuit currents.
We will also discuss the zero-sequence network diagram for a delta wye transformer. Furthermore, as a fault is applied on the 13.8kV system, we will learn how current flows through the Delta Wye transformer connection. And how the High Voltage side of the system differs from the Low Voltage side.
The examples used in this series are derived from Lewis Blackburn’s book, Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications. See chapter on symmetrical components and short circuit current. See chapter on symmetrical components and short circuit current. Rest assured, these are good and accurate examples. If mistakes are found, they will be described in detail on general pac.com
We hope this topic and series is enjoyable and enlightening for students and professionals. If you find this content useful, please consider subscribing to GeneralPac.com… Making Power Systems Intuitive. | <urn:uuid:1be73b3f-618d-4b7a-9a80-9eb307ba0244> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://generalpac.com/transformers/delta-wye-transformer-connection-and-circulating-currents-and-voltages-part-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824338.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213010653-20181213032153-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.908045 | 530 | 3.71875 | 4 |
"And a happy 27th of October to you all. Perhaps a birthday – an anniversary – the maths extension 1 exam.This was the introduction to an interview (that can be found here) in which Dr Harwood (from Creation Ministries International) did a reasonable job of defending his position as a Young-Earth creationist despite some fairly belligerent interviewing by Adam.
Well for some creationists, Oct 27 4004bc is the day of creation itself. I chatted with Dr Mark Harwood from Creation Ministries about what underpins creation theory. Interesting stuff indeed. Hmmmmmmmmmmm."
After hearing the interview I checked the facts about Archbishop James Ussher (Archbishop of Armagh, Ireland, 1625 - 1656). Adam should have checked his facts, because Archbishop Ussher calculate that the earth was created about nightfall before October 23rd. 4004 BC. According to Wikipedia:
After a 1647 work on the origin of the Creeds, Ussher published a treatise on the calendar in 1648. This was a warm-up for his most famous work, the Annales veteris testamenti, a prima mundi origine deducti ("Annals of the Old Testament, deduced from the first origins of the world"), which appeared in 1650, and its continuation, Annalium pars postierior, published in 1654. In this work, he calculated the date of the Creation to have been nightfall preceding 23 October 4004 BC (According to the Julian calendar).
Now, leaving aside Adam's error, how important is this date? Should we celebrate it as the birthday of the world? Do we have to accept that the world is about 6000 years old if we want to uphold the authority of the Bible as the Word of God (as Dr Harwood implied)?
I would suggest that Archbishop Ussher made an overly literalistic interpretation of the date of the creation. Even if the ages given in the genealogies of the Bible can be calculated accurately to give dates for Noah or for Adam, this still does not imply that we can calculate the date of the creation of light to six days before. I would argue that the first two chapters of Genesis are intended to tell us more about the purpose of creation and the nature of the creator rather than the exact order and date. I am therefore prepared to accept the label of 'Old-Earth Creationist' and to accept a possible date for the creation of the earth at over 13 billion years ago.
Of course I would still want to argue that the Bible is the word of God that should be read literally. Yet I find the Young-Earh creationists to be a little disturbing in their dogged adherence to such an early date in the face of very significant scientific evidence.
While we should not accept everything that scientists claim as 'proven fact', neither should we be scared of science when done within its proper bounds. While the YEC's claim to have rebuttals to much of the 'scientific evidence' for an old earth, it does appear to me to be 'special pleading' bound by a dogmantic and literalistic reading of Scripture. These are the kind of arguments that are usually called 'fundamentalist'.
A helpful article by Michael Jensen on 'Fundamentalism' was also released this week on the ABC religion website. Michael warns against the person who claims that their view is purely objective and rational - whether based on Scripture or something else (like Science). Such a person is not prepared to consider the alternative argument. A humble Christianity will always be prepared to consider the merits of the alternative argument - even when it might contradict certain cherished presuppositions or conclusions.
Unfortunately the conversation on the radio this morning sounded like a conversation between two different kinds of 'fundamentalists' - although I do think that the Christian was a bit more polite. | <urn:uuid:e36bf636-3601-46fb-927a-cb7fb0c5f62f> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://richardblight.blogspot.com/2010/10/archbishop-ussher-and-birthday-of.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741569.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114000002-20181114022002-00157.warc.gz | en | 0.955728 | 789 | 2.828125 | 3 |
April 9, 2013
The MODIS instument onboard NASA's Aqua satellite captured this tue-color image of a rapidly intensifying Hurricane Darby in the eastern Pacific Ocean. At the the time this image was taken Darby had maximum sustained winds 90 knots with higher gusts to 110 knots. Darby was moving towards the west-northwest at 11 knots and had a minimum central pressure of 970 millibars. Darby has a well-defined eye surrounded by a central dense overcast and cloud banding features. The image is available from the MODIS Rapid Response Team in multiple resolutions. Credit: Image courtesy Jesse Allen, NASA's Earth Observatory.
Topics: Vortices, Meteorology, Atmospheric sciences, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Hurricane Darby, Tropical cyclone, Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, Eye, Fluid dynamics | <urn:uuid:6c4e020e-cf6a-4861-b6aa-571b55ecc448> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.redorbit.com/images/pic/75289/aqua_darby_28jul04_250m/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345760669/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054920-00076-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894008 | 178 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Essay writing citing sources
In scientific and other formal writing, it is crucial for authors to cite sources for ideas and facts that they did not discover or observe themselves. How to create a solid essay for the praxis core a common maxim regarding essay writing is you can cite a source by writing the last name of the author in. Summary find credible sources using tools that are designed to find the types of sources you writing guides citation guides citation basics a finding sources. Few college students realize how important essay formatting can be to their one can do in essay writing if you need an mla citation example essay. Rules for citing primary sources (mla style) citing sources newcomb lays much of the blame for the gore in our high school essays on. How to cite other sources in your paper library has a good webpage for citing web sources: in books and other literary writing, is only. Write an essay and back it up with facts how many times have you heard a teacher or professor say this but many students might wonder what exactly counts as a fact, and what doesn't that means they don't know when it is proper to cite a source, and when it's ok not to use a citation dictionary. Online writing lab citing sources once a source is found and incorporated into an essay, the source needs to be cited the information that must be.
A citation is a source quoted in an essay, report, or book to clarify, illustrate, or substantiate a point failure to cite sources is plagiarism as ann raimes says in pocket keys for writers (wadsworth, 2013), citing sources shows your readers that you have done your homework you will earn. What do students find the most challenging about essay writing now that you know how to cite a website in mla format in the text as the source of. How to cite a website in text in apa doing in-text citations for a website in apa style for an academic paper or essay can be confusing citing writing sources. Mla format guide to help you create your mla citations for all sources learn how to cite a how to cite an essay an essay is an analytic writing piece that is.
Instructions on how to correctly cite sources in academic writing how do i cite sources credible and worth citing for example, in an essay presented at. Mla format citation generator – formatting becomes simple if you are looking for a simple and fast way to cite your sources, then grademiners has. This handout presumes you already know why you should cite your sources “mla format papers: step-by-step my biology teacher asked for me to write an essay.
Apa essay checklist for students the american psychological association (apa) is one of the largest scientific and professional associations in the united states, and it has created a set of citation rules and formatting guidelines for scholarly writing to ensure a professional standard of academic integrity. A guide for researching current issues and controversial topics in the news and public debate, with emphasis on writing argumentative essays about these topics. Why cite sources in your academic writing when writing an essay most students are familiar with this reason for citing sources.
Essay writing citing sources
When writing an essay, you will often be asked to utilize appropriate sources for evidence, including facts and definitions in this video, we will. Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the purdue owl in mla urls when citing online sources purdue owl, purdue u writing. Citation management and writing tools endnote it's important to cite sources you used in your research for overview on citing sources and avoiding.
- Steps in writing a research paper finding sources and techniques in gathering information for research essays is called a citation in order to.
- Citing sources when using another author's intellectual property (from primary or secondary source material), it is essential that you properly cite your source.
- Citing sources when you are writing an essay can seem complicated at first, but if you follow the rules it gets easier the importance of using sources correctly when writing an essay cannot be overstated.
- Harvard writing resources strategies for essay writing: these citing sources useful writing resources outside harvard.
How to cite a newspaper article in an essay how to cite an internet source accessed april 05 how to write an essay citing one source. Citing is the aspect of writing that also deserves attention to do mla has turned to a style of documentation that is based on a general method that may be applied to every possible source, to many different types of writing. Essay structure and citation guidelines general make the process of writing an essay more fun if citing two or more sources. Citing sources writing writers cite a source within the text of their essay at the end of the sentence in apa in-text citation. How to cite an essay whether you're a high school student or a professional writer, you may need to cite your sources using a specific formatting style while there are many different styles out there, the three most commonly used ones. | <urn:uuid:6912b9dd-ee2f-407f-ac7d-283d6657c59b> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://tbassignmenttent.infra-sauny.info/essay-writing-citing-sources.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583518753.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20181024021948-20181024043448-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.913782 | 1,017 | 3.421875 | 3 |
At Reid Preschool, our teaching methods are divided into two preschool levels:
Each of these programs is designed to fit the unique needs of the children in them. To ensure that our instructional methods are appropriate for the grade level, we place children based on their age. We can help you better understand the programs that we have to offer by meeting in person or discussing over the phone.
Also referred to as “Enriching a Child’s Literacy Environment” (ECLE), our Early Preschool Program is designed for children between the ages of 6 months and 36 months. The program is offered to both parents and children, thus allowing for parents to work with their children at home while the children are simultaneously taught in the classroom.
There are 8 major divisions in the Early Preschool Program.
Activities geared toward:
The Preschool Program is designed for children ages 3-5, and it continues to build upon the core developments that were introduced in the Early Preschool Program. Parents of children in our Preschool Program are regularly invited to join us in the classroom to observe curricular activities and enjoy our musical and dramatic programs.
In the Preschool Program, we will focus on strengthening:
To help in the child’s development during the preschool years, we utilize sensory stimulation activities such as poetry, music, and creative arts. We also implement arithmetic programs intended to help children think in new ways and prompt further social development.
© May 25, 2019; 9:39pm MDT – All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:3d2347cb-a6c7-4ae0-a8d6-a54b4e315b8e> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.reidschool.com/content.html?url=preschool | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258621.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526025014-20190526051014-00461.warc.gz | en | 0.974393 | 313 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Amy has a box containing domino pieces but she does not think it is a complete set. She has 24 dominoes in her box and there are 125 spots on them altogether. Which of her domino pieces are missing?
Guess the Dominoes for child and adult. Work out which domino your partner has chosen by asking good questions.
This task depends on learners sharing reasoning, listening to
opinions, reflecting and pulling ideas together.
Use the 'double-3 down' dominoes to make a square so that each side has eight dots.
Use these four dominoes to make a square that has the same number of dots on each side.
Is it possible to use all 28 dominoes arranging them in squares of
four? What patterns can you see in the solution(s)?
How do you know if your set of dominoes is complete?
Everthing you have always wanted to do with dominoes! Some of these games are good for practising your mental calculation skills, and some are good for your reasoning skills.
Using the 8 dominoes make a square where each of the columns and rows adds up to 8
An ordinary set of dominoes can be laid out as a 7 by 4 magic rectangle in which all the spots in all the columns add to 24, while those in the rows add to 42. Try it! Now try the magic square...
These interactive dominoes can be dragged around the screen. | <urn:uuid:c33fd646-f799-45da-ae40-df5212f06628> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://nrich.maths.org/public/leg.php?code=5053&cl=2&cldcmpid=1044 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701158811.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193918-00036-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915937 | 306 | 3.78125 | 4 |
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