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NEW DELHI: Present day's intensity of traffic due to the fast development of industries and other infrastructure is very heavy and so it cannot be disturbed, for construction of underpass bridges by conventional cut and cover method.
So, to construct such structures, box pushing technique is developed where in RCC boxes in segments are cast outside and pushed through the heavy embankment of road by jacking the required thrust bed, as well as line and level of precast boxes are also controlled.
The method of box pushing broadly consists of construction of thrust bed, construction of precast RCC box segments over thrust Bed, front cutting shield, intermediate jacking station and pushing operation of precast box units.
The Thrust bed and keys are designed in RCC to resist the required thrust exorted by jacking force and transfer it to soil at bottom and sides. Provision for jacking supports is made by providing suitable pockets in the bed to accommodate pin supports.
Another method of Box Pushing is construction of precast RCC box segments over thrust bed.
The pre cast box is cast in segments of convenient lengths of total pushing length. The Box section is designed as IRC codes of practice for loading.
The First Segment of precast box is provided with a specially designed structure named as Cutting Shield which forms the front working face with a cutting edge fabricated from MS plates and housed on RCC box section with suitable anchor bolts. Necessary strengthening is provided by stiffeners and face plates of Box in front on completion of jacking the outer shell of the shield is cut and removed.
As total length of box is cast in segments, each segment is pushed turn by turn with necessary jacking force and so for this necessary intermediate jacking station are provided, with jacking pockets in bed and walls.
The purpose of pushing of box is to form a horizontal opening below ground through embankment by providing precast box units underground without disturbing the overhead amenities like traffic and structures.
To reduces friction a thin film of grease and plastic sheet is provided between the thrust bed and bottom of box.
A drag sheet system is also provided for least resistance of friction and distribution of mass above box.
With the progress of jacking, the front unit with shield penetrates into the embankment and there after excavation within the shield is done manually of mechanically. The progress of pushing is kept continuous till total length is pushed. | <urn:uuid:7d294c18-68e3-456d-9a8c-7994bffe1370> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/technology/noida-authority-adopts-new-technology-to-avoid-traffic-disruption-during-constructions/50990039 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106367.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820092918-20170820112918-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.94464 | 489 | 2.703125 | 3 |
In our gross misunderstanding of the function of memory, we thought that memory was operated primarily by rote. In other words, you rammed it in until your head was stuffed with facts. What was not realized is that memory is primarily an imaginative process. In fact, learning, memory, creativity are the same fundamental process directed with a different focus. The art and science of memory is about developing the capacity to quickly create images that link disparate ideas. Creativity is the ability to form similar connections between disparate images and to create something new and hurl it into the future. Creativity, is in a sense, future memory.
If the essence of creativity is linking disparate facts and ideas, then the more facility you have making associations, and the more facts and ideas you have at your disposal, the better you’ll be at coming up with new ideas.
The notion that memory and creativity are two sides of the same coin sounds counterintuitive. Remembering and creativity seem like opposite, not complementary, processes. But the idea that they are one and the same is actually quite old, and was once even taken for granted. The Latin root inventio is the basis of two words in our modern English vocabulary: inventory and invention. And to a mind trained in the art of memory, those two ideas were closely linked. Invention was a product of inventorying. In order to invent, one first needed a proper inventory, a bank of existing ideas to draw on. Not just an inventory, but an indexed inventory.
This is what the art of memory was ultimately most useful for. It was not merely a tool for recording but also a tool of invention and composition. The realization that composing depended on a well-furnished and securely available memory formed the basis of rhetorical education in antiquity. Brains were as organized as modern filing cabinets, with important facts, quotations and ideas stuffed into neat mnemonic cubbyholes, where they would never go missing, and where they could be recombined and strung together on the fly. The goal of training one’s memory was to develop the capacity to leap from topic to topic and make new connections between old ideas.
For all but the last few hundred years of human history the dominant worldview was a limited view: resources were limited, human nature was fixed, and spending beyond one’s income was a sin. This essentially conservative perception prevailed until about 1600. Then science and technology shook the foundations. One presumed limit after another was shown to be, in part, false.
The “Don’t worry” theories of population control amount to a reaffirmation of the religious idea of Providence. Professional publicists know there is always a good living to be made by catering to the public’s craving for optimistic reports. Such behavior finds no justification in the attitude of the Buddha, expressed five centuries before Christ: “I teach only two things: the cause of human sorrow and the way to become free of it.” The present work, though written by a non-Buddhist, proceeds along the Buddhist path—first to reveal the causes of human sorrow in population matters and then to uncover promising ways to free ourselves of the sorrow.
Hearing the Buddha’s statement today many people think, “How depressing! Why accept such a pessimistic outlook on life?” But they are wrong: it is not a pessimistic view if we reword it in terms that are more familiar to our science-based society. Reworded: “Here’s something that isn’t working right. I want to fix it, but before I can do that I have to know exactly why it doesn’t work right.” One who looks for causes before seeking remedies should not be condemned as a pessimist. In general, a great deal of looking for causes must precede the finding of remedies.
"My view is, just as an analyst, that any business that is predicated on selling overpriced products to consumers and/or distributors is ultimately a flawed business model."
You've spoken about individuals who shape the world we live in and the particular qualities they share. What is the process these people, "the shapers," go through that perhaps the rest of us do not?
Ray Dalio: I think for everybody, in order to be successful, there are five steps that you go through essentially. But everybody has their goals. What is their goal and passion? So you have goals. And then what happens is you're going after your goals and you encounter your problems. So encountering problems, and then the big difference between people is how they approach those problems. People who get bummed out by the problems don't learn from it. Who learns from them? So those who recognized the problems are excited that they get into those problems or mistakes. Mistakes are learning experiences. The pain that comes for that mistake, every time you have pain it's an indication that something is at odds. So the people who have the pain are the people then who will go into that and realize that if they solve that pain, solve that problem, understand what that is representative of -- not just the one problem -- but that problem is a certain type of problem that will happen over and over and over again in your life, and if you can solve, "How do I deal with that kind of problem?" The third thing that everybody needs to do is, if they have problems on the way to their goals, that they diagnose those problems and they get to the root cause -- the real root cause. The real root is often -- is typically -- what people are like. Can you go to what you're like? Can you go to your mistakes? Can you go to your weaknesses? Right. Can you go to other people's mistakes and weakness? Some people, because of ego barrier, can't do that, so if they don't recognize their own mistakes, their own weaknesses, or other's mistakes and weaknesses -- what the root cause may be and what they're like because of ego barriers -- if they can't go there, they're going to repeat those mistakes. They're going to have them over and over again. So it's the process essentially of saying, at that stage, "What am I like?" Everybody has strengths and everybody has weaknesses. The weaknesses are the other side of the strengths. So let's say if you're a right brain/creative person, you may not be reliable. Because just the way you think necessitates you to think a certain way, that means you can't think in another way. That means you're going to keep bumping into that thing that's standing in your way. But unless you can embrace, "I'm not reliable," right, and deal with it, you won't get around it. It's still going to continue to be a barrier. Right. So the diagnosis to the root cause is important. So then if you diagnose, then you have to design what you are going to do about it that works. So let's say you are very creative but not reliable. Okay, you have to find the means of first of all embracing that, and then saying, "If I'm not reliable, what do I? Do I work with a reliable person? Do I learn reliability? Do I have some compensating mechanism?" Because I can't let that lack of reliability stand in the way of my goal. As long as I keep doing that I'm going to keep running into problems.
So you have to design what you do about the problems. And then when you're designing what to do about the problems, you have to follow it through. You have to follow through, or do the thing you design. Doing the thing you design requires self-discipline and so on. People have to do those things in order to be successful. Right. They have to know what their goals are. They have to diagnose their problems down to the root cause, the real root cause. They have to design ways to get around them, and then they have to have the self-discipline to follow that. It's a continuous iterative process. So that's what we keep doing. I would say that all of the shapers are doing that. So they don't mind the problems. That's their adventure. A wonderful book is Einstein's Mistakes. You hear his struggles. He wouldn't have been cutting-edge, he wouldn't have been inventive if he didn't go through that. So when you're looking at the personality characteristics, the personality characteristics lend themselves to doing that five-step process well.
In his book The Outliers, Malcolm Gladwell says it takes something like 10,000 hours of working at something to become remarkable, to become extraordinary. I think you're also describing a person who is very driven, who has great tenacity and doesn't let things get in the way of the goal.
Ray Dalio: Yes, of course. It's an element, but...It's the mixture of the elements that matter. You could have a tremendous tenacity, but you're studying, you're learning, you're trying to memorize and remember everything that you're being taught and you're really trying hard. You could have great tenacity. You need the making sense of something, you need to embrace reality. You need these other dimensions. Right. So I think the things that we started to talk about just before, the things that these people have a need for is: First, they need to -- most fundamentally - make sense of things, which is a very different kind of learning process. It's a very internalized learning process. It's not a memory-based process. So none of these people -- unlike the population as a whole -- none of these people have a desire to follow instructions. | <urn:uuid:8f95b854-508b-474f-83b4-b91c44604bfb> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.valueinvestingworld.com/2013_09_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948512208.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211052406-20171211072406-00304.warc.gz | en | 0.980537 | 2,008 | 3.3125 | 3 |
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Bandpass Filter Tutorial
Browse Our Selection of Bandpass Filters
Click to Enlarge
The number of layers shown in this schematic is not indicative of the number of layers in an actual bandpass filter. Also the drawing is not to scale.
Bandpass Filter Structure
A bandpass filter is created by depositing layers of material on the surface of the substrate. Typically, there are several dielectric stacks separated by spacer layers. The dielectric stack is composed of a large number of alternating layers of low-index and high-index dielectric material. The thickness of each layer in the dielectric stack is λ/4, where λ is the central wavelength of the bandpass filter (i.e. the wavelength with the highest transmittance through the filter). The spacer layers are placed in between the dielectric stacks and have a thickness of (nλ)/2, where n is an integer. The spacer layers can be formed from colored glass, epoxy, dyes, metallic, or dielectric layers. A Fabry-Perot cavity is formed by each spacer layer sandwiched between dielectric stacks. The filter is mounted in an engraved metal ring for protection and ease of handling.
Filter Operation Overview
The constructive interference conditions of a Fabry-Perot cavity allow light at the central wavelength, and a small band of wavelengths to either side, to be transmitted efficiently, while destructive interference prevents the light outside the passband from being transmitted. However, the band of blocked wavelengths on either side of the central wavelength is small. In order to increase the blocking range of the filter, materials with broad blocking ranges are used for or coated onto the spacer layers and the substrate. Although these materials effectively block out of band transmission of incident radiation they also decrease the transmission through the filter in the passband.
FB800-10 and FB800-40 filters were used to make the measurement that resulted in the plot above.
An engraved arrow on the edge of the filter is used to indicate the recommended direction for the transmission of light through the filter. Although the filter will function with either side facing the source, it is better to place the coated side toward the source. This will minimize any thermal effects or possible thermal damage that blocking intense out-of-band radiation might cause due to the absorption of the out-of-band radiation by the substrate or colored glass filter layers. The plot to the right was made by illuminating the filter with a low intensity broadband light and measuring the transmission as a function of wavelength. The plot shows that the transmission direction through the filter has very little effect on the intensity and the spectrum of the light transmitted through the filter. The minimal variation between the forward and backward traces is most likely due to a small shift in the incident angle of the light on the filter introduced when the filter was removed, flipped over, and replaced in the jig.
The filter is intended to be used with collimated light normally incident on the surface of the filter. For uncollimated light or light striking the surface and an angle not normally incident to the surface the central wavelength (wavelength corresponding to peak transmission) will shift toward lower wavelengths and the shape of the transmission region (passband) will change. Varying the angle of incidence by a small amount can be used to effectively tune the passband over a narrow range. Large changes in the incident angle will cause larger shifts in the central wavelength but will also significantly distort the shape of the passband and, more importantly, cause a significant decrease in the transmittance of the passband.
The central wavelength of the bandpass filter can be tuned slightly (~1 nm over the operating range of the filter) by changing the temperature of the filter. This is primarily due to the slight thermal expansion or contraction of the layers. | <urn:uuid:06c40266-648e-46a8-a57f-b314137e2829> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=10772 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541310970.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215225643-20191216013643-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.903178 | 875 | 3.109375 | 3 |
SpaceX is having a moment this fall. After launching its 100th mission in late October and completing the historic full-crew NASA flight to the International Space Station this week, the private rocket company will launch a special satellite this weekend that may reveal previously unknown secrets of climate change.
On Saturday, a Falcon 9 rocket will launch an ocean-monitoring satellite, called the Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich satellite, for NASA and European Space Agency. Named after NASA’s former director of the Earth Science Division, Michael Freilich, the spacecraft has been referred to as the “golden house” satellite due to its odd shape that resembles, well, a golden house.
Liftoff is set for 12:17 p.m. EST from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, an unusual launch site for SpaceX. A statement released by Vandenberg warned that nearby residents may hear multiple sonic booms when the Falcon 9 booster returns to Earth after first-stage separation.
Once reaching Earth’s orbit, the “golden house” will begin a five-year journey to collect the most accurate data to date about sea level changes, which will help us understand the impact of climate change. The Sentinel-6 satellite can measure 90 percent of Earth’s oceans within the margin of error of just a few centimeters. The spacecraft will also collect data on atmospheric temperature and humidity that will help improve weather forecasts and climate models, according to NASA.
At the end of Sentinel-6’s five-year journey, a twin satellite named Sentinel-6B will be launched in 2025 to continue the project.
“What we tend to forget is that nearly 80 percent of the world’s population lives near oceans and 90 percent of all commerce internationally comes from the seas. So the oceans are part of every one of our lives and this focus on them is very appropriate. It’s the last great frontier,” Thomas Zurbuchan, an administrator of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, said at a press conference ahead of the launch.
The “golden house” mission was originally scheduled for November 10 but was postponed after a rocket gas generator issue was found in the same Falcon 9 rocket that forced SpaceX to abort a GPS satellite mission for the U.S. Air Force last month.
Later Saturday, SpaceX will launch its latest batch of 60 Starlink satellites from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. | <urn:uuid:7cfa237e-d14c-48ca-898b-84f3ab3b82e6> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://observer.com/2020/11/spacex-launch-ocean-monitoring-sentinel-satellite-nasa-esa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991537.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210513045934-20210513075934-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.921833 | 507 | 3.03125 | 3 |
A new experimental Ebola vaccine is one step closer to realization, having proven its ability to protect against lethal infections in animal models.
Ebolaviruses (EBOVs), the cause of severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates, are transmitted through direct contact of bodily fluids with infected individuals resulting in death up to 90% of the time. Due to its high pathogenicity and its ability to spread by aerosol droplets, EBOV and its sister virus, Marburgvirus, are classified as category A bioterrorism threats. Currently, no licensed vaccines or antivirals are available against EBOV.
In a previous study the researchers developed a replication-deficient, biologically contained EBOV, EbolaδVP30, vaccine candidate which lacks the essential VP30 gene. In this study they demonstrated its safety in STAT-1 knockout-mice and evaluated its protective efficacy in mice and guinea pigs. Results showed that mice receiving two inoculations with EbolaδVP30 were protected against lethal infection with a mouse-adapted EBOV and viral levels in the blood of vaccinated mice were noticeably lower that those in nonvaccinated mice. Additionally, guinea pigs immunized twice with EbolaδVP30 were also protected against lethal infection with a guinea pig adapted EBOV.
"Our study demonstrates the potential of the EbolaδVP30 virus as a new vaccine platform," say the researchers. "As with other EBOV vaccine candidates, our vaccine would be of value to health care personnel, laboratory workers, and military personnel, as well as those at risk during outbreaks."
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:f9039d7a-ac45-4433-b609-48d5f48f0a07> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090421142410.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982937576.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200857-00251-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963347 | 339 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Okeechobee Waterway Anchoring and Mooring Policy
See the attached memorandum regarding anchoring and mooring guidance within the Okeechobee Waterway.
For additional information regarding this issue and others maybe obtained by accessing the Jacksonville District website:
US Army Corps of Engineers point of contact
Mr. Robert Schnell,Supervisory Biologist at 863-983-8101 ext. 2
The army corps of engineers has NO right to restrict anchoring… the water belongs to the state! It would take a act of congress to change our right to navigate!!!
I’m fighting a mooring ticket from the corps….
The section on National River Law discusses river ownership, use, and conservation law throughout the United States. Following is a review of what individual states can and cannot lawfully do with the rivers within their borders.
1. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that rivers that are navigable, for title purposes, are owned by the states, “held in trust” for the public. This applies in all fifty states, under the “Equal Footing Doctrine.”
2. Rivers that do meet the federal test are automatically navigable, and therefore owned by the state. No court or government agency has to designate them as such.
3. The federal test of navigability is not a technical test. There are no measurements of river width, depth, flow, or steepness involved. The test is simply whether the river is usable as a route by the public, even in small craft such as canoes, kayaks, and rafts. Such a river is legally navigable even if it contains big rapids, waterfalls, and other obstructions at which boaters get out, walk around, then re-enter the water.
4. The states own these rivers up to the “ordinary high water mark.” This is the mark that people can actually see on the ground, where the high water has left debris, sand, and gravel during its ordinary annual cycle. (Not during unusual flooding.) It is not a theoretical line requiring engineering calculations. Where the river banks are fairly flat, this mark can be quite a distance from the edge of the water during medium water flows. There is often plenty of room for standing, fishing, camping, and other visits.
5. States cannot sell or give away these rivers and lands up to the ordinary high water mark. Under the “Public Trust Doctrine,” they must hold them in perpetuity for public use.
6. The three public uses that the courts have traditionally mentioned are navigation, fishing, and commerce. But the courts have ruled that any and all non-destructive activities on these land are legally protected, including picnics, camping, walking, and other activities. The public can fish, from the river or from the shore below the “ordinary high water mark.” (Note that the fish and wildlife are owned by the state in any case.) The public can walk, roll a baby carriage, and other activities, according to court decisions.
7. States do have authority and latitude in the way they manage rivers, but their management must protect the public uses mentioned above. They can (and must) prohibit or restrict activities that conflict with the Public Trust Doctrine. “Responsible recreation” must be allowed, but activities that could be harmful, such as building fires, leaving trash, and making noise, can legally be limited, or prohibited, in various areas. Motorized trips and commercial trips can legally be limited or prohibited by state governments.
8. State and local restrictions on use of navigable rivers have to be legitimately related to enhancing public trust value, not reducing it. Rivers cannot be closed or partially closed to appease adjacent landowners, or to appease people who want to dedicate the river to fishing only, or to make life easier for local law enforcement agencies.
9. State governments (through state courts and legislatures) cannot reduce public rights to navigate and visit navigable rivers within their borders, but they can expand those rights, and some states have done so. They can create a floatage easement, a public right to navigate even on rivers that might not qualify for state ownership for some reason, even if it is assumed that the bed and banks of the river are private land. Note that this floatage easement is a matter of state law that varies from state to state, but the question of whether a river is navigable, for title purposes, and therefore owned by the state, is a matter of federal law, and does not vary from state to state. Note that a state floatage easement is something that comes and goes with the water: When the water is there, people have a right to be there on it, and when it dries up, people have no right to be there. But rivers that are navigable for title purposes are public land up to the ordinary high water mark, so that even when the river runs dry, people still have the right to walk along the bed of the river.
10. Only federal courts can modify the test of standards that make a river navigable for title purposes. States cannot create their own standards, either narrower or wider in scope. They can’t make definitive rulings about which rivers are navigable for title purposes, only a federal court can.
11. The situation gets confusing when a state agency or commission holds hearings about navigability and public use of rivers. Landowners, sheriffs, and other people tend to think that such an agency or commission can create state standards that determine which rivers are public and which are private. But these are matters of federal law which state agencies cannot change.
12. State agencies should make provisional determinations that various rivers meet the federal test of navigability for title purposes. These provisional determinations should be based simply on the rivers’ usability by canoes, kayaks, and rafts. They should then proceed to the question of how to manage navigation and other public uses of the river. In these days of government cut-backs, the agency should look for solutions that use existing enforcement agencies rather than setting up new ones. Littering, illegal fires, offensive behavior, trespassing on private land, and numerous other offenses are all covered by existing laws, and offenders can be cited by the local police, sheriff’s office or state police.
Thank you for the very accurate and helpful summary of the law of navigable waterways. Your many contributions to freedom, on the water and off are appreciated. If we fight this unfortunate bureaucratic water grab, we will win.
A friend of mine was ticketed on the river a few months ago and decided to fight the ticket. On the first court date the prosecutor and officer didn’t have both ors in the water and the judge continued the date. When they went back to court the judge? Would not let the defendant say a word and fined him $5,000. He than lowered the fine to $500. Then told him if he left the river within three days he would pay $300. Only the Corp will ticket you. The FWC and Fish And Wildlife refuse to get involved. I have only seen the Corp officer, Andy on the river on Tuesday but don’t count on that. Boat US told me that the law was from the 1940′s. I don’t know. WE NEED A LAWER. | <urn:uuid:9b6f89ee-3278-4367-af1f-4a0fde1e2adf> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://cruisersnet.net/category/content-okeechobee/page/4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701164268.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193924-00106-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955181 | 1,529 | 2.609375 | 3 |
As the Universe evolves, gravity brings together hundreds, sometimes thousands of galaxies together to form galaxy clusters. The galaxies within these clusters usually account for about 1% of the total mass. They are encompassed by a hot low density gas (a million to 10 million Kelvin) known as the intra-cluster medium (ICM) which contains about 9% of the cluster mass. The other, approximately 90% of the mass is in the surrounding dark matter halo.
Observations at different frequencies
Observations at different frequencies help us to form a comprehensive picture of the structure and evolution of galaxy clusters. Optical telescopes, for example, can detect individual galaxies allowing us to determine the dynamics of the galaxies and infer the distribution of dark matter. X-rays observatories are used to measure thermal emission from the ICM. Radio telescopes offer a completely different view. They detect non-thermal emission, which reveals the cluster’s magnetic field and the sites of extreme particle acceleration in the ICM.
Our group at ASTRON is interested in studying the particle acceleration processes and magnetic fields within the tenuous ICM. We wish to understand the formation of radio halos which are characterised by cluster-wide radio emission and are thought to be caused by turbulence throughout the cluster. We also aim to understand the conditions that lead to the formation of radio relics. These objects are characterised by their peripheral location and are thought to be generated by large shock waves. Finally, we are studying other unusual structures showing intense particle acceleration in the ICM and the interaction between the ICM and discrete radio sources such as tailed radio galaxies.
The images above show the galaxy cluster Abell 2034 in the optical, X-ray and radio. These show that the cluster contains 328 individual galaxies (including two massive brightest cluster galaxies) a disturbed ICM and several distinct sites of particle acceleration. | <urn:uuid:7e6d7ea6-9989-4eb7-b3c4-2286b6c9f98f> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.astron.nl/astronomy/clusters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499953.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201211725-20230202001725-00586.warc.gz | en | 0.929773 | 398 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Edmund Hort New was an important early 20th century architectural artist and book illustrator. He was a great admirer of David Loggan’s copper engravings of Oxford Colleges, published in his Oxonia Illustrata of 1675, to celebrate the restoration of Charles II to the English throne. Oxford had been the Royalist capital during the Civil War.
Loggan’s views combined the facade of each college with a bird’s-eye view of the reat of the buildings and quadrangles hidden from the street view. Loggan personally drew each view, engraved the copper plates, and printed them himself..
New admired his skills immensely, and wanted to produce printed plates to show the architectural development of each college over the intervening 230 years.
Emery Walker was one of the few printers who had feet in both camps of Art & Crafts artists and commercial printing, with its modern technical developments. He created photo-engraved metal alloy plates from New’s pen & ink drawings, so that they could be printed on traditional hand-operated letterpress printers, as used by the Private Press publishers of the period, such as the Kelmscott & Doves Presses.
All the plates, produced betwwen 1905 and 1931, were destroyed in the blitz of the Second World War. It is unlikely that more than 200 copies of each view were printed. They are now rarer [and more expensive] than the 17th century Loggan engravings. | <urn:uuid:86eb7ecf-49dd-4288-9087-3b55bff76960> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.oxfordcollegefineprints.co.uk/about-edmund-new/4577947952 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647498.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320150533-20180320170533-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.976778 | 304 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Propriety and Permissiveness in Bourbon Mexico
Lieferbar innert 2 Wochen
BeschreibungThe eighteenth century in New Spain witnessed major changes: among these, one of the most significant was the adoption of French customs among the upper groups of society in response to the spreading ideas of the Enlightenment. These new ideas, it has been assumed, brought a relaxation of social customs. But Viqueira Alban takes this assumption, and raises the question: Was it really a period of relaxation of social customs, in this age of 'growth without development?' He discovered that the movement of rural workers and their families to urban centers created a concern within the church and government hierarchy about the threat of disorder, leading to the need for new social restraints. This text is ideal for colonial Latin American survey courses, courses on the history of Mexico and Latin American literature, and courses on the popular culture and social history of Latin America.
InhaltsverzeichnisChapter 1 Introduction: The Decline of Propriety Chapter 2 From the Don Juans to the Patriots Chapter 3 Progress or the Theater Chapter 4 Disorder or Street Diversions Chapter 5 The New Order, or Pelota
PortraitSonya Lipsett-Rivera is associate professor of history at Carleton University. Sergio Rivera-Ayala is an instructor in the School of Extension of the Universidad Autonoma de Mexico in Canada.
PressestimmenPropriety and Permissiveness' power to instruct as well as entertain has been preserved in this limpid, accessible English translation. -- William B. Taylor, University of California, Berkeley A fascinating examination of social customs. CHOICE
Untertitel: 'Latin American Silhouettes'. foldout maps, tables. Sprache: Englisch.
Verlag: Scholarly Resources Inc.,U.S.
Erscheinungsdatum: September 1999
Seitenanzahl: 280 Seiten
Übersetzer/Sprecher: Übersetzt von Sonya Lipsett- Rivera, Sergio Rivera Ayala | <urn:uuid:bb42d288-5a34-4a9b-be2f-440f5192c5a8> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://m.ebook.de/de/product/5148094/sergio_rivera_ayala_juan_pedro_viqueira_albban_juan_pedro_viqueira_alban_propriety_and_permissiveness_in_bourbon_mexico.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542851.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00192-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.777578 | 431 | 2.515625 | 3 |
PHOTOS - Duffy's Cut - Irish laborers’ burial site in Pennsylvania slideshow
Brothers Frank and Bill Watson are seeking help from the public in locating any members of the Ruddy family or anyone who has information relating to the body of John Ruddy, the 18-year-old laborer buried at Duffy’s Cut in 1832.
They identified the man based on his bone size and by using the passenger list of the ships that came from Ireland to Philadelphia just before he died.
The Watson brothers first located the remains of Irish railroad workers through historic documents handed down through their family. They believe that the 57 Irish emigrants from Donegal, Derry, and Tyrone were likely victims of lynch mobs driven by anti-Irish sentiment and fear of cholera which was widespread at the time.
The Philadelphia and Columbia line was originally a horse-drawn train, and work began in 1828.
Three years later, an Irish contractor named Philip Duffy won the contract to construct Mile 59, one of the toughest stretches. The project required leveling a hill, which was known as making a cut; it was nasty work.
The dirt was “heavy as the dickens,” railroad historian John Hankey, who visited the site, told the Smithsonian Magazine. “Sticky, heavy, a lot of clay, a lot of stones—shale and rotten rock.”
The men Duffy hired were described as “sturdy looking band of the sons of Erin,” in an 1829 newspaper article. They were paid about ten dollars a month and lived in shacks. They were probably Irish speakers and had few possessions.
These Irish people had only arrived to the United States. Researchers believed that some of the group may have died from cholera, they also believe that some of them died violent deaths as evidence of trauma on the skeletons proves.
Speaking to IrishCentral.com Frank Watson explained that that they are continuing to work on DNA examinations. Their aim is to identify the remains and give the Irish immigrants proper burials. They hope to bury John Ruddy’s body around St Patrick’s Day 2012.
He explained that their “forensic dentist, Dr. Matt Patterson, is trying to trace a genetic anomaly that we found in the first man we uncovered at Duffy's Cut, whom we have tentatively identified as 18 year old John Ruddy from Donegal (born 1814).
More news stories on the Duffy’s Cut dig from IrishCentral
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“We are trying to see how extensive that anomaly is within the larger Ruddy family, including the Ruddy family who migrated to the US.
John Ruddy had a one in a million genetic dental abnormality, which he shares with all of his descendant Ruddys. He is missing his upper right front molar. If you believe you could be related to this man or have any information on members of the Ruddy family who may be connected to this man please contact Duffy’s Cut (see contact details below).
Sean Beattie, who worked on the Tile Film “The Ghost of Duffy’s Cut”, has been aiding the group in their search for the Ruddy clan. He said, “There are 15 Ruddys in the telephone directory for the entire county [of Donegal] and all are related except one family.
“In the past there were many Ruddys but emigration has taken its toll.
“In the 1830s there was a Ruddy family living in Ruddytown but no one of the name lives there today. There is a chance that family contacts of the Ruddy you have traced may be in America. John Ruddys family involved three brothers who came from west Inishowen in the 1850s and settled in east Inishowen.”
Sadly, the dig at Duffy’s Cut is currently being wound down as the rest of the mass grave is 30 feet below ground on property owned by Amtrak. They will not permit digging in the area as it is close to working train tracks.
The Watson brothers plan to continue working on their investigations. Their next project is a site just ten miles away where they believe there is another Irish mass grave.
If you have any information on the Ruddy family in the United States, contact Frank Watson ([email protected]) or Dr. Matt Patterson ([email protected]). | <urn:uuid:84d75f8b-7b09-4b85-9db8-3cd6d57f2501> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.irishcentral.com/news/duffys-cut-archaeologists-search-for-descendants-of-murdered-john-ruddy-135237548-237743301 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607636.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523122457-20170523142457-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.978186 | 934 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Canada is likely to have a second land border in the near future — this time with a European country. The 37-year dispute with Denmark over Hans Island, a small, uninhabited knoll located between Ellesmere Island and northern Greenland, is close to being concluded, according to the Danish Defence Minister.
“Our staff are working closely and I hope we can have a solution in the next year. I don’t how we will end up but I have seen positive signs from the Canadians and we are also sending positive signs about a common solution,” said Gitte Lillelund Bech, who met the Canadian Defence Minister, Peter MacKay, in Ottawa last week.
Canada and Denmark are co-operating in many areas of Arctic policy, including joint military operations, sledge patrols and search and rescue missions, after signing a memorandum of understanding about developing their capacity in the region together.
“To some extent it is absurd to be collaborating in other areas and fighting over an island,” said Ms. Bech.
The military on both sides have planted flags on the island. In 2005, the Liberal then-Defence Minister Bill Graham enraged the Danes by visiting the island, provoking the Danish Foreign Office to issue a statement saying it considered Hans Island to be solely Danish territory.
Since then the temperature on the dispute has lowered and both sides have been involved in negotiating a settlement.
Michael Byers, a political scientist at the University of British Columbia with an interest in Arctic issues, said both sides understand that the disagreement concerns only the island itself, not the surrounding waters or sea-bed.
When in August, 64 Danish tourists disembarked, built a cairn and planted a flag, the Canadian response was restrained.
Prime Minister Stephen Harper, who has been hawkish on any encroachment on Canada’s Artic sovereignty, downplayed the issue, saying Hans Island is just a one-kilometre square rock in the middle of the Arctic Ocean. He said talks between Canada and Denmark were “progressing well.”
Professor Byers said a solution could take one of two forms – a straight division of the island, which would give Canada a European land border; or, shared sovereignty over the whole island, a situation that has a precedent in an uninhabited island shared by France and Spain.
He said the dispute is important to the extent that it shows Canada is committed to resolving its differences through negotiation. A settlement would create positive momentum for more difficult disputes, such as that over the Beaufort Sea with the United States, he said.
The squabble has provoked a number of satirical responses, such as the website on behalf of the fictional Hans Island Liberation Front, which claims “the people of Hans Island yearn to breathe free from the oppression of Canadian and Danish interlopers.”
Source: National Post
Hans Island (Greenlandic/Inuktitut: Tartupaluk; Danish: Hans Ø; French: Île Hans) is a small, uninhabited barren knoll measuring 1.3 km2 (0.50 sq mi), located in the centre of the Kennedy Channel of Nares Strait—the strait that separates Ellesmere Island from northern Greenland and connects Baffin Bay with the Lincoln Sea. Hans Island is the smallest of three islands located in Kennedy Channel; the others are Franklin Island and Crozier Island. The island has been part of Inuit hunting grounds since before people of European descent were aware of its existence. – Wikipedia | <urn:uuid:be2fffed-8957-43fe-be7a-8675c788c3f0> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://cwojournal.wordpress.com/category/hans-island/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535924131.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014524-00068-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961805 | 733 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Blason: Eparchy of Newton: Azure, a sun resplendent d’or charged with the Greek letters IC XC sable, in the nombril a crescent d’argent and in the base the Greek letters MR OU of the second; a chief paly of thirteen d’argent and gules.
Heraldry is often referred to as both art and science inasmuch as it involves the application of precise rules in addition to artistic methodology. In heraldry, what, is called the “achievement” consists of the escutcheon (coat-of-arms), a crest above the shield; it may also include supporters and a chosen motto.
Ecclesiastical heraldry consists of both institutional and personal heraldry. Institutional heraldry includes that of eparchies and dioceses, parishes, monasteries, schools etc., while personal heraldry pertains to individuals: bishops, priests, deacons, and monastics. Those who exercise ecclesiastical jurisdiction within the Church combine, in various precisely prescribed ways, their own personal arms and achievements together with the arms of the juridical entity over which they preside.
Despite misconceptions that heraldry is western European, heraldry was commonly and widely used in the Byzantine Empire. The various Eastern patriarchates and jurisdictions have continuously used heraldry since at least the tenth century with even earlier antecedents dating to pre-Christian times.
The most important element of the achievement is, of course, the escutcheon itself – ordinarily displayed on a shield or, sometimes a cartouche, lozenge or oval.
In written and spoken formulation, heraldry makes use of an ancient form of French. In what is called a blason, the escutcheon (coat-of-arms) is precisely verbalized using as few words as possible. The blason for the Eparchy of Newton coat-of-arms reads: Azure, a sun resplendent d’or charged with the Greek letters IC XC sable, in the nombril a crescent d’argent and in the base the Greek letters MR OU of the second; a chief paly of thirteen d’argent and gules. This blazon allows the heraldic artist and reader to visualize the arms of the eparchy as being: “A blue shield with a golden sun upon which are written the Greek letters for Jesus Christ and under which is a silver crescent moon flanked by the Greek letters for ‘Mother of God,’ while the upper third of the shield is formed of thirteen vertical white and red stripes.”
Heraldry makes use of tinctures (colors), metals, furs, and objects. In the blason for the eparchy’s escutcheon we find two colors and two metals. “Azure” is Old French for blue and “Gules” refers to the color red. Two metals are also found. “Argent” is French for silver and is used interchangeably for the color white, while “d’or” refers to gold and is used interchangeably for yellow.
Contrary to popular belief, a coat-of-arms uniquely belongs to an individual or legally recognized entity or institution and not to a family. In fact, in the United Kingdom, Canada, Belgium, Spain, Italy and other European nations as well, the misuse of a coat-of-arms by someone other than the proper individual bearer is illegal and can be the cause of a lawsuit and while heraldic law is not operative in the United States, coat-of-arms are often registered under federal copyright laws and their misuse is subject to copyright infringement.
Our eparchial coat-of-arms were first registered and granted at the establishment of the Melkite Greek-Catholic Exarchate for the United States in 1966. They remained unchanged in 1976, during the Bicentennial year of our nation’s independence, when the exarchate became the Melkite Greek-Catholic Eparchy of Newton. These same arms have been borne continuously by the Melkite Church in the United States except for a year or two in the late 1980’s when a variation of the same arms was used, but with the placement of the sun and moon at the top of the shield and stripes below. However, the arms reverted to its original granted form after a short period of time and has remained the same since.
The field of a blue shield and thirteen alternating white and red stripes recalls the coat of arms of the United States and the original thirteen colonies. The Eparchy of Newton is headquartered in one of those thirteen colonies and close to the very birthplace of the American Revolution. The resplendent Sun is symbolic of the Christ who is lauded in the ancient vespers hymn “Phos Hilaron” – “O Joyful Light of the Father’s glory.” The sun is further charged with the Greek monogram for Jesus Christ – IC XC. Significantly, for an eparchy with its cathedral dedicated to the Annunciation, a crescent moon in the base is symbolic of the Holy Theotokos (Rev. 12:1) while the letters MR OU are the Greek monograms for the Mother of God.
A heraldic crown surmounts the shield of a Melkite eparchy. Although somewhat reminiscent of the episcopal mitre, the heraldic crown above Melkite patriarchal and eparchial arms is actually more akin to a royal crown and is symbolic of both dignity and jurisdiction. Additionally, the eparchial arms may also be backed with a paterissa – the pastoral staff used by a bishop. | <urn:uuid:994f0cef-a171-4373-b67d-1dc72540cfc5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://store.melkite.org/arms-of-the-melkite-greek-catholic-eparchy-of-newton/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100146.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129204528-20231129234528-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.931283 | 1,189 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Just thirteen kilometers from the much larger lake - Lake Louise - Moraine Lake has a peacock blue color, caused by fine particles of glacial silt, or till, known as 'rock flour'. Meltwater in June and July washes this powdered rock into the lake but uniform particles of flour absorb all of the colours of incoming light except those in the blue–green spectrum. When the lake has just melted in May and June and is empty of silt, it's colour is a more taditional sky blue.
From a Raw photo, cropped and contrast altered in Photohsop.
Critiques | Translate
Paolo (41222) 2006-10-20 9:49
Hi Doug, wonderful view of that beautiful with vertical peaks all around and a beautiful pine trees view on the shores.
excellent POV, colours and quality.
gabrielpat (7163) 2006-10-20 11:04
A real "great" landscape.a great feeling of freedom looking at it.Majectic.
kristofk (791) 2006-10-20 11:11
a nice view with really different colour of the water as usually seen. I have never seen such a green for Moraine Lake. Is the cause that here we see a morning view or is it the variation in the silt concentration? Regardless of the reason, the view is splendid, certainly, as this lake is always rewarding (one of the best in my opinion). (Maybe sharpness could be improved a bit.)
Best regards Kristof
GLEM (3004) 2006-10-21 5:50
Always so much control in your images. It is pure, net, precise a true happiness. I am amazed by this detail brought to fir trees, really beautiful.
Thank you still.
pierrefonds (59880) 2006-10-21 16:10
A good POV of Moraine Lake and of the Rocky mountains, the photo is sharp and clear. It has a good composition, DOF and nice colors. Thanks for sharing.
bostankorkulugu (42206) 2006-10-22 19:34
what an amazing piece of landscape and how beautifully pictured again. loved the way the forest goes just by the magical lake. Dramatic rocky slopes as well. great POV my friend, congrats.
theorc71 (129) 2006-12-23 16:01
This is a excellent picture. Great composition.
cdmonson (4806) 2010-06-30 12:38
This is a different perspective of Moraine Lake, and for that I commend you. I really like the perspective, showing how huge these mountains are, and the light is quite nice as well. However, you've got some wicked posterization in the sky. That's the only thing I don't like.
- Copyright: Doug Cawker (dcawker) (5717)
- Genre: Places
- Medium: Color
- Date Taken: 2006-09-24
- Categories: Nature
- Camera: Nikon D70s, 18-70mm F3.5-4.5G ED AF-S DX Zoom Nikkor, 67mm Hoya Circular Polarizer
- Details: Tripod: Yes
- Photo Version: Original Version
- Date Submitted: 2006-10-20 9:42
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CCSS.ELA.HS.RST.Lit.7: Translate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text into visual form (e.g., a table or chart) and translate information expressed visually or mathematically (e.g., in an equation) into words.
NGSS.MS-LS2-2. Construct an explanation that predicts patterns of interactions among organisms across multiple ecosystems.
NGSS.MS-LS2-4. Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence that changes to physical or biological components of an ecosystem affect populations
NGSS.MS-LS2-3. Develop a model to describe the cycling of matter and flow of energy among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem.
DDT Newscast in the wake of Rachel Carson's publication of "Silent Spring"
Go to http://education.nationalgeographic.com/encyclopedia/food-web/ and read the entire encyclopedia entry.
Read the following article: http://e360.yale.edu/feature/fifty_years_after_rachel_carsons_silent_spring_assacult_on_science_continues/2544/
After reading both articles and watching the video, think about what we have learned about food webs in relation to what you have just learned about bioaccumulation.
Create a food web showing the path of DDT through an ecosystem. Make sure to include producers, primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers as well as aquatic and terrestrial species and show the path of DDT through the ecosystem. Write up one paragraph (250 words) summarizing what you learned about the relationship between DDT, bioaccumulation, and food webs. | <urn:uuid:4348c85f-8b0f-4df5-891d-088959eefe08> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.sophia.org/tutorials/bioaccumulation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591719.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720174340-20180720194340-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.859951 | 358 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Many presenters at the conference spoke about the research conducted within their own context and looked at the attitudes of students and teachers towards ELF.
First, there was Luis Guerra, who gave his presentation on ‘English as lingua franca in Portugal- What students want, what teachers teach’
It is often maintained that the educated NS is more likely to be intelligibile to other than the NNS (Smith, 1983)
The use of other models will lead to such a great diversity of NN varieties of educated English that soon persons speaking English may not be intelligible to their listeners (Smith, 1983)
NS are not always more intelligible than NNS (Smith, 1992)
Thus, it is familiarity that makes one more or less intelligible.
There is an implicit aim for NNS to be more like NS, at least in linguistic terms.
Ownership of English
It serves a whole range of different communities and their institutional purposes and these transcend traditional communal and cultural boundaries
A multiplicity of teaching practices and a view of the language as belonging to a broad range of people and culture is the best that language instructors can do (Modiano, 2001).
Expecting learners to comply with the set of linguistic norms would probably put unnecessary pressure on them, since they would hardly be able to fully live up to such expectations (Grutzmann, 1999)
- A balanced presentation of linguistic and cultural aspects of English
- Introduction of the difference between American Englihs and British English
- Presentation of native and NN varieties and cultures
- Developments of international topics o
- Understanding the local culture
- Acknowledgement of native and NNS use of English
- Recognition of the value of ns and NNS teachers
- Granting ownership of English to NS and NNS
- Working on learners’ instrumental and international use motivation to learn English
We need to deepen our understanding of the minds and practices of those who use English in a foreign context.
They need to have a voice, but not in capital letters.
Next, after a coffee break, was Victoria Kazarloga – Immigrants attitudes towards pronunciation models taught in Montreal L2 Classrooms
- Expectations play a vital role in students’ motivation and learning (Tavani & Losh, 2003)
- Pronunciation teaching is still influenced by EFL ideologies
- Negative attitudes towards accent are pervasive among NS and NNS speakers of English (Friedrich, 2003; Lindemann, 2005)
- Unrealistic goals result in self-loathing and a dramatic loss of confidence among students (Pavlenko, 2003)
- The need for pronunciation teaching that embraces NNS-NNS mutual intelligibility and the needs of L2 local identity (Jenkins, 2000, 2002)
What is your main goal of pronunciation teaching?
- To ensure sts understand and are understood;
- Raising awareness of intricacies of spoken English.
- To make the language sound more natural;
- To teach what I have learnt before
- Not to sound native but to be understood.
- NS teachers were more relaxed about pronunciation.
- Teachers teach according to native standards
- NNS models not reflected in pronunciation teaching materials
- Teachers are drifting away from native models
- Teachers are affected by their university education
- Teachers are supportive of students’ local identities
- Teachers encourage students to keep their accents.
Other interesting findings
- All respondents agreed that their ‘foreign’ English accents were part of their identity;
- The majority disagreed that the main goal of pronunciation teaching/learning is to sound like a NS.
- Majority wanted to learn international English and second largest group wanted to learn Canadian English.
- The majority said that they didn’t like their own accents
- Majority said they strongly agreed that they would feel more confident if they spoke with a native English accent.
- But when asked if it more important to be understood than to sound like a English native speaker, all students agreed.
- They were aware that American’s think their accents cute but it is the French speakers (their own communities) that had negative attitudes towards their accents.
- Asian respondents didn’t want to keep their accents while those with European accents, e.g. French, did want to keep their accents.
Being Asian myself and always interested in the topic of the Asian diaspora, the last statement really caught my attention.
I am curious to find out why and what factors contribute to this. Any ideas? | <urn:uuid:fe90fc95-d4ea-432f-b980-9f126fd39e98> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://chiasuanchong.com/2012/05/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195530250.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190724020454-20190724042454-00383.warc.gz | en | 0.951161 | 943 | 2.875 | 3 |
Wi-Fi signals from laptops could be damaging to male fertility, Argentinean researchers have suggested after conducting a simple proximity test.
The team reportedly tested sperm samples from 29 healthy donors after conducting two tests. In the first sperm was placed under a laptop for four hours while in the control the same sperm were left to sit in the same conditions but without the computer present.
Twenty five percent of the sperm exposed to Wi-Fi had stopped moving at the end of the four hours compared to only 14 percent for the control group. Nine percent showed genetic damage compared to only 3 percent for the control.
The difference can’t be explained by a simple temperature difference – higher temperatures damage sperm – because the two tests were conducted under identical conditions.
“We speculate that keeping a laptop connected wirelessly to the internet on the lap near the testes may result in decreased male fertility,” the scientists conclude.
“Our data suggest that the use of a laptop computer wirelessly connected to the internet and positioned near the male reproductive organs may decrease human sperm quality,” Lead researcher Conrado Avendano said.
An important qualification of the study is it examined the effects on sperm as measured ex vivo, that is outside the human body. The scientists recommend further tests to investigate the effect on sperm protected by body tissue.
The basic design of the test has caused some qualms in the scientific community.
“We cannot infer from this study that because a man might use a laptop with Wi-Fi on his lap for more than four hours then his sperm will necessarily be damaged and he will be less fertile,” said Dr Allan Pacey of the University of Sheffield told the BBC.
"Ejaculated sperm are particularly sensitive to many factors because outside the body they don't have the protection of the other cells, tissues and fluids of the body in which they are stored before ejaculation.
Scares over electromagnetic fields are nothing new. In 2009, the French Government released a general report on the possible health effects of radio waves from a variety of sources, including phones.
In 2007, a BBC Panorama TV investigation caused controversy after examining the claimed health effects of Wi-Fi use in schools. Critics pointed out that the power of Wi-Fi radio signals was low compared to background levels. | <urn:uuid:4c84495e-654c-4c4a-89f8-40bf38d32bd8> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.techworld.com/news/mobile/wi-fi-damaging-male-fertility-study-suggests-3321951/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187225.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00177-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956454 | 471 | 3.015625 | 3 |
This is a general philosophy of science course, in which we will consider a variety of epistemological issues (concerning warranted belief and knowledge) and metaphysical issues (concerning what exists, what existing things are like, and how existing things are related) pertaining to scientific theory and methodology. We'll explore what counts as a scientific explanation, and consider the role various types of inferences (inductive, deductive, statistical and abductive) play in such explanations. We'll become acquainted with the historical motivations for attempts to distinguish between science and other disciplines, and with the empiricist's influential take(s) on how this could be done. Relatedly, we'll study several accounts of scientific theories, on which these are instruments for making predictions, realistic statements about the world, or social constructions, respectively; and we'll consider how these accounts bear on whether we can take scientific claims about unobservable entities at face value.
Finally, we'll consider the question of how entities in different sciences are related, and become acquainted with both reductive and non-reductive accounts of these relations. Requirements for the course include two midterms, one medium-length paper, and weekly one-page summaries of the assigned reading. | <urn:uuid:657df52a-d553-421e-8e0d-f0f38cf2803d> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.lsa.umich.edu/cg/cg_detail.aspx?content=1770PHIL420001&termArray=w_10_1770 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011162707/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091922-00027-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94792 | 249 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Conditions list medically reviewed by George Krucik, MD, MBA
Anaphylaxis can occur when you have a severe reaction to certain allergens. Learn what the symptoms are and what to do if this happens.
During a heart attack, the blood supply that normally nourishes the heart with oxygen is cut off and the heart muscle begins to die. Learn more.
The aorta carries blood from your heart to your abdomen, legs, and pelvis. When the abdominal aortic walls are swollen, it's known as abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Learn about carbon monoxide poisoning and what causes it. Find information on carbon monoxide symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Thyroid storm is a life-threatening condition that results from undertreated or untreated hyperthyroidism. Persistent sweating is one possible sign of thyroid storm.
The recommended amount of caffeine is usually 400 mg per day for healthy adults. Caffeine overdose may occur if you ingest more than this amount.
This feature is for informational purposes only and should not be used to diagnose. Please consult a healthcare professional if you have health concerns. | <urn:uuid:2b1a8172-7ed0-4cad-a1f5-5656f5ac7e27> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.healthline.com/symptom/heart-rate-altered/shock | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824357.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020211313-20171020231313-00337.warc.gz | en | 0.912891 | 237 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Last updated: 21 9 2018
The Swedish tax system is the basis of the Swedish welfare state. Thanks to tax revenues, the State is able to give everyone the same opportunities to education and a good life in Sweden. A large proportion of the Swedish welfare system is paid for through taxes. For example, taxes pay for healthcare, childcare, social services and care of the elderly. In addition, roads, public transport, the reception of refugees and collective environmental efforts are all paid for through taxes.
Image: The Swedish Tax Agency
The majority of people living in Sweden have confidence that the money they pay in taxes is used to build the collective society.
When you work, you pay tax on your wages. This is called income tax. The wage you receive before tax has been paid is called the gross wage. The wage after you have paid tax is called the net wage. The net wage is the money you have left to live on. The Swedish tax system is set up so that those who earn more pay more tax. Those who do not have enough money to survive can get help from society.
Income tax rates are different in each municipality. It is usually 29–35 per cent of your gross wage. If you earn a lot, you also pay a tax to the State.
Income tax you pay
|Over SEK 662,300||29–35% municipal income tax
+ 20% state income tax
+ 5% state income tax on income over this level
Between SEK 455,300 and 662,300
|29–35% municipal income tax
+ 20% state income tax
on income over this level
Under SEK 455,300
|29–35% municipal income tax|
Under SEK 19,247
You pay no tax
Table showing the different tax levels for income tax. (Figures from 2018)
Those who are receiving sickness benefit or pensions also pay income tax. You also pay tax on the benefits you receive from your work. A benefit may be that you are allowed to use a work car privately or receive food coupons to buy lunch or dinner at a restaurant.
You can also print your income tax return form and send it by post to the Tax Agency. The income tax return must be submitted by the beginning of May. Photo: Marcus Lundstedt, Johnér
Income tax return
Every year, everyone who earns an income and is liable for tax has to submit an income tax return to the Swedish Tax Agency. The Tax Agency will send your income tax return form to you. The form already contains information about how much you have earned and how much tax you have paid over the course of the year. This information comes from your employer, your insurance company and your bank. You have to check that the information is correct. Use the provided codes or your electronic ID (e.g. BankID) to identify yourself and to sign for your approval of your tax return. You can choose between phoning, sending a text message, suing the Tax Agency's app or e-service. The codes to use are at the top of the income tax return form.
Value added tax, commonly called VAT, is a tax on goods and services. Everyone pays VAT on the majority of goods and services they buy. VAT is included in the price we pay. There are three different tax rates depending on what you are buying: 25, 12 or 6 per cent. There are also goods and services which are VAT exempt, including medical care and education. The government uses VAT as a political instrument, charging lower rates of VAT on goods and services it wants people to buy or thinks are beneficial for them.
Excise duty is an additional tax on specially selected goods or services. Among goods subject to excise duty are alcohol, petrol, electricity and tobacco. Excise duty can be used to influence consumption. The government and the Riksdag determine which goods and services should be subject to excise duty, and their justification is usually that they are harmful to the environment or to health.
Social security contributions
Employers pay social security contributions for their employees. These employers' contributions help pay for employees' pensions, parental allowances and sickness benefits. In addition to employers' contributions, the employer must pay preliminary income tax for his/her employees. These payments are made monthly to the Tax Agency. If you run your own company you also have to pay social security contributions, usually referred to as owners' personal social security contributions.
Undeclared or unofficial work means that you don't pay tax on what you earn. One of the fundamental principles in society is that everyone who works must pay tax. The tax you pay is used to fund medical care, roads, care for the elderly and other welfare provided to all citizens.
If you do undeclared work you may find it difficult to get a lease on an apartment or to pay for things in instalments (on credit). Landlords and companies often require you to show them an employment contract before entering into any agreement with you.
If you do undeclared work:
- you will not get an employment contract, which means you can be cheated out of your wages.
- you will not get any unemployment insurance payments if you become unemployed.
- you will not get any sickness compensation or holiday pay.
- you will not get any sickness benefit or parental allowance.
- you will receive a lower pension.
- you are not insured against injuries you might cause to yourself or others, or for damage you might cause to something while working. | <urn:uuid:808b244b-4006-4a69-9c07-58160ada96e8> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.informationsverige.se/en/jag-har-fatt-uppehallstillstand/samhallsorientering/boken-om-sverige/att-forsorja-sig-och-utvecklas-i-sverige/att-betala-skatt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668682.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115144109-20191115172109-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.964543 | 1,134 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Universal Ethicsprevious next
Also: Moral Core
Universal Ethics is a set of principles which apply to all humans, whether secular or religious, independent from any particular faith.
The compilation of Universal Ethics is not the base for a new religion: in particular it does not say anything about metaphysical or liturgical concepts of any kinds. That means that it does not give any explanation for the existence of the Universe (including the existence of man). It does not prescribe any particular ritual. It does not deal with the concept of God. It does not contain any myths, stories or immutable dogmas. Most importantly, Universal Ethics does not prescribe any formal changes for any existing or future creed.
Universal Ethics are a sort of Moral Constitution which is articulated as a set of specific ethical principles acceptable to all human beings. Under this ‘constitution’ all religions or secular groups can develop (or maintain) their own additional ethical principles.
- What does universal ethics look like in a person? (1 response)
- What does universal ethics look like in a society? (1 response) | <urn:uuid:29964324-f047-46ab-8477-e625cb2b28a2> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.wisdomcommons.org/virtues/152-universal-ethics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934803906.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20171117185611-20171117205611-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.894493 | 220 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Decimal Number Lines Part 1
Consider the number line given below.
Let's find the decimal represented by the point r.
The distance between 0 and 1 is divided into 10 equal parts.
So, each part represents a length of one-tenth or 0.1.
Now, count the number of parts from 0 to r.
There are 8 parts.
This means that the point r is 8 parts to the right of 0 or 8 tenths after 0.
Now, 0 and 8 tenths equals 0.8.
So, the decimal represented by the point r is 0.8.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
The correct answer is
The smallest number is the one that comes first while counting.
To arrange the given numbers in order from smallest to greatest, find the smallest number among all the given numbers.
21 is the smallest number. | <urn:uuid:3096f523-63cc-4655-b3f0-7fb2b5aea64f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.turtlediary.com/quiz/decimal-number-lines.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506029.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921174008-20230921204008-00888.warc.gz | en | 0.885613 | 221 | 4.34375 | 4 |
If you have bad (or strange) sleep habits and also struggle with your weight, you might be wondering how weight gain and sleep habits are interconnected. Standard sleeping guidelines for adults highly recommend that you get 7 to 9 hours of sleep per night. You spend ⅓ of your life asleep, and sleep is crucial because it’s a state where your body is at rest and in recovery mode. A lot of biological processes happen in sleep, such as your body repairing cells, getting rid of toxic waste, restoring energy, and releasing molecules like hormones and proteins. All of these processes have an impact on your metabolism, which is responsible for burning fats and calories throughout the day. For this reason, your weight and sleep are inextricably linked.
However, in this fast-paced world, many people are sleep deprived due to a variety of reasons, such as a sleep disorder like insomnia or short sleeper syndrome, a shift work lifestyle, or other lifestyle habits.
On the other hand, there are also those people who have a lot of freedom with their schedules, so they tend to oversleep or sleep too much. Some individuals also have a genetically late chronotype or are natural night owls, so they have odd sleeping hours due to their body’s intrinsic circadian rhythm, but they still get sufficient hours of sleep.
So, how are weight gain and sleep habits connected? How do different sleeping schedules impact weight loss or one’s ability to maintain a healthy weight?
It’s possible that your disordered sleep habits are causing hormonal imbalances that impact your metabolism and cause weight gain. It’s also possible that the simple act of staying up late increases the chances that you’ll indulge in late-night snacking habits or develop a condition called ‘Night Eating Syndrome’.
Healthy sleep habits are crucial for optimal wellness, not just because weight gain and sleep are often tied, but also because poor sleep can be tied to mood disorders as well as many other health issues.
Not Sleeping Enough: The Effect of Sleep on Weight Loss Patterns
If you’re on a fitness journey or desire to maintain your healthy physique, it’s important to understand how sleep affects your body. Find out more below and discover what is the effect of sleep on weight loss.
Being short on sleep or having poor sleep duration has an adverse impact on weight because it makes the body a prime candidate for weight gain. People who lack sleep tend to make poor food choices and skip exercise because they feel tired with no energy. Here are scientific explanations of the effect of sleep on weight loss, and how weight gain and sleep quality can often be linked:
Poor sleep results in a poor metabolic rate
One particular research study showed that sleep deprivation has a significant impact on metabolism. Sleep loss due to lifestyle habits and sleep disorders alter the metabolism of glucose or simple sugar. Moreover, it can adversely impact hormones involved in regulating the metabolism, such as increased ghrelin and decreased leptin.
Ghrelin is a gut hormone known as the hunger hormone, which impacts growth hormone release, fat deposition, and food intake. Meanwhile, leptin is a hormone released by the adipose tissues (fat cells) to help you maintain normal body weight for the long haul. This hormone plays a crucial role in satiety or feeling full because it regulates hunger. An increase in ghrelin will increase appetite and a decrease in leptin means it will take longer for you to feel full so you could end up consuming more calories.
Poor sleep intensifies cravings
Apart from increasing appetite and decreasing satiety, poor sleep is linked to changes in serotonin levels in your brain. When you lack sleep, your body’s cortisol level increases. Cortisol is also known as the stress hormone. This increase triggers a need for more serotonin, a neurotransmitter that plays a lot of roles in the body.
One of those roles could impact weight because serotonin regulates mood and appetite. When you’re in a bad mood due to lack of sleep, you’re likely to reach out for high-calorie comfort food. At the same time, the release of more serotonin could be the culprit that makes you crave food that is high in carbs and fats.
Bad quality sleep promotes fat storage
When your body is sleep deprived, it goes into self-preservation mode. This means your body is more inclined to store the calories you consume for energy as fats. As noted above, sleep loss stimulates the body to release more cortisol, which is also the trigger for stress. This could lead to unhealthy stress eating habits.
In addition, studies show that not sleeping enough means the body makes more insulin, which promotes insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Both are precursors of type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, higher cortisol and insulin levels are the reasons why the body is prompted to conserve and store energy as fat. This effect of sleep on weight loss could potentially be visible via a flabbier abdominal area.
A bad sleep can contribute to bad food choices
According to a study done at UC Berkeley, people who don’t have high-quality sleep crave unhealthy junk food with starchy carbs, fats, and sodium. An effect of sleep on weight loss could be weight gain due to poor choices because you’ll be more inclined to snack on processed foods late at night. Eating excessive calories during this period could make weight loss hard since calories consumed at night are not burned into energy. Instead, your body will store them as fats while you’re sleeping.
Weight Gain and Sleep: Over-Sleeping and its Impact on Weight
According to Psychology Today, sleeping too much may contribute to weight problems. When it comes to the connection between weight gain and sleep, note that oversleeping could make you gain weight.
Oversleeping can be just as harmful as not sleeping enough, because the body needs an optimal amount of sleep per night for properly balanced hormones.
This ‘excessive sleep’ pattern in those who sleep too much can result in an increased risk of obesity.
Research data indicates that people who sleep for beyond 9 hours per day are 21% more likely to become obese over a 6 year period compared to those who slept a normal amount.
Unfortunately, there have been reports where misguided individuals purposely oversleep to lose weight. Why? Because they believe they can avoid meals by sleeping through them. Sadly, using excessive sleep as a way to skip meals and cut calories is a bad habit because you’re depriving your body of essential nutrients and messing with your hormones. Therefore, your body cannot always function normally, and it could lead to a host of other problems apart from weight gain, such as the following:
- Increased inflammation
- Mood issues
- More stress
- Problems with cognition
- Increased risk of heart disease and stroke
If you suffer from these symptoms, you’re also likely to eat more and make unhealthier choices, like eating fast food or processed foods.
Furthermore, scientific evidence suggests that deliberately oversleeping impacts your body’s circadian rhythm and biological clock. As a result, specific chemicals and hormones may not be released on time, which affects bodily functions. And these biorhythms include digestive hormones that regulate appetite and absorption, which are two key elements that impact weight loss and maintenance.
When it comes to how weight gain and sleep habits are connected, many people are surprised to learn that oversleeping can cause weight gain.
Shift Work Sleep Disorder and Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome: Nocturnal Sleeping Habits
Most experts agree that nighttime sleep when it’s dark outside is the best for sleep quality, since it aligns the body’s circadian rhythms with the environment. Sleeping as much as possible when it's dark outside is best for optimal health. The effect of sleep on weight gain is clear since circadian timing affects sleep quality, cardiac function, mental health, and metabolism. All of these play a factor in losing or maintaining a healthy weight. But what about those who retain atypical sleeping schedules and remain ‘nocturnal’?
Shift Work: The Graveyard Shift
Unfortunately, even if experts recommend getting nighttime sleep, not everyone can maintain this sleep schedule. Nurses and other workers with consistent graveyard shifts, particularly those working the 12 midnight to 8 am slot, find themselves with a vampire-like schedule. They are mostly awake and active at night and asleep during the day. They suffer from a “shift work sleep disorder” since they don’t (or can’t) fall asleep until it’s close to sunrise.
Similarly, some individuals may suffer from a disorder like delayed sleep phase syndrome or simply having a late chronotype (and being a natural night owl), which makes it hard for them to fall asleep at night. While some people have a night-owl chronotype instead of being ‘early birds’, others have more serious circadian rhythm disorders where their sleep schedule seems to be backwards.
According to a study on the genetics of circadian rhythms, sleep, and health, people have a 24-rhythm in physiology and behavior generated by molecular clocks. This internal clock serves to coordinate a person’s time with the external world. It just so happens that some people naturally thrive best at night. Some stay up until 2:00 or 3:00 in the morning while getting sufficient sleep hours during the daytime by sleeping in. Remote workers with flexible hours can get away with this lifestyle, but how does it impact their health? It’s possible their odd sleeping hours are throwing their hormones off balance which can cause weight gain.
Weight gain and sleep are often connected due to hormonal imbalances caused by disordered sleep habits.
Implications of Sleeping on Your Weight and Overall Health
What does this mean for shift workers and night owls? SCRD or sleep and circadian rhythm disruptions are ubiquitous in today’s society. Unfortunately, the same study above noted that it is harmful to graveyard shift workers to be up all night because an unforgiving work schedule could lead to metabolic syndromes that impact weight loss and maintenance. It could also result in cognitive impairment and mental health issues.
As for those who just go to bed later than usual, the connection between weight gain and sleep, and the connection between sleep habits and overall health, is not as adverse for night owls as it is for those who are awake from midnight until 8 am.
As long as the night owl gets 7 to 9 hours of good quality sleep daily, the body will likely adjust its circadian timing. Instead of being a health issue, the later-than-usual schedule becomes more of a social issue because jobs, schools, and most appointments happen in the early morning when they’re still asleep.
Those who maintain an active night schedule must strive for quality sleep to compensate for the lack of nighttime rest. This means enjoying sleep continuity for 7 to 9 hours as this is vital for every person’s optimal health. Continuity entails avoiding sleep disruptions, fragmented sleep, or sleeping in chunks to compensate for the 8 hours. Interrupted sleep is unhealthy because it interferes with the body's ability to move along through the sleep cycle. A fragmented sleep schedule means there is decreased time for your body to enjoy the most restorative stages of deep sleep. That’s why everyone should aim for uninterrupted sleep for 7 to 9 hours a day.
Are You Having Trouble Sleeping?
If you’re having trouble achieving good quality sleep every night, it’s best to consult a doctor. You could be suffering from a sleep disorder, which needs medical intervention. Remember, your biorhythm regulates and controls every aspect of your body’s functioning. This includes your metabolism which burns calories, regulates digestion, and controls appetite. This biorhythm also impacts your immune system, cognition, mood, and even sex drive. It is clear that those who want to lose or maintain a healthy weight and live a holistic lifestyle must have a proper sleep cycle.
For most adults, high-quality rest for 7 to 9 hours is essential in keeping the body’s rhythm in sync. When this goes out of whack, it affects everything including your weight. If you want this biorhythm to function well, you have to practice sleep hygiene like turning off your phone before bed, sleeping at the same time each night, and setting up a good bedroom ambiance. You could also take a CircleDNA test to find out your genetic sleep traits and find out potential underlying causes of poor sleep that lie in your DNA.
This comprehensive at-home DNA test will provide over 500 plus reports, such as your ancestry, health and disease risks, personality profile, etc. based on your DNA. This can determine what chronotype you have, if you’re an early bird or a night owl. The reports will also indicate if you’re genetically more likely to have low appetite control, short sleep duration, or if you’re a light sleeper.
- How Much Sleep Do We Really Need? (Eric Suni) https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/how-much-sleep-do-we-really-need
- Sleep and Metabolism: An Overview (Sunil Sharma & Mani Kavuru) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2929498/
- Ghrelin: much more than a hunger hormone (Geetali Pradhan et.al.) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4049314/
- Chronically restricted or disrupted sleep as a causal factor in the development of depression (Peter Meerloo et.al.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25646723/
- Sleep loss results in elevated cortisol levels the next evening (R. Leproult et.al.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9415946/
- Sleep Duration and Diabetes Risk: Population Trends and Potential Mechanisms (Michael Grandner et.al.) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5070477/
- Sleep Deprivation Linked to Junk Food Cravings (Yasmin Anwar) https://news.berkeley.edu/2013/08/06/poor-sleep-junk-food/
- Weight Loss and Sleep: Is there a connection? (Michael Breus) https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/sleep-newzzz/201709/weight-loss-and-sleep-is-there-connection-1
- Physical Side Effects of Oversleeping (Hilary Parker) https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/physical-side-effects-oversleeping
- Circadian Rhythms (NIGMS) https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/fact-sheets/Pages/circadian-rhythms.aspx
- The genetics of circadian rhythms, sleep and health (Aarti Jagannath et.al.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28977444/Role of sleep continuity and total sleep time in executive function across the adult lifespan (Kristine Wickens et.al.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25244484/ | <urn:uuid:77ac89e7-0c7c-486b-94fd-c44ad75a8a0c> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://magazine.circledna.com/weight-gain-and-sleep-how-do-sleep-habits-impact-your-weight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652494.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606082037-20230606112037-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.929913 | 3,213 | 2.96875 | 3 |
By Richard Medina Gómez
The Government of the Dominican Republic (DR) recently created the Presidential Commission on Road Safety (“Comisión Presidencial para la Seguridad Vial”) as a coordination table for improving the road safety and traffic education in the country. These are two problems that need immediate public attention. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), using 2013 data, the nation ranks 15th in the world with 29.3 traffic deaths per 100,000 population.[i] The DR heads the list among Latin American countries, followed by Brazil with 23.4 traffic deaths per 100,000 inhabitants.[ii] 63% of the deaths in the country involved drivers or passengers of less than four-wheel motorized vehicles, 13% were drivers or passenger of four-wheel vehicles while the remaining fifth involved pedestrians or unspecified users.[iii]
Furthermore, the WHO notes that part of the problem is that the DR does not have a lead agency that oversees the work of more than ten institutions whose work is related to traffic policy.[iv] Additionally, the WHO catalogs the country as a having low level of emergency response to car crashes.[v]
The Government is addressing these causes in a variety of ways:
- A massive media campaign was released showing videos with real-life accidents and pointing out who caused it and what the involved drivers could have done to avoid the accident.
- The Presidential Commission for Road Safety, coordinated by the Minister of Public Works, is drafting a plan to assure coordination among all the transportation-related institutions and to improve traffic education. The plan is expected to be released in late November.
- The Government is expanding the 911 Emergency Response Program into the most densely populated provinces of the country. It began in the Great Santo Domingo area in 2014, and the Government promised to expand the service into Santiago, San Cristóbal, Puerto Plata, and the Touristic Corridor in the Eastern Region.
- The Ministry of Public Works implemented a plan for rapid response to accidents on the country’s highways and inter-urban roads.
- The Government is improving the capacity of the emergencies in provincial hospitals.
- Traffic law enforcement and surveillance have increased in primary roads and urban centers in the country.
Acknowledging that there is a public safety problem is the first step to solving it. The Government has gone beyond that point. It had created a comprehensive plan for tackling every cause of the problem. In a couple of years, we can expect to see a notable reduction in traffic deaths and car crashes in the country.
About the Author
Richard Medina Gómez is a Dominican economist who currently is a graduate student at Harvard Kennedy School of Government. Richard worked for the Dominican Ministry of Finance for four years, with a focus on macroeconomic research, financial analysis, and public debt management operations. Richard is interested in exploring how a developing country’s institutional framework could be strengthened through more capable public employees and decision makers. He is also interested in pre-college education policy in developing countries. Richard Medina was the Editor-in-Chief of the 5th Edition of the LAPJ and is a panda and dog lover.
[i] World Health Organization –WHO- (2015). Data on the Global status report on road safety 2015. Retrieved on November 9th, 2016 from: http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2015/GSRRS2015_data/en/ | <urn:uuid:e10b473e-7d9d-4ebc-9760-29ee0e6f7719> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://lapj.hkspublications.org/road-safety-in-the-dominican-republic-new-plan-to-improve-coordination/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358560.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128134516-20211128164516-00567.warc.gz | en | 0.943461 | 741 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Foods like meat, fish, eggs, heavy cream, butter, oils, and non-starchy vegetables like pea pods, carrots, broccoli, and peppers are used.
“A ketogenic diet helps lower blood sugar levels in people with type II diabetes and improve seizure control in people with epilepsy”, said study author J. Nicholas Brenton, MD, of the University of Virginia in Charlottesville and a member of the American Academy of Neurology.
However, it has not been well-studied in people with MS. And so, the new study explored whether eating a ketogenic diet is safe, tolerable, and beneficial for people living with MS.
The study enrolled 65 people diagnosed with relapsing-remitting MS. Relapsing-remitting MS is the most common form of the disease, marked by symptom flare-ups followed by periods of remission. Study participants consumed a ketogenic diet for six months.
They were instructed to consume two to three ketogenic meals per day consisting of one to two servings of low-carbohydrate proteins such as eggs, fish, or meat alongside two to four tablespoons of fat, such as butter, oil, avocado, ghee or heavy cream, and one to two cups of non-starchy vegetables such as cucumbers, leafy greens or cauliflower.
Snacks were also allowed as long as participants followed the maximum daily carbohydrate allowance of 20 grams. Adherence to the diet was monitored by daily urine tests to measure ketones, a metabolite produced by the body when it is burning fats.
A total of 83 percent of participants adhered to the diet for the full study period. Participants completed tests and surveys before the start of the diet and again at three and six months while on the diet to measure the level of disability and quality of life.
Researchers found that not only did participants have less body fat after six months, they also had a decline in fatigue and depression scores.
On a quality-of-life survey, the physical health and mental health scores of the participants also improved on a common MS disease progression test.
The score representing disability improved from the start of the study compared to at the end. On a six-minute walking test, participants walked an average of 1,631 feet at the start of the study compared to 1,733 feet at the end.
Researchers also took blood samples and found participants had improvements in the levels of inflammatory markers in the blood.
This study provides evidence that a ketogenic diet may indeed be safe and beneficial, reducing some symptoms for people with MS, when used over six months .
However, more research is needed because there are potential risks associated with ketogenic diets, such as kidney stones, digestive issues, and nutrient deficiencies. A limitation of the study was the lack of a control group of people with MS who consumed their regular, non-ketogenic diet. | <urn:uuid:dc21be2a-02b6-43e0-943f-0d8ab7813a13> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://indianfitnesscare.com/keto-diet-gives-hand-to-multiple-sclerosis-disability/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662541747.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521205757-20220521235757-00778.warc.gz | en | 0.958932 | 596 | 2.75 | 3 |
As you could see here, most English compounds are not hyphenated. However, a hyphen is used when a compound is a modifier. A modifier changes or adds to the meaning of the word that follows. In the phrase That’s a big house, the word big is a modifier; it adds something to the concept house.
When the compound is a modifier, especially when it modifies a noun, we use a hyphen:
This is a well-written article.
But there is no hyphen in the following sentence:
I think the article is well written.
Here are some more examples:
They are five-year-old children. (Notice that there is no plural -s).
The children are five years old.
He is a part-time mechanic.
He works part time.
This is a long-term project.
We must plan for the long term.
The hyphen often helps to clarify what the writer wants to say.
He is selling his little-used bike means that the bike has not been used much.
He is selling his little used bike would mean that the bike is little (small) and has been used.
Do you understand the difference between a single family home and a single-family home?
And between a small business owner and a small-business owner?
Or an old furniture salesman and an old-furniture salesman?
We can leave out the hyphen if there is no risk for confusion:
I found a used car dealer.
An adverb ending in -ly is not followed by a hyphen:
A smartly dressed woman | <urn:uuid:2f148f5e-30bc-4939-8f9e-aad7d4073c08> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://copyeditor.se/tag/modifier/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.963301 | 339 | 3.34375 | 3 |
- Kaguya HDTV 006_3_l shows Pythagoras viewed obliquely from the northwest with Babbage in the distance.
(IAU Directions) PYTHAGORAS.--A noble walled-plain, 95 miles in diameter, which no one who observes it fails to lament is not nearer the centre of the disc, as it would then undoubtedly rank among the most imposing objects of its class. Even under all the disadvantages of position, it is by far the most striking formation in the neighbourhood. Its rampart rises, at one point on the N., to a height of nearly 17,000 feet above the floor, on which stands a magnificent central mountain, familiar to most observers.
- Depth data from Kurt Fisher database
- Westfall, 2000: 5.25 km
- Viscardy, 1985: 4.8 km
- Cherrington, 1969: 4.99 km
- Measures on LRO QuickMap give depth about 3.8 km, lower than I would expect!
- The sun angle in LO-IV-176H is too high to make a valid estimate of the crater depth, but the shadows cast by the slumped areas along the eastern wall indicate those blocks must be roughly 3,400 m tall, which is consistent with the higher values given for the crater rim in Kurt Fisher's database.
- Central peak heights
- As measured by LTVT, the three central peaks in LO-IV-176H have heights, listing them from west to east of 1920 m, 1990 m, 2350 m, but only in the first case does the tip of the shadow fall on the crater floor. So the latter two are lower limits on the height of those peaks, and, in fact, misleading since Clementine images, taken with the sun to the south, show that the shape of the apparent triangle of shadow being cast by the right-most "peak" is really an artifact arising from the way the shadow falls on steeply sloping terrain, extended by a low ridge descending to the north. The main right-hand summit is at the bottom corner of the triangle. The shadows in Clementine LUB4662P.192 show that the tall center and right-most peaks rise 3.27 km and 3.18 km above the crater floor, with the low point between them descending to 2.82 km. - JimMosher
- Laser altimeter profile from Kaguya gives crater depths from 4.2-4.8 km, with central peak 3.0 km high. - tychocrater Aug 19, 2008
- Measures on LRO QuickMap give central peak height about 2.8 km. This peak rises to the level of th3 surrounding terrain - very unusual! CAW
- Sekiguchi, 1972:
- 3.6 km "large, peaked mountain"
- 1.8 km another mountain attached to the north of the one listed above
- 0.1 km "mound . . . seen on the west slope of [the top mountain]"
- "These three objects are generally regarded as one mountain block and named Alpha" - fatastronomer
- Sekiguchi, 1972:
- Central peak composition: A & GNTA1 (Tompkins & Pieters, 1999)
- Exterior impact melt deposits most extensive to NE, max of ~45 km beyond rim. Most extensive ejecta, rays and secondary craters to the S, with max wall slumping on S side of crater, and topographically lowest rim crest to NE (Hawke and Head, 1977).
- Stratigraphy changed to Upper Imbrian based on Galileo data and crater counts (McEwen et al, 1993)
- TSI = 35, CPI = 20, FI = 20; MI =75 Smith and Sanchez, 1973
- Named for Pythagoras of Samos (between 580 and 572 BC–between 500 BC and 490 BC), an Ionian (Greek) philosopher and founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism. He is best known for the Pythagorean Theorem which bears his name. Known as "the father of numbers," Pythagoras made influential contributions to philosophy and religious teaching in the late 6th century BC.
- The name Pythagoras was first used by Michel Florent Van Langren (Langrenus) as Pythagorae. It is one of only three names from Van Langren's list which were anchored to their original locations throughout the entire history of selenography. The other two are Endymionis (IAU: Endymion) and Langreni (IAU: Langrenus).
- This name (as Pythagoras) has remained unchanged since its original use for this feature on Riccioli's map (Whitaker, p. 214). | <urn:uuid:a4d7d55a-94ea-4086-b0b2-bf0d3d99f4ef> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://the-moon.us/wiki/Pythagoras | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662556725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523071517-20220523101517-00326.warc.gz | en | 0.921309 | 1,037 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Q. 83.8( 4 Votes )
Steps of Construction:
(i) Draw a line segment AB = 3.6 cm.
(ii) Draw an arc with A as centre and 3.0 cm as radius and draw another arc with B as centre and 4.8 cm as radius to intersect each other at C. Join AC and BC.
Thus, we get the required triangle ABC.
On measuring all the angles, we get
∠A = 93°, ∠B = 38.6° and ∠C = 48.4°
Rate this question : | <urn:uuid:cfb7900c-1559-4392-b5ef-ef6c4ab025b0> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://goprep.co/q8-construct-a-triangle-whose-sides-are-3-6-cm-3-0-cm-and-4-i-1nl98z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358798.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227084805-20210227114805-00631.warc.gz | en | 0.924524 | 124 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Dred Scott, John San(d)Ford, and the Case for Collusion
David T. Hardy
December 2, 2012
Northern Kentucky Law Review, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2014
Dred Scott profoundly changed American history. Intended to protect slavery, its unforeseen consequences were the election of Abraham Lincoln, the political destruction of Stephen Douglas, and the adoption of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. It was also the Court's first interpretation of freedom of speech and assembly, of the right to arms, and of substantive due process.
This article explores the degree to which Dred Scott was collusive -- not in the sense of both sides desiring the same outcome, but in the sense of them manufacturing a false case which each thought they could win. The defendant was John F. A. Sanford, a New York businessman who had no claim to being the Scott family's slaveholder, but who nonetheless stipulated to being such. The real slaveholder was his sister Irene, whom the Scotts initially sued in State court. When the Federal suit was brought, her name was likely omitted, and Sanford substituted, because its known destination was the Supreme Court...and Irene was now married to Calvin Chaffee, a member of the House of Representatives, and a prominent opponent of slavery. Immediately after the decision was handed down, the Chaffees' role was exposed by the pro-slavery press and a public relations battle ensured, ending with their arranging for the Scott family's manumission.
Why the pro-slavery side would have colluded is not hard to understand: given the composition of the Court, they were the likely winners. The motive for Scott's attorneys' collusion is harder to discern. His trial court attorney seems to have thought it worth the gamble because a win would enable sidestepping of the Fugitive Slave Act, a major gain given its almost-complete due process deprivations, while a loss would do limited harm -- the attack on the Missouri Compromise and on Congressional power over slavery in the territories was not an issue at the trial court level. Scott's attorney in the Supreme Court did face that issue, but had never been informed that the defendant had no real standing in the case.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 39
Keywords: Dred Scott, slavery, constitutional history, Lincoln, abolitionism
JEL Classification: K10, K41
Date posted: December 2, 2012 ; Last revised: February 14, 2015
© 2015 Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
This page was processed by apollo7 in 0.219 seconds | <urn:uuid:adc15a91-3fc1-4bec-91ef-f3a0388c352a> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2183939 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131303502.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172143-00154-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971557 | 542 | 2.6875 | 3 |
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About 15 per cent of deaths worldwide from COVID19 may be linked to longterm exposure to air pollution, according to a study published on Tuesday. Researchers, including those from Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Germany, found that in Europe the proportion of COVID19 deaths linked to air pollution was about 19 per cent, in North America it was 17 per cent, and in East Asia about 27 per cent.
About 15 percent of deaths worldwide from COVID-19 may be linked to long-term exposure to air pollution, according to a study published on Tuesday. Researchers, including those from Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Germany, found that in Europe the proportion of COVID-19 deaths linked to air pollution was about 19 percent, in North America it was 17 percent, and in East Asia about 27 percent.
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The study, published in the journal Cardiovascular Research, is the first to estimate the proportion of deaths from the coronavirus that could be attributed to the exacerbating effects of air pollution for every country in the world. The team noted that these proportions are an estimate of the fraction of COVID-19 deaths that could be avoided if the population were exposed to lower counterfactual air pollution levels without fossil fuel-related and other anthropogenic — caused by humans — emissions.
This attributable fraction does not imply a direct cause-effect relationship between air pollution and COVID-19 mortality, the researchers said. Instead, it refers to relationships between two, direct and indirect, i.e. by aggravating co-morbidities, or other health conditions, that could lead to fatal health outcomes of the virus infection, they said.
The researchers used epidemiological data from previous US and Chinese studies of air pollution and COVID-19 and the SARS outbreak in 2003, supported by additional data from Italy. They combined this with satellite data showing global exposure to polluting fine particles known as ’particulate matter’ that are less than or equal to 2.5 microns in diameter (known as PM2.5), information on atmospheric conditions and ground-based pollution monitoring networks.
The researchers created a model to calculate the fraction of coronavirus deaths that could be attributable to long-term exposure to PM2.5. The results are based on epidemiological data collected up to third week in June 2020 and the researchers say a comprehensive evaluation will need to follow after the pandemic has subsided.
Estimates for individual countries show, for example, that air pollution contributed to 29 percent of coronavirus deaths in the Czech Republic, 27 percent in China, 26 percent in Germany, 22 percent in Switzerland, and 21 percent in Belgium. ”Since the numbers of deaths from COVID-19 are increasing all the time, it’s not possible to give exact or final numbers of COVID-19 deaths per country that can be attributed to air pollution,” said Professor Jos Lelieveld from Max Planck Institute for Chemistry.
”However, as an example, in the UK there have been over 44,000 coronavirus deaths and we estimate that the fraction attributable to air pollution is 14 percent, meaning that more than 6,100 deaths could be attributed to air pollution,” Lelieveld said. ”In the US, more than 220,000 COVID deaths with a fraction of 18 percent yields about 40,000 deaths attributable to air pollution,” he said.
Professor Thomas Munzel from the Johannes Gutenberg University in Germany noted that when people inhale polluted air, the very small polluting particles, the PM2.5, migrate from the lungs to the blood and blood vessels, causing inflammation and severe oxidative stress, which is an imbalance between free radicals and oxidants in the body that normally repair damage to cells. ”This causes damage to the inner lining of arteries, the endothelium, and leads to the narrowing and stiffening of the arteries. The COVID-19 virus also enters the body via the lungs, causing similar damage to blood vessels, and it is now considered to be an endothelial disease, Munzel said.
”If both long-term exposure to air pollution and infection with the COVID-19 virus come together then we have an additive adverse effect on health, particularly with respect to the heart and blood vessels, which leads to greater vulnerability and less resilience to COVID-19,” he said.
First Published: Oct 27, 2020 2:55 PM IST | <urn:uuid:7bbd4c05-0f7b-478d-86e8-611792a00385> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.cnbctv18.com/healthcare/air-pollution-linked-with-15-covid-19-deaths-worldwide-study-7312691.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499891.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131222253-20230201012253-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.939564 | 1,061 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Harriet Taylor Mill’s extraordinary 1851 essay “The Enfranchisement of Women” is a landmark in western political and philosophical thought. For more than a century, however, discussion of Harriet Taylor Mill centered on the nature of her influence, or lack of influence, on her husband, John Stuart Mill. Little attention was paid to her own thought or to her brilliant collaboration with John.
Indeed, as Jo Ellen Jacobs charts it in her study of Harriet Taylor Mill criticism, there was a backlash against Harriet that lasted a century. Despite periodic outbreaks of sympathy that coincided with “periods of growth for women’s rights” in the 1910s–20s, 1940s, and 1970s, it’s only been in the last couple of generations that Harriet has finally been given her due.
“Even with the individual and general sexism in the history of philosophy, Harriet Taylor Mill would probably not have drawn quite so much ire if she had just ‘behaved herself,’” Jacobs writes. “But Harriet refused to play the role of the traditional Victorian subservient ‘lady.’ She asked questions that irritated and provoked nearly everyone but John Stuart Mill.”
It wasn’t just her philosophical provocations and intellectual curiosity that upset people. When Harriet Taylor (1807–1858) met John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) in 1831, she was already married, to John Taylor. Within a couple of years, she was living, essentially, in a ménage à trois with the two of them. John Taylor died in 1849; Harriet and John Stuart Mill married two years later. This scandalous behavior colored views of her for decades, giving teeth to the claims that she was either seductive or sexless, a manipulator controlling the innocent Mr. Mill.
As Jacobs notes, whole biographies of John Stuart Mill have been written without any mention of Harriet Taylor Mill as a thinking person. Some philosophers examining John’s work ignored Harriet; others acknowledged her but claimed she had no influence on him; still others, conversely, said that she had far too much influence. All of this calumny came in the face of John’s own testament to Harriet’s influence on him in his writings. But to the anti-Harriet crew, John was her victim, so his own words (in this matter) were discounted.
“All biographers before 1951”—a century after the Mills married—believed “secondhand information about Harriet,” writes Jacobs. But that year, F. A. Hayek published a book about the couple based on new access to Harriet’s letters, unpublished essays, and poems. Hayek wrote that “apart from Mill none of those who expressed views about Harriet Taylor’s qualities have had had much ground on which to base them.”
Jacobs’s plea is to listen to Harriet Taylor Mill in her own right, and to explore the fruitful collaboration with John Stuart Mill where appropriate. How hard is that? The two Mills wrote a whole book “defending the belief that knowledge is more likely to be gained in the interchange, debate, and struggle of those collaborating in learning.” | <urn:uuid:b7fde6d2-d6ce-4d95-8e0e-2077787648bd> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://daily.jstor.org/harriet-taylor-mill-at-last/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510368.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928063033-20230928093033-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.970082 | 685 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Map Reference: R706361 (1706, 1361)
Geoffrey de Marisco founded a Commandery of the Knights Hospitallers here in 1215. It was dedicated to St John the Baptist and continued in use until the Dissolution in 1541. In 1566 the church was leased to John Cockerham and in 1578 to W Apsley. It is now a roofless ruin with a doorway in the south wall and lancet windows. At the west end of the church there was a two-storey residential tower and possibly a belfry. The upper portion of this has been transformed into a grotto. Inside the church there are three effigy slabs. One of these is of a helmeted knight holding a shield. He lies with his head on a pillow and a hound at his feet. This was once the top slab of a box-tomb of which there are no other remains. A second slab shows a robed, bare-headed figure, possibly holding a sword. The church is usually locked and it is not possible to examine these slabs closely. A third slab is broken and appears to have two effigies. In the gable of the church are a number of carved stones including a good crucifixion.
Return to County Limerick List
Return to Gazetteer | <urn:uuid:a226c1f1-2244-4a68-ac2d-6a3f25f0da6b> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | http://irishantiquities.bravehost.com/limerick/hospital/hospital.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360881.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201173718-20211201203718-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.978227 | 279 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Nowadays, the hook and loop tape commonly utilized in life is affordable and has a terrific effect. Because of these factors, the worth and quality of the hook and loop tape have develop into essentially the most concerned issue. For some industries that use hook and loop tape, because the quantity of hook and loop tape bought every time is relatively massive, the superb hook and loop tape can’t only successfully improve their production effectivity, but in addition reduce a number of prices of enterprises on account of its longer service life. What factors will have an effect on the quality of hook and loop tape?
Raw supplies for making hook and loop tape. Hook and loop tape is made up of certain types of yarns, and completely different yarns are made up of various fibers.
Fiber is a kind of fabric with very fine diameter, normally several microns to tens of microns, and its length is many instances larger than that of fineness, and has sure flexibility. There are various kinds of fibers in nature, but not all fibers can be used for spinning and weaving. Only the fiber that can be used to produce hook and loop tape will be called hook and loop tape fiber.
As a hook and loop tape fiber, it ought to have the following properties:
(1) Good physical and mechanical properties, hook and loop tape fiber have to be processed earlier than it can be used for weaving. Whether in the process of hook and loop tape processing, or within the process of sewing and wearing, they should bear quite a lot of exterior forces, comparable to stretching, torsion, bending, friction and repeated external forces, so that the hook and loop tape will produce corresponding deformation.
(2) With sure fineness and length, the fineness and length of fiber should meet the necessities of hook and loop tape processing technology. In the production process of hook and loop tape, the fibers often have to be twisted collectively before they are often spun into yarn.
(three) Hygroscopicity and air permeability, moisture absorption and air permeability are the essential sanitary properties of hook and loop tape fiber. Good hygroscopicity might help to soak up sweat and grease of human body, and make the fabric could be dyed and printed. Air permeability makes clothing comfortable and cool.
(4) Chemical stability: the hook and loop tape fiber will need to have sure chemical stability for light, heat, acid and alkali solutions. Only in this way can the service life of the fiber not be reduced and damaged under the action of the above substances.
(5) On the whole, hook and loop tape must be dyed and dyed with various colors or patterns to achieve its closing purpose. Due to this fact, the hook and loop tape fiber ought to have certain dyeing properties. | <urn:uuid:f67f14f3-deac-4c08-82ed-ce558734493f> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://getcleanedgetorganized.com/factors-of-the-quality-of-hook-and-loop-tape-8/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662562410.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524014636-20220524044636-00203.warc.gz | en | 0.950463 | 572 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Instructional Design and Rapid Prototyping: Rising from the Ashes of ADDIE
Tom Gram, one of my favorite bloggers, a few years ago responded to the hue and cry about ADDIE’s demise in the field of instructional design. In ADDIE is DEAD! Long Live ADDIE!, he talked about the love/hate relationship that many instructional designers and eLearning developers have had with ADDIE as they tried to keep up with business demands for speed and quality and as they observe process innovations such as rapid application development and iterative prototyping.
For many years the five ADDIE phases were the foundation for the design of most systems. Software engineering, product development, interactive/multimedia development are all based on some variation of the model. Most of these systems have evolved from the linear “waterfall” approach of early models; that is, a phase has to be completed and approved before you can start the next phase.
The waterfall approach has generally been replaced by iterative design cycles based on rapid prototyping, customer participation in the process, and loads of feedback loops built into the process.
And instructional design/e-learning has gone through the same process. It has evolved and continues to evolve to meet the needs of the marketplace. Much of the current hostile reaction to ADDIE is based on the old waterfall-linear approach and the assumed “instructivist” nature of the model.
ADDIE vs. Rapid Prototyping
ADDIE’s linear perspective provides a structured step-by step instructional design process. It is characterized by a progression through Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation.
The process includes a cycle of revision for each phase of the training deliverables, offering clear guidance to the Instructional Designer and emphasizing the intrinsic logic of the design. It relies on two main assumptions:
- Quality information: The instructional designer can work on complete information from the Analysis phase, relying on the fact that the instructional context is stable and that there are no unforeseen events.
- Expertise: The instructional designer can master the process without errors, and all the team members (including subject matter experts) and stakeholders can give their contributions as required, at the right moment, and in a clear and unambiguous manner.
As we know, these are merely assumptions that are rarely, if ever, in place for an actual learning project.
Rapid Prototyping is currently the most popular alternate approach to ADDIE and traditional instructional design. With Rapid Prototyping, the steps are crunched together to reduce the amount of time needed to develop training or a product (Jones & Richey, 2000). The design and development phases are done simultaneously and evaluation is done throughout the process.
What exactly does Rapid Prototyping offer? Its non-linear approach allows for more instructional flexibility. It can catch problems early in the development stages as users are able to offer immediate feedback. It reduces development time and costs by:
- Using working models early in a project to eliminate time-consuming revisions later on.
- Completing design tasks at the same time, rather than sequentially, throughout the project.
With Rapid Prototyping, learners and/or subject matter experts interact with prototypes and instructional designers in a continuous review and revision process. The development of a prototype is the first step and analysis is continuous throughout the process. As one cycle proves effective and usable, the next cycle begins, based upon the best-practices of the previous cycle, and so on.
Analyzing needs and developing content depends in part upon the knowledge gained by actually building and using the prototype instructional system. Rapid Prototyping thus overcomes the limitations of the traditional ADDIE approach:
- It involves all team members earlier in the project cycle
- It allows the stakeholders, subject matter experts, and end users to provide early feedback.
The rapid prototype creates an early iteration loop that provides valuable feedback on technical issues, creative treatment, and effectiveness of instruction. The design document itself is changed to reflect this feedback, and in some cases, a new prototype module is developed for subsequent testing of the refinements.
Here is what it looks like:
Gram himself doesn’t use ADDIE in its purist form any more. For e-learning and performance applications, he prefers processes with iterative design and development cycles that are usually a variation of Rapid Prototyping such as the Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM) or, specifically for eLearning, either an iterative approach or Michael Allen’s Rapid Development approach.
He thinks of ADDIE not as an instructional design methodology but rather as a framework for coaching instructional designers and a project management process for managing learning and e-learning projects.
According to Gram, many e-learning designers these days are not formally trained in Instructional Design. Neither customers nor subject matter experts understand its systemic nature. Instructional Design is thought of as instructional “writing” more than the holistic approach at the heart of ADDIE. Instructional designers, customer, and subject matter experts are much easier to work with once they understand the broad project process that ADDIE represents.
Gram says that the ADDIE phases are the major processes that need to be managed and measured by most learning functions. He sees the integration of ADDIE with Rapid Prototyping as a starting point to design a customized process that can be communicated, executed, measured and repeated with some level of consistency. This integration demonstrates Instructional Designers’ continually improving processes, breaking through to better ways of working.
Botturi, Luca; Cantoni, Lorenzo; Lepori, Benedetto; & Tardini, Stefano. (2007). Fast Prototyping as a Communication Catalyst for E-Learning Design. In Bullen, Mark & Janes, Diane (eds.), Making the Transition to E-Learning: Strategies and Issues. Hershey, PA:Idea Group, pp. 266-283.
Boulet, Guy. Rapid Prototyping: An efficient way to collaboratively design and develop e-learning content. (http://www.guyboulet.net)
Jones, Toni Stokes, & Richey, Rita C. Rapid prototyping methodology in action: (2000). A developmental study. Educational Technology Research and Development, 48, 2, pp. 63-80.
Kruse, Kevin. Creating Rapid Prototypes for e-Learning. E-Learning Guru.(http://www.e-learningguru.com/articles/art2_4.htm)
Tripp, Steven & Bichelmeyer, Barbara. (1990) Rapid prototyping: An alternative
instructional design strategy. Educational Technology Research and Development, 38, 1, pp.31-44. | <urn:uuid:ec2e28d0-5284-4787-b422-2606cc71182a> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.dashe.com/blog/elearning/instructional-design-prototyping-addie/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535919066.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014519-00025-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926266 | 1,389 | 2.859375 | 3 |
What makes the world famous Kruger National Park special? The park’s media relations officer Raymond Travers tries to answer this question as he shows the different attractions that have made this “palette of Eden” the yearly quest of more than a million visitors per year.
He looked straight at the camera. His eyes focused on something, seemingly thousands of kilometres away. A few blades of grass, freshly cropped from the surrounding Mopanieveld, hung from his lips like Andy Capp’s cigarette.
This was, of course, a buffalo (Syncerus Caffer). One of the notorious Big Five and a resident of the world famous Kruger National Park, the buffalo casually grazed next to the main road between Mopani and Letaba rest camps in an area that many call the true “park”.
But what creates the “magic” that people talk about when visiting Kruger? What continues to lure more than a million tourists every year to this symbol of South African pride?
Many authors have tried to pin down this pure attraction in one phrase or sentence. The first warden of the park, Lt Col James Stevenson-Hamilton, spoke about “A palette of Eden” in his book of the same name.
Legendary ranger Harry Wolhuter, in his book “Memories of a Game Ranger” wrote that he was privileged “to see it grow from what might be termed nothing, to what it is today – the finest Wild Life Sanctuary in the World.
The excellent coffee table book, “Greater Kruger: The Big Picture”, has perhaps another way of looking at it. It reads: “People have always felt a mysterious attraction to the greater Kruger area. Long before it had a name, the region was a stomping ground for ancient tribes who left intricate artwork and metal relics of their existence.”
And more recently, former head ranger Bruce Brydon wrote: “If there is one thing all South Africans surely know, it is that the Kruger National Park is one of their country’s greatest treasures, but what they might not know is just how great that treasure actually is in both physical size and international importance. There can be no doubt that without Kruger not only South Africa but also the world would be immeasurably poorer.” in his book “A game ranger remembers.”
The latest edition of “A Dictionary of Kruger National Park Place Names” by Kloppers (a former General Manager: Nature Conservation in the KNP) and Bornman (local historian and author) postulate: “There is probably no comparable area in the Republic of South Africa about which so many different people and authorities have written and for such a variety of reasons, as the Kruger National Park.”
But the work of Jane Carruthers in her book “The Kruger National Park: A Social and Political History” seems to expand on this theme even more. It reads: “The Kruger National Park is one of South Africa’s most famous symbols, both nationally and internationally. Indeed, for many people, South Africa is epitomized by two concepts: Its former political philosophy of apartheid; and the Kruger National Park.”
Currently, scientists and tourism officials have coined the phrase “a sense of place” to describe the magic of Kruger. This phrase has emanated from various research programmes aimed at defining why people keep flocking to Kruger.
For many of these flocks, it is a yearly pilgrimage. One particular regular visitor, a magistrate, traditionally kisses a rock strategically placed at Malelane Entrance Gate every time he enters the park. Yet others pray a blessing on their trip and yet others sit silently, possibly hoping for that “special” sighting that makes the trip worth all the effort.
South African environmental actuality programme 50/50 (SABC TV2, 17:00) even includes a regular feature called “Veldfokus” to which people can send their special experiences (photographic or video) to be judged as the best of the evening and to usually win good prizes. The annual winner receives a 4x4 vehicle and many speak about this as a lure to Kruger to “get that incredible moment” so that they can win the ultimate prize, even although the programme’s executive producer does not limit entries to only those photographed or filmed in Kruger.
But is it necessarily the game sightings that are constantly seen in Kruger that keeps the Central Reservations Switchboard (012 428 9111) constantly ringing? Not surprisingly, the two million hectare park has one of the highest biodiversity ratings in the world with 147 mammal species, over 500 bird species, close to 340 tree species and a plethora of reptiles, grasses, insects and just about everything else that make up the list of different species of the park.
Do they perhaps come for the exquisite land forms and landscape sceneries that can be found just about everywhere within the boundaries? The foothills of the Lebombo Mountains in the South East, an unusually shaped massif called Ship Mountain near Pretoriuskop, the open plains of Satara, the lalapalm fringed wetlands surrounding Satara Rest Camp, the iron-filled koppies of Phalaborwa or the baobab beauty of the Pafuri are just some of the incredible scenery types that often entice tourists to stop and stare.
Many people will, however, point at a row of serene rondawels in one of Kruger’s 24 camps and say “it is this; please don’t take this away from me”. They will probably add that all they want is to be able to braai while enjoying the peace and quiet of the place that has become the nation’s favourite bush experience. With each person, it seems to be incredibly personal which camps they choose to stay in during a visit to
Kruger. It has often been said that if you take 10 regular Kruger visitors and ask them the question “which is the best camp in Kruger?”, you’ll get 10 different answers.
And let any issue dare threaten Kruger and there is an instant outburst of sentiment from the South African public that sends a clear message “Leave our Kruger alone!” No where is this more apparent than on the public forum on the SANParks website. In fact, it is perhaps uncanny that many issues receive a mention before they are officially announced. This SANParks management not only welcomes but acknowledges as healthy two way communication between itself and a fair representation of its client base.
Kruger has thus got a very loyal group of people that visit regularly to see everything from arrow-marked babblers (Turdoides jardineii) to zinc rock formations and enjoy the piece and quiet of sitting on a veranda of their rondawel while braaiing their favourite food. But, if you think about it analytically, there are many places that you can see great scenery, watch interesting animals and relax under the stars in bungalows. So what is that special piece of the Kruger that gives South Africa’s most famous national park the edge?
Perhaps a potpourri of all of the above, mixed with an interesting cocktail of personal flavour and a pinch of that totally unique South African pride spice?
But the buffalo shakes his impressive horns vigorously from side to side, snorts in contempt for all our postulated theories and bends his heavy head towards yet another clump of grass. Perhaps buried deep in his DNA is a simple answer to our puzzling theories and questions … who knows?
Seven (7) luxury concessions;
Twelve main camps (each with petrol station, shop and restaurant);
Five (5) bushveld camps (each with a reception area, but none of the above)
Seven (7) smaller camps (range from back-to-basics camping like Maroela, Balule and the new Tzendse to bush lodges like Boulders and Tamboti tented camp);
Ten entrance gates (including the new Giriyondo Tourist Port of Entry)
Five day Lebombo Eco Overland Trail for 4x4 vehicles
Four day Olifants River Back Pack Trail
Three day Wilderness Trails (seven options)
One day Adventure Trails for 4x4 vehicles (four options)
One day Mountain Bike Trails (at Olifants Camp)
Morning Walks (most camps)
Game Drives (Sunrise and sunset drives at most camps and some gates)
Bush Braais (most main camps)
Astronomy Drive (Olifants Camp)
Contact Central Reservations – 012 428 9111
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National Slavery & Human Trafficking Awareness Month
January 17: MLK Day and the Day of Service
Signed into law in January 1983 by President Ronald Reagan, the national Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday is a celebration of Dr. King’s contribution to the United States and to humankind. This American federal holiday is observed on the third Monday of each January, which is near King’s birthday, January 15, 1929.
NEW C-SPAN in the Classroom Podcast Episodes
Join us for Episode #5: Martin Luther King, Jr: Life and Legacy of the C-SPAN in the Classroom podcast. With the recognition of Martin Luther King, Jr. this month, the team shares C-SPAN Classroom resources that reflect the life and legacy of this historic figure. Discover C-SPAN resources including eyewitness testimony, archival recordings, museum interviews, and contemporary commentary, among other resources to use in your classroom. Listen now at c-span.org/podcasts, on the free C-SPAN Now video app, or wherever you listen to podcasts.
Be sure to also visit the Podcast Page on our Featured Resources Site for a selection of materials highlighted in the episode, including this small sample of what’s available to you and your students.
Literacy Week: January 24 - January 28, 2022
Celebrate Literacy Week, Florida! is designed to raise awareness about the importance of reading and to inspire Florida's students and families to make reading part of their daily routines. Our Celebrate Literacy Week, Florida! 2022 theme is Launch Into Literacy, Blast Off Into New Worlds!
Black History Month
Black History Month is officially celebrated in the month of February. However, throughout history, in every month, generations of African Americans struggled with adversity to achieve full citizenship in American society. The credible resources on this page will help teachers and students learn more about this rich history. Decades of not treating people with equality and respect spawned the civil rights movement. The Civil War ended in 1865. Yet it took black Americans many decades and a long difficult fight to get what Abraham Lincoln had intended them to have: equality. Learn more with the informational texts referenced.
Teen Dating Violence Month
February is Teen Dating Violence Awareness Month, which is a national effort to raise awareness about abuse in teen and 20-something relationships and promote programs that prevent it. According to the website love is respect, “Every February, young people and their loved ones join together across the country for a national effort to raise awareness about the issue of teen dating violence through Teen Dating Violence Awareness Month. This annual, month-long push focuses on advocacy and education to stop dating abuse before it starts. The theme for TDVAM 2021 is Know Your Worth. Know Your Worth is all about learning about healthy relationships and self-empowerment! Every young person is deserving of a healthy, loving relationship. Key dates are as follows: Respect Week begins February 8.
Presidents’ Day is an American holiday celebrated on the third Monday in February. “Originally established in 1885 in recognition of President George Washington, it is still officially called ‘Washington’s Birthday’ by the federal government. Traditionally celebrated on February 22—Washington’s actual day of birth—the holiday became popularly known as Presidents’ Day after it was moved as part of 1971’s Uniform Monday Holiday Act, an attempt to create more three-day weekends for the nation’s workers. While several states still have individual holidays honoring the birthdays of Washington, Abraham Lincoln and other figures, Presidents’ Day is now popularly viewed as a day to celebrate all U.S. presidents past and present.” Although some states honor the birthday of Lincoln, it was never a federal holiday. (Sources: The History Channel and Encyclopedia Britannica)
National Nutrition Month
National Nutrition Month® is an annual campaign created by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. During the month of March, everyone is invited to learn about making informed food choices and developing healthful eating and physical activity habits. This year's theme, Celebrate a World of Flavors, embraces global cultures, cuisines and inclusivity, plus showcases the expertise of registered dietitian nutritionists.
Newspaper in Education Week
Newspaper in Education Week is commemorated and celebrated annually during the first full school week in March. Newspaper in Education (NIE) is an international program that encourages the use of the daily newspaper as a “living textbook” for students from primary through adult education levels. The Tampa Bay Times is pleased to commemorate Newspaper in Education Week 2021 and encourage students to read the newspaper daily in school and at home to enhance and enrich their lives.
Women’s History Month
Women’s History Month is a celebration of women’s contributions to history, culture and society. Women’s History Month began as a national celebration in 1981 when Congress authorized and requested the President to proclaim the week beginning March 7, 1982 as “Women’s History Week." Throughout the next five years, Congress continued to pass joint resolutions designating a week in March as "Women’s History Week." In 1987 after being petitioned by the National Women’s History Project, Congress which designated the month of March 1987 as “Women’s History Month." Between 1988 and 1994, Congress passed additional resolutions requesting and authorizing the President to proclaim March of each year as Women’s History Month. Since 1995, Presidents Clinton, Bush and Obama have issued a series of annual proclamations designating the month of March as “Women’s History Month.”
National Poetry Month was inaugurated by the Academy of American Poets in April 1996. Each year the month of April is set aside as National Poetry Month, a time to celebrate poets and their craft. Various events are held throughout the month by the Academy of American Poets and other poetry organizations.
Read all about it: Front Page Breaking News!
Financial Literacy Month
The Gus A. Stavros Center for Free Enterprise and Economic Education at the University of South Florida created resources aligned to the Florida Financial Literacy Standards: Financial Investing, Saving, Using Credit, Earning Income, Protecting and Insuring, and Understand the fundamental concepts relevant to the institutions, structure, and functions of a national economy. Click here for the online materials.
In a partnership the Tampa Bay Times NIE and the Florida Press Educational Services, the Gus A. Stavros Center for Free Enterprise and Economic Education at the University of South Florida created a blog that includes lesson ideas that use news texts (articles, videos, cartoons, images). CLICK ON the images below to access the texts and standards-based questions. (For more, check out the archives on the right side of the page).
Alcohol Awareness Month
Since 1987, the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Inc. (NCADD) has sponsored Alcohol Awareness Month to “increase public awareness and understanding, reduce stigma and encourage local communities to focus on alcoholism and alcohol-related issues.” This year’s theme is Changing Attitudes: It’s not a ‘rite of passage’.
Holocaust Remembrance Week
The internationally recognized date for Holocaust Remembrance Day corresponds to the 27th day of Nisan on the Hebrew calendar. It marks the anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. On April 19, 1943, the Warsaw ghetto uprising began after German troops and police entered the ghetto to deport its surviving inhabitants. By May 16, 1943, the Germans had crushed the uprising and left the ghetto area in ruins. Surviving ghetto residents were deported to concentration camps or killing centers.
According to the Earth Day Network, “Earth Day was a unified response to an environment in crisis — oil spills, smog, rivers so polluted they literally caught fire. On April 22, 1970, 20 million Americans — 10% of the U.S. population at the time — took to the streets, college campuses and hundreds of cities to protest environmental ignorance and demand a new way forward for our planet.” The 2021 theme for Earth Day is Restore Our Earth. EARTHDAY.ORG along with lead organizers Education International, Hip Hop Caucus, and Earth Uprising are organizing three separate parallel climate action summits on April 20 and 21 ahead of the Biden Administration’s global leaders’ climate summit.
Law Day 2021
Law Day is May 1. The 2021 Law Day theme is Advancing the Rule of Law Now. The American Bar Association notes, “The rule of law is the bedrock of American rights and liberties—in times of calm and unrest alike. The 2021 Law Day theme—Advancing the Rule of Law, Now—reminds all of us that we the people share the responsibility to promote the rule of law, defend liberty, and pursue justice."
Law Day 2020 – Your Vote • Your Voice • Our Democracy: The 19th Amendment at 100
Law Day is an annual celebration of the rule of law in a free society. The Judicial Branch of the U.S. Government notes, “Throughout May, the legal community reaches out in communities across the nation to simulate appreciation and critical thinking about the founding fundamentals that are so easily taken for granted.” Law Day 2020 celebrates the 100th anniversary of the 19th Amendment. “The women’s suffrage movement forever changed America, expanding representative democracy and inspiring other popular movements for constitutional change and reform. Yet, honest reflection on the suffrage movement reveals complexity and tensions over race and class that remain part of the ongoing story of the Nineteenth Amendment and its legacies,” notes the American Bar Association.
Law Day 2019 – Free Speech, Free Press, Free Society
Law Day is an annual celebration of the rule of law in a free society. The Judicial Branch of the U.S. Government notes, “Throughout May, the legal community reaches out in communities across the nation to simulate appreciation and critical thinking about the founding fundamentals that are so easily taken for granted.
“Since 1958, when President Dwight D. Eisenhower established the first Law Day, Americans have taken the opportunity to recommit themselves to remaining a nation of laws. The observance became official in 1961, when Congress issued a joint resolution designating May 1 as Law Day. This year is the 50th anniversary of Tinker v. Des Moines and a time to revisit landmark Supreme Court cases that changed student free speech and free expression rights at school.”
American Founders’ Month, Constitution Day and Celebrate Freedom Week
Florida observes American Founders’ Month, Constitution Day (Sept.17) and Celebrate Freedom Week (Sept. 23-27). Section (s.) 683.1455, Florida Statutes (F.S.), designates the month of September as American Founders’ Month and s. 1003.421, F.S., recognizes the last full week of classes in September in public schools as Celebrate Freedom Week. During American Founders’ Month various groups, including public and private educational institutions, are urged to recognize and observe this occasion through appropriate programs, meetings, services or celebrations in which state, county and local governmental officials are invited to participate. Public schools are encouraged to coordinate instruction at all grade levels related to the nation’s founding principles of our nation.
Tampa Bay Times NIE publication: Celebrate Freedom
Center for Civic Education publication: We the People
Tampa Bay Times NIE publication: It’s All About the Benjamins
NIE publication: Time Stone Series of American Heroes Benjamin Franklin & Teacher Guide
Archives of Project Gutenberg: Original text of the Federalist Papers
National Archives: Correspondence and Other Writings of Six Major Shapers of the United States
National Archives: Lesson Plans: Teaching Six Big Ideas in the Constitution
Library of Congress: The American Founders Online: An Annotated Guide to Their Papers and Publications
PBS Learning Media: Alexander Hamilton | Lawyer, Writer, and Founding Father
PBS Learning Media: Benjamin Franklin | Writer, Inventor, and Founding Father
PBS News Hour: News for Students and Teacher Resources 7–12 Grade Level Founding Fathers
Learn more about the Founding Fathers:
Remembering September 11
This year marks the 20th anniversary of the tragic events that took place in American on September 11, 2001. On that date, militants associated with the Islamist extremist group al Qaeda hijacked four airliners and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States. Two of the planes were flown into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, a third plane hit the Pentagon just outside Washington, D.C., and the fourth plane was crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. Nearly 3,000 people were killed during the attacks, including more than 400 police officers and firefighters and 246 passengers and crew on the four planes. This was the most deadly terrorist attack in U.S. history
National Childhood Obesity Awareness Month
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Childhood Obesity Is a Major Public Health Problem:
National Hispanic Heritage Month (September 15- October 15)
Hispanic Heritage Month, whose roots go back to 1968, begins each year on September 15, the anniversary of independence of five Latin American countries: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. Mexico, Chile and Belize also celebrate their independence days during this period and Columbus Day (Día de la Raza) is October 12. The National Hispanic Heritage Month theme for 2020 is A History of Serving our Nation.
National Newspaper Week
Observance of National Newspaper Week will be take place Oct. 4-10. This 80th annual National Newspaper Week is a recognition of the service of newspapers and their employees across North American and is sponsored by Newspaper Association Managers, the consortium of North American trade associations representing the industry on a state and provincial, regional and national basis.
Substance Abuse Prevention Month
October is National Substance Abuse Prevention Month, an annual observance focused on raising the public awareness and encouraging communities to take action and get involved to prevent substance use. Each year families, communities, and organizations across the country come together to raise awareness about the importance of substance use prevention and the importance of investing in prevention.
Domestic Violence Awareness Month
National Breast Cancer Awareness Month
October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month. Breast cancer is the second-most common kind of cancer in American women. About one in eight women born today in the United States will get breast cancer.
Civic Education and Election Day
According to the Louis Frey Institute, research shows when students engage in simulated civic actions, they are prone to develop a positive political efficacy that contributes to lifelong engagement. Discussing Election Day is a perfect time to engage students in civic education. In addition, the local newspaper is a great teaching tool to engage your students in civics education. Engaged citizens participate in their communities by voting and practicing good citizenship.
Veterans Day Resources
National Native American Heritage Month
America Recycles Day – Nov. 15
America Recycles Day is November 15. Learn about the many recycling facilities, programs and events available to Tampa Bay residents with these NIE publications.
Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day
On December 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor, a U.S. naval base near Honolulu, Hawaii, “was the scene of a devastating surprise attack by Japanese forces. Just before 8 a.m. on that Sunday morning, hundreds of Japanese fighter planes descended on the base, where they managed to destroy or damage nearly 20 American naval vessels, including eight battleships, and over 300 airplanes. More than 2,400 Americans died in the attack, including civilians, and another 1,000 people were wounded. The day after the assault, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan,” posted on the History Channel.
World AIDS Day
World AIDS Day takes place on December 1 each year and is an opportunity for people worldwide to unite in the fight against HIV, show their support for people living with HIV and to commemorate people who have died.
Lessons & Classroom Activities
Resources by grade level | <urn:uuid:3030367f-2524-4ee9-95c3-73cad38759b3> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://nieonline.com/tbtimes/event_calendar.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305260.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127103059-20220127133059-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.936723 | 3,354 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Multiple Intelligences concepts and VAK ( or VARK or VACT ) learning styles models offer relatively simple and accessible methods to understand and explain people's preferred ways to learn and develop. Occasionally well-intentioned people will write that the use of such models and tests is wrong because it 'pigeon-holes' people, and ignores the point that we are all a mixture of styles and preferences, and not just one single type, which is true. Please remember that over-reliance on, or extreme interpretation of, any methodology or tool can be counter-productive.
In the case of the Multiple Intelligences model, and arguably to greater extent VAK (because VAK is such a simple model), remember that these concepts and tools are aids to understanding overall personality, preferences and strengths - which will almost always be a mixture in each individual person.
Therefore, as with any methodology or tool, use Multiple Intelligences concepts, VAK and other learning styles ideas with care and interpretation according to the needs of the situation.
On this point, the Kolb Learning Styles page offers additional notes on the use of Learning Styles in young people's education .
Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory was first published in Howard Gardner's book, Frames Of Mind (1983), and quickly became established as a classical model by which to understand and teach many aspects of human intelligence, learning style, personality and behaviour - in education and industry. Howard Gardner initially developed his ideas and theory on multiple intelligences as a contribution to psychology, however Gardner's theory was soon embraced by education, teaching and training communities, for whom the appeal was immediate and irresistible - a sure sign that Gardner had created a classic reference work and learning model.
Howard Gardner was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania USA in 1943 to German Jewish immigrant parents, and entered Harvard in 1961, where, after Gardner's shift from history into social relations (which included psychology, sociology, and anthropology) he met his early mentor Erik Erikson. Later Gardner was also influenced by psychologists Jeane Piaget, Jerome Bruner, and philosopher Nelson Goodman, with whom Gardner co-founded 'Project Zero' in 1967 (focusing on studies of artistic thought and creativity). Project Zero's 1970's 'Project on Human Potential', whose heady aim was to address 'the state of scientific knowledge concerning human potential and its realization', seems to have been the platform from which Gardner's multiple intelligences ideas grew, and were subsequently published in Gardner's Frames Of Mind 1983 book. A wonderful example of 'thinking big' if ever there was one.
At the time I write/revise this summary (2005-2012) Howard Gardner is the (John H and Elisabeth A) Hobbs Professor of Cognition and Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education; he serves as adjunct Professor at Harvard University, Boston University School of Medicine, and remains senior director of Harvard Project Zero. Gardner has received honorary degrees from at least twenty foreign institutions, and has written over twenty highly regarded books on the human mind, learning and behaviour. How ironic then that Gardner, who has contributed so much to the understanding of people and behaviour, was born (according to his brief auto-biographical paper 'One Way To Make Social Scientist', 2003), cross-eyed, myopic, colour-blind and unable to recognise faces. There's hope for us all.
Since establishing his original multiple intelligences model, Howard Gardner has continued to develop his thinking and theory, so you will see references to more than the seven intelligences nowadays. Gardner most recently refers to their being eight or nine intelligences.
This article chiefly focuses on the original seven intelligences model.
This simple grid diagram illustrates Howard Gardner's model of the seven Multiple Intelligences at a glance.
|intelligence type||capability and perception|
|Linguistic||words and language|
|Logical-Mathematical||logic and numbers|
|Musical||music, sound, rhythm|
|Bodily-Kinesthetic||body movement control|
|Spatial-Visual||images and space|
|Interpersonal||other people's feelings|
Free multiple intelligences tests based on Howard Gardner's seven-intelligences model are available below in MSExcel self-calculating format, manual versions in MSExcel and pdf, and manual test versions for young people.
Gardner said that multiple intelligences were not limited to the original seven, and he has since considered the existence and definitions of other possible intelligences in his later work. Despite this, Gardner seems to have stopped short of adding to the seven (some might argue, with the exception of Naturalist Intelligence) with any clearly and fully detailed additional intelligence definitions. This is not because there are no more intelligences - it is because of the difficulty of adequately and satisfactorily defining them, since the additional intelligences are rather more complex than those already evidenced and defined.
Not surprisingly, commentators and theorists continually debate and interpret potential additions to the model, and this is why you might see more than seven intelligences listed in recent interpretations of Gardner's model. As mentioned above, Naturalist Intelligence seems most popularly considered worthy of inclusion of the potential additional 'Gardner' intelligences.
|intelligence type||capability and perception|
|Spiritual/Existential||religion and 'ultimate issues'|
|Moral||ethics, humanity, value of life|
If you think about the items above it's easy to see why Gardner and his followers have found it quite difficult to augment the original seven intelligences. The original seven are relatively cut and dried; the seven intelligences are measurable, we know what they are, what they mean, and we can evidence or illustrate them. However the potential additional human capabilities, perceptions and attunements, are highly subjective and complex, and arguably contain many overlapping aspects. Also, the fact that these additional intelligences could be deemed a measure of good or bad poses extra questions as to their inclusion in what is otherwise a model which has hitherto made no such judgement (good or bad, that is - it's a long sentence...).
The more detailed diagram below expands the detail for the original seven intelligences shown above, and also suggests ideas for applying the model and underpinning theories, so as to optimise learning and training, design accelerated learning methods, and to assess training and learning suitability and effectiveness.
|intelligence type||description||typical roles||related tasks, activities or tests||preferred learning style clues|
|1||Linguistic||words and language , written and spoken; retention, interpretation and explanation of ideas and information via language, understands relationship between communication and meaning||writers, lawyers, journalists, speakers, trainers, copy-writers, english teachers, poets, editors, linguists, translators, PR consultants, media consultants, TV and radio presenters, voice-over artistes||write a set of instructions; speak on a subject; edit a written piece or work; write a speech; commentate on an event; apply positive or negative 'spin' to a story||words and language|
|2||Logical-Mathematical||logical thinking , detecting patterns, scientific reasoning and deduction; analyse problems, perform mathematical calculations, understands relationship between cause and effect towards a tangible outcome or result||scientists, engineers, computer experts, accountants, statisticians, researchers, analysts, traders, bankers bookmakers, insurance brokers, negotiators, deal-makers, trouble-shooters, directors||perform a mental arithmetic calculation; create a process to measure something difficult; analyse how a machine works; create a process; devise a strategy to achieve an aim; assess the value of a business or a proposition||numbers and logic|
|3||Musical||musical ability , awareness, appreciation and use of sound; recognition of tonal and rhythmic patterns, understands relationship between sound and feeling||musicians, singers, composers, DJ's, music producers, piano tuners, acoustic engineers, entertainers, party-planners, environment and noise advisors, voice coaches||perform a musical piece; sing a song; review a musical work; coach someone to play a musical instrument; specify mood music for telephone systems and receptions||music, sounds, rhythm|
|4||Bodily-Kinesthetic||body movement control , manual dexterity, physical agility and balance; eye and body coordination||dancers, demonstrators, actors, athletes, divers, sports-people, soldiers, fire-fighters, PTI's, performance artistes; ergonomists, osteopaths, fishermen, drivers, crafts-people; gardeners, chefs, acupuncturists, healers, adventurers||juggle; demonstrate a sports technique; flip a beer-mat; create a mime to explain something; toss a pancake; fly a kite; coach workplace posture, assess work-station ergonomics||physical experience and movement, touch and feel|
|5||Spatial-Visual||visual and spatial perception ; interpretation and creation of visual images; pictorial imagination and expression; understands relationship between images and meanings, and between space and effect||artists, designers, cartoonists, story-boarders, architects, photographers, sculptors, town-planners, visionaries, inventors, engineers, cosmetics and beauty consultants||design a costume; interpret a painting; create a room layout; create a corporate logo; design a building; pack a suitcase or the boot of a car||pictures, shapes, images, 3D space|
|6||Interpersonal||perception of other people's feelings ; ability to relate to others; interpretation of behaviour and communications; understands the relationships between people and their situations, including other people||therapists, HR professionals, mediators, leaders, counsellors, politicians, eductors, sales-people, clergy, psychologists, teachers, doctors, healers, organisers, carers, advertising professionals, coaches and mentors; (there is clear association between this type of intelligence and what is now termed 'Emotional Intelligence' or EQ )||interpret moods from facial expressions; demonstrate feelings through body language ; affect the feelings of others in a planned way; coach or counsel another person||human contact, communications, cooperation, teamwork|
|7||Intrapersonal||self-awareness , personal cognisance, personal objectivity, the capability to understand oneself, one's relationship to others and the world, and one's own need for, and reaction to change||arguably anyone (see note below) who is self-aware and involved in the process of changing personal thoughts, beliefs and behaviour in relation to their situation, other people, their purpose and aims - in this respect there is a similarity to Maslow's Self-Actualisation level, and again there is clear association between this type of intelligence and what is now termed 'Emotional Intelligence' or EQ||consider and decide one's own aims and personal changes required to achieve them (not necessarily reveal this to others); consider one's own 'Johari Window' , and decide options for development; consider and decide one's own position in relation to the Emotional Intelligence model||self-reflection, self-discovery|
Roles and intrapersonal intelligence : Given that a 'role' tends to imply external style/skills, engagement, etc., the intrapersonal ability is less liable to define or suggest a certain role or range of roles than any of the other characteristics. That said, there is a clear correlation between intrapersonal ability/potential and introverted non-judgemental roles/working styles. Intrapersonal capability might also be seen as the opposite of ego and self-projection. Self-awareness is a prerequisite for self-discipline and self-improvement. Intrapersonal capacity enables an emotionally mature ('grown-up') response to external and internal stimuli. The intrapersonal characteristic might therefore be found among (but most definitely not extending to all) counsellors, helpers, translators, teachers, actors, poets, writers, musicians, artists, and also any other role to which people can bring emotional maturity , which commonly manifests as adaptability, flexibility, facilitation, reflection, and other 'grown-up' behaviours. There are also associations between intrapersonal capacity and Erikson's ' generative ' perspective, and to an extent Maslow's self-actualization , that is to say: both of these 'life-stages' surely demand a reasonably strong level of self-awareness, without which adapting one's personal life, outlook and responses to one's environment is not easy at all.
free Multiple Intelligences test (based on Howard Gardner's model) - in MSExcel self-calculating format, and other versions:
free Multiple Intelligences test - manual test in MSExcel
free Multiple Intelligences test - manual test in pdf format
free Multiple Intelligences test - manual test for young people in MSExcel
free Multiple Intelligences test - manual test for young people in pdf format
Multiple Intelligences descriptions - pdf format
(If you are using a test to help people identify and develop unique personal potential, especially for young people , try using the test in conjunction with the Fantasticat idea, or similar ways to focus on individual potential, rather than the more narrow imposed measures found typically in young people's education systems. Many young people (and older people too..) mistakenly form a dim view of their capabilities and potential according to typical academic measures in schools, which remain largely oriented towards university and higher education expectations. The spectrum of human capability, and the potential to be valued and productive in life, are much broader than this, which are central aspects of multiple intelligence theory. Encouraging people to think beyond traditional academic measures of value and talent is a vital early step to enabling better self-esteem and bigger personal belief, confidence and aspiration.)
Is this test scientifically validated or normed?..
This free Multiple Intelligences testing instrument has not been scientifically validated or normed.
If your research or study requires the use of a scientifically validated instrument then this instrument may not be suitable for your work. However, where you have reason/flexibility to justify the use of a free 'non-scientifically-validated' instrument, the following details about this test (and its various versions) might be of help to you in deciding whether to use it:
This instrument is a simple directly reflective assessment tool which works in a single dimension. That is, the results are produced directly from the inputs (the scored answers to the statement questions). There are no complex computations or correlations or scaling. As such it less prone to distortion or confusion than a more complicated testing methodology might be, especially one involving convoluted formulae or scales on several dimensions. The instrument in its various versions has been downloaded and used tens of thousands of times by teachers, trainers, managers, academics, and researchers all around the world since 2005, and (to my knowledge) has not generated any complaint or criticism about its reliability and suitability for purpose. Additionally, this webpage featuring the instrument download links has been highly ranked (top five or so in Google's listings for keywords such as 'multiple intelligence tests') for several years and remains so, with zero advertising and promotion, which is perhaps a virtual validation of sorts.
That said, I repeat, the instrument has not been scientifically validated, and where you are definitely required to use an instrument that has been scientifically validated or normed, then this free tool is probably not the right one for you.
Howard Gardner asserts certain principles relating to his multiple intelligence theory, which are explained and interpreted here, along with implications and examples:
The multiple intelligences theory represented/represents a definition of human nature, from a cognitive perspective, ie., how we perceive; how we are aware of things.
This provides absolutely pivotal and inescapable indication as to people's preferred learning styles , as well as their behavioural and working styles , and their natural strengths . The types of intelligence that a person possesses (Gardner suggests most of us are strong in three types) indicates not only a persons capabilities, but also the manner or method in which they prefer to learn and develop their strengths - and also to develop their weaknesses.
So for example:
- A person who is strong musically and weak numerically will be more likely to develop numerical and logical skills through music, and not by being bombarded by numbers alone.
- A person who is weak spatially and strong numerically, will be more likely to develop spatial ability if it is explained and developed by using numbers and logic, and not by asking them to pack a suitcase in front of an audience.
- A person who is weak bodily and physically and strong numerically might best be encouraged to increase their physical activity by encouraging them to learn about the mathematical and scientific relationships between exercise, diet and health, rather than forcing them to box or play rugby.
The pressure of possible failure and being forced to act and think unnaturally, have a significant negative influence on learning effectiveness. Happy relaxed people learn more readily than unhappy stressful people.
A person's strength is also a learning channel. A person's weakness is not a great learning channel. Simple huh?
When you add in what we know about personal belief and confidence it all begins to make even more sense. Develop people through their strengths and we not only stimulate their development - we also make them happy (because everyone enjoys working in their strength areas) - and we also grow their confidence and lift their belief (because they see they are doing well, and they get told they are doing well too).
Developing a person's strengths will increase their response to the learning experience, which helps them to develop their weaknesses as well as their strengths.
Having illustrated that sensible use of a person's natural strengths and types of intelligence is a good thing it's important to point out that intelligence in itself is not a measure of good or bad, nor of happy or sad.
The different intelligences - in Gardner's context (and normally in most other interpretations and definitions of the term) - are not a measure or reflection of emotion type. Intelligences are emotionally neutral. No type of intelligence is in itself an expression of happiness or sadness; nor an expression of feeling good or good or bad.
In the same way, the multiple intelligences are morally neutral too. No type of intelligence is intrinsically right or wrong. In other words intelligences are amoral, that is, neither moral nor immoral - irrespective of a person's blend of intelligences.
Intelligences are separate to the good or bad purposes to which people apply whatever intelligences they possess and use. Intelligences are not in themselves good or bad.
The types of intelligences that a person possesses are in themselves no indication or reflection - whatsoever - of whether the person is good or bad; happy or sad, right or wrong.
People possess a set of intelligences - not just one type and level of intelligence. This was a primary driver of Gardner's thinking; the fact, or assertion, that intelligence is not a single scalable aspect of a person's style and capability. Historically, and amazingly a perception that still persists among many people and institutions and systems today, intelligence was/is thought to be measurable on a single scale: a person could be judged - supposedly - to have a high or low or average intelligence; or a person would be considered 'intelligent or 'unintelligent'. Gardener has demonstrated that this notion is ridiculous.
Intelligence is a mixture of several abilities (Gardner explains seven intelligences, and alludes to others) that are all of great value in life. But nobody's good at them all. In life we need people who collectively are good at different things. A well-balanced world, and well-balanced organisations and teams, are necessarily comprised of people who possess different mixtures of intelligences. This gives the group a fuller collective capability than a group of identically able specialists.
Incredibly many schools, teachers, and entire education systems, persist in the view that a child is either intelligent or not, and moreover that the 'intelligent' kids are 'good' and the 'unintelligent' kids are 'bad'. Worse still many children grow up being told that they are not intelligent and are therefore not of great worth; (the "you'll never amount to anything" syndrome is everywhere).
Schools aren't the only organisations which, despite all that Gardner has taught us, commonly still apply their own criteria (for example IQ - 'Intelligence Quotient' - tests) to judge 'intelligence', and then label the candidate either worthy or not. Adult people in work in organisations and business are routinely judged by inappropriate criteria, and then written off as being worthless by the employer. This type of faulty assessment is common during recruitment, ongoing management, and matters of career development and performance review.
The fact is that we are all intelligent in different ways.
The most brilliant scientific professor may well have exceptional intelligence in a number of areas (probably Logical-Mathematical, and one or two others) but will also be less able in other intelligences, and could well be inept in some.
By the same token a person who struggles with language and numbers might easily be an excellent sportsman, or musician, or artist.
A hopeless academic, who is tone-deaf and can't add up, could easily possess remarkable interpersonal skills.
Many very successful business-people were judged to be failures at school. They were of course judged according to a very narrow definition of what constitutes intelligence.
Many very successful and fulfilled people in life were also judged to be failures at school - brilliant scientists, leaders, writers, entertainers, sports-people, soldiers, humanitarians, healers, religious and political leaders - all sorts of happy, fulfilled remarkable people - they too were judged according to a very narrow definition of what constitutes intelligence.
Each one of us has a unique and different mix of intelligence types, and commonly the people with the least 'conventional' intelligence (as measured using old-fashioned narrow criteria), actually possess enormous talent - often under-valued, unknown and under-developed.
Gardner, and others of course, pointed out that managing people and organising a unique mixture of intelligence types is a hugely challenging affair.
It starts however with the recognition that people have abilities and potential that extend far beyond traditional methods of assessment, and actually far beyond Gardner's seven intelligences, which after all are only a starting point.
Gardner was one of the first to teach us that we should not judge and develop people (especially children, young people, and people at the beginnings of their careers) according to an arbitrary and narrow definition of intelligence. We must instead rediscover and promote the vast range of capabilities that have a value in life and organisations, and then set about valuing people for who they are, what they can be, and helping them to grow and fulfil their potential.
Gardner said from the beginning that there could be additional intelligences worthy of inclusion within the model, and I certainly agree. Notably Gardner discussed Naturalist Intelligence (perception of and relationship with the natural environment); Spiritual or Existential Intelligence (as would concern one's relationship with the universe or God, depending on one's personal philosophy); and Moral Intelligence (one's relationship with other living things and their well-being).
Thus the model is extendable to modern ideas beyond those listed in the seven basic intelligences. As already discussed, defining additional intelligences is not easy. But they do exist, and people do possess capabilities, potential and values far beyond the seven original 'multiple intelligences'.
Gardner knew - as we can now see - that his multiple intelligences theory left some room to grow, however, while so many are still stuck on IQ and the 'Three R's' (the hackneyed 'Reading Writing and Arithmetic' - I ask you - how can so many buy into a framework that has so effortlessly assumed such a ridiculous description?...), the seven intelligences are a bloody good first step towards valuing and developing people in a more compassionate and constructive way.
If first we concentrate on encouraging schools and industry to think beyond IQ and the bleeding three R's - then perhaps soon we'll be ready for morality and spiritualism.
The VAK ( or VARK or VACT ) learning styles model and related VAK/VARK/VACT tests (and for that matter the Multiple Intelligences concepts) offer reasonably simple and accessible methods to understand and explain people's preferred ways to learn. Occasionally well-intentioned people will write that the use of such models and tests can be problematical. This is true of course of any tool if undue reliance is placed on the methodology, or if the results of tests are treated as absolute and exclusive of other styles and considerations in the overall mix of a person's personality and needs.
As with any methodology or tool, use VAK and other learning styles concepts with care. The concepts are an aid, not a dogma to be followed and applied rigidly. See the notes for using Learning Styles with young people on the Kolb Learning Styles page.
In addition to the VAK guide below, further VAK detail and VAK tests are available on the VAK tests page .
The explanation and understanding of Gardner's Seven Intelligences can be further illuminated and illustrated by looking at another classical intelligence and learning styles model, known as the Visual-Auditory-Kinesthetic (or Kinaesthetic - either is correct) learning styles model or 'inventory', usually abbreviated to VAK. Alternatively the model is referred to as Visual-Auditory-Physical, or Visual-Auditory-Tactile/Kinesthetic. The VAK concept, theories and methods (initially also referred to as VAKT, for Visual-Auditory-Kinesthetic-Tactile) were first developed by psychologists and teaching specialists such as Fernald, Keller, Orton, Gillingham, Stillman and Montessori, beginning in the 1920's. The VAK multi-sensory approach to learning and teaching was originally concerned with the teaching of dyslexic children and other learners for whom conventional teaching methods were not effective. The early VAK specialists recognised that people learn in different ways: as a very simple example, a child who could not easily learn words and letters by reading (visually) might for instance learn more easily by tracing letter shapes with their finger (kinesthetic). The VAK theory is a favourite of the accelerated learning community, and continues to feature - although not nearly as strongly as it should do - in the teaching and education of young people. The Visual-Auditory-Kinesthetic learning styles model does not overlay Gardner's multiple intelligences; rather the VAK model provides a different perspective for understanding and explaining a person's preferred or dominant thinking and learning style, and strengths. Gardner's theory is one way of looking at thinking styles; VAK is another.
|Visual||seeing and reading|
|Auditory||listening and speaking|
|Kinesthetic||touching and doing|
According to the VAK model, most people possess a dominant or preferred learning style, however some people have a mixed and evenly balanced blend of the three styles.
A person's learning style is a reflection of their mix of intelligences. It is also a reflection of their brain type and dominance, for which a wonderful perspective is provided by Katherine Benziger's brain dominance model .
It is also helpful to look at Kolb's learning styles model .
The VAK learning styles model provides a very easy and quick reference inventory by which to assess people's preferred learning styles, and then most importantly, to design learning methods and experiences that match people's preferences :
Visual learning style involves the use of seen or observed things, including pictures, diagrams, demonstrations, displays, handouts, films, flip-chart, etc.
Auditory learning style involves the transfer of information through listening: to the spoken word, of self or others, of sounds and noises.
Kinesthetic learning involves physical experience - touching, feeling, holding, doing, practical hands-on experiences.
The word 'kinesthetic' describes the sense of using muscular movement - physical sense in other words. Kinesthesia and kinesthesis are root words, derived from the Greek kineo, meaning move, and aisthesis, meaning sensation. Kinesthetic therefore describes a learning style which involves the stimulation of nerves in the body's muscles, joints and tendons. This relates to the colloquial expression 'touchy-feely'.
It is easy to begin to assess your own or another person's learning style within the Visual-Auditory-Kinesthetic model.
Here are some common indicators, which can be converted into a questionnaire very easily. Ask the person to score each statement and then total each column to indicate learning style dominance. There are no right and wrong answers. See also the longer version free VAK learning styles test .
|operate new equipment||read instructions||listen to explanation||have a go|
|travel directions||look at a map||ask for spoken directions||follow your nose and maybe use a compass|
|cook a new dish||follow a recipe||call a friend for explanation||follow your instinct, tasting as you cook|
|teach someone something||write instructions||explain verbally||demonstrate and let them have a go|
|you'd say..||I see what you mean||I hear what you are saying||I know how you feel|
|you'd say..||show me||tell me||let me try|
|you'd say..||watch how I do it||listen to me explain||you have a go|
|faulty goods||write a letter||phone||send or take it back to the store|
|leisure||museums and galleries||music and conversation||playing sport or DIY|
|buying gifts||books||music||tools and gadgets|
|shopping||look and imagine||discuss with shop staff||try on and test|
|choose a holiday||read the brochures||listen to recommendations||imagine the experience|
|choose a new car||read the reviews||discuss with friends||test-drive what you fancy|
|totals indicate preferred learning style(s)|
You can use this grid as a simple learning style indicator questionnaire - for example score each box out of five or ten and then put the total for each column in the boxes below. The totals will indicate your relative learning style preference and mix. There are no right or wrong answers.
See also the longer version free VAK learning styles test questionnaire , including assessment and scoring instructions.
It's up to you. As ever, use these models and theories in ways that suit your purposes.
Apply your own judgement and interpretation so that you get the best out of them, and where possible even improve and adapt them for your own situation. As the quote says, "A dwarf standing on the shoulders of a giant may see farther than the giant himself" (Didacus Stella, circa AD60).
Also relevant to the subject of intelligence, particularly the fact that 'intelligence', however it is defined, is never as important as the way we use our brains, and make the best of ourselves:
"Many highly intelligent people are poor thinkers. Many people of average intelligence are skilled thinkers. The power of a car is separate from the way a car is driven." (Edward de Bono, b.1933, British psychologist, writer and expert on thinking.)
(More inspirational quotes .)
Relevant publications and references:
One Way To Make Social Scientist - Howard Gardner, 2003
Multiple Intelligences: Theory in practice - Howard Gardner, 1993
Frames of Mind: Theory of multiple intelligences - Howard Gardner, 1983
Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st century - Howard Gardner, 1999
Leading Minds: An anatomy of leadership - Howard Gardner, 1995
The Shattered Mind - Howard Gardner, 1975
Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences - Mark Smith, 2005 (Encyclopedia of Informal Education, www.infed.org)
- BENZIGER'S PERSONALITY TYPES AND THINKING STYLES THEORY
- EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (EQ)
- ERIKSON'S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
- GRAPHOLOGY - HANDWRITING ANALYSIS
- KOLB'S LEARNING STYLES THEORY
- MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
- MCGREGOR'S X-Y THEORY, AND WILLIAM OUCHI'S THEORY Z
- MCCLELLAND'S ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION THEORY
- GENERATIONAL NICKNAMES MODEL/THEORY
- PERSONALITY THEORIES AND TYPES
- FREE PERSONALITY TESTS
© Multiple Intelligences concept: Howard Gardner 1983; review and other materials: Alan Chapman 2003-2014 | <urn:uuid:c22017eb-5a47-4d32-ac94-bde9fb01e4d3> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.businessballs.com/self-awareness/howard-gardner-s-multiple-intelligences/?forceview=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703522242.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121035242-20210121065242-00167.warc.gz | en | 0.933913 | 6,877 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Liam Lynch: One Of Ireland's Most Feared Army Generals
God pray for me, all this is a pity. It should never have happened. I am glad I am going from it all, Poor Ireland, Poor Ireland.
These words were slowly ushered by dying Irish rebel, General Liam Lynch, as he lay mortally wounded high up in the Knockmealdown Mountains of Co. Tipperary on 10th April 1923.
Liam Lynch was shot by Irish Free State soldiers in the Irish Civil War carrying out a military operation to track him down. Greatly outnumbered he fought a vigorous battle to the very end.
He was taken from the mountain on an improvised stretcher consisting of a number of guns held at both ends by his captors and taken to a pub at Newcastle, Co. Tipperary. He was then taken to a Clonmel, Co. Tipperary, hospital and died at 8pm that evening from his wounds.
Lynch was caught up in the Irish Civil War in 1923 when he chose to oppose the Irish Treaty of 1921.The famous Limerickman, born on the Cork/Limerick border near Mitchelstown, was a chief figure in the founding of the new Irish free state that took its freedom in 1921 after eight hundred years of English occupation.
A renowned leader of men, Liam Lynch became a chief Irish Republican Commander when the brutality of the infamous Black and Tans was rampant in Ireland. He claimed many historic ambushes against British forces all over Munster and In the Irish War Of Independence he built up a fearsome reputation and destroyed many enemy units though often heavily outnumbered.
He lost many of his troops through execution for their role opposing the invader but Lynch also inflicted great loss of life on British troops.
Liam Lynch spared no effort and made great sacrifices to take on the British invaders of his beloved country in fierce battles throughout Munster.
On 26 th June 1920 Liam Lynch masterminded a sensational kidnap of three high ranking British military officers. As the men were relaxing on their day off and fishing on the famed salmon river of the Blackwater, that flows through Fermoy, Co. Cork and onwards to Youghal on the Waterford county bounds, Lynch and his troops made a surprise call on the officers just outside the small village of Kilbarry near Clondulane.
Four miles downstream from Fermoy, Lynch acted on intelligence gathered by his men and had his lookout scouts posted along the river banks. Fermoy was a major British garrison town and such a daring kidnap of an army General was guaranteed to cause huge embarrassment.
Lynch ambushed the officers around 6pm when they had completed their days fishing. They were informed by General Lynch that he was detaining them as prisoners of war. The ambush resulted in the capture of General Cuthbert Lucas and two Colonels and an assistant who was released the following morning.
The assistant was told to deliver a letter to Fermoy Barracks announcing the officers detention.
Liam Lynch’s I.R.A. unit held his prisoners for over four weeks until the British General made good his escape from his escort in Co. Clare.
Later Lynch would be arrested for the kidnap at City Hall, Cork but gave a false name and was released three days later.
Following his untimely death at just forty years old, he was buried two days later at Kilcrumper Cemetery, near Fermoy, Co. Cork. | <urn:uuid:4479bce3-1901-4731-823b-906a3fa0cf4d> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://www.scoreboardmemories.com/index.php/irish-heritage-hall-of-fame/item/266-general-liam-lynch-shot-on-knockmealdown-mountains | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657140337.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712211314-20200713001314-00360.warc.gz | en | 0.9876 | 711 | 2.53125 | 3 |
In an emergency, regardless of whether someone is hurt or a building is on fire, time is of the essence. The same is true for a dental emergency. It is crucial to get to a dentist as soon as possible. Here are some things you can do in the meantime to help ensure a positive outcome.
Knocked-out tooth – Rinse the tooth in warm water, but don’t scrub. Touch only the crown, never the root. If possible, try to replace the tooth in its socket. If this can’t be done, place the tooth in milk, water with a pinch of salt, or a tooth preservation solution. Teeth have the best chance of being saved within 1 hour of being knocked out.
Chipped or broken tooth – Save any fragments. Rinse them and your mouth with water, and stop any bleeding with gauze.
Lost filling or crown – If your filling comes out, place some sugarfree gum on the cavity. Sugar-filled gum causes pain. For a lost crown, try and fit it back into place, coating the area first with toothpaste or dental cement. Apply some clove oil with a cotton swab to control pain.
Toothache – Rinse your mouth clean and remove any lodged food particles with floss. Use a cold compress to manage swelling and pain. Don’t put an aspirin directly against gums, since this can cause burning.
We hope you never have a dental emergency, but if you do, Dr. Obiora E. Nkwonta and everyone here at Rainier Dental Center will do their utmost to get you back to normal as soon as possible. Stay safe out there. | <urn:uuid:d6cab206-bd11-408e-89f2-f57956f5d21a> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.rainierdentalcenter.com/2016/04/08/what-to-do-in-a-dental-emergency/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999263.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620165805-20190620191805-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.927592 | 347 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Despite the Halton District School Board’s best efforts to promote a strong anti-bullying message in its schools, it’s a societal problem that’s not going away.
Particularly disturbing is that incidents of bullying are no longer the exclusive domain of older, high-school-aged children.
In the latest Halton incident to come to light, a six-year-old boy was chased through a Burlington schoolyard by five nine-year-old boys, two of whom reportedly used electronic devices to record portions of the attack, which included verbal taunts and the victim being kicked after he fell against a fence.
While written apologies have been presented to the victimized child, each attacker has served a two-day suspension and a healing-circle-like exercise involving all of those involved has taken place, the burning question remains — how can we prevent the next schoolyard incident?
Most Halton schools already participate in a variety of Bullying Prevention Week activities — including special announcements, contests to create anti-bullying posters and special guests who explain why bullying is socially-unacceptable.
As a society, we have come to understand the serious psychological damage bullying causes. Some victims choose suicide over facing their bully another day. Others, including the lone gunman in the 2009 Taber, Alberta shootings, choose to lash out in extreme acts of violence.
Occasionally, there are small signs the anti-bullying message is getting through.
In Burlington, two local Grade 11 students — Sydney Lanteigne from Lester B. Pearson High School and Rebecca Marsh from Robert Bateman High School — were recently recognized for their efforts to spread the word that there’s nothing cool about preying on those who are smaller, weaker or simply different.
However, when Grade 4 students actually take the extra step of recording the assault of a child three years their junior, it’s both disturbing and an indication we have to do more than talk about the problem in order to put a stop to it.
Today, bullying is reaching our youngest children despite the anti-bullying message schools work so hard to disseminate.
In 2010, a Milton mother wrote how only three weeks into a new school year, her eight-year-old daughter was already being called “fat” and told she had a big behind.
According to the same mom, her daughter’s first bullying experience began in junior kindergarten, when other children made fun of her lunch so incessantly that the girl stopped eating her midday meals.
What would you do if that was your child?
We join Oakville MPP Kevin Flynn in supporting Bill 13, the Accepting Schools Act, which proposes tougher consequences for bullying and hate-motivated actions against other students.
The proposed legislation is expected to be debated as early as this month at Queen’s Park.
We believe instituting stronger deterrents — up to and including expulsion from the school system where such anti-social behaviour has taken place — sends a strong message that bullying will no longer be tolerated — period. | <urn:uuid:69095c22-5704-4e11-943a-f518136a22ee> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.insidehalton.com/opinion-story/2896118-major-deterrents-urgently-needed-to-stop-bullying/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802777438.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075257-00151-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972385 | 631 | 2.65625 | 3 |
We start with a basic fog question: When and where should we use fog computing in our network?
The basic premise of fog computing is decentralization of data processing as some processing and storage functions are better performed locally instead of sending data all the way from the sensor to the cloud and back again to a control mechanism. This reduces latency and can improve response times for critical system functions, saving money and time. Fog computing also strives to enable local resource pooling to make the most of what’s available at a given location.
I believe the opportunity for this kind of distributed intelligence and the associated intelligent gateways needed for fog computing are the strongest when these two conditions are met:
1. The focus of data analytics is at the aggregation level so the closer the better; and
2. There is a complex degree of protocol complexity where doing it locally actually makes more sense.
Markets that have these needs include manufacturing, extraction industries (energy, as an example), and healthcare. Applications such as smart metering can benefit from real-time analytics of aggregated data that can optimize the usage of resources such as electricity, gas, and water. Local level analytics is suited for those applications that require the data to be stored and analyzed locally due to either regulatory reasons or because the cost of transportation of the data upstream and the associated wait-time for analysis is prohibitive, such as airline maintenance data.
One major network bandwidth issue for IoT in the coming years is subsidiarity, making sure that the data analysis is done at the appropriate level to the speed and efficiency demanded for the application. In most cases, there will be a blend of approaches and the functionality to manage local as well as central application management will be increasingly critical to data analysis speed and functionality.
Use cases for fog computing and IoT
Good use cases for fog computing will be ones that require intelligence near the edge where ultra-low latency is critical. Some good case examples of fog computing usage in energy can be found in both home energy management (HEM) and microgrid-level energy management. HEM can use IoT to transform an existing home to a smart home by integrating various functionalities such as: temperature control, efficient lighting, and management of smart devices. A microgrid is a smart distribution device that can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or standalone mode.
My own personal interest is in connected building and smarter rooms in office buildings. Here there is a demonstrated need for edge intelligence and localized processing. A commercial building may contain thousands of sensors to measure various building operating parameters: temperature, keycard readers and parking space occupancy. Data from these sensors must be analyzed to see if actions are needed, such as triggering a fire alarm if smoke is sensed. Fog computing allows for autonomous local operations for optimized control function. This is useful for building automation, smarter cities, smarter hotels and more automated offices.
One good example of an architecture that has taken this into account can be found here with the Flextronics’ Smart Automation project. Another good example can be seen here in the Raiffeisenbank Romania headquarters, with redundant control systems for maximum reliability.
To conclude, there is a whole sub-layer of functionality where fog computing can quickly and autonomically assess control and develop edge intelligence within the enterprise. Our Industry 4.0 research continues to examine edge intelligence activities where central computing resources can still retain a viable role in the enterprise. | <urn:uuid:a762a950-337a-4393-985b-0256b5fc61d8> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://bluehillresearch.com/send-in-the-fog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934808742.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124180349-20171124200349-00581.warc.gz | en | 0.920359 | 701 | 2.546875 | 3 |
10 worst food that can negatively impact your skin
You work really hard for good, healthy, glowing skin. From using good
products, regular sunscreen, retinol, night-care regime, regular face wash, and
what not! But are these really enough for healthy skin?
As much as your skin products stimulate collagen production, it is also
important to give proper nourishment to your body. There’s a saying, ‘What goes
inside, reflects outside’, refers to the food you consume. Food plays a vital
role in having a healthy body, skin & hair.
While you must know that foods packed with nourishments, protein, and
antioxidants can make your skin better & younger, there are also some foods
that you should avoid to keep wrinkles.
Here are some food that is negatively impacting
1. Excess salt consumption
Indian food is full of masala and salt is the main ingredient. Salt
consumption retains water in the body and affects the overall health including
the skin. A dehydrated skin proves to be even more difficult to heal acne
breakouts. Too much sodium swells up the skin and leads to puffiness &
2. Fatty Foods
Foods with fatty acids destroy essential nutrients, vitamin E & omega-3
that are vital for healthy skin. Excessive fats lead to dull & lifeless
skin. Fried foods also encourage the production of free radicals that damages
the skin cells.
Coffee, chai, and even green tea have become a part of life. But overdose
of caffeine can dehydrate your skin which means rapid aging of the skin. High
Caffeine consumption builds toxic in the body which causes premature wrinkles
and the skin becomes lax with time.
One of the biggest enemies of hydrated skin is Alchohol. Those who gobble
up alcohol regularly tend to have bigger pores and dehydrated skin. Dry skin
results in more dead skin cells lurking on the surface of your skin, which
eventually clogs the pores and leads to whiteheads and blackheads. There’s a
notable difference n the skin of someone who regularly drinks alcohol and the
one who hardly touches it.
It’s time to look 10 years younger and say no to alcohol.
5. Containing High Glycemic Index
If you are a high consumer of pizza. Pasta, bread, burgers, then it’s time
to cut them down. This kind of food contains GI which not only fluctuates your
blood sugar level but also causes skin inflammation and high production of
sebum. Skin inflammation & more sebum are enough to damage skin and acne
6. Sugars & Artificial Sweeteners
High sugared foods like baked edibles, fried foods, sweets, packed juices,
ice-creams, and more contain high sugar that spikes the insulin level and harms
the skin. High sugar level tends to lose the elasticity & firmness of the
skin hence losing strength, flexibility & affecting the collagen production
in the skin.
7. Dairy products
Few researchers have shown that cutting out on cheese, butter, milk and
other dairy products can provide firmness to the skin. For even skin tone,
texture & blemish-free skin, you can try a dairy-free diet. It is because
some dairy products aggravated insulin level & sebum production that leads
to acne & breakouts.
8. Fatty / Red meat
Red meat is rich in high cholesterol & fatty acids which causes skin
inflammation. Certain meats also contain amino acids known as leucine that
stimulated oil production. All these tend to make skin look dull, tired and a
breakout is even more likely to appear.
9. Fad and Crash Dieting
With short-term diet plans, your body loses out on some essential
nutrients. Once you are back on regular old eating habits, the deficiency
outcome reflects on your skin. The body undergoes a state of shock while on
crash diets, which fluctuates the insulin level and hence it dehydrates your
skin. And dehydration contributes to dryness, big pores & dark circles.
10. Whey Protein
Fitness freaks and bodybuilders are regular consumers of whey protein. Whey
protein increases the level of insulin which boosts sebum production. Regular
whey protein consumers faces often skin breakouts, dryness, uneven skin
texture, and big pores.
Above mentioned food definitely impacts your skin health and along with
them, fast food, beacons, fried food, packaged & processed food,
chocolates, soda, baked items, and spicy foods negatively impacts skin health
even more. These foods aggravates the sebum production that causes wrinkles
& pre-mature aging.
Keeping your skin hydrated is the key to glowing and healthy skin. Time to
make some changes in your food habits for young and blemish-free skin.
For any skin concerns, you can connect with our experienced dermatologists
at Sakhiya Skin Clinic on the toll-free number 1800-1200-70000 | <urn:uuid:4db7423c-6318-4c34-80fa-1fb00b377b44> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sakhiyaskinclinic.com/10-worst-food-that-can-negatively-impact-your-skin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100508.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203193127-20231203223127-00876.warc.gz | en | 0.911724 | 1,073 | 2.5625 | 3 |
April 20, 1912. Hempstead, Long Island. Seeking to prove the potential of the aeroplane for commercial transportation, George Beatty sets a new American passenger-carrying record when he flies himself and five grown men for four miles in his Wright Flyer. One passenger sits beside Beatty and holds another in his lap; the other three lie prone on the wings. The combined weight of the six is 845 pounds. Even with the tremendous extra weight, Beatty flies at 35 mph.
George William Beatty was born in 1887 in Stevensburg, New Jersey. After graduating from high school, he moved to New York City, went into the printing business, and eventually won a job as a linotype (typesetting) operator. He also joined a gliding club and assisted in an unsuccessful attempt to build an aeroplane based on the design of European aviation pioneer Alberto Santos Dumont.
Beatty attended various flying exhibitions in the New York area during 1910 and resolved to learn to fly. In the summer of 1911 he enrolled in the Wright Flying School at Nassau Boulevard, Long Island, where his instructor was Al Welsh. Beatty’s progress was truly meteoric: his first lesson was on June 24, his first solo flight took place on July 23, and on August 5 he flew to over 3000 feet with a passenger, establishing an American two-man altitude record. The next day, he passed the test for his professional license and celebrated by flying his fiancée twelve miles to a dinner date.
At the end of that same week, Beatty set off for an international aviation meet in Chicago, where he won several prizes for carrying one and two passengers. He was the first aviator to set a new world record at the Chicago meet, when he stayed aloft with a passenger for nearly 3½ hours. He also flew a news photographer up to take the first aerial pictures of the city; a caption in the newspaper the next morning instructed readers how to position the photos before them in order to see “how Chicago looks to the aviators when they are several hundred feet in the air.”
It was in Chicago that Beatty met Eugene Ely and Bud Mars. Two weeks later, he gave Ely a ride at the Harvard-Boston meet (pictured above). Ely’s Curtiss machine was insufficiently powerful to allow for passenger rides, and it’s a measure of how cautiously Beatty operated that Mars and Ely were willing to entrust their respective wives to his care at a meet later in September. Mabel Ely and Marie Mars rode together as passengers on Beatty’s Wright Flyer at Brighton Beach, and afterward “the two women pronounced [it] the most delightful excursion ever experienced.”
Beatty met with indifferent success in aviation meets held later during the fall of 1911, failing to complete distance flights or quick starts. But his success at carrying passengers led him to open a flying school on Long Island. Possessed of a keen sense of showmanship, he served as his own best advertising. In February 1912 he landed his Wright Flyer, unannounced, in New York’s Central Park.
Beatty continued to set passenger-carrying records. In March he took up a man and three boys at once; the following month he crammed the five adult riders onto his machine. His most famous passenger was Cornelius Vanderbilt III.
Cited once for driving an automobile at an unlawful 38 mph, Beatty flew himself to the courthouse to pay the fine. The next time it happened, he tried to excuse himself by claiming that he routinely flew at 60 mph and therefore was a poor judge of speeds on the ground. On one occasion he flew above the moving train of a newlywed friend and fellow aviator, pelting the train with rice.
Shortly after Beatty was hired to star in a Pathé short film, “An Aeroplane Love Affair,” he pleaded guilty to third-degree assault in a domestic altercation that had started when his newlywed British wife found “endearments” penned by other women in his pockets. In a case of life imitating art, the couple reportedly patched up their differences a few days later when he took her aloft.
In mid-1912, following the death of Beatty’s former instructor, Al Welsh, he traveled to College Park, Maryland, to complete the army’s acceptance tests of a new Wright machine. He then sailed to London and flew in Europe, returning in order to appear at the Smithsonian’s “Langley Day” celebration in May 1913. But when a former wife turned up and brought suit against him for desertion, Beatty (who claimed they were legally divorced) went back to England and set up a flying school at Hendon. He reportedly trained a thousand pilots for various branches of the British military during World War I. His British wife left him after three years of marriage.
Just seven years after obtaining his license, Beatty was done with flying. He moved to Paris after the war ended and went into business manufacturing motorcycle engines. When he visited America in 1921, his first wife resurfaced and had yet another a warrant sworn out against him. Once more he fled to Europe.
With the collapse of the world economy in 1929, Beatty returned to the United States but couldn’t find steady employment for nearly five years. In 1934 he returned to his original vocation when he was hired by a printing company in Pennsylvania. He eventually worked his way up in the company to mechanical superintendent.
A member of the Early Birds of Aviation, Beatty was invited to a convention held in 1948 to honor Orville Wright. He remained in the employ of the printing company until his sudden death in 1955 at the age of 67. | <urn:uuid:02927e60-c90e-4f54-91d0-5c53f19a99ac> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://johnzobeldotcom.wordpress.com/2016/07/22/in-the-pilots-seat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735963.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805153603-20200805183603-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.983278 | 1,194 | 3.25 | 3 |
Literature provides a wide range of themes in different stories, depending on the aims of every author. Authors employ different themes both in stories and poems in order to bring out creativity and pass across their messages to the readers. Themes such as race and ethnicity have been largely highlighted in the literature world (Skerret, 2002). In the ancient times, discrimination on the basis of race and ethnic background dominated most communities, and at the end of the day, one party profited while the other endured (Harris, 2003). In countries where racism is rampant, the minorities are oppressed and are deprived of their human rights. Literature since time immemorial has tried to highlight these issues through stories with the intention of maintaining unity and upholding peace in communities. There was the need to have harmony and togetherness in order to build the national economy. In addition, the issues connected to race and ethnicity and the relationship between communities were explored through world literature. Poems and short stories touching on the theme of race and ethnicity have been written by authors who have aimed at going beyond the line of color. Authors have acknowledged the fact that racism is inappropriate, thus, has brought out the theme in various literary works such as “Country Lovers” by Nadine Gordimer and “Child of Americas” by Aurora Morales. Regardless of the fact that these two stories share the theme of racism and ethnicity, they also contrast in various ways in relation to various literary elements such as content, form and style.
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“Child of Americas”, a short poem by Aurora Morales centers the aspect of cultural multiplicity. The persona appears to be trying so hard to unravel her ethnic background. This particular poem is quite fascinating that the audience is left meditating over the aspect of ethnic distinctiveness. In this poem, the persona seems to be confused about where she came from since she is connected to nearly all ethnic settings. The persona believes that she can be American, Spanish or even Jewish since her lineage is mixed with different individuals from different ethnic backgrounds. The persona is happy with this fact since she has the chance to practice different cultures. It is interesting to note that the persona in this poem has the ability to speak several languages such as English and Spanish (Morares, 1996). Through the persona, a clear perspective concerning how different cultures are connected and interlocked is provided to the readers of this poem. The persona believes that despite the fact that she might not be European or African; she carries the cultures of these different nations within her.
Through the poem, readers are able to realize that all cultures somehow manipulated each other. The aspect of value for any culture is thus brought out through this poem. In simple terms, the author of this poem informs readers to value the cultures of other individuals since the concept of race and ethnicity is connected. The author also tries to pass across the message that individuals incorporate various parts of different cultures as they go on with their normal lives. Therefore, the author argues that there is no single culture or race that is unique from others. It is undeniable that human beings come from various ethnic backgrounds though it is through interacting with one another that they get used to the ways of life of other cultures. The poem somehow urges readers to value other individual’s ethnicities since it is through culture that people are shaped. Regardless of the fact that the persona has been manipulated by other cultures with which she has come into contact with, she has managed to accept and appreciate the person that she is. All the cultures that the persona has managed to interact with play a vital function in her life. The persona is simply proud of who she is.
“Country Lovers” by Nadine Gordimer on the other hand is different from Aurora’s poem in the sense that it is a short story. As mentioned earlier, “Country Lovers” however, still emphasizes on the issue of race and ethnicity just like Aurora’s “Child of Americas”. Nadine’s story talks about a relationship between two lovers from different ethnic backgrounds. The events of the story take place in South Africa during the apartheid regime. During this time, South Africa had outlined strict rules concerning the association amid “black” and “white” people. The laws prohibited black people from having relations with white people and marriage between these two races was not allowed by all means. The main characters in this story are Paulus and Thebedi; a white boy and black girl respectively. Despite the fact that these two characters come from different racial backgrounds, they have a relationship that began in childhood.
Thebedi has been working at her boyfriend’s family farm since when she was young and as they become older they engage in a romantic relationship, though they are not allowed to get married. Paulus goes ahead and joins college and his girlfriend gets married to a black man. A few months later, Thebedi gives birth to a male child that is more of white and not black. This is the outcome of the romantic relationship that Thebedi had with Paulus. However, Paulus returns from college and realizes that Thebedi has a child that resembles him. Paulus immediately gets mad and this reveals the fact that he was never in love with Thebedi. He goes on to kill the child and surprisingly, he does not get jailed due to lack of evidence (Miruka, 2000).
It is clear that the short story plays the role of informing communities of the complexities of the issues of race and ethnicity and the damage that can be caused if these aspects are not well managed. The poem on the other hand focuses on valuing the various cultures that people come in contact with as they go on with their daily lives. The persona in Aurora’s poem indicates comprehensibly that she is connected to various ethnic backgrounds. The persona in this poem, just like in the “child of Americas”, feels that the diversity in her ethnic backgrounds renders her culturally rich. Although the persona fails to have any African or European relatives in her lineage, she still feels that these two cultures have had a great influence on her. The persona also purports that she is at a crossroad. Contrary to the poem, the short story focuses on racial differences based on color. Through the short story, it is clear that the white race was more powerful than the black race in the society.
The outcome of Thebedi and Paulus’ relationship is a mixture of two races. It is also surprising that Thebedi has no problem with this fact, though Paulus finds it hard to live with it and goes ahead to kill his own son. Njambulo, Thebedi’s husband, has no problem taking care of someone else’s child even if the baby is interracial. It is obvious that the short story portrays whites as racists. This is illustrated by Paulus who is not ready to accept a child from two different races. Considering Paulus actions, one wonders whether culture has more weight than life in itself. Paulus chooses to protect their customs at the expense of his own flesh and blood. The relationship between Paulus and Thebedi when they were young is totally different from the one portrayed when they get a son. The two love birds are quite naïve while young and they even meet secretly so that no one notices them. They are aware that they are not supposed to be relating but they go on and have a romantic relationship anyway. The rule that whites should not relate with blacks breaks them apart when they become of age. The two lovers break their long term friendship as a result of racism and ethnicity issues (Miruka, 2000).
Another difference between the two literary works can be seen in the acknowledgement of racial multiplicity. The persona in the poem acknowledges the fact that she is from diverse ethnic backgrounds. The persona has no problem with her ethnical background and has accepted the individual that she is. In fact, she takes it positive and considers it beneficial rather than something that could make her regret. Intermarriages from different races are not a problem for this persona. Through the acceptance of various ethnic backgrounds, the persona realizes her real identity. As mentioned earlier, language is not a problem for the persona since she can speak more than one language. The persona praises the languages that she can speak and she is proud of them. Contrary to this, the characters in the short story appear to have a hard time acknowledging their ethnic backgrounds. Paulus is not ready to have a child with a black girl and he is not proud of the son that the two produce. Paulus does not appreciate Thebedi’s ethnic background and the differences between the two cultures are significantly large. It is next to impossible for the two races to appreciate one another just like the persona in the poem loves where she originated from. In the short story, the marriage between Thebedi and the black man is merely a strategy to avoid any kind of suspicion. It is obvious that the relationship between the two communities cannot be acknowledged. The communities in the short story are aware of the rules concerning racism and ethnicity hence, they do whatever it takes just to make sure that they do not cross those lines.
Both texts also support the concept of racism assimilation or integration. The person in the poem acknowledges the fact that she is a result of several races coming together and she is proud of it. The short story also provides considerable hope for racial assimilation. The baby that Thebedi and Paulus bore is a sign of racial assimilation. Societies have the power to allow racial assimilation and if it were not for the discrimination that existed in Thebedi and Paulus’ world, it is possible that the two lovers could have gotten married and lived happily ever after. Generally, the two literary works try to inform readers the reason as to why it is necessary to appreciate and respect other people’s culture and the consequences of not doing so. Individuals can only develop socially if they accept their fellow men’s culture (Harris, 2003). The short story clearly indicates the problems that people can encounter if they refuse to accept other people’s ethnic background. Diversity in terms of ethnicity is a sensitive issue, which if not handled with much care can cause havoc in communities across the world. Embracing ethnic diversity would eradicate issues of hatred and animosity. Nadine Gordimer utilizes a unique style that tries to capture readers into the narrative. Through the plot of the story, it is undeniable that the events that occur reflect what happens in the real life. Nadine Gordimer has chosen to take a realist stand in her work.
Through the unique style, the relationship between the two characters in “Country Lovers” functions as a vehicle that reveals fatality of racial discrimination not just in South Africa, but in the entire world. It is clear that the friendship between Paulus and Thebedi can hardly blossom and grow into a beautiful union. The turning point and end of this relationship is triggered by Thebedi’s pregnancy. In addition to the issue of ethnicity and race, Nadine also showcases the aspect of power relations in this kind of society. This society also appears to be patriarchal in that the woman has no say in anything. Thebedi is forced to get married to a black man with the aim of controlling that damage that has been done and she can do nothing about it. Thebedi also tries to suggest to the court that Paulus might have killed the child though this accusation does not yield much.
This society seems not to value the voice of the girl child. Thebedi has no power, first because she is black and second due to the fact that she is a woman. The issue of social hierarchy is also question in Nadine’s short story where whites dominated over blacks during the period of apartheid in South Africa. It is clear that in this society, there is an intense imbalance when it comes to matters concerning power relations. The author of “Country Lovers” also utilizes third person point of view. Through third person, readers are able to obtain a neutral perspective of the entire narrative. The readers are thus not given the chance to side with either party. The narrator of Country lovers uses the names of the characters when telling this particular story. The narrator does not take part in the story though she relays it to readers. In “Child of Americas”, the author also utilizes a rich style and incorporates metaphors such as “Spanish is in my flesh” and “European lives in me”. These metaphors are meant to reveal the various cultures that the people of America originated from. As opposed to “Country Lovers” where characters fail to embrace the issue of race and ethnicity, “Child of Americas” is a poem that appreciates other individual’s culture. Through the poem, readers are able to tell that the diversity in cultures is more of a blessing than a curse. The aspect of “self” in America is reinforced through these metaphors. Through the metaphors, hope and a new beginning is granted to those who face the problems of race and ethnicity.
It is evident that the themes of race and ethnicity have been widely used in literature across the globe (Meyer, 1997). These themes try to encourage the mixing of individuals from different races and ethnic backgrounds since this is beneficial to all communities. If this is attained, there will be a high likelihood of people living in harmony without discrimination due to color or background. People would easily intermarry and bring up their families together. Aurora insinuates that the persona became whole after she realizes that she originated from different racial backgrounds. Aurora displays the optimism that the persona has when she admits how she has been positively influenced by culture in her surroundings. The short a story on the other depicts the pressures that befall a community that makes a big deal out of racial differences. Nadine’s work contains rich imagination and creativity (Chapman, 1996).
Related Free Literary Analysis Essays
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- A Doll’s House | <urn:uuid:2d62a2cc-487a-4771-b8bf-c004ad72a987> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://exclusivepapers.com/essays/literary-analysis/literary-comparison.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583850393.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122120040-20190122142040-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.969987 | 2,955 | 3.375 | 3 |
Upper-intermediate grammar exercise: phrasal verbs
English grammar practice exercise, upper-intermediate / advanced level.
This exercise gives you practice using phrasal verbs.
|Structure of phrasal verbs|
|A phrasal verb can be made up of:|
|a verb + adverb||throw away|
|a verb + adverb + preposition||put up with|
Each of the following sentences contains a phrasal verb. Choose a suitable word to fill each gap. | <urn:uuid:2ca90a39-ee8f-4afa-bc6a-f3ebc095b7ee> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://speakspeak.com/english-grammar-exercises/upper-intermediate/phrasal-verbs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828313.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00077-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.778233 | 110 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Being a geek can be seen as difficult for many; the social awkwardness, ineptitude, and judgment from others leads individuals to feelings of isolation in a world of their own. Geeks, by traditional definition, are passionate about anthologies and characters from a variety of fictional, fantasy, and virtual formats that are sometimes niche or unpopular creating feelings of relatedness towards avatar experiences in an often lonely life. Yet there are even more morphings of the term Geek from a historical perspective, dating back to 1997 - most being identified with a negative connotation. However, with the rise of popular media over the past several years, (e.g. Big Bang Theory, Buffy The Vampire Slayer, Marvel’s Avengers, Anime, etc.) self-identification as being a “geek” or “nerd” has become more mainstream. Yet, even with the rise of cultural normalization and shows discussing “geek” items, there is still significant mystery surrounding geek culture that perplexes individuals who are not intimately familiar with them. Geek Therapy encompasses many different paradigms of thought, intellectual curiosities, and specialized interests outside of “normal” social conformity. This can range from the more well-known areas of video games, comic cons, and TV shows to the less well-known topics of board games and verbose fantasy novels. This training is a comprehensive compendium of how Geek Therapy clinicians and scholars currently use a variety of games, media artifacts, and other geek culture items in therapeutic context and intervention.
Dr. Anthony Bean is a Licensed Clinical Depth Psychologist, video game researcher, and the Executive Director at The Telos Project, a thriving nonprofit mental health clinic in Fort Worth, Texas which focuses on video gamers and their families. He has been consulted as an expert for CNN, Inverse, Polygon, and internationally for Gehirn & Geist, while also appearing on Radio, Podcasts, and being a sought after Keynote Speaker and conference speaker in the United States, Canada, and Russia. He holds a Doctorate in Philosophy in Clinical Depth Psychology from Pacifica Graduate Institute and specialize in the therapeutic implications of video games and gaming, working with children and adolescents, and the use of video game character identification as a therapeutic technique. He has also authored multiple academic articles, book chapters, and the two books Working with Video Gamers and Games in Therapy: A Clinician’s Guide (Routledge, 2018) and The Psychology of Zelda: Linking Our World to the Legend of Zelda Series (Ben Bella, 2019) while being active on twitter (@VideoGameDoc).
Introduction to Geek Therapy
Thanks for taking our course!
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Automated Retrieval System (ARS)
Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (ASRS or AS/RS)
Automated retrieval systems are fully automated robotic systems controlled by computers that enable all the operations which are unloading goods from carrier, sorting, put-away, storage, order-picking, staging and loading of goods can be done by machine automatically.The basic AS/Rs system is normally built up by four main components which are: Storage rack, input and output systems, Storage and Retrieval equipment and computer management system. Systems of this nature have been used for years in manufacturing and warehouse facilities.
The Basic Design of AS/Rs in warehousing A “high-rise” storage rack which can be up to 120 feet high is being used in the AS/Rs in order to maximize the utilization of the warehouse cubic space. Each storage location has their unique bar-code or chip to storage the information of the storage location. While the carriers reach the dock of the warehouse, the goods is being loaded or unloaded by “battery-powered driverless vehicles” to or from the conveyer belts. These types of “battery-powered driverless vehicles” are usually guided by the Automatic Vehicle Guide System (AVGs). Different types or batches of goods is being loaded to different conveyer belt along the dock, then the goods on the conveyer belts it then being transported to each Pick-up and Delivery station (P/D station). There are computers and scanners built inside the P/D stations to capture and store the information of the goods. After the goods are being identified, sorted and weighted, and then transported to the storage rack by using the Stacker Crane. The Stacker Cranes are able to move horizontally and vertically along its rail. It’s able to move in a speed of up to 100 feet per minute (fpm) and reaching the storage racks to store or extract the goods. This kind of stacker crane are usually consists telescopic fork and table and extractor to transport and deposit the goods. A wireless scanner is also built with the stacker crane to capture the information of each storage location.
The information transfer is very important within the warehouse that using AS/Rs system. The software used in the AS/Rs system is usually not an independent software system. It’s usually a combination of different types of managing software base on the requirements of each operation. Therefore, a Local Area Network (LAN) needs to be established to support the information transfer within the warehouse. Basically, AS/Rs is combined with the AVGs to control the movement of vehicles within the system. A Warehouse Management System (WMS) is also used to track the inbound movements of goods inside the warehouse. It’s usually interfaced with the Bar-coding system and Stock Control system to capture and storage the information of the goods from each storage location and P/D station by using optical scanning of a more advanced radio frequency technology. The information captured such as: descriptions, storage locations, quantity, date of entry, expiry date, source of goods etc. are then transfer to the Stock Control system via wireless LAN. By using the Stock Control system, the operators are able to know the information of the goods and the system will automatically notify the operators while the inventory level reach the re-order point. When the order comes in, the operator just type in the basic information of the goods, the command system of the AS/Rs will then send the information to the stacker crane and direct it to retrieve the products from the storage location and transport it to the dock by using AVGs system. The bill of lading or other documents can also be automatically printed out by the system if it enables Computerized Documentation.
A few different types of Automated Storage Retrieval Systems
· Vertical Carousels
· Vertical Lift Modules (VLM)
· Horizontal Carousels
· Mini Loads - also known as mini load stackers
· Unit load stackers
· Compact 3D AS/RS
· While this is a very short list of ASRS devices, there are many more ASRS's manufactured and deployed...
Other Industries/Applications for Automated Storage Retrieval Systems
· Clean Rooms
· Work in Process (WIP)
· Lean Manufacturing
· Cell Manufacturing
· Small Parts Distribution
· Grocery Distribution
· Mail Order Fulfillment
Daifuku ASRS Over $4 Million New Must Move Now For Cents On the Dollar
Stacker cranes for boxes
The miniload automated warehouse for boxes is made up of a central aisle, along which a stacker crane travels, and two racks built at either side used to store boxes or trays. The picking and handling area is formed by conveyors and is positioned at one end or at the side of the racking. Here, the stacker crane deposits the load extracted from the rack. The conveyors then take the box to the operator and once he/she has finished the job, it is returned to the stacker crane which then places it back in the ranking. The whole system is controlled by a management software package which registers the location of all the materials in the warehouse and keeps a real time inventory.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Storage_and_Retrieval_System"
Other Good Used Material Handling LINKS! | <urn:uuid:609387e9-92b9-4cd2-ae66-baee828f336a> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://automatedretrievalsystem.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988718.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00105-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909689 | 1,119 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Go to Home Do the reading before this lecture My slides for this lecture Go to Next lecture
Insights into people’s behaviours are obtained through the application of behavioral and social sciences, anthropology, cognitive sciences and psychology, among others. When seeking behavioural evidence, these disciplines work together to identify which factors and biases will increase the probability that a behavior occurs or not. When used to improve policies and programmes, behavioural insights can inform the design of innovative processes and practices; help reframe and improve communications; identify the need for nudges to overcome biases and barriers; or ensure that products and services are designed keeping users’ need in mind.
If you want to learn more, I suggest you read the manual of the BASIC Toolkit (available on the OECD iLibrary).
Please watch the following video “The Rise of Experimental Government and Behavioural Science in Policy” by David Halpern, Chief Executive and Board Director of the Behavioural Insights Team, otherwise known as the “Nudge Unit” [from min 5:02 to min 1:00:00].
Please now answer Assignment 5 based on the reading for this lecture.
Deadline: Wednesday, September 23, at 15:15.
Suggested answers available here after the deadline.
Please connect to my Zoom (link in Absalon) on Wednesday, September 23, at 15:15
I will summarize the main ideas of this lecture and I will asnwer your questions.
After that you will have time to work online with your group. See below.
Group Work: Relevant Phenomena, Principles and Concepts (go to Activity)
To design an appropriate intervention, you should exploit the knowledge you have acquired during the course. Make a linkage between the decision map, the bottlenecks and the most relevant concepts seen during the course.
Define and explain the phenomena, concepts and tools that are important for your analysis, and provide a linkage to how they fit together.
Together with your group, you have to fill the corresponding cell of this Google Spreadsheet. Deadline: before next lecture.
Summary for this lecture:
- Behavioral Insights highlight that the interplay between the context and our psychological quirks can have a surprisingly powerful effect on our behavior.
- Behavioral Insights propose simple but powerful tools that policy makers can use to design more effective policies and prevent unwanted consequences.
- We need to approach every problem with a thorough analysis of the specific context and identify common snags – things that can trip us up.
- The effectiveness of every interventions has to be tested by conducting rigorous experiments before scaling them up.
Go to Home Go to Next lecture | <urn:uuid:57cd4d3e-cb41-4f93-9c97-9a107a68fcdb> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://mpiovesan.com/sbc20-part1-05/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400203096.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922031902-20200922061902-00252.warc.gz | en | 0.915462 | 548 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Lettuce, also known as Lactuca sativa, was first cultivated thousands of years ago by the Egyptians. It had a cultural and religious significance in Ancient Egypt and was considered as a sacred plant. Lettuce was used as a medicine for several illnesses. It was also considered as a cure for insomnia, loss of appetite, and even stopping sexual urges!
It is an annual plant that can only be harvested in 65-130 days after sowing. There are different types of lettuce: iceberg, romaine, crispreed, and butterhead to name a few. Lettuce has a mild, sweet taste and crunchy texture which makes it appetizing.
Lettuce contains vitamins A, C, E, and K, potassium, magnesium, iron, calcium, and zinc that are essential to the body. It is also one of the most popular leafy vegetables that are included in a vegan diet. Lettuce offers a lot of health benefits that will make you crave for a salad feast.
Curious about the health benefits? Let’s jump right in!
1. Induces sleep
Lettuce has been used in the Ancient Egypt as a cure for insomnia. Lettuce contains lactucarium, a chemical that has the same properties and structure as opium, that enhances sleep quality and relaxes the mind. It is a milky white substance found in leaves. Lactucarium has no harmful side effects than opium which is the most effective alternative for it.
2. Controls anxiety
In ancient Egypt, lettuce is used as a cure for anxiety. It has sedative and anxiolytic properties that control anxiety.
3. Improves digestion
Lettuce is an excellent source of fiber and cellulose that aids in digestion. Cellulose is a substance that can be found in the walls of plant cells that keeps the plant to remain stiff and upright. It is essential in the diet as fiber, though the body cannot digest cellulose. Fiber and cellulose go hand in hand in the movement of food through the gut and secreting waste out of the body.
4. Aids in weight loss
Lettuce is a grich source of fiber. Fiber promotes long-term weight loss as it makes you full and satisfied. A vegan diet often includes lettuce. 1 cup of lettuce (36 grams) contains 5g of calories, 20g sodium, and 0 fat.
5. Protects the body from bacteria and fungi
Lettuce has anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties that protect your body from harmful microbes. The anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties are from the biochemicals terpenes and cardenolides present in lettuce. The lactucarium present in lettuce kills various types of yeast.
6. Keeps you hydrated
Lettuce contains high water content that keeps you hydrated. Lettuce is rich in potassium that is responsible for the fluid balance in the body.
7. Maintains healthy neurons
Lettuce contains an anti-inflammatory agent that protects the neuron cells. Memory loss is associated with the death of neurons in specific connections or circuits. Potassium relaxes the nerves and improves neuron efficiency. Moreover, lettuce extracts can significantly reduce neuron cell death because of its role in glucose metabolism.
8. Prevents cardiovascular diseases
Lettuce is good for the heart as well. It aids in lowering the cholesterol levels in the body. High LDL cholesterol levels in the body can cause heart attack and stroke. Omega-3 fatty acids are not only found in fish. In fact, lettuce is a better source of omega-3 fatty acids compared to fish. Lettuce contains a significant amount of omega-3 fatty acids that removes and prevents plaque from accumulating in the arteries. It reduces the risk of hypertension and cardiac arrest. Adequate intake of vitamin K reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases. It prevents mineralization which is a risk factor for heart diseases.
9. Promotes muscle development
Aside from meat and fish, lettuce is also a good source of protein. Protein aids in developing muscle. Athletes are advised to include lettuce in their diet to help in developing and healing muscles and preventing muscle loss. Lettuce contains enzymes that make protein synthesis more efficient. However, lettuce alone can’t grow muscles. You need to eat other protein sources such as meat and fish along with lettuce in developing muscles.
10. Helps maintain healthy skin and hair
You’ve probably heard that water is essential in maintaining healthy skin. As mentioned above, lettuce is a good source of water as well. Aside from that, lettuce contains terpenes, cardenolides, and gluconates which are biochemicals that have anti-bacterial properties that make the skin healthy and clear. Biochemicals reduce acne and other skin infections.
Omega-3 is also responsible for managing the production of sebum and moisturizing the skin. Overproduction of sebum causes skin problems such as acne, dark spots, and whiteheads. Vitamin k also keeps the hair healthy and prevents hair fall.
11. Aids in pregnancy development
Lettuce contains a significant amount of vitamin K that helps in preventing neural defects during gestation and helps prevent hemorrhage during childbirth. It also contains folate that is essential for DNA synthesis during pregnancy. Zinc and iron are also vital in pregnancy development. Zinc is also needed during pregnancy and breastfeeding while the iron is needed to supply oxygen and nutrients to the baby.
12. Reduces inflammation
Lettuce has antioxidants that prevent the cell from getting damaged through the production of free radicals. The antioxidants counteract the production of free radicals that reduces inflammation. It also contains biochemical catalysts, lipoxygenase and carrageenan, which control inflammation in a significant amount. The darker the lettuce, the more antioxidants it contains.
13. Prevents cancer
Studies have shown that 3 kilograms of lettuce can reduce leukemia cells by 50%. Lettuce also contains vitamin E and antioxidant that protects your cells from free radicals. Zinc also reduces the risk of cancer by fighting cancerous cells in the body.
Eating green, leafy vegetables like lettuce isn’t bad after all. Not only that it offers several health benefits but it can also improve one’s appearance. Lettuce is usually eaten raw but you can eat lettuce in any way you want. Lettuce can also be made into smoothies and can be cooked, too. Keep in mind that lettuce requires low temperature to prevent the plant from flowering. Consume lettuce as soon as you cook it since it is immune to any kind of preservation.
- 8 Impressive Benefits of Lettuce. Retrieved from https://www.organicfacts.net/health-benefits/vegetable/health-benefits-of-lettuce.html
- 11 Impressive Benefits of Lettuce. Retrieved from https://www.naturalfoodseries.com/11-health-benefits-lettuce/
- What is Cellulose?. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/articles/z2d2gdm
- Ware, M. (January 2018). Everything You Need to Know about Potassium. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/287212.php | <urn:uuid:74ceb20f-0cc3-441d-b1be-2fb22685140a> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.panlasangpinoyrecipes.com/10-surprisingly-health-benefits-of-lettuce/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153971.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730154005-20210730184005-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.946292 | 1,518 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Table of Contents
- 1 How can I improve my sentence skills?
- 2 How can I improve my English writing skills?
- 3 How can I improve my academic writing skills?
- 4 How can I enrich my vocabulary?
- 5 How can I solve my vocabulary problems?
- 6 What are some fun ways to teach vocabulary?
- 7 How do you teach words?
- 8 How do you review vocabulary words in a fun way?
- 9 How can I teach English vocabulary effectively?
- 10 What is vocabulary techniques?
- 11 What are basic ESL teaching skills?
- 12 How can students improve listening skills?
- 13 How do I teach my child to listen skills?
- 14 How can students improve their reading skills?
How can I improve my sentence skills?
How to Improve Your Sentence StructureEnsure the information within the sentence is clear. Make sure to use transitional words. Use care with subordinate clauses. Use active voice. Use active verbs. Follow traditional grammatical rules.
How can I improve my English writing skills?
Here are some tips to help you feel more confident with writing, and improve your English writing skills:Read as much as you can. Keep an English dictionary. Brush up your grammar. Check your spelling before and after writing.Keep a diary in English. Learn how to expand your basic sentences into more elaborate ones.
How can I improve my academic writing skills?
Nine Basic Ways to Improve Your Style in Academic WritingUse ACTIVE VOICE. Don’t say: “The stepmother’s house was cleaned by Cinderella.” (Passive.) Mix it up in terms of PUNCTUATION. Vary your SENTENCE STRUCTURE. Closely related to this, avoid CHOPPINESS. Avoid REPETITION. Be CONCISE. Use the VOCABULARY that you know. But also work on expanding your VOCABULARY.
How can I enrich my vocabulary?
7 Ways to Improve Your VocabularyDevelop a reading habit. Vocabulary building is easiest when you encounter words in context. Use the dictionary and thesaurus. Play word games. Use flashcards. Subscribe to “word of the day” feeds. Use mnemonics. Practice using new words in conversation.
How can I solve my vocabulary problems?
10 Sure-Fire Strategies to Improve Your VocabularyRead Voraciously. It’s undeniable that reading is the most effective way to get new vocabulary. Make Friends with the Dictionary. Use It or Lose It. Learn One New Word a Day. Understand the True Meaning of Words. Maintain a Personal Lexicon. Follow a Process. Play and Have Fun.
What are some fun ways to teach vocabulary?
5 Fun Ways to Teach VocabularyDraw a picture.Make a picture dictionary.Make a sentence.Match a word.Mime it.Pick a synonym or antonym.
How do you teach words?
How to teach:Introduce each new word one at a time. Say the word aloud and have students repeat the word. Reflect. Read the text you’ve chosen. Ask students to repeat the word after you’ve read it in the text. Use a quick, fun activity to reinforce each new word’s meaning. Play word games. Challenge students to use new words.
How do you review vocabulary words in a fun way?
7 Best Ways to Review VocabularyWeave a Web. Use an idea web to review any themed vocabulary your students have studied. Put Your Cards on the Table. Have students create their own set of vocabulary flash cards. Join the Chorus. Fill Everyone In. Get Your Point Across. Get Together. Keeping Order.
How can I teach English vocabulary effectively?
What is the best way to teach ESL vocabulary?Create a context around words you teach. Teach relevant ESL vocabulary. Consider your students’ age. Show images or drawings. Present vocabulary with realia. Introduce new words in the context of a story or article students read.
What is vocabulary techniques?
Vocabulary is the knowledge of words and word meanings. wide or extensive independent reading to expand word knowledge. instruction in specific words to enhance comprehension of texts containing those words. instruction in independent word-learning strategies, and.
What are basic ESL teaching skills?
Successful EFL / ESL teachers have these 5 characteristics in common:Excellent Interpersonal Communication Skills. A successful teacher should enjoy people, show enthusiasm and excitement in the classroom, and be positive. An Attitude of Flexibility. Appropriate Classroom Management. Meaningful Lessons. Cultural Awareness.
How can students improve listening skills?
Improve the active listening skills of both you and your child by following these 5 tips:Maintain eye contact.Don’t interrupt.Ask questions.Repeat back what the speaker says.Listen for total meaning.
How do I teach my child to listen skills?
Get their full attention. Make reading an interactive activity. Play listening games. Play “story chain” Place an emphasis on common speech signals. Help your child to build their vocabulary. Be a good listener too. Remember that most young children have short attention spans.
How can students improve their reading skills?
8 Tips to Help Students Build Better Reading SkillsAnnotate and highlight text. Teach your students to highlight and underline valuable information as they read. Personalize the content. Practice problem solving skills. Incorporate more senses. Understand common themes. Set reading goals. Read in portions. Let students guide their reading. | <urn:uuid:fbd6690a-c973-4e76-8f81-ec2e6762803f> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://holidaymountainmusic.com/how-can-i-improve-my-sentence-skills/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320299927.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220129032406-20220129062406-00037.warc.gz | en | 0.885883 | 1,152 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Terry Herbert has been metal detecting as a hobby for more than 18 years
The largest ever haul of Anglo-Saxon gold in Britain, the so-called Staffordshire Hoard, was discovered buried beneath a farmer's field in Staffordshire in July 2009.
It has more than 1,500 items, made of gold and silver, embedded with precious stones and jewels.
The treasure was initially found on a farm by an amateur metal detector, Terry Herbert from Burntwood.
It dates back to around the 7th Century and is valued at £3.285m.
After the Staffordshire Coroner ruled in September 2009 that the find was the 'property of the Crown', arrangements were made for the valuation.
The money will be split between Mr Herbert, and Fred Johnson, who owns the farm where it was discovered.
Metal Detector man
Mr Herbert, from Burntwood in Staffordshire, came across the hoard as he searched Mr Johnson's farmland near Brownhills in July. The exact location has not been disclosed.
He's been metal detecting for 18 years as a member of the Bloxwich Research and Metal Detecting Club.
Their secretary Jim Wall told BBC WM, "I'm really pleased for him. It's fantastic he's recovered it for the nation to look at, and wonder at."
Fred Johnson put the find of the Anglo Saxon hoard down to "pure luck"
Fred Johnson told BBC Midlands Today: "Terry came in very excited and said I have found a Saxon hoard. It's better than winning the lottery! I told him not to be so bloody daft."
"But when I went to have a look, I could see they were bringing up some really fantastic stuff, really incredible workmanship."
Most of the items appear to date from the 7th Century. Historical experts say the quality and intricacy of the craftsmanship indicates many of the pieces were owned by royalty or noblemen.
The vast majority of the items were warfare related, including helmets, swords-hilts, and crests worn on clothing in battle.
The hoard also includes a strip of gold which bears a biblical inscription in Latin.
It quotes chapter 10 verse 35 of the Book of Numbers: "Rise up, O Lord, and may thy enemies be dispersed and those who hate thee be driven from thy face".
There are also three gold crosses which have been folded, possibly to fit into a small space prior to burial.
Dr Kevin Leahy, who has been cataloguing the Hoard for the Portable Antiquities Scheme, said it was, "a truly remarkable collection".
He told BBC Radio Stoke, "I've been losing sleep over it - it's astonishing! The feeling of those archaeologists who've seen it is awe."
"We've actually been scared by the responsibility of dealing with this material."
"We always knew Mercia [the Anglo-Saxon kingdom area where Staffordshire is] was important."
"Great kings like Penda, Wulfhere and Ethelred ruled here, but until now we had no archaeological evidence to back this up, and then this lot comes up."
"It really does turn the lights on to what was going on in the Midlands at that time."
Dr Gareth Williams is a curator at the British Museum, and told BBC Radio Stoke that the find would fill in some gaps in what we know about Anglo-Saxon history.
"We can see that someone very, very wealthy has possessed this hoard, and that they must've taken some of the items away from other extremely wealthy people," he said.
"It's the product of one or more raids against neighbours, and fits into a period and culture of warfare and violence."
Some of the collection initially went on display in October 2009 at the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, with the rest placed in secure storage.
More than 10,000 people came to see the treasure in the first couple of weeks it was exhibited.
Some of the collection goes on display at the Potteries Museum and Art Gallery, in Hanley in February 2010.
Staffordshire County Council has teamed up with Stoke-on-Trent and Birmingham City Councils to raise the money to buy it to keep it on display in the West Midlands. | <urn:uuid:badd886e-9c77-42da-a64c-aa0e09559040> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/stoke/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8352000/8352927.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736678861.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215758-00153-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974963 | 876 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A cochlear implant is an electronic prosthetic replacement for damaged cells in the inner ear. The implant is a small electronic device that can help "make" sound if you have severe or total hearing loss. The implant does the job of the damaged or absent nerve cells that in a normal ear make it possible to hear (auditory nerves). Cochlear implants can be programmed according to your specific needs and degree of hearing loss.
Cochlear implants may help people with severe or total hearing loss in both ears who do not get any benefit from hearing aids. Cochlear implants have been shown to improve a person's ability to understand speech and speak clearly. Unlike hearing aids, cochlear implants do not make sounds louder but improve how well you hear sound.
A cochlear implant consists of a:
Microphone worn behind the ear, to pick up sound.
Speech processor worn on the body. Some types may be worn behind the ear.
Small device placed under the skin near the ear, with electrodes placed in the cochlea.
The microphone picks up sound and sends it to the speech processor, which changes the sound to information the cochlear implant can understand. The implant then tells the nerves in the ear to send a message to the brain. The message is understood as sound.
There are no tests to predict the level of benefit a particular individual will receive from a cochlear implant. The degree of improvement varies among individuals. However, most adults who receive a cochlear implant report many benefits that include improved communication ability and a personal sense of emotional well being.
With the implant, and the appropriate post-operative training, most patients are able to improve their accuracy in understanding speech in combination with speechreading. The average patient is able to carry on a conversation on the telephone if he or she uses effective strategies to clarify what has been said to them.
Almost all are able to differentiate environmental sounds and monitor the volume and quality of their own voice. Many patients report that they experience less stress communicating with family, friends, employers and co-workers; they feel the implant has had a positive effect on involvement in daily life and relationships.
The specialists in the Adult Cochlear Implant Program in the Department of Otolaryngology at Washington University School of Medicine provide a comprehensive evaluation and treatment program for patients eighteen years and older. Candidates for a cochlear implant are those who are severely or profoundly hearing impaired in both ears (including those with nerve deafness). These individuals typically receive limited benefit from hearing aids and communicate using the limited auditory information they do receive in combination with speechreading (lipreading).
The cochlear implant team includes skilled clinical, rehabilitative and research audiologists, two otolaryngologic surgeons, a neuropsychologist, a biomedical engineer and a medical secretary. The program has extensive experience in providing a thorough pre-surgical evaluation, performing the surgery, conducting the all important post surgical training and device programming that is critical to successful cochlear implant use, and coordinating all the administrative details.
After surgery, speech therapy will help you make the most of your cochlear implant. Training in listening, language, and speech-reading skills (paying attention to people's gestures, facial expressions, posture, and tone of voice) also help you.
Cochlear implants have a low rate of complications, which may include:
Risks of surgery, such as infection and medicine that numbs your senses during surgery (general anesthesia).
The implant moving out of its proper location. You may need a second surgery to relocate the implant.
The implant not working. It may not work because it was made incorrectly or because of an injury to or problem within the ear.
Twitching of the face (such as a tic) or not being able to move muscles in the face. This is uncommon and rarely permanent.
The cochlear implant was invented about twenty five years ago to help severely to profoundly deaf persons communicate more easily. Thanks to extensive research and evolving technology the device has come to be accepted as a most valuable one for persons with this much hearing loss. Cochlear implants are recognized by the American Medical Association (AMA) and the American Academy of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (AAO- HNS) as an approved medical procedure for adults and children. They were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the mid-1980s and are covered by insurance policies, Medicare, Medicaid and Vocational Rehabilitation. There are now more than 60,000 individuals worldwide who have received cochlear implants. | <urn:uuid:39369864-0b8a-4c09-bf19-5b0cf6a796ac> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.barnesjewish.org/Medical-Services/Ear-Nose-Throat-ENT/Cochlear-Implant-Program | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541692.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00005-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94925 | 942 | 3.65625 | 4 |
I really enjoyed this recent interview of Eric Weinstein on The Tim Ferriss Show Podcast. One of the most powerful moments for me was when Eric says, "We don't talk about teaching disabilities, we talk about learning disabilities." (1:08:41) Eric continues:
A lot of the kids that I want are kids that have been labelled learning disabled but they are actually superlearners, they're like learners on steroids who have some deficits to pay for their superpower. When teachers can't deal with this, we label those kids learning disabled to cover up from the fact that the economics of teaching require that one central actor, the teacher, be able to lead a room of twenty or more people in lock step. that's not a good model.
One of the things that I love most about our hyper-connected reality is the fact that anyone with an internet connection has the opportunity to learn about literally anything they are curious about - no classroom required. Yet, despite the explosion of available online educational resources - wikis, MOOCs, forums, etc. - I still struggle to find quality, well-curated scientific content outside of the traditional platforms of books and journals. Why is it that in the age of the internet, we are still limiting ourselves to content developed for (and confined by) the real estate of classrooms and printed pages? One answer is simply laziness. It's really easy to film a lecture and put it on YouTube, or print to .pdf and host it online. It's much harder to develop an interactive online problem-set that is tailored to a student's current level of understanding. Ultimately that's what I would like to see.
Here are a couple of my favorite examples of thinkers and educational resources that are clearly moving things in the right direction:
Julius O. Smith @ Stanford, in particular his free, fully-hyperlinked books on digital signal processing. What I love about these books is that because they are all fully linked together, you can start with what you are curious about, and then follow the links to the words and concepts that you don't understand as necessary. Similar in workflow to wikipedia, except that the quality of the content is always superb.
Mike Bostock - Visualizing Algorithms. If Julius Smith showed what all online books could have been with just HTML, Mike's work is an exemplar of Web 2.0 learning. I kind of feel like Mike has captured what Wolfram was trying to achieve with CDF, yet in a fully in-browser experience.
What are your favorite online educational resources?
Who else has suffered from teaching disabilities? How do we stop the suffering!? | <urn:uuid:06ca82dc-b55d-4302-91ec-9ec03f3d6661> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://discourse.materialsgirl.co/t/teaching-disabilities/104 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592309.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721032019-20180721052019-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.969449 | 542 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Feasibility is the measure of how beneficial or practical the development of an information system will be to an organization.
Feasibility analysis is the process by which feasibility is measured.
The Feasibility analysis in a project that is feasible at one point in time may become infeasible at a later point in time. Therefore, the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) has to use various go/no-go checkpoints or management reviews. Red diamonds represents the checkpoints. The diamonds identify specific times during the life cycle when feasibility is reevaluated and management review should be conducted at the end of the prior phase. A project can cancel or revised in scope, schedule, or budget at any of these checkpoints. In the textbook, there is a Feasibility Checkpoints in the Systems Development Life Cycle.
The advance of Checkpoints conducted in the SDLC:
- At the early stage of the project, it can measure of the urgency of the problem and the first-cut estimate of development costs.
- Get experience by each of the problem from the checkpoints.
- After each of the Checkpoint, it can occur more detailed study of the current system.
- The analyst can frequently prove more extensive than originally stated. Than, the system will be able to do better than before.
- Considered the solutions before the hardware and software selection impact.
- Once the final checkpoint is completed, all the complexity of the solution should be apparent.
Four Tests For Feasibility
Measure the urgency of the problem or the acceptability of a solution.
Aspects of operational feasibility
- Is the problem worth solving
- Will the solution to has problem work
- Political acceptability
- can only be evaluated after the technical issues are resolved issues
- IS the prepared technology practical?
- Do we currently process the necessary technology and time?
-To measures the reasonable project timetable.
- Are the deadlines mandatory or desirable?
- Scope can change if time (Longer)
- Careful if mandatory (Scope no change)
- Missed Schedules are bad, inadequate systems are worse!
- Are the project deadlines reasonable?
- To measure the cost-effectiveness of a project or solution. Which is often called cost-benefit analysis.
- Costs are impossible to estimate before requirements and technical solutions have been identified.
- Benefits are easier to determine at an early stage.
- The alternative solution can be evaluated according to four criteria: operational, technical, schedule, and economic feasibility.
Cost-Benefit Analysis Techniques
-Capital. Example: New Computer hardware, software and office equipment’s ,Training of the personnel.
-Development costs. Example: Personnel, Training, computer charges, consulting…etc.
Annual operating costs
-Fixed costs. Example: Leasing, licensing, salaries of permanent employees.
-Variable costs. Example: Costs of Computer usage and supplies.
- What benefits will the system provide?
- Benefits normally increase profits or decrease costs or both
- Do not confuses benefits with features
- Classified as tangible or intangible
-Usually measured in term’s savings (month annual)or of profit to the firm.
-Benefits believed to be difficult or impossible to quantify
-Example: Improved employee morals, better service to community And decision making.
Is the prepared system cost-effective?
- All costs and benefits do not occur instantaneously.
- In reality, costs and benefits are distributed overtime.
- Head to take into account time value of money.
- Three commonly used technique
- Payback analysis.
- Return on investment.
- Net present value.
Time value of money
- A dollar today is worth more than a dollar one year from now.
- Future monetary value can be discounted backwards to obtain its discounted present value.
- Based on the prevailing interest rate.
- Enable compositions of money values at different periods of time.
- Development costs are incurred long before benefits begin to occur.
- Period of time called payback period.
- Present value of a dollar in year n depends on the discount rate.
Return on investment analysis
- Compare lifetime profitability of alternate solutions.
- Measure relationship between the amount invested and the return.
- The ROI for a potential solution or project is calculated as follows:
- ROI is equal Estimated lifetime benefits subtract Estimated
- Lifetime costs and divide Estimated lifetime costs.
Not Present Value (NPV)
- Compute Discount Present Value (DPV) for future costs to benefits
- NPV = (Sum of DPV for yearly benefits) – Initial outlay.
- Initial Outlay is equal the amount required for the implementation of the system prior to its operation.
- Feasibility Analysis of Candidate Systems
Candidate System matrix
- Document similarities and difference between systems.
- Performs no analysis.
- Columns represent candidate solutions
- Rows represent characteristics.(Technology, People, Data, Processes, Networks)
Feasibility Comparison Matrix
- Ranking matrix.
- Columns – candidate systems.
- Rows – feasibility criteria.
- Cells represent ranking.
Please visit e-Zest IT services index for more services | <urn:uuid:bcafd08a-7f97-44f3-8b8b-dbf4e194bf5b> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.e-zest.net/it-services/consulting/feasibility-analysis-india/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703489876/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112449-00003-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.888238 | 1,081 | 2.828125 | 3 |
When Igor Sikorsky began to publicly demonstrate his VS-300 helicopter in 1941, he called it the automobile of the future. This idea quickly captured the public imagination and enthusiastic helicopter designers stepped forward to produce the next aerial version of the Model T. On April 11, 1943, Frank Piasecki became the second American to successfully fly a helicopter of his own design, the Piasecki-Venzie PV-2. He built it with far fewer resources than Sikorsky had available to construct the VS-300, yet the PV-2 flew with an unprecedented smoothness and stability. Ironically, Frank Piasecki intended his first helicopter design to be the forerunner of a revolution in personal transportation, but his company actually evolved into one of the foremost manufacturers of large cargo helicopters sold primarily to the military.
Gift of Frank Piasecki
When Igor Sikorsky began to demonstrate his VS-300 helicopter, he presented it as the automobile of the future. This idea quickly captured the public imagination, and a number of enthusiastic designers stepped forward to produce the next aerial version of the Model T. On April 11, 1943, Frank Piasecki became the second American to successfully fly a helicopter of his own design. His PV-2 was constructed with fewer resources than Sikorsky's aircraft, yet it flew with a smoothness and stability that was lacking in the VS-300. Ironically, while Frank Piasecki's first helicopter design was intended as the shape of things to come in personal transportation, his company established itself as the foremost manufacturer of large helicopters sold primarily to the armed forces.
Piasecki had an early start in the helicopter industry when he joined the Platt-LePage Aircraft Company in 1940 as an engineer working on the XR-1 (see NASM collection). At the same time, he started a small consulting firm with Harold Venzie, the P-V Engineering Forum. The company's first helicopter effort, the PV-1, did not advance beyond the drawing boards. That design was to have used ducted air as a safer and more efficient alternative to a tail-rotor. However, it became obvious that this could not be done efficiently with the current technology and plans were formulated for a new design along the lines of Sikorsky's tail-rotor equipped model.
Piasecki soon left Platt-LePage in disgust over their haphazard approach to engineering, and concentrated all his efforts on the P-V Engineering Forum's new model, designated the PV-2. This design was only intended as a small single-seat demonstrator, either as the basis for a production aircraft, or to generate contracts for other models. While the small team of engineers came up with a sound design, finding actual components with little money and acute wartime shortages required expert scrounging skills. Airplane parts were found at airports and junkyards, while those critical to a helicopter were designed and fabricated carefully. A Franklin 90-horsepower four cylinder airplane engine was shipped from the factory to be mounted under the rotor. To avoid complex gearing, the engine needed to be mounted vertically, but airplane engines were designed for horizontal installation. To solve the problem, tubes from the overhead valve rocker boxes drained the oil to an external oil tank rather than through the push rod covers. Engine oil also was collected at the back of the engine where the two magnetos are located. One magneto was removed and small fabricated gear box was installed. A shaft driven by the engine camshaft extended to an oil pump salvaged from a Packard automobile to scavenge the oil, pumping it to the external oil tank. A pair of bevel gears on the extension shaft drove the magneto connected to that gearbox. During the flight testing, oil temperature was excessive so that a radiator from a salvaged automobile cabin heater was installed in the oil return line. A clutch from a Chevrolet dealer connected the engine flywheel to a shaft with universal joints to the transmission. The rotor transmission consisted of a herringbone pinion and gear set with an overrunning clutch obtained from a Studebaker dealer attached to the pinion. The gear was attached to the hollow rotor shaft with pins to avoid the additional cost of splines. The rotor shaft was supported by a pair of angular contact ball bearings in the housing. The pinion was supported by a pair of needle roller bearings. The housing consisted of the frustums of two similar cones joined at the large diameter and the shaft bearing housings at the small ends. They were joined by sheet steel formed and brazed. The tail rotor gear box was the lower end of salvaged outboard motor. The wheels, pilot’s seat, ignition switch, and instruments were found at airports, while the blade lag dampers were found at a scrap yard near the Pitcairn Autogiro factory.
Elliot Daland, a venerable and experienced engineer, who had also worked on the XR-1, oversaw the design and construction of the three rotor blades. Steel tubing was used for the main spar. Solid spruce was bonded fore and aft of the spar, covered with thin birch plywood shaped to the NACA 0012 airfoil. The aft portion of the airfoil was formed by bass wood ribs and a plywood trailing edge. The most important innovation was the static and dynamic balancing of the blades with small trim weights before the final fabric cover was applied. Daland’s premise was that dynamic balancing was necessary for smoothest operation in forward flight where the advancing blade (the one swinging towards the front of the aircraft) encounters greater drag due to its higher velocity and the retreating blade encounters less drag due to its lower velocity. The varying forces drove a pendulum motion about the vertical pin. The blades were first teeter balanced against each other by attaching small weights to the back of the spar. All three blades were hung, supported by knife edge pins, with the blade chords parallel. All three were displaced and allowed to swing freely. The period of each blade's swing was noted. The balance weight on the blade with the longest period was replaced with a greater weight inboard and the opposite for the shortest period. The teeter and swing checks were repeated and the weights adjusted until criteria were met. Achieving this, the fabric cover was applied and several coats of dope applied.
The PV-2's first flight occurred by accident when a frayed clothes line that was intended to keep the aircraft tethered broke and the helicopter became airborne. Frank Piasecki was at the controls, and managed to safely land the aircraft in spite of the fact that he had no previous flight time in helicopters and only fourteen hours in fixed wing aircraft. He remained as the chief test pilot for the PV-2, in addition to his duties as chief engineer and company president. Because of the company's dire financial situation, resulting from no income or financial backing, the PV-2 was handled with extreme care and flown only as necessary for testing. To generate business that would result in essential income, Piasecki decided to try to capitalize on wartime military contracts. His breakthrough came on October 20, 1943, when he flew the aircraft at Washington's National Airport for a large crowd of military officials and government onlookers. In preparation for the demonstration, Piasecki gave the aircraft a more finished appearance with a silver and maroon color scheme, his favorite. The Navy was particularly interested in Piasecki's demonstration as it had come under Congressional scrutiny for largely ignoring helicopter developments generated by Army Air Forces (AAF) investment, and was looking for a company that would be more focused on their specialized needs. The Navy had purchased some Sikorsky models, but these did not meet its demands for a helicopter that could carry heavy sonar gear or pick up a number of stranded crewmen from a torpedoed vessel. Sikorsky was also stretched to the limit meeting AAF demands, and the PV Engineering Forum was the only other company to have demonstrated a practical helicopter. Additionally, the Navy could be guaranteed to have Piasecki's full attention.
The PV-2's demonstration allowed Frank Piasecki to successfully approach the Navy with his proposal for a prototype tandem rotor design that could serve as the basis for a large rescue and anti-submarine warfare (ASW) helicopter. This contract became the PV-3, later known as the X-HRPX (see NASM collection). Along with outside investors, the resulting HRP-1 production contract provided enough cash inflow to allow the company, in its various forms, to become the prime supplier of large transport helicopters for several decades.
Even though the PV-2 had accomplished its goal by demonstrating the PV Engineering Forum's ability to construct a practical helicopter, its useful days were not over. Once it appeared that a government contract would be guaranteed, Frank Piasecki began to take more risks with the aircraft to promote helicopters in general and his company in particular. The PV-2 achieved national acclaim when it starred in a newsreel entitled "An Air Flivver in Every Garage." The short film included sequences of Frank Piasecki landing at a golf course and a neighborhood gas station. The gas station sequence was particularly risky as many obstructions bordered the narrow landing area. After the film achieved its goal of enticing investment, the PV-2 was only flown for special functions, but it remained with Piasecki, until 1965 when he donated it to the Smithsonian Institution. The goal of mass-produced helicopters for suburban garages turned out be an unrealistic fantasy, but the diminutive PV-2 helped to demonstrate to the nation that helicopter were here to stay.
Rotor Diameter: 7.67 m each (25 ft 2 in)
Length: 7.75 m (25 ft 5.25 in)
Height: 2.36 m (7 ft 9 in)
Weight: Empty, 326.6 kg (720 lb)
Gross, 454 kg (1,000 lb)
Engine: Franklin, 90 h.p. | <urn:uuid:28b1ffd0-70b7-413f-a63c-76287ae0e2cb> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?object=nasm_A19650241000&active=PiaseckiHelicopter__0029.jpg | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462035.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00134-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976189 | 2,045 | 3.09375 | 3 |
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Poe uses dark gothic elements by the setting he uses and the language he incorporates within the poem. "Eagerly i wished the morrow;- vainly I had sought to borrow from my books surcease of sorrow- sorrow for lost Lenore". This is an example of some of the language he uses.
The setting he uses is dark and dreary and sad because of his sorrow for his lost lover.Poe uses a raven as a symbol of her . "Ah distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December, and each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor."
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- Who is an MLA How can he become the chief minister?
- Who is the youngest CM in India?
- How are MLA elected?
- How do you become a CM?
- Can you be prime minister without being an MP?
- Who is an MLA What does MLA stand for?
- What is the difference between chief minister and governor?
- How many states BJP is ruling 2020?
- How do you become prime minister?
- Who elects Rajyasabha members?
- Who has more power prime minister or president India?
- Who is the real head of the state?
- Is Prime Minister a constitutional post?
- Who is the CM of all 29 states?
Who is an MLA How can he become the chief minister?
After the elections, the MLAs belonging to the ruling party will elect their leader who will become the chief minister.
In this case, the Congress Party MLAs chose Shri Virbhadra Singh as their leader and he became the chief minister.
The chief minister then selects other people as ministers..
Who is the youngest CM in India?
Amarinder Singh (b. 1942) of Punjab is the oldest chief minister while Arunachal Pradesh’s Pema Khandu (b. 1979) is the youngest.
How are MLA elected?
A Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) is a representative elected by the voters of an electoral district (constituency) to the legislature of State government in the Indian system of government. From each constituency, the people elect one representative who then becomes a member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA).
How do you become a CM?
A chief minister must be:a citizen of India.should be a member of the state legislature. If a person is elected chief minister who is not a member of the legislature, then he/she must take sign from governor.of 25 years of age or more.
Can you be prime minister without being an MP?
A person can only be the Prime Minister or a minister if they are a member of parliament. So, if the Prime Minister or a minister lost their seat in an election they would no longer be a member of parliament. The Prime Minister is the leader of the government and is chosen by a vote of the members of the government.
Who is an MLA What does MLA stand for?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA), or a Member of the Legislature (ML), is a representative elected by the voters of a constituency to the legislature or legislative assembly of a sub-national jurisdiction.
What is the difference between chief minister and governor?
The Constitution vests in the governor all the executive powers of the state government. The governor appoints the chief minister, who enjoys the support of the majority in the State Legislative Assembly. … Apart from this, State Election Commissioner is also appointed by the Governor (though removed by the President).
How many states BJP is ruling 2020?
As of March 2020, 43 BJP leaders have held the position of a chief minister, out of which twelve are incumbent. A chief minister is the head of government of each of the twenty-eight states and three union territories (UTs) (Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir and Puducherry).
How do you become prime minister?
(citizen may be or may not be born in India). should be a member of the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha. If a person elected prime minister is neither a member of the Lok Sabha nor Rajya Sabha, then he must become a member of the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha within six months.
Who elects Rajyasabha members?
Rajya Sabha MPs are elected by the electoral college of the elected members of the State Assembly with a system of proportional representation by a single transferable vote.
Who has more power prime minister or president India?
The president of India is the head of state and the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces whilst the elected prime minister acts as the head of the executive, and is responsible for running the Union government.
Who is the real head of the state?
State executive consists of Governor and Council of Ministers with Chief Minister as its head. The Governor of a State is appointed by the President for a term of five years and holds office during his pleasure.
Is Prime Minister a constitutional post?
The post of Deputy Prime Minister of India is not technically a constitutional post, nor is there any mention of it in an Act of the parliament. But historically, on various occasions, different governments have assigned one of their senior ministers as the deputy prime minister.
Who is the CM of all 29 states?
Chief MinistersStateChief MinisterKarnatakaSri B. S. YediyurappaKeralaShri Pinarayi VijayanMadhya PradeshShri Shivraj Singh ChouhanMaharashtraShri Uddhav Thackeray26 more rows | <urn:uuid:5d81a82d-05c9-4dad-936d-73879faf8188> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://ruudjanse.com/qa/question-can-a-non-mla-become-chief-minister.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210507090724-20210507120724-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.970979 | 1,033 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The design is sleek; the technology impressive; the camera stunning; the sound awesome. And this digital device is even more high-powered – if only it were safe.
And big news, there is no headphone jack.
Apple™ states “The new AirPods offer a game-changing listening experience. Designed with a huge amount of forward-thinking technology inside a tiny device, these wireless headphones combine crystal clear sound with a new sense of freedom.”
While this innovation delights tech enthusiasts, prominent public health experts are raising the alarm with regard to the broader issue of microwave cell phone radiation.
Why the concern?
Simply, there is a growing body of scientific evidence that wireless microwave radiation is potentially harmful to human health, including damage to DNA, leakage of the blood-brain barrier, cognitive impairment and cardiac symptoms.
How can this be?
Surely there are safety standards limiting our exposure and manufacturers must comply? And someone is monitoring the rapid rise of WiFi and other digital technology for adverse health effects?
After more than a decade studying and writing about this issue, it seems clear to me the accuracy of safety standards is a key factor.
This is why experts, including Dr Martin Blank – a cell biologist who published more than two hundred peer-reviewed studies while a professor at Columbia University – are calling for a review of these standards.
Dr. Blank cautions, “We don’t feel this radiation and we think it’s not doing anything, but it’s a very potent biological agent and government safety standards are irrelevant. There is evidence of harm; the standards are not protecting us.”
“Government regulators are just plain wrong”. The environmental health physician, Dr. David Carpenter, made that hard-hitting statement.
“Irrelevant”, “Just plain wrong”?
This is because the standards are set only for radiation powerful enough to heat human tissue. They do not consider the ‘low’ levels emitted by WiFi, mobile phones and wireless headsets.
While these levels do not heat human tissue, there is significant evidence of harm. Pregnant women, children and youth are especially at risk.
Proximity is a crucial factor, as the strength of this radiation drops off dramatically at distance. This is why experts strongly advise keeping all mobile devices as far as possible away from the body, especially keeping mobile phones away from the head and vulnerable brain tissue.
(You can imagine my distress when I see a pregnant woman resting an iPad or mobile phone on her belly, or see young children on these wireless devices.)
So, back to headphone jacks: wired headsets are considered essential if you want to reduce your risk when using a mobile phone.
Joel Moskowitz, PhD, Director, Center for Family & Community Health School of Public Health University of California, Berkeley is a leading expert in this field. He reported recently, “Apple’s new AirPods are wireless earbuds that employ Bluetooth technology to communicate with your smart phone, laptop, or smart watch. If one uses the AirPods many hours a day, the cumulative exposure to the brain from this microwave radiation could be substantial.”
Dr Moskowitz goes on to refer to the risks to the brain from exposure to Bluetooth radiation and the risks of higher levels of radiation.
The concern is also that the user does not have the option of limiting their exposure with a wired headset. This is similar with iPads – even if you want to opt for a safer wired internet connection, you can’t do this, as there is no input jack – it can only be connected wirelessly.
Here is an excerpt from my book, A Wellness Guide for The Digital Age, with advice from technical expert Rob Metzinger of Safe Living Technologies:
Headsets, Earpieces – Safer Solutions:
Here is a summary of headset options – worst to best:
Worst – Cell phone held against your head, up to your ear, using a wireless headset, then a conventional wired headset.
Better – The air tube headset is non-conductive thus separating you from the wires and speaker. This makes it better than a wired headset, and certainly much better than a wireless one. For best results, ensure the phone is at a distance and you are not in contact with the wire or the phone. Note: compatible adapters for your particular model of mobile phone may be challenging to find.
NativeUnion.com makes this ‘Retro’ POP handset for mobiles; it looks just like a corded phone handset and plugs into your mobile phone, or computer, to reduce radiation exposure. The bluetooth model is not advised.
Best – Using a phone with a good quality speaker (away from the body without contacting it) is a safer option but most speakers are poor quality sound and don’t allow privacy. This is where the air tube headset comes into play. Note: these steps reduce radiation but mobiles are still not safe.
Safe – Standard landline phone; choose the corded phone. (If you are electro-sensitive, use the speaker function on the landline.)” Switch from cell/cordless phones to corded landlines to maintain your health. Best: one with batteries, not plugged into a wall socket.”
Of course, this advice is falling on mostly deaf ears. At a seminar recently someone asked me, “What’s a landline?”
Kerry Crofton, PhD is a health educator with a doctorate in psychology. With Stephen Sinatra, MD, she co-founded the International Advisory Board Doctors for Safer Schools. Dr. Crofton’s latest book is A Wellness Guide for The Digital Age – With Safer Tech Solutions for All Things Wired & Wireless. She is a member of the International EMF Alliance. Dr. Crofton worked in the aviation industry and was a member of the Canadian Aviation Tribunal. She directed hospital-based cardiac programs, and co-produced a television program on heart health. For several years, she wrote a newspaper column on wellness issues. Her first book, The Healthy Type A (Macmillan 1998), was based on the programs she developed for cardiac patients, and taught through the American and Canadian Heart Foundations. http://www.SaferTechSolutions.org | <urn:uuid:f90513ba-b2b3-4f89-a7ad-3dc04f279346> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.smart-safe.com/blogs/news/the-design-is-sleek-the-technology-impressive-if-only-it-were-safe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510528.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929190403-20230929220403-00100.warc.gz | en | 0.940693 | 1,313 | 3.1875 | 3 |
S T Riches, TWI
This paper was presented on 22 October 1998 at a Make It With Lasers TM Workshop entitled Lasers in the Automotive Industry, held at Nissan Motor Manufacturing (UK) Ltd, Sunderland.
The use of lasers in automotive manufacture has increased dramatically over recent years to a position where about 15% of all industrial processing lasers are installed in production. Although the lasers are devoted mainly to cutting applications, a significant and growing proportion of lasers is being applied to welding. In a survey in 1992, about 20% of the lasers installed in the automotive industry were used in welding applications. Since that time, there has been an explosion of growth in welding applications, particularly involving steel manufacturers, for tailored blank manufacture and in body-in-white welding applications.
This paper will review the industrial laser types which are available for welding applications, then describe the range of current applications used in the automotive industry and highlight areas where developments in processing techniques and equipment are poised to make an impact for laser welding in the future.
Industrial Laser Types
There are two main types of industrial laser of interest to structural fabrication; CO 2 and Nd:YAG lasers. The lasers have different characteristics that are summarised in Table 1.
Table 1. Summary of characteristics of CO 2 and Nd:YAG lasers
|Property||CO 2 laser||Nd:YAG laser|
||CO 2 +N 2 +He
||Neodymium doped yttrium
aluminium garnet crystal rod
||Up to 60kW
||Up to 4kW
||Fibre optic cable
High power CO 2 lasers are predominantly used for the welding of automotive components, such as gears and transmission components, which require circular and annular welds and in tailored blank applications. The majority of lasers have a power of 6kW or less.
High power Nd:YAG lasers are now available at workpiece powers of 4kW, which have fibre-optic beam delivery. The welding applications are concentrated in body-in-white assembly. Higher power equipment is likely to be developed in the next 2-3 years and there are likely to be improvements in the efficiency of Nd:YAG lasers with the arrival of diode pumped Nd:YAG lasers.
Within the laser industry, one of the main advances in the past two years has been in diode lasers (wavelength 0.8-0.9µm), where 2kW systems are now commercially available. However, at the current status of development, the power densities required for welding of sheet materials used in the automotive industry (about 1x10 6 W/cm 2) have not been achieved. Research work is underway in Germany to develop diode lasers and their applications and this situation may change in the next 3 years.
Laser Welding in the Automotive Industry
Welding of Automotive Components
The applications of laser in the manufacture of components cover engine parts, transmission parts, alternators, solenoids, fuel injectors, fuel filters, air conditioning equipment and air bags. An example of a laser welded solenoid is shown in Fig. 1. and gear component is shown in Fig. 2. The attractions of laser welding for these applications are the ability to weld pre-machined precision components with restricted heat input and minimal distortion . This enables weight savings to be made through the use of thin walled assemblies and optimisation of the compactness of the component.
Fig. 1. CO 2 laser welded solenoid.
Fig. 2. CO 2 laser welding of gear component.
In industrial production, the advantages of the laser welding process have been established compared to alternatives such as electron beam welding. This is due mainly to the high productivity and small amount of down-time compared to vacuum based systems and the subsequent reduced manufacturing costs . However, there is a need to spend a high amount of effort on component preparation and high precision of component handling and beam transmission is required.
Most automotive manufacturers have invested heavily in CO 2 laser technology for these types of applications and most of the issues relating to the production of millions of components have been resolved. Developments have focused on expanding the range of material combinations which can be welded using lasers, including joining of cast irons to steels through the use of wire feed techniques and optimisation of the procedures to harden components whilst avoiding problems with cracking due to high carbon levels in the weld zone.
Welding in Automotive Body Assembly
For the past 40 years, welds in mass produced automotive body parts have been almost exclusively fabricated from pressed steel sheets and joined using resistance spot welding. The potential benefits of implementing laser welding technology are numerous - advantages may be gained in respect of single sided access, reduced flange widths, increased torsional stiffness (thus leading to improved vehicle structural performance and/or down gauging of material thickness), smaller heat affected zones and less thermal distortion, high speed automated processing and design flexibility (eg. in multi-layer joints).
Extensive work has been performed worldwide to realise the potential of laser welding for automotive body manufacture. As the turn of the century approaches, the number of systems installed in production is increasing, where two main types of laser welding are being employed. The first is a direct replacement for resistance spot welding or adhesive bonding, where lap joints or hem flange joints are utilised on pressed components for body-in-white assembly. The second is the laser butt welding of flat sheets (which may be dissimilar thickness or material grade), which are subsequently formed into pressings. The pressings are called "tailored blanks" and the widespread acceptance of this technology has spawned a number of companies and enterprises associated with steel producers to meet the demands of the automotive industry in addition to in-house manufacture.
The implementation of laser welding of sheet assemblies as a replacement for resistance spot welding is growing, where welding of the roof to side panel is one of the most common applications. [5,6] This component is normally a two layer lap joint in zinc coated steel, with periodic three layer thicknesses to be welded, over lengths of 2.5-3m. One of the main challenges for laser welding of these types of joints is the presence of the zinc coating at the interface between the sheets, where the low vaporisation temperature of the zinc (906°C), can cause problems with weld consistency due to the formation of blowholes and porosity, if the sheets are tightly clamped together. Various approaches have been adopted to overcome this problem including:
- Roller clamping systems which create a gap at the interface
- Stamping of dimples in the steel pressings of consistent depth
There are both CO 2 and Nd:YAG lasers in production for this kind of application, and it is forecast that Nd:YAG laser applications will grow due to the flexibility of the fibre optic beam delivery as higher powers become available. A recent review of laser applications at BMW has indicated that 9-11m of laser welding is carried out on certain models and the ULSAB project has used over 18m of laser welding in its concept structure.
Fig. 3. Lap joint in 1.6mm thick 5754 aluminium alloy sheet welded at 5m/min with CO 2 laser
Laser welding is also being applied in the production of partial penetration welds, for example, in hem flanges often used in doors, bonnets, boot lids and other closures . Although the majority of work performed has been on steel sheet, there have been a number of programmes conducted on aluminium alloys. The laser welding of aluminium alloys is more difficult than for steel, due to the high reflectivity and thermal conductivity of the material, the low viscosity of liquid aluminium and the tendency for cracking and porosity in welds in certain alloys. Extensive work over the past 10 years has demonstrated the feasibility of laser welding of aluminium alloys using CO 2 and Nd:YAG lasers, where once a threshold power density is exceeded for a particular alloy, keyhole welding can be established and seam welds can be produced with similar welding speeds to steel sheets, see Fig. 3.
Fig.4. Tailored blank in door inner panel
Tailored blank welding
The principle of using laser welded tailored blanks in automotive manufacture started with the production of a two piece floor pan for Audi. Since that time, the applications for tailored blanks have grown significantly as it has been gradually realised that tailored blanking is a cost effective method of manufacturing whilst achieving weight savings. The main advantages stem from the ability to join materials of dissimilar thicknesses and grades (thus allowing weight/strength to be placed where required), the improved utilisation of material from steel strip and the high degree of automation possible. These advantages have enabled a reduction in the number of pressing operations through the elimination of reinforcements, for example, which have more than compensated for the cost of manufacture of the tailored blanks. The types of application for tailored blanks are expanding and include rails, panel rockers, panel skirts, door inners (Fig. 4.), body side outers and, in the ULSAB concept vehicle, ne
In the manufacture of tailored blanks, the two main points of debate centre on the preparation of the edges for welding and the choice of laser type. For the edge preparation, there is a desire to use standard blanked edges but this normally requires special clamping or welding systems to ensure that the blanks can be welded consistently. The clamping systems developed include using side pressure on the fixtures or using a roller system to deform the sheet adjacent to the weld to bring the sheet edges into intimate contact (<0.1mm gap). The welding systems employed where the gaps between the sheets are >0.1mm include beam weaving or twin spot welding, but this generally reduces the maximum welding speeds that can be achieved. The use of precision re-shearing of the edge prior to welding within a blank welding system is claimed to improve weld consistency as the cross-sectional area of the joint is guaranteed and the welding speed can be maximised.
For the choice of laser type, the established technique is the use of CO2 lasers and automated production systems normally have a 5-6kW laser. With the development of Nd:YAG lasers with workpiece powers of >3kW, a number of production systems have been installed for tailored blank manufacture, with claimed advantages of increased versatility due to the fibre optic beam delivery, higher welding speeds (due to the improved coupling of the laser wavelength), improved tolerances to gaps and negation of the need for gas shielding. In a similar manner to the edge preparation, the economics of manufacture is complex and will have to be resolved on a case by case basis.
Fig. 5. Bulge test in laser welded aluminium alloy tailored blank
Low carbon and high strength steel sheets in thicknesses between 0.7-2mm are used with few reported problems, provided that the welds are located in positions where the weld is not subjected to much movement across the weld line during forming. For chassis and sub-frame components, where thicknesses of steel sheet are generally between 2-4mm and yield strengths are up to 400MPa, there is a similar desire to implement tailored blank technology, but the selection of steel type is more critical to attain the required formability.
There is a growing interest in the exploitation of aluminium alloys for tailored blank application, but the laser welding is more critical as the weld line is a zone of weakness, see Fig. 5. Developments have focused on the application of wire feed and twin spot welding to improve weld quality and consistency.
Lasers are capital intensive tools and, in order to ameliorate the costs, systems should be utilised to maximise their production capacity. One method of achieving this is to use one laser source for cutting and welding. This principle has been demonstrated industrially in the manufacture of a C column, where two zinc coated steel sheets are overlaid in the clamping system and then laser cut. The cut edges are then re-positioned and welded together in a butt joint configuration using filler wire additions. For this application, the main advantage is the achievement of a high quality weld which requires minimum finishing to produce a Class A surface.
Future Automotive Laser Welding Applications
Whilst it is predicted that the above automotive laser welding applications will grow, in some cases, at a substantial rate, there are other components and materials that will benefit from the advantages of laser welding. Listed below are some of the topics where laser welding is poised to make an industrial impact:
- Pressed components to hydroformed tubes or extrusions
- Production of tailored hydroformed tubes or other stiffened structures consisting of welded sheet
- Production of node structures in aluminium alloy castings/extrusions or extrusions/extrusions
- Welding of magnesium alloy components
The success of these applications will ultimately depend on the weight, performance and cost advantages that can be demonstrated for high volume manufacturing scenarios.
Laser welding has "come of age" for automotive manufacture, where it is an established technique for automotive components, tailored blanks and body assembly. The main advantages to be gained through the use of laser welding include low distortion, single sided access, high torsional stiffness of components, and cost savings through elimination of other manufacturing operations. Most of the applications to date have focused on welding of steels but there is a growth in confidence in laser welding of aluminium alloys.
The advent of high average power Nd:YAG lasers, delivering over 3kW power to the workpiece, will make an increasing impact on the type of laser welding systems installed in production, but there will be considerable pressure to reduce capital costs and improve efficiencies of the laser source. Competition will also be fierce from CO 2 laser manufacturers and non-laser processes in this significant market.
||Roessler D et al
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||Dawes C J
||'Laser Welding in Automobile Manufacture' Proc LAMP 87, May 1987, pp523-528
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||'Laser Welding Production of Transmission Shafts for the Automobile Industry' Proc ISATA 92, June 1992, pp439-446
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||'Power Train/Transmission Laser Beam Welding of Gears - A Proven Technology with Further Potential' Proc MIWL Seminar on Laser Fabrication for the Automotive Industry, October 1995
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||'Laser Processing at Volvo', Lasermaterialbearbeitung in Transportwesen, September 1997, pp113-132
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||'Laserbearbeitung bei BMW', Lasermaterialbearbeitung in Transportwesen, September 1997, pp133-144
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||'The Influence of the Weld Structure on the Formability of Tailored Blanks' Body Manufacturing and Assembly, Proc IBEC 98, October 1998.
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Rare red wolf born at Zoo Knoxville
A critically endangered red wolf born at Zoo Knoxville appears to be healthy and thriving.
The single pup, which was born April 30, is part of a critically endangered species. Currently without a name, the baby is the first red wolf pup born at the zoo in 23 years. His mother Saaron, 9, and father Sunny, 4 are first-time parents.
The pup is living in the zoo's red wolf den. He'll stay there for three to four weeks before he starts to venture out into the animals' outdoor habitat. Zoo staff are checking and weighing the pup to chart his development.
Red wolves usually have litters of two to six pups and the mother's milk production for her babies is determined by their demand. Since Saaron only gave birth to one pup her milk production could be a concern, said Zoo Director of Communications Tina Rolen. But the pup is steadily gaining weight, is nursing and appears to be thriving and healthy, she said. He weighed about one pound at birth and earlier this week weighed slightly less than two pounds.
Red wolves are one of the world's most endangered animals in the world. The animals were declared extinct in the wild in 1980.
The only wild red wolves are the 50 to 75 animals that live in a five-county area in eastern North Carolina. The wolves were reintroduced to that Albemarle peninsula in 1987. But zoo officials say the wild population may be in peril because North Carolina's Wildlife Resources Commission has asked the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to end the reintroduction program. The state's petition is being considered by the federal agency that will determine if the program is kept or changed or if the wolves are moved to captivity.
About 200 red wolves live in accredited U.S. zoos and breeding facilities. The zoo's animals and those in other zoos are part of an Association of Zoos and Aquariums Species Survival Plan that works to save the wolves from extinction.
Red wolves have lived at the zoo since 1990. | <urn:uuid:13a0db9b-4124-4484-993d-2cc0ab782331> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/local/2016/05/10/rare-red-wolf-born-at-zoo-knoxville/90921318/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986655554.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014223147-20191015010647-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.967702 | 422 | 2.953125 | 3 |
1. Singapore’s 15-year-old students have demonstrated strong competencies and positive attitudes towards collaborative problem solving that would help them navigate the challenges of the future. This is according to the 2015 results of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), a triennial international benchmarking study coordinated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
2. The results of the PISA 2015 study on Collaborative Problem Solving (CPS) show that our students not only have good collaborative skills, but they also enjoy and value the act of collaborating with others. This is a testament to the unwavering efforts of our schools, teachers, and parents to nurture 21st Century Competencies (21CC) in our students, such as critical thinking, problem solving, as well as communication and collaboration skills.
3. Mr Sng Chern Wei, Deputy Director-General of Education (Curriculum), Ministry of Education (MOE), said: “Singapore has long recognised the need to equip our students with a suite of life skills and values that will prepare them well for future challenges. A collaborative spirit and the ability to work in teams to solve real-world issues are key qualities critical to the success of not just individual students, but also the nation. In line with this, our teachers will continue to encourage teamwork among students and create opportunities for students to collaborate both inside and outside the classroom.”
Key Findings of PISA 2015 CPS
“We Collaborate Well With Others”
4. Overall, the PISA 2015 results in the core domains of Reading, Mathematics, and Science, as well as the innovative domain of CPS, suggest that Singapore students not only possess strong fundamentals in literacy and numeracy, but they can also integrate both cognitive and collaboration skills effectively to solve problems.
5. Of the 52 education systems that participated in the assessment, Singapore has the highest proportion of top performers1 in CPS – students who can solve problems despite multiple constraints, ensure that team members follow through with their responsibilities, monitor the team’s progress, and take the initiative to overcome obstacles and resolve conflicts. They can balance the collaboration and problem-solving aspects of a task, identify efficient pathways to a solution, and take actions to solve the problem. In addition, Singapore has one of the smallest proportions of low performers2 who tend to focus more on their individual role within the group. MOE and schools will continue in our efforts to support our low performers.
6. In response to Singapore’s results in PISA 2015 CPS, Mr Andreas Schleicher, Director for Education and Skills and Special Advisor to the Secretary-General at OECD, said: “In today’s world, everyone needs to be a problem solver, but whether it’s work challenges or problems in everyday life, we increasingly need to collaborate with others, often with people from different backgrounds and countries. This is the first time collaborative problem solving has been assessed internationally, as PISA extends its focus to critical skills for the 21st century. What this assessment shows is that Singapore’s young people are superbly equipped for the challenges and opportunities of the future – students of high ability who work well both independently and together.”
“We Enjoy and Value Collaboration”
7. The PISA CPS 2015 results also show that our students are highly motivated to work in groups, and they know how to be effective collaborators. More than 9 in 10 said that they are good listeners, enjoy seeing their classmates be successful, take into account what others are interested in, and enjoy considering different perspectives. More than 8 in 10 believe that teams make better decisions than individuals, and teamwork raises their own efficiency.
8. These positive attitudes are nurtured through our schools’ and teachers’ efforts in offering integrated learning experiences – both within and beyond the curricula – that incorporate elements of communication and collaboration, while stimulating curiosity and promoting the joy of learning. Examples of integrated learning experiences in our schools include subject-based fieldwork, co-curricular activities, project work, and distinctive programmes like the Applied Learning Programme and Learning for Life Programme. Teachers also introduce communication-intensive activities during lessons, such as class debates and opportunities for students to explain their ideas.
“We Maintain Positive Relationships with Parents”
9. Results also showed a close association between students’ daily communication with their parents and their CPS skills – Singapore students who converse with their parents after school scored 21 points higher in their CPS performance than those who do not.
10. Mr Sng said: “As parents are important partners in their children’s education journey, schools will continue to work with parents to support our children’s learning and growth holistically.”
- The proportion of top performers in Singapore is 21%, while the OECD average is 8%.
- The proportion of low performers in Singapore is 11%, while the OECD average is 28%. | <urn:uuid:7650c705-bfb2-4750-b4ec-51bf8eaec536> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.kiasuparents.com/kiasu/news/collaborating-solving-problems-in-teams-singapore-students-show-they-have-what-it-takes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863626.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180520151124-20180520171124-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.95783 | 1,019 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The planning and erection of the statue of a young Mackenzie soldier as he stood on the Fairlie Railway Station, preparing to go to war, back in 1914. Unveiled 16 October 2014.
Following community consultation as to how the Fairlie area could commemorate the First World War, a group was formed and a statue project decided upon. Funding has been gained to proceed with and complete this project.
Back in 1914 over 300 young men left the Mackenzie Country to fight in Europe. More than 100 died on foreign shores. We want to remember this and honour them and all those who served from our district. The statue and accompanying interpretation panel will tell this story.
The statue is to be placed on a raised area resembling a railway platform, with the soldier looking towards the train coming from Timaru. This is just as the scene would have been back in 1914 when those going off to War went by train to Timaru, then onward by rail to Lyttelton and the troop ships bound for Europe.
Those behind the project are thrilled to have the services of Oamaru sculptor, Donald Paterson and look forward to welcoming our soldier home to Fairlie on the 16th October 2014. The unveiling will include a concert with participation from local schools, theatre group, and the wider community.
We are so pleased to be able to share the story of the soldier from the Mackenzie with the world. | <urn:uuid:93f30c93-1f13-4012-89e5-8abf4c497039> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://ww100.govt.nz/statue-for-mackenzie-community | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496672313.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20191123005913-20191123034913-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.972355 | 286 | 2.625 | 3 |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Mean World Syndrome is one of the main effects of Cultivation theory. It can occur when frequent consumers of news media begin to perceive the world around them as an unrealistically mean and dangerous place. It is described as the distinguishing characteristic of Media Induced Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (MIPTSD). Media Induced Post-traumatic Stress Disorder is a manifestation of some PTSD Posttraumatic stress disorder type symptoms specifically due to exposure to entertainment media that focuses excessively on violence. Two significant differences between this disorder and PTSD are that exposure to real trauma is not necessary and that symptoms include an overwhelming desire to seek out violent images (PTSD victims avoid trauma exposure). Symptoms similar to PTSD include a numbing of general responsiveness (detachment, decreased interest in significant activities) and ongoing increased arousal (problems sleeping and concentrating, irritability, hypervigilance, and exaggerated startle response).
- Crowd psychology
- Cultivation theory
- Culture of fear
- Mass hysteria
- Mass media
- Media hype
- Missing white woman syndrome
- Moral panic
- Social control
- Gerbner: "Reclaiming Our Cultural Mythology: Television's global marketing strategy creates a damaging and alienated window on the world."
- Daniel Chandler's Cultivation Theory.
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).| | <urn:uuid:41fc5890-57c5-4c90-a1d5-9d7b7235af3d> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Mean_World_Syndrome?oldid=128320 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997894275.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025814-00172-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.861427 | 291 | 3 | 3 |
Because of that perceived failure, Bolivia was "decertified" by the US for the fifth consecutive year. Decertification can affect the flow of some kinds of US assistance, with the exception of anti-narcotic and humanitarian aid, but Bolivia received a waiver that allows aid from the US to continue, as did Myanmar and Venezuela, the two other countries decertified this year.
According to the memorandum, Bolivia's ability to combat drug trafficking declined markedly when it expelled the DEA, and the country should maintain better control of legal coca markets and execute a national drug control strategy. However, US data does report a decline in coca production, from 133 square miles in 2010 to 116 in 2011.
President Morales rejected the US decision to decertify the country, saying the US criticizes Bolivia for resisting its policies, and refuses to recognize its accomplishments in the fight against drugs for political reasons.
"The United States has no moral authority to speak on the fight against drug trafficking," Morales said, according to state news agency ABI. "The biggest market for cocaine and other drugs is the United States."
Though both the US and UN agree there was a reduction in Bolivian coca crops cultivated between 2010 and 2011, information published by the US Office of National Drug Control Policy estimates potential cocaine production in Bolivia actually increased by 36 percent from 195 to 265 metric tons. | <urn:uuid:6dc89f93-f267-44ca-aec7-4525744cc1bb> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://m.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/Latin-America-Monitor/2012/0917/Bolivia-cuts-coca-cultivation-What-about-cocaine/(page)/2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115860608.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161100-00127-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964896 | 281 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Violence Against Women (VAW) is a global problem affecting many women and girls worldwide. VAW is often culture and context specific and has many individual and societal implications. Yet, there are similarities in the dynamics of VAW across all cultures. The documents included in this section highlight these differences and similarities and present information about the global prevalence and forms of VAW, as well as its costs and consequences. Here the documents are arranged by studies and reports that are global in nature and those that have a regional focus. Regional studies and reports were available for only some regions. For example, studies from Africa non-conflict regions were not available. Also included here are studies and reports of VAW in conflict-affected areas, although it is important to note that VAW that are unrelated to conflict also exists in these areas and must not be overlooked.
The Executive Order on Preventing and Responding to Violence Against Women and Girls Globally of 2012 worked to enhance efforts to advance the rights and status of women and girls, to promote gender equality in U.S. foreign policy, and to bring about a world in which all individuals can pursue their aspirations without the threat of violence. The order creates an interagency working group co-chaired by the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and directs departments and agencies to implement the new United States Strategy to Prevent and Respond to Gender-based Violence Globally (August 2012). | <urn:uuid:77f35758-e5be-430e-b391-f70610fb2e5a> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://vawnet.org/sc/studies-and-reports-violence-against-women | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711278.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208050236-20221208080236-00513.warc.gz | en | 0.965735 | 299 | 3.25 | 3 |
- Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtnis-Kirche Berlin, Tauentzienstraße, 10789 Berlin, Allemagne
- + 49 (0) 173 14 08 0448
The Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church in Berlin-Charlottenburg was damaged in air raids in November 1943 and completely destroyed in April 1945. The ruined tower was preserved as an anti-war memorial. The modern church was consecrated on 17 December 1961.
The Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church or Gedächtniskirche, located on the Breitscheidplatz at the start of the shopping district of the Tauentzienstraße and Ku’damm, was consecrated in 1895. It was a present to the German people from the German Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II in memory of his grandfather Kaiser Wilhelm I (1861-1888).
The church was damaged in air raids on 23 November 1943 and completely destroyed in April 1945. After the Second World War, the ruined tower was preserved as an anti-war memorial, dedicated to peace and reconciliation.
The modern church, designed by the architect Egon Eiermann with the ruined tower as the centerpiece, was consecrated on 17 December 1961 by Bishop Otto Dibelius. The walls of the church and the new tower contain altogether 21.334 panes of stained blue glass designed by the French artist Gabriel Loire of Chartres. The ruined tower, the Hall of Remembrance with the cross of nails from Coventry and the icon cross from the Russian Orthodox Church and a suspended brass figure of a resurrected Christ, a martyr’s memorial commemorating Protestant martyrs of the Nazi regime in the new church keep alive the theme of reconciliation.
Six bells cast in bronze hang in the new tower. The bells have a total weight of 17.000 kg. The inscription on the great bell is: “Your cities are burned with fire.” (Isaiah 1,7) and “But my salvation shall be forever, and my righteousness shall not be abolished” (Isaiah, 51,6). | <urn:uuid:ec889fc8-f263-47de-ae1e-ffa9d0e2e155> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://europeremembers.com/destination/kaiser-wilhelm-memorial-church/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487635724.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20210618043356-20210618073356-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.9349 | 428 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Editor’s note: Marvin Fertel is president and CEO of the Nuclear Energy Institute, which is a policy organization for the nuclear energy industry.
(CNN) — The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant crisis in Japan understandably caused many Americans to worry and ask: Could that happen here? It’s the most frequent question I’ve received in the past two weeks.
The answer is twofold: First, one can never entirely rule out the possibility of a natural disaster battering even a super-hardened industrial facility. That’s why the independent Nuclear Regulatory Commission has strict standards and why the industry exceeds them for safety, security and emergency preparedness at U.S. reactors.
Second, because it would be foolish to rule out such possibilities, the U.S. nuclear energy industry will do what it has done since the Three Mile Island accident 32 years ago — apply the lessons learned from Fukushima to make American nuclear energy facilities even safer than they are today.
This is, in fact, already happening.
Continue reading at “U.S. nuclear plants safe and will apply lessons from Japan crisis”. | <urn:uuid:2655fdcf-d0f0-4902-b315-57530b1ef5b5> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | https://lucian.uchicago.edu/blogs/atomicage/2011/03/25/proponents-voice-u-s-nuclear-plants-safe-and-will-apply-lessons-from-japan-crisis-via-cnn-news/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049278244.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002118-00188-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947507 | 235 | 2.59375 | 3 |
How many bits of data can be crammed onto a single optical fiber? About 150 terabits per second per fiber, according to Partha P. Mitra, a physicist and researcher at Lucent Technologies' Bell Laboratories. "Currently, the maximum amount of data we send is around two terabits per second," says Mitra. He and researcher Jason Stark conducted experiments and report that, at a certain point, increasing signal capacity will not increase information transmission capacity. "We found that instead of output rising as the signal increases, the capacity peaks," says Mitra. "Beyond that, capacity doesn't increase proportionally to signal strength," he notes. Mitra adds that although there is room to grow our signal capacity, actually transmitting data at that rate will require new components and new de-signs for telecommunication equipment. For more information, call 908-582-2446.
Engineers at Fuel Cell Energy have found a way to take advantage of a side reaction, unique to their carbonate fuel cell that has nothing to do with energy production, as a potential, cost-effective solution to capturing carbon from fossil fuel power plants.
To get to a trillion sensors in the IoT that we all look forward to, there are many challenges to commercialization that still remain, including interoperability, the lack of standards, and the issue of security, to name a few.
This is part one of an article discussing the University of Washington’s nationally ranked FSAE electric car (eCar) and combustible car (cCar). Stay tuned for part two, tomorrow, which will discuss the four unique PCBs used in both the eCar and cCars.
Focus on Fundamentals consists of 45-minute on-line classes that cover a host of technologies. You learn without leaving the comfort of your desk. All classes are taught by subject-matter experts and all are archived. So if you can't attend live, attend at your convenience. | <urn:uuid:81649d95-e567-46ff-9868-0125072e9da1> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.designnews.com/document.asp?doc_id=227288&piddl_msgorder=asc | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375635143.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627032715-00102-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949912 | 399 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Under the preaching of Urban II, most of the Western World had developed a frenzy of unity; under Roosevelt II, or rather under those who manipulated him, it did so again. The goal this time, however, was not the defense of Europe or the rescue of the tomb of Christ; the goal, on the contrary, was a monstrous surrender of the Western heritage of Christian civilization. Yes, it was actually the United States of America which was mainly responsible for destroying the successor state to the Teutonic Knights and for delivering the ruins, with the hegemony of Europe, to the Soviet Union, The new Communist power of our creation.
The facts outlined in this chapter have – as will be shown in following chapters – a significant bearing on the present mid century- world struggle between Communism and Western Christian civilizations.
Russia And The Khazars
Having traced the Knighthood of the Teutonic Order from its origin to its dissolution as a military-religious brotherhood, and having noted the development of successor sovereignties down to the obliteration of Prussia in 1945, we must turn back more than a thousand years, to examine another thread — a scarlet one — in the tangled skein of European history.
In the later years of the dimly recorded first millennium of the Christian era, Slavic people of several kindred tribes occupied the land which became known later as the north central portion of European Russia. South of them between the Don and Volga rivers and north of the lofty Caucasus Mountains lived a people known to history as Khazars (Ancient Russia, by George Vernadsky, Yale University Press, 1943, p. 214). These people had been driven westward from Central Asia and entered Europe by the corridor between the Ural Mountains and the Caspian Sea. They found a land occupied by primitive pastoral people of a score or more of tribes, a land which lay beyond the boundaries of the Roman Empire at its greatest extent under Trajan (ruled, 98-117 A.D.), and also beyond the boundaries of the Byzantine Empire (395-1453). By slow stages the Khazars extended their territory eventually to the Sea of Azov and the adjacent littoral of the Black Sea. The Khazars were apparently a people of mixed stock with Mongol and Turkic affinities. “Around the year 600, a Belligerent tribe of half-Mongolian people, similar to the modern Turks, conquered the territory of what is now Southern Russia. Before long the kingdom [khanate] of the Khazars, as this tribe was known, stretched from the Caspian to the Black Sea. Its capital, Ityl, was at the mouth of the Volga River” (A History of the Jews, by Solomon Grayzel, Philadelphia, The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1947).
In the eighth or ninth century of our era, a khakan (or chagan, roughly equivalent to tribal chief or primitive king) of the Khazars wanted a religion for his pagan people. Partly, perhaps, because of incipient tension between Christians and the adherents of the new Mohammedan faith (Mohammed died in 632,) and partly because of fear of becoming subject to the power of the Byzantine emperor or the Islamic caliph (Ancient Russia, p.291), he adopted a form of the Jewish religion at a date generally placed at c. 741 A.D., but believed by Vernadsky to be as late as 865. According to the Universal Jewish Encyclopedia (Vol. VI, pp. 375-377), this chieftain, probable Bulan, “called upon the representatives of Judaism, Christianity and Mohammedanism to expound their doctrines before him. This discussion convinced him that the Jewish faith was the most preferable, and he decided to embrace it. Thereupon he and about 4,000 Khazars were circumcised; it was only by degrees that the Jewish teachings gained a foothold among the population.”
In his History of the Jews (The Jewish Publication Society of America, Vol. III, 1894, pp.140-141), Professor H. Graetz gives further details:
A successor of Bulan, who bore the Hebrew name of Obadiah, was the first to make serious efforts to further the Jewish religion. He invited Jewish sages to settle in his dominions, rewarded them royally, founded synagogues and schools . . .caused instruction to be given to himself and his people in the Bible and the Talmud, and introduced a divine service modeled on the ancient communities.
After Obadiah came a long series of Jewish chagans, for according to a fundamental law of the state only Jewish rulers were permitted to ascend the throne.
The significance of the term “ancient communities” cannot be here explained. For a suggestion of the “incorrect exposition” and the “tasteless misrepresentations” with which the Bible, i.e., the Old Testament, was presented through the Talmud, see below in this chapter, the extensive quotation from Professor Graetz.
Also in the Middle Ages, Viking warriors, according to Russian tradition by invitation, pushed from the Baltic area into the low hills west of Moscow. Archaeological discoveries show that at one time or another these Northmen penetrated almost all areas south of Lake Ladoga and West of the Kama and Lower Volga rivers. Their earliest, and permanent, settlements were north and east of the West Dwina River, in the Lake Ilmen area. and between the Upper Volga and Oka rivers, at whose junction they soon held the famous trading post of Nizhni-Novgorod (Ancient Russia, p. 267).
These immigrants from the North and West were principally “the ‘Russ’ — a Varangian tribe in ancient annals considered as related to the Swedes, Angles, and Northmen” (Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. XIX, p. 712). From the local Slavic tribes, they organized (c. 862) a state, known subsequently from their name as Russia, which embraced the territory of the upper Volga and Dnieper rivers and reached down the latter river to the Black Sea (An Introduction to Old Norse, by E. V. Gordon, Oxford University Press, 1927, map between pp. xxiv-xxv) and to the Crimea. Russ and Slav were of related stock and their languages, though quite different, had common Indo-Germanic origin. They accepted Christianity as their religion. “Greek Orthodox missionaries, sent to Russ [i.e. “Russia”] in the 860’s baptized so many people that shortly after this a special bishop was sent to care for their needs” (A History of the Ukraine, by Michael Hrushevsky, Yale University Press, 1941, p. 65).
The “Rus” (or “Russ”) were absorbed into the Slav population which they organized into statehood. The people of the new state devoted themselves energetically to consolidating their territory and extending its boundaries. From the Khazars, who had extended their power up the Dnieper Valley, they took Kiev, which “was an important trading center even before becoming, in the 10th cent., the capital of a large recently Christianized state” (Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. VI, p. 381). Many Varangians (Rus) had settled among the Slavs in this area (the Ukraine), and Christian Kiev became the seat of an enlightened Westward-looking dynasty, whose members married into several European royal houses, including that of France.
The Slavs, especially those in the area now known as the Ukraine, were engaged in almost constant warfare with the Khazars and finally, by 1016 A.D., destroyed the Khazar government and took a large portion of Khazar territory. For the gradual shrinking of the Khazar territory and the development of Poland, Lithuania, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and other Slavic states, see the pertinent maps in Historical Atlas, by William R. Shepherd (Henry Holt and Company, New York, 1911). Some of the subjugated Khazars remained in the Slav-held lands their khakans had long ruled, and others “migrated to Kiev and other parts of Russia” (Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. VI, p. 377), probably to a considerable extent because of the dislocations wrought by the Mongols under Genghis Khan (1162-1227), who founded in and beyond the old Khazar khanate the short-lived khanate of the Golden Horde. The Judaized Khazars underwent further dispersion both northwestward into Lithuanian and Polish areas and also within Russia proper and the Ukraine. In 1240 in Kiev “the Jewish community was uprooted, its surviving members finding refuge in towns further west” (Univ. Jew. Encyc., Vol.VI,p. 382) along with the fleeing Russians, when the capital fell to the Mongol soldiers of Batu, the nephew of Genghis Khan. A short time later many of these expelled Jews returned to Kiev. Migrating thus, as some local power impelled them, the Khazar Jews became widely distributed in Western Russia. Into the Khazar khanate there had been a few Jewish immigrants — rabbis, traders, refugees — but the people of the Kievan Russian state did not facilitate the entry of additional Jews into their territory. The rulers of the Grand Duchy of Moscow also sought to exclude Jews from areas under its control. “From its earliest times the policy of the Russian government was that of complete exclusion of the Jews from its territories” (Univ. Jew. Encyc. Vol. I, p. 384). For instance, “Ivan IV [reign,1533-1584] refused to allow Jewish merchants to travel in Russia” (op. cit., Vol. I, p.384).
Relations between Slavs and the Judaized Khazars in their midst were never happy. The reasons were not racial — for the Slavs had absorbed many minorities — but were ideological. The rabbis sent for by Khakan Obadiah were educated in and were zealots for the Babylonian Talmud, which after long labors by many hands had been completed on December 2, 499. In the thousands of synagogues which were built in the Khazar khanate, the imported rabbis and their successors were in complete control of the political, social, and religious thought of their people. So significant was the Babylonian Talmud as the principal cause of Khazar resistance to Russian efforts to end their political and religious separatism, and so significant also are the modern sequels, including those in the United States, that an extensive quotation on the subject from the great History of the Jews, by Professor H. Graetz (Vol. II, 1893, pp. 631 ff.) is here presented:
The Talmud must not be regarded as an ordinary work, composed of twelve volumes; it possesses absolutely no similarity to any other literary production, but forms, without any figure of speech, a works of its own, which must be judged by its peculiar laws. .
The Talmud contains much that is frivolous of which it treats with great gravity and seriousness; it further reflects the various superstitious practices and views of its Persian birthplace which presume the efficacy of demoniacal medicines, of magic, incantations, miraculous cures, and interpretations of dreams. . . It also contains isolated instances of uncharitable judgments and decrees against the members of other nations and religions, and finally it favors an incorrect exposition of the scriptures, accepting, as it does, tasteless misrepresentations.
More than six centuries lie petrified in the Talmud. . . Small wonder then, that. . .the sublime and the common, the great and the small, the grave and the ridiculous, the altar and the ashes, the Jewish and the heathenish, be discovered side by side. . .
The Babylonian Talmud is especially distinguished from the Jerusalem or Palestine Talmud by the flights of thought, the penetration of mind, the flashes of genius, which rise and vanish again. . .It was for this reason that the Babylonian rather than the Jerusalem Talmud became the fundamental possession of the Jewish race, its life breath, its very soul. . . nature and mankind, powers and events, were for the Jewish nation insignificant, non-essential, a mere phantom; the only true reality was the Talmud.
Not merely educated by the Talmud but actually living the life of its Babylonian background, which they may have regarded with increased devotion because most of the Jews of Mesopotamia had embraced Islam, the rabbi-governed Khazars had no intention whatever of losing their identity by becoming Russianized or Christian. The intransigent attitude of the rabbis was increased by their realization that their power would be lost if their people accepted controls other than Talmudic. These controls by rabbis were responsible not only for basic mores, but for such externals as the peculiarities of dress and hair. It has been frequently stated by writers on the subject that the “ghetto” was the work not of Russians or other Slavs but of rabbis.
As time passed, it came about that these Khazar people of mixed non-Russian stock, who hated the Russians and lived under Babylonian Talmudic law, became known in the western world, from their place of residence and their legal-religious code, as Russian Jews.
In Russian lands after the fall of Kiev in 1240, there was a period of dissension and disunity. The struggle with the Mongols and other Asiatic khanates continued and from them the Russians learned much about effective military organization. Also, as the Mongols had not overrun Northern and Western Russia (Shepherd, op.cit., Map 77), there was a background for the resistance and counter-offensive which gradually eliminated the invaders. The capital of reorganized Russia was no longer Kiev But Moscow (hence the terms Moscovy and Muscovite). In 1613 the Russian nobles (boyars), desired a more stable government than they had had, and elected as their czar a boy named Michael Romanov, whose veins carried the blood of the grand dukes of Kiev and the grand dukes of Moscow.
Under the Romanovs of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, there was no change in attitude toward the Judaized Khazars, who scorned Russian civilization and stubbornly refused to enter the fold of Christianity. “Peter the Great [reign, 1682-1725] spoke of the Jews as ‘rogues and cheats’ ” (Popular History of the Jews, by H. Graetz, New York, The Jordan Publishing Co., 1919, 1935, Vol. VI by Max Raisin, p. 89). “Elizabeth [reign, 1741-1762] expressed her attitude in the sentence: ‘From the enemies of Christ, I desire neither gain nor profit’ ” (Univ. Jew. Encyc., Vol. I, p. 384).
Under the Romanov dynasty (1613-1917) many members of the Russian upper classes were educated in Germany, and the Russian nobility, already partly Scandinavian by blood, frequently married Germans or other Western Europeans. Likewise many of the Romanovs, themselves – in fact all of them who ruled in the later years of the dynasty – married into Western families. Prior to the nineteenth century the two occupants of the Russian throne best known in world history were Peter I, the Great, and Catherine II, the Great. The former – who in 1703 gave Russia its “West window,” St. Petersburg, later known as Petrograd and recently as Leningrad – chose as his consort and successor on the throne as Catherine I, [reign, 1725-1727]a captured Marienburg (Germany) servant girl whose mother and father were respectively a Lithuanian peasant woman and a Swedish dragoon. Catherine II, the Great, was a German princess who was proclaimed reigning Empress of Russia after her husband, the ineffective Czar Peter III, “subnormal in mind and physique” (Encyc. Brit., Vol. V, p. 37), left St. Petersburg. During her thirty-four years as Empress, Catherine, by studying such works as Blackstone’s Commentaries, and by correspondence with such illustrious persons as Voltaire, F. M. Grimm Frederick the Great, Dederot, and Maria-Theresa of Austria, kept herself in contact with the West (Encyc. Brit., Vol. XIX, p. 718 and passim). She chose for her son, weak like his father and later the “madman” Czar Paul I [reign, 1796-1801], a German wife.
The nineteenth century czars were Catherine the Great’s grandson, Alexander I [reign, 1801-1825 — German wife]; his brother, Nicholas I [reign, 1825-1855 — German wife, a Hoenzollern]; his son Alexander II [reign 1855-1881- German wife]; and his son Alexander III [reign, 1881-1894- Danish wife]; his son, Nicholas II [reign, 1894-1917 — German wife], who was murdered with his family (1918) after the Communists seized power (1917) in Russia.
Though many of the Romanovs, including Peter I and Catherine II, had far from admirable characters — a fact well advertised in American books on the subject — and though some of them including Nicholas II were not able rulers, a general purpose of the dynasty was to give their land certain of the advantages of Western Europe. In the West they characteristically sought alliances with one country or another, rather than ideological penetration.
Like, their Slavic overlords, the Judaized Khazars of Russia had various relationships with Germany. Their numbers from time to time, as during the Crusades, received accretions from the Jewish communities in Germany – principally into Poland and other areas not yet Russian; many of the ancestors of these people, however, had previously entered Germany from Slavic lands. More interesting than these migrations was the importation from Germany of an idea conceived by a prominent Jew of solving century-old tension between native majority population and the Jews in their midst. In Germany, while Catherine the Great was Empress of Russia, a Jewish scholar and philosopher named Moses Mendelssohn (1729-1786) attracted wide and favor able attention among non-Jews and a certain following among Jews. His conception of the barrier between Jew and non-Jew, as analyzed by Grayzel (op. cit., p. 543), was that the “Jews had erected about themselves a mental ghetto to balance the physical ghetto around them.” Mendelssohn’s objective was to lead the Jews “out of this mental ghetto into the wide world of general culture – without, however, doing harm to their specifically Jewish culture.” The movement received the name Haskalah, which may be rendered as “enlightenment.” Among other things, Mendelssohn wished Jews in Germany to learn the German language.
The Jews of Eastern Europe had from early days used corrupted versions of local vernaculars, written in the Hebrew alphabet (see “How Yiddish Came to be,” Grayzel, op. cit., p. 456), just as the various vernaculars of Western Europe were written in the Latin alphabet, and to further his purpose Mendelssohn translated the Pentateuch — Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy — into standard German, using however, the accepted Hebrew alphabet (Grayzel, op. cit., p. 543). Thus in one stroke he led his readers a step toward Westernization by the use of the German Language and by offering them, instead of the Babylonian Talmud, a portion of scripture recognized by both Jew and Christian.
The Mendelssohn views were developed in Russia in the nineteenth century, notably by Isaac Baer Levinsohn (1788-1860), the “Russian Mendelssohn.” Levinsohn was a scholar who, with Abraham Harkavy, delved into a field of Jewish history little known in the West, namely “the settlement of Jewish history little known in the West, namely “the settlement of Jews in Russia and their vicissitudes furring the dark ages. . . Levinsohn was the first to express the opinion that the Russian Jews hailed not from Germany, as is commonly supposed, but from the banks of the Volga. This hypothesis, corroborated by tradition, Harkavy established as a fact” (The Haskalah Movement on Russia, by Jacob S. Raisin, Philadelphia, The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1913, 1914, p. 17).
The reigns of the nineteenth century Czars showed a fluctuation of attitudes toward the Jewish “state within a state” (The Haskalah Movement, p. 43). In general, Nicholas I had been less lenient than Alexander I toward his intractable non-Christian minority, but he took an immediate interest in the movement endorsed by the highly respected Levinsohn, for he saw in “Haskalah” an opportunity for possibly breaking down the separatism of the Judaized Khazars. He put in charge of the project of opening hundreds of Jewish schools a brilliant young Jew, Dr. Max Lilienthal. From its beginning, however, the Haskalah movement had had bitter opposition among Jews in Germany – many of whom, including the famous Moses Hess (Graetz-Raisin, op.cit., Vol. VI,. PP. 371 ff.), became ardent Jewish nationalists – and in Russia the opposition was fanatical. “The great mass of Russian Jewry was devoid of all secular learning, steeped in fanaticism, and given to superstitious practices” (Graetz-Raisin, op. cit., Vol. VI, P. 112), and their leaders, for the most part, had no notion of tolerating a project which would lessen or destroy their control. These leaders believed correctly that the new education was designed to lessen the authority of the Talmud, which was the cause, as the Russians saw it, “of the fanaticism and corrupt morals of the Jews.” The leaders of the Jews also saw that the new schools were a way “to bring the Jews closer to the Russian people and the Creek church” (Graetz-Raisin, op. cit., Vol. VI, p. II6). According to Raisin, “the millions of Russian Jews were averse to having the government interfere with their inner and spiritual life” by “foisting upon them its educational measures. The soul of Russian Jewry sensed the danger lurking in the imperial scheme” (op. cit., p. 117). Lilienthal was in their eyes “a traitor and informer,” and in 1845, to recover a modicum of prestige with his people, he “shook the dust of bloody Russia from his feet” (Graetz-Raisin, op.cit., Vol. VI, p. 117). Thus the Haskalah movement failed in Russia to break down the separatism of the Judaized Khazars.
When Nicholas I died, his son Alexander II [reign, 1855-1881] decided to try a new way of winning the Khazar minority to willing citizenship in Russia. He granted his people, including the Khazars, so many liberties that he was called the “Czar Liberator.”
By irony, or nemesis, however, his “liberal regime” contributed substantially to the downfall of Christian Russia. Despite the ill-success of his Uncle Alexander’s “measures to effect the ‘betterment’ of the ‘obnoxious’ Jewish element” (Univ. Jew. Encyc., Vol. I, p. 384), he ordered a wholesale relaxation of oppressive and restraining regulations (Graetz-Raisin, op. cit., p. 124) and Jews were free to attend all schools and universities and to travel without restrictions. The new freedom led, however, to results the “Liberator” had not anticipated.
Educated, and free at last to organize nationally, the Judaized Khazars in Russia became not merely an indigestible mass in the body politic, the characteristic “state within a state, ” but a formidable anti-government force. With non-Jews of nihilistic or other radical tendencies – the so-called Russian “intelligentsia”- they sought in the first instance to further their aims by assassinations (Modern European History, by Charles Downer Hazen, Holt, New York, p. 565). Alexander tried to abate the hostility of the “terrorists” by granting more and more concessions, but on the day the last concessions were announced “a bomb was thrown at his carriage. The carriage was wrecked, and many of his escorts were injured. Alexander escaped as by a miracle, but a second bomb exploded near him as he was going to aid the injured. He was horribly mangled, and died within an hour. Thus perished the Czar Liberator” (Modern European History, p. 567).
Some of those involved in earlier attempts to assassinate Alexander II were of Jewish Khazar background (see The Anarchists by Ernest Alfred Vizetelly, John Lane, London and New York, 1911, p. 66). According to the Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, the “assassination of Alexander II in which a Jewess had played a part” revived a latent “anti-Semitism.” Resentful of precautions taken by the murdered Czar’s son and successor, Alexander III, and also possessing a new world plan, hordes of Jews, some of them highly educated in Russian universities, migrated to other European countries and to America. The emigration continued (see below) under Nicholas II. Many Jews remained in Russia, however, for “in 1913 the Jewish population of Russia amounted to 6,946,000 (Univ. Jew. Encyc., Vol. IX, p. 285).
Various elements of this restless aggressive minority nurtured the amazing quadruple aims of international Communism, the seizure of power in Russia, Zionism, and continued migration to America, with a fixed purpose to retain their nationalistic separatism. In many instances, the same individuals were participants in two or more phases of the four-fold objective.
Among the Jews who remained in Russia, which then included Lithuania, the Ukraine (A History of the Ukraine, Michael Hrushevsky, Yale University Press, 1941, passim), and much of Poland, were the founders of the Russian Bolshevik party:
In 1897 was founded the Bond, the union of Jewish workers in Poland and Lithuania. . . They engaged in revolutionary activity upon a large scale, and their energy made them the spearhead of the Party (Article on “Communism” by Harold J. Laski, Encyc. Brit., Vol. III, pp 824-827).
The name Bolsheviki means majority (from Russian bolshe, the larger) and commemorates the fact that at the Brussels-London conference of the party in late 1902 and early 1903, the violent Marxist program of Lenin was adopted by a 25 to 23 vote, the less violent minority or “Mensheviki” Marxists fading finally from the picture after Stalin’s triumph in October, 1917. It has been also stated that the term Bolshevik refers to the “larger” or more violent program of the majority faction. After (1918) the Bolsheviki called their organization the Communist Party.
The Zionist Jews were another group that laid its plan in Russia as a part of the new reorientation of Russian Jewry after the collapse of Haskalah and the assassination (1881) of Alexander II. “On November 6, 1884, for the first time in history, a Jewish international assembly was held at Kattowitz, near the Russian frontier, where representatives from all classes and different countries met and decided to colonize Palestine. . .”(The Haskalah Movement in Russia, p. 285). For a suggestion of the solidarity of purpose between the Jewish Bund, which was the core of the Communist Party, and early Zionism, see Grayzel (op. cit., p. 662). “Henceforth a heightened sense of race-consciousness takes the place formerly held by religion and is soon to develop into a concrete nationalism with Zion as its goal” (Graetz-Raisin, Vol. p. 168).
In Russia and abroad in the late nineteenth century, not only Bundists but other Khazar Jews had been attracted to the writings of Karl Marx (1818-1883), partly, it seems, because he was Jewish in origin. “On both paternal and maternal sides Karl Marx was descended from rabbinical families” (Univ. Jew. Encyc., Vol. VII, p. 289).
The Marxian program of drastic controls, so repugnant to the free western mind, was no obstacle to the acceptance of Marxism by many Khazar Jews, for the Babylonian Talmud under which they lived had taught then to accept authoritarian dictation on everything from their immorality to their trade practices. Since the Talmud contained more than 12,000 controls, the regimentation of Marxism was acceptable — provided the Khazar politician, like the Talmudic rabbi, exercised the power of the dictatorship.
Under Nicholas II, there was no abatement of the regulations designed, after the murder of Alexander II, To curb the anti-government activities of Jews; consequently, the ” reaction to those excesses was Jewish support of the Bolsheviks. . .”(Univ. Jew. Encyc., Vol. I, p. 286.) The way to such support was easy since the predecessor organization of Russian Communism was the Jewish “Bund.” Thus Marxian Communism, modified for expediency, became an instrument for the violent seizure of power. The Communist Jews, together with revolutionaries of Russian stock, were sufficiently numerous to give the venture a promise of success, if attempted at the right time. After the rout of the less violent faction in 1903, Lenis remained the leader.
The blow fell in the fateful year, 1917, when Russia was staggering under defeat by Germany — a year before Germany in turn staggered to defeat under the triple blows of Britain, France, and the United States. “The great hour of freedom struck on the 15th of March, 1917,” when “Czar Nicholas’s train was stopped” and he was told “that his rule was at an end. . . Israel, in Russia, suddenly found itself lifted out of its oppression and degradation” (Graetz-Raisin, op. cit., Vol. VI, p. 209).
At this moment Lenin appeared on the scene, after an absence of nine years (Encyc. Brit., Vol. XIII, p. 912). The Germans, not realizing that he would be anything more than a trouble-maker for their World War I enemy, Russia, passed him and his party (exact number disputed — about 200?) in a sealed train from Switzerland to the Russian border. In Lenin’s sealed train, “Out of a list of 165 names published, 23 are Russian, 3 Georgian, 4 Armenian, 1 German, and 128 Jewish” (The Surrender of an Empire, Nesta H. Webster, Boswell Printing and Publishing Company, Ltd., 10 Essex St., London, W.C.2, 1931, p. 77). “At about the same time, Trotsky arrived from the United States, followed by over 300 Jews from the East End of New York and joined up with the Bolshevik Party” (op. cit., p. 73).
Thus under Lenin, whose birth-name was Ulianov and whose racial antecedents are uncertain, and under Leon Trotsky, a Jew, whose birth -name was Bronstein, a small number of highly trained Jews from abroad, along with Russian Judaized Khazars and non-Jewish captives to the Marxian ideology, were able to make themselves masters of Russia. “Individual revolutionary leaders and Sverdlov — played a conspicuous part in the revolution of November, 1917, which enabled the Bolshevists to take possession of the state apparatus” (Univ. Jew. Encyc., Vol. IX, p.668). Here and there in the Universal Jewish Encyclopedia other Jews are named as co-founders of Russian Communism, but not Lenin and Stalin. Both of these, however, are said by some writers to be half-Jewish. Whatever the racial antecedents of their top man, the first Soviet commissariats were largely staffed with Jews. The Jewish position in the Communist movement was well understood in Russia. “The White Armies which opposed the Bolshevik government linked Jews and Bolsheviks as common enemies” (Univ. Jew Encyc., Vol. I, p. 336).
Those interested in the ratio of Jews to others in the government in the early days of Communist rule in Russia should, if possible, see Les derniers jours des Romanof (The Last Days of the Romanovs) by Robert Wilton, long the Russian correspondent of the London Times. A summary of its vital passages is included in the “foreword to Third Edition” of The Mystical Body of Christ in the Modern World (Brown and Nolan , Limited Waterford, Dublin, Belfast, Cork, London, 1939, 1947) by Rev. Denis Fahey, a well-known Irish professor of philosophy and Church history. Professor Fahey gives names and nationality of the members of the Council of Peoples Commissars, the Central Executive Committee, and the Extraordinary Commissions, and in summary quotes from Wilton as follows:
According to the data furnished by the Soviet press, out of 556 important functionaries of the Bolshevik State. . . there were in 1918-1919, 17 Russians, 2 Ukrainians, 11 Armenians, 35 Letts, 15 Germans, 1 Hungarian, 10 Georgians, 3 Poles, 3 Finns, 1 Karaim, 457 Jews.
As the decades passed by — after the fateful year 1917 — Judaized Khazars kept a firm hand on the helm of the government in the occupied land of Russia. In due time they built a bureaucracy to their hearts’ desire. The government – controlled Communist press “issued numerous and violent denunciations of anti-Semitic episodes, either violence or discriminations.” Also, “in 1935 a court ruled that anti-Semitism in Russia was a penal offense” (Univ. Jew Encyc., Vol. I, p. 386). Among top-flight leaders prominent in the middle of the twentieth century. Stalin, Kaganovich, Beria, Molotov, and Litvinoff all have Jewish blood, or are married to Jewesses. The latter circumstance should not be overlooked, because from Nero’s Poppaea (Encyclopedia Italiana, Vol. XXVII, p. 932; also, The Works of Flavius Josephus, translated by William Whiston, David McKay , Philadelphia, n.d., pp. 8, 612, 616) to the Montreal chemist’s woman friend in the Canadian atomic espionage trials (Report of the Royal Commission, Government Printing Office, Ottawa, Canada, 1946, $1.00) the influence of a certain type of wife — or other closely associated woman — has been of utmost significance. Nero and Poppaea may be allowed to sleep – if their crimes permit – but Section III, 11, entitled “RAYMOND BOYER, Montreal,” in the Report of the Canadian Royal Commission should be read in full by all who want facts on the subject of the corruption of scientists, and others working on government projects. In the Soviet Embassy records, turned over to Canadian authorities by Ivor Gouzinko, was Col. Zabotin’s notebook which contained the following entries (pp. 375 and 397 respectively):
Frenchman. Noted chemist, about 40 years of age. Works in McGill University, Montreal. Is the best of the specialists on VV on the American Continent. Gives full information on explosives and chemical plants. Very rich. He is afraid to work. (Gave the formula of RDX, up to the present there was no evaluation from the boss.)
Jewess — works as a co-worker in the International Bureau of Labour. A lady friend of the Professor.
In view of the facts furnished above as to the racial composition of the early Communist bureaucracy, it is perhaps not surprising that a large portion of the important foreign efforts of the present government of Russia are entrusted to Jews.
This is especially notable in the list of current or recent exercisers of Soviet power in the satellite lands of Eastern Europe. Anna Rabinsohn Pauker, Dictator of Rumania; Matyas Rakosi, Dictator of Hungary; Jacob Berman, Dictator of Poland; D.M. Manuilsky, Dictator of the Ukraine; and many other persons highly placed in the governments of the several Eastern European countries are all said to be members of this new Royal Race of Russia.
Of Eastern European origin are the leaders of late nineteenth century and twentieth century political Zionism which flowered from the already recorded beginnings at Kattowitz in 1884. Born at Budapest, Hungary, was Theodor Herzl (1860-1904), author (1896) of Der Judenstatt (The Jews’ State), who presided over the “Zionist Congress,” which “took place at Basel, Switzerland, on August 29, 30, and 31, 1897” (Univ. Jew. Encyc., Vol. II, p. 102). Dr. Chaim Weizmann, the head of political Zionism at the moment at the moment of its recourse to violence, was born in Plonsk, Poland. Since these top leaders are Eastern Europeans, it is not surprising that most of the recent immigrants into Palestine are of Soviet and satellite origin and that their weapons have been largely from the Soviet Union and from Soviet-controlled Czechoslovakia (see below, Chapter VI).
As a number of writers have pointed out, political Zionism entered its violent phase after the discovery of the incredibly vast mineral wealth of Palestine. According to “Zionists Misleading World with Untruths for Palestine Conquest,” a full-page article inserted as an advertisement in the New York Herald Tribune (January 14, 1947), “an independent Jewish state in Palestine was the only certain method by which Zionists could acquire complete control and outright ownership of the proven Five Trillion Dollar ($5,000,000,000,000) chemical and mineral wealth of the Dead Sea.” The long documented article is signed by R. M. Schoendorf, “Representative of Cooperating Americans of the Christian Faiths”; by Habib I. Katibah, “Representative of Cooperating Americans of Arab Ancestry”; and by Benjamin H. Freedman, “Representative of Cooperating Americans of the Jewish Faith,” and is convincing. Irrespective, however, of the value of the Dead Sea minerals, the oil flow of Middle Eastern wells. Also in 1951, oil was “discovered” in the Negeb Desert, an area for which “Israel” authorities had so much fervor that they seized it (see Chapter VI, b, below).
The dominance of the motive of self-aggrandizement in political Zionism has been affirmed and denied; but it is difficult for an observer to see any possible objective apart from mineral wealth or long range grand strategy, including aggression (see Chapters VI and IX, below), in a proposal to make a nation out of an agriculturally poor, already overpopulated territory the size of Vermont. The intention of aggression at the expense of Moslem peoples, particularly in the direction of Iraq and Iran, is suggested also by the fact that the Eastern European Jews, adherents to the Babylonian Talmud, had long turned their thoughts to the lands where their sages lived and where most of the native Jewish population had embraced the Moslem faith. Any possible Zionist religious motive such as the hope of heaven, which fired the zeal of the Crusaders, is apparently ruled out by the nature of Judaism, as it is generally understood. “The Jewish religion is a way of life and has no formulated creed, or articles of faith, the acceptance of which brings redemption or salvation to the believer. . .” (opening words, p. 763, of the section on “Doctrines.” in Religious Bodies: 1936, Vol. II, Part I, Denominations A to J, U. S. Department of Commerce, Jesse H, Jones. Secretary, Bureau of Census, Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.).
The secret or underground overseas efforts of Khazar-dominated Russia apparently have been entrusted principally to Jews. This is especially true of atomic espionage. The Report of the Royal Commission of Canada, already referred to, shows that Sam Carr (Cohen), organizer for all Canada; Fred Rose (Rosenberg), organizer for French Canada, and member of the Canadian Parliament from a Montreal constituency; and Germina (or Hermina) Rabinowich, in charge of liaison with U. S. Communists, were all born in Russia or satellite lands. In this connection, it is important to stress the fact that the possession of a Western name does not necessarily imply Western European stock. In fact, the maneuver of name-changing frequently disguises an individual’s stock or origin. Thus the birth-name of John Gates, editor of the Communist Daily Worker was Israel Regenstreif. Other name changers among the eleven Communists found guilty by a New York jury in October, 1949, included Gil Green — born Greenberg; Gus Hall — born Halberg; and Carl Winter — born Weissberg; (For details on these men and the others, see the article, “The Trial of the Eleven Communists,” by Sidney Shalett, Reader’s Digest, August, 1950, pp. 59-72.) Other examples of name-changing can be cited among political writers, army officers, and prominent officials in the executive agencies and departments in Washington. Parenthetically, the maneuver of acquiring a name easily acceptable to the majority was very widely practiced by the aliens prominent in the seizure of Russia for Communism, among the name-changers being Lenin (Ulianov), Trotsky (Bronstein), and Stalin (Dzugashvili), The principal founders of state Communism.
The United States Government refused Canada’s invitation early in 1946 to cooperate in Canada’s investigation of atomic spies, but in 1950 when (despite “red herring” talk of the Chief Executive) our atomic spy suspects began to be apprehended, the first was Harry Gold, then Abraham Brothman, and Miriam Moskowitz. Others were M. Sobell, David Greenglass, Julius Rosenberg, and Mrs. Ethel Rosenberg (not to be confused with Mrs. Anna Rosenberg). Various sentences were given. Mr. and Mrs. Rosenberg received the death penalty (See Atom Treason, by Frank Britton, Box 15745, Crenshaw Station, Los Angeles 8, California). As of early May, 1952, however, the sentence had not been carried out and a significant portion of the Jewish press was campaigning to save the Rosenbergs. Referring to Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, Samuel B. Gach, Editor-in-Chief and Publisher of the California Jewish Voice (“Largest Jewish Circulation in the West”) wrote as follows in his issue of April 25, 1952: “We deplore the sentence against the two Jews and despise the cowardly Jewish judge who passed same . . . ” In March, 1951, Dr. William Perl of the Columbia University Physics Department was arrested “on four counts of perjury in connection with the crumbling Soviet atomic spy ring. . .Perl whose father was born in Russia, . . .had his name changed from Utterperl [Mutterperl?] to Perl” in 1945 (Washington Times-Herald, March 15, 1951). For further details on these persons and others, see “Atomic Traitors, ” by Congressman Fred Busbey of Illinois in the June, 1951, number of National Republic. Finally, the true head of Communism in America was found not to be the publicly announced head, but the Jew, Gerhardt Eisler, who, upon detection “escaped” from America on the Polish S. S. “Batory,” to a high position in the Soviet Government of East Germany (Communist Activities Among Aliens and National Groups. part III, Government printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1950, p. A121).
Very pertinent to the subject under consideration is a statement entitled “Displaced Persons: Facts vs. Fiction,” made in the Senate of the United States on January 6, 1950, By Senator Pat McCarran, Democrat of Nevada, Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. Senator McCarran said in part: “Let it be remembered that the Attorney General of the United States recently testified that an analysis of 4,984 of the more militant members of the Communist Party in the United States showed that 91.4 percent of the total were of foreign stock or were married to persons of foreign stock.”
With more than nine-tenths of our “more militant” Communists thus recruited from or allied to “foreign stock” and with that “stock: totaling perhaps not more than 10,000,000 or one-fifteenth of our nation’s population, a little recourse to mathematics will suggest that the employment of an Eastern European or other person of recent alien extraction or connection is one hundred and fifty times more likely to yield a traitor than is the employment of a person of native stock!
An “authoritative” Jewish point of view toward Soviet Russia is explained in the Universal Jewish Encyclopedia in the concluding paragraphs on Karl Marx. According to this source, Jews “recognize the experience of the Soviet Union, home of 6,000,000 Jews, as testimony of the Marxist position on the question of national and racial equality.” The Encyclopedia comments further on the “striking fact that the one country which professes official allegiance to Marxian teachings is the one where anti-Semitism has been outlawed and its resurgence rendered impossible by the removal of social and economic inequalities” (Vol. VIII, p. 390). In The Jewish People Face the Post-War World by Alexander Bittelman (Morning Freiheit Association, 35 East12th Street, New York 3, N. Y., 1945, p. 19) the affection of a considerable body of American Jews for the Soviet Union is considerable body of American Jews for the Soviet Union is expressed dramatically:
If not for the Red Army, there would be no Jews in Europe today, nor in Palestine, nor in Africa; and in the United States, the length of our existence would be counted in days. . . THE SOVIET UNION HAS SAVED THE JEWISH PEOPLE. Therefore, let the American Jewish masses never forget our historic debt to the Saviour of the Jewish people — the Soviet Union.
Be it noted, however, that Mr.. Bittelman admits indirectly that he is not speaking for all American Jews, particularly when he assails as “reactionary” the “non-democratic forced in Jewish life . . . such as the Sulzbergers, Rosenwalds, and Lazarons” (p. 9). In addition to ideology, another factor in the devotion to their old homelands of so many of the newer American Jews of Eastern European source is kinship. According to The American Zionist Handbook, 68 to 70% of United States Jews have relations in Poland and the Soviet Union.
Quite in harmony with the Bittleman attitude toward the Soviet was the finding of the Canadian Royal Commission that Soviet Russia exploits fully the predilection of Jews toward Communism: “It is significant that a number of documents from the Russian Embassy specifically note ‘Jew’ or ‘Jewess’ in entries on their relevant Canadian agents or prospective agents, showing that the Russian Fifth Column leaders attached particular significance to this matter” (The Report of the Royal Commission, p. 82).
In view of the above-quoted statement of a writer for the great New York publication, the Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, which is described on its title-page as “authorative,” and in view of the findings of the Canadian Royal Commission, not to mention other facts and testimonies, it would seem that no one should be surprised that certain United States Jews of Eastern European origin or influence have transmitted atomic or other secrets to the Soviet Union. Those who are caught, of course, must suffer the fate of spies, as would happen to American espionage agents abroad; but, in the opinion of the author, the really guilty parties in the United States are those Americans of native stock who, for their own evil purposes, placed the pro-Soviet individuals in positions where they could steal or connive at the stealing of American secrets of atomic warfare. This guilt, which in view of the terrible likely results of atomic espionage is really blood-guilt, cannot be sidestepped and should not be overlooked by the American people.
The presence of so many high-placed spies in the United States prompts a brief reference to our national habit (a more accurate term than policy) in regard to immigration. In December 2, 1832, President Monroe proclaimed, in the famous Doctrine which bears his name, that the American government would not allow continental European powers to “extend their system” in the United States. At that time and until the last two decades of the nineteenth century, immigration brought us almost exclusively European people whose ideals were those of Western Christian civilization; these people became helpers in subduing and settling our vast frontier area; they wished to conform to rather than modify or supplant the body of traditions and ideals summed up in the word “America.”
After 1880, however, our immigration shifted sharply to include millions of persons from Southern and Eastern Europe. Almost all of these people were less sympathetic than predecessor immigrants to the government and the ideals of the United States and a very large portion of them were non-Christians who had no intention whatever of accepting the ideals of Western Christian civilization, but had purposes of their own. These purposes were accomplished not by direct military invasion, as President Monroe feared, but covertly by infiltration, propaganda, and electoral and financial pressure (Chapters I, III, IV, V, VI, VII). The average American remained unaware and unperturbed.
Among those who early foresaw the problems to be created by our new immigrants was General Eisenhower’s immediate predecessor as President of Columbia University. In a small but extremely valuable book, The American As He Is, President Nicholas Murray Butler in 1908 called attention to “the fact that Christianity in some one of its many forms is a dominant part of the American nature.” Butler, then at the zenith of his intellectual power, expressed fear that our “capacity to subdue and assimilate the alien elements brought . . . by immigration may soon be exhausted.” He concluded accordingly that “The dangers which confront America will come, if at all, from within”
Statistics afford ample reasons for President Butler’s fears “The new immigration was comprised preponderantly of three elements: the Italians, the Slavs, and the Jews” (The immigration and Naturalization Systems of the United States, Government Printing office, Washington, D. C., p. 236). The Italians and the Slavs were less assimilable than immigrants from Northern and Western Europe, and tended to congregate instead of distributing themselves over the whole country as the earlier Northern European immigrants had usually done.
The assimilation of Italians and Slavs was helped, however, by their belonging to the same parent Indo-Germanic racial stock as the English-German-Irish majority, and above all by their being Christians — mostly Roman Catholics — and therefore finding numerous co-religionists not only among fully Americanized second and third generation Irish Catholics but among old stock Anglo-American Catholics descending from Colonial days. Quite a few persons of Italian and Slavic stock were or became Protestants, chiefly Baptists – among them being ex-Governor Charles Poletti of New York and ex-Governor Harold Stassen of Minnesota. The new Italian and Slavic immigrants and their children soon began to marry among the old stock. In a protracted reading of an Italian language American newspaper, the author noted that approximately half of all recorded marriages of Italians were to persons with non-Italian names.
Thus in one way or another the new Italian and Slavic immigrants began to merge into the general American pattern. This happened to some extent everywhere and was notable in areas where the newcomers were not congregated – as in certain urban and mining areas – but were dispersed among people of native stock. With eventual complete assimilation by no means impossible, there was no need of a national conference of Americans and Italians or of Americans and Slavs to further the interests of those minorities.
With the new Jewish immigrants, however, the developments were strikingly different – and quite in line with the fears of President Butler. The handful of Jews, mostly Sephardic (Webster’s New International Dictionary, 1934, p. 2281) and German, already in this country (about 280,000 in 1877, Religious Bodies, op. cit., above), were not numerous enough to contribute cultural guidance to the newcomers (see Graetz-Raisin, Vol. VI, Chapter IV, a “American Continent,” A “The Sephardic and German Periods,” B “The Russian Period”). These newcomers arrived in vast hordes — especially from territory under the sovereignty of Russia, the total number of legally recorded immigrants from that country between 1881 and 1920 being 3,237,079 (The Immigration and Naturalization Systems of the United States, p. 817), most of them Jews. Many of those Jews are now referred to as Polish Jews because they came from that portion of Russia which had been the kingdom of Poland prior to the “partitions” of 1772-1795 (Modern History, by Carl L. Becker, Silver Burdett Company, New York, p. 138) and was the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II. Accordingly New York City’s 2,500,000 or more Jews (op. cit., p. 240).
Thus by sheer weight of numbers, as well as by aggressiveness the newcomer Jews from Eastern Europe pushed into the background the more or less Westernized Jews, who had migrated or whose ancestors had migrated to America prior to 1880 and had become for the most part popular and successful merchants with no inordinate interest in politics. In striking contrast, the Eastern European Jew made himself “a power to be reckoned with in the professions, the industries, and the political parties” (Graetz-Raisin, op. cit., Vol. VI, p. 344).
The overwhelming of the older Americanized Jews is well portrayed in The Jewish Dilemma by Elmer Berger (The Devin Adair Company, New York, 1945). Of the early American Jews, Berger writes: “Most of these first 200,000 came from Germany. They integrated them selves completely” (op. cit., P. 232). This integration was not difficult; for many persons of Jewish religion Western Europe in the nineteenth century not only had no racial or ethnic connection with the Khazars, but were not separatists or Jewish nationalists. The old contentions of their ancestors with their Christian neighbors in Western Europe had been largely overlooked on both sides by the beginning of the nineteenth century, and nothing stood in the way of their full integration into national life. The American kinsmen of these Westernized Jews were similar in outlook.
But after 1880 and “particularly in the first two decades of the twentieth century, immigration to the United States from Eastern Europe increased rapidly.” The Eastern European immigrant Jews “brought with them the worn out concept of ‘a Jewish people'” (op. cit., p. 233). Soon these newcomers of nationalist persuasion actually exerted influence over the old and once anti-nationalist organization of American Reform Judaism. “In the winter of 1941-42 the Central Conference of American Rabbis had endorsed the campaign to organize a Jewish Army. The event indicated the capitulation of the leadership of Reform Judaism to Jewish Nationalism.” Many American-minded Jews protested, but “the voices were disorganized and therefore could by safely ignored” (op. cit., p. 242). American Jewry “had succumbed to the relentless pressure of the Zionist.”
With the domination of American Jewry by Judaized Khazars and those who travel with them, the position of American Jews who wished to be Americans became most unhappy. The small but significant group which met at Atlantic City in June, 1942, to lay the foundations for an organization of “Americans whose religion is Judaism,” were at once pilloried. “Charges” of being ” ‘traitors,’ Quislings,’ betrayers were thundered” from the synagogues of America and “filled the columns of the Jewish press” (op. cit., p. 244). Many were silenced or won over by the pressure and the abuses — but not all. Those brave Jews who are persecuted because they are not hostile to the American way of life should not be confused with those Jews who persecute them, as Mr. Berger shows, but should on the other hand receive the sympathy of all persons who are trying to save Christian civilization in America.
Since the predominant new Jews consider themselves a superior people (Race and Nationality as Factors in American Life, by Henry Pratt Fairchild, The Ronald Press Company, New York, 1947, p. 145), and a separate nationality (op. cit., p. 140), assimilation appears now to be out of the question. America now has virtually a nation within the nation, and an aggressive culture-conscious nation at that.
The stream of Eastern Europeans was diminished in volume during World War I, but was at flood level again in 1920. At last the Congress became sufficiently alarmed to initiate action. The House Committee on Immigration, in its report on the bill that later became the quota law of 1921, reported:
There is a limit to our power of assimilation. . .the processes of assimilation and amalgamation are slow and difficult. With the population of the broken parts of Europe headed this way in ever-increasing numbers, why not peremptorily check the stream with this temporary measure, and in the meantime try the unique and novel experiment of enforcing all of the immigration laws on our statutes? . . .
Accordingly, the 67th Congress “passed the first quota law, which was approved on May 19, 1921, limiting the number of any nationality entering the United States to 3 percent of the foreign-born of that nationality who lived here in 1910. Under this law, approximately 350,000 aliens were permitted to enter each year, mostly from Northern and Western Europe” (The Immigration and Naturalization Systems of the United States, p. 56).
The worry of the Congress over unassimilated aliens continued and the House Congress over unassimilable aliens continued and the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization of the Sixty-eighth Congress reported that it was “necessary to the successful future of our nation to preserve the basic strain of our population” and continued (op. cit., p. 60) as follows:
Since it is the axiom of political science that a government not imposed by external force is the visible expression of the ideals, standards, and social viewpoint of the people over which it rules, it is obvious that a change in the character or composition of the population must inevitably result in the evolution of a form of government consonant with the base upon which it rests. If, therefore, the principle of individual liberty, guarded by a constitutional government created on this continent nearly a century and a half ago, is to endure, the basic strain of our population must be maintained and our economic standards preserved.
…the American people do not concede the right of any foreign group in the United States, or government abroad, to demand a participation in our possessing, tangible or intangible, or to dictate the character of our legislation.
The new law “changed the quota basis from 1910 to 1890, reduced the quotas from 3 to 2 percent, provided for the establishment of permanent quotas on the basis of national origin, and placed the burden of proof on the alien with regard to his admissibility and the legality of his residence in the United States.” It was passed by the Congress on May 15, and signed by President Calvin Coolidge on May 26, 1924. The new quota system was still more favorable relatively to the British Isles and Germany and other countries of Northern and Western Europe and excluded “persons who believe in or advocate the overthrow by force or violence of the government of the United States.” Unfortunately, within ten years, this salutary law was to be largely nullified (see Chapters VI and VII, below) by misinterpretation of its intent and by continued scandalous maladministration, a principal worry of the Congress (as shown above) in 1921 and continuously since (op. cit., p. 65 and passim).
By birth and by immigration either clandestine or in violation of the intent of the “national origins” law of 1924, the Jewish population of the U. S. increased rapidly. The following official Census Bureau statement is of interest: “In 1887 there were at least 277 congregations in the country and 230,000 Jews; in 1890, 533 congregations and probably 475,000 Jews; in 1906, 1700 congregations and about 1,775,000 Jews; in 1916, 1900 congregations and about 3,300,000 Jews; in 1926, 3,118 permanent congregations and 4,081,000 Jews; and in 1936, 3,728 permanent congregations and 4,641,184 Jews residing in the cities, towns and villages in which the congregations were located” (Religious Bodies, p. 763). On other religions, the latest government statistics are mostly for the year 1947, but for Jews the 1936 figure remains (The Immigration and Naturalization Systems of the United States, p. 849). As to the total number of Jews in the United States the government has no exact figures, any precise figures beyond a vague “over five million” being impossible because of incomplete records and illegal immigration. The Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate (op. cit., P. 842), however, accepts the World Almanac figure of 15,713,638 Jews of religious affiliation in the world and summarizes thus: “statistics indicate that over 50 percent of the World Jewish population is now residing in the Western Hemisphere” (op. cit., p, 21 ), i.e., at least 8,000,000. Since some three-fourths of a million Jews live in other North and South American countries besides the United States, the number of Jews known to be in the United States may be placed at a minimum of about 7,250,000. Jews unaffiliated with organizations whose members are counted, illegal entrants, etc., may place the total number in the neighborhood of 10,000,000. This likely figure would justify the frequently heard statement that more than half of the Jews of the world are in the United States.
Percentage-wise this is the government summary (op. cit., p.241) of Jewish population in the United States:
In 1937, Jews constituted less than 4 percent of the American people, but during the 7-year period following (1937-43), net Jewish immigration to the United States ranged between 25 and 77 percent of total net immigration to this country. For the 36-year period, 1908-43, net Jewish immigration constituted 14 percent of the total. The population of the Jewish population has increased twenty-one-fold during the same period.
The above government figures require elucidation. The figures include only those Jews connected with an organized Jewish congregation and, as a corollary, exclude the vast number of Jews, illegal entrants and others, who are not so connected, and hence not officially listed as Jews. The stated increase of Jews by 2100 percent since 1877 is thus far too small because non-Congregational Jews are not counted. Moreover, since the increase of 300 percent in the total population includes known Jews, who increased at the rate of 2100 percent, the increase in population of non-Jews is far less than the 300 percent increase of the total population.
This powerful and rapidly growing minority — closely knit and obsessed with its own objectives which are not those of Western Christian civilization — will in subsequent chapters be discussed along with other principal occupants of the stage of public affairs in America during the early 1950’s Details will come as a surprise to many readers, who are the unwitting victims of censorship (Chapter V, below). Valuable for its light on the global projects of political Zionism, with especial reference to Africa, is Douglas Reed’s Somewhere South of Suez (Devin-Adair Company, New York, 1951). After mentioning that the “secret ban” against publishing the truth on “Zionist Nationalism,” which he holds “to be allied in its roots to Soviet Communism,” has grown in his adult lifetime “from nothing into something approaching a law of lese majesty at some absolute court of the dark past,” Mr. Reed states further that “the Zionist Nationalists are powerful enough to govern governments in the great countries of the remaining West!” He concludes further that “American Presidents and British Prime Ministers, and all their colleagues,” bow to Zionism as if venerating a shrine.
The subject-matter of a book can be best determined not by its preface but by its index. It is believed that an examination of the index of The Iron Curtain Over America will show a unique completeness in the listing of names and subjects bearing upon the present peril of our country. In brief, The Iron Curtain Over America presents in complete detail – along with other matters – the problems created in the United States by a powerful minority possessed of an ideology alien to our traditions and fired by an ambition which threatens to involve us in the ruin of a third world-wide war. The next chapter deals with the aboveboard infiltration of Judaized Khazars, and other persons of the same ideology, into the United States Democratic Party. | <urn:uuid:311ac2de-298e-4e06-9429-a5a3837cb391> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://centurean2.wordpress.com/2011/11/20/russia-and-the-khazars/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608954.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527133144-20170527153144-00336.warc.gz | en | 0.960639 | 14,096 | 2.796875 | 3 |
News Desk: Google, known as the most popular search engine in the world, has slowly set foot in 24 years. Google was born on September 26, 1997. Two PhD students from Stanford, California, USA, started working on the idea of creating a large search engine. Today's Google is the idea project of Larry Page and Sergey Brin.
It is currently the largest search engine in the world. Today, September 26, Google is celebrating its 23rd birthday. It has also created new doodles on their homepage for this special day.
The story behind Google's name is probably unknown to many. This Google name originates from a misspelled word.
Basically mathematical googol means one hundred zeros behind a number.
Note that in the beginning, an engineer wrote this misspelling instead of the real name. And that wrong name is Google today! | <urn:uuid:5ef3fc90-4189-4d6d-91ff-5ae54426d481> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://cniasia.news/en/post/112365 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360951.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201203843-20211201233843-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.963088 | 182 | 3.109375 | 3 |
St. Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225-1274)
Keywords: Catholicism, Fetus, Human development
Widely known as a key contributor to the Roman Catholic Church’s body of doctrine, St. Thomas Aquinas also published an opinion on the moral status of embryos and fetuses that seems contradictory to the Catholic Church's current standpoint on the matter. Born in Naples, Italy, around 1225 (scholars debate the exact year of many of his life events) to wealthy nobility, Thomas Aquinas quickly proved himself a pious and astute scholar with an insatiable desire for logic and understanding. After receiving his formative education in Montecassino and Naples, Italy, Aquinas joined the order of the Dominicans. His desire for the holy life shocked and upset his family, who lamented his choice of a poor lifestyle devoted to service. To prevent Aquinas from following through with his plan, his family held him captive in the San Giovanni fortress in Rocca Secca, Italy, for nearly two years. After his mother and siblings noted his devotion to the Church evidenced by his daily studies and constant writing (not to mention his dismissal of concubines), they relented and allowed him to take his vows with the Dominicans around 1245. It is also estimated that he officially received his Master’s in the Arts from the University of Naples around this time.
Immediately thereafter, Aquinas was sent to Paris to study under Albertus Magnus, a famous Dominican scientist, theologian, and philosopher. In 1248 the pair traveled to Cologne, Italy, where Aquinas began to teach under Magnus as a Bachelor professor. Because of his strong work in Cologne, the archbishop Conrad of Hochstaden elevated Aquinas to the priesthood in 1250. Soon after, Aquinas was transferred to the Dominican studium in Paris to continue serving as a Bachelor professor. His hard work and pious teachings quickly caught the attention of his superiors, and Aquinas was ordered to prepare for a Doctorate in Theology from the University of Paris, which he received in 1257.
The career of St. Thomas Aquinas following the receipt of his Doctorate was rather simple, as he dedicated himself to service, academics, and God. His skill for argument and preaching gained him extreme popularity among the public and the favoritism of the popes. He is described as having often experienced moments of ecstasy and visions, mainly during celebration of mass, and his influence in the Church was widespread during his lifetime. Pope Clement IV appointed Aquinas as Archbishop of Naples in 1265, but Aquinas begged to be able to remain a traveling teacher and writer. Upon release from the appointment, he dedicated himself to his principal work, Summa Theologica, which was to serve as a comprehensive defense of Christian truth.
Summa Theologica delineates St. Thomas Aquinas’s opinion on the moral status of the embryo or fetus and the act of abortion. His discussion of sin, morality, and murder indicates his views on the development of life within the womb. These sections show that Aquinas believed in the progression of life from a “vegetable”-like, unanimated state to an animal life and finally to a human, animated state. Summa Theologica offers no defense of abortion as a permissible act at any stage in the pregnancy, but it does specify that once the fetus has become animated (when he believed ensoulment of the living human being took place), it is homicide to kill it. This measure of ensoulment or delayed hominization (the belief that the embryo or fetus was not a human life with a soul until a particular event after conception) is typically equated with the stage at which quickening took place—defined by Aristotle as forty days for boys and eighty days after conception for girls.
It is the concept of delayed hominization that seemingly pits these comments of St. Thomas Aquinas against the modern Roman Catholic Church; when it comes to ensoulment, the Church now defends the position that an embryo is infused with a human soul upon fertilization, making any intentionally procured abortion a sin of murder (because it kills a living being with a human soul). St. Thomas Aquinas’s opinion on abortion and fetal development receives much attention from people on both sides of the debate over abortion. Typically, pro-choice advocates claim that Aquinas’s position shows an inconsistency in Church belief throughout history on the topic and a defensible option for pro-choice Catholics, while pro-life advocates point out that Aquinas never discusses abortion as an acceptable option and furthermore would most likely not have maintained his delayed hominization theory had he been privy to the marvels of modern science.
Perhaps before he had a chance to clarify his writings on the matter, St. Thomas Aquinas declared he would write no more. On 6 December 1273 he reportedly experienced a long episode of ecstasy during Mass, and later said that such things had been revealed to him that his previous writings seemed nothing in comparison. He immediately began preparing himself for his death, which took place on 7 March 1274. Aquinas was canonized on 18 July 1323 by Pope John XXII. Pope Pius V declared him a Doctor of the Catholic Church in 1567 and his importance to Catholic Church doctrine was cemented during Pope Leo XIII’s reign, when St. Thomas Aquinas was celebrated in Aeterni Patris and named the patron of all Catholic educational institutions worldwide.
- Aquinas. Summa Theologica. Ed. Kevin Knight. “Summa Theologica.” Trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province, 1920. http://www.newadvent.org/summa/ (Accessed June 11, 2007).
- Kennedy, D. J. “St. Thomas Aquinas.” The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XIV. Transcribed by Kevin Cawley. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14663b.htm (Accessed April 25, 2007).
- McInerny, Ralph and John O’Callaghan. “Saint Thomas Aquinas.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2005 Edition). Ed. by Edward N. Zalta. http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2005/entries/aquinas/ (Accessed September 28, 2007). | <urn:uuid:b594796d-9572-494b-a36b-9e5d9b924518> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://embryo.asu.edu/pages/st-thomas-aquinas-c-1225-1274 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689779.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923213057-20170923233057-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.975521 | 1,327 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Spanish scientists discover novobiocin compound as anti-Zika drug
Researchers San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia, Spain have discovered novobiocin compound that could be used as a potential drug to fight the effects of a Zika virus infection.
The novobiocin molecule (compound) was previously used in antibiotic drug to fend off “nosocomial” infections (those acquired inside a hospital). However, the drug was withdrawn from the market because it had lost its potency as an antibiotic.
Researchers have found that this compound can counter the symptoms of the mosquito-borne Zika disease. It has shown phenomenal recovery results in mice with 100-percent cure rate. However, researchers are still figuring out the exact dose needed for humans to achieve the same successful outcome. They also have patented the molecule for anti-Zika treatment.
About Zika virus
Zika virus is vector borne disease transmitted primarily by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the same mosquito that transmits dengue. It is also found that, sexual transmission of Zika virus disease is possible. The Zika virus has been named after Zika forest in Uganda where it was first isolated in 1947.
The Zika disease had seen swift expansion between early 2015 and January 2016 throughout South America and Caribbean where babies with abnormally smaller heads due to Microcephaly were born. World Health Organization (WHO) had declared the disease as epidemic and global health emergency but later revoked it after the outbreak was brought under control.
What are Notified Diseases?
The Black Fungus disease has been declared as notified disease in Haryana. This means that the Gover...
World Book and Copyright Day: April 23
Every year the World Book and Copyrights Day is celebrated on April 23 by UNESCO. UNESCO is United N...
Robo Plant: Technology to interact with plants
The scientists from Singapore have developed a technology to interact with plants. The technology ha...
FDA approves ADHD Drugs
The FDA of the US recently approved the ADHD drug for treating patients in the age group of 6 to 17 ...
Europe’s Largest Solar Power Plant: Francisco Pizzaro
Spain and France have recently signed an agreement to build 590 MW of solar power plant. This will b...
Month: Current Affairs - July, 2017
|View All E-Books: Recent Release| | <urn:uuid:59a6338f-2366-4290-ab75-3c11ad793e65> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.gktoday.in/current-affairs/spanish-scientists-discover-novobiocin-compound-anti-zika-drug/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991650.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518002309-20210518032309-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.962269 | 484 | 2.84375 | 3 |
THL Toolbox > Equipment > Photography
Most people these days use digital cameras for their ease of use. However, if you are aiming to take high quality photos for longterm use, then you need to keep a number of issues in mind.
Firstly, you can roughly divided cameras into two types: (i) consumer cameras which typically are cheaper, small, light weigh, have a fixed lens, take smaller storage size photos, and will only save images in the lower quality JPEG format, and (ii) prosumer and professional cameras which more expensive, large, relatively heavy, have replaceable lens, take larger storage size photos, and can save images in the high quality and flexible RAW format. If you have the funds, you may want to have one of each because the former is great to carry with you at all times to be able to catch the opportune moment, while the latter creates superior images for long term use.
Secondly, unless you are on a very short trip, or don't plan to make many photos, you will need to have a way to transfer your images from your camera's storage card so that you can keep using the card to take new pictures once it has initially filled up. The most obvious solution is to travel with your computer and simply transfer the images to it. If that is your plan, make sure your camera has an input bay for the type of card you are using, or purchase a cheap USB device that can accept the storage cards. If you don't want to travel with a computer, then you must have an alternative type of storage device which you can transfer your images to - such as an IPOD or portable self-contained hard drive often called a "digital wallet".
Thirdly, regardless of what type of camera you have, it is the storage media that will determine how many photos you can take before you must empty the card off onto a separate storage device. You should note that there are many different types of storage formats, though the main ones are SD (secure digital), CF (compact flash), and Sony memory sticks. Cameras usually take one or the other, so you have to purchase storage media that work in the camera which you have. The larger size you have, the more pictures you can take without having to access a computer or portable storage device to empty it. We recommend that you take at least two such cards with you, which mean you can keep shooting when one is filled, and that you also have a backup in case a card goes bad while traveling in places where purchasing a new card is not viable.
~~Provided for unrestricted use by the Tibetan and Himalayan Library~ | <urn:uuid:6ad97e8d-6a95-4b7e-8658-5f793ffb8fc7> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.thlib.org/tools/wiki/Photography.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997892806.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025812-00079-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961437 | 539 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Physics and Astronomy
Some Fun Science Sites & Programs
Physics World carries many very nice articles of general interest. This is the UK's Institute of Physics web version of its very readable magazine.
The Early Universe & the Big Bang
A Timeline of Physics Discoveries
The American Physical Society has an interesting summary timeline of the main discoveries in the last century Physics.
has a range if physics articles, notes and animated presentations aimed at those studying physics.
Space.Com for Astronomy & Space News
where you will find astronomy and NASA news, plus lots of useful links.
The web site of the weekly UK magazine, which has a special Australian edition with local science news.
How you can help SETI in their search for intelligent life
You can help this international project in its quest for intelligent signals from deep space by downloading the SETI screen saver from SETI@home, and then allowing your home computer to join hundreds of thousands of other computers around the world it to process data from various radio telescopes while your computer is idling between jobs.
Asteroids colliding with Earth can be catastrophic. Here you can learn how to use a PC to simulate the effects of such a collision. In 2000 a massive asteroid exploded just 16 km above the Yukon in Northern Canada. It was equivalent to a forty kiloton bomb, and was bright enough to turn street lamps off.
There is a "Richter" scale for such event, called the Torino scale, which ranges from 0 for a near miss to 10 for a global climate catastrophe.
Fortunately the latter occur just once every 100,000 years (!).
If you wish you can simulate your own catastrophic strike: just chose the object type and speed etc. and hit the kaboom button.
You can tour the world and check out the number of large meteor strikes and their impact structures on this nice map and data base at the University of New Brunswick, Canada. There are many on our continent.
How much can scientists trust their own senses? First download this little program and get it running. Stare at the image for a minute or so, and then transfer your gaze to the back of your hand that is holding the mouse.
Can you conclude anything about the reliability of your senses compared with good measuring instruments?
Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur.
Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatu | <urn:uuid:26ced216-2786-4b83-8c9d-dd828ff481ad> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://physics.mq.edu.au/future/science_links/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997894260.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025814-00040-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.882404 | 567 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Contemplation, incorporated into daily life, can help us to connect to what we find most meaningful.
Contemplative practices are practical, radical, and transformative, developing capacities for deep concentration and quieting the mind in the midst of the action and reaction.
Contemplation can help develop greater empathy and communication skills, improve focus and attention, reduce stress and enhance creativity, supporting a loving and compassionate approach to life.
Contemplative practices are widely varied and they come in many forms, from traditions all over the world. Examples of contemplative practices include various forms of meditation, focused thought, time in nature, writing, contemplative arts, and contemplative movement.
Some people find that active, physical practices, like yoga or tai chi, work best for them. Others find nourishment in still and silent practices, like mindfulness meditation. Some people find that rituals rooted in a religious or cultural tradition soothe their soul.
And not all practices are done in solitude–groups and communities can engage in practices that support reflection in a social context. | <urn:uuid:805c05de-d8d6-4a50-955e-7950f2a43b84> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://landscapedesign.melbourne/contemplation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316150.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821174152-20190821200152-00384.warc.gz | en | 0.917365 | 215 | 3.328125 | 3 |
How to Measure for Crutches
Crutches are a walking aide made of wood or metal. This type of assistive device requires upper arm strength, coordination and balance. Crutches that are too tall or too short can affect your balance and also cause back pain. Incorrectly fitted crutches or poor posture can cause a disorder called crutch palsy in which the nerves under the arm are temporarily or permanently damaged, causing weakened hand, wrist and forearm muscles. Two types of crutches are underarm crutches and forearm crutches. Correct measurements can minimize complications and promote safe use of the crutches. To ensure correct measurements, it is easier if someone else measures you.
Underarm Crutch Measurements
Place the person’s regular walking shoes on his feet.
Assist the person to a standing position. If the person is too weak or unsteady to stand, instruct her to lie on her back.
Measure from the fold under the person’s arm to a spot on the floor that is approximately 2 inches ahead and 6 inches to the side of his foot if the person is standing up. If the person is lying down, measure from the front of the underarm fold to the heel and subtract 2 inches.
Select a pair of crutches based on the person’s measurements.
Adjust the hand grips up or down so the person is able to bend his elbow approximately 15 to 30 degrees.
Check the final fit of the crutches. The top of each crutch should be about two finger widths from the underarm and his wrists should be even with the hand grips when his arms hang at his side.
Forearm Crutch Measurements
Place the person’s regular walking shoes on his feet and assist him to a standing position.
Instruct the person to flex his elbow so the crease of his wrist is level with his hip joint.
Measure the forearm from 3 inches below the elbow and then add the distance between the wrist and floor.
Measure around the largest part of your forearm for the cuff size.
Select a pair of crutches based on the person’s measurements. Adjust the length of the crutches up or down to match the measurements.
Wood crutches are adjusted by moving the wing nuts and metal screws to the appropriate holes in the bottom of the crutch. Metal crutches are adjusted by pressing the button at the bottom and telescoping them up or down. Don’t use the metal crutches until the button snaps back through the appropriate hole.
- "Fundamental Nursing Skills and Concepts: Eight Edition;" Barbara K. Timby; 2005
- Findarticles.com: "How to Use Crutches Correctly"
- Mount Nittany Medical Center: "Fitting Your Crutches" | <urn:uuid:868e2068-6bff-4a02-b3df-1d3394fc97d4> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://healthyliving.azcentral.com/how-to-measure-for-crutches-12248953.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589222.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716060836-20180716080836-00635.warc.gz | en | 0.937055 | 586 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The rate of obesity is soaring worldwide. People resort to all sorts of dietary and lifestyle changes to curb obesity and become healthier. In Western countries, a popular weight-loss strategy involves limiting rice consumption. But a recent study has discovered that that might actually be a counterproductive strategy. According to the new research, people following a Japanese or Asian-style diet, which is mainly based on rice, are less obese.
Eating rice might actually prevent obesity
The Japanese researchers may have found a potential way to prevent obesity – by eating more rice!
Academics from the Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts in Kyoto examined the rice consumption (in terms of grams per day per person) and calorie intake in 136 countries. They also examined the Body-Mass Index data from these countries. Experts found out that obesity rates were lower in countries where rice consumption is high.
The study also suggests that even a moderate increase in rice consumption of 50g per day can protect against obesity.
Lead researcher Professor Tomoko Imai said, “the observed associations suggest that the obesity rate is low in countries that eat rice as a staple food.”
In the UK, people just consume 19g of rice a day. This is lower than other countries including Canada, Spain, and the US. The top 5 countries with the highest rice consumption were Bangladesh, Lao, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Indonesia.
The study authors suggest that rice may be healthy because it has less fat. According to Prof. Imai, “It’s possible that the fiber, nutrients and plant compounds found in whole grains may increase feelings of fullness and prevent overeating.”
The researchers concluded that “the prevalence of obesity was significantly lower in the countries with higher rice supply even after controlling for lifestyle and socioeconomic indicators.”
The results of the study were presented in this year’s European Congress on Obesity (ECO) in Glasgow, UK.
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Tell us how we can improve this post? | <urn:uuid:70971229-fd9c-4208-b2e7-6247e2710f9c> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://lifelabmagazine.com/new-research-can-eating-rice-prevent-obesity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178370752.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305091526-20210305121526-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.965968 | 439 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology -
Originally from the French ambre (amber) possibly initially derived from the Arabic 'anbar (ambergris). The original meaning of the word amber was ambergris. The modern word is derived from the French ambre gris (gray amber, ambergris) in distinction to ambre jaune (Prussian amber, yellow amber or true amber). The English and French confusion over the terms may have arisen early since both raw substances are relatively similar in appearance, with the exception of color, are rare, are costly and are found on or along seacoasts.
Oxford English Dictionary -
From the French ambre gris (gray amber, ambergris). To this substance the word amber originally referred. Spelling variants may owe their origins to confused attempts to describe the substance as greasy in feel or as coming from Greece or to associate it with amber (yellow amber), itself.
Reported variants are:
Also related are:
Random House Dictionary of the English Language -
Derived from the French ambre gris (gray amber). The word amber originally meant ambergris and was initially derived from the Arabic word 'anbar (ambergris) but was confused with true amber which is also rare, is also found along coasts and may be similar in appearance.
Roget's Thesaurus - | <urn:uuid:d15c3e34-adca-480c-b429-e7f9996b3707> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.netstrider.com/documents/ambergris/dictionaries/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700380063/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103300-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89828 | 281 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Over the last few months, I’ve been trying to find evidence to prove that Yeats’s idea of the self and its anti-self (the mask or Daimon) bears strong relation to Pirandello’s interpretation of the distinction between the so called persona and personaggio, and this analogy is most evident in their dramas.
When Yeats writes to Olivia Shakespear about the effect of his beard on his friends, he implicitly alludes to his idea of the mask, and this is why he mentions Pirandello as well: “[I]f Pirandello is right, my friends, taking their impulse from my appearance, […] will connect me with something reckless and dashing [the anti-self].” This passage, in fact, suggests that in a human being there live more than one selves—an idea which both Pirandello and Yeats were obsessed with. Yeats was continuously haunted by images, and as a result, he gradually elaborated his own concept of the splitting of the self (i.e. the distinction between self and anti-self [the mask] which coexist in certain chosen human beings). Pirandello and his ideas on the so called personaggio made a lasting impact on Yeats’s elaboration of the splitting of the self, and deepened his ideas on the mask, especially after Yeats had seen an excellent performance of Pirandello’s Henry IV in the Abbey Theatre in 1923.
The basis of the connection between their concepts lies in the fact that both the Pirandellian persona and the Yeatsian self are subject to their counterparts, that is, the personaggio and the anti-self. As in the centre of Pirandello’s theatre stands the personaggio, in a similar vein, in the centre of Yeats’s drama, we find the anti-self. What is striking in both cases is that the anti-self and the personaggio constitute an extraordinary and exceptional part of a person’s ordinary self, as both are strongly related to one’s artistic personality, since they are “the artist’s own creation”, as Richard Ellmann articulates it. Also, persona and personaggio as well as the Yeatsian self and anti-self are antithetical poles, but these poles are integrated into one another and cannot exist alone in our personality. Moreover, as Nicholas Meihuizen points out, “the Daimon [anti-self] comes not as like to like but seeking its own opposite, for man and Daimon feed the hunger in one another’s hearts”. This doubling of the self is most evident in the distinction between one’s everyday nature and one’s art. And it is this splitting of the self that differentiates, for instance, the six characters from the actors and the Stage Manager in Pirandello’s Six Characters in Search of an Author, or Decima from the whole dramatis personae of Yeats’s The Player Queen.
Should you be interested in this topic, you can read about the findings of my research in the following posts in which I intend to show you the most outstanding textual realizations of these concepts. | <urn:uuid:4f58718d-e527-4a0e-89ea-b9baec11718f> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://ednews.btk.ppke.hu/?p=500 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499890.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131190543-20230131220543-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.969281 | 675 | 2.625 | 3 |
It started at least as long ago as 1000 B.C. but is still practiced today by at least five million people
There are no religious texts except for books on lore and history which provide background to their beliefs
- Amaterasu and Inari are the main gods with many other gods that have different roles.
When entering a shrine one must wash hands and mouths and carry a wood plaque with prayers on it. Once inside the worshiper offers food and water. Then you have to start by bowing twice clapping twice then bow once more to welcome the Kami.
- Daijōsai 大嘗祭. Great Food Festival.
- Dōsojin Matsuri 道祖神祭り. Japan's popular fire festivals.
- Harai 祓い. Purification ceremonies for cars, airplanes, etc.
- Hatsumode 初詣. New Year’s Shrine Visit.
- Jichinsai 地鎮祭. Groundbreaking ceremonies.
- Kekkonshiki 結婚式. Weddings.
- Miyamairi 宮参り. Christenings, Baptisms.
- National Holidays, Other Important Annual Events.
- Niinamesai 新嘗祭. Rice-Tasting Ceremony.
- Seijin-no-hi 成人の日. Adults Day or Coming of Age.
- Shichi-go-san 七五三. Seven-Five-Three celebration for children.
The symbols above is shintoism in Japanese and the first picture in the presentation is the main symbol. | <urn:uuid:732fa0ef-8330-4e10-b550-9dbfd07ad024> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://tackk.com/2zeeym | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00264-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.843492 | 365 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Brucellosis Found in Montana Cow
BILLINGS, Mont. (AP) — Montana officials say an animal disease carried by wildlife in and around Yellowstone National Park has been found in a Madison County cattle herd. State veterinarian Marty Zaluski said Thursday that brucellosis was found in one cow from the unidentified herd. He says it's the sixth such case in livestock since 1985. The disease can cause infected animals to suffer miscarriages. Once relatively common across the U.S, brucellosis has been largely eradicated but persists in herds of bison and elk in the Yellowstone area of Montana, Idaho and Wyoming. In the past, brucellosis infections triggered sanctions against the states where the disease was found. But the federal government has since eased those rules. Montana has designated a four-county "surveillance area" with heightened testing requirements that includes Madison County. | <urn:uuid:eb23a1c3-cfd8-4365-a7d5-f32177841d20> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://newsradio1310.com/brucellosis-found-in-montana-cow/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813803.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221202619-20180221222619-00518.warc.gz | en | 0.964531 | 179 | 2.78125 | 3 |
It is tragic that, on average, eight Canadians die from fire every week. Cooking related fires are the No. 1 cause of home fires in Canada. We must be aware of the simple preventative measures we can take to prevent disaster from occurring to us.
Each year, thousands of fires are caused by careless or improper use of cooking equipment, resulting in many deaths and hundreds of injuries each year. Kitchen fires due to cooking oil or grease igniting into flames cause the fastest-spreading and most destructive type of residential fire.
When in the kitchen,
• Use appropriate cooking appliances, keep them clean and in good working order.
• Plug one appliance in a receptacle at a time and keep cords out of the reach of children.
• Use appliances that have an automatic shut-off and/or a temperature control.
• Never cook if you are sleepy, intoxicated, or heavily medicated.
• Never leave cooking appliances unattended when in use.
• Avoid loose long sleeves when cooking.
• Keep your stove top clean and clear at all times. Grease and food splatters can ignite.
• Store items that interest children away from the immediate cooking area.
• Move items that can be climbed on away from the stove.
• Remember to turn all pot handles inward. Small children and animals can easily bump a pot handle spilling hot grease or boiling water, causing someone to be burned or start a fire.
• If you are cooking with oil or grease and it ignites, do not throw water on the fire or move a flaming pot or pan. Keep a pot cover nearby to "put a lid on it" and smother the fire. Never throw hot grease in the garbage can.
• If you have a fire in your microwave oven, do not open the door. Unplug it immediately.
• Make sure you know what cooking materials can be used for the microwave. Never put metallic materials in the microwave oven. These materials cause sparks, which may result in a fire.
• Ensure that you wear oven mitts when removing cooking containers to avoid serious burns.
• Be careful around the sink or water while using electrical appliances. Electrical appliances near water could cause electrocution. Never stand in or near water while using an electrical appliance.
• Remember that steam escaping from a pan or container can cause severe burns.
• Be very careful of boiling water and other boiling liquids. They can cause very serious burns.
• Keep an ABC dry chemical fire extinguisher in or near the kitchen.
Prevention is the best way to keep your home safe from fire. | <urn:uuid:2d6ed51c-84af-47d7-8a1c-3d4f84fafbba> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.chesterfire.ca/prevention-safety/fire-prevention-tips/106-kitchen-safety | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156513.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920140359-20180920160759-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.907284 | 533 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Our evolution has taken such a long time that it boggles the mind:
Almost 3,500,000,000 years have passed between the first known (microbial) life and our present-day form.
The transitional form from the lemur line to the primate line, the missing link, occurred about 47,000,000 years ago. The History Channel on TV has an interesting documentary on this, as it interviews the scientists who examined the fully-preserved skeleton of “missing link” Ida, a fossil of a ~6 year-old transitional life form.
Ida’s species appears to have been the one which introduced some of the skeletal structure needed for upright walking.
What we call “human” apparently did not fully evolve until a few hundred thousand years ago.
But, according to the theory of the technological singularity, the rate at which humans evolve is about to become very rapid. With exponential growth rates in our development of nanotechnology, robotics, artificial intelligence, bioengineering, and the mapping and understanding of the brain, it is going to be possible, in the near future, for us to develop super intelligence.
Ray Kurzwell and other futurists are predicting that this can occur in as little as 25 years. I’ve also seen estimates of 40 years … either way, it is the near future.
In fact, there is now a Singularity University, supported by NASA and Google (and others), with Kurzwell being one of the principle founders. He introduces this university in this TED video (about 8:40 minutes long), and discusses several of the trends that support the conclusion of the nearness of the technological singularity.
In case you are thinking so what?, let me just inject that this is not guaranteed to work out well (depending on your point of view).
For example, let’s go back to the story of Ida, a ~6 year-old creature that died prematurely, possibly from falling into the lake in which she was found. Now I can’t say that Ida’s mother missed her, or even that Ida’s mother was still alive, but I speculate that Ida may have been missed. Perhaps you have seen a pet mourn the loss of another one.
I cannot go back in time and prove that love existed within the minds of our ancestors of 47,000,000 years ago, but love didn’t just pop into existence a few thousand years ago. It has been a part of “our” nature for a very long time. Yet, it seems to me that it is very possible that love, compassion, generosity, and other traits we admire, could well fall by the wayside as we start “redesigning ourselves.”
Of course, good things would likely occur, too. Maybe we could eliminate all of our cognitive biases (such as the confirmation bias). And, personally, I would like to see this result in the elimination of the need for religion. (I recognize that many of you take an opposite view on that, but I invite you to take the time to read God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything.)
So, what do we do? Well, even if we fear some of the outcomes, we should not seek to put a stop to our advancement. There is too much good that can come of it.
However, we can stay informed, and we can get our children and grandchildren to take an interest along with us. By staying informed, perhaps we can ensure our government does not allow monopolies to become dictatorships in this process.
And, perhaps we can do this without letting government have too great of an influence, because our government has shown itself to be fully capable of screwing up a bowling ball.
I look forward to hearing your thoughts on this important subject. | <urn:uuid:193fab9f-219e-4efc-beaa-c6950eddb557> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.keenerliving.com/controlling-our-evolution-through-technology-what-you-can-do | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540491871.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207005439-20191207033439-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.967897 | 800 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Development of a low cost technology for in-situ treatment of groundwater for potable and irrigation purposes (TiPOT)
Description of Development of a low cost technology for in-situ treatment of groundwater for potable and irrigation purposes (TiPOT) (2004 - 2007)
- 2004 - 2007
- EU (Asia Pro Eco Programme)
- Marieke Hobbes
Arsenic poisoning in eastern India and Bangladesh is termed as the worst case of mass poisoning in modern times. A rough estimate shows that more than 70 million people are affected in both countries due to involuntary arsenic exposure through consumption of drinking water and rice, the main staple food in the region. The primary cause of the problem is very high arsenic content in groundwater, which is used for both drinking and irrigation purposes. Arsenic in groundwater in the Bengal basin appears from natural leaching of underground volcanic rocks. In 1999, the World Health Organisation (WHO) and UNICEF conducted a global survey to assess the quality of water supply and sanitation in the third world countries. According to this report, between 28 and 35 million people in this region are exposed to water having a very high level of arsenic. Chronic arsenic toxicity causes clinical manifestations e.g. spotty pigmentation of skin of the body, keratosis of palms and soles, chronic lung disease, liver fibrosis, peripheral vascular disease, peripheral neuritis, and cancer of skin, lung, bladder and liver. Lack of proper health risk assessment and poor access to alternative safe water has forced millions in eastern India to use arsenic contaminated water.
The overall objective of this project is to formulate practice-based guidelines for a rural water treatment technology for eastern India which ensures arsenic free water for general consumption and irrigation at low cost. The project also aims to enhance food safety in the affected areas through sustainable irrigation and farming practices. The recommendations will be made based on extensive fieldwork, analysis of available data on water quality and usage, irrigation, cropping pattern and socio-economic status of the people.
The overall objectives of the project are the establishment of a technology partnership to support an eco-friendly and low cost in situ treatment technology to generate water for drinking and irrigation purposes in an arsenic alert zone in eastern India.
The target groups comprise over 70 million marginalized people whose quality of life might be improved as well as local entrepreneurs, government and non-governmental organisations, and EU agencies and enterprises, which are willing to participate in this vast economic activity for common benefit.
The main activities will include recommendations for, among others, the establishment for low-cost in situ subterranean arsenic removal and the improvement in agricultural and farming practices to reduce arsenic contamination in the food chain. The history of technology abounds in examples of ‘perfect’ technologies that failed due to incompatibility with the desires and capacities of the intended users. CMLs involvement is especially geared towards the prevention of such failures: to go beyond “install and run”. For this, it is required that:
- there is capacity and responsibility for maintenance: variants of embedding the technology (e.g. leasing; sale of performance), and
- that motivations for maintenance last: the (unsubsidized, private) Cost Benefit Analyses (CBAs) of all actors in the delivery system chain.
The initial focus will be on gathering local information and feeding this information to the technology designers so that it matches the local capacities and desire (in terms of scale, simplicity, labor intensity, robustness, etc.). In the second part, the focus will be on the design of the local delivery system (i.e. structures with a capacity to move a technology into a society) and matching it with the local economic, social and cultural background.
Care will be taken to carry out the cost-benefit analyses on the appropriate system levels (e.g. private, tube well group, village), in the appropriate mode of accounting (financial or economic), and the appropriate time horizons (discount rates). Furthermore, for designing a successful delivery system, issues like community support, social hierarchy, hope for a better life, fears and taboos, trust in the authorities, capacity for collective action (‘collective social capital’) will be carefully analyzed. All will be done by way of an integrated system of data gathering and analysis, called “Integrated rural analysis in context” (IRAC). The framework comprises of various components and methodologies that integrate into the core of the TIPOT research (the analysis of the delivery system):
- Time studies at village level.
- Economic analysis (e.g. cash flows, CBAs, markets of all actual and near-actual products and activities)
- Rural material flow analysis (rMFA) at village level,
- Substance flow analysis (SFA) on arsenic (in context),
- Action-in-Context study (AiC).
CML is directly involved in the research in a village, where the in situ technology is being tested. An Indian researcher, Mrs. Sukanya Sarkhel, will work full time on data gathering and preliminary analysis. | <urn:uuid:0a935ae5-bf81-482a-9a11-0424d7eb3746> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/research/research-projects/science/cml-development-of-a-low-cost-technology-for-in-situ-treatment-of-groundwater-for-potable-and-irrigation-purposes-tipot | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999210.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620105329-20190620131329-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.911036 | 1,048 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The Bluest Eye, first novel by Toni Morrison, published in 1970. This tragic study of a black adolescent girl’s struggle to achieve white ideals of beauty and her consequent descent into madness was acclaimed as an eloquent indictment of some of the more subtle forms of racism in American society. Pecola Breedlove longs to have “the bluest eye” and thus to be acceptable to her family, schoolmates, and neighbours, all of whom have convinced her that she is ugly.
The novel suggests that the categories of gender, race, and economics are enmeshed in determining the fate of the 11-year-old tragic heroine. Pecola’s obsessive desire to have the bluest eyes is a symptom of the way that the black female body has become dominated by white masculine culture. Morrison offers a typically powerful critique of the way that black subjectivity continues to be repressed in a commodity culture. The complex temporal structure of the novel and the restless changes in point of view are in part an attempt to imagine a fluid model of subjectivity that can offer some kind of resistance to a dominant white culture. The adolescent black sisters who relate the narrative, Claudia and Freda MacTeer, offer a contrast to the oppressed Breedlove family in that here they exercise both agency and authority. | <urn:uuid:b52653f7-1423-41ad-9f51-c66d15aef23d> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://rafa2.org/books/the-bluest-eye/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703500028.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116044418-20210116074418-00718.warc.gz | en | 0.959025 | 269 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Humans admire peacocks for their stunning tail feathers, but until recently no one could say whether the display actually drew the eyes of peahens.
Now scientists, strapping cameras onto the heads of the female birds, have obtained evidence of what it is about peacock tails that attracts the opposite sex.
The peacock's tail, or train, was a riddle that vexed Charles Darwin as he sought to devise his theory of evolution: The principle of natural selection suggested that a species would develop traits that enhanced its chances of survival, but the extravagantly outsize train seemed more like a burden than an aid.
"The sight of a feather in a peacock's tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me sick!" the puzzled scientist wrote in 1860.
His eventual solution was the concept that some traits might be useful for sex rather than survival. In other words, peacock tails are aids to courtship that run the risk of fatally impairing the males in exchange for giving them a better shot at a mate.
However, it has remained uncertain how exactly peacock tails enticed peahens: Was it the iridescent eyespots? The length of the feathers?
The technology known as eye-tracking is beginning to provide answers.
Eye-tracking research has been conducted in the laboratory for more than a century. Once the necessary cameras became light enough for humans to wear, scientists conducted studies outdoors. For instance, wearable eye-trackers developed by New York-based Positive Science with funding from the US Naval Research Laboratory could be used to learn how combatants detect camouflaged targets.
Now eye-trackers are lightweight enough for animals to wear, giving scientists a tool to learn more about how other creatures view the world. This year, for example, Japanese researchers reported equipping chimpanzees with such gear to learn how they look at humans as well as at the rewards they are offered during experiments.
For the peacock experiment, reported in the August edition of the Journal of Experimental Biology, Positive Science collaborated with evolutionary biologist Jessica Yorzinski, then a graduate student at the University of California at Davis, to develop eye-trackers small enough for peahens.
Scientists from UC Davis and Duke University then rigged 12 birds with headgear equipped with two cameras — one aimed at one of the bird's eyes, the other at the scene in front of the animal.
A wireless transmitter mounted on the bird's back sent video from both cameras to a recorder nearby, and when those feeds were combined, a yellow dot would mark exactly where the bird's gaze was directed.
Gradual daily training accustomed the peahens to wearing the apparatus. First, researchers fit each peahen with an empty backpack, then slowly added filler until it approximated the weight of the battery and transmitter.
Then, each bird was fitted with a soft plastic helmet. Finally, the cameras were added to the helmet, and the transmitting apparatus was put into the backpack.
In experiments, each peahen was placed alongside two peacocks in an outdoor enclosure. The males vied for attention with elaborate shows, shaking their wings and rattling their train of plumes, hooting and dashing toward peahens if the females appeared ready to mate.
The scientists weren't surprised when they saw that the peahens looked at each peacock when it fanned its tail feathers upward. But, intriguingly, the females focused nearly completely on the bottom part of the train, close to the ground. They mostly ignored the conspicuous upper fan.
However, the peahens did pay attention to the upper feathers when the lower train was obscured — as it might be if the males were relatively far away and partially hidden by the dense vegetation of the birds' natural habitat in India.
This suggests that the flashy upper train is mostly a long-distance attraction signal, but the lower feathers are more important to close-up courtship.
"It was exciting to literally see through the eyes of the females to learn how they perceive potential mates," Yorzinski said.
Now Yorzinski and her colleagues are placing eye-trackers on peacocks to see how males judge their rivals. They also plan to alter the appearance of the males' lower trains to try to figure out what the females find attractive. | <urn:uuid:432c5197-266c-450b-8fc4-d1203830d78e> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.theage.com.au/technology/sci-tech/animal-attraction-peacocks-and-sexual-selection-20130814-2rvp4.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171807.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00044-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968342 | 873 | 3.890625 | 4 |
The introductory chapters of this book give a detailed review of the phylogeny, morphology, classification and biology of Tineidae on a worldwide scale. Detailed morphological treatment of each genus is complemented by illustrations of wing patterns, head structure and head vestiture, venation, and male and female genitalia of representative species.
"Will stand as a landmark publication on the taxonomy of Tineidae . . . This richly illustrated and referenced work will undoubtedly be the major reference work for the specialist taxonomist, stored prodalist taxonomist, stored product entomologist or lepidopterist working on the Australian Teneidae for many years to come."
P Gillespie, Myrmecia
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Wildlife, science and conservation since 1985 | <urn:uuid:951a9d17-db98-46c5-a302-48d27ea87793> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.nhbs.com/title/33785?title=tineid-genera-of-australia-lepidoptera | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171807.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00331-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.881489 | 222 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Engineering Drawing Basic | Interview Question and Answers – Part 1
Engineering Drawing , graphics , Machine Drawing Interview, viva , oral Examination Question and Answers For Mechanical Engineering Students .
Q1 – Define engineering drawing. Why drawing is called universal language of engineers?
Ans1:-A drawing drawn by an engineer having engineering knowledge for the drawing purposes is an engineering drawing. It is meant for communicating his ideas, thoughts and designs to others. Engineering drawing is a starting point of all engineering branches such as Mechanical, Production, Civil, Electrical, Electronics, Computer science, Chemical etc. It is spoken, read, and written in its own way. Engineering drawing has its own grammar in the theory of projections, its idioms in conventional practices, its punctuations in the types of lines, its abbreviations, symbols and its descriptions in the constructions.
Q2 – Name different types of drawing instruments.
Ans2 – Drawing board, T-square, Set Square, Scales, Pencil and sand paper block, Drawing pins or cello-tape, Duster or handkerchief, eraser etc.
Q3 – Why pencil is rotated in finger while drawing a long line?
Ans3 – The pencil is rotated in finger while drawing a long line in order to get a line of uniform thickness throughout.
Q4 – How will you test the set square and T-square?
Ans4 – Testing of T-square – (i) Check all screw heads and tighten, if necessary
(ii) In order to check the T-square, first of all draw a horizontal line. Now reverse the T-square and again draw a horizontal line with working edge. If both the lines coincide with each other, then the working edge of T- square is alright. If there is a difference in two lines, then working edge is not correct and the line gives twice the error of the working edge. This error should be rectified by scraping the edge with a scraper or a sharp knife.
Testing of set-squares – The straightness of edges of the set-square can be checked by drawing a vertical line. Then reverse the set-square and draw again vertical line. If there is any difference between the two vertical lines then working edge is not correct and the line gives twice the error. This error can be removed by straightening the edges by means of a scraper or sand paper.
Q5 – What are the standard sizes of drawing sheets according to I.S.I. and which is suitable for drawing work?
Ans5 – The standard size of sheets according to I.S.I. are A0(1189 X 841), A1 (841 X 594), A2(594 X 420), A3(420 X 297), A4(297 X 210) and A5(210 X 148). Drawing sheet of size 594 X 420 i.e. A2 size is generally used by engineering students as it is very handy and easy for drawing work in class.
Q6 – What are the ways of sharpening a pencil for good and accurate work and which type of pencil is more suitable for drawing work?
Ans6 – There are two ways of sharpening a pencil (i) a small piece of sand paper of zero grade, pasted upon a piece of wood. (ii) Sharpeners. Usually hard pencils such as H, 2H etc are used for making the engineering drawing.
Q7 – Why cello-tape is used instead of drawing pins, now a day?
Ans7 – Now a days, cello tapes are used in place of drawing pins for its practical convenience as the drafter, Tsquare and set-squares can be moved easily over the tape.
Q8 – What is layout of drawing sheet?
Ans8 – The selection of suitable scale and allotment of proper space for margin, title block, parts list, revision panel, folding marks etc. on the drawing sheet is known as layout of drawing sheet.
Q9 – Why is the layout of sheet is necessary?
Ans9 – Layout of the drawing on the drawing sheet is necessary in order to make its reading easy and speedy. The title blocks, parts list etc will provide all the required information.
Q10 – List out the contents of title block and material list
Ans10 – The title block should contain at least the following informations.
(i) Name of the institution
(ii) Name of title of drawing
(iii) Name, Class and Roll no. of the student
(v) Drawing number
(vi) Symbols denoting the method of projection
Q11 – What is the necessity of folding a drawing print?
Ans11 – Folding marks are made on the sheet to facilitate folding of prints for the purposes of filing and binding in the proper and easy manner.
Q12 – What do you mean by convention or code?
Ans12 – The representation of any matter by some sign or mark on the drawing is known as convention or code. The conventions make the drawing simple and easy to draw.
Q13 – What do you understand by thickness of lines?
Ans13 – There are three distinct thickness of lines used in engineering drawing. These lines are specified as thick, medium and thin lines. The line specified as thick is usually 3 times thicker and the line specified as medium is 2 times thicker than a thin line.
Q14 – Where and why a cutting plane is drawn in a drawing?
Ans14 – The section plane are generally perpendicular planes. The projection of a section plane, to which it is perpendicular, is a straight line. This line will be parallel, perpendicular or inclined to the x-y line. The cutting plane is drawn in a drawing to show the inner details of an object.
Q15 – What is the necessity of convention breaks and convention of materials?
Ans15 – Long members of uniform cross-section such as rods, shafts, pipes etc. are generally shown in the middle by the conventional breaks so as to accommodate their view of whole length on the drawing sheet without reducing the scale. The exact length of the member is shown by the dimension.
Q16 – Why the conventional representation of common features are adopted on the drawing?
Ans16 – The conventional representation of common features are adopted on the drawing to save the unnecessary time or space on the drawing.
Q17 – What are the main requirements of lettering?
Ans17:- 1) The knowledge of shape and proportion of each letter.
2) The knowledge of the order and direction of the strokes used in making letters.
3) The knowledge of the general composition of letters.
4) The knowledge of rules for combining letters into words and words into sentences.
Q18 – What is lettering?
Ans18 – The art of writing the alphabets A, B, C,…….Z and numbers such as 1, 2, 3……0 etc. is known as lettering.
Q19 – What do you mean by composition of letters?
Ans19 – The composition means the composing of letters into words and words into sentences. The letters are so arranged that the open area between two letters of a word appears equal to the eye judgement.
Q20 – What do you mean by uniformity of letters?
Ans20 – The uniformity of lettering means keeping the height, inclination, spacing and strength of letters to be same. It is very essential for good lettering in engineering drawing.
Q21 – What do you mean by normal, compressed and extended lettering?
Normal lettering: – The normal lettering have normal height and width and are used for general purposes. The width of the normal letter is about 0.67 times of the height of the letter.
Compressed lettering: – The compressed lettering are those which are written in the narrow space. These are used when the space is limited. The widths of the condensed letters are less than height.
Extended lettering: – The extended lettering are those which are wider than noramal letters but of the same height.
Q22 – What are the guidelines and why they are necessary in lettering?
Ans22:- The lines which are used to regulate the height and inclination to the letters and numerals are known as guidelines. These are to be drawn at random. The guidelines are used to regulate the uniformity of the letters.
Q23 – What do you mean by single stroke letters?
Ans 23:- Single stroke letters means that the thickness of the line of the letter should be such as is obtained in one stroke of the pencil. Single stroke letters are of two types.
2) Inclined (75deg. With horizontal)
Q24 – What is the gothic and roman lettering?
Ans24 – Gothic lettering – The lettering in which all the alphabets are of uniform width or thickness is known as gothic lettering. It can be divided into following groups.
(i) Vertical or Upright vertical gothic lettering
(ii) Inclined or Italic gothic lettering
Roman lettering – The lettering in which all the alphabets are composed of thick and thin elements is known as roman lettering and can either be vertical or inclined.
Q25 – What do you mean by freehand lettering?
Ans25 – The art of writing the alphabets without the use of drawing instrument is called freehand lettering. The freehand lettering is of the following types.
(a) Vertical or upright freehand gothic lettering.
(i) Single stroke vertical freehand gothic lettering.
(ii) Lowercase vertical freehand gothic lettering.
(b) Inclined or italic freehand gothic lettering.
(iii) Single stroke italic freehand gothic lettering.
(iv) Lower case italic freehand gothic lettering.
Mechanical engineering is one of the most physically demanding professions that involve designing, manufacturing, and maintaining mechanical systems. A mechanical engineer's work involves utilizing...
Management is an essential component of every project and team. A competent manager is indispensable in guiding the team, owning outcomes, and mediating conflicts. Engineering managers, in... | <urn:uuid:90cbf13b-95d0-4cab-9f35-ea85c72fc2b1> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://learnmech.com/engineering-drawing-basic-interview-question-and-answers-part-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510983.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002064957-20231002094957-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.920791 | 2,181 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Using Our Senses
Students explore their five senses and describe what they sense, describe ways the senses affect their lives, and observe the way that a pediatrician uses his/her senses and tools to examine patients.
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Garden Detective Sensory Tour
To prepare for a sensory walk outside, the whole class engages in a discussion of the five senses, kids close their eyes, and share what they sense. Groups then follow a guide, tour an area, and share what they experience through their...
K - 5th Science CCSS: Adaptable | <urn:uuid:c60185fe-37d5-4d17-a3f9-f6a1d6940461> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/using-our-senses | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612069.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529091944-20170529111944-00360.warc.gz | en | 0.892129 | 116 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Welcome to the Boosting Bioeconomy Knowledge in Schools MOOC
On this page
Join us on the Boosting Bioeconomy Knowledge in Schools online course, to learn how you can explore sustainable economic solutions with your students! Knowledge about bioeconomy is an essential requirement for students of the 21st century. Not only will the bioeconomy sector provide the jobs of the future, this knowledge will help your students better understand the challenges of tomorrow’s society and enhance their skills as responsible citizens.
Bioeconomy covers a broad range of sectors, from agriculture and the agrifood industry, to fisheries, forestry, bio refineries, chemistry, and (bio) energy – but despite its many applications, it has yet to enter the public consciousness as an exciting solution to societal challenges. Teachers can contribute to raising awareness about bioeconomy in future generations.
This MOOC aims to bridge the gap in education by giving teachers a fresh perspective into the bioeconomy field and its applications in teaching STEM subjects. The course will do so by presenting the BLOOM School Box, a series of lesson plans co-created by 20 pilot teachers in 10 European countries, which illustrate how bioeconomy can be introduced in different STEM subjects.
Course participants will learn about bioeconomy in (STEM) education by making use of the various educational tools and lesson plans.
- Understand what bioeconomy is, its importance for society and for students, and its implications for education.
- Explore the BLOOM School Box and learn how they can use it in their teaching.
- Learn how to use bioeconomy in educational contexts.
- Know what the BLOOM project is, and how it can help teachers innovate their classroom practices.
Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) teachers, both in secondary and primary education. Teachers of other subjects, as well as teacher trainers and bioeconomy stakeholders can benefit from the course.
- Module 1: Bioeconomy in our lives
- Module 2: The BLOOM School Box: bioeconomy in the classroom
- Module 3: Teaching with bioeconomy
- Module 4: Your bioeconomy learning scenario
You will receive a digital course badge and a course certificate upon completion of the full course.
Note to teachers from Portugal: You can get your successful participation in a European Schoolnet Academy course formally recognised as a valid continuous professional development, and thereby acquire the relevant number of training hours, by sending your certificate to the Conselho Científico e Pedagógico de Formação Contínua (CCPFC) at Rua do Forno, nº 30, 1º andar - apartado 2168, 4700 - 429 Braga, Portugal. For more information, please contact the CCPFC.
- Adina Nistor, European Schoolnet
- Borbala Pocze, European Schoolnet
- Pantelis Galitis, Greece
Disclaimer and Copyright
The BLOOM - Boosting European Citizens’ Knowledge and Awareness of Bio-Economy Research and Innovation project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 773983. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for how the following information is used. The views expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission.
All content on this course unless specified otherwise is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License | <urn:uuid:b1c2a8be-83e3-4f13-8268-729da61602d6> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.europeanschoolnetacademy.eu/courses/course-v1:BLOOM+BoostBioec+2019/about | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540504338.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208021121-20191208045121-00022.warc.gz | en | 0.899436 | 735 | 3.21875 | 3 |
A hydrologist could...
|Gather and evaluate meteorological data to predict a drought.||Help create environmentally responsible water usage regulations for communities along a major river.|
|Collect and analyze water and mud samples to determine levels of pollutants in a water system.||Predict whether snow pack levels on a mountain range will cause flooding in the spring.|
Key Facts & Information
|Overview||Water is critical to the survival of virtually all the living things that you see around you. It is essential to the production of most of the things that people make, too. Hydrologists are the people who study and manage this remarkable resource. Through data gathered from satellite instruments, hydrologists examine and create computer models that show how water moves above, on, and under the earth. With these models, hydrologists work to conserve water, to predict droughts or floods, to find new water sources, and to reduce and reuse waste water.|
|Key Requirements||Excellent analytical, computer, and interpersonal skills, and a love of strenuous outdoor work in remote places.|
|Minimum Degree||Master's degree|
|Subjects to Study in High School||Chemistry, biology, physics, geometry, algebra II, pre-calculus, calculus, English; if available, computer science, statistics, marine biology, environmental science|
|Projected Job Growth (2012-2022)||Average (7% to 13%)|
|Interview||Watch this interview to see Hawaiian hydrologists describe how water usage affects plant and animal life.|
Training, Other Qualifications
Most hydrologists need a master's degree. A PhD is usually necessary for jobs in college teaching or research.
Education and Training
Students interested in hydrology should take courses in the physical sciences, geophysics, chemistry, engineering science, soil science, mathematics, aquatic biology, atmospheric science, geology, oceanography, hydrogeology, and the management or conservation of water resources. In some cases, a bachelor's degree in a hydrologic science is sufficient for positions consulting about water quality or wastewater treatment.
For hydrologists who consult, courses in business, finance, marketing, or economics may be useful. In addition, combining environmental science training with other disciplines such as engineering or business, qualifies these scientists for the widest range of jobs.
Computer skills are essential for prospective hydrologists. Students who have some experience with computer modeling, data analysis and integration, digital mapping, remote sensing, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) will be the most prepared to enter the job market. Familiarity with the Global Positioning System (GPS)—a locator system that uses satellites—is vital.
Hydrologists must have good interpersonal skills, because they usually work as part of a team with other scientists, engineers, and technicians. Strong oral and written communication skills also are essential because writing technical reports and research proposals and communicating results to company managers, regulators, and the public are important aspects of the work. Because international work is becoming increasingly pervasive, knowledge of a second language can be an advantage. Those involved in fieldwork must have physical stamina.
Nature of the Work
Hydrologists examine the physical characteristics, distribution, and circulation of water above and below the earth's surface. They study rainfall and other precipitation, the paths precipitation takes through the soil and rocks underground, and its return to the oceans and air. Often, they specialize in either underground water or surface water. They examine the form and intensity of precipitation, its rate of infiltration into the soil, its movement through the Earth, and its return to the ocean and atmosphere. Hydrologists use sophisticated techniques and instruments. For example, they may use remote sensing technology, data assimilation, and numerical modeling to monitor the change in regional and global water cycles. Some surface-water hydrologists use sensitive stream-measuring devices to assess flow rates and water quality. The government and private industry use this information about water properties and movement patterns for a variety of purposes.
Many hydrologists assist in water conservation. The work they do is very important for environmental preservation; for instance, they may project water shortages, analyze the quality of potential water sources, or monitor the inflow and outflow of reservoirs. Some hydrologists forecast and help to prepare a region for conditions such as flooding, snowmelt, drought, and the formation and melting of river ice. Hydrologists often serve as consultants to scientists, engineers, developers, and governing bodies. They may study the feasibility of water reclamation or routing projects, or they may determine the possible effects of activities such as drilling, land development, and bridge construction on local waters.
Hydrologists generally perform research at a variety of outdoor sites, but they also work in laboratories. Hydrologists may monitor wells, record water depths, and measure stream flows or runoff rates. They frequently collect and analyze water samples and research historical data on storms and floods.
Hydrology requires a substantial amount of site work, particularly for beginners. This type of fieldwork can be uncomfortable, strenuous, and even somewhat risky. Hydrologists are expected to work in remote areas, walk long distances over rough terrain, carry heavy equipment, and wade in streams and other bodies of water. Moreover, they work outdoors in all types of weather conditions.
Although hydrologists generally have a regular 40-hour workweek, overtime may be required to meet deadlines. They also may have to travel long distances.
On the Job
- Study and document quantities, distribution, disposition, and development of underground and surface waters.
- Draft final reports describing research results, including illustrations, appendices, maps, and other attachments.
- Coordinate and supervise the work of professional and technical staff, including research assistants, technologists, and technicians.
- Prepare hydrogeologic evaluations of known or suspected hazardous waste sites and land treatment and feedlot facilities.
- Design and conduct scientific hydrogeological investigations to ensure that accurate and appropriate information is available for use in water resource management decisions.
- Study public water supply issues, including flood and drought risks, water quality, wastewater, and impacts on wetland habitats.
- Collect and analyze water samples as part of field investigations or to validate data from automatic monitors.
- Apply research findings to help minimize the environmental impacts of pollution, waterborne diseases, erosion, and sedimentation.
- Measure and graph phenomena such as lake levels, stream flows, and changes in water volumes.
- Investigate complaints or conflicts related to the alteration of public waters, gathering information, recommending alternatives, informing participants of progress, and preparing draft orders.
- Answer questions and provide technical assistance and information to contractors or the public regarding issues such as well drilling, code requirements, hydrology, and geology.
- Develop or modify methods of conducting hydrologic studies.
- Install, maintain, and calibrate instruments, such as those that monitor water levels, rainfall, and sediments.
- Evaluate data and provide recommendations regarding the feasibility of municipal projects, such as hydroelectric power plants, irrigation systems, flood warning systems, and waste treatment facilities.
- Conduct short-term and long-term climate assessments and study storm occurrences.
- Study and analyze the physical aspects of the earth in terms of the hydrological components, including atmosphere, hydrosphere, and interior structure.
- Conduct research and communicate information to promote the conservation and preservation of water resources.
- Design civil works associated with hydrographic activities and supervise their construction, installation, and maintenance.
- Review applications for site plans and permits and recommend approval, denial, modification, or further investigative action.
- Evaluate research data in terms of its impact on issues such as soil and water conservation, flood control planning, and water supply forecasting.
- Monitor the work of well contractors, exploratory borers, and engineers and enforce rules regarding their activities.
- Administer programs designed to ensure the proper sealing of abandoned wells.
- Compile and evaluate hydrologic information to prepare navigational charts and maps and to predict atmospheric conditions.
- Investigate properties, origins, and activities of glaciers, ice, snow, and permafrost.
Companies That Hire Hydrologists
Explore what you might do on the job with one of these projects...
- Catch the Wave!
- Go with the Flow: Model Rivers with Cornmeal, Sand, & Water
- How Salty is the Sea?
- Now You See It, Now You Don't! How Acidic Waters Make Rocks Disappear
- Ocean Currents: Modeling the 'Global Conveyor Belt' in Your Kitchen
- Polar Puzzle: Will Ice Melting at the North or South Poles Cause Sea Levels to Rise?
- Pop Goes the Geyser!
- Shaking for Suds: Which Type of Water is the Hardest?
- The Power of Heat Is Right Under Your Feet!
- The Science Behind Tsunamis: Study the Effect of Water Depth on Wave Velocity
- Timing the Tides
- Underground Water Flow and Darcy's Law
- Water from Air: Experimenting with Dew Traps
Do you have a specific question about a career as a Hydrologist that isn't answered on this page? Post your question on the Science Buddies Ask an Expert Forum.
- American Institute of Hydrology: www.aihydrology.org
- O*Net Online. (2009). National Center for O*Net Development. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from http://www.onetonline.org/
- Net Industries. 2009. Hydrologist Job Description, Career as a Hydrologist, Salary, Employment - Definition and Nature of the Work, Education and Training Requirements, Getting the Job. Retrieved September 21, 2009, from http://careers.stateuniversity.com/pages/66/Hydrologist.html
- YouTube. (2007, October 12). Hydrology. Retrieved September 29, 2009, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2RDU1hVBzc
- NOAA. (2009, November 19). Water Work: Careers in Hydrology. Retrieved December 10, 2009, from http://www.weather.gov/os/water/ahps/Ahps-resources.shtml
- Apple. (2009). QuickTime - Download the Free Player. Retrieved December 14, 2009, from http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/
We'd like to acknowledge the additional support of: | <urn:uuid:9af9b191-bfaf-4567-ae24-ff559bab2c73> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-engineering-careers/earth-physical-sciences/hydrologist?From=testb | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607702.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523202350-20170523222350-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.904541 | 2,178 | 3.25 | 3 |
By CSU Linda Langelo, Horticulture Program Associate
Hydroponic systems seem to be cropping up in different locations and in different venues throughout Colorado. In Northeast Colorado, a cooperative venture between Northeastern Junior College (NJC) and Colorado State University (CSU) Extension was designed by Dr. Brent Young to “explore the possibility of using intensive, high value, vegetable production as a means to bring the next generation back to the family farm. In turn, this would also allow for the creation of profitable small farms and provide locally produced, healthy food for our community.” In this greenhouse, in order to keep this hydroponic demonstration operation running smoothly, Dr. Young and Brian Kailey with CSU Extension train and oversee three work study students from NJC.
There are two systems that makeup the fresh food production in this NJC greenhouse hydroponic demonstration. The first system called Nutrient Film Technology (NFT) is a system, where the nutrient solution constantly recirculates through the system. The trays slope slightly allowing a film of liquid to travel down the tray to feed the plants. In the NFT system, they chose to start growing lettuce. Why lettuce? Lettuce is a crop that requires lowlight and low temperatures and for some lettuce types such as Bibb lettuce has a quicker turn around time for fresh food production. The down side is that lettuce is a perishable crop. The best types of lettuce for hydroponic systems are Butterhead, Loose Leaf, Leaf and Cutting. The four varieties of Salanova used in the greenhouse are listed as follows:
- Salanova Red Sweet
- Salanova Green Butter
- Salanova Red Butter
- Salanova Summer Crisp
According to Johnny's Seeds, "Salanova® is higher yielding than traditional salad mix even though it is grown as single heads, the same way that head lettuce is grown. It's unique core structure allows fully mature heads to be easily cut into uniform leaves once harvested, increasing efficiency." There are many different varieties of Salanova which include both red and green, flat (oak) or frilly, crisp or butterleaf. This lettuce has more leaves than a standard head all uniformly sized and growing in a rosette pattern.
At this time, the NJC cafeteria has all their lettuce needs met for their current menu. This NFT system produces 72 heads a week.
NFT system, top left and plant nursery; Photo Credit: Young and Kailey
|NFT system. Photo Credit: Young and Kailey|
NFT system with Salanova Lettuce. Photo Credit: Young and Kailey
The second system is called a Bato or "Dutch" Bucket system. Vine crops are grown in these Bato Buckets. It is known as a "feed to drain" system. The delivery of nutrients is set on a timer for several times a day at short three to five minutes. In a Bato Bucket system, cucumbers, tomatoes and peppers are grown. The varieties used are listed below:
- Vertina F1
- Corito F1
- Golden Sweet F1
- Rebelski F1
- Sympathy F1
- Sprinter F1
Currently with a 24 Bato Bucket system, they are projecting 10 lbs of tomatoes, 14 cucumbers and 12 peppers per week of fresh produce.
|Bato buckets ready for planting. Photo credit Young and Kailey.|
|Bato bucket system. Photo credit Young and Kailey.|
If you would like more information on this project please contact Brent or Brian as listed below:
Dr. Brent Young @ (970)491-4425 firstname.lastname@example.org
Brian Kailey @ (970)522-3200 ext. 3 email@example.com | <urn:uuid:6d6fc9d0-e6de-4401-84da-4d4ffe182817> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://csuhort.blogspot.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806509.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122065449-20171122085449-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.92841 | 790 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Economics drives the modern world and shapes our lives, but few of us feel we have time to engage with the breadth of ideas in the subject.
50 Economics Classics is the smart person's guide to two centuries of discussion of finance, capitalism and the global economy. From Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations to Thomas Piketty's bestseller Capital in the Twenty-First Century, here are the great reads, seminal ideas and famous texts, clarified and illuminated for all.
EXPLORE the ideas of some of the greatest thinkers in economics:
Milton Friedman on economic freedom - J. K. Galbraith on 1929 - Friedrich Hayek on knowledge - Jane Jacobs on cities - J. M. Keynes on depressions - Thomas Malthus on population - Karl Marx on capital - David Ricardo on free trade - Joseph Schumpeter's 'creative destruction' - Adam Smith's 'invisible hand' - Max Weber's 'spirit of capitalism'
GAIN the insights and research of contemporary economists and commentators:
William Baumol on entrepreneurs - Gary Becker on human capital - Diane Coyle on GDP - Naomi Klein on neoliberalism - Paul Krugman on inequality - Deirdre McCloskey on ideas - Dambisa Moyo on aid - Thomas Piketty on wealth concentration - Amartya Sen on food security - Joseph Stiglitz on the euro - Richard Thaler on behavioral economics - Michael Lewis on the 2007-08 crisis - Dani Rodrik on globalization - Robert Shiller on asset bubbles
DISCOVER the truth behind the headlines in these landmark bestsellers and works of economic history:
Lords of Finance - The Second Machine Age - The Little Book of Common Sense Investing - 23 Things They Don't Tell You About Capitalism - The Ascent of Money - The Intelligent Investor - The Rise and Fall of American Growth - Freakonomics - The Competitive Advantage of Nations - The Mystery of Capital - Small is Beautiful - The Theory of the Leisure Class | <urn:uuid:2ff74dbb-0484-4205-a0c4-678ed2241cb3> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://mssl.eslite.com/main/product/2594412 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509336.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015163653-20181015185153-00258.warc.gz | en | 0.778024 | 402 | 2.828125 | 3 |
A Java Applet for Studying Ordinary Differential Equations
| Not able to run the applet? Security pop-ups? Read this!|
The following pages set up the JOde Applet to perform the following tasks
- Slope fields and solutions of
equations of the form y'=f(x,y)
- Direction fields and solutions of
equations of systems of equations of form x'=f(x,y), y'=g(x,y)
- Solutions of equations of
systems of equations of form x'=f(x,y,z), y'=g(x,y,z), z'=h(x,y,z)
An example from population dynamics - Elks, Coyotes and Wolves in Yellowstone Park
An example of a circuit
A simply model of sunami
The two-body problem
A solution verifier which can be used to compare numerical solutions to exact and approximate formulas.
In particular, can be used to test series solutions.
A solution verifier for systems of 2 equations.
- Limit cycle for the Van der Pol equation
- Jason Miller's tutorial on using the Applet
Instructions on using and downloading the Applet
Marek Rychlik (firstname.lastname@example.org)
Author's Home Page: http://alamos.math.arizona.edu | <urn:uuid:dee7753c-3eea-4268-b957-7b3686baed7c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://math.arizona.edu/~rychlik/ODEApplet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00755.warc.gz | en | 0.737291 | 327 | 2.78125 | 3 |
“The fact that we can see that long ago is just astonishing.”
Professor Gerry Gilmore, from Cambridge University, UK, commented: “[This] was probably one of the first stars that ever formed in the Universe; and it will have been one of the first things that ever created stuff like carbon, nitrogen and oxygen that led then to normal stars like our Sun and the planets forming much, much later on.”
Thirteen billion light-years away, and our telescopes have detected it. I’m reminded of the stunning opening sequence in Contact, the film based on Carl Sagan’s novel. We’ve now peered tantalizingly close to the beginning of the known universe. As Sagan said, we have walked far.
But the greater question still is how far we have yet to travel. Events and objects of an imagined but remote future are unfathomably beyond the human scale, and so we tend not to take the long view of things – with predictable consequences for the health of our fragile planet, and frightening implilcations for the prospects of our race. The Millennium Clock might help us widen our frame of meaningful reference, and so might this wisdom – shared by John Dewey, Lewis Mumford, Carl Sagan, and Hannah Arendt, among others – from Jonathan Schell’s Fate of the Earth:
The common world is made up of all institutions, all cities, nations, and other communities, and all works of fabrication, art, thought, and science, and it survives the death of every individual. It encompasses not only the present but all past and future generations. “The common world is what we enter when we are born and what we leave behind when we die,” Hannah Arendt writes. “It transcends our life-span into past and future alike; it was there before we came and will outlast our brief sojourn in it…”
The foundation of a common world is an exclusively human achievement, and to live in a common world–to speak and listen to one another, to read, to write, to know about the past and look ahead to the future, to receive the achievements of past generations, and to pass them on, together with achievements of our own, to future generations, and otherwise to participate in human enterprises that outlast any individual life–is part of what it means to be human…”
Looking far forward, as well as back, is crucial. More on this to come. | <urn:uuid:c47ea322-52c7-4449-9cb9-101d8ba106b9> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://osopher.wordpress.com/2009/04/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170186.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00596-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949914 | 518 | 3.03125 | 3 |
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Richard Feynman: Accidental Philosopher
Stephen Doty says the scientist was a philosopher, whether he liked it or not.
Scientists seem ever the punching bags. Copernicus, Galileo, Darwin – all were attacked. Rarely do scientists strike back. But the greatest American-born scientist, Richard Feynman (1918-88), Nobel Laureate in physics, did. He attacked philosophy often, calling it “low-level baloney,” and saying philosophers “are always on the outside making stupid remarks.” Yet in his two autobiographies he wrote of only three significant brushes with philosophy.
First, while helping his high-school girlfriend with her philosophy homework one night, Feynman read Descartes’ argument for the existence of God. Descartes basically infers that his idea of a perfect God could only have been caused by a perfect God, who therefore must exist. Descartes overlooked that he could have just as well acquired an idea of God from being taught the word as a child from his religious instruction. He might as well have argued that his idea of a Ideal Woman must have an equal cause, so she must exist too. He could even list all her traits. Clearly, teaching such ponderous and fallacious arguments as rigorous and valid does the disservice of discouraging intelligent students like Feynman from studying philosophy. Feynman told his girlfriend how to read philosophy, however – forget who wrote it and see how it tallies with the facts.
Second, while in graduate school at Princeton, Feynman sat in on a philosophy lecture. The professor, knowing Feynman was a physics student, asked him if an electron was an ‘essential object’. Feynman asked back whether a brick is an essential object. Some students said yes, but others said that only the concept of a brick or its ‘brickiness’ was. They could not agree, so Feynman never answered the question and left saying philosophers used words in a “funny way”.
Had he studied their linguistic confusion more, he might have discovered that the term ‘essential’ may be well used stipulatively, but not metaphysically, which is standardless. If stipulatively, just consult the definition stipulated. But, essential for what? Electricity is essential for a light bulb to shine, but not ‘essential’ in itself. Some philosophers, living in England then, Ludwig Wittgenstein and J.L. Austin, were wise to language’s role in creating philosophical muddle, and would never have posed such a question, unless to reveal its flaws. But Feynman seems to have never read their work. Wittgenstein once described his method as bringing “words back from their metaphysical to their everyday use” – which was the precise method Feynman needed in that classroom, without realizing it.
Later, when Feynman served on the committee to select science textbooks for California public schools, he learned how common dangerous linguistic infelicities are in the sciences. The textbooks contained misinformative sentences such as “Energy makes it go.” Feynman said the books were “ambiguous, confusing, and partially incorrect,” and doubted anyone could learn science from them. Others on the committee seemed indifferent however, and still approved books he objected to.
Feynman’s most annoying brush with philosophy occurred at an ethics conference. His group was asked to discuss “The ethics of inequality in the fragmentation of knowledge.” Feynman wanted to frame a clear question first, but the others saw no need. They wrote their report in a pretentious academic style which frustrated Feynman, so he decided to translate it into plain English. The first opaque sentence reduced to “People read.” He was wise to a ruse many scholars in the humanities use – cloaking ordinary ideas in ornate verbiage, as if their aim were more to appear erudite than to communicate useful information. Ordinary fools he could tolerate, but the “pompous fools” in the humanities, as he called them, were intolerable. Like George Orwell, Feynman exposed what needs exposing: that many who lack a deep understanding of facts and reasoning rely on something easier to employ – vocabulary; a trend which has since only increased among the literati and the humanities intelligentsia. Today, deconstruction and postmodernism appear to tolerate a deliberate misinterpretation of texts in a spirit of diversity and relativism. But when we lose a criteria of correctness, falsehood may pass for truth, and nonsense may pass for sense. Feynman resolved never to attend another such conference.
Orwell once observed that people aren’t failed saints as much as saints are failed people. Similarly, many in the humanities are like failed scientists who have taken up a less rigorous field. It’s relatively easy to imagine Feynman, a polymath, excelling in a humanities course. But try to imagine a professor of humanities excelling in a physics course taught by Feynman.
When Feynman said philosophers make “stupid remarks,” he had keener insight than when he called philosophy “low-level baloney”. The issue is the craftsmen, not the craft, for bad philosophy is only unknotted by good philosophy, which is an activity. He gave some philosophers a black eye – but not Wittgenstein or Austin, and not philosophy itself. For all his criticism of philosophy, Feynman was a philosopher: an empiricist, a naturalist, and a reductionist prone to linguistic analysis. The original spirit of philosophy is in science; an honest quest for understanding. Yet too often among failed scientists in the humanities a cloud of nebulous jargon acts as a proxy for specific facts and tight reasoning. And if they continue to muddy the water to make it appear deep, or to misapply principles such as relativity, Gödel’s theorem, and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, in an effort to impress or steamroll others, then real scientists such as Feynman will continue to strike back.
© Stephen Doty 2006
Stephen Doty initially studied physics in college. Finding it difficult, he switched to philosophy, and then went into law. | <urn:uuid:f6c4a670-6554-49ce-92bb-cbaef28a47d2> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://philosophynow.org/issues/59/Richard_Feynman_Accidental_Philosopher | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738653.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810072511-20200810102511-00099.warc.gz | en | 0.967623 | 1,353 | 2.90625 | 3 |
La Nina, an atmospheric condition that promotes the formation of hurricanes, might be back in time for this year's six-month Atlantic storm season, government forecasters are predicting.
The weather pattern, the result of a cooling of the eastern Pacific Ocean, acts to calm the atmosphere, allowing hurricanes to form uninhibited in the Atlantic.
Though its return isn't altogether certain, satellite images and readings from ocean buoys indicate water temperatures in that Pacific region have rapidly decreased, officials of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said Tuesday.
"Although other scientific factors affect the frequency of hurricanes, there tends to be a greater-than-normal number of Atlantic hurricanes . . . during La Nina events," NOAA Administrator Conrad C. Lautenbacher said in a news release.
Meanwhile, the condition's counterpart, El Nino, a warming of the eastern Pacific, is fading, NOAA officials said. El Nino tends to tear storms apart by creating high-level wind shear. It was credited in part with making the 2006 hurricane season uneventful, though meteorologists also blame it for contributing to the severe storms and tornadoes that have pummeled Central Florida this winter.
That's because El Nino pulls the subtropical jet stream -- high-altitude air currents that sweep across the nation -- farther south, which leads to stronger and more frequent winter storms in the southern U.S., according to meteorologists.
La Nina commonly comes on the heels of El Nino and can stick around for years, said Vernon Kousky, a research meteorologist at NOAA's Climate Prediction Center in Camp Springs, Md.
That happened from 1998 to 2001, helping to make each of those years stormier than normal, officials said. If there is a bright note, La Nina conditions that develop from March to June -- as this one appears to be doing -- usually don't reach peak intensity until December, Kousky said. That means the condition might not be fully in place during the June-November hurricane season.
Threat of wildfires
La Nina also boosts chances for wildfires in Florida because its cooling of the Pacific causes winds at high altitude to carry significantly less moisture across the Southern United States to Florida. During the La Nina that began in '98, drought conditions dried up lakes and turned forests into tinderboxes.
Noted storm prognosticator William Gray and his research assistant Phil Klotzbach of Colorado State University have predicted 14 named storms, including seven hurricanes, in 2007.
That would represent a slightly busier than normal season, which typically sees 11 named storms and six hurricanes.
However, Gray's forecast was drafted in December before the La Nina conditions were detected.
Gray predicted 17 named storms for 2006, including nine hurricanes, with five of those considered intense.
Instead, the season spawned nine named storms and five hurricanes. Only two of those reached Category 3 status.
Gray's forecast was overinflated last year because, he said, he didn't foresee El Nino's arrival.
NOAA will release its seasonal outlook in May. | <urn:uuid:4a14f120-caff-4ee0-82fb-fc3425060d12> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2007-02-28-mlanina28-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371818008.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408135412-20200408165912-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.952376 | 628 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Microsoft Word is one of the world’s top tools for communicating, with the distinct advantage of providing the opportunity to review, edit, or refine one’s message before pressing print or send. To help you get the most out of this powerful tool, here are six simple tips for using Microsoft Word (note that the answers below are specific to Word 2013):
1. Hide white space. You can make your Word documents a little easier to read or edit by temporarily hiding page breaks, footers, headers, and excessive blank spaces. In Microsoft Word’s Print Layout view, position your cursor between two separate pages until the Double-click to hide white space option appears, and then double-click your mouse button. To restore page breaks, footers, headers, and excessive blank spaces, position your cursor on the break line separating any two pages until the Double-click to show white space option appears, and then double-click your mouse button.
2. Automate your table of contents. You can create a table of contents in a Word document that can be automatically updated as the document changes. Highlight each paragraph heading in the document that you want referenced in the table of contents and from the References tab select Add Text, Level 1. Once you have referenced each paragraph, position your cursor where you want the table of contents to appear and from the References ribbon select Table of Contents, and then click on the table of contents format you desire. Thereafter, to update your table of contents as the document changes, click the table of contents to select it, and then press the Update Table button that appears at the top of your selected table of contents to update the table’s verbiage and page references.
3. View two separate parts of your Word document simultaneously. To simultaneously view two separate parts of your Word document, select Split from the View tab, click and drag the split to the desired position, and then scroll the separate viewing areas to view separate portions of the document at the same time.
4. View three or more separate parts of your Word document simultaneously. To simultaneously view three or more separate parts of a Word document, from the View tab select the New Window option (as many times as necessary) to launch additional copies of the document in separate windows. Next, from the View tab, select the Arrange All option to display the duplicate Word document windows side-by-side on your monitor. Thereafter, you can scroll in each window separately to view multiple portions of the Word document simultaneously.
5. Create newspaper formatting. You can create multiple columns in Word so your document flows and reads like a newspaper. To format a document into newspaper-style columns, from the Page Layout tab, select Columns, and then select the desired number of columns (three columns, eg). Thereafter, as you type, the columns will automatically flow from one column to the next similar to a traditional newspaper layout.
6. Use a shortcut to insert a comment. You can insert a comment into Word as follows: Select the text or position where you want the comment to occur, press Alt+Ctrl+M to launch a blank comment box, and then enter your comment. (A comment can consist of text, images, hyperlinks, or even videos).
—J. Carlton Collins (firstname.lastname@example.org) is a technology consultant and a contributing editor for CGMA Magazine. | <urn:uuid:60c33bdf-b21e-4cb3-acb7-88a891a60f77> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.fm-magazine.com/news/2016/mar/microsoft-word-tips-for-accountants.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662531352.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520030533-20220520060533-00383.warc.gz | en | 0.823407 | 698 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Heat stress deaths rise following Australia Day, warns Queensland doctor
A Queensland doctor has warned people to stay cool and hydrated on Australia Day because almost a quarter of Australia's heat stress deaths occur following the national day.
It's not that well known but heat stress kills more Australians than all of the other natural disasters put together.Richard Kidd, chair of Australia Medical Association of Queensland Council of General Practice
Australia Medical Association of Queensland Council of General Practice chair Richard Kidd, based in Brisbane, said more than 500 people died of heat stress in Australia each year.
"About 22 per cent of all of the heat stress deaths happen on January 27th each year," Dr Kidd said.
"It's not that well known, but heat stress kills more Australians than all of the other natural disasters put together.
"Floods, fires, cyclones — if you add them all up, still more Australians die of heat stress each year."
Dr Kidd said people of all ages could suffer from heat stress, but the elderly were vulnerable, particularly if they had pre-existing medical issues.
They could die from a heart attack or kidney failure as a result of heat stress.
"Everyone enjoys Australia Day. It's the day you might go out and play cricket in the boiling hot sun, and then you might go and cook up something on the barbecue, a few shrimps or whatever while you're drinking some wine and beer," Dr Kidd said.
"Unfortunately that is all a pretty lethal combination when you have a heatwave.
"That's why a lot of people die after Australia Day, because the damage happens on Australia Day but it takes 12 to 24 hours to actually kill you."
Watch for signs of heat stress
Dr Kidd said people could experience all kinds of symptoms, including dehydration, heat cramps, heat exhaustion and then heat stroke.
"Heat cramps — this can be quite a worrying thing where all of sudden a person starts sweating profusely," he said.
"But the real danger signs are when someone goes very pale and is still sweating a lot, getting very weak and fatigued, a headache, nausea, vomiting, and their heart rate goes up."
Dr Kidd said people experiencing heat stroke were often confused and their co-ordination was off.
"Someone who has heat stroke, that's a medical emergency," he said.
"They've got slurred speech, again someone might think someone is drunk, then their skin gets really hot and it may well be dry and they've lost the ability to sweat anymore."
He said older people were susceptible to heat stress during the summer months because it was harder for them to regulate their temperature when they were getting really hot.
Dr Kidd advised staying heat smart by drinking small sips of water frequently, using air conditioning or opening up windows, and avoiding going out into the heat between 11am and 2pm.
"If you're going to enjoy a drink ... during this really hot weather match each glass of alcohol with one or two glasses of water," he said.
Source: ABC News | <urn:uuid:c5323c6e-c0be-4896-b509-9d1bd85ae323> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://1015fm.com.au/2016/01/heat-stress-deaths-rise-following-australia-day-warns-queensland-doctor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141163411.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20201123153826-20201123183826-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.975047 | 629 | 2.828125 | 3 |
4. ䷃ Mêng / Youthful Folly
above ☶ KêN KEEPING STILL, MOUNTAIN
below ☵ K’AN THE ABYSMAL, WATER
In this hexagram we are reminded of youth and folly in two different ways. The image of the upper trigram, Kên, is the mountain, that of the lower, K’an, is water; the spring rising at the foot of the mountain is the image of inexperienced youth. Keeping still is the attribute of the upper trigram; that of the lower is the abyss, danger. Stopping in perplexity on the brink of a dangerous abyss is a symbol of the folly of youth. However, the two trigrams also show the way of overcoming the follies of youth. Water is something that of necessity flows on. When the spring gushes forth, it does not know at first where it will go. But its steady flow fills up the deep place blocking its progress, and success is attained.
YOUTHFUL FOLLY has success.
It is not I who seek the young fool;
The young fool seeks me.
At the first oracle I inform him.
If he asks two or three times, it is importunity.
If he importunes, I give him no information.
In the time of youth, folly is not an evil. One may succeed in spite of it, provided one finds an experienced teacher and has the right attitude toward him. This means, first of all, that the youth himself must be conscious of his lack of experience and must seek out the teacher. Without this modesty and this interest there is no guarantee that he has the necessary receptivity, which should express itself in respectful acceptance of the teacher. This is the reason why the teacher must wait to be sought out instead of offering himself. Only thus can the instruction take place at the right time and in the right way. A teacher’s answer to the question of a pupil ought to be clear and definite like that expected from an oracle; thereupon it ought to be accepted as a key for resolution of doubts and a basis for decision. If mistrustful or unintelligent questioning is kept up, it serves only to annoy the teacher. He does well to ignore it in silence, just as the oracle gives one answer only and refuses to be tempted by questions implying doubt. Given addition a perseverance that never slackens until the points are mastered one by one, real success is sure to follow. Thus the hexagram counsels the teacher as well as the pupil.
A spring wells up at the foot of the mountain:
The image of YOUTH.
Thus the superior man fosters his character
By thoroughness in all that he does.
A spring succeeds in flowing on and escapes stagnation by filling up all the hollow places in its path. In the same way character is developed by thoroughness that skips nothing but, like water, gradually and steadily fills up all gaps and so flows onward.
Six at the beginning means:
To make a fool develop
It furthers one to apply discipline.
The fetters should be removed.
To go on in this way bring humiliation.
Law is the beginning of education. Youth in its inexperience is inclined at first to take everything carelessly and playfully. It must be shown the seriousness of life. A certain measure of taking oneself in hand, brought about by strict discipline, is a good thing. He who plays with life never amounts to anything. However, discipline should not degenerate into drill. Continuous drill has a humiliating effect and cripples a man’s powers.
Nine in the second place means:
To bear with fools in kindliness brings good fortune.
To know how to take women
Brings good fortune.
The son is capable of taking charge of the household.
These lines picture a man who has no external power, but who has enough strength of mind to bear his burden of responsibility. He has the inner superiority and that enable him to tolerate with kindliness the shortcomings of human folly. The same attitude is owed to women as the weaker sex. One must understand them and give them recognition in a spirit of chivalrous consideration. Only this combination of inner strength with outer reserve enables one to take on the responsibility of directing a larger social body with real success.
Six in the third place means:
Take not a maiden who. When she sees a man of bronze,
Loses possession of herself.
A weak, inexperienced man, struggling to rise, easily loses his own individuality when he slavishly imitates a strong personality of higher station. He is like a girl throwing herself away when she meets a strong man. Such a servile approach should not be encouraged, because it is bad both for the youth and the teacher. A girl owes it to her dignity to wait until she is wooed. In both cases it is undignified to offer oneself, and no good comes of accepting such an offer.
Six in the fourth place means:
Entangled folly bring humiliation.
For youthful folly it is the most hopeless thing to entangle itself in empty imaginings. The more obstinately it clings to such unreal fantasies, the more certainly will humiliation overtake it. Often the teacher, when confronted with such entangled folly, has no other course but to leave the fool to himself for a time, not sparing him the humiliation that results. This is frequently the only means of rescue.
Six in the fifth place means:
Childlike folly brings good fortune.
An inexperienced person who seeks instruction in a childlike and unassuming way is on the right path, for the man devoid of arrogance who subordinated himself to his teacher will certainly be helped.
Nine at the top means:
In punishing folly
It does not further one
To commit transgressions.
The only thing that furthers
Is to prevent transgressions.
Sometimes an incorrigible fool must be punished. He who will not heed will be made to feel. This punishment is quite different from a preliminary shaking up. But the penalty should not be imposed in anger; it must be restricted to an objective guarding against unjustified excesses. Punishment is never an end in itself but serves merely to restore order. This applies not only in regard to education but also in regard to the measures taken by a government against a populace guilty of transgressions. Governmental interference should always be merely preventive and should have as its sole aim the establishment of public security and peace. | <urn:uuid:6b5d2ee3-3fd8-4007-9c16-ef89a802312a> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.chaostarot.com/iching/hexagram-4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711637.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20221210005738-20221210035738-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.949188 | 1,566 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Pseudonyms and wordplay, from Bono to the Brontës
With the discovery that mystery writer Robert Galbraith and Harry Potter creator J.K. Rowling are one and the same, the massively successful novelist has become one of many known popular fiction writers—including Stephen King and Anne Rice—to employ a nom de plume, or pen name, masking the true identity behind their work.
There are several reasons why a public figure would use a pseudonym. Their given name could be difficult to spell or pronounce; a same-named person of equal or greater celebrity status might have gotten there first; or perhaps they just like the idea of creating a new name. In show business, performers frequently adopt a stage name to separate their public personae from their private lives. In the literary world, some authors prefer to have their name tied to a specific genre or brand and when their writing pursuits venture outside those parameters, they choose to affix a pen name to those new works.
When creative professionals use creative approaches toward nomenclature, they afford us another peek into their artistic psyches. Here are some examples in popular and literary culture of the linguistic play in “pseudo-naming”:
The Brontës – Sisters Charlotte, Emily, and Anne all struggled to gain literary attention as female writers in mid-19th century England. Each used pen names and, for their earliest works, applied the same convention to their creation: the first initial of the first and last name of each pseudonym was the same as the real writer’s name. They also swapped genders: Charlotte Brontë → Currer Bell; Emily Brontë → Ellis Bell; and Anne Brontë → Acton Bell. The sisters became brothers.
(It’s also been speculated that the sisters preferred to use noms de plume to hide the fact that several of the characters in their works were inspired by, or named after, their real life neighbors.)
Edward Gorey – This prolific American writer and illustrator was a fan of anagrams and authored many of his works under pseudonyms that rearranged the letters of his own name. Among the many anagrams he either used as noms de plume or created as fictitious authors are: Ogdred Weary, Regera Dowdy, Raddory Gewe, Dogear Wryde, E. G. Deadworry, Wardore Edgy, Groeda Weyrd, and Dewda Yorger. Gorey also wrote under the name Eduard Blutig, another linguistic play on his name—blutig is the German word for “bloody,” a synonym of “gory.”
Eminem – When it came time to choose a stage name, the Detroit rapper decided, like the Brontë sisters before him, to utilize his initials as inspiration. Marshall Mathers first took the name “M&M”—like the candy chocolate—as a teenager, and then later changed it to “Eminem,” a more orthographic representation of the initials’ pronunciation.
Benjamin Franklin – From the time he was a child, the Founding Father and noted polymath used a variety of pseudonyms to write opinionated pieces which were published in a number of periodicals and other organizations. Franklin would usually create an identity to go along with each pen name and often used aptronyms to telegraph each author’s personality. These include: “Busy Body” (a female gossipmonger); “Benevolous” (who found it upon himself to correct negative statements about American colonists made in British newspapers); and “Anthony Afterwit” (a humor writer).
Bono – The origin of the U2 frontman’s stage name can supposedly be found in Dublin at a hearing aid shop. The shop is appropriately called “Bono Vox,” which means “good voice” in Latin.
Wiz Khalifa – Born Cameron Jibril Thomas, this American rapper also borrowed from another language to form his stage name. Khalifa is Arabic for “successor”. Wiz is contracted from “wisdom,” and was part of a nickname he was given by his grandfather as a young boy.
Diablo Cody – The story of the American screenwriter’s nom de plume is as charming as many of the scripts she’s penned. While driving through the city of Cody, Wyoming—which itself was named after the famed “Buffalo Bill” Cody—road-tripping Brook Busey found herself listening to “El Diablo,” a song by 80s pop group Arcadia (and Spanish for “the devil”) on repeat. The occasion seemed to have had a lasting impression, as she adopted the name soon after. | <urn:uuid:f8e1317a-b5a9-41fa-986f-edca4c8bf11d> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2013/08/language-play-in-noms-de-plume/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823997.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020082720-20171020102720-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.966207 | 1,018 | 3.015625 | 3 |
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