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OVERFISHING is sending cod stocks in the North Sea the way of the
Canadian Grand Banks fishery, which collapsed four years ago and as yet shows
little sign of recovery.
“At present exploitation rates, only four per cent of fish aged one will
survive to the age of four”, the age at which they mature, warns a team led by
Robin Cook of the Scottish Office’s Marine Laboratory in Aberdeen in a paper in
this week’s Nature. A detailed modelling exercise by Cook and
colleagues from Canada and Iceland predicts that “without a substantial
reduction in the rate of fishing, the North Sea cod stock may well
The scientists believe that the European Union’s attempts under the Common
Fisheries Policy to reduce the total allowable catch (TAC) for 1997 will not
work. “Fishermen find a way round these rules,” says one of the authors.
“Whatever the limits, our experience is that they always seem to take about 60
per cent of the cod in any one year. That needs to come down to a maximum of 40
The International Council for the Exploration of the Seas, a group of
fisheries scientists whose data was used by Cook, says that restricting the
number of days fishing boats can put to sea would reduce catches more
effectively than TACs.
Cook used a model that calculates the sustainable yield of a fishery by
plotting the natural relationship between birth and death rates among the fish
against different fishing rates. The model itself is not new, but it produced
alarming predictions when Cook applied it to the latest data on the North Sea
In December the European Commission backed away from imposing severe cuts in
fishing quotas, accepting that stocks had recovered in some areas because of
good weather. But Cook says that this “doesn’t change the overall picture
of over-exploitation”. And he warns that, given the the model’s inbuilt
uncertainties, even fishing at close to the theoretical maximum sustainable
yield could be dangerous. Even a small increase in catch above the maximum yield
causes the fish stock in the model to spiral into catastrophic decline.
The scientists’ comparison to the Canadian Grand Banks cod fishery will alarm
conservationists and the fishing industry. Cod stocks there collapsed, and the
fishery has been totally shut down since 1993, with the loss of 40 000 jobs.
“Signs of recovery of the stock are still very small, and in fact some stocks
still seem to be in decline,” says Cook’s coauthor, Alan Sinclair of the
Canadian government’s fisheries department.
This public warning from government fisheries scientists follows stinging
criticism from the House of Lords science and technology committee a year ago
(This Week, 10 February 1996, p4). The committee called for biologists to give
firm advice “in a form which the political managers could not ignore”. Singling
out the risks to North Sea cod, committee chairman Lord Selborne said that
caution about the accuracy of their models was “providing an excuse for | <urn:uuid:5d7502f8-c279-41f1-b20a-b529cdfb03d0> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15320680-600-north-sea-cod-on-the-brink-of-collapse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585507.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022114748-20211022144748-00303.warc.gz | en | 0.932783 | 670 | 2.9375 | 3 |
What Criminal or Forensic Psychology Degrees are Available?
Read about criminal psychology degrees, certification and salary.
Learn About Careers in Criminal Psychology
Criminal psychology (also called forensic psychology) is the intersection of psychology and the legal system.
Forensic psychologists offer expert psychological opinions in legal matters. They generally perform both forensic duties and clinical duties, helping their clients with counseling and therapy.
The job description of a forensic psychologist may include these responsibilities:
- Lead psychological evaluations to determine if a defendant is fit to stand trial
- Help determine whether an elderly or ill person is competent to make decisions
- Discern if a death was an accident or a “disguised suicide” in an insurance claim
- Develop psychological profiles of perpetrators to help police understand the nature, patterns and motives of criminals
- Study problems of crime prevention, rehabilitation programs in prisons, and help select candidates for police work
Education and Training
To work in the field of criminal psychology, you must earn a master’s or doctoral degree in clinical psychology, forensic psychology or counseling, which takes about five to seven years to complete. There’s currently no specific forensic psychology degree (or criminal psychology degree), but to specialize in forensic psychology, candidates do post-doctoral fellowship training in forensic psychology.
Where You’ll Work
Forensic psychologists work in many different settings, including the following:
- State or local criminal justice systems
- Research centers
- Medical examiners’ offices
- Police departments
- Independent consultants
What Forensic Psychologists Do
Forensic psychologists may perform any of the following functions:
- Evaluate defendants to determine if they’re competent to stand trial
- Determine whether a convict is at risk for re-offending
- Offer expert testimony on criminal psychological disorders
- Research issues that have a legal impact, such as testimony from children or from eyewitnesses
- Train law enforcement and other criminal justice workers to safely handle individuals with psychological problems
Certification and Licensure
The American Psychological Association (APA) accredits doctoral training programs in clinical psychology, counseling and school psychology.
All states require licensure for practicing psychologists. Requirements vary from state to state, but psychologists generally need a master’s or doctoral degree from an accredited institution, one year of field work, and they must pass a state certification exam.
After getting work experience and continuing education, some psychologists will go on to become Board Certified in the specialty of forensic psychology. The best-known certification board is the American Board of Forensic Psychology, which offers the title of Diplomate to people who meet its standards and pass its certification exam.
Forensic Psychology Salaries
Forensic Psychologists are part of the larger field of psychologists. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics’ current Occupational Outlook Handbook, the median national annual salary for psychologists is $75,230. Actual salaries may vary greatly based on specialization within the field, location, years of experience and a variety of other factors. National long-term projections of employment growth may not reflect local and/or short-term economic or job conditions, and do not guarantee actual job growth.
Find your program
We can help you get connected with schools in your area. | <urn:uuid:102edf92-98b4-4c8b-9b53-5e1bfe0f99e5> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.allcriminaljusticeschools.com/forensics/forensic-psychology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247494125.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220003821-20190220025821-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.910578 | 667 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Hurricane Sandy and its aftermath have underscored the vulnerability of the region to extreme weather events such as hurricanes and coastal storms. As the region recovers and rebuilds, understanding the costs, benefits and implications of our alternatives to responding to this disaster is imperative.
There are many coastal adaptation strategies that reduce damage and the risk of damage from large storms. These strategies can be site-specific, local or regional in scale. For the most part these tools — such as levees, bulkheads, constructed wetlands and zoning and site plan review powers — are familiar to planners and policy makers. But consensus among governments, planning agencies and the private sector can be difficult to achieve.
The wake of Sandy's devastation has brought attention and political will among these parties. There are many questions and tough decisions ahead: Will the region rebuild in place, and armor its coastline with a combination of "hard" and "soft" infrastructure, or retreat from coastal areas? How can local government best support homeowners and businesses facing decisions about needed improvements and higher insurance premiums?
To help frame and answer those questions, Regional Plan Association recently led a scenario planning exercise that looks at regional resilience to extreme coastal storm events — tropical storms and nor'easters — across four alternative futures. Scenario planning is technique often used by planners in situations — as with coastal storms and climate change - where uncertainty is a critical factor.
Our goal is to illustrate the implications of alternative policies and investments in a way that will help decision makers create more resilient coastal communities in the face of an uncertain future. The result will be a framework that will help local and regional planners select the most appropriate coastal adaptation strategies.
Working with the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, the Consensus Building Institute and Bio-Era, RPA convened our partner organizations from the HUD Sustainable Communities Initiatives from New York-Connecticut and North Jersey to participate in this exercise. RPA had established draft parameters based on the frequency and severity of storm events; the degree of activity from local, state and federal government; and possible responses from the marketplace. At the workshop, SCI partners fleshed out these factors and help ensure the scenarios to reflect the situation in their own communities.
Building on coastal adaptation strategies identified by the New York City Department of City Planning, one of our SCI partners, RPA will now identify risk exposures based on coastal geomorphology, land use and critical infrastructure systems. We will test the site-specific, local and regional coastal adaptation strategies across a sample of these exposures under each of four scenarios as to the resulting opportunities and constraints, costs, and co-benefits. The work will be presented at the annual RPA Assembly on April 19.
In many ways, the future of the region has never been more uncertain. The return rate of such severe weather is unclear. The ability of the public sector to undertake long-term improvements and maintenance is in question. The response of the private real estate market to these risks is unknown. As we start down the path of framing a coherent policy and investment response to Sandy, it is critical that this uncertainty be addressed from the start. | <urn:uuid:2fda6b9b-c0ee-46a8-9bdb-e693323c9f11> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.rpa.org/spotlight/scenario-planning-to-build-coastal-resilience | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805114.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118225302-20171119005302-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.934091 | 632 | 2.734375 | 3 |
How to Grow Parsnips
A tip sheet on how to grow and care for parsnips.
Parsnips (Pastinaca sativa)
- Family: Apiaceae (Carrot)
- Season: Cool
- Ease of growing: Moderate
- Fertility needs: Medium
- Water needs: High
- Common propagation: Seed
- Germination temperatures: 35°F to 85°F
- Germination time: 10 to 21 days
- Viability: 1 year
- Direct sow: April
- Spacing: 2” to 3”
- Plants per square foot: 9
- Time to harvest: 100 to 120 days
Parsnips are an under-appreciated vegetable, but devotees insist that few dishes are better than parsnips steamed, sliced and served with butter. It has a sweet, nutty flavor that enhances soups and stews. Parsnips are a nutritious member of the carrot family, a source of vitamins B6 and C and potassium. Though a biennial, it is grown as an annual. Parsnips are one of the hardiest vegetables. In fact, flavor is enhanced by frost.
Preparation and planting
Like carrots, parsnips like a deep, well-drained soil. Seeds germinate best when soil temperatures are 50°F to 70°F. Even at these temperatures, seeds may take three weeks or more to germinate. Be careful not to let the soil dry out and crust during this period or the small seeds may have difficulty breaking through. Some gardeners sow radishes in the row as a marker crop and to help break soil crusting.
Cultural requirements for parsnips are very similar to those of carrots. They require consistent moisture, but are relatively untroubled by insect and disease pests. Their longer growing period requires vigilance for weed management.
Insects: Aster leafhoppers
Diseases: Alternaria and Cercospera
Harvesting and storage
Harvest roots when they reach 1 inch in diameter. Expect about 70 roots per 25-foot row. Any that aren’t harvested in the fall can be mulched and overwintered for spring harvest. In the spring, harvest before tops begin sprouting.
Developed by James Manning, Undergraduate Research Assistant, and Daniel Brainard, Vegetable Extension Specialist; MSU Department of Horticulture; Gary Heilig, MSU Extension educator. | <urn:uuid:8b09d3b6-7c25-4d02-aae8-814f4096714f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://msue.anr.msu.edu/resources/how_to_grow_parsnips | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722653.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00243-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905731 | 516 | 3.234375 | 3 |
|HOME||BOOKS||VISUAL||BLOG||RANTS||HPL SAUCE||GET PUBLISHED|
Verb Forms, Regular and Irregular
Many verbs have a passive participle: farmed land is land that someone farms. But for some verbs this participle has an active meaning: an accomplished artist is an artist who has accomplished things, not an artist who someone else accomplishes. Some verbs have participles with both passive and active meanings.
Most verbs form their subject-noun by adding -er: the verb play has player. But some are irregular: liar, actor, glazier, guarantor, claimant, hangman.
The English verb isn't nice and neat. You can't just learn three parts and then work out all the rest through regular rules. Instead, this book lists ten parts for each verb.
This book is not just another reference list of verbs. It shows the depth of variation and irregularity among English verbs, and it groups similar verbs together to make the patterns behind them easier to learn. | <urn:uuid:defcdc4c-6c17-408b-8001-bc9a2553e906> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://books.raymondlong.co.uk/index.php?ptype=a&id=10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573289.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918131429-20190918153429-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.952741 | 221 | 2.890625 | 3 |
That very useful behavior in complex fluids is called shear thinning: their viscosity decreases during mixing and increases at rest. But certain fluids, when the mixing speed increases — as required in many large-scale industrial processes — can pass through the region of shear thinning and move into a region where viscosity increases dramatically, and these fluids become difficult or impossible to stir. This effect, known as shear thickening, has been under investigation for several decades as engineers sought to solve complex production problems caused by the phenomenon.
In the late 1980s, scientist Richard L. Hoffman proposed a simple model: When fluids are mixed at low speeds, the suspended particles form ordered layers that can slide easily across each other, facilitating flow. But when exposed to high speeds, the layers become disordered and stumble over one another, hindering flow; this change in the type of flow is called “order-to-disorder transition.” It’s a bit like a disorderly crowd, pushing and shuffling its way through a congested exit.
Other researchers were able to observe this behavior in many fluids, but not in every shear-thickening fluid. So, scientists proposed several other models to explain the shear-thickening phenomenon, but none of them address Hoffman’s model.
“So the puzzle remains, how is order-to-disorder of particles related to shear-thickening behavior? Why does it happen only in certain complex fluids?” said Xiao-Min Lin, nanoscientist at the Center for Nanoscale Materials at the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory.
Now, an Argonne team of nanoscientists and physicists has unraveled this 30-year mystery by studying a shear-thickening fluid with in situ X-ray characterization.
“Combining a rheometer, which measures the viscosity of the liquid, with X-ray characterization creates a unique instrument that can understand the structure of particles when they are moving in real time,” said Suresh Narayanan, another lead scientist on the project and physicist in the Time Resolved Research Group in Argonne’s X-ray Science division.
The team has always suspected that particle uniformity might play a role in this phenomenon. So Jonghun Lee, the lead postdoctoral fellow on this project, synthesized highly uniform silica nanoparticles of three different diameters. Using a specific ultra-sensitive small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique at Argonne’s Advanced Photon Source (APS), Lin, Narayanan and their team — now augmented with other members of the Time Resolved Research Group — measured how the nanoparticles flowed in response to an applied force in real time.
The group’s effort was rewarded. The highly uniform suspensions created by the team allowed separation of the two phenomena: order-to-disorder transition and normal shear thickening. Until now, they had been indistinguishable in other experiments. The data captured in situ proved that the order-to-disorder transition discovered in the 1980s occurs in lower-stress regions and the steady shear thickening occurs in higher-stress regions. In other words, these behaviors are driven by two separate, independent mechanisms.
“But when you have non-uniform particles, these two behaviors collapse into the same region, making them indistinguishable,” Lee said.
The team now seeks to understand the mechanism that really contributes to shear thickening. These studies could lead to applications in three-dimensional printing, the chemical industry and the biomedical field.
This work, titled “Unraveling the role of order-to-disorder transition in shear thickening suspensions,” was published in a January issue of Physical Review Letters.
The research was performed at the Center for Nanoscale Materials and the Advanced Photon Source, DOE Office of Science User Facilities, and was made possible through Argonne’s Laboratory Directed Research and Development program, with partial funding from the University of Chicago Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC).
Argonne National Laboratory seeks solutions to pressing national problems in science and technology. The nation’s first national laboratory, Argonne conducts leading-edge basic and applied scientific research in virtually every scientific discipline. Argonne researchers work closely with researchers from hundreds of companies, universities, and federal, state and municipal agencies to help them solve their specific problems, advance America’s scientific leadership and prepare the nation for a better future. With employees from more than 60 nations, Argonne is managed by UChicago Argonne, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science.
The U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, visit the Office of Science website. | <urn:uuid:727aaae7-ef19-4988-8108-77dc901b6a50> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.anl.gov/article/through-thick-and-thin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203529.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324230359-20190325012359-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.940556 | 1,045 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Objective: To define the basic state-of-the-art medical care of the patients after bone marrow transplantation as practiced by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.
Data Identification: Studies examining the role of bone marrow transplantation in the care of neoplastic disorders identified using computer and bibliographic searches.
Study Selection: More than 500 articles, book chapters, and abstracts from meetings, covering all therapeutic and diagnostic aspects of the patient having bone marrow transplantation were critically reviewed; information from over 200 publications is included.
Results of Data Analysis: Enormous progress has been made in understanding the biology, therapy, and prophylaxis strategies of bone marrow transplantation and in extending the range of potential marrow donors to include unrelated persons. Dramatic advances have occurred in the prevention of serious infection, including cytomegalovirus infection, formerly a cause of a high rate of mortality. The advent of newer-combination, high-dose chemotherapy regimens and advances in cryopreservation and in vitro marrow purging techniques have led to increased use and greater efficacy of autologous transplantation. Recent advances using recombinant hematopoietic growth factors and autologous peripheral stem cells are likely to reduce morbidity and mortality and significantly shorten the length of hospitalization and the cost of bone marrow transplantation.
Conclusions: Bone marrow transplantation now is a common procedure done throughout the world. Cooperative groups have assumed a major role in conducting clinical trials. A standardized approach defining basic standards of care will assure uniformity of management, better interpretation of data, and continued progress in the care of the patient who has had a bone marrow transplantation. Basic research and clinical trials are ongoing to define better methods for the treatment and prevention of graft-versus-host disease and hepatic veno-occlusive disease. | <urn:uuid:9d71a3d0-1ceb-4d49-976d-c28bc88d0447> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=707037 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988399.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00316-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920047 | 374 | 2.609375 | 3 |
A new study has revealed that when choosing what to eat, cats gravitate towards carbs, whereas dogs prefer high-fat food.
The study, which has been published by Jean Hall, a professor at Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine at Oregon State University says the findings refute the common notion that cats want and need a protein-heavy regimen and further highlights why older cats should have less protein.
On the study’s findings, Hall said, “The numbers were much different than what traditional thinking would have expected. Some experts have thought cats need diets that are 40 or 50 percent protein. Our findings are quite different than the numbers used in marketing and are going to really challenge the pet food industry.”
Why protein is important to a cat’s diet
Dietary proteins contribute to a number of important physiological functions such as blood clotting, production of hormones and enzymes, vision and cell repair.
Protein also has the most power to make the eater feel satiated; carbohydrates are second in that regard, followed by fat.
Hall’s research involved monitoring 17 healthy adult dogs and 27 cats over 28 days and used four types of food that were designed to taste the same; with flavour out of the equation, the animals could make macronutrient choices based only on what their bodies were telling them they needed.
The animals studied were given four food choices (high-fat, high-carbohydrate, high-protein and balanced foods) and new bowls each day to avoid ‘bowl bias’.
Each day the dogs had an hour to eat all they wanted up to a predetermined calorie intake, to make sure they could get all the calories they needed for metabolic requirements and to maintain weight, but no more, whereas the cats involved in the study 24-hour food access to the point of hitting their caloric threshold.
“Previous studies have shown that if you don’t balance palatability between foods, cats do in fact prefer to eat very high levels of protein and dogs want to eat a lot of fat,” Hall said. “When you balance palatability, both dogs and cats prefer significantly different macronutrient content than what they would choose based on taste.”
The researchers found the cats on average chose to get 43 percent of their calories from carbs and 30 percent from protein.
Dogs on the other hand went for 41 percent fat and 36 percent carbs.
Not a single dog or cat chose to get the highest percentage of its calories from protein.
Conclusion: a cat’s age should determine what they eat
Within the study, researchers revealed that they noticed younger cats with less lean body mass tended more strongly toward protein consumption than younger cats with more lean body mass; in fact, younger cats in general wanted protein more than older cats.
Hall also found the older cats’ blood had much lower levels of DHA, a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid that’s important for the brain, heart and eyes, than the younger cats.
“None of the foods had ingredient sources of DHA or EPA, another long-chain omega-3, but cats are able to synthesize DHA by elongating and desaturating fatty acids,” Hall said. “The older cats, though, are a lot less efficient at that.”
Additionally, Hall noted more potential bad news for older cats saying their concentrations of sulfated microbial catabolic products – protein-breakdown leftovers that in humans are connected to cardiovascular and kidney disease – were significantly higher.
“Just like with older people, older cats may have a different gut microbiome than younger cats, which would mean different microbial metabolic activities,” Hall said.
Basically, if a younger cat gets more protein than it can use, it can safely deal with and dispose of the excess a lot better than an older cat can. | <urn:uuid:0f0592e2-db7c-41ab-bf11-adce8830e38b> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.totalcat.co.uk/cats-like-carbs-apparently/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662631064.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527015812-20220527045812-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.968253 | 800 | 2.921875 | 3 |
A GOOGLE Doodle animation has celebrated the news that Nasa astronomers have discovered seven Earth-like planets orbiting the same star.
The space agency’s announcement brings hope that scientists could find extraterrestrial life on one of the warm, rocky exoplanets.
What is Trappist-1?
Trappist-1 is the name of a red dwarf star — much smaller and cooler than our own Sun — around 39 light years away from us.
It is in the area of sky where the Aquarius constellation is visible.
Telescopes trained on the star detected dips in the light — telltale signs of a planet passing in front of our view.
It made it a strong candidate in the search for alien life.
What are exoplanets?
Exoplanets are planets orbiting stars outside our own solar system.
For centuries astronomers have predicted our Sun would not be the only star with a system of planets and millions of others would have formed in the same way.
But most are so far away and relatively dim that telescopes cannot observe them directly.
Instead scientists have to look for clues — such as tiny dips in the visible light or a "wobble" caused by a large planet's gravitational pull.
The first confirmed detection of an exoplanet came in 1992 and more were discovered in the years since using new techniques and better telescopes.
In May last year Nasa revealed it had found a further 1,284 new planets, more than doubling the number of known exoplanets in the universe to more than 3,500 - of which nine were believed to be habitable.
Until now the best chance for finding life was thought to be on a mysterious world circling our closest neighbour Proxima Centuari, just four light years away.
It is thought a fifth of Sun-like stars have potentially habitable planets the size of Earth - a total of 11 billion in our galaxy the Milky Way.
That could rise to 40 billion if you include planets around red dwarfs like Trappist-1.
What has Nasa found in the Trappist-1 system?
Early last year Michaël Gillon of the University of Liège announced the discovery of three exoplanets orbiting Trappist-1.
Since then further observations have come from Nasa's Spitzer Space Telescope, plus telescopes in Chile, Morocco, the Canary Islands, Hawaii and South Africa.
They confirmed the existence of at least seven planets, and measured their vital statistics — their mass and diameter, their temperature and the size and duration of their orbits.
It is a record for the number of Earth-like, potentially habitable worlds in one star system.
The planets do not yet have names, but have simply been labelled Trappist-1b, c, d, e, f, g and h.
The star itself has only 8 per cent the mass of the Sun and is just slightly bigger than Jupiter, the largest planet in our Solar System.
Trappist-1 is much cooler than larger stars but all seven of its planets are close by — nearer than our own inner planet Mercury is to the sun — meaning at least six are in the "Goldilocks zone" where conditions are not too hot and not too cold for life.
Why are people so exciting about Nasa's Trappist-1 exoplanet announcement?
Rocky worlds in outer space have been detected before, but never so many of similar size to Earth in one star system.
Scientists are excited because at least three of the planets have just the right temperature for oceans on the surface.
Others could also have liquid water — essential for life as we know it.
The Hubble Space Telescope is already searching for atmospheres around the planets as a first step to check them out for clues that they are inhabited.
And the more powerful James Webb Space Telescope launched next year will peer at them in even closer detail.
Boffins may be able to detect chemicals that would be a sign of biological activity — proof aliens exist, even if there are only tiny beings similar to bacteria.
What are people saying about the Trappist-1 exoplanet discovery?
Michaël Gillon, who led the discovery team, said: "This is an amazing planetary system — not only because we have found so many planets, but because they are all surprisingly similar in size to the Earth."
Fellow researcher Dr Amaury Triaud, of the Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, told The Sun: "There have been announcements before of planets that might be habitable, but we didn't have enough information to be sure that they were rocky, and so Earth-like.
"The difference this time is that we have the radius, the mass and an indication of the approximate temperatures of each of the planets, and will be able to study them in greater detail.
"We will be able to probe their atmospheres remotely from Earth, find out their climate, and eventually determine the chemical composition of the atmospheres.
"Life leaves a chemical trace within the atmosphere, so we hope one day to detect that too.
"Here we have the right target to start the search for life. It is the first one we have really, but instead of just one planet we have seven."
He added: "I'm convinced that if there is life there, we will have the chance to detect it within the next decade.
"So we could soon have an answer to one of the oldest philosophical questions — are we alone in the Universe — and that is quite incredible.
"For me this discovery is extremely exciting. I'm doing research because I want to find out how frequently life has formed in the Universe, and to be at such an advanced stage in our understanding of this, and to participate in the adventure, is great."
When are the next solar and lunar eclipses and how can I watch them in the UK? All you need to know
Nasa announces discovery of entire solar system which could be home to alien lifeforms
Nasa calls major news conference to reveal ‘discovery beyond our solar system’ that could aid quest for alien life
Bizarre Star Wars-style desert world orbiting Proxima Centauri, boffins discover
Planet orbiting Earth’s ‘closest neighbour’ Proxima Centauri could be home to ALIENS | <urn:uuid:c9018c57-0b96-4d02-a703-f0dc24f199fe> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.thescottishsun.co.uk/news/630042/what-does-the-exoplanet-discovery-mean-google-doodle-marks-nasa-trappist-1-announcement-all-you-need-to-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891807660.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180217185905-20180217205905-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.945782 | 1,308 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Amazing April – Mother nature returns from her winter vacation. Time to get out and help her show the wonders she can provide.
1. Feed Azaleas once they have completed bloom. Use a special azalea-camellia fertilizer or a complete and balanced fertilizer such as 8-8-8. The shallow rooted azaleas are easily injured by over-fertilization. Make light and frequent applications. Safe formula One tablespoon of fertilizer per foot of height of established plant or apply approximately 1/4 – 1/2 cup per sq. yard of soil area. Repeat applications monthly – May, June, September and October. Prune winter damaged plants just prior to new growth. Future winter damage may occur with summer heat stress with the splitting of major stems near soil line.
2. April – Plant Lawn Grasses. As nights begin to warm and spring rains become more available, lawn grasses begin to grow. New lawns may be planted and old lawns improved. There are several grasses from which to choose; yet, each has its advantages and disadvantages. Thus, selection should be based on personal desired in a grass and homegrounds growing condition.
Plant sprigs and sod of improved Bermudas, St..Augustine, Centipede and Zoysias, and seed of common Bermuda. Centipede grass may also be sown from seed, but germination is slow and erratic.
3. Caladiums for Summer Shade – April is caladium planting time. Caladiums, whether in pots or shaded garden beds, add a vivid richness to any summer garden. The caladium is a warm weather plant and does best planted now after the soil warms up or when temperatures average 70 degrees or more. Even though caladiums like warm temperatures, they prefer cool moist, well-drained soils in the landscape. The tubers should be planted approximately one and one-half to two inches deep and from 12 to 18 inches apart in loose, organic soil.
4. Other Seasonal Plants for Shaded Garden may include:
Ferns – native or cultivated ferns always add a touch of garden coolness and freshness. Ferns love shaded garden pockets with generous summer watering and humidity. Plant in loose, Organic rich soil and use as a backdrop for the above colorful annuals.
Coleus – fast growing annuals with colorful foliage, easily propagated from cuttings and very available at nurseries. Impatiens (Sultana) – clear, bright colored blooms for the summer shade.
Bedding Begonias – for mass plantings, borders or containers.
5. Geraniums – April is geranium planting time, and these popular plants are excellent for color masses in the garden. Obtain sound, healthy plants. Locate the plants in a rich, loamy, well-drained soil. Several inches of coarse peatmoss spaded into the top six inches of soil will help the plants tolerate summer conditions. Allow ample growing room for each part. Even though small at the time of planting, healthy plants will fill, a 12 to 15 inch spacing between plants. Geraniums, which are available in many new and exciting varieties, tend to prefer a partially shaded location, often-times being damaged by severe summer sun and heat. This is not to say that they do well in full shade. Locate the plantings where they are protected from the heat of afternoon sun, yet where they have a morning sun or sun for good flower production.
6. Annuals to Plant in April include: Ageratium, Dusty Miller, Amaranth, Verbena, Cleome, Morning Glory, Cockscomb (Celosia), Moss Rose, Coleus, Petunia, Sunflower, Zinnia, Cosmos, Gourds, Gloriosa Daisy, Salvia, Periwinkle (Vinca) and Marigold.
7. Groom Landscape Plants- Prune overgrown, spring flowering trees and shrubs once have have completed, bloom. Think in terms of “thinning” rather than “hacking” the plant back.
Cut spring flowering annuals such as sweet pea, larkspur, pansies and calendula blooms often to encourage new growth and more bloom.
Falling and yellowing leaves of magnolia, photinia, hollies, gardenia, and cleyera is normal at this season a sinew growth and foliage comes forth.
Winter injured plants should be watered during dry periods. Be patient in cutting the plant back, cutting only dead wood and damaged foliage prior to spring growth. Green stems may leaf out again. Prune back groundcover plantings such as Monkeygrass and Asiatic Jasmine which has been damaged by cold to encourage a new and vigorous surge of new growth,
8. Cannas – Easy Summer Blooms – The summer canna is easily grown in rich soil in part shade or full sun. New varieties with compact growth and large vivid blooms have made this old plant all the more popular and more beautiful.
Canna Leaf-Roller Prevent this insect from feeding on the rolled leaves of cannas.
9. Continue to plant ornamental plants. Late spring planting is certainly successful if quality plants are obtained and care is taken in planting and caring for the plant during its first summer season.
10. Watch for and Control Spring Insects. Scale, whiteflies on gardenia, holly, camellia and ligustrum; aphids on new growth and cutworms on tender new plants; eastern tent caterpillars in trees and large shrubs such as plum, pecan, etc.
11. Complete spring fertilization of lawn grasses and plants if you haven’t done so.
As the new gardening season gets underway, don’t forget to use grass clippings, vegetable tops, leaves and other organic matter available for the compost pile. This will provide excellent material later for potting soil, flower beds and other garden needs.
TIMELY GARDENING QUESTIONS ANSWERED:
1. May I plant wildflowers now?
No. Spring and summer wildflower seed are planted in early fall – September into October. select the ones you like now while they are in bloom and order seed for a fall planting. Many perennial wildflowers are being offered as transplants in nurseries and may be planted now from transplants.
2. Why have all my German or Bearded Iris turned white?
Bearded iris do not change colors. This iris likes cold winter and mild summers, therefore, some varieties do not repeat bloom well in the East Texas area. The white tends to be well and continues to repeat. This is not to say beautiful colored varieties don’t bloom here — they do; yet some do not.
3. What is the best way to grow Hosta in East Texas?
Hosta, a more northern plant suffers from our intense summer heat, therefore, must be grown in a shaded garden bed in loose organic soil with a mulch to keep its root system cool. Water in summer. Hosta can be grown successfully in East Texas.
4. Why isn’t my crepe myrtle leafing out?
Winter freeze damage will kill many crepe myrtle. Unusual cold, plus drought at the time of a freeze will cause this unusual kill. Many plants will return with sucker growth from the roots. Remove all dead wood and encourage the new root growth.
5. How can I encourage my Bougainvillea and Chinese hibiscus to recover and bloom from over wintering indoors?
Place the plants out-of-doors now in full sun. Prune halfway back to encourage new growth which in turn will produce flowers and feed with a high-phosphorus fertilizer.
6. How can I encourage my dogwood to flower better next year?
Feed now with an application of super phosphate. Plan to water if possible in August when the plant begins to form flower buds. | <urn:uuid:86d4aa55-c32e-410c-b6eb-fbbad04aee0f> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://henderson-co-tx-mg.org/welcome/gardens/your-garden/monthly-garden-guide/april/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794868132.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527072151-20180527092151-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.926214 | 1,678 | 2.75 | 3 |
Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary1. (n.) Want of truth or accuracy; an untrue assertion or representation; error; misrepresentation; falsity.
2. (n.) A deliberate intentional assertion of what is known to be untrue; a departure from moral integrity; a lie.
3. (n.) Treachery; deceit; perfidy; unfaithfulness.
International Standard Bible EncyclopediaFALSEHOOD
Greek5579. pseudos -- a falsehood, untruth, lie
... a falsehood, untruth, lie. Part of Speech: Noun, Neuter Transliteration: pseudos
Phonetic Spelling: (psyoo'-dos) Short Definition: a lie Definition: a lie ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/5579.htm - 6k
5582. pseusma -- a lie, falsehood
893. apseudes -- free from falsehood
5574. pseudomai -- to lie
5576. pseudomartureo -- to bear false witness, give false ...
Strong's Hebrew8267. sheqer -- deception, disappointment, falsehood
... 8266, 8267. sheqer. 8268 . deception, disappointment, falsehood. Transliteration:
sheqer Phonetic Spelling: (sheh'-ker) Short Definition: falsehood. ...
/hebrew/8267.htm - 6k
3577. kazab -- a lie, falsehood, deceptive thing
4604. maal -- an unfaithful or treacherous act
7723. shav -- emptiness, vanity
391. akzab -- deceptive, disappointing
Commandment Third. On Avoiding Falsehood, and on the Repentance of ...
Whether There Can be Falsehood in the Intellect of an Angel?
Psalm 56. Deliverance from Oppression and Falsehood; Or, God's ...
He Shows the Falsehood of Eunomius' Calumnious Charge that the ...
Whether Treachery, Fraud, Falsehood, Perjury, Restlessness ...
Psalm 56 Deliverance from Oppression and Falsehood.
Truth First, Falsehood Afterwards, as Its Perversion Christ's ...
Of the Constant Falsehood of the Devil, and of the Powers and ...
We must not Lie, Even for the Sake of Moderation. The Praise of ...
The Devil is Well Practised in Falsehood, by which Adam Having ...
ThesaurusFalsehood (107 Occurrences)
... imposture. Int. Standard Bible Encyclopedia. FALSEHOOD. fols'-hood. See LYING.
Multi-Version Concordance Falsehood (107 Occurrences). John ...
/f/falsehood.htm - 36k
Lie (291 Occurrences)
Leasing (2 Occurrences)
Deception (24 Occurrences)
Deceitfully (22 Occurrences)
Prophesying (58 Occurrences)
Falsely (72 Occurrences)
Crime (45 Occurrences)
Perverseness (46 Occurrences)
Satan (50 Occurrences)
Bible ConcordanceFalsehood (107 Occurrences)
John 7:18 He who speaks from himself seeks his own glory, but he who seeks the glory of him who sent him is true, and no unrighteousness is in him.
John 8:44 Ye are of the devil, as your father, and ye desire to do the lusts of your father. He was a murderer from the beginning, and has not stood in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaks falsehood, he speaks of what is his own; for he is a liar and its father:
Romans 1:25 who changed the truth of God into falsehood, and honoured and served the creature more than him who had created it, who is blessed for ever. Amen.
Romans 3:7 If, for instance, a falsehood of mine has made God's truthfulness more conspicuous, redounding to His glory, why am I judged all the same as a sinner?
Romans 9:1 I am telling you the truth as a Christian man--it is no falsehood, for my conscience enlightened, as it is, by the Holy Spirit adds its testimony to mine--
Ephesians 4:25 Therefore, putting away falsehood, speak truth each one with his neighbor. For we are members of one another. Paul's Letter to the Colossians
2 Thessalonians 2:9 whose coming is according to the working of Satan in all power and signs and wonders of falsehood,
2 Peter 2:1 But there were also false prophets among the people, as there will be teachers of falsehood among you also, who will cunningly introduce fatal divisions, disowning even the Sovereign Lord who has redeemed them, and bringing on themselves swift destruction.
1 John 2:27 And as for you, the anointing which you received from Him remains within you, and there is no need for any one to teach you. But since His anointing gives you instruction in all things--and is true and is no falsehood--you are continuing in union with Him even as it has taught you to do.
1 John 4:6 We are of God. He who knows God listens to us. He who is not of God doesn't listen to us. By this we know the spirit of truth, and the spirit of error.
Revelation 21:27 And nothing unclean may come into it, or anyone whose works are cursed or false; but only those whose names are in the Lamb's book of life.
Revelation 22:15 Outside are the dogs, the sorcerers, the sexually immoral, the murderers, the idolaters, and everyone who loves and practices falsehood.
Exodus 23:7 Thou shalt keep far from the cause of falsehood; and the innocent and righteous slay not; for I will not justify the wicked.
Leviticus 6:3 or hath found a lost thing, and hath lied concerning it, and hath sworn to a falsehood, concerning one of all 'these' which man doth, sinning in them:
Leviticus 19:12 And ye do not swear by My name to falsehood, or thou hast polluted the name of thy God; I 'am' Jehovah.
Deuteronomy 19:18 and the judges have searched diligently, and lo, the witness 'is' a false witness, a falsehood he hath testified against his brother:
2 Samuel 18:13 Otherwise I should have wrought falsehood against mine own life: for there is no matter hid from the king, and thou thyself wouldest have set thyself against me.
1 Kings 22:22 and he saith, I go out, and have been a spirit of falsehood in the mouth of all his prophets; and He saith, Thou dost entice, and also thou art able; go out and do so.
1 Kings 22:23 And now, lo, Jehovah hath put a spirit of falsehood in the mouth of all these thy prophets, and Jehovah hath spoken concerning thee -- evil.'
2 Chronicles 18:21 and he saith, I go out, and have become a spirit of falsehood in the mouth of all his prophets. And He saith, Thou dost entice, and also, thou art able; go out and do so.
2 Chronicles 18:22 And, now, lo, Jehovah hath put a spirit of falsehood in the mouth of these thy prophets, and Jehovah hath spoken concerning thee -- evil.'
Job 13:4 And yet, ye 'are' forgers of falsehood, Physicians of nought -- all of you,
Job 21:34 So how can you comfort me with nonsense, seeing that in your answers there remains only falsehood?"
Job 27:4 Truly, there is no deceit in my lips, and my tongue does not say what is false.
Job 31:5 "If I have walked with falsehood, and my foot has hurried to deceit
Psalms 4:2 You sons of men, how long shall my glory be turned into dishonor? Will you love vanity, and seek after falsehood? Selah.
Psalms 5:6 Thou wilt destroy them that speak lies: Jehovah abhorreth the blood-thirsty and deceitful man.
Psalms 7:14 Behold, he travails with iniquity. Yes, he has conceived mischief, and brought forth falsehood.
Psalms 12:2 They speak falsehood every one with his neighbor: With flattering lip, and with a double heart, do they speak.
Psalms 24:4 He who has clean hands and a pure heart; who has not lifted up his soul to falsehood, and has not sworn deceitfully.
Psalms 26:4 I have not sat with men of falsehood; Neither will I go in with dissemblers.
Psalms 31:18 Let lips of falsehood become dumb, That are speaking against the righteous, Ancient sayings, in pride and contempt.
Psalms 35:19 Mine enemies rejoice not over me 'with' falsehood, Those hating me without cause wink the eye.
Psalms 40:4 Happy is the man that hath made the LORD his trust, and hath not turned unto the arrogant, nor unto such as fall away treacherously.
Psalms 41:6 If he comes to see me, he speaks falsehood. His heart gathers iniquity to itself. When he goes abroad, he tells it.
Psalms 52:3 Thou lovest evil more than good, And lying rather than to speak righteousness. Selah
Psalms 62:4 They fully intend to throw him down from his lofty place. They delight in lies. They bless with their mouth, but they curse inwardly. Selah.
Psalms 101:7 He who practices deceit won't dwell within my house. He who speaks falsehood won't be established before my eyes.
Psalms 109:2 For the mouth of wickedness, and the mouth of deceit, Against me they have opened, They have spoken with me -- A tongue of falsehood, and words of hatred!
Psalms 119:29 Remove from me the way of falsehood; And grant me thy law graciously.
Psalms 119:69 The proud have forged falsehood against me: I will observe thy precepts with my whole heart.
Psalms 119:78 Let the proud be ashamed; for they have acted perversely towards me with falsehood: as for me, I meditate in thy precepts.
Psalms 119:86 All Thy commands 'are' faithfulness, 'With' falsehood they have pursued me, Help Thou me.
Psalms 119:118 Thou hast trodden down all them that err from thy statutes: for their deceit is falsehood.
Psalms 119:128 Therefore all my appointments I have declared wholly right, Every path of falsehood I have hated!
Psalms 119:163 I hate and abhor falsehood. I love your law.
Psalms 139:20 For they speak against thee wickedly, And thine enemies take thy name in vain.
Psalms 144:8 whose mouths speak deceit, Whose right hand is a right hand of falsehood.
Psalms 144:11 Rescue me, and deliver me out of the hands of foreigners, whose mouths speak deceit, whose right hand is a right hand of falsehood.
Proverbs 12:19 The lip of truth is established for ever, And for a moment -- a tongue of falsehood.
Proverbs 13:5 A false word the righteous hateth, And the wicked causeth abhorrence, and is confounded.
Proverbs 17:4 An evil doer is attentive to lips of vanity, Falsehood is giving ear to a mischievous tongue.
Proverbs 17:7 Not comely for a fool is a lip of excellency, Much less for a noble a lip of falsehood.
Proverbs 20:17 Bread of falsehood is sweet to a man; But afterwards his mouth shall be filled with gravel.
Proverbs 29:12 If a ruler hearkeneth to falsehood, All his servants are wicked.
Proverbs 30:8 Remove far from me falsehood and lies. Give me neither poverty nor riches. Feed me with the food that is needful for me;
Isaiah 5:18 Woe to those who draw iniquity with cords of falsehood, and wickedness as with cart rope;
Isaiah 9:15 Elder, and accepted of face, he 'is' the head, Prophet, teacher of falsehood, he 'is' the tail.
Isaiah 28:15 "Because you have said,'We have made a covenant with death, and with Sheol are we in agreement. When the overflowing scourge passes through, it won't come to us; for we have made lies our refuge, and we have hidden ourselves under falsehood.'"
Isaiah 57:4 Against whom do you sport yourselves? Against whom do you make a wide mouth, and stick out your tongue? Aren't you children of disobedience, a seed of falsehood,
Isaiah 59:3 For your hands have been polluted with blood, And your fingers with iniquity, Your lips have spoken falsehood, Your tongue perverseness doth mutter.
Isaiah 59:4 none calleth for justice, none pleadeth in truthfulness. They trust in vanity, and speak falsehood; they conceive mischief, and bring forth iniquity.
Isaiah 59:13 transgressing and denying Yahweh, and turning away from following our God, speaking oppression and revolt, conceiving and uttering from the heart words of falsehood.
Jeremiah 3:10 And even for all this her treacherous sister Judah hath not returned unto me with her whole heart, but with falsehood, saith Jehovah.
Jeremiah 5:2 And if they say, 'Jehovah liveth,' Surely to a falsehood they swear.
Jeremiah 5:31 the prophets prophesy falsehood, and the priests rule by their means; and my people love to have it so. But what will ye do in the end thereof?
Jeremiah 7:4 Confide ye not in words of falsehood, saying, Jehovah's temple, Jehovah's temple, Jehovah's temple is this.
Jeremiah 7:8 Behold, ye confide in words of falsehood that cannot profit.
Jeremiah 7:9 Stealing, murdering, and committing adultery, And swearing to falsehood, and giving perfume to Baal, And going after other gods whom ye knew not.
Jeremiah 8:8 How do ye say, We are wise, and the law of Jehovah is with us? Behold, certainly the lying pen of the scribes hath made it falsehood.
Jeremiah 9:3 They bend their tongue, as it were their bow, for falsehood; and they are grown strong in the land, but not for truth: for they proceed from evil to evil, and they don't know me, says Yahweh.
Jeremiah 9:5 And they act deceitfully every one with his neighbour, and speak not the truth: they teach their tongue to speak falsehood, they weary themselves with perverse dealing.
Jeremiah 10:14 Every man is become brutish and is without knowledge; every goldsmith is disappointed by his engraved image; for his molten image is falsehood, and there is no breath in them.
Jeremiah 13:25 This is your lot, the portion measured to you from me, says Yahweh; because you have forgotten me, and trusted in falsehood.
Jeremiah 14:14 And Jehovah said unto me, The prophets prophesy falsehood in my name; I have not sent them, neither have I commanded them, nor spoken unto them: they prophesy unto you a false vision, and divination, and a thing of nought, and the deceit of their heart.
Jeremiah 16:19 Jehovah, my strength and my fortress, and my refuge in the day of distress, unto thee shall the nations come from the ends of the earth, and they shall say, Surely our fathers have inherited falsehood and vanity; and in these things there is no profit.
Jeremiah 20:6 And thou, Pashur, and all that dwell in thy house shall go into captivity; and thou shalt come to Babylon, and there thou shalt die, and there thou shalt be buried, thou and all thy friends to whom thou hast prophesied falsehood.
Jeremiah 23:14 And in the prophets of Jerusalem have I seen a horrible thing: they commit adultery, and walk in falsehood, and strengthen the hands of evildoers, so that none doth return from his wickedness. They are all become unto me as Sodom, and the inhabitants thereof as Gomorrah.
Jeremiah 23:25 I have heard what the prophets say, who prophesy falsehood in my name, saying, I have dreamed, I have dreamed.
Jeremiah 23:26 How long shall this be in the heart of the prophets who prophesy falsehood, and who are prophets of the deceit of their own heart?
Jeremiah 27:10 For they prophesy falsehood unto you, to remove you far from your land, and that I should drive you out, and ye should perish.
Jeremiah 27:14 And hearken not unto the words of the prophets that speak unto you, saying, Ye shall not serve the king of Babylon; for they prophesy falsehood unto you.
Jeremiah 28:15 And the prophet Jeremiah said unto the prophet Hananiah, Hear now, Hananiah: Jehovah hath not sent thee; and thou makest this people to trust in falsehood.
Jeremiah 29:9 For with falsehood they are prophesying to you in My name; I have not sent them, an affirmation of Jehovah.
Jeremiah 29:21 Thus saith Jehovah of hosts, the God of Israel, concerning Ahab the son of Kolaiah, and concerning Zedekiah the son of Maaseiah, who prophesy falsehood unto you in my name: Behold, I will give them into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, and he shall smite them before your eyes.
Jeremiah 29:23 because they have committed infamy in Israel, and have committed adultery with their neighbours' wives, and have spoken words of falsehood in my name, which I had not commanded them: and I am he that knoweth, and am witness, saith Jehovah.
Jeremiah 29:31 Send to all them of the captivity, saying, Thus saith Jehovah concerning Shemaiah the Nehelamite: Because that Shemaiah hath prophesied unto you, and I sent him not, and he hath caused you to trust in falsehood;
Jeremiah 37:14 And Jeremiah saith, 'Falsehood -- I am not falling unto the Chaldeans;' and he hath not hearkened unto him, and Irijah layeth hold on Jeremiah, and bringeth him in unto the heads,
Jeremiah 40:16 And Gedaliah son of Ahikam saith unto Johanan son of Kareah, 'Thou dost not do this thing, for falsehood thou art speaking concerning Ishmael.'
Jeremiah 43:2 that Azariah son of Hoshaiah, and Johanan son of Kareah, and all the proud men, speak unto Jeremiah, saying, 'Falsehood thou art speaking; Jehovah our God hath not sent thee to say, Do not enter Egypt to sojourn there;
Jeremiah 51:17 Every man is become brutish and is without knowledge; every goldsmith is disappointed by his image; for his molten image is falsehood, and there is no breath in them.
Lamentations 2:14 Thy prophets have seen vanity and folly for thee; and they have not revealed thine iniquity, to turn away thy captivity; but have seen for thee burdens of falsehood and causes of expulsion.
Ezekiel 13:6 They have seen falsehood and lying divination, who say, Yahweh says; but Yahweh has not sent them: and they have made men to hope that the word would be confirmed.
Ezekiel 13:8 Therefore thus says the Lord Yahweh: Because you have spoken falsehood, and seen lies, therefore, behold, I am against you, says the Lord Yahweh.
Ezekiel 13:22 Because with falsehood ye have grieved the heart of the righteous, whom I have not made sad; and have strengthened the hands of the wicked, that he should not return from his wicked way, to save his life:
Ezekiel 21:29 while they see for thee FALSE visions, while they divine lies unto thee, to lay thee upon the necks of the wicked that are deadly wounded, whose day is come in the time of the iniquity of the end.
Ezekiel 22:28 And her prophets have daubed for them with untempered mortar, seeing FALSE visions, and divining lies unto them, saying, Thus saith the Lord Jehovah, when Jehovah hath not spoken.
Hosea 7:1 When I would heal Israel, then the iniquity of Ephraim is uncovered, also the wickedness of Samaria; for they commit falsehood, and the thief enters in, and the gang of robbers ravages outside.
Hosea 10:4 They have spoken words, To swear falsehood in making a covenant, And flourished as a poisonous herb hath judgment, on the furrows of a field.
Hosea 11:12 Ephraim surrounds me with falsehood, and the house of Israel with deceit. Judah still strays from God, and is unfaithful to the Holy One.
LinksBible Concordance • Bible Dictionary • Bible Encyclopedia • Topical Bible • Bible Thesuarus | <urn:uuid:fe24390a-27a6-45f8-b38c-b7376467e950> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://biblehub.com/topical/f/falsehood.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657134511.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011214-00232-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935512 | 4,564 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Courtesy Edible Schoolyard Project
Even if you’ve never heard the term “edible education,” there’s a good chance a school in your community is a part of this movement, integrating academics with growing, cooking and sharing wholesome food.
Picture students walking through the schoolyard to identify and harvest wild edible plants or learning about chemical reactions while baking with yeast in a kitchen classroom. Couple these types of experiences with free, daily, nutritious school lunches, perhaps grown by the students themselves, and you’ll get a better understanding of what edible education is all about.
If edible education hasn’t taken root in your area schools yet, don’t fret: The Edible Schoolyard Project continues to gain momentum across the country. The project’s basic mission is to build and share a sustainable-food curriculum for all schools, in all grades, through hands-on learning in garden and kitchen classrooms.
The project is the brainchild of Alice Waters, chef, author and vice president of Slow Food International, a nonprofit organization that promotes and celebrates local artisanal food. Waters, who owns Chez Panisse restaurant in Berkeley, Calif., which has worked with local farmers to serve sustainably and locally produced foods for more than 40 years, advocates edible education in public schools as a “delicious revolution,” in which school-lunch programs are enriched with experiences in the garden.
“The Edible Schoolyard Project continues to flourish from one simple idea: all academic subjects from kindergarten through 12th grade become more richly engaging when they are integrated with immersive experiences in kitchens and gardens,” Waters writes in the September 2013 Slow Food USA newsletter. “As young people are empowered to understand the deep connections between food and every other aspect of life, they develop a sense of global citizenship, a respect for the land, and a determination to nourish themselves and each other.”
The project dates back to 1996, when Waters was inspired to transform a rundown schoolyard at an urban middle school in Berkeley into a 1-acre garden and build an adjacent teaching kitchen that could benefit the school curriculum and community. The garden and kitchen slowly took shape with funding from the Center for Ecoliteracy and help from teachers, parents and community members.
Now 17 years later, Edible Schoolyard Berkeley not only continues to serve King Middle School and the surrounding community but has also become a model for national and international edible-education programs, hosting 1,000 visitors each year who are interested in learning more about the edible-education curriculum. The school garden has expanded through the years to include more than 100 varieties of seasonal vegetables, berries, vines, flowers and fruit trees. It is now complemented by 3,500-gallon cisterns that collect rainwater for irrigation and a chicken coop, which supplied more than 500 eggs used in the kitchen classroom last year. In all, ESY Berkeley has served more than 7,000 students and today has a staff of nine, including five teachers, fully supported by the Edible Schoolyard Project.
A nationally recognized program of the Edible Schoolyard Project is the School Lunch Initiative, implemented in 2003 to bridge the kitchen and garden classroom at ESY Berkeley with the actual food served to students in the lunchroom, granting students opportunities to be involved in growing, harvesting and preparing the food they eat. Serving the entire school district as a central kitchen, the new Dining Commons at King Middle School provides 10,000 meals per day, made with fresh and mostly organic ingredients.
“Right there, in the middle of every school day, lies time and energy already devoted to the feeding of children,” Waters writes in her book, Edible Schoolyard: A Universal Idea (Chronicle Books, 2008). “We have the power to turn that daily school lunch from an afterthought into a joyous education, a way of caring for our health, our environment and our community.”
Formerly known as the Chez Panisse Foundation, the Edible Schoolyard Project took its current name in 2011 and expanded its mission of building and sharing an edible education curriculum for kindergarten through high school. In addition to supporting ESY Berkeley, the project now promotes edible-education programs across the country through an online network and resource center and offers professional-development opportunities at its annual Edible Schoolyard Academy. The Edible Schoolyard Project’s network now comprises 2,354 locations, including 2,218 garden classrooms, 477 academic classrooms, 378 kitchen classrooms, 233 cafeterias, 48 support organizations and 13 businesses.
To find an edible education program in your area or learn how to start one, visit the Edible Schoolyard Project website. | <urn:uuid:8b55ecb4-c34f-406c-8c87-2e1ea11d33ad> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.hobbyfarms.com/school-kids-garden-their-way-to-learning-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806939.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123195711-20171123215711-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.955229 | 999 | 2.9375 | 3 |
A: “Select, don’t settle.”
The company, founded by a German Jewish immigrant, Adam Gimbel, opened a branch in New York City in 1910, which soon became the primary rival to the leading Herald Square retailer, Macy’s. This rivalry entered into the popular argot: “Would Macy’s tell Gimbels?” To distinguish itself from Herald Square neighbors, Gimbels’ advertising promised more: “Select, don’t settle.”
By 1965, Gimbel Brothers Inc. consisted of 53 stores throughout the country, which included 22 Gimbels, 27 Saks Fifth Avenue stores, and four Saks 34th St. Once the largest department store chain in the country, by the time of its closure in 1987, Gimbels had 36 stores throughout the United States.
Jews created many of the first department stores: The Altmans, Kaufmanns, Lazaruses, Magnins, Mays, and Strausses became leaders of major department stores.
Join Menorah for a celebration of Jewish New York, honoring Professor David Shneer. Sunday, September 18, 5:30 pm at the Avalon Ballroom. To register for “New York, New York” click here. Questions? contact Kathryn@boulderjcc.org or visit www.boulderjcc.org. | <urn:uuid:5b56711d-5027-48a3-9a9c-22ad3d8fac11> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://boulderjewishnews.org/2011/n-trivia-would-gimbels-tell-macys/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122022571.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175342-00063-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923776 | 286 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Natural History of the Kitchen: Stoves
Welcome to Natural History of the Kitchen, by EMD's Stephanie Butler. Each week, Stephanie explores the background of an appliance, gadget or product that helped to make cooking what it is today. This week: Stoves.
If you're like most Americans, you probably don't think about your stove much. Sure, you know the difference between gas and electric, and you might have even passed a few stray minutes staring into the window of a fancy kitchen store, imagining yourself at a professional-grade range complete with flattop and water feature. You'd have a very different attitude if you had to hunch over a fireplace at five in the morning, or light an antique gas range before your morning coffee. This week we're taking a look at the history of the stove, from wood burning to electric.
Early American kitchens were centered around the hearth, a monster of a fireplace that could dominate entire rooms: some were so large that seats were built in around the edges. Cooking fires were continually fueled throughout the day, by hickory and applewood long before they were trendy fuels for smoked foods. After supper, cooks kept fading embers alive with a brass cover called a curfew (our modern use of the word comes from this antique appliance). The dying fire was kept alive until the next morning, when the stoking/feeding/cooking cycle began anew.
Huge, hot, and very smoky, colonial stoves were unpractical at best. They were still used up until the 1790s, when a Massachusetts-born physicist named Count Rumford noticed the inefficiency of the fireplace and invented a better alternative. The Rumford stove had shallower fireplaces, and a more streamlined chimney that forced out smoke but not heat. Across the new United States and Britain, bricklayers were kept busy making Rumford's modifications to existing fireplaces. A Rumford fireplace became a sort of status symbol: Henry David Thoreau mentioned it, as did Jane Austin, referring to the "elegance of modern taste" in her book Northanger Abbey. Thomas Jefferson even had them installed at Monticello. [Photograph: squidoo.com]
Cooking with Gas (and Electricity)
The first gas stove was patented in England in 1826, but it took years for infrastructure to catch up with the promise of gas cooking. At the World's Fair in London in 1851, a number of gas stoves were exhibited, but gas wasn't routinely piped into homes until late in the century. By the time WWI came around, the new gas ovens permanently extinguished fireplace cooking.
Electric stoves also have a surprisingly long history. A Canadian named Thomas Ahearn invented the electric cook top in the late 19th century, and became the first person to cook an entire meal on the range in 1892, which he then delivered personally to waiting eaters at the Windsor Hotel in Ottawa. Like gas fifty years before, the new stoves were forced to wait while technology caught up to them. When cities got electricity around the Depression, the ease and simplicity of electric cooking caught on.
Creamed Celery with Pecans
This is a look back at the fireplaces, pokers, and bellows of yore, with a trip to the King's Arms Tavern in Williamsburg, Virginia for Creamed Celery with Pecans.
- 4 cups celery, cut diagonally in ½-inch pieces
- 2 tablespoons butter
- 2 tablespoons all-purpose flour
- 2 cups milk
- 1 teaspoon salt
- ¾ cup pecan halves
- buttered breadcrumbs
Preheat the oven to 400° F. Grease a 1 ½-quart casserole.
Boil the celery in enough water to cover until tender; drain. Melt the butter over medium heat; stir in the flour and slowly add the milk to make a cream sauce, stirring until thick and smooth. Add the salt and well-drained celery. Spoon into the prepared casserole, top with pecans, and cover with buttered breadcrumbs.
Bake at 400° F. for 15 minutes.
- Install a genuine Rumford Stove in your home! Bellows not included.
- This October, take a colonial cooking class in Connecticut.
- An article on colonial foodways in Williamsburg, and the way docents and artisans recreate them today.
- A great piece from Plow and Hearth detailing how to cook on woodstoves and fireplaces. | <urn:uuid:93f13724-a56d-4821-8680-64b62bd8c7ab> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.eatmedaily.com/2010/05/natural-history-of-the-kitchen-stoves/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164981569/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134941-00070-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961408 | 940 | 2.875 | 3 |
Identifying North Carolina Fox Species
North Carolina and the Raleigh area are home to the red and gray fox species. The red fox has a dog-like appearance with an extended pointy nose and large pointed ears that are usually are straight up and forward. Most red foxes are colored with a light orange-red coat, black legs, lighter colored underfur and a white-tipped tail. Gray foxes color patterns are generally a salt-and-pepper gray, and the sides of their necks, back of the ears, legs, and feet are a rusty yellow. Much like the red fox, gray foxes also have long, bushy tails with black tips. The fox species can accommodate most habitats within their range, but usually prefer the open country with temperate shelter. Some of the highest fox densities reported are in the north-central area of the United States, where woodlands are intermixed with farmlands.
These resourceful critters adapt well to human environments such as farms, suburban areas, and heavily-populated communities. It is unusual for a fox to enter a home; however, it can occur when they invade a premise in search of food and shelter. Foxes have a distinctive diet in which they eat out of garbage cans and gardens and prey on young livestock, rabbit, and birds.
Fox Control, Removal and Damage
Wild foxes can be aggressive and dangerous animals. Mothers, especially, are extremely protective of their young and will defend her litter when she feels threatened. Poultry producers often face serious damage from foxes with heaving losses to farm chicken flocks, ducks and geese. They also prey on baby pigs and lamb. If you experience a fox-related issue on your farm or commercial property, contact Critter Control of the Triangle and one of our technicians and certified wildlife specialists will come out immediately. Contact us today at (919) 382-0651 for more information.
Disease Risks at a Glance
Foxes can be infected with rabies, and any fox bites must be considered a possible exposure to the rabies virus. | <urn:uuid:403a0331-ee7a-4c86-96af-1805051a53bf> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.crittercontroltriangle.com/foxes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676594018.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722213610-20180722233610-00617.warc.gz | en | 0.948823 | 431 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur, Philippines
List of the 17 Regions in the Philippines
National - Capital Region ● I - Ilocos ● II - Cagayan ● III - C. Luzon ● IV-A - Calabarzon ● IV-B - Mimaropa ● V - Bicol ● VI - W. Visayas ● VII - C. Visayas ● VIII - E. Visayas ● IX - Zamboanga ● X - N. Mindanao ● XI - Davao ● XII - Soccsksargen ● XIII - Caraga ● XIV - CAR ● XV - BARMM
Within these 17 regions in the Philippines, there are 42,046 barangays, 1488 municipalities, 146 cities, 81 provinces. It has a democratic form of government and the freedom of speech is upheld by law. English is the "lingua franca" and is the mode of instruction in all high schools, colleges and universities. Laws and contracts are written in English.
- Minimize corruption and maximize prosperity with a Guarantee of One Senator per Region. They divided the Philippines into REGIONS, but kept SENATORIAL representation national with no accountability to any regions.. No wonder many regions remain poor. Petition for a regional senatorial election. All regions will have senatorial representation.
Allangigan Primero • Allangigan Segundo • Amguid • Ayudante • Bagani Camposanto • Bagani Gabor • Bagani Tocgo • Bagani Ubbog • Bagar • Balingaoan • Bugnay • Calaoaan • Calongbuyan • Caterman • Cubcubboot • Darapidap • Langlangca Primero • Langlangca Segundo • Oaig-Daya • Palacapac • Paras • Parioc Primero • Parioc Segundo • Patpata Primero • Patpata Segundo • Paypayad • Salvador Primero • Salvador Segundo • San Agustin • San Andres • San Antonio • San Isidro • San Jose • San Juan • San Nicolas • San Pedro • Santo Tomas • Tablac • Talogtog • Tamurong Primero • Tamurong Segundo • Villarica
The Philippines has been a "decentralized" form of government since 1991, contrary to what most Filipinos think. Ever since the creation of Republic Act 7160, each LGU is responsible for its own domain. Even the smallest LGU the barangay creates its own Budget. It is not dependent on handouts from the city, municipality or province. "IMPERIAL MANILA IS A MYTH!", it does not exist anymore. The Philippine budget formulation system is not centralized. . It is the responsibility of each LGU to submit their budgetary needs for review. Failure to submit is the problem.
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|Interactive Google Satellite Map of Candon City|
Candon City Map Locator
Map of Ilocos Sur Province in the Island of Luzon
Location of Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur, Philippines
Darapidap is located ....
History of Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur, Philippines
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People of Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur, Philippines
- Population of Darapidap as of 2020 census: 3,327
Local Government Unit LGU of Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur, Philippines
|Republic Act No. 11462 Approved: 03 December 2019: That the barangay and sangguniang kabataan elections on the second Monday of May 2020 shall be postponed to December 5, 2022. The elected barangay officials as of May 14, 2018 will serve until December of 2022.|
- Elected Officers of Darapidap for the term of 2018 - 2020
- Punong Barangay(Chairperson-Captain) : Eduardo Imbat Villanueva
- Sangguniang Barangay Member(Kagawad) : Nestor Aragon Galano
- Sangguniang Barangay Member(Kagawad) : Arnold Gramaje Gadut
- Sangguniang Barangay Member(Kagawad) : John Manzano Apelado
- Sangguniang Barangay Member(Kagawad) : Providencio Guerrero Calibuso
- Sangguniang Barangay Member(Kagawad) : Rocky Gagarin Ramos
- Sangguniang Barangay Member(Kagawad) : Ronald Valdez Cubon
- Sangguniang Barangay Member(Kagawad) : Remedios Gadut Ganat
- SK Chairperson : Aldrine Carranza Molina
- Barangay Secretary : Rean Jay Acosta Apelado
- Elected Officers of Darapidap for the term of 2013-2016
- Punong Barangay : Bugasto, Ricardo Molina
- Barangay Kagawad <:> Villanueva, Eduardo Embat
- Barangay Kagawad <:> Puño, Virginia Martinez
- Barangay Kagawad <:> Ramos, Rocky Gagarin
- Barangay Kagawad <:> Galano, Nestor Aragon
- Barangay Kagawad <:> Barnachea, Renee Gagarin
- Barangay Kagawad <:> Dela Peña, Leticia Villanueva
- Barangay Kagawad <:> Apelado, John Manzano
- Elected Officers of Darapidap for the term of 2010-2013
- Ilocos Sur, City Of Candon, Darapidap, PUNONG BARANGAY CHAIRMAN/CAPTAIN, Eduardo E Villanueva
- Ilocos Sur, City Of Candon, Darapidap, KAGAWAD 1, Leodegario M Gadut Sr
- Ilocos Sur, City Of Candon, Darapidap, KAGAWAD 2, Rogelio A Manzano Sr
- Ilocos Sur, City Of Candon, Darapidap, KAGAWAD 3, Leticia V Dela Peña
- Ilocos Sur, City Of Candon, Darapidap, KAGAWAD 4, Renee G Barnachea
- Ilocos Sur, City Of Candon, Darapidap, KAGAWAD 5, Ricardo M Bugarto
- Ilocos Sur, City Of Candon, Darapidap, KAGAWAD 6, Elvisly A Agrisola Sr
- Ilocos Sur, City Of Candon, Darapidap, KAGAWAD 7, John M Apelado
- Ilocos Sur, City Of Candon, Darapidap, SK CHAIRMAN, Jennielou G Pigao
This is the.
- Every Government Unit in the Philippines is within a Barangay. The municipal hall, city hall, the provincial capitol building, and even the Malacañang Palace where the president resides is within a Barangay.
The barangay has power and authority over its domain. The improvement of the barangay rests on the barangay officials. The barangay chairman, the barangay council and the local businessmen forge the prosperity of the barangay. Not the president of the Philippines, senate, nor congress. Not the governor of the province, not the mayor nor council of the municipality or city. Poor barangays stay poor because of weak and/or ignorant(uninformed) barangay leaders.
When roads or any infrastructure need to be built, improved or repaired, all the barangay officials have to do is make a resolution and present it to the city or municipality council. The resolution will force the city/municipal council or responsible government office to hear the legitimate demands. "The squeaky wheel gets the grease."
- Each city or municipality is represented by the "barangay association or federation". The elected president of the Association of Barangay Council and the President of Kabataan (SK) association each have a seat in the City/Municipality council. Their powers are the same and equal to the elected city/municipality councilors. They are there to help lobby the demands of the barangays. They are not there just to collect a big salary and rub elbows with the regular elected city/municipality council, but to also represent the needs of the barangays.
- The duties of the barangay officials are specifically written in Chapter III(Punong Barangay) and Chapter IV (The Sangguniang Barangay). Read it..
Practically anything that has to do with the barangay, the barangay officials have a say on it and most likely the authority over it. The majority of the barangay officials are not aware of their duties and power. They depend on the city council or mayor. The elected barangay officials are afraid of the mayor and city/municipality's "Sangguniang Panlungsod". They are in fear of being ousted or removed from office. The truth is, the "Sangguniang Panlungsod" does not have the power to remove or suspend any elected barangay officials from office. Only the COURT OF LAW can do this (judicial branch of the government). Elected public officials can't be suspended by the DILG or the office of the president unless an official complaint has been filed, there must be proof and there must be due process. Republic Act 7160 chapter 4, Section 60. Information is power. Be informed. Do not be intimidated by the president, senator, congressman, governor, mayor, vice-mayor, or councilors. Do your job.
The control of traffic is not up to the city council or chief of police. It is controlled by the barangay. If the barangay needs traffic enforcers, the barangay can make a resolution to demand it from the city or municipality council. When the electric coop or the water district do not maintain their lines, the barangay can directly demand for the maintenance from the utility companies. No need to wait for city council.
The citizens also has the power to make demands to the barangay officials. In case the officials get blinded. Simply file an official complaint with the barangay secretary naming the Punong barangay as the respondent representing the barangay.
- If the power lines are sagging, don't go to the power company, go to the barangay office. Ask the barangay for a DEMAND resolution against the power company.
- If the water lines are busted, don't wait for the water company, go to the barangay office. Ask the barangay for a DEMAND resolution against the water company.
- If the potholes in the road are not fixed, don't wait for the The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), go to the barangay office. Ask the barangay for a DEMAND resolution against the DPWH.
- Are you beginning to get the point?
Cleaning the shorelines, drainage systems, streets, rivers, and parks within your barangay is YOUR responsibility. You are accountable for this. It is not the responsibility of the City/Municipality officials. The citizens and officials of the barangay are responsible. Stop blaming others.
- BUDGET: As far as the preparation for the budget expenditures, it starts at the barangay level, then moves on to cities, municipalities, provinces and regions. The barangays need to exercise their authority. They need to put their yearly budget together for their administration and future projects. The majority of the barangays leave this job to the municipality and city. This is so wrong. Then when the budget doesn't come or is lacking, they complain.
- The budget for the barangays does go to the City or Municipality, but simply for holding and later distribution. The city or municipality DOES NOT approve the budget. It was already approved by congress. The city or municipality simply "distributes" the approved budget.
- The bureau of internal revenue is in cahoots to subdue the barangays, municipalities and provinces. They call the rightful shares to the taxes collected as "Internal Revenue Allotment Dependency". It is not a dependency. It is the lawful and rightful share of the LGU as specified in "TITLE III, SHARES OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS IN THE PROCEEDS OF NATIONAL TAXES, CHAPTER I, Allotment of Internal Revenue Taxes, Section 284."
- "IMPERIAL MANILA IS A MYTH!", it does not exist anymore. The Philippine budget formulation system is not centralized. . It is the responsibility of each LGU to submit their budgetary needs for review. Failure to submit is the problem.
- DURING ELECTIONS: Where do City and Municipality politicians go to campaign? They seek the support of the Barangay officials. They plead to the barangay folks for the votes. Even the candidate for president. But after the election they ignore you. Do not ever forget the power of the barangay.
Ignorance keeps the pinoys thinking that Manila rules. Be informed, be educated and make your barangay prosper.
- Absolutely NO need for FEDERALISM. It is a ploy to give the Bangsamoro an Islamic State where the religion of . Bangsamoro will be a HOMELAND not for all Filipinos but for only the Muslim Filipinos. It violates the constitution's "separation of church and state". Religion is always good for the people but it should never be embraced or financed by government. Tax exemption is not tantamount to financing. Every non-profit organization is tax-exempt.
Businesses in Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur, Philippines
- We invite you to list your business located in Darapidap, Candon City.
- Give your business a good description. Add your address and contact number if available.
- Resorts, restaurants, pension houses, or hotels are welcome to be listed here.
- Bakery, Mechanical Shop, Bicycle Shop, Tailor shops can be listed here.
- If you have a pharmacy or gas station, it can be listed here too.
- Hardware stores, Agrivets, salon, spas, etc. are welcome to be listed.
- We do not allow external links except for our sponsor zamboanga.com and maletsky.com. If you have an external site for your business you may not link to it in Z-Wiki but you can point to it. e.g. list it like this: www.my??business.com - this tells the people of your website but it does not link to it.
- Businesses in Darapidap
- The name of your business, address, phone number
- If you have real estate property for sale in Darapidap, you can list that property for FREE HERE in Z-wiki.
Churches, Mosques, or Places of Worship in Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur, Philippines
The name of your church, mosque, or place of worship can be listed in this community page. Take a picture of the facade of your church or place of worship and it can be posted here. We can even provide you with a free webpage. You can enter the data (story about your place of worship) here yourself, email the information or pictures to (email@example.com) or via.
- FILIPINOS WAKE UP! THE TAXES YOU PAID ARE USED BY THE GOVERNMENT TO EXCLUSIVELY FINANCE THE RELIGION OF ISLAM.
Freedom of religion, yes. Equality, yes. But no favoritism.
Schools in Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur, Philippines
- Take a picture of your school building(s) and send your pictures via email to (firstname.lastname@example.org) or message me via . I will then post the pictures in this page.
Due to Covid19: Pursuant to the instructions of President Roa Duterte, and as recommended by the DepEd, classes for the year 2021-2022 will be opened but will be monitored.
- List of schools: >>> click
PUBLIC NOTICE: Why pretend that the National language of the Philippines is Tagalog? It should be English. To be a Teacher, doctor, lawyer, engineer, architect, nurse, computer technician; what books do you learn from? English books of course. All your tests are in English. The constitution of the Philippines is written in English. All the laws and new laws introduced by congress are in English. For that matter, you can't be a teacher in a school system unless you know English. The "Licensure Exam for Teachers" is in ENGLISH! Who are these people forcing Tagalog down our throats? Tagalog is simply one of the many dialects of the Philippines. Keep your dialects but learn and be fluent and proficient in ENGLISH.
The schools in Darapidap
Economy of Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur, Philippines
- If you have an article that talks about the improvement of the economy of Darapidap, Candon City you can post that article here. If you come across any news items that talk about the economy of Darapidap, Candon City, you may post it here. Of course you have to reference the writer of the article. Any improvement to transportation, power and service usually improves the economy of the community, so go ahead and report that too.
Natural Resources of Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur, Philippines
This page needs some articles about the natural resources of Darapidap, Candon City. Where does the energy source of this Candon City come from? Are there any mining industries? Rivers and tributaries are part of the natural resources.
Tourists Attractions of Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur, Philippines
- Help us add some of the tourist attractions of Darapidap in Z-wiki. This will help boost the local economy of Darapidap. Anything that is unique or anything that stands out in your community may be a tourist attraction.
- Landmarks are usually photographed a lot by visitors. Post the Darapidap landmarks here.
Fiestas and Traditions of Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur, Philippines
Fiesta date of Darapidap
Your Story about Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur, Philippines
Tell your story about Darapidap. You can talk about the good things in Darapidap or simply talk about the past. You can talk about the eco-system of Darapidap. What is the local LGU doing about the preservation of your natural resources? The topic can start here and once it gets bigger it can have a page of its own in Z-Wiki. It's all up to you.
02 June 2010
I always have fun memories in Darapipap.. the beach is clear and the sun shines brightly during summer. I am not really from Candon but from the cold city of Baguio, though my mother was from there. I spent my childhood summers in Darapidap swimming in the clean beaches (we don't have beaches in Baguio), climbing mango trees,savoring the fresh fruits offered by nature and playing with the local kids. Candon has changed through the years far from the dusty and rugged roads leading to Darapidap during my younger days. A lot of business establishments have arose since its city hood more than a decade ago. The old 4 Brothers Restaurant where we use to enjoy halo-halo was replaced with Porte's or something of that sort.Now, Bistro, a relatively new resto owned by the same Rodriguez who owns 4 Bros offers something new both to tourist and locals as well. I haven't been to Candon lately since I entered the military service. I hope one of this days I could go back and reminisce my childhood memories.
Candon City, Ilocos Sur, Philippines supports Philippine Cycling
Philippine Cycling is about cycling in the Philippnes. Philippine Cycling helps promote bike races, cycling clubs, bicycle tours, and the development of bicycle trails. Activities are coordinated with bike shops and cycling clubs throughout the Philippines to promote the fun of riding bikes. Philippine Cycling will be coordinating events with tour of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. Road biking and mountain bikings will be promoted by Philippine Cycling.
Cycling Activity to Participate In
Your cycling activity can be posted here and it will be shown in all the Provincial, City, Municipal and Barangay pages. Your 2015 Cycling Race or Activity can be Posted here.
- ILOILO CITY, April 27-May 2, 2015 (PNA) – Some 5,000 bikers are expected to join the second Iloilo Bike Festival slated April 27-May 2, 2015 as the city continues to aspire to become a bike-able walkable metropolis. The activity that supported by the John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University (JBLFMU) and Megaworld Iloilo aims to promote Iloilo as a safe and bike friendly city, promote the share-a-road movement encourage Ilonggos to commute via biking and raise Ilonggos awareness on the benefits of biking on health, safety and environment concerns. Read More....
- CYCLING Le Tour de Filipinas 2015 set as country celebrates 60 years of top-caliber cycling Feb 1 to Feb 4 2015 - View the result of the race: A four stage race. Stage 1 starts in Balanga and back to Balanga for a 126K race Feb 1, 2015 (Sunday); stage 2 starts in Balanga, Bataan to Iba, Zambales for a 154.7 K race Feb 2, 2015 (Monday); stage 3 starts in Iba, Zambales to Lingayen, Pangasinan for a 150.1K race Feb 3, 2015 (Tuesday); stage 4 starts in Lingayen, Pangasinan to Baguio City, Benguet for a 101.7K race Feb 4, 2015 (Wednesday). For a total distance of 532.5 Kms. Read More >>>
- Ronda Pilipinas: Feb 8 - 27 2015:>> Discovering young riders for the national team will be the main objective of the LBC Ronda Pilipinas 2015 when the country’s premiere cycling race hits the road on Feb. 8 in Butuan City. Ronda Pilipinas executive project director Moe Chulani said the international multistage bikathon, which ends on Feb. 27, will have two qualifying legs of four stages each in Mindanao and the Visayas where the top riders will advance to face a tough foreign challenge in the six-stage Luzon finale. Read More>>>
- Pictures of Darapidap
- Click HERE to view more PHOTOS about Darapidap, Candon City.
Featured News of The Philippines
Updated: July 3, 2022
Permits for gatherings no longer required in Zamboanga City.
ZAMBOANGA CITY – The city government here announced Saturday that permits for public and private gatherings are no longer required. The city will remain under Alert Level 1 until July 15, according to the national Inter-Agency Task Force for the management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF-EID). To date, the city has 34 active cases of Covid-19. Belen Sheila Covarrubias, city hall information officer, said the decision to forego permits for gatherings was agreed upon in a meeting between Mayor John Dalipe and the local IATF-EID on Thursday.
Camiguin confirms ASF cases, bans entry of pork products
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY – The province of Camiguin has imposed a temporary ban on pork meat and by-products from outside the island after the Department of Agriculture-Northern Mindanao (DA-10) confirmed cases of African swine fever (ASF). The announcement of Governor Xavier Jesus Romualdo released late Saturday likewise asked hog raisers not to engage in swill feeding or the feeding of food scraps and adopt appropriate biosecurity measures.
Most of the contents in this site are from registered user collaborations. Information has also been taken from the Department of Tourism, Comelec, National Statistical Coordination Board, DILG: Department of the Interior and Local Government, (LGU) government sites, online news, and other content sites about the specific community. This page does not serve as the official website of the community but rather compliments and helps the community to promote tourism and attract investors.
This is an interactive and collaborative webpage, meant to help promote this community and showcase it to the world via the internet.
This wiki page follows a format. The editor of this wiki page reserves the right to change formats, edit, or delete entries that may be considered as offensive, vulgar or not for the betterment of this wiki page. | <urn:uuid:53afb7f3-f069-478b-a32f-c21e41d26992> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://zamboanga.com/z/index.php?title=Darapidap,_Candon_City,_Ilocos_Sur,_Philippines | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104244535.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703134535-20220703164535-00650.warc.gz | en | 0.885796 | 5,451 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Currently, tuberculosis ranks as one of the world’s major healthcare problems. Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the respiratory illness usually presents with no symptoms. However, the deadly disease can be marked by fever, night sweats, coughing, bloody sputum, and chest pains. Transmitted most commonly by airborne respiratory droplets, tuberculosis (TB) is highly treatable with antibiotics, and the disease generally clears up after six months of aggressive therapy. Unfortunately, people who live in underdeveloped nations have little access to healthcare services, much less antibiotics. Tuberculosis is an epidemic in these nations due to sub-standard living conditions, and a lack of financial resources.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), developing countries, especially in southeast Asia, the Pacific Rim, and Africa, contributed to 95% of the global cases and deaths. Moreover, about one-third of the world’s population has latent TB, which means that these carriers are not yet ill with the deadly illness (WHO, 2015, internet). As underdeveloped nations lack adequate financial resources, this factor is the chief contributor to the high rates of TB in these nations.
In addition, malnutrition is a risk factor for TB. Well into the 21st century, TB is still the primary cause of wasting in those infected by the illness (Gupta et al., 2009, internet). Thus, there is a clear correlation between malnutrition and the high prevalence of TB in poor, underdeveloped nations (Gupta et al., 2009, internet). Again, lack of financial resources contributes to lack of access to both food and healthcare, which are both persistent problems in under-developed nations.
TB is a global epidemic that can kill its victims. However, with newer drugs, it can be treated. When poorer nations are able to afford these treatments and , their incidence of TB will decrease.
Gupta, K. B., Gupta, R., Atreja, A., Verma, M., & Vishvkarma, S. (2009). Tuberculosis and nutrition. Lung India : Official Organ of Indian Chest Society, 26(1), 9–16. http://doi.org/10.4103/0970-2113.45198References
World Health Organization. (2015). Tuberculosis. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/”
Now you know how a health care research paper sample should be written, formatted and concluded. You can’t use this paper as your own and submit it to your instructor, but you can act smart and order a paper like this from our writers.
This health care research paper sample that was written by professional writer and formatted accordingly. Don’t hesitate to ask us to help you and you will succeed in your studies. | <urn:uuid:f19b0a93-9e87-4793-8f4b-c9260ab3f9c6> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://essayshark.com/blog/health-care-research-paper-sample-on-tuberculosis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425407.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725222357-20170726002357-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.937094 | 581 | 3.625 | 4 |
What’s hidden on your teeth?
While 80% of tooth decay occurs on the surface of the tooth, they can remain undetected using conventional procedures and instruments.
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Since even the smallest spot of decay can threaten the integrity of the entire tooth, finding and filling cavities is the key to preventing further problems of all kinds. DIAGNOdent laser, one of the industry’s best most accurate caries detection aids, allows us to detect areas of decay sooner and with more precision. The result is we are able to help you protect and preserve your teeth and smile!
Early cavity detection means that fillings are simpler, shallower and that filling procedures are less invasive, which preserves more of the tooth structure.
How it Works
The DIAGNOdent laser is completely harmless to your mouth tissue and doesn’t require protective eyewear. It quickly measures fluorescence within the tooth structure. A healthy tooth structure exhibits little or no fluorescence, resulting in low scale readings on the display. A tooth that has decay will exhibit fluorescence, proportionate to the degree of decay, resulting in elevated readings on the display. The procedure is quick, pain-free and has no additional fees for its use.
- Is conservative by avoiding exploratory excavation of suspect teeth.
- Calibrates to your teeth by scanning one of your cleaned surface areas
- Extremely accurate diagnostic aid; proven to be over 90% accurate.
- No scratching probe: simple, fast and painless examination.
- Accurate visual representation
- Findings assisted by visual and acoustic signals
- No x-ray exposure!
- Teeth are scanned within minutes
- Flexible and mobile unit (battery operated) | <urn:uuid:72ae75e3-5d5a-4562-878c-2aecccb36cd4> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://oshkoshsmiles.com/diagnodent-cavity-detection/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506623.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924055210-20230924085210-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.921581 | 385 | 2.625 | 3 |
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As parents, the best thing we can do is empowering children to think for themselves, instead of just to follow what others ask of them.
Someone had once asked me “Did you not always want to be a queen?” I replied “I did not even want to be class monitor.”
Being queen or any sort of authoritarian figure (politician, manager etc), is not my cup of tea. I am not comfortable with telling other people what to do. I believe in live and let live. I try to impose my self on other people as little as possible and expect the same courtesy from them.
But now I am raising two daughters. A mother too is an authoritarian figure. An infant comes in to the world completely helpless. So the live and let live policy can’t really work. To start with we have to do everything for them and while this is not most tactfully expressed, the truth is, that they are almost entirely under our control.
As they grow up, we as parents need to gradually relinquish control and empower them. But how do we do this?
In my opinion, what we teach our children, needs to be broad and applicable no matter what path they choose. It is not for us to choose the destination or the path, but only to equip them for the journey with tools that will serve them best.
Here are the things I believe we need to teach our children to empower them:
When I was pregnant with our first child my husband and I agreed that the really important thing was to teach her to think – Not what to think, but how to think.
Technology and society are evolving at a fast pace. technology that is cutting edge today will soon become obsolete and we have seen that some social practices that were considered honourable a few decades ago are considered silly and sometimes even cruel.
As parents in a rapidly changing world teaching our kids what to think is neither useful nor prudent. On the other hand,the world is full of people trying to convert individuals to their way of thinking. They use many tricks. we need to teach our kids critical thinking so they are not easily taken advantage of.
If our kids learn critical thinking, they can make their own decisions with confidence and they are less likely to be deceived. Then as parents we can give them the freedom to soar and trust them to make good choices.
Power and is often seen as the control one has over ones environment or other people. But these are just some signs of power, not the root.
Meaningful strength must come from within, from battling insecurities and conquering fears. Introspection, self evaluation and a constant struggle for self-improvement is the key to building strength. Introspection not only helps you know your strengths and weaknesses, but also helps you see the insecurities in those trying to shout you down, and you cease to fear them, or be affected by them.
And knowing what you enjoy and are good at, and pursuing it relentlessly is the path to satisfaction and confidence. This confidence becomes evident in your demeanour and interactions and gives you a sense of strength and power that comes from within. It stays with you even through failure, and helps you rebuild.
Teaching our kids introspection will help them build on their strengths, work on their weaknesses, learn from failure, instead of despairing in it, and empower them to face the world.
Finally, no matter what we undertake, even in pursuing our greatest passions, there will always be some aspects that are tedious. It is essential to have the grit and discipline to get through these aspects to achieve our goals. Discipline is best inculcated early in life so that it becomes a habit.
Teaching our kids discipline will help them get past the essential yet unpleasant parts of their journey to reach their dreams.
The holy trinity of critical thinking, introspection and discipline tempered with consideration and empathy should well equip our children to face most of life’s challenges.
Image source: shutterstock.
Kanika G, a physicist by training and a mother of 2 girls, started writing to
Very lucid post !! Excellent guidance to parents!! Unfortunately as middle class parents we sometimes become slaves to a chosen education system, even when it presents a path that seems to be at tangents with our critical thinking and introspection. Their methods of learning, exploring and understanding the world seems so skewed and incongruous, yet we tend to thrust it upon our kids. However, we must NOT fall into the trap of playing the blame game and instead take steps to rectify whatever we can. Often I think we do so get lost in the chaos of modern living, that we lose a sense of priority in specific areas of life. This post is really helpful I think to re-orient oneself as a parent on the better path…Thank you Kanika!
Thanks for the feedback Sonia and glad you found the article useful 🙂
I Learnt These 10 Essential Things From My Parents. What About You?
When My Child Was Bothered By What Others Thought Of Her…
More Musings From A Father
Dear Daughter: I Want You To Be Safe, Yet Empowered And Free At The Same Time
Stay updated with our Weekly Newsletter or Daily Summary - or both! | <urn:uuid:bc86b3d8-9389-477a-b3ab-b06e72362102> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.womensweb.in/2016/07/how-to-empowering-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735823.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200803170210-20200803200210-00341.warc.gz | en | 0.96371 | 1,098 | 2.515625 | 3 |
747 Salvia greggiiCommon Names: autumn sage Family: Lamiaceae (mint Family)
Autumn sage forms a nice mounding shrub up to 4 ft (1.2 m) tall by 2 ft (0.6 m) wide. Most of the branches originate near the base of the plant, giving a vase-shaped appearance. Many flower colors are available although shades of red, pink and white are the most common. The leaves are leathery and small, adaptations that probably help prevent moisture loss in its dry native climate. Autumn sage is usually evergreen, but a hard freeze may cause it to die to the ground, usually to reemerge in spring.
Autumn sage, Salvia greggii, occurs in southwest Texas through the Chihuahuan desert into Mexico.
CultureToo much fertilizer and moisture will kill autumn sage. Do not plant where regular lawn fertilizations and irrigation will bother it. Light: Full sun to part shade; can take extreme sun and heat. Moisture: Autumn sage is very drought tolerant. It can take prolonged dry periods once established. Autumn sage requires well-drained soil. Hardiness: USDA Zones 7 - 9. Propagation: Cuttings; may self-seed in mild climates
Autumn sage is good as an evergreen medium size shrub. It can be used as a xeriscape plant in hot, dry areas. Great for hummingbird and butterfly gardens as well as mixed perennial beds with plants of similar cultural requirements.
S. greggii is a very useful landscape plant and is especially well adapted to hot, desert-like areas. It has a long period of bloom. This Salvia also provides winter interest, due to its evergreen habit. Regular pruning is suggested, since these plants can get woody and spindly.
S. greggii is quite variable in nature, due to the crossing of many forms. In fact, inter-species hybrids are common with the very similar S. microphylla. Stable populations of these crosses have been found in the wild and have been given the name S. X jamensis.
In recent years many new cultivars of Salvia greggii have been introduced with showy flower colors, including purple and cherry red. One recent selection is Salvia 'Sierra San Antonio'. This plant presumably is a cultivar of S. X jamensis, and has yellow and red bicolored blooms.
Jack Scheper 6/23/00; updated 2/7/04 | <urn:uuid:6986d535-ff6a-452b-a347-56554e0d2bf7> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://floridata.com/Plants/Lamiaceae/Salvia%20greggii/747 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469258943366.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723072903-00256-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928322 | 524 | 2.53125 | 3 |
On this day in Tudor history, 14th May 1571, the "Creeping Parliament" was held in Edinburgh, Scotland.
Why was it called the "Creeping Parliament" and why were there actually two Parliaments meeting?
What was going on and what happened next?
Find out more...
On this day in Tudor history, 14th May 1538, the French ambassador, Louis de Perreau, Sieur de Castillon, wrote a dispatch regarding King Henry VIII having been dangerously ill due to a problem with one of his legs.
Henry VIII was plagued with problems from his legs, leg ulcers, from at least 1528 right up until his death. But what do we know about his problems and what are the theories regarding the cause?
On this day in history, 14th May 1635, Helena Gorges (née Snakenborg), Lady Gorges, was buried in Salisbury Cathedral.
But who was this lady and how did a Swedish royal maid-of-honour end up being buried in England?
On this day in 1536, 14th May, while her predecessor and former mistress was in the Tower of London waiting for her trial, Jane Seymour was moved to be closer to the king and was treated like a queen.
Find out more about this, and Eustace Chapuys' rather unflattering description... | <urn:uuid:bd030430-84eb-4066-ac6e-e8b8441f0a3a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.tudorsociety.com/14-may-the-creeping-parliament/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100056.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129041834-20231129071834-00241.warc.gz | en | 0.984861 | 285 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Several months after infection with SARS-CoV-2, some patients are still having symptoms - a phenomenon known as "long COVID” or "post-COVID-19 condition”. Still poorly understood, scientists are now attentively studying long COVID in order to improve knowledge and offer patients the best possible treatment. Researchers from Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay and Sorbonne Université at the Pierre-Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, in collaboration with ANRS Emerging Infectious Diseases, have used data from around 26,000 Constances cohort volunteers to identify the persistent symptoms most commonly reported by SARS-CoV-2 patients compared with the rest of the population. These are mainly loss of taste or smell, difficulty breathing and fatigue and are particularly seen in patients who experienced typical COVID symptoms at the time of infection. Their findings have been published in The Lancet Regional Health - Europe .
Many people report symptoms that persist for several months after infection with SARS-CoV-2. Still poorly understood, "long COVID” is currently the subject of rigorous research in order to better define its prevalence in the general population and decipher its underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
The persistent symptoms most commonly described in the scientific literature include dyspnea (difficulty breathing), asthenia (fatigue), joint and muscle pain, cognitive complaints, digestive complaints, and anosmia/dysgeusia (loss of smell and taste).
Apart from anosmia/dysgeusia, these clinical manifestations are not specific to COVID-19 and may, for example, be related to other infections occurring during the same period or to more restricted access to health care during the pandemic.
In order to better understand and treat long COVID, it is therefore essential for scientists to determine which persistent symptoms are more specifically associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection than with other conditions.
A general population studyA new study published in The Lancet Regional Health has examined this issue. One of the aspects that makes this research original is that it was carried out in a general population cohort.
General population cohorts differ from cohorts constructed from samples of COVID patients (who, by definition, are all "symptomatic”, often with severe clinical forms or hospitalized), which are not representative of everyone with the infection.
General population cohorts therefore make it possible to understand public health problems through the creation of comparison groups, for example focusing on the severity of symptoms at the time of infection.
Another novel aspect is that the participants all underwent a serological test to screen for a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This differentiates this study from the majority of its counterparts, which focus on those having performed a PCR test and who have presented symptoms.
For example, this study compared the persistence of symptoms seven to eight months after the first wave of the pandemic in four groups of participants distributed according to the symptoms they had during that first wave and their serological status (whether or not they had been infected with SARS-CoV-2).
Long-term symptoms according to serological statusA total of 25,910 participants from the Constances cohort (see box) completed two questionnaires during the first wave of COVID-19 to determine the presence of symptoms during the fifteen days prior. They then underwent a serological test, between May and November 2020, to identify those who had been exposed to the virus.
Finally, between December 2020 and February 2021, they completed a third questionnaire, which looked at symptoms having persisted or persisting for at least two months. This questionnaire included the list of symptoms focused on during the first waves of questionnaires, as well as new symptoms presented by people with long COVID (problems with concentration and attention, chest pains, etc.).
The researchers then explored the link between infection, acute symptoms, and persistent symptoms. The results of their statistical analyses show that SARS-CoV-2 mainly affects the persistence of symptoms if it induces certain symptoms during the acute phase of the infection.
"Our findings confirm the importance of the clinical expression of the initial infectious episode in the risk of developing persistent symptoms. They can help guide public policies by providing more accurate data on the type of persistent COVID-19 symptoms and encourage the development of strategies for more effective treatment. Promoting preventive therapies and approaches, such as vaccination, that reduce symptoms in the acute phase of the disease could also have a beneficial effect on long COVID,” the study authors noted.
These findings reflect the complexity of the mechanisms that can explain the persistent symptoms, emphasizing that these symptoms may be related to the virus, to the initial clinical presentation of the infection, and to other non-specific causes.
They also suggest the importance of conducting studies on post-infectious conditions, regardless of the micro-organism in question.
Further research is under way to understand the mechanisms behind long COVID and to quantify the extent to which these persistent symptoms can be attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection
The Constances cohortConstances is a large-scale French epidemiological cohort, composed of a representative sample of 220,000 adults aged 18 to 69 years at the time of their inclusion. Participants are asked to have a health check every four years and to complete an annual questionnaire. Each year, their data are matched with the French national health insurance databases. This large-scale cohort is supported by the National Health Insurance Fund and financed by the Investments for the Future Program.
The data collected, which concern health, socio-professional characteristics, use of health care services, and biological, physiological, physical and cognitive parameters, enable us to learn more about the determinants of many diseases.
Constances is one of three cohorts on which is based the SAPRIS-SERO project led by Inserm and ANRS Emerging Infectious Diseases - a project which aims to quantify the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in the French population on the basis of serological tests.
The members of the first group of participants all had a positive COVID-19 serological test and had reported symptoms during the first wave. Those of the second group had a positive test but no symptoms. Those of the third group had a negative test and symptoms, while those of the fourth group were asymptomatic during the first wave and with a negative test. | <urn:uuid:3e6ba972-3b85-4bb6-b4a3-b177f648d551> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.myscience.fr/news/2022/long_covid_when_symptoms_persist_months_after_the_first_wave-2022-inserm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103646990.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630001553-20220630031553-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.952217 | 1,316 | 3.640625 | 4 |
UK supermarkets and the food industry need to cut the amount of packaging on their products because most of it is ending up in landfills, a report says.
Ready meals are adding to the amount of waste from packaging
A study by the Environment Agency said leading companies in the food and drink sector needed to do more to reduce the amount people threw away or recycled.
The watchdog said British households were producing 4.6 million tonnes of packaging waste each year.
The findings were published in its annual report on business performance.
'Could do better'
The EA's acting chief executive, Paul Leinster, said: "If you opened up an ordinary household bin bag, you would find most of its contents would include packaging and products from some of the biggest names in the world of food and drink."
He said although there had been an increase in recycling rates, the amount of overall waste was still growing.
"That's why we are asking the food and drink industry to look at the amount of packaging and waste they create because they are key to how much rubbish we all produce," Mr Leinster added.
It said supermarket Sainsbury's last year managed to reduce the amount of packaging waste on its own-brand Easter eggs by 40%.
But the agency's annual Spotlight report on the environmental performances of businesses in England and Wales did praise the efforts of some leading brands.
And Coca Cola's Milton Keynes plant had invested £100,000 to cut the amount of waste ending up in landfill sites.
Food and Drink Federation director general, Melanie Leech, said she was not surprised that packaging made up the majority of waste.
"We are after all eating every day and consuming more convenience foods," she said. "However, manufacturers are working hard to minimise the amount of packaging used without compromising essential protective and preservative functions."
Jane Bickerstaffe, director of the Industry Council for Packaging and the Environment (Incpen), said she was surprised the agency had decided to highlight the sector.
"The packaging supply chain companies are probably more aware than many other industries because we have been the focus of so many environmental campaigns.
"One of the effects of that... is even though people buy far more goods today, the actual amount of packaging per item has been going down," she said. "The vast majority of the weekly shop is, we believe, sensibly packed."
Mrs Bickerstaffe added that the actual weight of total packaging had not increased: "For example, when yoghurt pots first came on to the market they weighed 12g; today, they are 3g.
"If you can make 10 cans out of 1kg of material rather than five, it is good. It is a win-win situation environmentally and economically."
As well as the measures the industry was taking itself, there were several pieces of legislation that regulated the environmental aspects of packaging, Mrs Bickerstaffe said.
For some of the other sectors featured in the report, the findings included:
The report concluded that better environmental performances could save businesses billions of pounds. It said cutting waste could save £3bn, while energy efficiency measures would result in a further £1.8bn saving.
- Chemical: responsible for just 2% of all serious pollution incidents, and recycled or reused 17% of its waste
- Construction: about 60,000 flytipping incidents involved construction-related waste
- Farming: number of serious pollution incidents fell by 10% to 130
- Fuel and power: responsible for more than eight million tonnes of waste, but managed to reuse or recycle 67% of it | <urn:uuid:8647ece2-6e8b-4661-af6a-2b292dbff741> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5215044.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320539.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625152316-20170625172316-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.976792 | 741 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Source : Google photo of sycophancy
Synopsis : A sycophant is a person who acts obsequiously toward someone important in order to gain advantage. Sycophancy is more common than one would care to believe because it is a method by which weak people protect themselves who are in vulnerable positions and can’t afford to lose their jobs if they are not sycophants. People with courage to speak the truth no matter what punishment they get are the real unsung heroes whom the world cares little to remember. Nevertheless we should all try to live honestly and speak out against corruption.
Source : Google photo of Marco Polo in the court of Kublai Khan
Once Marco Polo asked Kublai Khan why the Khan wanted him to stay in China when he was so homesick, the Khan answered that he valued Marco Polo because he always spoke the truth without fear. He said that he was surrounded by sycophants who always said what they thought will please the Khan so he wanted Marco Polo to stay in his court. He promised him untold riches and comfort if he stayed but Marco Polo returned to his native land where no one believed his stories and travels to China. He ended up in jail where his cell mate believed in him and took notes of all his travels and of his stay in China in the court of Kublai Khan that was later published.
All powerful people are surrounded by sycophants who shield them from knowing the truth because they are afraid to speak their mind fearing retribution. If you just read the news in the United States, you will notice the spate of retribution for anyone who speaks against the president because the president demands absolute loyalty like a mafia don so people are afraid and keep quiet to keep their job and protect themselves from vengeance. The mafia people can kill anyone who criticizes them and exposes their wrongdoings that a modern day president cannot do but he can still ruin the career of a person of ability and good conscience.
There was a great historian of international repute in India who wrote about the wrong doings of Nehru who was the prime minister and published a book about it that Nehru’s sycophants read and underlined the paragraphs for Nehru to read. Nehru was a very arrogant and vengeful person who never accepted his wrong doings and blamed the historian who had only written about the facts. The result was that the historian who was the Director General of the All India Radio was summarily fired from his position and had to leave India because no one could offer him a job fearing the retribution from the Prime Minister.
He was offered a fellowship by the Oxford University because he was such an eminent historian so the poor chap stayed in England in exile until his death, such was the price he paid for telling the truth. When Rajeev Dixit openly started talking on U tube about the massive corruption of the Gandhi family members who ruled India for most of the post independence period, he was murdered. I still do not know who ordered the killing but it was supposed to send a message to those who dared to speak against the ruling family what would happen to them.
In the olden days the kings ordered the beheading of the person who brought him the bad news that some dictators still practice but there are many ways a critic can be silenced and made to pay with misery and unemployment so only the sycophants can survive. I think it is their only survival strategy where speaking the truth can hurt them.
In a vibrant democracy people feel free to criticize the one in power but often they too pay the price like the case Rajeev Dixit mentioned above. People who abuse their position and steal money from the public coffers are mortally afraid that their misdeeds will come to light and they will have to pay the price so they want to eliminate all critics which is hard to do in a democracy but easy to do in autocratic dictatorships.
This has always been so historically speaking when kings and Pharaohs routinely silenced their critics in the most brutal way possible. The Egyptian kings even ordered the accomplishments of their predecessors defaced from the temple walls and their statuary vandalized to show only their own glory. I think it is the human nature to be intolerant of others who outshine them so they become very jealous.
You have noticed in the classrooms during your high school and later college days when some students show open jealousy toward any student who is smarter than the rest and who also happens to be the favorite of the teachers. This is the start of the feeling of superiority over others and the start of a vengeful nature in them. Some of them can enter politics and later may become powerful but their vengeful nature and feeling of superiority stays with them even if they do not meet the standard of excellence in public service.
How such people get elected is a whole new story that I will not bother to write about now because corruption in the electoral process is a well known subject that needs not any elaboration at this point. An honest person does not need sycophants around him because he does not do any thing wrong in his life and encourages others also to be honest but a corrupt person who becomes powerful through fraudulent election , vote buying and rigged election surrounds himself or herself with sycophants who serve his ego and protect themselves at the same time.
There is a natural tendency among the common people to suck up to anyone who may serve their interest. If an ugly woman is praised as beautiful and gorgeous , she may be very pleased and buy you dinner in a fancy restaurant. There was a gambler in our neighborhood who ran for the office of Mayor and lost badly but during the election campaign, he gave food to anyone who would vote for him so all the grass root people we call GRPs came in large numbers to help themselves with free food and started calling the fellow mayor . No one really cared if he won or lost because they were after the free food so sucking up to the fellow was in their interest. Later the fellow lost his house to the bank and disappeared from the community to every one’s relief. He did not pay the caterer either and left behind his misdeeds of fraud everywhere.
It is also the tendency among many who only exist to serve their own interest first . They will smile at you and even say hello at first only to show up at your gate later and try to convince you to buy what they are selling. If you say no to them, they will no longer say hello or smile at you because you do not serve their interest. One fellow who was our neighbor came running and panting because he was fat to say that he was selling pork but we do not eat pork so he disappeared never to talk to us or say hello.
Others have tried to sell us something we do not want but used false pretense to do so and now have totally disappeared because we did not serve their interest. I have always told my wife and children never to suck up to anyone for any reason because it is the start of sycophancy that they must avoid at all cost.
Sycophancy is utterly demeaning and humiliating because it puts you under the power of someone who can exert his or her control over you. The sycophants are weak people who are always afraid to lose their jobs or their social position so they stick to those who can be their benefactor. Some enrich themselves enormously because a corrupt person buys his loyalty by rewarding those who are his sycophants so you will hear of cases where a dictator or a politician spreads his loot among the people who show loyalty so it again becomes a case of self interest. Not every one has the guts to criticize a person in power and suffer the consequences unless he is a noted historian and has an offer of fellowship from Harvard or Cambridge.
I have come to think of sycophancy as a weakness of character than anything else. It is also found in the nature where a weak animal quickly subjugates itself to a more powerful one thus gaining some advantage. They show their obedience by licking or putting their tail between legs or cower in fright so the aggressive animal backs off from attacking. We too have our weaknesses and fear the powerful.
People who have no fear and stand up to tyrants are called brave and often pay a high price. They never bow down to bad people and openly challenge them by defying them. They do not become sycophants even if given a share of the loot. Such people become great leaders of their country because they are honest and try to uproot corruption, stop the loot of the public money and give the wrong doers the harshest penalty. They also attract people who are honest and are not afraid to speak the truth therefore it is known that good people attract good people and bad people attract their kind.
I have seen this in Vietnam during the war where I used to work as a volunteer agronomist in rural areas. I used to see some very bad people who were doing very bad things to the people because in war they saw an opportunity to be their real self and make some profit out of it. They knew that the war was wrong but they did not care. They were also sycophants to their seniors and some were outright psychos so the war brought them out of the woodwork so to speak. In the normal world of law and order such people had no role to play.
In the normal world, an honest person makes a lot of enemies who are stopped to steal and account for their stolen wealth . Many are caught and sent to jail and their stolen wealth recovered and sent to the national treasury but in many countries the corrupt people are never brought to justice because they protect themselves from judicial inquiries by appointing top notch lawyers who know how to protect their paymaster.
But Marco Polo was young and idealist who was fearless and always spoke the truth. He was not a sycophant so won the admiration of the Khan whom everyone feared. Such people are hard to come by these days.
Note : My blogs are also available in French, Spanish, German and Japanese languages at the following links as well as my biography: | <urn:uuid:65c32731-c092-4517-bd1c-c642777c2407> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://a-chtrjee.medium.com/sycophancy-9d97b2216be0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00323.warc.gz | en | 0.98774 | 2,072 | 3.109375 | 3 |
June 1969 Electronics World
Table of Contents
Wax nostalgic about and learn from the history of early electronics. See articles
Electronics World, published May 1959
- December 1971. All copyrights hereby acknowledged.
Like most people familiar with electronics, when negative resistance semiconductors are mentioned, I immediately think of tunnel diodes. Negative resistance is the characteristic where in increase in voltage across the p-n junctions results an a decreased current. Although the tunnel diode was invented by by Leo Esaki (Sony) in 1957, it is not mentioned anywhere in this 1969 article. Instead author Wesley Vincent (Motorola) describes the theoretical operation of 4-layer (3 junction) semiconductors and how they can be biased to mimic true negative resistance devices. Given that one of the most common applications of tunnel diodes is to construct relaxation oscillators, knowing which configurations of standard BJTs can act like negative resistance devices might help explain unintended high frequency oscillations in some amplifier circuits.
See also "The Tunnel Diode" from a 1960 issue of Popular Electronics.
Using Transistors as Negative-Resistance Devices
By Wesley A. Vincent / Advanced Development Section
Government Electronics Div., Motorola Inc.
By using simple transistor-resistor combinations, characteristics of four-layer diodes, SCR's, and UJT's may be readily simulated.
Several rather unusual negative-resistance devices have become available to the circuit enthusiast during the past few years. These devices include four-layer diodes, silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR's), and unijunction transistors (UJT's) to name a few of the most popular. Industrial competition and improved manufacturing and production techniques have resulted in price reductions, allowing those with limited budgets to use them in circuit projects. However, ordinary transistors are more likely to be readily available for circuit experiments. By using the simple transistor-resistor combinations presented in this article, the characteristics of four-layer diodes, SCR's, and UJT's may be simulated.
A relaxation oscillator using the analog circuit of the unijunction transistor, which is quite similar in operation to the unijunction relaxation oscillator, is also described. Although the test results presented were obtained using silicon transistors, low-leakage germanium transistors may be substituted.
An advantage gained in simulating these negative-resistance devices is that the more important device parameters may be determined by selecting transistors and resistors used in the substitute combinations. The basic building block for the circuits discussed is based on the operation and theory of the four-layer or p-n-p-n diode. The SCR and UJT are then presented as extensions of the four-layer diode in theory and in synthesizing their characteristics, using transistor-resistor combinations.
Four-Layer Diode Theory
A four-layer diode consists of four alternate regions of p- and n-doped semiconductor, as shown in Fig. 1A. The p-region terminal is called the anode while the n-terminal is referred to as the cathode. The V-I characteristics and parameter definitions associated with the device are shown in Fig. 1B. With the anode biased positively with respect to the cathode, a negative-resistance (current increases as the voltage decreases) region exists. The four-layer diode may also be represented by a regenerative transistor feedback arrangement consisting of a p-n-p and n-p-n transistor, as shown in Fig. 1C.
Using this model, the mathematical expression for the terminal current IE, may be expressed in terms of the transistor parameters as follows:
where αp and αn are the common-base current gains; Icop and Icon are the collector-to-base leakage currents; Mp and Mn are the multiplication factors which account for carriers created by impact ionization in a reverse-biased junction during breakdown.
Fig. 1A - Four-layer diode has four alternate "p, n" regions and three "p-n" junctions. B - V-I characteristics
Fig. 1C - Transistor model
The p and n subscripts refer to the parameters associated with the p-n-p and n-p-n transistors, respectively, in Fig. 1C. Usually Mp and Mn are assumed to be equal and are designated simply as M. If the leakage terms are combined, the previous equation may be expressed in a slightly more simplified form as:
This expression may be used to briefly explain the forward V-I characteristics of the four-layer diode as follows: For anode-to-cathode voltage less than the breakover voltage, only a small leakage current flows. The current-gain parameters αp and αn are complex functions of injection efficiency, the base transport factor, and surface conditions. For small anode-to-cathode voltages, the combined values of αp and αn are much less than 1. Since no multiplication takes place at low voltages, M is equal to unity. The denominator in the above expression is only slightly less than unity so that IE is approximately equal to Ico.
The current gains αp and αn increase with increasing current as the forward voltage is increased. Thus, the forward current increases slightly with increasing voltage. As the forward voltage is continually increased, the condition occurs where M (αp + αn ) = 1. When this occurs, the current increases sharply over the previous small leakage current as shown in Fig. 1B. This voltage is known as the breakover voltage. At the breakover voltage, multiplication (M) is greater than unity since avalanche breakdown is occurring in the reverse-bias junctions. Therefore, the combined value of αp and αn is less than 1.
As the current increases beyond the breakover current, αp and αn increase due to their current dependence. A lower multiplication (M) is then required to maintain the breakover voltage. As a result, the forward bias across the diode begins to decrease with a negative-resistance region occurring. The current increases and voltage decreases until the holes injected at the anode of the p-n-p transistor equal the electrons injected at the emitter of the n-p-n transistor. This is a result of current continuity conditions and results in forward bias of the center junction of the four-layer diode. The transistors in the model are then in their "on" or saturated state.
In the reverse operating mode, the four-layer diode acts like two reverse-biased diodes in series. A small reverse current exists until the breakdown condition finally takes place.
Equivalent Circuit for Four-Layer Diode
When silicon transistors are connected in the manner shown in Fig. 1C, the forward V-I characteristics resemble those of an ordinary p-n junction rather than those of a four-layer diode. This occurs because the discrete transistor current gains are much higher than the current gains in a four-layer diode. The breakover condition of M (αp + αn) = 1 is reached at a few tenths of a volt when current injection for the transistor begins.
Large transistor leakage currents can also cause low breakover voltages. One method of reducing the transistor current gain is to place a resistor between its base and emitter terminals. A shunt path exists for the emitter current with the result that very little injection takes place until the voltage across the shunt resistor begins to forward-bias the base-emitter junction.
In the transistor equivalent model shown in Fig. 1C, several possibilities exist for reducing the combined values of αp and αn. Resistors can be inserted between the base and emitter of the p-n-p or n-p-n, or both, transistors. Shown in Figs, 2A and 2B are the forward V-I characteristics for a transistor-resistor equivalent circuit with a 1000-ohm resistor inserted between the base and emitter of the n-p-n transistor. It can be seen from these curve-tracer photographs that the forward V-I characteristics are similar to those of the four-layer diode.
Fig. 2 - (A, B) The transistor-resistor equivalent circuit for a four-layer diode. (C) Same but with inverted "n-p-n" transistor and (D) with an inverted "p-n-p" transistor.
In the configurations shown, the breakover voltage is determined by the BVCEO parameter of the p-n-p transistor. In general, the breakover voltage will be determined by the transistor with the lower breakdown parameter. Shunt resistors, used to reduce either αp or αn, will increase the transistor breakdown voltage from BVCEO to BVCER. In Figs. 2A and 2B, BVCEO for the n-p-n transistor is approximately 50 V. However, with the shunt resistor of 1000 ohms, the BVCER voltage is greater than 100 volts; hence, the breakover voltage for the circuit is determined by the p-n-p transistors with BVCEO voltages of 54 and 64 volts, respectively.
For breakover voltages less than the BVCEO voltage of the transistors, either the p-n-p or n-p-n transistor may be operated in an inverted mode. Results for such a circuit are shown in Fig. 2C where the n-p-n transistor has been inverted. Even though alpha for an inverted transistor is severely reduced, it is still necessary to reduce the alpha of either the n-p-n or p-n-p transistor with a shunt resistor. As with the previous circuit, the breakover voltage is determined by the lower breakdown of the two devices. In this configuration the breakover point is determined by the BVECO voltage of the n-p-n transistor. (A close approximation of the breakover voltage is obtained by knowing the more commonly specified BVEBO voltage of the n-p-n transistor.)
Another four-layer diode equivalent circuit with its forward V-I characteristics is shown in Fig. 2D, where the p-n-p transistor has been inverted. The BVECO voltage of the p-n-p transistor determining the breakover voltage is 6.5 volts.
By selecting the transistor breakdown voltage, the experimenter can simulate four-layer diode characteristics with a breakover voltage of 5 to 100 volts or more.
The holding current for these configurations is determined by the transistor current gains and shunt resistors. The holding current may be selected from a few microamps to 10 or 20 mA or more. Decreasing the value of the shunt resistor (and hence decreasing the transistor current gain) increases the holding current.
The reverse breakdown voltage for the four-layer diode equivalent circuit is similar to that of a four-layer diode and is determined by the junction breakdown of the transistors in the specific configuration. Note that if shunt resistors are used to reduce both αp and αn, the reverse breakdown voltage will be only approximately 0.65 volt, the voltage of one forward-biased diode.
The most noticeable temperature effect for these configurations is that the holding current decreases with increasing temperature. If the transistor alphas are not reduced sufficiently by shunt resistors, it is possible for premature firing to occur with increasing temperature as αp and αn increase with temperature.
The test results are not unique for any particular transistor type. Similar results have been obtained using other silicon and low-leakage germanium transistors.
Simulation of SCR Characteristics
Fig. 3. (A) An SCR is four-layer diode with gate terminal. (B) V-I characteristics, and (C) equivalent circuit for SCR.
Fig. 4. Characteristics of simulated SCR shown here (A) in blocking state and (B) in "on" state due to 1 V on gate.
Fig. 5. (A) Symbol and circuit used to explain operation of UJT. (B) Forward V-I characteristics. (C) Equivalent circuit.
The SCR consists basically of a four-layer diode with the addition of a third terminal called the gate. The gate is usually attached to the p-region near the cathode, as shown in Fig. 3A. The gate terminal is used to switch the SCR from the blocking or "off" state to a low-impedance or "on" state . As the gate current increases, the breakover voltage decreases, as shown in Fig. 3B.
With a minimum gate current, which is dependent on the particular SCR construction, the negative-resistance region no longer occurs and the V-I characteristics resemble those of an ordinary p-n diode. In theory, the gate current causes the individual current gains αp and αn to increase so that the condition for breakover, M (αp + αn) = 1, occurs prior to four-layer junction breakdown.
The transistor-resistor equivalent circuit for the four-layer diode may be adapted to obtain SCR characteristics by simply adding the gate terminal with a series resistor to the base of the n-p-n transistor shown in Fig. 3C. The series gate resistor insures that the collector current of Q1 causes Q2 to turn on, leading to regenerative action and the low-impedance state. Otherwise the collector current (electron current) of Q1 would flow into the gate terminal. A diode may also be used to replace the series gate resistor in Fig. 3C.
Curve-tracer results for the simulated SCR are shown in Fig. 4, where Q1 and Q2 were 2N3906 and 2N3904, respectively. Both resistors used in the equivalent circuit were 1000 ohms.
Fig. 4B shows the equivalent SCR turned "on" by an applied gate voltage of 1 volt. The exact gate voltage and current necessary for switching the simulated SCR will depend on the transistors and resistors used in the equivalent circuit. A gate current of 1 milliamp should be sufficient to switch silicon or germanium combinations.
Simulation of the Unijunction Transistor
The unijunction transistor is another device with negative-resistance characteristics. It is used in oscillators, timing circuits, pulse and sawtooth generators, and special triggering applications. The unijunction equivalent circuit can be considered to be a resistive n-type silicon bar with a p-n junction formed between the terminals, as shown in Fig. 5A. The end terminals of the bar are referred to as bases while the anode of the p-n junction is called the emitter. The resistance between the two bases is known as the interbase resistance. The geometry of the first unijunctions consisted of the bar structure although newer UJT's include cube, planar, and p-base complementary structures.
In operation, the interbase resistors form a voltage divider with the voltage applied between base terminals. When the voltage at the emitter forward-biases the p-n junction, the unijunction enters the negative-resistance region. Forward V-I characteristics for the unijunction, showing the negative-resistance region, are illustrated in Fig. 5B.
The unijunction transistor can be considered to be a four-layer diode with the addition of biasing resistors as shown in Fig. 5C. The biasing resistors replace the interbase resistors of the unijunction and are used to set the break over point. However, in unijunction terminology, this voltage is known as the peak-point voltage. Also, the minimum holding current is referred to as the valley current (IV) for the unijunction.
For commercially available UJT's, the ratio of interbase resistors setting the peak-point voltage is determined by the semiconductor manufacturer. Using the transistor-resistor equivalent circuit in Fig. 5C, the peak-point voltage may be selected by choosing the appropriate resistive dividers, RI and R2.
Fig. 6. (A) UJT oscillator. (B) Equivalent-circuit version.
A relaxation oscillator is one of the most common applications for the UJT. The basic configuration appears in Fig. 6A. A positive pulse appears at base 1, a negative pulse at base 2, and a sawtooth waveform at the emitter. The frequency of oscillation is controlled by the R1C1 time constant; R2 is selected for minimum frequency change over a given temperature range, and R3 limits the capacitor discharge current.
The basic operation of the relaxation oscillator is as follows: When "B+" is applied, all of this voltage immediately appears across the timing resistor, R1. The voltage across C1 then increases at a rate determined by the time constant R1C1 as C1 begins to charge toward the applied voltage. When the voltage across the capacitor increases to the emitter firing voltage, the emitter-base 1 junction becomes forward-biased and the UJT enters the negative-resistance region. C1 then discharges through R3 and the emitter of the unijunction, this continues until the voltage across C1 falls sufficiently and causes the UJT to turn off. When the UJT turns off, the applied voltage minus the turn-off voltage appears across R1. The capacitor begins to charge again and the cycle is repeated. Positive and negative output pulses are produced, as shown on the diagram, as a result of the pulse of current flow through the UJT. During firing, negative resistance occurs between the emitter and base 1 due to carriers injected across the junction. This mechanism is known as conductivity modulation of the bulk silicon.
The configuration of the equivalent-circuit relaxation oscillator and its similarity to the UJT oscillator are shown in Fig. 6B. The operation is similar to the unijunction oscillator except that the capacitor is discharged through the low impedance, resulting from the four-layer action of Q1 and Q2 when firing occurs. Component values in Fig. 6B are for an oscillator with a frequency of approximately 1 kHz.
The firing point for this circuit is:
or approximately 5.5 + 0.6 = 6.1 volts. A positive pulse can be obtained by dividing R2 into two separate resistors and taking the output between them.
In summary then, we have shown that it is possible to simulate the characteristics of four-layer diodes, SCR's, and UJTs by simply wiring together a pair of transistors and some resistors.
Posted July 3, 2017 | <urn:uuid:5d05813c-b917-45e8-90fb-3a617ad242d4> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.rfcafe.com/references/electronics-world/transistors-negative-resistance-electronics-world-june-1969.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591431.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117234621-20200118022621-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.912826 | 3,928 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Women’s health physiotherapy refers to disorders that are specific to women during various phases of life ranging from adulthood, pregnancy, post-partum, menopause and old age. This also includes rehabilitation post-surgery and post-cancer diagnosis/treatment.
Pain is the most common symptom reported by women with pelvic health issues. Low back pain or pelvic pain with sustained sitting, cycling, during sexual intercourse and swimming are few of the problems where there may be pelvic floor dysfunction. Pain unattended can alter functions of muscles, joints, and increase nervous system sensitivity thereby resulting in change in strength, mobility and posture. Involuntary loss of urine is considered as incontinence, there are various types of incontinence like stress, urge, mixed. Weakness in pelvic floor muscles can lead to incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse.
Women’s health physiotherapy is a specialized area focusing on treatment and management of women’s health issues. Physiotherapists treating pelvic floor disorders are called pelvic health physiotherapists. Your women’s health physiotherapist helps you identify the factors determining the problem. They can help with pain reduction, function and mobility, and strategies to help cope with pain. A detailed external and internal examination can be required to determine the physical factors associated with the given condition, and they are specially trained pelvic floor therapists.
They do treatments like but not limited to
Look for physiotherapists with specialized credentials. Your pelvic health physiotherapist should be a member of the College of Physiotherapists in your province to perform this controlled activity; you can verify this by checking here.
Please click here for the list of women’s health specialists in Canada. | <urn:uuid:56b01fff-d4ae-4f48-866d-c2411ece14a2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://physiocanhelp.ca/your-health/women/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474377.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223085439-20240223115439-00862.warc.gz | en | 0.949532 | 354 | 2.609375 | 3 |
What is a common precipitating event?
Results: The most common precipitants of serious suicide attempts were relationship breakdowns, other interpersonal problems, and financial difficulties. However, one third of those attempting suicide were unable to describe any precipitating factor.
What is an example of a precipitating event?
Births and marriages, a job change, having to move house, significant anniversaries or birthday or even the anticipation of such events, may stir up strong feelings and induce the person to take stock of his life, to desire change, and perhaps seek help.
What is a precipitating cause?
Precipitating Cause–forces the phenomenon to happen, this is the “last straw” idea, usually happens just before the phenomenon occurs. For example: in the case of a forest fire, the bolt of lightning would be the precipitating cause. Remote Causes–the causes are remote in time, they are causes of causes.
What is precipitation in psychology?
the particular factor, sometimes a traumatic or stressful experience, that is the immediate cause of a mental or physical disorder. A single precipitating event may turn a latent condition into the manifest form of the disorder.
What does precipitating mean?
verb (used with object), pre·cip·i·tat·ed, pre·cip·i·tat·ing. to hasten the occurrence of; bring about prematurely, hastily, or suddenly: to precipitate an international crisis. … to cast, plunge, or send, especially violently or abruptly: He precipitated himself into the struggle.
What are the types of causes?
This yields three types of causes: fixed states (non-modifiable), dynamic states (modifiable) and events. Different types of causes have different characteristics: the methods available to study them and the types of evidence needed to infer causality may differ.
What is a necessary cause?
Necessary Cause – the event(s) without which the consequence cannot occur. Sufficient Cause – any event which is always followed by the consequence.
What is a contributory cause?
A contributory cause of death is any cause of death that is neither the immediate, intervening, originating antecedent nor underlying cause; hence these are other significant conditions that contributed to the fatal outcome, but were not related to the disease or condition directly causing death.23 мая 2013 г.
What are the 4 P’s in psychology?
The four “Ps” of case formulation (predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating, and protective factors) also provide a useful framework for organizing the factors that may contribute to the development of anticipatory distress (Barker, 1988; Carr, 1999; Winters, Hanson, & Stoyanova, 2007).
Which is the best definition for precipitation?
: water that falls to the earth as hail, mist, rain, sleet, or snow. precipitation. noun. | <urn:uuid:8ec4dceb-7a1b-42b2-a5c0-61a7c2968527> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.pumphousecatering.com/organization/what-is-a-precipitating-event.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991648.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514060536-20210514090536-00197.warc.gz | en | 0.921065 | 611 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Early 3D games used a relatively small number of polygons to create a blocky “low-poly” approximation of a game environment.
Three styles that occasionally come close to the low-poly look are:
- Mid-Century Modern
- Scandinavian design (e.g. IKEA)
But none of these styles are specifically aiming to minimize the number of visible surfaces in a building or interior.
In order to bring the “1996 Playstation graphics” look to interior design, the following easy-to-assemble low-polygon furnishings are proposed:
Fig. 1: At left, we see a normal chair. On the right, the number of visible surfaces has been reduced to almost the bare minimum. The chair on the right could easily be rendered by a Nintendo 64.
Fig. 2: Even this blocky chair still consists of 32 triangles. For computer-related reasons, surfaces are counted in triangles (the most minimalist polygon) rather than rectangles. Note that this chair essentially consists of three stretched-out cubes. Normally that would result in 36 triangles (3 cubes * 6 faces/cube * 2 triangles / face = 36 triangles), but we have saved a few triangles by merging the cubes in this way.
Fig. 3: The standard lamp (left) can be converted into a low-poly lamp (right). The cord is unaffected—a segmented low-poly cord would unfortunately violate the electrical safety codes in most jurisdictions.
Fig. 4: The lamp above can be reduced to 21 surface-facing triangles if we allow the base (labeled “1*”) to be a single triangle.
PROS: This never-before-seen look combines minimalism with early-3D nostalgia in a way that is appealing to everyone.
CONS: Only slightly different from existing furniture you can get at IKEA, so differentiation of this style from “the cheapest possible furniture” style may be difficult. Safety regulations prevent the use of low-poly stylings everyone (e.g. in electrical cords).
You must be logged in to post a comment. | <urn:uuid:566bcf3d-3f14-4f72-b6b0-440649abf741> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://worstplans.com/2017/08/07/your-chair-is-killing-you-throw-all-your-useless-and-harmful-furniture-into-a-huge-bonfire-then-replace-it-with-eco-friendly-low-polygon-furniture-for-the-health-conscious-and-trendy-consumer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945248.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324051147-20230324081147-00038.warc.gz | en | 0.91052 | 453 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Jupiter and Saturn are coming together in a rare alignment on Monday in a thing called “The Great Conjunction.”
This is a rare occurrence when Jupiter and Saturn make a joint appearance. According to experts, the last time you could actually see this was in 1623 and it was daytime, so it wasn’t great to see.
Experts say that the planets have been moving closer together for months and the big event will be Monday night at sunset!
NASA reports, “On that night, the sun sets at 4:40, so you can start seeing it at twilight at 5:15, and by 6:30, they are so close to the horizon, they’ll be hard to see.”
You’ll have the best view if you have binoculars, and you will be able to see the moons of Jupiter and the rings of Saturn.
The next time this conjunction will be visible in the night time sky will be in 2080.
Dancing across the night sky, Jupiter and Saturn will make their showstopping move on Dec. 21 when they align to form what’s known as the “Great Conjunction.” Here’s how you can watch: https://t.co/VoNAbNAMXY
— NASA (@NASA) December 16, 2020 | <urn:uuid:0ae344f4-c0ed-4d2b-a7dc-47806bbdc23e> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://1075koolfm.com/monday-jupiter-and-saturn-will-be-aligning-for-the-first-time-in-our-lifetime/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780055632.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210917090202-20210917120202-00709.warc.gz | en | 0.943684 | 278 | 2.609375 | 3 |
© UNICEF Bangladesh/2008/Noorani
Malnutrition leads to vitamin D deficiency which can cause rickets. A three-year-old girl in Cox’s Bazar, Chittagong division.
Major improvements are still needed to fully protect young children from malnutrition, an underlying cause of child death. The elimination of malnutrition depends on a wide range of factors at household, community, national and international level.
There are initial indications that the food price rises is linked in some cases to increased malnutrition.
The number of infants born with low birth weight has decreased by 14 percentage points since 2004, meaning that fewer children start life at a nutritional disadvantage. Even so, close to half of all children under-five are underweight. Alarmingly wasting (low weight for height) increased from 13 per cent of under-fives in 2004 to 17 per cent in 2009. 15 per cent is the international threshold at which emergency nutrition interventions are usually implemented.
Role of mothers
Malnourished mothers give birth to underweight children. Poor breastfeeding habits – only 43 per cent of children are exclusively breastfeed for the first six months of life – encourage wasting. Discrimination against women leaves mothers unable to make decisions in their own households regarding the food and health of themselves and their children.
In the face of rising food prices, insufficient nutritious food and illness continue to set the stage for malnutrition. Malnutrition is the most common in the poorest communities and in households of low educational status. Floods and other natural disasters severely compromise food security in rural areas.
Supplementation and fortification
Recent achievements combating vitamin A deficiency and iodine deficiency have considerably improved the nutritional status of children. Even so, almost two thirds of children under the age of two are anemic. Vitamin A supplementation drives reach 94 per cent of children under-two. 84 per cent of the population consumes iodized salt.
Read about UNICEF’s programmes to improve mother and child nutrition. | <urn:uuid:ff900a40-fe4e-411f-a9c4-22940fc22dbb> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/children_4896.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541317.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00134-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929211 | 402 | 3.515625 | 4 |
The US Senate declined to overturn an Obama-era rule that requires oil and gas companies to limit their methane emissions if they’re drilling on federal and tribal lands. The outcome of the 51-49 vote was surprising given that Congress has thus far opted 13 times to use the Congressional Review Act (CRA) to overturn recent rules made in the previous administration, according to the Washington Post.Every democrat in the Senate voted against the motion to overturn the methane rule, including Heidi Heitkamp (D-N.D.) and Joe Manchin (D-W.Va.)—senators from fossil fuel-rich states who often vote in favor of those interests. John McCain (R-Ariz.), Susan Collins (R-Maine), and Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.) also joined the democrats.
The rule allows the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) to set standards to prevent methane leaks and excessive flaring (that is, burning off methane that escapes during drilling). BLM will also be allowed to inspect drilling operations for leaks of methane, a key component of natural gas. The rule was supposed to have two main benefits. From a climate change perspective, methane is one of the most potent greenhouse gases and is a major contributor to global warming, so preventing leaks will reduce those emissions. From a resource-use perspective, oil and gas companies must pay royalties on natural gas extracted from operations on federal and tribal lands, so the rule would reduce waste and ideally result in a better return on those royalties.
Oil and gas companies, however, argued that complying with the rules would be expensive. They have also argued that improved technology has reduced methane leaks already. Several companies sued the US government last year to try to get the rule overturned, but a US District judge in Wyoming ruled in favor of the BLM.
The Denver Post noted recently that according the BLM data, “companies between 2009 and 2014 wasted enough gas to power 5.1 million homes for a year. That’s gas on which companies would have had to pay royalties to state, tribal and federal governments.”
In a statement on Wednesday morning, Sen. McCain wrote, “Improving the control of methane emissions is an important public health and air quality issue, which is why some states are moving forward with their own regulations requiring greater investment in recapture technology. I join the call for strong action to reduce pollution from venting, flaring, and leaks associated with oil and gas production operations on public and Indian land.” McCain added that he wanted the Interior Department to issue “a new rule to revise and improve the BLM methane rule.”
The Hill noted that Republicans thought the vote would be tight, but they didn't expect to have the CRA resolution fail. "Vice President Pence came to the Capitol in case his vote was needed to break a tie," The Hill noted. "Republicans went into a side room off the Senate floor after the final vote was submitted and held the vote open, but no senator changed his or her vote."
Democrats, it seems, were just as surprised by the outcome. Ahead of the vote, Sen. Tom Udall (D-N.M.) reportedly said on the senate floor, “This is a good, solid rule, and it's a commonsense rule, and I think it prevents waste just like it was laid out to do. We're preventing waste, we're doing job creation, and we're acting on the part of public health.” | <urn:uuid:bdf6638e-f003-41ae-b206-b3d62a6487d4> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/05/in-a-surprise-about-face-us-senate-votes-to-keep-obama-era-methane-rule/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358520.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128103924-20211128133924-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.976643 | 715 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Basic Spatial Analyses for Lake and Stream
Many impairments to water quality are related to the surrounding landscape.
Some of these effects are related to immediate factors such as shoreline
characteristics, erosion, and riparian vegetation, while others are related
to watershed scale factors, such as land use patterns, the amount of impervious
surface, homeowner activities, and numerous other factors.
Geographic Information Systems provide a means to quantify various aspects
of lake, riparian, and watershed characteristics. By linking these spatial
characteristics with water quality, a water quality manager can identify
key sources of impairment, and consequently find appropriate remediation
strategies. In addition, the maps created through GIS analyses provide
an effective means of conveying information to decision makers and the
In this laboratory, you will use on-line GIS resources from WOW and
other sites to answer questions on lake, river and watershed attributes
- Explore the GIS tools and resources on WOW, DuluthStreams and Lake
Access to find and retrieve spatial data on lakes, rivers and watersheds
- For any given site, learn to identify a watershed and identify the
dominant stressors, particularily land use, that affect water quality.
Part I: Using GIS Tools and Resources on
WOW to Compare Urban and Rural Lakes
Use the WOW Internet Map Server (IMS) to retrieve lake and watershed
data for Medicine Lake in the western Minneapolis region and Shagawa Lake
near Ely, Minnesota, about 250 miles northeast of Medicine Lake. Before
you start using IMS, you should look at the Quick
Click one of the following links to launch an IMS session in a separate
Use the Identify and
in IMS to answer the following questions:
The fetch of a
lake determines in part its susceptibility to mixing by wind events.
the longest fetch of Medicine Lake? Shagawa? (note: the prevailing winds
in Minnesota are generally from west to east)
Given regional wind patterns, do you think the fetch has a significant
Use IMS to answer following questions, put your answers in the table
What is the area of each lake?
What is the maximum depth of Medicine Lake?
(Hint: make Bathymetry the active layer, then use the Identify
on the deep hole)
What is the maximum depth of Shagawa Lake?
(Hint: go to our cheat
Use the Query function to
determine the amount of forest, agricultural and urban lands in the watershed.
answer as a percent of
Land Use Calculations
- Use the IMS Query function to
extract the Land Use data from the watershed. You can select data individualy
by land use type, or select it at once. The quick way to select it
all is to use Area > 0 as your Query String
- Save the data and get it into EXCEL - Option 1
Copying the selected data from the Arc View IMS frame:
2.1 Select and highlight all all of the fields displayed in the bottom
ArcView IMS frame.
2.2 Right click the mouse key to copy the highlighted fields. Select Copy.
2.3 Load Excel, click on File> Open a blank worksheet.
2.4 Highlight the first cell, and right click the mouse to Paste the
- Save the data and get it into EXCEL - Option 2
Saving the data to a text file:
3.1 Click on "Save Attributes to Text File" -
help box pops up
3.2 Choose File>Save As
3.3 In the Save dialog box, Change the type
of file (Save as Type) to text file (txt)
3.4 Type in a sensible file name and choose a location to save
the file. Save it.
3.5 Load Excel, click on File> Open and
select your text file
3.6 Excel will complain that it doesn't recognize the file.
Too bad for it, click OK to
launch the Text Import Wizard
3.7 This is a comma delimited file, so make sure the Delimited file
type is checked and click on Next
3.8 Click in the Comma box to tell Excel this is
a comma-delimited file. The fields will magically align
3.9 Click on Finish to load the data into your worksheet.
- Calculate the percentages of each land use type in the watershed
4.1 You will notice that the column headings do not carry
over. They are (in order):
Area (in square meters - the native format for storing area
Landuse(the more aggregated class used to select the data)
Shape- the type of data (in this case - polygon)
ID- an index number for the individual polygons
4.2 There are a number of ways to calculate the percentages
the data and use @sum to calculate the subtotals by
more elegant way is to uUse
the Data>Pivot Table function - this is worth exploring
|Watershed Area (Aw)
|Lake Area (AL)
|AW : AL ratio
| Agriculture (%)
How might the differences in water quality between the lakes be related
to differences in land use?
How do you think lake water quality might be related to the Aw:AL ratio?
Use the IMS to look at the lake shorelines. How do you think lake water
quality differences be related to shoreline development?
What would you suggest is the major environmental stress factor to Medicine
Lake? Shagawa Lake?
Part II: Using GIS Tools and Resources on
WOW to Assess Stream and River Systems (optional exercise)
Creek (Duluth, MN) originates in a swamp drainage in a level to rolling
landscape with light agricultural and exurban (between suburbia and ruralia)
land use. It flows along the Duluth-Missabe and Iron Range (DMIR) railyard
in the City of Proctor, just outside Duluth, MN. At the DMIR, taconite
pellets from the Iron Range are transferred to a second set of rail cars
to make the short trip to the ore docks in the Duluth Harbor. The Creek
makes a steep drop to Lake Superior, and flows through the Lake Superior
Zoo, where the DuluthStreams Stream Monitoring Unit (SMU )is located.
From there it is <1 km to its discharge into the St. Louis Estuary/Duluth
Harbor in the western arm of Lake Superior.
Kingsbury Creek IMS Session contains a number of key spatial data
layers, including roads, hydrography, land use, and a recently developed
impervious surface layer. In addition, a set of high resolution air photos
becomes visible when you "zoom in" for a detailed view of the
Use the IMS tool to follow Kingsbury Creek from its origin in Mogie Lake,
through Proctor, and down to the Zoo. By turning different layers on and
off, you can get a good idea of what the dominant impairments to this
urban stream might be. List the dominant features you have observed.
Select "Real-time Data" as the Active Layer. Using the Hyperlink
click on the Stream Monitoring Site at the Lake Superior Zoo. This will
launch the Data Visualization Tool in a separate window. Scroll through
the Summer 2003 data and locate a storm event.
How do the various water quality parameters change in response to a rainfall?
What aspects of land use might be responsible for these changes? | <urn:uuid:489437aa-f581-4522-9f91-f4b318512bc9> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://waterontheweb.org/curricula/ws/unit_04/gislab.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038083007.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415035637-20210415065637-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.845309 | 1,612 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Among the many myths that exist regarding root canal treatment, the belief that root canals can cause systemic illness is easily the most antiquated and was debunked decades ago. To understand the origin of this myth, a brief history lesson is in order.
In the early 1900s, a concept known as “focal infection theory” had enormous influence on the practices of medicine and dentistry. This concept contends that many, if not all, systemic illnesses are the result of small, localized “foci” of bacterial infection. As it happens, teeth are natural harbors for bacterial infection, thus it was believed that infected teeth could cause a wide array of diseases and conditions. What’s more, the dental community at that time was of the belief that even teeth that been treated with root canals were suspect—that is, they had bacteria left behind that could continue to cause problems. Since a tooth that had been treated with root canal therapy was one that had obviously been infected at some point, many dentists extracted these teeth carte blanche, regardless of whether the tooth was causing problems or not.
Today, it is well understood that focal infection theory is incongruent with the true nature of pathology and the effects of bacterial infection.
In fact, root canal treatment cures and prevents the very problem that adherents of focal infection theory were so concerned about. It is true that infections in the body can migrate and cause significant issues elsewhere. For example, an abscessed tooth that is left untreated can lead to a condition called “cellulitis,” in which the bacteria escapes from the confines of the tooth and jaw and affects interstitial spaces and under the skin. Due to the swelling that is often present, cellulitis is often times a medical emergency.
Further, if bacteria enter the bloodstream and travels to the heart, they can colonize certain cardiovascular structures and create life-threatening problems, such as endocarditis. Because an abscess is a source of bacteria that could do exactly that, it’s plain to see that root canals not only do not cause heart problems, they actually help prevent them!
Bacterial infections, regardless of where they are in the body or how small they are, have the potential to grow and affect many parts of the body. Root canal treatment is performed exclusively to eradicate bacterial infection, thus preventing that very occurrence. Do not believe the myth that root canals can cause heart issues or other illnesses. On the contrary: they may be the very thing that saves you from such problems. | <urn:uuid:9cc23ffe-926b-4dc5-b7f9-dcbb9714c26d> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://irvineendodontist.com/can-root-canals-cause-heart-problems/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178367790.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303200206-20210303230206-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.970635 | 520 | 3.109375 | 3 |
During the month of June, the USDA approved the sale of lab-grown meat in the United States. The United States isn’t the first country to have lab-grown meat, the company Good Meat already sells it in Singapore, which was the first country to allow lab-grown meat. This topic has raised tons of questions and controversies as it has both some pros and cons.
The first pro is that it’s very sustainable. Lab-grown meat will bring the United States a more sustainable food production system and will require less land and water than traditional agriculture. Another pro is that growing chicken in labs would mean that animals wouldn’t have to be slaughtered. Lab-grown meat is an option to consider if you’re worried about getting E-coli or salmonella because it’s not subjected to the contaminants that can plague traditionally harvested meat.
A con is that lab-grown meat is developed in steel tanks from cells that come from animals, mainly chickens and it is more expensive than meat from slaughtered chicken. This topic has made a lot of consumers pretty skeptical due to them thinking that it’s unsafe. As of now, lab-grown meat will only be accessible in Bar Crenn in San Francisco and at one of celebrity chef’s José Andrés restaurants in Washington D.C. Once lab-grown meat reaches supermarkets they will have a USDA inspection certification and the labels will include “cell-cultured” to distinguish them from traditional meat. Although lab-grown meat is made in labs and not from slaughtered animals it is not considered vegetarian due to the fact that it is made from animal cells. | <urn:uuid:1d55089a-df3c-4b0b-b339-a23e45aaee76> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.otscribe.com/2023/10/01/lab-grown-meat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100290.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201151933-20231201181933-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.970092 | 340 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Seed collecting workshop in Vietnam
Global food security
Global food security is of growing concern in the light of population expansion and climate change predictions. There are around 7,000 plant species used as food crops globally, but just 12 of these account for roughly 80% of global consumption.
Conserving the genetic diversity of the most important food plants is vital for breeding crop plants that are able to face future environmental challenges. The Millennium Seed Bank of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Global Crop Diversity Trust have joined forces in a project to collect, conserve and make available for use the genetic diversity in the wild species related to major food crops.
This project - Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Collecting, Protecting and Preparing Crop Wild Relatives (CWR Project) - supports national institutes around the world in collecting and safeguarding priority crop wild relatives. Seed Collecting Guides have been developed to provide collectors in the field with as much information as possible about these wild plants, so that they are able to find them and collect their seeds.
The Vietnam Seed Collecting Guide contains information on 17 different crop wild relatives, including distant cousins of banana, apple, pigeonpea, aubergine, rice and sweet potato. The collecting guide contains a description of what the target plants look like, when they are going to have ripe seeds, where they are found, and also has photos to help identification.
This wild relative of banana is found in evergreen forests and ravines. Unlike cultivated bananas, it has large seeds (up to 7 mm) and the skin of the fruit is pink rather than yellow.
Training in Vietnam
Members of RGB Kew’s Seed Conservation Department headed to Hanoi in Vietnam to lead a training course for delegates from Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal and Vietnam.
The week-long training course on collecting, handling and long-term conservation of seeds of wild species related to crops was hosted by the Vietnamese Plant Resources Center and funded through the Sfumato Foundation. It provided a thoroughly enjoyable and educational introduction to the world of wild species seed conservation, highlighting the difference between this approach (wild species, long-term conservation) and that of agricultural genebanks (cultivated species, short-term conservation).
In the lecture room, the science behind long-term seed conservation was explained, enabling participants to understand how factors such as temperature, seed moisture and seed development would affect the longevity of seeds in storage. Fieldwork planning was outlined, detailing how to target species and areas for collection, the genetic basis of sampling strategies, and how to use seed collecting guides.
In the field
We then moved from the lecture room to the field to put the theory into practice. In the Ba Vi Mountains National Park, to the west of Hanoi, participants were able to:
- assess the quality of potential seed collections
- choose appropriate sampling strategies
- make collections of seeds, herbarium specimens and associated data
- choose appropriate post-harvest seed handling methods
The many challenges facing seed collectors in the field soon became apparent. Finding a target species when it is growing in inhospitable terrain or is widely dispersed is not always that easy. When you have found it, a plant may have many fruits on it, but how many seeds are in that fruit, and how many of those seeds are fully developed and likely to germinate? The importance of checking seed viability using a seed cut test was demonstrated, together with seed number calculations which determine whether an adequate sample can be collected from the target population without impacting on the wild population’s survival.
The practical session continued the following day when the material collected in the field was cleaned and counted at the Plant Resources Center. Here a variety of species requiring different cleaning techniques were used, and different winnowing methods were shared by participants.
While in Vietnam our hosts from the Plant Resources Center ensured that the course ran smoothly, that everyone was looked after and that we sampled Vietnamese culture. This included introducing participants to the wonders of Vietnamese cuisine, and organising an optional excursion after the course had finished to the World Heritage site, Halong Bay.
Meal times and the excursion proved an invaluable time for networking among participants. At the end of the week, they left not only with their newly-acquired knowledge of seed collecting, handling and long-term conservation of wild species, but also with new friendships and an air of excitement about participating in the Crop Wild Relatives Project.
Testimonials from course participants
- 'For me, this course is really beneficial and gives me such an unforgettable experience. It deepens my understanding of managing and maintaining our genebank.'
- 'Many thanks for your lectures, your experiences and your hospitality.'
- 'I express all my admiration for Kew who organised this course.'
- Elinor Breman - | <urn:uuid:48308069-b9ed-4cf7-8e84-1509567ba542> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.kew.org/discover/blogs/seed-collecting-workshop-vietnam | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299121.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00159-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941285 | 993 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Helping Children Take Surveys
- Introduction: Surveys in Project Work
- Lesson Planning Suggestion: Introducing Surveys
- Extending the First Experience
- Ideas for Later Activities
- Documenting What Children Know and Do
- Children with Special Needs
- Children with Home Languages Other Than English
- Benchmarks Addressed when Children Take Surveys
- Beyond the Benchmarks: Experience, Knowledge, Skills, and Dispositions
Children can use surveys just as adults do—to collect information from other people. Surveys can help them find out about others’ opinions, preferences, predictions, and experiences. Taking part in a survey can spark children’s personal interest in a project and increase their engagement with the topic, with classmates, and with others around them. A class can also use surveys to involve parents and other community members in a project.
Some teachers like to start by finding out if the children know what a survey is. They then explain the basics of surveys before doing a trial survey with the children. Others find that preschoolers have better attention for the lesson when the teacher “walks them through” a real survey first. The second approach is described here.
Children can start taking surveys during a project as soon as a topic has been chosen. When you introduce survey taking, it helps to have a question in mind that is related to the topic. Most teachers like to start with a question that has just two possible answers, such as “Yes” and “No.” You might use a question that a child has already asked during a class discussion or make up one of your own.
- writing surface large enough for all of the children to see (whiteboard, chalkboard, easel paper, or other large sheet of paper)
- writing tool that makes a very visible mark
Here are key points to cover in the lesson in which you introduce survey taking to preschoolers:
- Show the children a sample survey board or sheet that you have created with space for the question at the top and two columns for answers. Ask if they have seen something like this before, and listen to their ideas about what it might be: “Kate’s idea is that this is going to be a grocery list. Isaac, what do you think?”
- Tell the children that you are curious about something and you want to find out what they have to say about it. You will show them one way to get that information using this form.
- Print the question that you want to ask at the top of the page, saying the words as you write them. Repeat the entire question when you are finished writing. (Tell the children that you are not ready for them to answer yet.) Explain that you think some people might say “Yes” to the question and some might say “No” (or whatever your two options are). Print the two possible answers in the spaces immediately below the question, saying the words as you write them.
- Tell the children that their answers to the question will be your data—the information that you want to collect. Show them the two columns or sections for responses, and tell them that you will keep track of your data in those spaces. You might want to refer to “the No column” and “the Yes column.”
- Tell the children that you are going to read the question out loud again and after that they can take turns telling you their answers—Yes or No. Read the question to them.
- Start taking their responses one at a time. (Decide beforehand if you will record their responses with tally marks, checkmarks, initials, or names.) Continue as long as the group is engaged. You need not get every child’s response during this part of the lesson. If the children’s attention seems to wander, stop after five to six responses and tell them that you will get the rest of their answers after the class meeting.
- Tell the children that the activity you have just done with them is called “taking a survey” or “conducting a survey.” Explain that a survey is a way for you—and for them—to find out what other people think by asking carefully chosen questions.
- Show the class your survey form with the responses that you have recorded. Remind the children that you were curious about how they would answer your question. Repeat the question. Tell them that you now have collected all your data from them and are ready for the next step—finding out how many people gave each of the possible answers.
- Choose a column and have the children count responses in that column with you. Print the numeral that represents the total for that column. Do the same with the second column.
- Ask the children which response (or which column) they think has more tally marks, names, etc. When a child replies, you might ask him or her, “What makes you think so?” (The answer to that question can give you clues about the child’s thought processes.)
- When that part of the conversation is over, summarize your results for the class. You might say something like, “My survey shows that 8 of you said you use dental floss and 3 said you don’t use dental floss. 8 ‘yes’ and 3 ‘no’ answers—more ‘yes’ than ‘no’ responses. That’s what my survey shows: More children said ‘yes, they use floss’. Fewer children said ‘no, they don’t use floss’.”
- Then explain how you might use this information. For example you might say, “For our project, it’s important that all of you find out more about dental floss. So I’m going to ask a worker from the dentist’s office to come and talk to us about dental floss.”
Learning about (and from) surveys can touch on several areas of the curriculum and classroom life.
- Make surveys part of the daily routine. Have a daily “sign-in sheet” constructed as a survey form, with a question related to the project topic, near where the children enter the room. An adult can stand next to the survey to read the question and the response options aloud as needed. Some children may need help at first to figure out where to put their checkmarks or names.
- Make time to discuss the data during class meetings.
Language and Literacy
- Introduce terms such as information, response, option, sample, total, template, data, column.
- Types of Questions
- Invite the children to think of some possible survey questions. These questions can reflect what they are curious about related to the project topic. Choose one and create a survey form on easel paper or the writing board with input from the class. Allow time during the day for them to respond with marks, initials, or names.
- Model the use of several types of questions. For example, to help children recall events of the recent past, ask questions related to their own experiences—for example, “Have you ever flossed your teeth?” “Did you see the false teeth at the dentist’s office?” Questions that involve predictions can give children a basis for some of their fieldwork. (“Do you think we will see toothbrushes at the dentist’s office?”) It’s wise to move beyond basic “preference” questions (such as “Do you like to brush your teeth?”) when possible.
- Use other approaches to expand beyond simple “Yes/No” questions. An “Agree/Disagree” format lets you start with a “controversial” statement. For example, “Animals do not have dentists: Agree or Disagree.” Response options such as “Sometimes/Never” or “Often/Sometimes/Never” help to engage children’s understandings of time.
- When talking with the children about survey results, introduce part-whole comparisons or fractions if some of the children seem ready for those concepts. Use statements such as “Part of the class said that animals don’t go to dentists.” Or “Half of the class said that they brush teeth in the morning and at bedtime.”
- If some of the children seem ready to solve this type of problem, ask them questions such as, “Six children answered Yes and 3 answered No. How many children answered all together?” or “How many more Yeses are there than Nos?”
- Show children how to use pie charts to represent their results.
- Introduce survey forms that also function as bar graphs. The question is printed at the bottom of the page and the children sign the form or place their name tags starting on the line just above the question. It will be easy for children to compare the height of the two “bars.”
Preparing Children to Take Their Own Surveys
As the project moves along, other lesson plans might focus on encouraging children to create surveys of their own. Help them write survey questions to ask their classmates. Some children may want to conduct surveys individually. Others will be more comfortable working in pairs or small groups.
Offer writing tools, clipboards or stiff cardboard for backing, and photocopied survey templates with space for two to four response options (or let children make their own templates). Encourage children to write or represent their questions on their own at the top of the survey form, but provide help if they ask for it.
Children can take surveys during any phase of project work, so your survey-related lesson plans may vary depending on other classroom activities.
- In Phase 1, help children focus their surveys on people’s opinions and experiences. Their questions might include, “Do you like to go to the dentist?” “Did you ever lose a tooth?” Encourage the children to ask classmates, family members, and school staff to respond to the survey questions. They can report their results during class discussions and invite classmates to check their totals.
- During Phase 2, encourage children to use surveys to gather predictions from classmates related to the investigation or to get information during fieldwork. They might ask their classmates questions such as, “Do you think we will see toothbrushes when we visit the dentist?” Phase 2 surveys of family members might pose such questions as, “Have you ever had your teeth cleaned at the dentist’s office?” During the site visit to the dentists’ office, children might get permission to ask patients in the waiting room a survey question such as, “Are you scared of going to the dentist?”
- In Phase 3, your survey-related lesson plans might focus on having children survey classmates about ways to represent project findings. “Do you want to help make a model of the dentist’s chair or a mural of the office?” Children’s Phase 3 surveys might also be reflective, with questions such as “Would you like to be a dentist when you grow up?”
As the children become familiar with surveys, you can plan lessons that prepare them to take home a survey for family members or neighbors.
Lesson Planning for Challenging Situations
It usually helps to think beforehand about how much to guide children’s survey-making processes. Some teachers are comfortable letting children try a survey question or response choices that may not seem workable to an adult. They find that the children learn firsthand from any confusion that results and will try again with different survey questions that may work better. Other teachers prefer to give children feedback that highlights possible problems.
Do you find that some children have trouble formulating questions? You might plan a series of brief lessons to help them move from wanting to “find out about” something, to putting that curiosity into words. For more information, see Project Approach: Helping Children Ask Questions.
Lesson Planning Based on Discussions of Survey Results
Use survey results to spark more discussion about the project topic. As the children talk about a survey, listen for their additional questions, their understandings, and their misunderstandings. Plan lessons or additional experiences based on what you hear from them.
Do some children need extra help figuring out what their results mean or reporting their results to the class? You could plan lessons focusing on class discussions about survey results.
Approaches to evaluating and assessing children’s progress vary from program to program. Keeping track of a child’s work on surveys can help a teacher see what a child knows about a topic and the ways that his or her knowledge and skills change over time. Over the course of a few months, a child’s survey forms may show both a baseline and progress in how he prints letters, makes letter-sound correlations, and so on.
Anecdotal records of a child’s participation in survey taking or her contributions to class discussions about survey results may show changes in her understanding of a topic, her ability to communicate her ideas to others, her number sense, and her peer relationships.
Survey activities are ideal for including children with special needs in the social and intellectual life of the classroom. In fact, some goals in a child’s IEP or IFSP may be related directly to key features of participation in surveys.
A child who has difficulty interacting with peers may be comfortable with the survey’s highly structured questioner-respondent relationship. A child with special needs may benefit from having illustrations that represent the question and possible responses. Children who have only minimal expressive language can respond to surveys in a variety of ways (nodding, pointing, making a tally mark, etc.). A child with language delays may benefit from practicing a survey question before asking classmates. Children who have fine motor difficulties can make marks instead of printing their names. Counting survey responses along with classmates may be helpful to children who have difficulty with number concepts. A child with special needs and a typically developing child can both benefit from conducting a survey as partners.
If you work with children whose English skills are still emerging, use pictures or other visual cues for the first surveys that you conduct with the class to help children understand the content.
Sending survey questions home with children is a useful way to involve families in a project. When children are ready to conduct surveys of families and friends outside of school, it is important to make a point of having a knowledgeable person translate survey questions from English to other languages represented in your classroom. Parents’ responses should be translated back into English, as well.
Have the whole class count survey results together in languages other than English.
Ask an English-speaking child and a child who is learning English to take a survey together.
Illinois teachers of young children are often asked to include state early learning and development benchmarks in their lesson planning. The chart below suggests benchmarks that are frequently met through survey-taking activities in preschool. Other benchmarks may also be addressed.
|Benchmark||Can Be Seen When…|
|1.A.ECa Follow simple one-, two- and three-step directions.||
…children create surveys following teacher’s instructions.
|1.A.ECb Respond appropriately to questions from others.||…children respond coherently to teachers’ or classmates’ survey questions, showing that they comprehend the question and what they are being asked to do in response.|
|1.B.ECa Use language for a variety of purposes.||
…children repeat their survey questions aloud for classmates or others to answer.
…children reply to questions asked of them by the teacher or classmates.
…children discuss survey results during class meetings.
|1.D.ECc Understand and use question words in speaking.||…children formulate or co-create survey questions about things that interest them.|
|2.C.ECa Interact with a variety of types of texts (e.g., storybooks, poems, rhymes, songs).||
…children write, dictate, or copy words to create text for their own surveys.
…children use surveys to find answers to specific questions.
|4.A.ECb Begin to follow words from left to right, top to bottom, and page by page.||
…children watch the teacher construct a sample survey, writing in the question and the responses at the top and with words proceeding left to right.
…children construct a survey page with the question at the top.
|4.D.ECa Recognize own name and common signs and labels in the environment.||…children write their own names in response to a survey question.|
|5.A.ECb Use scribbles, letterlike forms, or letters/words to represent written language.||…children represent the survey question or their own names through letters or other symbols.|
|5.B.ECa With teacher assistance, use a combination of drawing, dictating, or writing to express an opinion about a book or topic.||…children dictate a response or sign their names or make identifying marks to signify opinions about a survey topic.|
|5.C.ECa Participate in group projects or units of study designed to learn about a topic of interest.||
…children develop survey questions related to a topic of interest to the group.
…children collect responses through direct interactions with others.
…children test predictions that they made during a survey.
|5.C.ECb With teacher assistance, recall factual information and share that information through drawing, dictation, or writing.||…children report survey results to classmates, referring to the survey forms to show results.|
|6.A.ECa Count with understanding and recognize “how many” in small sets up to 5.||…children count together or individually to determine how many responses fall into each category.|
|6.A.ECd Connect numbers to quantities they represent using physical models and informal representations.||…children use survey forms that also function as simple bar graphs.|
|6.D.ECa Compare two collections to see if they are equal or determine which is more, using a procedure of the child’s choice.||…children use visual cues and counting to determine the relative number of responses to the question.|
|6.D.ECb Describe comparisons with appropriate vocabulary, such as “more”, “less”, “greater than”, “fewer”, “equal to”, or “same as”.||…children discuss response totals by using terms such as “more” and “fewer.”|
|10.A.ECa With teacher assistance, come up with meaningful questions that can be answered through gathering information.||… with an adult or independently, children develop survey questions related to an area of interest.|
|10.A.ECb Gather data about themselves and their surroundings to answer meaningful questions.||…children find out about others’ ideas, opinions, and experiences on topics of mutual interest by asking questions in a survey.|
|10.B.ECa Organize, represent, and analyze information using concrete objects, pictures, and graphs, with teacher support.||…children use survey forms constructed like graphs to keep track of and quantify responses.|
|11.A.ECa Express wonder and curiosity about their world by asking questions, solving problems, and designing things.||…children create surveys to learn about the ideas of peers and adults.|
|11.A.ECc Plan and carry out simple investigations.||…children use surveys to find out about others’ ideas on a topic.|
|14.C.ECa Participate in voting as a way of making choices.||…the class tallies survey responses to help make decisions in which the majority opinion matters.|
|18.A.ECa Recognize similarities and differences in people.||
…children compare their own survey responses to those of classmates, relatives, and acquaintances.
…children begin to note trends in responses.
|19.A.ECe Use writing and drawing tools with some control.||
…children copy or write survey questions on paper.
…children write their names or make other marks in response to a survey question.
|30.A.ECb Use appropriate communication skills when expressing needs, wants, and feelings.||
…children explain the survey question effectively to others and request their participation.
…children respond to questions about their ideas and preferences by marking a survey sheet.
|30.C.ECa Exhibit eagerness and curiosity as a learner.||…children use surveys to find out more about project topics and about the ideas and interests of those around them.|
|30.C.ECc Show some initiative, self-direction, and independence in actions.||…children familiar with the process spontaneously create and take surveys, individually or with partners.|
|31.A.ECb Recognize the feelings and perspectives of others.||…when analyzing survey results, children notice varying opinions among classmates.|
|31.B.ECa Interact verbally and nonverbally with other children.||
…children collaborate with classmates and teachers to create surveys.
…children interact with classmates, teachers, and others during survey taking, learning about interests and experiences that they have in common as well as differences.
Taking surveys involves several different kinds of knowledge, skills, and dispositions that may or may not be directly addressed in the benchmarks. For example, when children conduct surveys, they…
- Make decisions: What information do we want to collect? Which people should we ask? What survey format will help us get the information?
- Reflect on their own thinking: What do we want to find out?
- Take others’ perspectives: How can we best phrase our question so that others will understand it? How might someone else answer this question?
- Anticipate possible answers: “What do you think people might say when we ask this question? Will they say ‘Yes’ or ‘No’? Or could they say ‘Sometimes’ or ‘Never’?”
- Communicate with peers and adults: What is the survey question? What are the response options? What are the survey results?
- Use their understandings of number and their counting skills to compare sets of responses.
When children respond to survey questions, they…
- Listen to and make meaning of questions and the possible answers. (“Gabe is asking if I ever went to the dentist. He wants me to choose Yes or No.”)
- Analyze their own thoughts and experiences to formulate responses. (“Have I been to the dentist? Yes, I went with Dad one time.”)
- Use writing or other symbols to represent the responses (for example, by making a checkmark or printing their initials or names).
When children take part in class discussions about survey results, they…
- Use their understandings of number and their counting skills to determine, compare, and discuss survey results.
- Have opportunities to account for their own survey responses. (“Yes, I know we will see toothbrushes on our field trip. Because my dentist has toothbrushes.”)
- Compare their own answers to peers’ responses. (“Lots of my classmates said that they use flavored floss. Just a few said that they use plain floss. I use plain floss. I like plain floss!”)
- Communicate with others about the survey question or the results. (“My family uses mint floss. Does yours?”)
At other times during the project, children may…
- Use survey results to guide fieldwork (“Dr. Smith, do you have toothbrushes in your office?” “I wonder if all adults have fillings in some of their teeth?”)
- Use survey results to guide other work (“Rashad and Jin-Yung signed under ‘Yes’ on my survey. That means that they want to make a mural with me.”)
You may want to mention some of these additional benefits when creating lesson plans related to involving the class in taking surveys. | <urn:uuid:f3453fee-82d6-4731-a319-137b8d436de3> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://illinoispip.org/lesson-planning/surveys.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510266597.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011746-00294-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943904 | 5,135 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Council of Florence
||This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (January 2013)|
|Council of Basel–Ferrara–Florence|
|Accepted by||Roman Catholicism|
|Council of Constance|
|Fifth Council of the Lateran|
|Convoked by||Pope Martin V|
|President||Cardinal Julian Cesarini, later Pope Eugene IV|
|Attendance||very light in first sessions, eventually 117 Latins and 31 Greeks|
|Topics||Hussites, East-West Schism, Western Schism|
Documents and statements
|Several Papal bulls, short-lived reconciliation with the Orthodox Church, reconciliation with delegation from the Armenians|
|Chronological list of Ecumenical councils|
|Part of a series on|
|Late Antiquity (325–381)|
|Early Middle Ages (431–870)|
|Middle Ages (1122–1517)|
|Modern Era and Contemporary Era (1545–1870)|
The Seventeenth Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church was convoked as the Council of Basel (Basle in the once-preferred English spelling) by Pope Martin V shortly before his death in February 1431 and took place in the context of the Hussite wars in Bohemia and the rise of the Ottoman Empire. At stake was the greater conflict between the Conciliar movement and the principle of papal supremacy.
The Council entered a second phase after Sigismund's death in 1437. Pope Eugene IV convoked a rival Council of Ferrara on 8 January 1438 and succeeded in drawing the Byzantine ambassadors to Italy. The Council of Basel first suspended him, declared him a heretic, and then in November 1439 elected an antipope, Felix V. The rival Council of Florence (moved to avoid plague in Ferrara) concluded in 1445 after negotiating unions with the various eastern churches. This bridging of the Great Schism proved fleeting, but was a political coup for the papacy. In 1447, Sigismund's successor Frederick III commanded the city of Basel to expel the Council of Basel; the rump council reconvened in Lausanne before dissolving itself in 1449.
- 1 Background
- 2 Composition of the council
- 3 Attempted dissolution
- 4 Issues of reform
- 5 Papal Supremacy
- 6 Eugene IV's eastern strategy
- 7 Council transferred to Ferrara and attempted re-union with the Orthodox Churches
- 8 Council transferred to Florence and the near East-West union
- 9 "Deposition of Eugene IV" and schism at Basel
- 10 Aftermath
- 11 See also
- 12 References
- 13 External links
The initial location at Basel reflected the desire among parties seeking reform to meet outside the territories of the Papacy, the Holy Roman Empire[disputed ] or the kings of Aragon and France, whose influences the council hoped to avoid. Ambrogio Traversari attended the Council of Basel as legate of Pope Eugene IV.
Under pressure for ecclesiastical reform Pope Martin V sanctioned a decree of the Council of Constance (9 October 1417) obliging the papacy to summon general councils periodically. At the expiration of the first term fixed by this decree, Pope Martin V complied by calling a council at Pavia. Due to an epidemic the location transferred almost at once to Siena (see Council of Siena) and disbanded —owing to circumstances still imperfectly known— just as it had begun to discuss the subject of reform (1424). The next council fell due at the expiration of seven years in 1431; Martin V duly convoked it for this date to the town of Basel, and selected to preside over it the cardinal Julian Cesarini, a well-respected prelate. Martin himself, however, died before the opening of the synod.
The Council was seated on December 14, 1431, at a period when the conciliar movement was strong and the authority of the papacy weak. The Council at Basel opened with only a few bishops and abbots attending, but it grew rapidly and to make its numbers greater gave the lower orders a majority over the bishops. It adopted an anti-papal attitude, proclaimed the superiority of the Council over the Pope and prescribed an oath to be taken by every Pope on his election. On December 18 Martin's successor, Pope Eugene IV, tried to dissolve it and open a new council on Italian soil at Bologna, but was overruled.
Sigismund, King of Hungary and titular King of Bohemia, had been defeated at the Battle of Domažlice in the fifth crusade against the Hussites in August 1431, and under his sponsorship the Council negotiated a peace with Calixtine faction of the Hussites in January, 1433. Pope Eugene acknowledged the council in May and crowned Sigismund Holy Roman Emperor on May 31, 1433. The divided Hussites were defeated in May 1434. In June 1434 the pope had to flee a revolt in Rome and began a ten-year exile in Florence.
When the Council was moved from Basel to Ferrara in 1438, some remained at Basel, claiming to be the Council. They elected Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy, as Antipope. Driven out of Basel in 1448, they moved to Lausanne, where Felix V, the Pope they had elected and the only claimant to the papal throne who ever took the oath that they had prescribed, resigned. Next year, they decreed the closure of what for them was still the Council of Basel.
The new council was transferred to Florence in 1439 because of the danger of plague at Ferrara, and because the city of Florence had agreed, against future payment, to finance the Council. The Council had meanwhile successfully negotiated reunification with several Eastern Churches, reaching agreements on such matters as the Western insertion of the phrase "Filioque" to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed, the definition and number of the sacraments, and the doctrine of purgatory. Another key issue was papal primacy, which involved the universal and supreme jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome over the whole Church, including the national Churches of the East (Serbian, Greek, Moldo-Wallachian, Bulgarian, Russian, Georgian, Armenian, etc.) and nonreligious matters such as the promise of military assistance against the Ottoman Turks. Some perhaps feeling political pressure from the Byzantine Emperor, accepted the decrees of the Council. Others did so by sincere conviction, such as Isidore of Kiev, who suffered greatly for it. Only Bishop Mark of Ephesus, however, refused to accept the union and became the leader of opposition back home. The Russians, upon learning of the union, angrily rejected it and ousted any prelate who was even remotely sympathetic to it. Despite the religious union, Western military assistance to Byzantium was meager and Constantinople fell to the Ottomans in May of 1453. The Council declared the Basel group heretics and excommunicated them; and the superiority of the Pope over the Councils was affirmed in the bull Etsi non dubitemus of 20 April 1441.
Composition of the council
The democratic character of the assembly at Basel was a result of both its composition and its organization. Doctors of theology, masters and representatives of chapters, monks and clerks of inferior orders constantly outnumbered the prelates in it, and the influence of the superior clergy had less weight because, instead of being separated into "nations", as at Constance, the fathers divided themselves according to their tastes or aptitudes into four large committees or "deputations" (deputationes). One was concerned with questions of faith (fidei), another with negotiations for peace (pacis), the third with reform (reformatorii), and the fourth with what they called "common concerns" (pro communibus). Every decision made by three of these "deputations" — and in each of them the lower clergy formed the majority — received ratification for the sake of form in general congregation, and if necessary led to decrees promulgated in session. For this reason papal critics termed the council "an assembly of copyists" or even "a set of grooms and scullions". However, some prelates, although absent, were represented by their proxies.
Nicholas of Cusa was a member of the delegation sent to Constantinople with the pope's approval to bring back the Byzantine emperor and his representatives to the Council of Florence of 1439. At the time of the council's conclusion in 1439, Cusa was thirty-eight years old, and thus, compared to the other clergy at the council, a fairly young man, though one of the more accomplished in terms of the body of his complete works.
From Italy, France and Germany the fathers came late to Basel. Cesarini devoted all his energies to the war against the Hussites, until the disaster of Taus forced him to evacuate Bohemia in haste. Pope Eugene IV, Martin V's successor, lost hope that the council could be useful owing to the progress of heresy, the reported troubles in Germany, the war which had lately broken out between the dukes of Austria and Burgundy, and finally, the small number of fathers who had responded to the summons of Martin V. This opinion, added to his desire to preside over the council in person, induced him to recall the fathers from Germany, as his poor health made it difficult for him to go. He commanded the council to disperse, and appointed Bologna as their meeting-place in eighteen months' time, with the intention of making the session of the council coincide with some conferences with representatives of the Orthodox Church of the Greek East, scheduled to be held there with a view to ecumenical union (18 December 1431).
This order led to an outcry among the fathers and incurred the deep disapproval of the legate Cesarini. They argued that the Hussites would think the Church afraid to face them, and that the laity would accuse the clergy of shirking reform, both with disastrous effects. The pope explained his reasons and yielded certain points, but the fathers were intransigent. Considerable powers had been decreed to Church councils by the Council of Constance, which amid the troubles of the Western Schism had proclaimed the superiority, in certain cases, of the council over the pope, and the fathers at Basel insisted upon their right of remaining assembled. They held sessions, promulgated decrees, interfered in the government of the papal countship of Venaissin, treated with the Hussites, and, as representatives of the universal Church, presumed to impose laws upon the sovereign pontiff himself.
Eugene IV resolved to resist the Council's claim of supremacy, but he did not dare openly to repudiate the conciliar doctrine considered by many to be the actual foundation of the authority of the popes before the schism. He soon realized the impossibility of treating the fathers of Basel as ordinary rebels, and tried a compromise; but as time went on, the fathers became more and more intractable, and between him and them gradually arose an impassable barrier.
Abandoned by a number of his cardinals, condemned by most of the powers, deprived of his dominions by condottieri who shamelessly invoked the authority of the council, the pope made concession after concession, and ended on 15 December 1433 with a pitiable surrender of all the points at issue in a Papal bull, the terms of which were dictated by the fathers of Basel, that is, by declaring his bull of dissolution null and void, and recognising that the synod as legitimately assembled throughout. However, Eugene IV did not ratify all the decrees coming from Basel, nor make a definite submission to the supremacy of the council. He declined to express any forced pronouncement on this subject, and his enforced silence concealed the secret design of safeguarding the principle of sovereignty.
The fathers, filled with suspicion, would allow only the legates of the pope to preside over them on condition of their recognizing the superiority of the council. The legates did submit to this humiliating formality but in their own names, it was asserted only after the fact, thus reserving the final judgment of the Holy See. Furthermore, the difficulties of all kinds against which Eugene had to contend, such as the insurrection at Rome, which forced him to escape by means of the Tiber, lying in the bottom of a boat, left him at first little chance of resisting the enterprises of the council.
Issues of reform
Emboldened by their success, the fathers approached the subject of reform, their principal object being to further curtail the power and resources of the papacy. They took decisions on the disciplinary measures which regulated the elections, on the celebration of divine service, on the periodical holding of diocesan synods and provincial councils, which were usual topics in Catholic councils. They also made decrees aimed at some of the assumed rights by which the popes had extended their power and improved their finances at the expense of the local churches. Thus the council abolished annates, greatly limited the abuse of "reservation" of the patronage of benefices by the pope, and completely abolished the right claimed by the pope of "next presentation" to benefices not yet vacant (known as gratiae expectativae). Other conciliar decrees severely limited the jurisdiction of the court of Rome, and even made rules for the election of popes and the constitution of the Sacred College. The fathers continued to devote themselves to the subjugation of the Hussites, and they also intervened, in rivalry with the pope, in the negotiations between France and England which led to the treaty of Arras, concluded by Charles VII of France with the duke of Burgundy. Also, circumcision was deemed to be a mortal sin. Finally, they investigated and judged numbers of private cases — lawsuits between prelates, members of religious orders and holders of benefices—thus themselves committing one of the serious abuses for which they had criticized the court of Rome.
The Council clarified the Latin dogma of papal supremacy:
"We likewise define that the holy Apostolic See, and the Roman Pontiff, hold the primacy throughout the entire world; and that the Roman Pontiff himself is the successor of blessed Peter, the chief of the Apostles, and the true vicar of Christ, and that he is the head of the entire Church, and the father and teacher of all Christians; and that full power was given to him in blessed Peter by our Lord Jesus Christ, to feed, rule, and govern the universal Church."
Eugene IV's eastern strategy
Eugene IV, however much he may have wished to keep on good terms with the fathers of Basel, found himself neither able nor willing to accept or observe all their decrees. The question of the union with the Greek church, especially, gave rise to a misunderstanding between them which soon led to a rupture. The Byzantine emperor John VIII Palaiologos, pressed hard by the Ottoman Turks, was keen to ally himself with the Catholics. He consented to come with the principal representatives of the Byzantine Church to some place in the West where the union could be concluded in the presence of the pope and of the Latin council. There arose a double negotiation between him and Eugene IV on the one hand and the fathers of Basel on the other. The council wished to fix the meeting-place at a place remote from the influence of the pope, and they persisted in suggesting Basel, Avignon or Savoy. On the other hand, the Byzantines wanted a coastal location in Italy for their ease of access by ship.
Council transferred to Ferrara and attempted re-union with the Orthodox Churches
As a result of negotiations with the East, John VIII Palaiologos accepted the pope's offer, who, by a bill dated 18 September 1437, again pronounced the dissolution of the council of Basel, and summoned the fathers to Ferrara.
The first public session at Ferrara began on 10 January 1438. Its first act was to declare the Council of Basel transferred to Ferrara and to nullify all further proceedings at Basel. In the second public session (15 February 1438), Pope Eugene IV excommunicated all who continued to assemble at Basel.
In early April 1438, the Greek contingent arrived at Ferrara over 700 strong. On 9 April 1438 the first solemn session at Ferrara began with the Eastern Roman Emperor, the Patriarch of Constantinople and representatives of the Patriarchal Sees of Antioch, Alexandria and Jerusalem in attendance and Pope Eugene IV presiding. The early sessions lasted until 17 July 1438 with each theological issue of the Great Schism (1054) hotly debated, including the Processions of the Holy Spirit, Filioque clause in the Nicene Creed, Purgatory and Papal Primacy. Resuming proceedings on 8 October 1438, the council focused exclusively on the Filioque matter. Even as it became clear the Greek Church would never consent to the Filioque clause, the Emperor continued to press for a reconciliation.
Council transferred to Florence and the near East-West union
With finances running thin and on the pretext that the plague was spreading in the area, both the Latins and the Greeks agreed to transfer the council to Florence. Continuing at Florence in January 1439, the Council made steady progress on a compromise formula, "ex filio." In the following months, agreement was reached on the Western doctrine of Purgatory and a return to the pre-schism prerogatives of the Papacy. On 6 July 1439 an agreement (Laetentur caeli) was signed by Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople and all the Eastern bishops but one, Mark of Ephesus, who held that Rome continued in both heresy and schism. However, after Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople died only two days later, the Greek monks therefore were able to assert that ratification by the Eastern Church could be achieved only by the agreement of the whole Church. (The agreement of a Patriarch is not binding over the whole Orthodox Church; the Patriarchs are just considered first among equals among the local bishops of the patriarchy, and do not hold any power outside their bishopric - they cannot even perform sacraments outside their bishopric without blessing of the local bishop.) Upon their return, the Eastern bishops found their agreement with the West broadly rejected by the monks, the populace and by civil authorities (with the notable exception of the Emperors of the East who remained committed to union until the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Turkish Ottoman Empire two decades later). The union signed at Florence, down to the present, has never been accepted by the Eastern Churches.
Copts and Ethiopians
The Council soon became even more international. The signature of this agreement for the union of the Latins and the Greeks encouraged Pope Eugenius to announce the good news to the Coptic Christians, and invite them to send a delegation to Florence. He wrote a letter on 7 July 1439, and to deliver it, sent Alberto da Sarteano as an apostolic delegate. On 26 August 1441, Sarteano returned with four Ethiopians from Emperor Zara Yaqob and Copts. According to a contemporary observer "They were black men and dry and very awkward in their bearing (...) really, to see them they appeared to be very weak". At that time, Rome had delegates from a multitude of nations, from Armenia to Russia, Greece and various parts of north and east Africa.
"Deposition of Eugene IV" and schism at Basel
During this time the council of Basel, though nullified at Ferrara and abandoned by Cesarini and most of its members, persisted nonetheless, under the presidency of Cardinal Aleman. Affirming its ecumenical character on 24 January 1438, it suspended Eugene IV. The council went on (in spite of the intervention of most of the powers) to pronounce Eugene IV deposed (25 June 1439), giving rise to a new schism by electing (4 November 1439) duke Amadeus VIII of Savoy, as (anti)pope, who took the name of Felix V.
Effects of the schism
This schism lasted fully ten years, although the antipope found few adherents outside of his own hereditary states, those of Alfonso V of Aragon, of the Swiss confederation and of certain universities. Germany remained neutral; Charles VII of France confined himself to securing to his kingdom (by the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, which became law on 13 July 1438) the benefit of a great number of the reforms decreed at Basel; England and Italy remained faithful to Eugene IV. Finally, in 1447, Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, after negotiations with Eugene, commanded the burgomaster of Basel not to allow the presence of the council any longer in the imperial city.
Schism reconciled at Lausanne
In June 1448 the rump of the council migrated to Lausanne. The antipope, at the insistence of France, ended by abdicating (7 April 1449). Eugene IV died on 23 February 1447, and the council at Lausanne, to save appearances, gave their support to his successor, Pope Nicholas V, who had already been governing the Church for two years. Trustworthy evidence, they said, proved to them that this pontiff accepted the dogma of the superiority of the council as defined at Constance and at Basel.
The struggle for East-West union at Ferrara and Florence, while promising, never bore fruit. While progress toward union in the East continued to be made in the following decades, all hopes for a proximate reconciliation were dashed with the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
Perhaps the council's most important historical legacy was the lectures on Greek classical literature given in Florence by many of the delegates from Constantinople, including the renowned Neoplatonist Gemistus Pletho. These greatly helped the progress of Renaissance humanism.
- "Florence, Council of", Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.
- Shaw, Russell (2000). Papal Primacy in the Third Millennium. Our Sunday Visitor. p. 51. ISBN 0879735554.
- "John Argyropoulos.". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
Argyropoulos divided his time between Italy and Constantinople; he was in Italy (1439) for the Council of Florence and spent some time teaching and studying in Padua, earning a degree in 1443.
- Stuart M. McManus, 'Byzantines in the Florentine polis: Ideology, Statecraft and ritual during the Council of Florence', The Journal of the Oxford University History Society, 6 (Michaelmas 2008/Hilary 2009), pp. 4–6
- Trexler, The journey of the Magi p.128
- Quinn The European Outthrust and Encounter p.81
- Trexler The journey of the Magi p.128
- Trexler The journey of the Magi p.129
- See Geanakoplos, Constantinople and the West (1989)
- Mansi, vol. xxix.-xxxi.
- Aeneas Sylvius, De rebus Basileae gestis (Fermo, 1803)
- Monumenta Conciliorum generalium seculi xv., Scriptorum, vol. i., ii. and iii. (Vienna, 1857–1895)
- Sylvester Syropoulos, Mémoires, ed. and trans. V. Laurent, Concilium Florentinum: Documenta et Scriptores 9 (Rome, 1971)
- Deno J. Geanakoplos, ‘The Council of Florence (1438-9) and the Problem of Union between the Byzantine and Latin Churches’, in Church History 24 (1955), 324-46 and reprinted in D.J. Geanakoplos, Constantinople and the West (Madison, Wisconsin, 1989), pp. 224–54
- J. C. L. Gieseler, Ecclesiastical History, vol. iv. p. 312ff (Eng. trans., Edinburgh, 1853).
- Joseph Gill, The Council of Florence Cambridge, 1959.
- Joseph Gill, Personalities of the Council, of Florence and other Essays, Oxford, 1964.
- Johannes Haller ed., Concilium Basiliense, vol. i.–v, Basel, 1896–1904.
- Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vol. vii., Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1874.
- Jonathan Harris, The End of Byzantium, New Haven and London, 2010. ISBN 978-0-300-11786-8
- Jonathan Harris, Greek Emigres in the West c.1400-1520, Camberley, 1995, pp. 72–84.
- Johannes Helmrath, Das Basler Konzil; 1431–1449; Forschungsstand und Probleme, (Cologne, 1978.
- Sebastian Kolditz, Johannes VIII. Palaiologos und das Konzil von Ferrara-Florenz (1438/39). 2 Vol., Stuttgart: Anton Hiersemann Verlag 2013-2014, ISBN 978-3-7772-1319-4.
- Stuart M. McManus, 'Byzantines in the Florentine polis: Ideology, Statecraft and Ritual during the Council of Florence', Journal of the Oxford University History Society, 6 (Michaelmas 2008/Hilary 2009) "issue6(michaelmashilary2009) (jouhsinfo)". Jouhsinfo.googlepages.com. 2009-03-14. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
- Stavros Lazaris, "L’empereur Jean VIII Paléologue vu par Pisanello lors du concile de Ferrare – Florence", Byzantinische Forschungen, 29, 2007, p. 293-324
- Donald M. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453, 2nd ed., Cambridge, 1993, 2nd ed., pp. 306–17, 339-68.
- G. Perouse, Le Cardinal Louis Aleman, président du concile de Bâle, Paris, 1904.
- O. Richter, Die Organisation and Geschäftsordnung des Basler Konziis, Leipzig, 1877.
- Stefan Sudmann, Das Basler Konzil: Synodale Praxis zwischen Routine und Revolution, Frankfurt-am-Main 2005. ISBN 3-631-54266-6 "Peter Lang Verlagsgruppe". Peterlang.com. 2010-01-14. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
- Georgiou Frantzi, " Costantinople has Fallen.Chronicle of the Fall of Costantinoples ", transl.: Ioannis A. Melisseidis & Poulcheria Zavolea Melisseidou (1998/2004) - Ioannis A. Melisseidis ( Ioannes A. Melisseides ), " Brief History of Events in Costantinople during the period 1440-1453 ", p. 105-119, edit.5th, Athens 2004, Vergina Asimakopouli Bros, Greek National Bibliography 1999/2004, ISBN 9607171918 139789607171917
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Basel, Council of". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
|Wikisource has the text of a 1905 New International Encyclopedia article about Council of Basel.|
- Byzantines in the Florentine polis: Ideology, Statecraft and ritual during the Council of Florence
- Detailed chronology of the Consilium
- Catholic Encyclopedia: Council of Basle
- Catholic Encyclopedia: Ferrara
- Catholic Encyclopedia: Council of Florence
- Documents of Council of Florence
- Fatto dei Greci: Pictorial Allusions to the Nearly-Forgotten Council of Florence | <urn:uuid:3c88ee1a-4d35-47f8-acb6-bd0158e032ad> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Basel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246656747.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045736-00097-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944787 | 5,978 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Sometimes doctors or other qualified people prescribe these to assist people recovering from injury.
However, there is no evidence that these devices prevent injury. The evidence on back belts or braces is that these:
- Do not reduce the forces on the spine
- Do not reduce the strain on muscles, tendons and ligaments
- Do nothing to reduce fatigue or to increase the ability to lift
- Are like holding your breath when lifting
- Can increase blood pressure and breathing rate
- Do not reduce the chance of injury or reduce back pain
- Can, however, be useful after an injury
In other words, such devices may produce a feeling of false security, leading to injury. WorkSafe Victoria has produced a Guidance Note: Back belts are not effective in reducing back injuries which provides more detailed information on the above points.
Once having identified manual handling as an OHS issue, using Body Mapping for example, OHS reps need to tackle the causes of injury. The most effective way to prevent injury is to concentrate on changing the workplace. The law requires the employer to control any risk of manual handling injuries at the source, changing either the workplace, the system of work or the objects being handled. Do not accept back belts as a method of reducing back injuries for workers.
- More information on the Occupational Health and Safety Regulations 2007
Last amended June 2015 | <urn:uuid:6ca67458-bdb4-4acc-8710-1b879b999ccc> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.ohsrep.org.au/back_braces_and_lifting_belts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155925.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805130514-20210805160514-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.937239 | 278 | 2.84375 | 3 |
St Leonard's Church, Bursledon, stands at
the south-eastern end of the Church Lane loop, on the southern side
of Hill Place. Permission was given to the monks of Hamble Priory
(see links) to build a chapel here at a date between 1129 and 1171.
Before then the walk for parishioners to the mother church had been
a long and arduous one. Their new church was a small and simple
stone building of nave and chancel. The chancel arch is Early
English in style, dated to 1190-1300.
In the 1830s two transepts were added, producing
a cross-shaped church in plan. These proved unsatisfactory so in
1888-89 the church was extensively remodelled by architect John
Sedding. The blocked doorways in the nave, presumably once the main
access points for monks and congregation before the Victorian
extension, date to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The
chancel's small lancet window dates to the 1200s, with Victorian
The Royal Victoria Hospital Chapel, Netley,
stands on the northern side of The Stables in Royal Victoria Country
Park, looking out over Southampton Water. Netley Hospital was built
in 1856 at the suggestion of Queen Victoria but its design caused
some controversy, chiefly from Florence Nightingale. The main
building - the world's longest when it was completed - was entirely
demolished in 1966, apart from the chapel and former YMCA building
which both survive.
Two photos on this page originally published
on Lynne's 'Echoes of the Past' blog and reproduced here with
permission, and one kindly contributed by Karen White via the
'History Files: Churches of the British Isles' Flickr group. | <urn:uuid:a268445c-44b8-48ea-87c3-b28ed2c8a02c> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://historyfiles.co.uk/ChurchesBritain/SouthEast/Hampshire_Eastleigh01.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141430.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200216211424-20200217001424-00308.warc.gz | en | 0.951598 | 384 | 2.609375 | 3 |
First Australian Imperial Force in World War I
The Australian Government established the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) in August 1914 and immediately began recruiting men to serve the British Empire in the war. The men of the AIF served in the Middle East and on the Western Front during the war.
Before the war
Australia's Regular Army was a young evolving force when war broke out. It had been formed when the separate defence forces of six colonial states were joined with the federation of Australia in 1901.
Before the war, the Army introduced two major changes:
- compulsory military training started in 1909
- military organisation was restructured after Field Marshal Viscount Herbert Kitchener visited Australia in 1910
The Regular Army was organised into:
- Australian Infantry Regiment (foot soldiers)
- field companies (engineers)
- garrison artillery batteries
- light horse brigades (mounted troops)
At the time, Australian law didn't permit men in the Regular Army and the Citizen Forces (part-time reserves) to serve in wars overseas.
Declaration of war
Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914. Australia had already offered unreserved help:
- The Cabinet had pledged an initial armed force of 20,000 troops.
- The Royal Australia Navy had offered all its vessels and sailors.
General William Bridges and Major Cyril Brudenell White completed a defence scheme for the First Australian Imperial Force (AIF) by 8 August 1914.
AIF recruitment offices opened in army barracks around Australia on 10 August 1914.
Within days, the first AIF volunteers were in basic training camps preparing to fight for the British Empire.
A hurriedly assembled Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force (AN&MEF) captured and occupied German colonial outposts in New Guinea in September 1914. The Battle of Bitapaka was Australia's first action in the war.
Most of first AIF contingent of troops and nurses destined for the war in Europe left Albany in Western Australia on 1 November 1914. The force sailed in a convoy of 38 Australian transports or troopships, 36 from Albany and two from Fremantle that joined the convoy at sea. The convoy also included 10 New Zealand Transports. The contingent included all the units that comprised a modern army:
- field ambulance
- light horse
A well-known war diarist, Private Archie Barwick of the 1st Battalion, wrote:
... all that day we watched the Australian coast fading away, till darkness shut it out, and when we got up in the morning we were out of sight of land, and nothing but the calm blue sea all around us, like a sheet of shimmering glass, and at last we felt we were fairly on the way to England.
The convoy sailed across the Indian Ocean towards the Suez Canal. The men thought they were going to England — and then across to France to engage the German army.
Diverted to Egypt
The first contingent of the AIF never got to England.
The Australian High Commissioner in London, Sir George Reid, and the British military authorities agreed that the overcrowded military camps in England were unsuitable for so many men over winter.
The AIF disembarked at Alexandria on 3 December 1914, and the men moved to training camps near Cairo.
In Egypt, the AIF and the New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF) formed one corps — the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) — commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir William Birdwood, with 2 divisions:
- 1st Australian Division
- New Zealand and Australian Division
(Birdwood was well regarded by the AIF troops on Gallipoli. The affection was surely returned. Birdwood used to visit wounded Anzacs at No. 1 Australian Auxiliary Hospital, Harefield Park, where many Australian soldiers are buried.)
Until March 1915, the troops trained in the desert beneath the pyramids. A situation had developed that would bring them to battle with the men of the Ottoman Army. The soldiers of the Ottoman Army are often known as Turks’, but the army also comprised people from the vast Ottoman Empire, including current day Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria, as well as peoples from the settled areas of the Arabian peninsula.
The Mediterranean Expeditionary Force included British, French, British-Indian Army, New Zealand and Australian units. They gathered on the Greek island of Lemnos, 100km south-west of Gallipoli, in early April 1915.
In Mudros harbour, the Australian men and some of their officers practised beach landings as they waited for the Gallipoli Campaign to begin.
Lieutenant Alan Henderson of the 7th Battalion confided to his family in a letter they received after his death:
It is going to be Australia's chance and she makes a tradition out of this that she must always look back on. God grant it will be a great one. The importance of this alone seems stupendous to Australia.
On the afternoon of 24 April 1915, the AIF men boarded troop transports, destroyers and battleships for a short overnight trip to Gallipoli. The landing at Gallipoli started on 25 April and the initial fighting lasted 9 days. There were heavy casualties on the first day and during the Turkish counter-attacks.
About 2300 Australians had been killed on Gallipoli by 3 May. The 16th Battalion landed at 5:30pm on 26 April and moved to Monash Valley. At roll call on 3 May, only 307 of its 955 men had survived.
After they came ashore, the men occupied the beach and a small inland area of cliffs and gullies. Their tasks were to:
- capture the high ground to the north (which they never acheived)
- dig trenches and dugouts into the hills for shelter
- haul supplies and equipment
- land the pack animals
- send wounded men back to the ships
- set up condensers to provide fresh water
- set up headquarters
- set up medical facilities
The Mediterranean Expeditionary Force failed to make any progress against Turkish defences on the Gallipoli peninsula. The British War Cabinet finally decided to end the campaign on 8 December 1915.
When the last of the British forces left Cape Helles on 8 January 1916, the unsuccessful Gallipoli Campaign was over.
The AIF experienced casualties of nearly half the men who served at Gallipoli in 8 months — more than 8100 died and some 26,000 were wounded.
We define the first Anzacs as having courage, endurance and humour — qualities that helped them to cope with the hell around them, through the long months of struggle, danger, ill-health and loss.
Middle East campaigns
After British forces withdrew from Gallipoli, thousands of Turkish troops were freed up to fight in other campaigns. The British worried about the threat to its protectorate, the Sultanate of Egypt, and the Suez Canal. This shipping route was vital to the British Empire's war effort.
The AIF returned to Egypt from Gallipoli with the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force. General Archibald Murray became commander of the force in January 1916. He was charged with the defence of the Suez Canal against Turkish attacks.
After 10 divisions embarked for France, the MEF was renamed the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in March 1916. The force included 4 incomplete British infantry divisions and a force of British-Indian Army, as well as mounted troops, infantry and support units:
- British Yeomanry
- Australian Light Horse
- New Zealand Mounted Rifles
The first objective was to move along the northern Sinai Peninsula to Romani, away from the banks of the Suez and across the Sinai toward Palestine, in Ottoman Territory. The Battle of Romani ended Turkish attempts on the Suez and opened the way to Palestine. The men constructed a railway and a water pipeline as they went. Water supply determined the outcome of several desert battles.
Between 1916 and 1918, the Egyptian Expeditionary Force pushed the Turks back in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign.
After his failure in the second battle of Gaza in April 1917, General Murray was replaced with the popular General Edmund Allenby.
The campaign ended in September 1918 with the Megiddo offensive — including a brilliant cavalry operation. Both the Anzac and Australian Mounted Divisions helped to capture 360 guns and 75,000 prisoners - and moved the front forward 560km.
The Armistice of Mudros in October 1918 ended conflict in the Middle East with the Ottoman Empire.
The AIF suffered almost 5000 casualties in the campaign, including over 1400 deaths.
Prime Minister Billy Hughes told Parliament in 1919:
In the history of the world, there never was a greater victory than that which was achieved in Palestine, and in it, also, as in France, the soldiers of Australia played a great part.
Expansion and reorganisation
In February 1916, the military structure of the AIF and the New Zealand Expeditionary Force was reorganised because both forces had expanded.
The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) was replaced by:
- I ANZAC Corps — 1st Division, 2nd Division and the newly formed New Zealand Division
- II ANZAC Corps — 4th Division and 5th Division (both newly formed)
I ANZAC Corps included veterans of the 1st and 2nd Divisions evacuated from Gallipoli, reinforcements who had been training in Egypt and recent recruits from Australia. Battalions in the 4th and 5th Divisions were also made up of new men from Australia and Gallipoli veterans transferred to the newly formed battalions to provide a core of experience.
Arrival on the Western Front
In France and Belgium, the Australians faced the powerful Imperial German Army. The fury of the battles would test the limits of each man's endurance. Many survivors would have mental and physical scars for life.
Australian troops began to arrive in Marseille, France, at the end of March 1916.
The AIF men were fit and keen. They were eager to prove themselves worthy of the Anzacs' reputation for bravery and initiative.
Captain Eric Wren of the 3rd Battalion recalled his ship's arrival in France:
The approach to the French coast was made in beautifully clear weather. A ferry boat passed close. There were many women among the passengers, and it was observed that everyone appeared to be in black. It gave a first impression of France, 'a nation in mourning'.
The soldiers travelled by train from the port of Marseilles to northern France. A soldier's life behind the front lines in France was easier than in Egypt. Cafes in villages sold eggs, chips, beer and wine. However, billets were often basic, such as a barn, loft or stable.
The Australians settled into training. They learned about trench warfare in 'the nursery', a section of trenches around Armentières.
Living on the front line involved occasional shelling, raids, sniping and trench routine (the learned behaviours that helped men to survive).
In June, Australia's Prime Minister, Billy Hughes, visited the 1st Division near Armentières. He reminded the men that the Australian people were thinking of them. Hughes was very moved by the experience:
What a glorious and inspiring sight they were … to see them is the elixir of life!
Battle of the Somme
The 4th Division swapped with the New Zealand Division to join I ANZAC Corps - in time for the corps move to the Somme.
The First Battle of the Somme began on 1 July 1916, and the Australians were committed to action within 3 weeks. Men from I ANZAC Corps served in the British Reserve Army (later called the 5th Army) from 23 July, commanded by General Hubert Gough.
The Somme Offensive was a series of bloody battles that continued for almost 5 months and caused more than 1 million causalities.
Many Australians died in an ill-conceived attack at Fromelles. In a single night, on 19 to 20 July 1916, the 5th Division suffered more than 5500 casualties and no ground was taken.
Within days, the 1st, 2nd and 4th Divisions — one after the other — entered the battle at Pozières, part of the Battle of the Somme. They made 19 attacks over 45 days and captured vital ground, but some 23,000 AIF men were killed or wounded.
The AIF withdrew its troops from the line to reorganise and reform the depleted battalions. The 5th Division did not return to the front line until October, when it joined the 1st, 2nd and 4th Divisions near Flers in the Somme valley.
The AIF's 3rd Division arrived in France on 21 November, under the command of Major General John Monash, and joined II ANZAC Corps in Flanders. Formed in Australia in February 1916, the men had been training since July at Larkhill Camp, one of the AIF's new depots set up on Salisbury Plain.
The Australian troops experienced a bitterly cruel winter in the trenches after the Somme Offensive.
1916 was devastating for Australian families. Over 10,000 AIF men died on the Western Front by the end of the year, and 30,000 had been wounded.
Those who survived the battles of Fromelles or Pozières, or served through the winter on the Somme, could never forget the horrors and suffering they endured.
On the home front, thousands of households were in mourning. Newspapers recorded sad obituaries and poems dedicated to lost fathers, sons, brothers and husbands.
In the first half of the year, the AIF's heaviest fighting took place in France, at Bullecourt.
All armies were struck with disease outbreaks in the extremely cold months of January and February — especially respiratory illness (eg colds, bronchitis) and rheumatism.
I ANZAC Corps helped to patrol the front over winter. The men noticed the Germans withdrawing to the newly constructed Hindenburg Line. The Australians soon realised the enemy had retreated to this heavily fortified and strongly defended position.
The 2nd and 5th Divisions helped to capture German-held villages between Bapaume and the Hindenburg Line. This involved some heavy fighting across open fields. By 9 April, the British and Australian forces had reached the Hindenburg Line outposts outside Bapaume and were facing the Germans at Bullecourt. Heavy fighting followed but the front barely moved in this area until 1918.
Battle of Arras
In the Battle of Arras, the British sought to break through the Hindenburg Line and force a German withdrawal. General Gough was very keen for the British 5th Army to get involved, to support the main offensive.
At the First Battle of Bullecourt on 10 April, a hurried plan to break into the German line using tanks in front of the attacking infantry rather than bombarding the defences with artillery was a failure. The action was a disaster that shattered the 4th Australian Division, which suffered more than 3000 casualties and had some 1170 men taken prisoner.
The Germans suffered losses too, but they retaliated with an attack on Lagnicourt on 15 April. Tragically, 1000 men from the 1st and 2nd Australian Divisions were killed or wounded during this fighting.
The Second Battle of Bullecourt began on 3 May. The 1st Australian Division suffered heavy losses to capture a section of the German line. They held on for 5 days until they were relieved by the 5th Division. On 15 May, the Australians withstood one last heavy counter-attack before the Germans gave up the ground. In 2 weeks, the AIF suffered more than 7000 casualties.
By now, the 4 AIF divisions were severely depleted. They had had heavy losses among combat veterans and there were few experienced men available to replace them. A plan to raise a 6th Australian Division in England was abandoned. The AIF had to supply the other divisions with much-needed reinforcements.
The men of the AIF felt very wary of many of their British commanders. War correspondent Charles Bean wrote:
Bullecourt, more than any other battle, shook the confidence of Australian soldiers in the capacity of British command; the errors, especially of April 10th and 11th, were obvious to almost everyone.
The grand scheme for the major British offensive at Arras failed. The French army was seriously weakened after its own failed offensive, known as the Nivelle Offensive, and the Allies were in crisis. The British forces were still capable of attacking on the Western Front, while the French were compelled to go on the defensive. The British Commander General Douglas Haig turned his attention to Belgium.
Since November 1916, the 1st Australian Tunnelling Company protected and worked on British tunnels south of Ypres beneath Hill 60. The galleries reached under the German line and were packed with tonnes of explosives.
On 7 June, the Battle of Messines began when 19 mines exploded under the German lines, including at Hill 60. The explosions shocked and demoralised the German troops, killing and wounding up to 10,000 and leading thousands more to surrender.., The 3rd Australian Division seized the enemy front line near Messines within minutes.
Messines was the first time Australian troops encountered the concrete blockhouses dubbed ‘pillboxes’. Learning how to capture a German pillbox became a feature of fighting outside Ypres.
Fighting to overcome German machine guns nested in the cement pillboxes was particularly fierce. Charles Bean noted that pillbox combat was:
… marked by a ferocity that renders the reading of any true narrative peculiarly unpleasant … the rules of “civilised” war are powerless
Third Battle of Ypres
In the second half of the year, the AIF suffered terrible losses in Flanders.
I ANZAC Corps, comprising the 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th Divisions, became part of General Gough's 5th Army again in September.
All 5 Australian divisions fought together —sometimes side by side — throughout September and October. The battles became known as the Third Battle of Ypres, or simply 'Passchendaele'.
The AIF men served in a series of 'bite and hold' battles at Menin Road, Polygon Wood and Broodseinde. The victory at Menin Road demonstrated the outstanding qualities of the Australians in the 1st and 2nd Australian Divisions. The Battle of Broodseinde was dubbed one of the AIF's greatest victories.
Then followed heavy rain and two doomed attacks in the muddy quagmire - at Poelcappelle and Passchendaele.
Over 8 weeks, the AIF had suffered 38,000 casualties. British command withdrew the Australians from the lines by 14 November. The men had a chance to rest. Some lucky soldiers took leave in London or Paris.
Most tragic year
For the men involved, 1917 began in the muddy frozen trenches of the Somme and ended in the slimy bog leading up to the Belgian village of Passchendaele.
The AIF reorganised its military structure on 1 November to form the Australian Corps. All five Australian divisions were together for the first time.
In 1917, more than 76,000 Australians became casualties on the Western Front, including some 40,000 who died.
By 1918, the world had become weary of war, and yet no end was in sight.
The old armies were near exhaustion. However, their firepower - through advances in technology and production - was greater than ever. The French and British, drained from years of fighting, were holding on until the arrival of the Americans who had joined the war on the Allied side in April 1917.
The AIF was seriously low in numbers. The Australian public had voted 'no' to conscription in October 1916 and again December 1917. The pool of enthusiastic volunteers that had supplied the AIF in the early years had run dry.
In January, the Australian Corps had about 120,000 troops in Belgium and France. Its units included infantry, artillerymen, engineers, machine-gunners, signallers and medical personnel. Other units on the Western Front included Australians too, for example, flying squadrons, railway companies and tunnellers.
Periods of duty in the muddy or frozen trenches worsened the men's health and morale. In rotations, the AIF units were extended along the front line from Armentières to Messines, across to Hill 60 and closer to Ypres.
German Spring Offensive
Germany launched its Spring Offensive on 21 March 1918. It hoped to inflict a crippling blow to the Allies before the American forces built up in France. The Germans advanced quickly with 63 divisions over a front of 110km.
The German offensive, in reality a series of several offensives, lasted almost 5 months and left the Australians bitter about any German successes. The Germans drove back the British forces on the Somme and in Flanders. They retook many of the battlegrounds that had been taken by the Australians in 1916 and 1917. They also threatened vital railway and communication centres.
The AIF fought many defensive battles, including those at Dernancourt, Hangard Wood, Hazebrouck, Morlancourt and Villers-Bretonneux. The Battle of Hamel on 4 July was a successful Australian-planned attack. The Australian commander, General John Monash used combined arms (aircraft, artillery, infantry and tanks) to straighten a bulge in the front line. Both Australian and American troops were involved.
In April, due to low numbers of enlistments back home and the lack of reinforcements, the AIF disbanded three battalions: the 36th, the 47th and the 52nd. It was a painful process for men devoted to their units.
From April to August, many troops were involved in 'peaceful penetration raids' to capture parts of the German line. They patrolled and raided enemy outposts and trenches, often on their own initiative.
In the end, the Imperial German Army over-extended itself and the Spring Offensive had failed by mid-July.
Hundred Days offensives
Having prevented the Germans from reaching the vital British transport hub at Amiens, the British began to plan their own offensive. It would be a series of attacks - now called the Hundred Days - on the Western Front aimed at keeping the Germans from organising an effective defence. It would end the war.
The Australian Corps was part of the 4th Army, commanded by General Henry Rawlinson, which launched a successful surprise attack on the Germans. Over the next month, the Australians captured ground around Lihons, Etineham, Proyart and the ridge of Chuignes. Then they captured Mont St Quentin and Péronne.
War correspondent Charles Bean wrote:
The capture of Mont St Quentin and Péronne is held by many Australian soldiers to be the most brilliant achievement of the A.I.F.
The battle-weary Australians pursued the Germans to the main Hindenburg Line. The AIF men were heavily burdened, dirty and dwindling in numbers. But they moved quickly beyond the villages of Le Verguier, Villeret and Hargicourt to capture Épehy.
The exhausted infantry battalions from the 1st and 4th Divisions were relieved from front-line duties and moved to the rear. Monash held on to their artillery and the machine-gun companies. The 3rd and 5th Divisions still needed more rest, and the 2nd Division was still recovering from Mont St Quentin.
The AIF devised a plan to cope with high casualties, low enlistments and weakened divisions. It ordered the disbandment of a battalion in each of the 8 original brigades on 23 September. The order caused great anguish amongst the men.
Monash was offered 50,000 men of the American II Corps to assist his 3rd and 5th Divisions in the Battle of St Quentin Canal, which began on 29 September. Despite the Americans' lack of progress and the loss of many tanks, British forces finally broke through the Hindenburg Line by 10 October.
During the attacks, the 3rd and 5th Divisions were relieved by 2nd Division on 3 October. Only 2 years earlier, the 2nd Division was the first Australian unit in France. Now it was the last one still fighting.
Lieutenant Joseph (Joe) Maxwell of 18th Battalion was considered one of the toughest, most experienced and most courageous officers in the AIF. Maxwell later wrote that, at this point, he still thought the end of the war 'was yet far off':
[T]he strain was beginning to tell. We began to reflect that it was merely a matter of time when we would all be killed off. A man who was wounded was damned lucky to be out of it. Out of the nearly three hundred who left Australian in B Company not half a dozen remained. Personally at this juncture I was utterly sick of the war and everything associated with it.
The Australian Corps fought their last infantry battle on 5 October - a small but successful attack at Montbrehain. The 2nd Division finally moved into reserve. The artillery stayed on longer to support the advancing Americans and spent time in Montbrehain after the war.
Only a few Australian units, most notably the flying corps squadrons and some tunnelling companies, were still in action a month later.
The 1st and 4th Divisions were moving back to the front line, but had not taken their positions, when the war ended with an armistice on 11 November 1918. At the time, there were 95,000 Australians in France and 60,000 in Britain.
The AIF suffered around 180,000 casualties on the Western Front:
- 46,000 deaths
- 114,000 wounded
- 16,000 gassed
- approximately 3850 prisoners of war
After the war
The AIF finished its service on a high note of repeated successes. The men in the front line units were tired. All had been far from home - some for years - with their hopes for survival waning. The sudden announcement of peace was as bewildering as it was welcome.
Not needed in Germany as part of the army of occupation, the AIF was held in different parts of Belgium and France until they could be moved to England.
The 1st and 4th Divisions stayed around Le Cateau in France until the first week of December, and then moved to Belgium. The other three divisions were in billets around Abbeville in the Somme. Then the 2nd and 5th Divisions joined the 1st and 4th near Charleroi in April 1919. All the time, the divisions were being reduced as units left for England.
The waiting men were occupied with education and vocational schemes to prepare them for resettlement in Australia, and with sport and travel.
Many visited Brussels and Paris. Some accepted invitations to visit Belgian and French families. More than 100 Australian men volunteered for a short military expedition to North Russia. Some Australians in Dunsterforce remained active in Mesopotamia into 1919. A few men remained in Europe, settling in Britain or France.
But most men of the AIF just wanted to get back to Australia.
Prime Minister Billy Hughes wanted the men repatriated as soon as possible. But too few ships were available to quickly transport some 155,000 men, as well as nearly 2000 nurses and about 12,000 war brides and children.
Within 9 months, most the AIF were transported in 200 sea voyages on 150 ships. The last major voyage was in December 1919. A few men did not return until 1920.
In the decades after the war, the service men and women who had returned to the community had a strong presence. Some had physical and emotional scars from their wartime experiences. They and their families often suffered years of torment. Others re-established themselves with jobs, careers and domestic life. A few became great military leaders in World War II. A lot of men wanted to forget; some couldn't.
Many veterans - then called 'returned soldiers' or 'returned men' - tried to retain the solidarity and mateship of wartime. They formed clubs and associations. The Returned Sailors and Soldiers Imperial League of Australia was the largest and most enduring. Today we know it as 'the RSL' or 'Returned and Services League'.
First commemorated in 1916, Anzac Day became an important annual occasion for all veterans.
Today, no Australian veterans of World War I remain - just as Charles Bean foretold:
The Old Force passed down the road to History. The dust of its march settled. The sound of its arms died. Upon a hundred battlefields the broken trees stretched their lean arms over sixty thousand of its graves.
Private Alec Campbell from Tasmania was the last Gallipoli veteran to pass away in 2002, aged 103.
Corporal Jack Ross from Victoria was the last of 416,000 Australians who enlisted for service in World War I. Jack died in 2009. He was 110 years old. His death closed a chapter in our history. | <urn:uuid:d48f28e5-c8b1-4699-9451-be3cfc7f4c4a> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/ww1/military-organisation/australian-imperial-force | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500719.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208060523-20230208090523-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.979118 | 6,058 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Dame Gothel is described as an evil witch who lives in a walled garden beside a lonely couple whose window looks over the garden. Her garden is described as the envy of all others, constantly healthy with many vegetables and flowers in perfect bloom. When her prized rapunzel plant (or, in most translated-to-English versions of the story, rampion) is stolen by the man to feed his pregnant wife, Dame Gothel captures him the second time and accuses him of theft. The man begs for mercy, and she agrees to be lenient, and allows him to take all he wants, on condition that the baby be given to her at birth. Desperate, he agrees. When the baby is born, Dame Gothel takes her to raise as her own and names her Rapunzel after the plant her mother craved. She grows up to be the most beautiful child in the world with long golden hair. When she reaches her twelfth year, Dame Gothel shuts her away in a tower in the middle of the woods, with neither stairs nor a door, and only one room and one window. When she visits her, she stands beneath the tower and calls out:
- "Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your hair, so that I may climb the golden stair."
Upon hearing these words, Rapunzel would wrap her long, fair hair around a hook beside the window, dropping it down to Dame Gothel, who would then climb up it to Rapunzel's tower room.
While Dame Gothel visits Rapunzel only by day, a handsome prince sees her climb Rapunzel's hair one day and begins visiting the entrapped maiden every night, providing her with a piece of silk each time that she can gradually weave into a ladder to escape. Before the plan can come to fruition, however, Rapunzel foolishly gives the prince away. In the first edition of Grimms' Fairy Tales, she innocently says that her dress is getting tight around her waist (indicating pregnancy); in the second edition, she asks Dame Gothel (in a moment of forgetfulness) why it is easier for her to draw up the prince than her. In anger, the evil witch cuts off Rapunzel's hair and casts her out into the wilderness to fend for herself.
When the prince calls that night, Dame Gothel lets the severed hair down to haul him up. To his horror, he finds himself staring at her instead of Rapunzel, who is nowhere to be found. When she tells him in anger that he will never see Rapunzel again, he leaps from the tower in despair and is blinded by the thorns below. In another version, she pushes him and he falls on the thorns, thus becoming blind.
A version of the story ends with the revelation that Dame Gothel had untied Rapunzel's hair after the prince leapt from the tower, and it slipped from her hands and landed far below, leaving her trapped in the tower.
Dame Gothel is unique in the catagory of fairy tale witches as she wishes to raise the baby Rapunzel herself, while most other fairy tale witches (eg. the Blind Witch from "Hansel & Gretel") wish to eat young children. The act of Dame Gothel locking her away in a door-less tower in the middle of the forest could be considered her wanting to protect Rapunzel from the dangers of the world, while some versions focus on the themes of Rapunzel being trapped against her will and persecuted by the evil witch.
From a scientific interpretation the enchantress Dame Gothel is rather obviously a witch or medicine woman, who had mastered the use and production of a plant or drug capable of saving Rapunzel's mother from complications of pregnancy. | <urn:uuid:ed9384f8-53d6-4006-b7c8-52480208e5ad> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://fairytale.wikia.com/wiki/Dame_Gothel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512499.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019232929-20181020014429-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.963599 | 777 | 2.78125 | 3 |
GDPR and Microsoft Dynamics 365: Understand your responsibilities
You may have heard the term GDPR bandied about lately. It's not a swear word abbreviation, nor is it some new cell phone app. GDPR is the new European Union (EU) General Data Protection Regulation that imposes new rules on organizations in the European Union, those that offer goods and services to people in the EU, or that collect and analyze data tied to EU residents, no matter where they are located.
The regulations are in response to data breaches and the misuse of personal information. Specifically, they are focused on information related to personally identifiable data and include: | <urn:uuid:9b6eeba2-b391-40ba-a956-b28b177077b9> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://msdynamicsworld.com/story/gdpr-and-microsoft-dynamics-365-understand-your-responsibilities | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825147.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022060353-20171022080353-00602.warc.gz | en | 0.945531 | 128 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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Jacob Gramtorp | 0:52
THE Amager Bakke Waste-To-Energy Plant is nearing completion in Copenhagen, as new drone footage by Jacob Sangkoyo Gramtorp reveals.
The USD $670 million project was first unveiled in 2011 and broke ground in 2013.
Its main component is a waste-to-energy power plant that will provide low-carbon energy to 50,000 people and deliver heating to 140,000 households.
Above and Below: The Amager Bakke Waste-To-Energy Plant has been operation since September 2018 ( images courtesy of Aldo Amoretti).
It also features a 31,000 square metre ski slope on its roof, a rare sight in the cold, but famously flat Denmark.
Artificial turf ensures that the slope can be used in the summer months. There's also a hiking trail, an outdoor fitness area and numerous lookout points offering views across the city.
Above: The roof is currently being laid out (image courtesy of Aldo Amoretti).
The slope has been designed by planners and landscape studio SLA Architects to resemble Nordic mountains and is designed to attract birds, bees, butterflies and other insects.
Above and Below: The landscaped roof features a year-round ski slope as well as other visitor facilities (images courtesy of SLA Architects).
At full capacity, the facility will burn 400,000 tonnes of refuse each year and is set to become the most efficient waste-to-energy plant in the world. Sulphur emissions have been reduced by 99.5% and NOx emissions by circa 90%.
The completed structure is expected to attract 57,000 visitors a year. | <urn:uuid:268bb348-9d5d-4c19-ab13-93b963dc4a6d> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.theb1m.com/video/waste-to-energy-plant-with-ski-slope-nears-completion | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540482954.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206000309-20191206024309-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.955196 | 369 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Since the first days of the BP crisis that spilled hundreds of millions of gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's priority was clear. Alongside agencies from across the federal government, we set out to defend the gulf's coastline — its people and businesses, its fragile wetlands and fisheries, and its economy just regaining strength five years after Hurricane Katrina — from the massive amount of oil.
My roots in the region run deep, so my mission was also a personal one. I grew up in New Orleans, and my mother lived there until Hurricane Katrina took her home. So as I began my many trips to the gulf in those first weeks, it was to help protect a region I call home.
As efforts ramped up to stop the flow of oil, EPA immediately began monitoring the region's air, land and water. We deployed fixed air monitors, mobile trucks and aircraft to keep watch over air quality. Our daily water and sediment sampling helped local officials make decisions about beaches. We posted our data online in a format residents could understand and that scientists could independently confirm. While some air data unrelated to the BP spill will require follow-up, the good news is that no concerns directly related to the spill have been detected anywhere near the coastline. And our monitoring continues.
We also set out to ensure BP was using dispersant responsibly and with constant monitoring. Dispersants are chemicals used to break up oil into small droplets so that the oil more quickly biodegrades in nature. While its use has understandably generated discussion and debate, based on all the information we have to date, it has proved to be an effective tool in preventing the oil from devastating the gulf's delicate coastline. EPA science tells us dispersant was effective in breaking up the oil. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration tells us dispersant does not accumulate in the food chain. Science from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration confirms that dispersant has stayed more than 40 miles away from the shore and wetlands. In fact, of more than 2,000 samples collected by NOAA, only two detected the potential presence of dispersant at all.
This is not to say EPA or any of our federal partners who oversaw BP's use of dispersant took the decision lightly. In fact, it was the most difficult decision I have made as EPA administrator. That is why we allowed BP to use dispersant only on our terms.
When BP approached EPA and the Coast Guard about using dispersant 1 mile below the water's surface — something never tried before — we required BP to conduct multiple tests to first ensure its effectiveness. We insisted BP agree to a stringent, daily monitoring plan that tracked dissolved oxygen levels — a key indicator of both the health of the water and sea life. And we made sure we could stop BP's use at any time.
Soon after that, the then-federal on-scene coordinator, Rear Adm. Mary Landry, joined me in issuing a directive requiring BP to use dispersant on the surface only when burning, skimming and other collection methods weren't possible, and we capped the amount BP could use below sea. The result of our actions was a more than 70 percent reduction of BP's use of dispersant from its peak. At the same time, I directed EPA's head of research and development to gather our own science on dispersants. Our independent, peer-reviewed results, which looked at what is called acute fish toxicity, determined that no dispersant product is any more or less toxic than the others and that dispersant mixed with oil is no more toxic than oil alone.
It is important to note that the dispersant used in the gulf was on the NCP Product Schedule which allowed it to be selected for use, though no one ever anticipated using the quantities that were used in this response. But put in perspective, the amount of dispersant used in this crisis is less than 1 percent of the amount of oil BP spilled into the gulf.
Nevertheless, we know that legitimate questions about the long-term implications remain, so our monitoring continues.
Over time, the headlines may fade. But the history of the BP oil spill is still to be written. That is why EPA will remain with the residents of the gulf region who need our help and protection. We'll continue monitoring the air, water and land. We'll continue working with federal, state and local partners to scrutinize BP's cleanup effort. And we'll continue to expand the science that will help guide us through our inevitable future challenges.
Lisa P. Jackson is administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. | <urn:uuid:aeba0d0b-c01f-411b-93ee-cc94086783b9> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.tampabay.com/opinion/columns/epa-kept-close-watch-on-use-of-dispersants/1116967 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928562.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00060-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96118 | 934 | 3.125 | 3 |
Many people have allergy tests and discover that they have an allergy to this subclass of arachnids. Surely those people will wonder, what does this mean?
If you are allergic to dust mites, you are not alone. This allergy to dust and mites is one of the most common allergies that exist, and is found in most countries of the world.
Maybe you’ve asked yourself, what are mites and how do you handle life with them? Or with luck without them!
This is the challenge, but there are several things you can easily do to control the mites in your home, making some changes.
These changes are not difficult to do and will help you have a more comfortable life even if you have an allergy to the pedicure.
Allergic to mites … What are mites?
When they tell you that you are allergic to mites, one of the first things that most people think about is what mites are.
They are very small, almost invisible in fact, so you will not have seen them even though they are in many (or most) houses. They occur in colonies and very large amounts may be present, often in the millions.
Its real name is Dermatophagoides firanae, but for the most part they are simply called mites. You can be sure that they do not really live on humans! Real mites will not hurt you, however, many of you will find severe reactions to them.
How common is this allergy?
Those of you who are allergic to mites are among a large group of people who have this problem. It is one of the most common allergies in most countries of the world.
The natural health products that help you manage this are now available in most places. If you notice that you have symptoms of vitamin D deficiency, you may want to take supplements, as it can be very beneficial to help you.
It is common for many allergic people to be deficient in a variety of different vitamins, and this may include having a vitamin C deficiency. If your reactions to dust cause headaches or sinus inflammation , you may choose to use one of the natural remedies against allergies.
There are a number of benefits of using MSM powder, as it can help you overcome allergic reactions. Many allergists also recommend spraying with a mite spray.
You may not tolerate it if it is chemically sensitive, but it is worth trying. If this is a difficulty for you, there are several other things you can do easily to help control the mites and have a more comfortable life.
Where are these arachnids?
It is one of the most common internal allergies. Mites can be found in most people’s homes, because they like warm and humid places, and they need a source of food.
They live on the tiny particles of skin that fall off while they sleep and they also like the warmth and humid environment of their bed.
My Allergy Free Bed
An allergy-free room can help you sleep better. Your bed is the most common place where you are likely to find many of these little creatures.
That is why if you are allergic to mites, you may seem to get worse when you go to bed. People who have this allergy react to the mite droppings, their fecal matter, which they leave in their bed.
If you have a lot of mites, you can imagine that you will also have a large amount of this fecal matter that is causing you problems. You can breathe this while you sleep and this is not good for you.
Allergic reactions can range from severe asthma attacks to the nose and eyes, and symptoms that may resemble flu or springtime symptoms such as hay fever.
Many people find that their reaction is similar to the one you get from pollens and herbs in the spring, and they can also look a lot like MCS symptoms and many people with multiple chemical sensitivity also react to mites.
You can wash the mites that are in some of their beds, for this you must use the hottest water. But if it is old and has been accumulating for a long time, you may need to replace it.
Ideas to Get Rid of Mites
Prevention is very important, so check the list below for ideas on what to consider. The tips on this list can help you discover how to sleep better when you are allergic to mites.
To prevent the accumulation of dust and mites, begin the process to clear the clutter of the room.
Your goal is to eliminate as many unnecessary items from the room as possible, in case they contain dust in them.
Use a good vacuum to clean the dust in the room to help detoxify at home. Many allergists recommend filters.
The best thing for you is simply to use the best quality vacuum cleaner that you can use safely.
Wash all sheets and bath towels with the hottest water you can and continue to wash your sheets and pillow cases frequently.
If you are allergic to mites, see if you can do it once a week if possible, or at least once every two weeks.
Use allergy-free bedding on your bed and wash your pillows, or replace them with new good quality organic pillows. They are a place where mites accumulate.
The latex is also resistant to dust and an organic latex pillow is another good alternative.
If you have a carpet on your floor, you may need to consider replacing it with another type of floor that is easy to clean to eliminate mites.
You can choose to install natural wood floors or ecological cork floors, since cleaning wooden floors or cork is very easy.
Since mites do not like wool, you can choose to replace your old bedding with organic wool bedding, and that could include the use of an organic wool pillow.
Use good quality organic bedding, including organic mattress pads or pillow cases and allergy pillow covers that can be washed regularly to remove any dust.
Have a good air purifier for allergies or a negative ion generator come out at night. This is a common idea of natural health, as it can help eliminate mite particles from the air that are stirred during sleep. | <urn:uuid:5a951d90-f03a-4d18-b7c9-5e9d1f7ac7b6> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://scopeheal.com/allergy-to-mites/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371818008.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408135412-20200408165912-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.965334 | 1,280 | 2.953125 | 3 |
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by: Puneet Aggarwal
Teach your kids to trace alphabets in capital and small, numbers and shapes.
- You can choose different color for tracing.
- You can play pronunciation of the alphabets.
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Free - V1.0 - 8M
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Share this app | <urn:uuid:10f33163-662f-4db2-b227-c0fa7cc8813b> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.appszoom.com/android-app/trace-letters-mfndx.html?fmwkfl=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701153585.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193913-00216-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.751608 | 110 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Biodiversity refers to the living natural systems of an area including the plants, animals and micro-organisms. By 'systems' we mean the way that these species interact and exist together within their environment to form the local scale ecology. This complex web is often summarised to the term ecosystem.
For an urban area, Macquarie University contains many important biodiversity values. Over half of the 126 hectare campus is currently occupied by some form of open space, including some essentially natural areas of bush. We have over two kilometres of creek frontage within the campus which provide potential freshwater habitats.
Recently Property has begun a process of biodiversity planning to sustain and enhance the existing natural values found on campus.
Current Biodiversity Projects
Mars Creek drains from the suburb of Marsfield and flows for over a kilometre through Macquarie University into the Lane Cove National Park. 2012 sees the start of implementation of an environmental plan for this whole creek system within the University.
Using natural and biodegradable materials, the first 200 metres of Mars Creek are being re-shaped into a more sinuous course, with gently-sloping banks stabilised by dense plantings of native sedges and grasses. A vegetated buffer zone will extend along both sides of the rehabilitated creek.
Improved Water Quality and Reduced Flooding
Water filtration is being installed in the form of a 200 square metre reed-bed wetland connected to the main creek, and ‘bio swale’ interception of several other storm water sources before they reach the creek.
A second basin will provide temporary flood storage and a back swamp habitat, suitable for frogs and other wildlife.
A new footbridge across the creek with connecting footpaths will also be installed. This project is part of an environmental plan produced under Property's Sustainability projects in 2011 for the Mars Creek catchment. The valley of Mars Creek comprises the largest area of open green space in the University, and has considerable potential for innovative environmental management.
Tapping into the native seed bank
Away from the busy core areas of our campus are bushland remnants large enough in size to contain a diverse range of native plants.
During the spring of 2009, professional seed collection began in these areas to build a tailor-made source, or “bank”, of the most suitable native vegetation for planting in our restoration sites.
Plants raised from this first round of seed collection will include wattle, pea flower, banksias and, of course, eucalypts. The first generation of seedlings should be ready for use by the Bushcare Program in winter 2010.
"Dial a Habitat" – Tree nest boxes
Our campus has many bands of trees which were planted early in Macquarie’s development. These trees have grown to an impressive size in only a few decades, but the formation of natural tree hollows - the vital habitat used by native forest fauna – will come much more slowly.
Hence we have begun a process of adding wooden nest boxes to some of our maturing tree plantations, so that they can build up their native habitat values in advance of the formation of large natural tree hollows.
The initial installation will support three homes for micro bats, two for small parrot-sized birds like Crimson Rozellas or the endangered Swift Parrot, and also two boxes for Owls.
As part of this project we also took the opportunity to install 2 possum boxes near Building X5A, where inquisitive Brushtail Possums have been prone to trying to set up house in the teaching rooms.
Advocating Biodiversity Sustainably Managing Macquarie’s Biodiversity
Want to get involved?
- Become part of our Bushcare Group
as we aim to re-establish the riparian zone along the creek and reduce mowing.
» More information | <urn:uuid:d2fc813e-765c-4aa3-ac64-11e2567ae1df> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.ofm.mq.edu.au/biod.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917127681.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031207-00177-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931596 | 800 | 3.15625 | 3 |
How many of you have a piano student who has a pinky finger that is as stiff as a wet sock in the Arctic? It points up and out as though challenging the fallboard of your piano to some sort of duel, while the rest of your piano student’s fingers curve nicely. And while a stiff pinky finger doesn’t necessarily affect your young piano students’ playing abilities, it does cause tension and visually ruins an otherwise beautiful hand position… so you might as well fix it!
I had a student with a particularly rigid pinky. As we worked through the exercises we’ll be sharing below he couldn’t stop giggling. He’s a particularly sunny child, so I didn’t think anything of it until he announced that his hand looked just like a crab. And you know what, it did! So, along the same vein as our uber-popular post How to Fix Piano Student Hand Position With a Goose… here comes
How to Fix Piano Student Hand Position… with a Crab!
Usually, a stiff 5 finger is due to two things:
The first cause can be rectified through some relaxation exercizes as well as making sure your piano student is the correct height and distance from the keys. But to break the habit, try these 3 exercizes.
Crab on the Keys
1. Have your student curl their 4 and 5 fingers under so that the tips of their fingers touch the underside of their hand. This becomes the hermit crab’s “shell”. The “Hermit Crab” is the 1,2 and 3 fingers. If you live in a part of the world where Hermit Crabs are not commonplace, show your student this video for a good visual.
2. Use your “Hermit Crab” fingers to crawl up the keys in a pattern where your student’s fingers play 1,2,3 (tuck thumb under) 1,2,3 (tuck thumb under) etc. or 3,2,1 (cross 3 over) 3,2,1 (cross 3 over). Keep the “shell” fingers curled under throughout the exercise. Try to cover 2 octaves up and back. Then, do the same with the 4 and 5 fingers resting in a normal position.
This is a good warm up to start your lessons as it re-sets your student’s muscles to feel what it’s like to be curved instead of sticking out.
Pinch Pinch Pinch!
Kids love this one! The pattern for this exercize is the same (1,2,3 tuck thumb under and repeat). However, after you play the first 3 keys your student’s thumb and 5 finger “pinch” together 3 times under the palm of your students’ hand (the 3 finger keeps the key depressed forming a little bridge). I sing along and it goes like this “One, Two Three, pinch pinch pinch. One Two Three, pinch pinch pinch!” Your students’ 5 finger will begin to anticipate the “pinch” and will begin to curl under with that anticipation giving them the correct sensation of a naturally curled 5 finger. From now on all you’ll have to do when you see that stiff finger is whisper “Pinch, pinch pinch!” and it will fly back to a nicely curved state!
Dig The Sand
The final exercise mimics the end-product of what you hope to achieve – all 5 fingers curled nicely with correct wrist height, no arm tension and a relaxed pinky finger. The pattern is 1,2,3,4 and then the 5 finger doesn’t play, but rather makes a digging/stroking motion on the last key as though you were sifting through sand. Make sure the 1,2,3,4 remain held down while the 5 finger “digs”. Lift the hand and move up one step to repeat. This gives your student good control over the joint of their 5 finger.
Correcting A Stiff Pinky Finger in Piano Students… is Fun!
For students who have a persistently stiff pinky finger these exercises can become a regular part of your warm-ups each lesson. I’ve always found that making a big deal about a particular habit I’d like to fix can often worsen the problem as the child becomes uber-aware and thus over-thinks things too much. With a Hermit Crab theme the exercises are simply a lot of fun and they’re likely to practice them at home too!
If you’re enjoying our imaginative approach to piano technique you’ll love the way we inspire the boys on your bench! Check out our piano music for boys series, The Adventures of Fearless Fortissimo. | <urn:uuid:c080c5d2-9d5c-4b88-b727-70c980d6ce63> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.teachpianotoday.com/2013/04/29/just-get-crabby-3-simple-ways-to-fix-your-piano-students-stiff-pinky-finger/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823630.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020025810-20171020045810-00770.warc.gz | en | 0.93349 | 1,001 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The Revolutionary War was primarily a war between Great Britain and the 13 Colonies.
And these 13 Colonies were supposed to be colonies loyal to Great Britain.
Next lesson: Declaring Independence.
Continue learning. The transcript is for your convenience. The colonists who were opposing British rule were calling themselves “Patriots”. These patriots were very angry about Britain’s Intolerable Acts and all through the colonies, we saw militias preparing for war against the British. In Massachusetts, the British chief officer was General Thomas Gage.
When he learned that Patriot militias stored gun powder and canons Concord, he immediately sent over soldiers to seize and destroy the patriot supplies. But patriots William Dawes and Paul Revere learned about the plan and rode throughout the night and warned the Minutemen that British soldiers were on their way.
The First Battles
In 1775, on April 19th, the British soldiers and patriot Minutemen started shooting in Lexington and many were wounded or killed. Then, in Concord, hundreds of Minutemen were gathering. They subsequently forced the British soldiers all the way back to Boston and in the battle, they wounded or killed over two hundred and fifty British soldiers.
When the colonists learned about the battles, their militias trapped the British soldiers right there in Boston. Patriots had plans for building a fort on Bunker
Hill but instead, they did so on Breed’s Hill. British soldiers went marching up the hill and they kept on fighting until the Patriots had run out of gunpowder. Then, the British took the fort which is remembered as the Battle of Bunker Hill. But even though the Patriots had lost that battle, they had shown that they were able to plan well and fight a battle.
Then in 1775, the Second Continental Congress was held. The colonies created an army for waging war against England. George Washington was appointed as commander of the new Continental Army. Many delegates from the colonies didn’t want to go to war so they sent the so-called “Olive Branch Petition” to Britain’s King George III which asked the king to help end this conflict in a peaceful way
The king, however, just sent more troops. Then, the Continental Army took on another battle to capture Fort Ticonderoga and the canons they found then, were used for forcing the British out of Boston.
Last Updated on | <urn:uuid:5f5c8ee9-5b88-4ea9-ab3f-5f38f868887d> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://bestgedclasses.org/revolutionary-war/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00218.warc.gz | en | 0.979305 | 491 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Animal Species:Dorab Wolf Herring, Chirocentrus dorab (Forsskal, 1775)
The Dorab Wolf Herring occurs in tropical and subtropical marine waters and is usually found in inshore waters. It feeds on primarily on fishes although crustaceans, squids and other invertebrates are also eaten.
Standard Common Name
Dorab Wolf Herring
The Dorab Wolf Herring has an elongate, compressed body with a sharp belly. The body is covered with small cycloid scales. The single dorsal fin and anal fin are positioned in the posterior half of the body. The upward-directed mouth has large canine teeth in both jaws. There are two forward-pointing canine teeth on the premaxillae.
The fish is blue-green above, often with a tinge of violet, and silvery on the sides and belly.
It grows to about 1 m in length although rarely exceeds 80 cm.
The species occurs in tropical and subtropical marine waters of the Indo-west Pacific. In Australia it is known from the central coast of Western Australia, around the tropical north of the country and south on the east coast to southern Queensland.
The map below shows the Australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in Australian Museums. Click on the map for detailed information. Source: Atlas of Living Australia.
Distribution by collection data
It is usually found in inshore waters at depths between the surface and 120 m.
Feeding and Diet
The Dorab Wolf Herring feeds on primarily on fishes (mainly clupeids and engraulids) although crustaceans, squids and other invertebrates are also eaten.
- Munroe, T.A., Nizinski, M.S. & T. Wongratana. 1999. Chirocentridae. in Carpenter, K.E. & V.H. Niem (Eds). FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 3. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae). FAO, Rome. Pp. iii-vi, 1398-2068.
- Randall, J.E. 2005. Reef and Shore Fishes of the South Pacific: New Caledonia to Tahiti and the Pitcairn Islands. University of Hawai’i Press. Pp. 584.
Tags fishes, ichthyology, Dorab Wolf Herring, Chirocentrus dorab, Chirocentridae, tropical water, subtropical water, marine, long and skinny, inshore waters, small cycloid scales, single dorsal fin, canine teeth, blue-green, violet, silver, 30 cm - 1 m, Indo-west Pacific, | <urn:uuid:0cc73e61-f7bb-4c94-88b5-0e943838c744> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://australianmuseum.net.au/dorab-wolf-herring-chirocentrus-dorab-forsskal-1775 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375091587.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031811-00192-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.834318 | 600 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Chronic pain, which affects an estimated 100 million Americans, goes beyond physical discomfort. A new study shows it can even affect our decision-making abilities.
Researchers investigated how pain impacts cognitive flexibility, or the ability of the brain to learn new information—and discovered that the ability to adapt to changing situations may be hindered in those with chronic pain.
“Cognitive flexibility is a broad term, but overall, it’s your ability to adapt to new information, being flexible with your learning,” says Stephen Cowen, assistant professor of psychology at the University of Arizona.
“You’re not venturing out, you’re not trying new things, you’re not learning new information. You’re kind of on autopilot.”
“For example, you might initially learn one route to work, and you do that day after day, and then the next two days in a row there’s construction. You should be able to reroute yourself and not, out of habit alone, keep going down that path that always makes you late for work.”
As reported in Pain, rats with neuropathic pain were able to learn a basic task—pulling a designated lever to receive a food reward—at the same rate as control groups. However, they were much slower than rats without pain to adapt when conditions changed, and a new lever was introduced that produced more food.
Cowen recently discussed the findings, which he says could provide insight into how pain can hinder cognitive flexibility in humans.
What motivated you to look at chronic pain as it relates to decision making?
Traditionally, what we’re mostly concerned about with chronic pain is the pain itself—the emotional component of the pain or the physical feeling of pain. Those are the things we usually focus on, and rightly so, but there are also other consequences of having chronic pain that affect your ability to learn and make decisions, and that’s what we focused on with this study.
We wanted to see what types of learning deficits or alterations in your ability to adapt to new information are affected by chronic pain, and that’s something that’s very rarely been looked at in the field.
What are the implications of your findings for people suffering with chronic pain?
It’s something to be aware of and think about. If you’re suffering from chronic pain, your ability to make good decisions or adapt to new information might be compromised. You might not realize it, but your friends and others might notice that you’re sticking to what you know. You’re not venturing out, you’re not trying new things, you’re not learning new information. You’re kind of on autopilot.
So this might be an unforeseen consequence of chronic pain that we don’t study enough. In the past, we’ve focused more on the immediate effect of just the pain itself, which is very important, but some of the more detrimental consequences may be in the poor decisions that are made.
With most of the therapies we test for chronic pain, nobody looks at the effects on treating the cognitive or learning deficits that perhaps are accompanying chronic pain. In our study, we found maybe we should start looking at that.
If, for example, one therapy can reduce chronic pain but makes the learning deficits bad or worse, then we need alternative therapies. Ideally, we need to find approaches that treat the pain and improve the ability to learn.
Why do we see the connection between chronic pain and cognitive flexibility, and what are the next steps for this research?
I study the frontal cortex, the frontal part of the brain that we think is so important for decision making and cognitive flexibility. The frontal cortex is really important for the ability to override our basic instincts, in a sense, and to be more adaptive to new information. There’s also considerable evidence that the activity of the frontal cortex, especially in an area called the anterior cingulate cortex in the middle of the frontal cortex, is very much associated with chronic pain—so much so, that in extremely severe cases of chronic pain that are resistant to other treatments, doctors can actually lesion or destroy that region of the brain, and it can relieve the pain in humans.
There may be other negative consequences of this radical approach, but in rare cases, this can provide an option for chronic pain that allows someone to lead a remotely normal life.
When you have chronic pain, the neuronal activity in the frontal cortex changes considerably. We thought that these changes would result in an inability to adapt to new information, and, sure enough, that’s what we found. We didn’t directly measure frontal activity—we didn’t look at the neuroscience—so that’s what we really would like to do next, and that’s what my lab’s specialty is: recording the activities of neurons in the brain during decision making and during learning. So one of our next steps is to collaborate on studies looking at the neural basis for these changes in chronic pain and decision making.
What excites you most about this work?
The reason I love doing this stuff is that it gives you brief glimpses into mechanisms. If I can get a glimpse into how this great machine of ours called the brain works and understand how interactions between groups of neurons lead to a memory, lead to an action, lead to a decision—that’s the most exciting thing.
I really want to look under the hood and get a glimpse of what the system is doing. I’m very interested in the translational component too: How do we take what we’re doing and help patients? A very important component of that is to figure out the mechanism, and that might be without any disease in mind at all—looking at how we make decisions, regardless of whether or not it’s somebody with chronic pain.
The neural basis of decision making is not understood, so I’m very interested in these core mechanisms involved in how neurons wire up during learning, or how they change their activity during decision making under normal conditions or in disease states, including chronic pain.
Additional researchers from the University of Arizona and from Eli Lilly collaborated on the study.
Source: University of Arizona | <urn:uuid:09619106-40a0-496d-845a-7d758210b91d> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.futurity.org/chronic-pain-decision-making-brains-1761342-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369054.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304113205-20210304143205-00015.warc.gz | en | 0.954747 | 1,304 | 3.171875 | 3 |
- Nuremberg and the German World, 1460-1530
- March 15 – July 12, 1953
- Ground Floor, Central Gallery
This exhibition is no longer on view at the National Gallery.
Overview: Prints and books came from the Kress and Rosenwald collections. The purpose of this special exhibition was to display the giant choirbook given to Rush H. Kress by the Sankt Lorenzkirche in Nuremberg, in recognition of the donation of funds from the Kress Foundation for the restoration of the building bombed by the Allies in World War II. The 2-volume work was known as the Gänsebuch (Geesebook); one of its illustrations shows a wolf teaching geese to sing while a fox is attacking one of the geese. According to Latin inscriptions inside the binding, the volumes were made in 1507-1510, probably on the initiative of a Dr. Anton Kress, believed by the Kress family to have been an ancestor. Also shown were German prints and books of the late 15th and early 16th centuries, including works by Albrecht Dürer, Martin Schongauer, Wilhelm Pleydenwurff, and Michael Wolgemut.
In 1961 the Geesebook was transferred to the Morgan Library in New York. In exchange for one-third interest in the Geesebook, the Samuel H. Kress Foundation gave the Gallery 200 antique picture frames. | <urn:uuid:2adc29ef-a8d1-45f0-92fb-a4b90fe3586a> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/exhibitions/1953/nuremberg.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860118369.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161518-00156-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949308 | 301 | 3.078125 | 3 |
In class, we worked on the robot Arnold in Maya. We shaded Arnold using Ai Standard Shader to give it a refined, rendered shine. The first step we took was to set up three Ai Area Lights.
5 well-designed apps:
3 poorly designed apps:
Logo’s are a key aspect to have a successful business or product, having a recognisable logo is just as important as a household name. For a logo to be effective, the artist(s) creating it would need to be aware of certain techniques relating to the structure of the piece. The techniques are the Golden Ratio, Rule of Thirds, Colour Theory, and (…).
Famous logos that most are able to easily recognise would include:
Colour Theory in logo design is relevant to the target audience of the brand. Colours can express emotions and characteristics, so using the right colour can alter how one views the brand – even in just the smallest, seemingly insignificant way.
For children, bold, bright, and fun colours – like striking reds, or vivid yellows.
Red represents intense emotions like energy and power.
Yellow represents happiness, sunshine, and friendship.
For an older target audience, using more classic muted colours would be most fitting, like dusty blues, and subdued greens. Banks and hospital also use blues and greens in their colour scheme.
Blue in Colour Theory is considered to show wisdom, calmness, and trust.
Green is considered to show safety, harmony, and health.
For nature related brand, earthy and green colours should be used. Like greens, browns, and yellows.
As stated before, green shows growth, health, and nature; and yellow shows sunshine, energy, and optimism.
Brown is shown to signify earth, dependability, and steadfastness.
The Golden Ratio and Rule of Thirds are the terminologies of two very important types of techniques that are used art world, including photography and logo design. Golden Ratio and Rule of Thirds are used to draw the viewers eyes to certain points and to create structure in a photograph or design.
The Golden Ration is a spiralling shell-like pattern
The Rule of Thirds is a grid of four lines and nine boxes on the surface of the image used
The focus point is where the lines on the grid meet, there are four places that these points meet. Those four places are highlighted in red in the picture above.
This 2-D platformer puzzle game made by the indie studio Playdead was published in 21 July 2010. This indie game took the game industry by storm, it sold over 300,00 copies within a month of its release and both nominated for, won many awards such as “Best Downloadable Game” from GameSpot, “Best Visual Art” at the Game Developers Choice Awards.
Limbo has a dark, and eerie black and white tonal colour scheme. The visuals the game incorporates it is often compared to the art styles Film Noir and German expressionism. The darkness in the game throws the player into a and hides dangers from the player – which only adds to the fear that this visual style holds.
The audio within the game has great importance, and Limbo uses it perfectly to its advantage to build up a scarier atmosphere for the player and they maneuver through the danger filled map. Limbo is highly praised for their audio, and even won the “Sound” award in 2010 from Indiecade. The game doesn’t have a tradition soundtrack, but more so relying on the noises from the environment to create the feelings and atmosphere for the player.
This game holds elements that i wish to incorporate into my own, the black and white tones and the eeriness of what shadows and darkness can hold.
In Limbo there are many individual threats – the giant spider as an example – but in my game i want there to be primarily just The Dark, an ever lurking omnipresent threat with only short lived escape from.
Wikipedia page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo_(video_game)
Official site: http://www.playdead.com/games/limbo/
Steam page: http://store.steampowered.com/app/48000/LIMBO/
Depending on the film and the genre its in, the style and aesthetic of an establishing shot would vary.
Here are two examples of film and TV using establishing shots:
The TV show ‘Gotham’ uses lots of dark and grim themes in their establishing shots, a theme that matches with the story of the show, but it’s busy with the light of the towering and foreboding city buildings. The night scenes incorporates dark shades of blues, so as to add to the dreary looks.
These two examples have very similar colour schemes and looks within their establishing shot but the feeling each give off the the viewer is very opposite. Gotham uses a depressive, and foreboding. Where as, the Harry Potter establishing shot encompasses a feeling of wonder and excitement(*).
There’s a feeling of ‘i want to avoid most places in this city’ and ‘i want to explore every part of this castle’.
In class we created a short animation in Maya of these three shapes. The objects move from one end to the other of the map in the viewport. Using the time slider at the bottom to mark keyframes for the movement of the three shapes, and using the playback controls to view what has been constructed.
Puzzles games are designed to make you to think, learn, and test your problem-solving skills, they often challenge the user to change their way of thinking in order to complete the task. The level of complexity and difficulty varies between each puzzle game, some can be casual with a simplistic and minimalist design, or intellectually challenging.
Links and further info on puzzle game:
Wireframing is used by developers as blueprints for a visual guide to help draw out different versions of the app and improve and develop the idea to make a more clean layout so it be will be a more friendly app for the user experience.
“Lara Croft GO” is a game that challenges and entertains the player. It is a very simple game, with the plot being the player has to find out the secret of the “Queen of venom” By travelling through a dangerous ancient amazonian civilisation. You have a path that can’t stray from, giving the player a clear idea of where they need to go. This game can bring in new, interested potentials fans and old fans with nostalgia alike.
The game play is an isometric, Top-down puzzle-based platforming game, It has 7 levels, and 4 fight-able characters.
The graphics of the game are sharp and polygonal, with a very smooth clean look. The shapes are all geometric, with very few organic shapes.
The colour palette opts for block colours, that are very earthy and natural, with cool tones to give a more serious feel.
The user journey is very simple, you can clearly see the menu in gameplay, (displayed as a Diamond icon) and you can access the pause menu, where you can see settings, outfits, and get downloadable content. You can’t save manually, you have to reach checkpoints.
You can also download a DLC for the game “shard of life”, which can really add to the story and experience of the game.
This game is supposed to challenge the player with his/her cognitive skill, and improve on decision making and observance skills.
Sources for Lara Croft GO:
Every game has a unique UI and puzzle games often have very basic UI’s, this is because the app is mainly focused on the game itself rather than the UI. This can be a good thing because users will want to get to the game straight away, many other apps will have multiple options such as shop, items, characters, map, social etc. Whereas most puzzle games will simply have a ‘Play’ option and maybe a social option to share a score afterwards.
The image on the bottom is an image of a random mobile game UI and the image on the top is the UI for a puzzle game, as you can see, the one on the top is a lot simpler. It has a few basic logos with minimal graphics whereas the game on the bottom has a UI loaded with information and imagery. The ‘user journey’ is a lot easier to follow, its just a simple click to play. The colour scheme and art style of the user interface is designed to appeal to children, it is very bright and colourful and happy. A parallel to the UI on the bottom, which has a more mature approach. | <urn:uuid:adc5200d-63eb-47c3-99f3-9545d4b5296e> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://kcimgdtallulahriou.wordpress.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807650.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124104142-20171124124142-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.94689 | 1,823 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Lighting Dr. Vivian G. Baglien
Natural Light • First light source to consider. • Sunlight that enters the house through windows, doors, skylights, etc. • North or East—Cool, bluish cast • South or West—Warm, orange tones
Incandescent Light • Light bulb most people use. • Burns about 700-1000 hours. • Incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe makes light by heating a metal filament wire to a high temperature until it glows ...
Fluorescent Lighting • Lasts up to ten times longer than an incandescent bulb. • Use less electricity and produce no damaging heat. • Not as homey and comfortable.
Can save more than $40 in electricity costs over its lifetime Uses about 75% less energy than standard incandescent bulbs and lasts up to 10 times longer Produces about 75% less heat, so it's safer to operate and can cut energy costs associated with home cooling Compact Fluorescent Light
Halogen Lighting • Lamp is kept brighter than incandescent bulbs. • Light is more similar to that of sunlight. • Bulbs burn whiter than incandescent bulbs. • Electricity heats this filament up to about 4,500 degrees F (2,500 degrees Celsius). Just like any hot metal, the tungsten gets "white hot" at that heat and emits a great deal of visible light in a process called incandescence
Types of Lighting • General • Overall lighting. • Task • Lighting a small space to perform a specific task; reading, cooking, eating. • Accent/Decorative • Used to draw attention to specific areas or objects.
Lighting Fixtures—Can and Track Track: Track lighting is very flexible for many applications and interior styles and is a cost-efficient option Can: Recessed or "Can" Lighting affords a clean, streamlined look for your lighting by hiding all of the wiring and "guts" of the light in a recessed housing
Lighting for Safety & Security • Can you: • light your way as you go room to room? • switch lights on or off from each doorway? • turn on lights going and down steps? • light entrances as they are entered? • control garage, carport or parking lighting from the house? • control outside lighting from inside house or remotely?
References Winkler, S. (2003). Adapted and edited from Utah FCS http://www.uen.org/Lessonplan/preview.cgiLPid=5078 by Dr. Vivian G. Baglien, March 17, 2011. | <urn:uuid:15f8b728-aca5-46ab-918d-9bb1d58c5f8c> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.slideserve.com/vance-giles/lighting-powerpoint-ppt-presentation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057424.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923135058-20210923165058-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.887661 | 536 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Reverse the vector
Arrange Vector in descending order
Who knows the last digit of pi?
Matrix of almost all zeros, except for main diagonal
Find remainder when x is divided by 3
Create a square matrix with given conditions
Opposite task convert string hexadecimal numbers array into array of decimal numbers .
Display positive elements of matrix.
Find cosine between two given vectors u and v.
Find sum of negative elements in row.
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Contact your local office | <urn:uuid:5084e6fc-42b0-4035-a5d5-f74691e34f46> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://it.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/cody/problems/43626-find-scalar-product-of-two-polynomials-a-and-b-given-as-vector-array/solutions/1517645 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540488620.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206122529-20191206150529-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.795434 | 174 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Early season scouting (pre-bloom cotton)
We recommend scouting for plant bugs as soon as cotton begins squaring. We encourage everyone to scout for plant bugs, especially those that saw high numbers last year. Early in the growing season (pre-bloom) we are scouting for adult plant bugs immigrating into cotton from flowering weedy hosts and other cultivated hosts nearby (corn, wheat, soybean). Plant bug adults (pictured below) are approximately 5-6mm in length (quarter inch) and can be identified by their yellowish brown body color, conspicuous “Y” shape on their scutellum or upper back, and two yellow dots on their cuneus or lower back. For pre-bloom cotton, we recommend sweep net sampling with an action spray threshold of eight plant bugs (adults and nymphs) per 100 sweeps. This can be done by conducting four to eight random 25-sweep samples throughout each field. We also recommend measuring square retention before bloom by sampling 25 random plants in each field and calculating the percentage of missing or black squares from all first positions on whole plants or the top five nodes. Consider a spray application for plant bugs if the insect threshold is reached (8 plant bugs per 100 sweeps) and square retention is below 80 percent.
Click on this video link to see sweep net sampling technique in cotton.
Mid- to late-season scouting (flowering cotton)
For mid- to late-season scouting, when cotton is flowering, we are mainly sampling for plant bug nymphs using a black drop cloth. The action threshold for triggering sprays in flowering cotton is 2-3 plant bug nymphs and adults per drop cloth sample. For drop cloth sampling, we recommend placing the drop cloth in between two rows and vigorously beating plants onto the drop cloth. We also recommend taking at least four samples per field.
Click on this video link to see drop cloth sampling technique in cotton.
Insects often mistaken for plant bugs
Common insects in cotton fields that are often confused with plant bugs include big-eyed bugs, aphids, and stink bug nymphs (pictured below). Big-eyed bugs head and eyes are wider than their body. Aphids are a secondary pest and are generally smaller and slower than plant bug nymphs with two tailpipes or cornicles on their lower back. Stink bug nymphs have a more shield-like body shape with three black stripes on their antennae.
Economic benefits of managing plant bugs in cotton
The single most important management strategy for plant bugs in cotton is applying insecticides at the recommended action thresholds described above. The bar graph below highlights lint yield gained when applying insecticides at various thresholds (low, medium/recommended, high, very high) using sweep net only, drop cloth only, or both (as described above). We see that the highlighted recommended threshold using sweep net sampling pre-bloom and drop-cloth sampling during flowering was one of the highest yielding treatments with the highest economic returns among treatments with five or fewer spray applications. The major take-home from these data is that any scouting technique (sweep net and or drop cloth sampling) at any threshold, is going to significantly increase lint yield and economic returns when plant bug infestations are present! | <urn:uuid:a58e35b2-b934-4b64-b1fb-654ad240c0c9> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://blogs.ext.vt.edu/ag-pest-advisory/plant-bug-spray-thresholds-in-cotton/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347439928.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604094848-20200604124848-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.942051 | 675 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Stakliškės is a township ca. 40 km north-east of Alytus. In World War One, it was taken by infantry of German XXI. Armeekorps in early September 1915 during the battle for Vilnius, which fell on September 18.
During the German army’s withdrawal from Russia at the end of 1918, a temporary demarcation line between the Soviets and withdrawing Germans gave Stakliškės to the former. When in February 1919 the Red Army tried to move further west, some German Grenzschutz units struck back, and Stakliškės was taken by Abteilung Heeger (Frw. Bataillon 21) on February 19.
For a few months Stakliškės was in Lithuanian hands but in early July 1919 was occupied by Polish troops as part of Marshall Pilsudski’s vision of a greater, confederated Poland. Polish occupation lasted until the Russo-Polish war when Lithuanians regained Stakliškės in early July 1920. The Lines of Demarcation left Stakliškės deep on the Lithuanian side.
In the czarist period, Stakliškės had a post office (Stoklishki). A Lithuanian postal facility, probably first as an agentūra, was set up ca. 1921 (year and other details not known). Early stamp stock consisted of the Sėjėjas Issue, though a common De Jure value has also been noted.
Having no standard canceller to begin with, Stakliškės resorted to provisional markings. A one-liner “Stakliškių” [possibly as an “agentūra”] is reported by Fugalevičius (No. 1798).
By 1922 cancelling was done by means of a regular double-framed cachet indicating place-name in capitals “STAKLIŠKĖS”. This mode of cancelling was used on early Litai/Centai overprints as well. A standard calendar-type postmarker was supplied in ca. 1923.
Known provisional markings:
Use of one-liner “Stakliškių”:
No date, no details [reported Fugalevičius]
Cancelling by boxed cachet “STAKLIŠKĖS”
No date single, De Jure 8a [colln. Doniela]
No date single, 15ct/4a [formerly Norton] | <urn:uuid:501a7d95-b5b8-4185-a6e9-52e8549a75d6> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://lithuanianphilately.com/provisional-postmarks/stakliskes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00189.warc.gz | en | 0.922403 | 561 | 2.65625 | 3 |
By Dale J., von Schantz M.
“… an exceptional ebook… achieves all of its pursuits with variety, readability and completeness… you can find the facility and probabilities of molecular genetics as you read…” –Human Genetics"This quantity hits a very good stability between clarity, assurance, and detail." –Biochemistry and Molecular Biology EducationRapid advances in a suite of strategies often called gene expertise, genetic engineering, recombinant DNA expertise and gene cloning have driven molecular biology to the vanguard of the organic sciences. This re-creation of a concise, well-written textbook introduces key concepts and ideas focused on cloning genes and in learning their expression and variation.The e-book opens with a short evaluate of the elemental innovations of molecular biology, earlier than relocating directly to describe the main molecular equipment and the way they healthy jointly. This levels from the cloning and examine of person genes to the sequencing of entire genomes, and the research of genome-wide details. eventually, the booklet strikes directly to think about a few of the purposes of those ideas, in biotechnology, medication and agriculture, in addition to in study that's inflicting the present explosion of data around the organic sciences.From Genes to Genomes: thoughts and functions of DNA know-how, moment variation contains complete two-colour layout all through and an accompanying web site. particular adjustments for the recent variation include:Strengthening of gene to genome themeUpdating and reinforcing of fabric on proteomics, gene treatment and stem cellsMore eukaryotic/mammalian examples and not more concentrate on bacteriaThis textbook is must-have for all undergraduates learning intermediate molecular genetics in the organic and biomedical sciences. it's also of curiosity for researchers and all these wanting to replace their wisdom of this quickly relocating box.
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Extra info for From genes to genomes: Concepts and applications of DNA technology
If this phosphate group is removed, that site cannot be ligated. Removal of the 5′-phosphate groups is achieved with an enzyme known as alkaline phosphatase (because of its optimum pH) – one commonly used enzyme is calf intestinal phosphatase (CIP). Treatment of the vector molecule with CIP before ligation will remove the 5′-phosphates, and so make it impossible for self-ligation of the vector to occur. Ligation of vector to insert can occur, however, as the insert still has its 5′-phosphates. It is of course important to remove the CIP before ligation, and this is best done by phenol extraction and subsequent ethanol precipitation as heat inactivation is not sufficiently reliable.
So two EcoRI fragments can be ligated to each other, or two BamHI fragments can be joined, but you cannot ligate an EcoRI fragment directly to a BamHI fragment. However, there are circumstances in which compatible ends can be generated by different restriction enzymes. 1), but they both generate the same sticky ends (with unpaired GATC sequences) and these can be joined. 4 Restriction fragment ends less efficiently ligated, have the advantage that they can be joined to any other blunt-ended fragment.
By contrast, the lifespans of most eukaryotic mRNA molecules are measured in hours or days rather than minutes. Again, this is a reflection of the fact that an organism (or a cell) that is able to control its own environment to a substantial extent is subjected to less radical environmental changes. Consequently, mRNA molecules tend to be more stable in multicellular organisms than in, for example, yeast. Nonetheless, the principle remains; the level of an mRNA is a function of its production and degradation rates. | <urn:uuid:d2cf2390-4ce4-47ea-9b73-58dc50500de6> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://discinternational.org/lib/from-genes-to-genomes-concepts-and-applications-of-dna-technology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578582584.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422195208-20190422221208-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.930857 | 1,706 | 2.59375 | 3 |
BC is by far the most common malignancy affecting Western women. A family history of BC is one of the most important and consistent risk factors, highlighting the role of inherited germline susceptibility genes. In the mid 1990s, two BC susceptibility genes, BRCA 1 (chromosome 17) and BRCA 2 (chromosome 13) were identified.119,120 Mutations that render these genes nonfunctional or absent are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and confer a high disease risk. However, recent epidemiological studies suggest that BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 mutations only account for a few percent of BC cases.121 It is highly likely that a number of more prevalent, low penetrance genes contribute to BC susceptibility in a larger population of women and are therefore responsible for a greater proportion of the disease burden.121-123 Recent modelling of breast cancer inheritance in a population where BRCA1 and 2 gene carriers had been excluded from the cohort revealed a model of inheritance that is polygenic and provides an estimate that nearly 90% of all breast cancer cases will occur in an identifiable subset of perhaps half the general population.124 As yet, little is known about low penetrance susceptibility genes which contribute to BC susceptibility and only a few have been identified, including genes involved in carcinogen detoxification and oestrogen metabolism.125-127
There is accumulating evidence indicating the presence of peritumoral inflammatory infiltrate in BC, which may reflect—at least in part—an antitumor immune response, while angio-genesis is necessary for the development of BC and the extent of angiogenesis correlates with tumor development and patient survival.94-96 In addition, high levels of IL-10 mRNA are detectable in tumor lesions.128 Accordingly, we have performed a small study of 144 British Caucasian BC patients and 263 controls, for the same panel of SNPs in pro- and anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic cytokine genes as studied in PC, but have failed to demonstrate any associations with susceptibility to BC, for any of these SNPs, including IL-10 -1082—save for the TNFa -308 GG, which was increased in frequency in the BC group, at a marginal level of significance.77 Conversely, in an independent study of 125 Italian BC patients and 100 controls, Giordani et al78 have reported a significant association between the IL-10 -1082 AA 'low expression' genotype and BC, analogous to our findings in CMM and PC, but have failed to demonstrate any association between the TNFa -308 SNP and BC.
Therefore the limited data obtained to date with regard to IL-10 polymorphism and development of BC are equivocal, but suggest that a larger study of IL-10 -1082 and additional polymorphisms is merited in this very common cancer.
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Learning About 10 Ways Fight Off Cancer Can Have Amazing Benefits For Your Life The Best Tips On How To Keep This Killer At Bay Discovering that you or a loved one has cancer can be utterly terrifying. All the same, once you comprehend the causes of cancer and learn how to reverse those causes, you or your loved one may have more than a fighting chance of beating out cancer. | <urn:uuid:6733c80a-740e-4b38-b566-84379a722abe> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.78stepshealth.us/lupus-erythematosus-2/breast-cancer.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347396300.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527235451-20200528025451-00596.warc.gz | en | 0.938278 | 664 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Launch: August 10, 1992
Mass: 2,500 kilograms (about 5,510 pounds)
Dimensions: 2.8 by 5.5 meters (9.2 by 18 feet), plus solar panel 3.3
by 8.7 meters (10.8 by 28.5 feet)
Science instruments: Altimeters, microwave radiometer, Global Positioning System receiver,
Doppler tracking receiver, laser retroreflector
JPL's Seasat mission established that a satellite could use radar pulses
to measure its altitude from Earth's surface. Taken over the world's oceans,
these measurements could provide a high-fidelity view of the changing heights
of the seas. That became the focus for the joint U.S.-French Topex/Poseidon
Under the joint plan between NASA and France's National Center for Space Studies
(known as CNES for its acronym in French), the United States provided the satellite,
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altimeter and a Doppler tracking receiver. Topex is short for "Ocean Topography Experiment,"
the name of the original U.S. mission proposal, while Poseidon was the name of the original
French mission proposal.
From its orbit 1,336 kilometers (830 miles) above Earth's surface,
Topex/Poseidon measures sea level every 10 days using the altimeter instruments
developed by NASA and CNES. Using this information, scientists can relate changes in
ocean currents to atmospheric and climate patterns. Measurements from
the satellite's radiometer provide estimates of the total water-vapor
content in Earth's atmosphere, which is used to correct errors in the altimeter
measurements. These combined measurements allow scientists to chart the
height of the seas across ocean basins with an accuracy of less than 10
centimeters (4 inches). Although originally planned for a three- to five-year
mission, Topex/Poseidon continues to operate nine years after its launch.
Among other science findings, Topex/Poseidon provided a unique view of the El Niño
phenomenon of the late 1990s, an unusual water warming in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
That El Niño was followed by a rebound effect of cold water conditions that
came to be known as La Niña.
The satellite was built for JPL by Fairchild Space Co.
For more information, see the
Topex/Poseidon home page or the
Oceanography from Space fact sheet. | <urn:uuid:9bc3d18e-ecc5-4d75-a305-0925ab0282b2> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/current/topex.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400373899.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123253-00215-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90129 | 565 | 3.75 | 4 |
How does it develop?
Cancer of the vagina is a skin (also known as squamous) cancer and is very uncommon. However, there is a sub-type of vaginal cancer called mucosal melanoma, which can predict how the cancer might behave. You may find that you are cared for by a team of gynaecologists and melanoma specialists to give you the best all-round support.
It begins when cells change their growth pattern and structure, to develop into a lesion or tumour (lump).
Surgery is the usual treatment for vaginal cancer; however, it can also be treated using chemotherapy and radiotherapy depending on its particular pattern change. The last section of this page has more details of treatments.
Vaginal Cancer Symptoms – Key signs
It is rare for vaginal cancer symptoms to manifest in the very early stages of cancer or the pre-cancerous changes called vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN).
Although many early-stage cancers do not have indicative signs, some possible symptoms include:
- Unexpected bleeding, eg. between periods, after menopause or after sex
- Vaginal discharge that smells or may be blood stained
- Vaginal pain during sexual intercourse
- A vaginal lump or growth that you or your doctor can feel
- A vaginal itch that won’t go away and pain when urinating
- Persistent pelvic and vaginal pain
However, as many as 20 per cent of women diagnosed with vaginal cancer have no symptoms at all. Many of the above symptoms are far more likely to be due to other more common conditions, such as infections, but it is still important to go and get any of these symptoms checked out.
The exact cause of vaginal cancer is unknown but several risk factors have been identified:
More than 7 out of 10 vaginal cancers are in women over 60.
Human papilloma virus
HPV is a group of viruses, rather than a single virus, of which there are more than 100 different types. It is spread during skin to skin sexual contact
There are many different types of HPV, and most people are infected with the virus at some time during their lives. In most cases, the virus goes away without causing any harm and doesn’t lead to further problems.
However, HPV is present in more than two-thirds of women with cancer of the vagina, which suggests that it may increase your risk of developing the condition.
Abnormal cells in the cervix or vagina
You’re more likely to develop cancer of the vagina if you’ve previously been found to have abnormal cells in your:
- Cervix – known as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
- Vagina – known as vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN)
CIN and VAIN are terms used to describe cells that are abnormal, but not different enough to be considered cancerous. Both are thought to be closely linked to having a persistent HPV infection.
The abnormal cells don’t usually cause any problems themselves and may only be detected during cervical screening, but left untreated there is a chance they could eventually become cancerous.
How is it diagnosed?
You might visit your doctor because of vaginal pain or other worrying symptoms. To help diagnose or rule out a vaginal cancer diagnosis, your GP will ask you about your symptoms and may carry out a physical examination.
If your GP cannot find an obvious cause of your symptoms, they will probably refer you to a gynaecologist for further testing.
If you are referred to a gynaecologist, you may have:
- External and internal examinations to look for any unusual vaginal lumps or swellings
- A colposcopy – an examination where a special instrument (colposcope) that acts like a magnifying glass is used to study your vagina in greater detail
If your gynaecologist thinks there may be abnormal tissue inside your vagina, a small sample of the tissue will be removed (a biopsy) and checked under a microscope for cell changes.
If the results of the biopsy show you have cancer, you will have further tests to see if the cancer has spread. These tests may include a more detailed internal vaginal examination carried out under general anaesthetic, an X-ray, and possibly CT and MRI scans.
Vaginal Cancer Treatment
Treatment will depend on where the cancer is in your vagina and how far it has spread. Possible treatments include radiotherapy, surgery and chemotherapy.
Radiotherapy is the main treatment for vaginal cancer and can be performed a number of ways:
- External beam radiotherapy – a machine beams high-energy rays at your vagina and pelvis
- Internal radiotherapy – a small radioactive device, is put into your vagina for a short period of time – normally a few hours. This is also known as brachytherapy.
There are four main types of surgery used to treat vaginal cancer, depending on the extent of the disease:
- Partial vaginectomy – removing the upper section of your vagina
- Radical vaginectomy – removing all of your vagina and pelvic lymph nodes
- Radical vaginectomy and radical hysterectomy – removing all of your vagina, womb, ovaries, fallopian tubes and pelvic lymph nodes
- Pelvic exenteration – removing all of your vagina and surrounding tissue, including the bladder and/or rectum (back passage) | <urn:uuid:2b5bda7b-e064-4349-a9a5-84ddd8e46d37> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://eveappeal.org.uk/gynaecological-cancers/vaginal-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103642979.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629180939-20220629210939-00630.warc.gz | en | 0.952627 | 1,133 | 2.734375 | 3 |
An elementary special needs class in Columbus, Ohio receives music therapy services for 40 minutes a week. The students look forward to singing, dancing, and playing instruments, and the teacher looks forward to the skills they are practicing. During instrument playing activities the students practice taking turns and attention to task. They also sing songs that reinforce academic concepts that they are learning in the classroom.
No matter the activity or specific goal, the students are always practicing and advancing skills that will help them achieve their academic goals as well as the goals identified in their Individualized Education Programs. Music is an engaging and motivating medium, which means that the students are more willing to work on difficult tasks that they may not want to do during other times of the school day. This motivation is further supported by the relationship with the music therapist, who is trained to assess how the students are functioning in various areas of development and then design and implement an intervention plan to address specific goals and objectives.
Objective 1. Positive social interactions | <urn:uuid:db3b49ff-0201-4515-a82d-97c853cbe737> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://centralohiomusictherapy.com/case-studies/special-needs-class-columbus-ohio/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370502513.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331150854-20200331180854-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.978573 | 199 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Violence in video games is often blamed for causing aggression in players but a new study by the University of Rochester says that may not be the case. Researchers found hostile behavior is linked to a player's failure to master a game and its controls and not the game's violent content. The study found this to be true in non-violent video games as well. The U of R study is the first to look at the player's psychological experience instead of focusing solely on its content. Researchers say the findings offer an important contribution to the debate about the effects of violent video games.
Copyright 2014 Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. | <urn:uuid:2405452d-77b5-4a3b-870e-1920ae570dfd> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.rochesterhomepage.net/story/d/story/u-of-r-study-links-anger-in-gamers-to-frustration/20622/hFFC0KkbkEO3-LFQVf2SrA | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535922763.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909052415-00307-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952663 | 142 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Scientists using the joint European Space Agency (ESA)/NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft have discovered "jet streams" or "rivers" of hot, electrically charged gas called plasma flowing beneath the surface of the Sun. They also found features similar to trade winds that transport gas beneath the Sun's fiery surface.
These new findings will help them understand the famous sunspot cycle and associated increases in solar activity that can affect the Earth with power and communications disruptions. The observations are the latest made by the Solar Oscillations Investigation (SOI) group at Stanford University, CA, and they build on discoveries by the SOHO science team over the past year.
"We have detected motion similar to the weather patterns in the Earth's atmosphere", said Dr. Jesper Schou of Stanford. "Moreover, in what is a completely new discovery, we have found a jet-like flow near the poles. This flow is totally inside the Sun. It is completely unexpected, and cannot be seen at the surface."
"These polar streams are on a small scale, compared to the whole Sun, but they are still immense compared to atmospheric jet streams on the Earth", added Dr. Philip Scherrer, the SOI principal investigator at Stanford. "Ringing the Sun at about 75 degrees latitude, they consist of flattened oval regions about 30,000 kilometres across where material moves about ten percent (about 130 km/h) faster than its surroundings. Although these are the smallest structures yet observed inside the Sun, each is still large enough to engulf two Earths."
Additionally, there are features similar to the Earth's trade winds on the surface of the Sun. The Sun rotates much faster at the equator than at the poles. However, Stanford researchers Schou and Dr. Alexander G. Kosovichev have found that there are belts in the northern and southern hemispheres where currents flow at different speeds relative to each other. Six of these gaseous bands move slightly faster than the material surrounding them. The solar belts are more than 65 thousand km across and they contain "winds" that move about 15 kilometres per hour relative to their surroundings.
The first evidence of these belts was found more than a decade ago by Dr. Robert Howard of the Mount Wilson Observatory. The Stanford researchers have now shown that, rather than being superficial surface motion, the belts extend down to a depth of at least 20 thousand kilometres below the Sun's surface.
"In one way, the Sun's zonal belts behave more like the colourful banding found on Jupiter than the region of tradewinds on the Earth," said Stanford's Dr. Craig DeForest. "Somewhat like stripes on a barber pole, they start in the mid-latitudes and gradually move toward the equator during the eleven year solar cycle. They also appear to have a relationship to sunspot formation as sunspots tend to form at the edges of these zones".
"We speculate that the differences in speed of the plasma at the edge of these bands may be connected with the generation of the solar magnetic cycle; which, in turn, generates periodic increases in solar activity, but we'll need more observations to see if this is correct," said DeForest.
Finally, the solar physicists have determined that the entire outer layer of the Sun, to a depth of at least 25 thousand kilometres, is slowly but steadily flowing from the equator to the poles. The polar flow rate is relatively slow, about 80 km per hour, compared to its rotation speed, about 6.000 km/h; however, this is fast enough to transport an object from the equator to the pole in a bit more than a year.
"Oddly enough, the polar flow moves in the opposite direction from that of the sunspots and the zonal belts, which are moving from higher to lower latitudes," said DeForest.
Evidence for polar flow had previously been observed at the Sun's surface, but scientists did not know how deep the motion extended. With a volume equal to about four percent of the total Sun, this feature probably has an important impact on the Sun's activity, argue Stanford researchers Scherrer, with Dr. Thomas L. Duvall Jr., Dr. Richard S. Bogart, and graduate student Peter M. Giles.
For the last year, the SOHO spacecraft has been aiming its battery of 12 scientific instruments at the Sun from a position 1.5 million kilometres sunward from the Earth. The Stanford research team has been viewing the Sun's surface with one of these instruments called a Michelson Doppler Imager that can measure the vertical motion of the Sun's surface at one million different points once per minute. The measurements show the effects of sound waves that permeate the interior. The researchers then apply techniques similar to Earth based seismology and computer aided tomography to infer and map the flow patterns and temperature beneath the Sun's roiling surface.
"These techniques allow us to peer inside the Sun using sound waves, much like a doctor can look inside a pregnant woman with a sonogram," said Dr. Schou.
Currently, the Stanford scientists have both identified new structures in the interior of the Sun and clarified the form of previously discovered ones. Understanding their relationship to solar activity will require more observations and time for analysis.
"At this point, we do not know whether the plasma streams snake around like the jet stream on Earth, or whether it is a less dynamic feature," said Dr. Douglas Gough, of Cambridge University, UK. "It is intriguing to speculate that these streams may affect solar weather like the terrestrial jetstream impacts weather patterns on Earth, but this is completely unclear right now. The same speculation may apply to the other flows we've observed, or they may act in concert. It will be especially helpful to make observations as the Sun enters its next active cycle, expected to peak around the year 2001."
NOTE TO EDITORS: Images to support this story and further information are availablefrom : ESA Public Relations Division Tel: +33.1(0)53.69.7155 Fax: +33.1(0)53.69.7690
The images also can be found at the following Internet address: http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/ | <urn:uuid:5002286b-da81-4c82-943e-bd2cc409f852> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://soho.nascom.nasa.gov/newsroom/oldesapr/9727.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948588294.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216162441-20171216184441-00442.warc.gz | en | 0.941185 | 1,289 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Covid-19 probably came to people through an animal and probably started spreading no more than a month or two before it was noticed in December of 2019, a World Health Organization draft report finds.
The least likely source is a laboratory leak, WHO’s joint international team concluded.
WHO is scheduled to release the final report on its investigation into the origins of coronavirus on Tuesday, but a draft version of the report obtained by CNN shows there’s still no smoking gun and no evidence suggesting the virus was spreading any earlier than the very end of 2019.
The report gives four possible sources for the virus and the most likely scenario is via an intermediate animal host, possibly a wild animal captured and then raised on a farm.
But the investigation has not found what the intermediate host might be. “The possible intermediate host of SARS-CoV-2 remains elusive,” it reads.
Next likely is direct transmission from one of the animals known to carry a similar coronavirus, such as a bat or a pangolin. Possible but not probable is transmission from frozen or chilled food, and least likely is an accidental laboratory release, the report finds.
Dr. Robert Redfield, former director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, told CNN’s Dr. Sanjay Gupta, that his personal opinion was the virus was released from a lab. The report says this is “extremely unlikely.”
“There is no record of viruses closely related to SARS-CoV-2 in any laboratory before December 2019, or genomes that in combination could provide a SARS-CoV-2 genome,” it reads. “In view of the above, a laboratory origin of the pandemic was considered to be extremely unlikely.”
The role of the Huanan seafood market in Wuhan is also unclear. It’s possible the market was not the original source of the outbreak, but that the crowds that gathered at the market – which was densely packed, with a roof and open sewers – may have amplified the spread of the virus.
Samples found at the market showed the virus was there on surfaces, but no samples taken from animals or food sold at the market turned up the virus. Plus, there is evidence the virus was circulating before the Huanan market outbreak – including at other markets. “No firm conclusion therefore about the role of the Huanan market in the origin of the outbreak, or how the infection was introduced into the market, can currently be drawn,” the report concludes.
It recommends more testing of blood samples taken and stored before the first outbreak in December, more testing of animals from Southeast Asia, and more in-depth study of mass gatherings that could have aided the spread of the virus. | <urn:uuid:9eb528e8-698c-42df-8163-cf4d118c811b> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://globalnews24h.com/2021/03/29/the-president-made-a-plea-to-governors-as-the-us-faces-the-possibility-of-another-wave-of-covid-infections/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038061562.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411055903-20210411085903-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.975198 | 576 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Herbert Hoover's "Secret History of World War II" - and Some Reflections It Prompts
Murphey, Dwight D., The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies
Freedom Betrayed: Herbert Hoover's Secret History of the Second World War and Its Aftermath Herbert Hoover, edited by George H. Nash Hoover Institution Press, 2011
Herbert Hoover's "Secret History of World War II" - and Some Reflections it Prompts Dwight D. Murphey Wichita State University, retired
Long held in storage by the Hoover family but just recently released, former U.S. President Herbert Hoover's "secret history" of World War II, written between 1944 and 1963 and now edited by Hoover historian George H. Nash, sheds light on "nineteen gigantic errors" of strategy and geopolitics that Hoover saw as having been committed by the administrations of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S Truman starting with the diplomatic recognition of the Soviet Union in 1933. The result is a "revisionist history" that runs counter to the image of "the good war" that was created by the Allied perspective during the war and that has remained the conventional perception. Hoover's account and the reflections to which it gives rise have particular relevance today because they bear directly on the perception entertained by Americans, so important to both neoconservatism and neoliberalism, that the many foreign interventions by the United States are benign because they are wellintentioned. This article will review highlights of the history as Hoover relates it and will ponder some of the implications that so greatly contradict today's conventional wisdom about the war and its aftermath.
Key Words: Herbert Hoover; World War II; Strategic errors; insouciance toward Communism; "The good war;" U.S. foreign interventions; Double standards toward totalitarian systems; Hoover's "mutual exhaustion" premise; Churchill's Balkans strategy; Undeclared wars; Total war; Bombing civilians; Morality of atom bombs; World War II conferences; Post-World War II treatment of millions; Manchuria; Soviet entry against Japan; Marshall mission to China; Loss of China to Mao; Korean War precursors; Katyn Forest massacre; Nuremberg trial.
Herbert Hoover was president of the United States from 1929 to 1933. Despite the eclipse that his reputation suffered because of the Great Depression, he deserves to be remembered as one of the monumental figures of the first half of the twentieth century. He was already world-renowned, before he became president, for leading the food-relief efforts during and after World War I that saved so many millions of lives, including (as just a small part) an estimated 20 million in Russia in the famine of 1921. For several years after his presidency, his opponents invoked his name as a symbol of failure, but long before his death in 1964, Hoover emerged as a highly respected elder statesman. His philosophy was that of a classical liberal: in domestic matters, he favored "a properly regulated individualism"; in foreign affairs, he favored an active involvement of the United States in the world, but, in keeping with the United States' traditional posture prior to 1898, held that "it is not the right of any American to advise foreign peoples as to their policies."
Freedom Betrayed is, as the subtitle says, a "secret history of the Second World War and its aftermath." When the book first arrived to this reviewer, its imposing bulk (caused largely, it turns out, by the high quality of the paper) gave him the impression that "it is a tome that will mainly interest archivists and serious historians, but will be tedious reading for the general public." He soon found, however, that those who are intimidated by the size will miss out on an awfully good read. The book is tremendously informative and provocative, but at the same time moderate in tone and engagingly readable.
The history is "secret" only because Hoover did not offer it for publication during his lifetime (he finished it in 1963 and died the next year) and because his family held it in storage until they recently made it available to the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace for editing by George H. … | <urn:uuid:1571ba32-5110-49f1-91b4-8b1e9ba07973> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-2643777421/herbert-hoover-s-secret-history-of-world-war-ii | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446997.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00027-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95979 | 853 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Nowadays stress is one of the major problems faced by everyone! Even kids to the elder people, become tense and anxious due to lifestyle changes. Though frustration is a common emotion, it is essential to deal with this issue positively. If the stress leads to outbursts, aggression as well physical altercations, then it would become problematic. Therefore, you need to control all the tenses and anxiety to ensure health and peace of mind. Also, it will help you to interact with others well and avoid the chances of increasing blood pressure. Hence, scroll down to know the tips to manage frustration.
How to Overcome Stress and Anxiety?
1. Distract Yourself
Fixation of the frustration source would even worsen your emotions. In such cases, distracting yourself temporarily can give you the space you require to process. Also, you can select your favourite activities like listening to music, drawing, cooking or others to divert your mind. Then you must eventually return to the cause of stress and find if there are any tactics you can try to get rid of this problem.
2. Find the Possible Solutions
Rather than focusing on your problem, it is better to work on resolving it as soon as possible. It can help to get rid of stress, and you can handle them easily. So, don’t forget to make yourself calm and think patiently about alternative ways. As well, realize that some things can easily go out of your control. Thus, always try to be realistic about the things that you can change and which is not possible. Moreover, understand that stress can’t solve anything and it might only make it worse.
3. Do Some Exercises
Several kinds of physical activities can help to get rid of stress and control anger. So, you can go for a brisk walk, try cycling and go for other workouts. They can aid to keep your body and mind in control. As well, they will decrease the chances of getting frustrated easily even for small problems. Also, exercise can calm your nerves and decrease your temper.
4. Change Your Attitude
Based on your routine thought patterns, you may seem somewhat stressful. So, you need to change the way you process the world around you. So, change your attitude and approach everything by staying cool. Therefore, you can easily handle anger and stress problems. Also, optimism can help to lead to improved well-being and bring ample health benefits. Hence, learning how to enhance the optimistic outlook and try a resilient state of mind can also ease your anxiety.
5. Don’t Carry a Grudge
Never forget that forgiveness is a powerful tool and solution for all kinds of stresses. So, avoid allowing the anger and negative feelings to lead your mind as they will result in getting more tension and problems. As well, they may let you find out yourself in the bitterness of injustice. So, never hold any grudge against others, accept the mistake and forgive everyone. As well, forgive the one who angered you that helps to learn from the situation and strengthen your bond more than ever.
6. Enhance Your Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence is associated with your potential to deal with stress and frustration. Also, it’s about your ability to observe and evaluate feelings in yourself and other people as well as your ability to manage the way of expressing emotions. So, you can improve it by regulating yourself during frustrating times and waiting until the right moment arrives to express it. In addition, practice empathy for others particularly the individuals who lean to stress you. Also, observe your emotions to react in the right way.
7. Learn Mindfulness
Mindfulness is the practice of being completely and tolerantly aware of the present, observing the sounds, sights, and smells around you. Also, it's about your sensations and emotions. Thus, you can learn it as a form of meditation or throughout the day. Apart from that, staying attentive is a source to deal with the problem of stress and frustration. When you are aware of what you're feeling before, then it is easy for you to take steps to find out the problem.
Apart from the above steps, you can practice relaxation skills, take a timeout, think before you speak and take a breather. Following them properly can let you handle anger, stress and frustration easily. Also, learn to handle everything with a cool attitude and avoid the negative thoughts that invade your mind. | <urn:uuid:a5bc7ee2-1930-44d2-986c-876c7593399f> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://oneandonlyhealthtips.com/health/health-conditions/ways-to-control-stress-and-frustration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335362.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929163117-20220929193117-00762.warc.gz | en | 0.958574 | 900 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Mathematics on the Go
The study of the measurement, properties, and relationships of quantities and sets, using numbers and symbols.
Mathematics Has been around ever since.
Branches of Mathematics
- Consumer Arithmetics
- Distributive Law -
- Factorization -
the resolution of an entity into factors such that when multiplied together they give the original entity;
- Key words; Factor, Factoring
Factor - One of two or more quantities that divides a given quantity without a remainder. For example, 2 and 3 are factors of 6; a and b are factors of ab. | <urn:uuid:a9753c84-0798-48a9-b789-e40b358f373c> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://wikieducator.org/Mathematics_on_the_Go | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934808935.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124195442-20171124215442-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.860852 | 124 | 3.375 | 3 |
Tuesday, August 04, 2009
The Merchant Traveling the Roads
White kittel, knee pants, stockings of the 18th century
Traveling, whether it involved great distances or just a trip to the nearest town, could be dangerous for the men and women of the Trier Land during the late 18th and early 19th century. Robbery and disappearances were common occurrences, especially on roads that were little traveled.
Martha Heit describes these "missing" or "waylaid" travelers as listed in the logs of the official government gazette of the times. There are too many for me to describe the clothing of all of them but here are the traveling clothes of a few of the merchants who took to the road.
The Elderly Gentleman from Wellen
Throughout the early years of the 19th century, the older styles from before the time of Napoleon were still worn, especially by those born before the "Little Emperor" had changed many of the laws and customs of the Rhineland. Such was the case of an older man who was traveling the roads with his son in 1827. The gazette records do not record the man's business, but it would appear that it was a profitable one based on the clothing he was wearing. The picture above gives you and idea of the garb of this 18th century middle-class merchant from Wellen
The description given to the police clerk, probably by the son, was very detailed. The older man's outer garment was a blue linen Kittel, a long, loose, smock-like garment, often used for work around the farm to protect the clothing underneath. A Kittel was also worn by well-to-do persons who wanted to disguise their wealth when they traveled the roads. But under the Kittel, the missing man had worn a dark blue Tuchrock, an undercoat that today would probably be called a suit jacket. It had a wide lapel and large buttons the size of a Prussian Taler (the size of the Taler did change over time but was always a fairly large coin). The picture below, a segment from a portrait painted in the 18th century, is a good example of the large buttons on the Tuckrock.
Under the Tuckrock, the missing man had worn a linen shirt with a collar that was all of a piece with the shirt and held together with a black silk scarf. Over the shirt he wore a dark blue high-closed vest, and Sammet (velvet) knee pants about culotte length. His knee length stockings were worn with a type of decorative garter and his low thin shoes closed with a silver buckle. On his head he wore a black hat with a brim and a low crown and underneath the hat he wore a more casual Zipfel (slightly pointed) cap, knitted from very fine wool.
When the man and his son had reached Konz, a town about seven miles from Trier, the father and son briefly separated. The father had gone into one of the businesses, possibly to "clean" himself from the dust of journey (says the police report) and after that he and his fine clothing were not seen again.
The Linen Weaver from Burbach
Mutze with Schirm (Museum in Honfleur, Normandy)
This weaver was about 40 years old and in Dec. 1835 he went on business to Gersweiler and disappeared. No one ever heard from him again. His clothing made it appear that he was a poor man, but robbers must have seen through his disguise which consisted of an old cap (Mutze) made out of dark material with a Schirm (a cap with a visor and sometimes ear flaps) as in the cap at the left. His cloth overcoat was gray and his trousers were made of black cloth. He had white linen gaitors and shoes that were in poor repair. Under his coat he had on an old worn-out shirt over which he had a muslin loose shirt, no scarf and no vest.
The Priest from Piesport
Priests also were "merchants" that had "customers" who needed "spiritual wares." In 1820 the priest from Piesport was on the road the day after Sylvester (New Year's Day) when the Mosel was greatly swollen, flooding over the path from Mannheim to Piesport. This priest never came home again; it is likely that he drowned. His clothing was of the style of the 18th century that was perhaps the official priestly dress of this time, something the author was unable to discover. He wore a large overcoat of dark green wool material with a collar, and part of the collar was a small standup necktie of a cotton material. The coat had a cuff that was also of cotton. Underneath His overcoat, he wore a typical priestly undercoat with small black buttons, a vest of black material, knee pants of black material with silver buckles and black stockings. His shirt was a form of muslin with crape cuffs. The letters WK were embroidered by hand about level with his highest breast bone. This most likely was a religious symbol of some kind.
The Jewish Tradesman
The occupation of Jewish men of the time was almost always that of a trader and/or money changer. This always made them a target for robbery when they traveled. In Saarbrucken, one such man is described as wearing a dark blue overcoat, a blue and white striped vest, a yellow scarf, blue trousers and a fur cap described as having a "Schirm". This could indicate that the cap had a visor, earflaps, or both.
A Robber from Landkreise Trier
A linen weaver from the Province of Westpfalen was attacked on 27 May, 1818 in the forest not too far from Trierweiler in the Landkreise Trier by an assailant who knocked him to the ground and left him for dead. The robber took 215 Taler; part made up of French Kronenthaler and the remainder of Prussian coins (The linen weaver must have traveled widely). The victim was found the following night and brought to Wintersdorf. Since he had met the man who robbed him the previous evening and, since the robber was dressed very well, the linen weaver walked with him as a travel companion. Thus the linen weaver was able to describe his assailant's clothing in detail: "blue linen Kittel, dark blue undercoat, dark blue vest, a pair of velvet pants, thin shoes with straps, a black silk scarf and a hat."
All people, but especially merchants who had to travel the roads any distance had a kind of fatalism, although they hoped for the best. But as you can see, it was a very unsure thing whether a man would ever reach his destination. | <urn:uuid:ca5651fd-862d-4276-9ad9-783980cedd8d> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://19thcenturyrhinelandlive.blogspot.com/2009/07/merchant-traveling-roads.html?showComment=1267465279481 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737931434.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221851-00192-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985339 | 1,431 | 2.625 | 3 |
Full-text paper (pdf): rationale, design, methodology and sample characteristics for the vietnam pre-conceptual micronutrient supplementation trial (preconcept): a randomized controlled study. Research methodology-1 writing research proposal research methodology-1 writing research purpose/aims/rationale/research questions • explain the. A key concept relevant to a discussion of research methodology is that of validity when an individual asks, is this study valid, they are questioning the validity of at least one aspect of the study there are four types of validity that can be discussed in relation to research and statistics. Develop a research proposal writing the you may also use the earlier material about research methodology to does the rationale for the analyses. What is the basic methodology for a quantitative research design the overall structure for a quantitative design is based in the scientific method.
1 introduction to quantitative research 11 what is quantitative research research methods in education (and the other social sciences) are often. For academic writing help, focus on these criteria and tips on how to write a great research methodology for your academic article. Before this explain the rationale behind your choosing this the first portion of their study uses an “audit” methodology, such research often, but not. Outlining your methodology lies at the core of your paper, and fulfills one of the basic principles underlying the scientific method.
Guidelines to writing a research proposal how to apply to the international graduate school at the school of geography and the environment, university of oxford. What is the difference between method and methodology in qualitative, mixed research methodology refers to how you it refers to the rationale and the. The methodology is the general research strategy that outlines the way in which research is to be undertaken and, among other things,.
40 chapter 3 research design and methodology 31 introduction this chapter covers an overview of methodology used in the study the discussion in the. The methods section describes actions to be taken to investigate a research problem and the rationale for the the methodology section of a research paper. The purpose of this guide is to provide advice on how to develop and organize a research paper in the provide a rationale for its use and a methodology the. Research rationale and method paper order description assignment overview first, identify a specific and narrow topic for research that focuses on some aspect of communication behavior, and formulate a question that you have about that particular communication phenomenon.
Presenting methodology and research approach • the rationale for your research approach • the research sample and the population from which it was drawn. It refers to the rationale and the decolonising methodologies is about the insertion of indigenous principles into research methodology so that research. What is the rationale of the study in research methods = according to research methodology: baytcom is the leading job site in the middle east and north. Necessary knowledge to conduct a business research amazon marketing communication mix deals with individuals elements of the marketing mix such as print and media advertising, sales promotions, events and experiences, public relations and direct marketing. Chapter 4 research methodology and design background and rationale for the use of the dynamic is that the research methodology chosen determines the.
91 chapter-iii rationale, scope, objectives, and research methodology research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. Research methods: the basics is an accessible, user-friendly introduction to the different aspects of research theory, humanities—research— methodology i title. Research methodology (part 2 of 3): 14 types of research methods 15 introduction and research rationale - duration: 3:12 meanthat 33,675 views 3:12.
Posts about research design & rationale written by michelle cannon. Rationale for qualitative research management essay the research methodology provided a structured guideline to a 24 rationale for qualitative research. Formulating a convincing rationale for a research study rojon, céline 1 & saunders, mark n k 2 1department of psychology & the surrey business school, university of. | <urn:uuid:b3793eec-7dde-48a4-b62e-0ac99a95743d> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://ctpaperakoj.archiandstyle.info/research-rationale-methodology.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583518753.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20181024021948-20181024043448-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.917534 | 791 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Handwriting input can be extremely useful when you're trying to input characters from a language that is not represented on your current keyboard. It also serves as an alternative method to keyboard typing for those with disabilities. In the past you would either need to handwrite Gmail messages outside of the actual Web interface, or use an extension with your Web browser. Now, you can set up handwriting input within Gmail, along with onscreen keyboards for other languages.
Whether it's something you need, or something you just want to try, it's quick to set up. Here's how:
Step 1: Log in to your Gmail account and then head to the Settings menu (the cog icon in the top right-hand corner).
Step 2: Near the top of the General tab, you will the Language section. Check the box next to Enable Input Tools.
Step 3: When the Input Tools window opens, find the languages you'd like to be able to handwrite into Gmail in the left-hand column (the ones with pencil icons), then click the arrow to add them to the right-hand column. Press OK when you are finished.
Note: Only languages with the pencil icon can be used for handwriting input.
Step 4: Make sure that you press the Save button at the bottom of the Settings area, or your handwriting input will not be enabled. After hitting Save, Gmail will reload.
Step 5: To input handwriting in an e-mail, click the pencil icon next to the Settings cog. You'll need to choose the language you want to write in, and make sure you have a text field selected as a destination for the words or characters.
As you are writing, you can pick the word or character that best matches under the drawing input box. You may still need assistance from your physical keyboard, or your operating system's onscreen keyboard, for punctuation.
Do you have a better way to use handwriting input with Web services? If so, share it, or just your general thoughts on this one, in the comments. | <urn:uuid:307c7620-ed0a-4545-a11f-12384f4acc7c> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.cnet.com/how-to/add-handwriting-input-to-gmail-on-the-web/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246661733.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045741-00052-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912382 | 417 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Water Poverty of Indrawati Basin - Analysis and Mapping
Initially, ‘Water Poverty’ was measured as a combination of resource availability and people’s ability to access the resource. Sullivan et. al. (2002) formulated the WPI to consider all the aspects involved with water management. Consequently, the WPI defines water poverty according to fi ve components – Resource, Access, Capacity, Use and Environment.
The study area for this research project is the Indrawati River Basin in the Central Region of Nepal. The WPI is calculated for the basin and subsequently a Water Poverty Map is drawn on a High-Medium-Low category scale. The estimated average WPI for the entire basin is 52.5 points (medium water poor) out of 100. Out of a total of 20, component scores of 13.2 for Resource, 11.0 for Access, 6.7 for Capacity, 9.8 for Use and 11.8 for Environment were calculated. In the upper parts of the basin, the Resource component is high whereas Capacity is low. The reverse is true in the lower parts of the basin where Resource is ‘medium low’ but Capacity ranges from ‘medium low’ to ‘medium’.
Field investigations were carried out to verify the calculated WPI with the situation on the ground. Through the course of the fi eld investigations, local residents across the study area identifi ed the drying up of water sources, poor capacity, poor accessibility, deforestation and chemical fertilizers as major factors causing water poverty in the Indrawati Basin. | <urn:uuid:369c6f0c-bd1b-4808-9d1d-bd9ab72eba58> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://wwf.panda.org/?205791/Water-Poverty-of-Indrawati-Basin---Analysis-and-Mapping | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447860.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00071-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936661 | 333 | 2.625 | 3 |
Uses of Sorghum and Millets
MetadataShow full item record
CTA. 1989. Uses of Sorghum and Millets. Spore 19. CTA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Permanent link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10568/45021
This is a summary of the proceedings of an International Workshop on policy' practice and potential relating to uses of sorghum and millet held at Bulawayo, Zimbabwe February 8-12 1988 The Workshop was part of the SADCC / ICRISAT Sorghum and Millet...
<Uses of Sorghum and Millets>,. This is a summary of the proceedings of an International Workshop on policy' practice and potential relating to uses of sorghum and millet held at Bulawayo, Zimbabwe February 8-12 1988 The Workshop was part of the SADCC / ICRISAT Sorghum and Millet Improvement Programme and its main purpose was to explore opportunities for expanding utilization of these two crops. FuH proceedings will be published at a later date but meanwhile the Summary Proceedings are available from: SADCC//CR/SAT Sorghum and Millet Improvement programme P Box 775 Bulawayo ZIMBABWE <<Coordinated Research on Groundnut Rosette Virus>>. Summary of proceedings of the Consultative Group Meeting to discuss collaborative research on groundnut rosette virus disease held at Lilongwe, Malawi, March 8-101987. Available from ICPISAT Patencheru P O Andhra Pradesh 502324 INDIA Traditional food plants,,. This is a resource book for promoting the exploitation and consumption of food plants in arid semi-arid and sub-humid lands of Eastern Africa. It lists and describes a selection of 110 plant species which are used as food in Africa, with the objective of extending their potential nutritional benefits The selection was made by an FAO working group on the basis of the following criteria: potential contribution to food supply during the hungry season; equency of use; potential for further development; and their potential nutritional contribution to the diet in terms of energy, protein, vitamins and minerals. Two other selection factors are relevant to women and their role in promoting traditional food phnts: ease and suitability of smallscale cultivation, and income generating potential. FAO 1988 ISBN 92-5-102557-0 Available from FAO Via de/le TermediCaracalla 00100 Rome ITALY
SubjectsAGRICULTURE - GENERAL;
- CTA Spore (English) | <urn:uuid:4caead5d-c5bf-4a64-87f1-bc46e9aa1ad7> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/45021 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607871.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524230905-20170525010905-00596.warc.gz | en | 0.878316 | 538 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Private and public limited companies are two distinct entities that business owners can choose from when starting up. These two kinds of companies differ in terms of ownership, structure, and even management.
In this article, we explain how both companies differ, as well as their meaning, pros and their cons.
What is a Public Limited Company?
A public limited company is an organization that can call the public to subscribe to its shares. Other responsibilities that a public limited company (PLC) must fulfil as a result of being public also exists, these include advanced management concerning taxation and public disclosure of the public company’s financial records so that potential investors can access the information needed before investing.
A public limited company may also be registered on the stock exchange. One major attribute of a public company is its freedom to offer shares to the public. A company is a public company if it states in its memorandum of association that it is public.
Read: Understanding Limited Liability Company in Nigeria
Advantages and Disadvantages of a Public Limited Company
One benefit of operating a public limited company is that it makes raising capital simple. Shares can be sold in a public offering to raise huge revenue. As a result, the issue of having enough financial resources to run the operations of the company isn’t a big deal. It also allows shareholders to have liquidity, and their shares can be easily exchanged for cash.
On the other hand, one disadvantage of public limited companies is the issue of accountability and trust with their shareholders. There are just so many people to answer to. It would always be hard for every stakeholder to agree on what would be best for the business.
What is a Private Limited Company?
A Private Limited Company is a company stated in its Memorandum of Association to be private. The basic feature of a private company is that all private companies are restricted from calling the public to subscribe to their shares. The transaction for share subscription in a private company is a more direct approach, where the shareholders would discuss in person would the interested purchaser.
Private limited companies usually add the designation “LTD” to their business name to be recognized as such.
Read: How to change the objects of a company in Nigeria
Advantages and Disadvantages of a Public Limited Company
The shareholders have complete control over the company because they hold all of the company’s shares. They have the option of managing the company themselves or hiring others to do so.
Despite all these benefits, there are nevertheless drawbacks to managing a private limited company. First, the difficulty in raising shares, private companies cannot call on the public to subscribe to their shares, and this occasions difficulty in trading the company’s stocks.
Differences between a Public and Private Limited Liability Company
The differences between public and private companies are numerous. These differences conceptualize the unique standards of each type of company. When registering a business you must observe the differences between the two types of company, this knowledge offers you a clear indication of what you require for the general operation of the company.
Read: How to increase the share capital of a company in Nigeria
1. The Minimum Share capital
The minimum share capital of the private and public companies differ. According to the Companies and Allied Matters Act 2020 (CAMA), the authorized minimum share capital for a private limited liability company is 100,000 Naira while the authorized minimum share capital for a public company is 2 million Naira.
The minimum share capital is the shortest amount of funds that can be contributed by the shareholders in totality for the establishment of a company.
2. The Secretary
A public company must have a secretary. The CAMA provides for a high degree of professionalism and regulates the operations, hiring and firing of a public company secretary. For instance, CAMA provides that public secretaries must either be Lawyers, chartered accountants or chartered secretaries.
Unlike the public company which has a more regulated secretary functioning base by CAMA, the private company is more flexible. CAMA provides that a private company need not have a secretary at the time of incorporation and if the private company intends to appoint a secretary, any individual can act as the secretary to a private company.
3. Restriction in the transfer of Shares
CAMA provides that all private companies must restrict the transfer of their shares in their articles. This means private companies aren’t allowed to raise capital from new shareholders without first offering the new shares to be raised to the already existing shareholders in equal proportion to the already existing shareholding.
For instance, if a private company intends to raise additional capital by issuing 200,000 shares, it must first offer the new shares to the shareholders through a pre-emptive right. If the existing shareholders refuse to purchase the new shares, the company can subsequently move on to an external buyer on the same terms and price as was offered to the shareholders.
This restriction applies even when a shareholder intends to sell all or a part of his shares. This doesn’t occur in a public company.
Read: How to register a business name in Nigeria
4. Offering of Shares
A private company cannot call on the public to subscribe to its shares. The shares of the private company are sold directly. While at a public company, the public is called upon to subscribe to the shares of the company.
5. Maximum membership
CAMA provides maximum membership for private companies. A private company cannot have more than 50 members (shareholders) in the company. Public companies have no such limitation to the number of their members.
6. Age restriction in Director’s appointment
A person aged 70 years and above cannot be appointed as a director to the private company without issuing a pre-notice of his age before the appointment. 70 years or above director in a public company need not issue such notice.
There are several types of companies to choose from when starting up a business. Carefully research the pros and cons as well as the limitations of each company before undertaking registration. It is advisable for startups with small capital to register a private limited liability company, especially if the business has not shown proof of concept from its functions.
Read: Company Income Tax in Nigeria: Everything you need to know
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
The Corporate Affairs Commission would re-register the company as a public company automatically.
No, a public company willing to quote its securities on the stock exchange must register with the exchange.
Don't miss a thing. Follow us on Telegram. If you love videos then also Subscribe to our YouTube Channel. We are on Twitter as MakeMoneyDotNG. | <urn:uuid:3aa825fa-f5be-44a1-abbb-1a0aa88f1076> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.makemoney.ng/differences-between-a-public-and-private-limited-liability-company/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645417.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530063958-20230530093958-00558.warc.gz | en | 0.956892 | 1,357 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The South China Sea maritime dispute has evolved considerably over the past five decades. Once it was once a regional dispute over maritime claims left over from the past that did not trouble the main business of governments at the time. Accordingly, China has resorted to pressure tactics against the ASEAN claimants, Vietnam and the Philippines in particular, to recognise its claim. The need to define maritime borders was an accompaniment to the task of state formation in the postcolonial era. This was China's southern maritime frontier, an indeterminate area that was distant from the mainland and not part of the empire proper. In April 1935, the committee drafted a map of the South China Sea, 30 The U-shaped line was supposed to be the median line between China and the coastal states, but the baselines used were unclear. The oil reserves of the South China Sea attracted attention in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
|Title of host publication||The South China Sea Maritime Dispute: Political, legal and regional perspectives|
|Editors||Leszek Buszynski, Christopher B. Roberts|
|Place of Publication||Abingdon and New York|
|Publisher||Routledge Taylor & Francis Group|
|Publication status||Published - 2015| | <urn:uuid:9fb2c6d9-9c95-4c64-baa2-21271db70401> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://researchprofiles.anu.edu.au/en/publications/the-origins-and-development-of-the-south-china-sea-maritime-dispu | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711552.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209213503-20221210003503-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.91405 | 297 | 3.15625 | 3 |
History of Unalaska
“Crossroads of the Aleutians"
Unalaska has witnessed sweeping change in nine-thousand years of human history.
The Unangan people were the first to inhabit the island of Unalaska which they named “Ounalashka” meaning ‘Near the Peninsula’. They developed an intricate and complex society long before the first contact with Russian fur traders who documented their existence. Artifacts, stories, and re-creations of their rich culture can be viewed and studied at the Museum of the Aleutians with many artifacts dating back roughly 9,000 years.
The Russian influence is best viewed by touring the Holy Ascension Russian Orthodox Cathedral, one of the oldest cruciform-style Russian churches in the country. The Cathedral is a National Historic Landmark and houses one of Alaska's largest and richest collections of Russian artifacts, religious icons and art pieces, some having been donated to the church directly from Catherine the Great.
Dutch Harbor is also known to War veterans and history buffs as the only land in North America, besides Pearl Harbor, that was bombed by Japanese zeros during World War II. Evidence of the Armed Forces' bunkers, Quonset huts, and barracks are still visible today, dotting the green hills of Unalaska and Amaknak Islands. Tour the many remnants and remembrances of military presence throughout the island as well as at the WWII Historical Center. The sites and the Historic Center are part of the WWII National Historic Area opened by the National Park Service in 2002.
For more information concerning Unalaska/Dutch Harbor History, please visit Museum of the Aleutians: www.aleutians.org or (907) 581-5150 Aleutian WWII National Historic Area: www.nps.gov/aleu/ or call the Ounalashka Corporation (907) 581-1276
For more details take a look at Unalaska's Historic Timeline. | <urn:uuid:41561c02-7a13-4ebb-a6e7-7f4247915590> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.unalaska.info/history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510264575.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011744-00114-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948973 | 409 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Kidnapped is a historical fiction adventure novel by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. Written as a 'boys' novel' and first published in the magazine Young Folks from May to July 1886, the novel has attracted the praise and admiration of writers as diverse as Henry James, Jorge Luis Borges, and Seamus Heaney. A sequel, Catriona, was published in 1893. As historical fiction, it is set around 18th century Scottish events, notably the 'Appin Murder', which occurred near Ballachulish in 1752 in the aftermath of the Jacobite Rising. Many of the characters, and one of the principals, Alan Breck Stewart, were real people. The political situation of the time is portrayed from different viewpoints, and the Scottish Highlanders are treated sympathetically. | <urn:uuid:3042f4da-90ac-481b-8758-10e8968d8b2e> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://kirja.elisa.fi/aanikirja/kidnapped | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657139167.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712175843-20200712205843-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.982269 | 162 | 3.046875 | 3 |
1. Active and Reserve Components.
a. The United States Army is made up of two parts: active, and reserve components. The active component consists of Soldiers who are on full-time active duty. The reserve component consists of the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve. The reserve component receives military training and is ready to be called to active duty if necessary.
2. Army Unit Organization.
a. Army units can be organized several ways, but the following example is fairly typical:
(1) The squad is the smallest unit, consisting of 8 to 10 Soldiers. The squad leader is an NCO.
(2) The platoon includes the platoon leader (2LT/1LT), platoon sergeant (SFC), and two or more squads.
(3) The company includes the company commander (CPT), first sergeant (1 SG) a headquarters, and two or more platoons.
(4) The battalion includes the battalion commander (LTC), his staff and headquarters, the command sergeant major (CSM) and approximately 3-5 companies.
(5) The brigade includes the brigade commander (COL), command sergeant major, a headquarters, and approximately 3-6 battalions.
(6) The division structure is the capstone element of our Army. It includes three maneuver (armor or infantry) brigades as well as several combat support and service support brigades or battalions. There are currently 10 active divisions, each commanded by a major general (two-stars).
(7) Organizations higher than the division include the Corps, Army, Major Command (MACOM), and in times of war, the Theater. | <urn:uuid:c1c591c3-d6dc-485c-a142-0686ef260175> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.armystudyguide.com/content/Prep_For_Basic_Training/Prep_for_basic_general_information/army-organization.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650264.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604193207-20230604223207-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.964903 | 341 | 3.078125 | 3 |
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abd-ul-Mejid
ABD-UL-MEJID (1823-1861), sultan of Turkey, was born on the 23rd of April 1823, and succeeded his father Mahmud II. on the 2nd of July 1839. Mahmud appears to have been unable to effect the reforms he desired in the mode of educating his children, so that his son received no better education than that given, according to use and wont, to Turkish princes in the harem. When Abd-ul-Mejid succeeded to the throne, the affairs of Turkey were in an extremely critical state. At the very time his father died, the news was on its way to Constantinople that the Turkish army had been signally defeated at Nezib by that of the rebel Egyptian viceroy, Mehemet Ali; and the Turkish fleet was at the same time on its way to Alexandria, where it was handed over by its commander, Ahmed Pasha, to the same enemy, on the pretext that the young sultan's advisers were sold to Russia. But through the intervention of the European Powers Mehemet Ali was obliged to come to terms, and the Ottoman empire was saved. (See Mehemet Ali.) In compliance with his father's express instructions, Abd-ul-Mejid set at once about carrying out the reforms to which Mahmud had devoted himself. In November 1839 was proclaimed an edict, known as the Hatt-i-sherif of Gulhané, consolidating and enforcing these reforms, which was supplemented at the close of the Crimean war by a similar statute issued in February 1856. By these enactments it was provided that all classes of the sultan's subjects should have security for their lives and property; that taxes should be fairly imposed and justice impartially administered; and that all should have full religious liberty and equal civil rights. The scheme met with keen opposition from the Mussulman governing classes and the ulema, or privileged religious teachers, and was but partially put in force, especially in the remoter parts of the empire; and more than one conspiracy was formed against the sultan's life on account of it. Of the other measures of reform promoted by Abd-ul-Mejid the more important were—the reorganization of the army (1843-1844), the institution of a council of public instruction (1846), the abolition of an odious and unfairly imposed capitation tax, the repression of slave trading, and various provisions for the better administration of the public service and for the advancement of commerce. For the public history of his times—the disturbances and insurrections in different parts of his dominions throughout his reign, and the great war successfully carried on against Russia by Turkey, and by England, France and Sardinia, in the interest of Turkey (1853-1856)—see Turkey, and Crimean War. When Kossuth and others sought refuge in Turkey, after the failure of the Hungarian rising in 1849, the sultan was called on by Austria and Russia to surrender them, but boldly and determinedly refused. It is to his credit, too, that he would not allow the conspirators against his own life to be put to death. He bore the character of being a kind and honourable man, if somewhat weak and easily led. Against this, however, must be set down his excessive extravagance, especially towards the end of his life. He died on the 25th of June 1861, and was succeeded by his brother, Abd-ul-Aziz, as the oldest survivor of the family of Osman. He left several sons, of whom two, Murad V. and Abd-ul-Hamid II., eventually succeeded to the throne. In his reign was begun the reckless system of foreign loans, carried to excess in the ensuing reign, and culminating in default, which led to the alienation of European sympathy from Turkey and, indirectly, to the dethronement and death of Abd-ul-Aziz. | <urn:uuid:1b5bf4ff-085a-45ca-8636-8292c900d324> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abd-ul-Mejid | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982290765.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195810-00029-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986235 | 833 | 3.125 | 3 |
DETROIT - One of Michigan's most popular tourist destinations is also one of its most haunted -- Mackinac Island.
The small island sits on Lake Huron, covering almost 4 square miles of land between the Upper and Lower Peninsulas of Michigan.
History of Mackinac
Before Europeans began exploring the land in the 17th century, the island was home to an Odawa settlement.
The island was an essential part of the Great Lakes fur trade, which led to the establishment of Fort Mackinac by the British. It was the site of two different battles during the War of 1812.
By the middle 1800s, the island was home to commercial fishing, which replaced fur as the island's biggest industry.
Mackinac became Michigan's first state park in 1895, after the federal government left the island.
Motorized vehicles were restricted on the island near the end of the 19th century, and the ban continues today.
Read more about Mackinac's history here.
Haunted history of Mackinac
With a rich, violent and colorful history - Mackinac Island is a prime candidate for hauntings.
The island essentially amounts to a huge Native American burial ground, where a military fort was built and a lot of people were killed.
The Grand Hotel is one of the hot spots for paranormal activity. Legend says construction workers uncovered human remains while digging the hotel's foundation.
One story tells of an "evil entity" which shows itself as a black mass with glowing red eyes.
A maintenance man, working on the hotel's theater stage, reported that the black mass rushed after him, knocking him off his feet. He awoke two days later, and never returned.
Staff have reported seeing a man in a top hat playing the bar's piano. Others see a woman in Victorian clothing who roams the halls, even getting into beds.
The Drowning Pool is another hot spot. In the 1700s and early 1800s, seven women were accused of being witches. Back in those days, one of the methods used for determining if someone was a witch or not was to tie rocks to their feet and throw them into water to see if they would float or not.
If they sank, they were deemed innocent.
The seven accused women were thrown into a lagoon on the island between Mission Point and downtown Mackinac - and all of them sank and drowned.
Legend says the women haunt the waters to this day. Visitors report seeing mysterious splashing, shadows and dark figures floating above the surface.
Fort Mackinac is a Revolutionary War-era fort on the island, and a popular tourist site. Visitors have reported strange orbs in pictures. In the hospital, some have felt feelings of sadness and have seen apparitions of phantom limbs.
The sound of crying babies is often heard, along with mysteriously moved furniture, and motion detectors set off with no one around.
At the Officer's Stone Quarters, ghostly children are said to be playing with toys, leaving them thrown around the floor in the morning.
Mission Point Resort was home to The Moral Re-Alignment, a religious movement started in the 1930s. It was built in the 1950s.
The resort's popular ghost story is that of a man named Harvey, who died in the late 1960s.
The story goes, Harvey, who was dealing with a broken heart, shot himself behind the resort, and wasn't discovered until six months later. But some believe there is more to Harvey's story - that perhaps he was killed.
Harvey is often reported in Mission Point's theater, where visitors have reported being pinched or poked.
A woman claims that while she was visiting a hotel on the island, she experienced some paranormal activity. She was alone in the hotel room, when the bathroom door closed, and the lights turned off. She never returned to the room alone.
As you can probably guess, paranormal investigators often visit Mackinac. Here are some of the videos.
Watch more Feature Stories from ClickOnDetroit:
- Tour Detroit's Broderick Tower; the tallest residential address in Michigan
- Michigan's most haunted: Detroit's Historic Fort Wayne
- Michigan's most haunted: The witch of Pere Cheney cemetery
- St. Aubin Street Massacre: 1929 Detroit family murders still unsolved
- Brothers quit their jobs for the ultimate American adventure
Sign up for ClickOnDetroit Email Newsletters (click here) for more stories like this.
Copyright 2017 by WDIV ClickOnDetroit - All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:4a1a2386-c172-4cb4-8ef1-4be96d489f2f> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.clickondetroit.com/features/michigans-most-haunted-mackinac-island | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646602.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319062143-20180319082143-00192.warc.gz | en | 0.972432 | 934 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The Clean Water Act grants the federal government control over toxic discharges into “navigable water.” Imagine, then, the suprise of John Rapanos, who stands accused of violating the Clean Water Act because he dumped sand onto his own land. Nevermind that Mr. Rapanos’ land has been drained of standing water since the early 1900s. While it is not “navigable” and it is not “water,” says the Department of Justice, it is within the reach of federal environmental regulators. Why? Because of a risk that some grains of sand on his property may be carried by rainwater on an epic journey across drains, ditches, and creeks to the Kawkawlin River, a navigable body of water twenty miles away. Cato’s brief argues that government’s prosecution of Mr. Rapanos exceeds federal authority under both the plain text of the Clean Water Act and under the Commerce Clause. | <urn:uuid:3a3e71b5-872d-4735-b75f-0cc8a238fcb6> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.cato.org/publications/legal-briefs/rapanos-v-united-states | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299496.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00100-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945791 | 203 | 3.125 | 3 |
Mars Curiosity rover has analyzed Martian soil for the first time, and
found a complex chemistry within the soil, US space agency NASA said.
and sulphur and chlorine-containing substances, among other
ingredients, showed up in samples Curiosity's arm delivered to an
analytical laboratory inside the rover, NASA said in a statement Monday.
is the first Mars rover able to scoop soil into analytical instruments.
The specific soil sample came from a drift of windblown dust and sand
called "Rocknest". The site lies in a relatively flat part of Gale
Crater still miles away from the rover's main destination on the slope
of a mountain called Mount Sharp, reported Xinhua.
laboratory includes the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) suite and the
Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) instrument. SAM used three methods to
analyze gases given off from the dusty sand when it was heated in a tiny
oven. One class of substances SAM checks for is organic compounds
carbon-containing chemicals that can be ingredients for life.
have no definitive detection of Martian organics at this point, but we
will keep looking in the diverse environments of Gale Crater," said SAM
principal investigator Paul Mahaffy of NASA's Goddard Space Flight
CheMin's examination of Rocknest samples found the
composition is about half common volcanic minerals and half
non-crystalline materials such as glass. SAM added information about
ingredients present in much lower concentrations and about ratios of
isotopes, which are different forms of the same element and can provide
clues about environmental changes.
Curiosity, loaded with the
most-sophisticated instruments ever used to explore another world,
touched down on the Red Planet Aug 6.
During the next two years,
it will use its 10 instruments to investigate whether conditions have
been favourable for microbial life and for preserving clues in the rocks
about possible past life. | <urn:uuid:85d127c0-3bd9-4da0-9b7b-365b4a4ae674> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://gadgets.ndtv.com/others/news/mars-rover-analyzes-first-soil-samples-300866 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049275328.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002115-00132-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.8918 | 406 | 3.359375 | 3 |
An atrial fibrillation diagnosis may feel overwhelming—but here’s the good news: it's possible to live a normal, active life with AFib. And you’re not alone; AFib is the most common type of irregular heartbeat (also known as an arrhythmia) among those in the United States.
Here are five tips to help you live safely with AFib.
1. Follow your doctor's advice
This should go without saying, but you need to follow your healthcare provider's guidelines to avoid additional heart-related incidences.
2. Watch for warning signs
For some, AFib never causes a problem. But for others, it can lead to strokes and heart attacks or heart failure. If you feel your heart "skipping a beat" often, or if you have other AFib symptoms like dizziness, fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and chest pain, see your doctor.
3. Lifestyle changes
You may need to make lifestyle changes to improve the health of your heart, especially to prevent or treat complications or conditions like high blood pressure. Good ideas include:
Eat heart-healthy foods. Go for foods that are low in refined sugars, trans fats, and sodium. Fruits and veggies are good choices, along with salmon, legumes, and whole grains.
Be active. Regular physical activity can help you reduce your risk of complications. But be aware that vigorous exercise can sometimes aggravate AFib. Your doctor can help you develop a good exercise program.
Quit smoking. Studies show that current and former smokers have an increased risk of developing atrial fibrillation. Plus, smoking increases your risk of stroke.
Limit alcohol. Moderate to heavy drinking and binge drinking are linked to further heart rhythm disturbances.
4. Lower your risk for stroke
Stroke occurs about five times more often in people with AFib. Reduce your risk by avoiding diabetes and high blood pressure, two conditions that increase the likelihood of stroke. By controlling your weight, eating foods low in sugar and salt, and developing low-carb diet habits, you can help lower your blood sugar and blood pressure and reduce your risk of AFib complications.
5. Be careful with medications
You may be prescribed medications to reduce your stroke risk, including blood thinners, when you’re diagnosed with AFib. If this is the case, you need to know that many medications, including over-the-counter medications, herbal preparations, and vitamins, can interfere with another medication’s effectiveness. Talk to your doctor and pharmacist about how to prevent complications.
How will you incorporate healthy habits into your lifestyle? Share with the community in the comments below. | <urn:uuid:dea0efa6-7afd-44ed-8963-ddd67e100a15> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.heartconnect.com/heart-conditions-learning-center/general/1351-tips-for-living-safely-with-atrial-fibrillation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689028.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922164513-20170922184513-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.93356 | 555 | 2.71875 | 3 |
We go inside when the rain comes down, but where do animals go? That depends on the kind of animal and where it lives. Bees hide in hives and ants stay safe in underground nests. Squirrels pull their long bushy tails over their heads like umbrellas. Caterpillars crawl under leaves. This new book for young readers offers a first glimpse at how different animals in different habitats behave during a thunderstorm.
In simple, easy-to-understand language, veteran children s book author Melissa Stewart takes a lyrical look at the behavior of animals in forests, fields, wetlands, and deserts and briefly describes how each creature interacts with its rained-soaked environment. Constance Bergum s soft, watercolor paintings colorfully depict the animals and special features of each habitat. Individual sidebar and panel illustrations provide close-up details of the natural world.
About Melissa Stewart
See more books from this Author
Published March 1, 2008
by Peachtree Publishers.
Nature & Wildlife, Children's Books. | <urn:uuid:2296f23e-9f70-47b4-bee5-c29e0f3c9c6c> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://idreambooks.com/When-Rain-Falls-by-Melissa-Stewart/reviews/67721 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542112.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00323-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.878152 | 210 | 3.53125 | 4 |
For the first twelve years of her life, Esperanza lives the life of luxury. We kind of imagine it like this. But when she and her mother lose everything and have to flee to the United States, Esperanza gets a crash course in poverty. She learns about the connection between class and race, the relationships between the rich and the poor, and the quality of life for poor workers. What's more, she learns this all first hand. Talk about the biggest reality check ever.
Questions About Poverty
- What does Esperanza learn about poverty while on the train from Mexico to the U.S.? Who is poor in Mexican society, and who is rich? Who takes care of the poor?
- Miguel observes that, in Mexico in 1930, light skinned people tend to be wealthy, while dark skinned people tend to be poor. Why do you think this is?
- Esperanza finds it hard to believe that anyone can live in shabbier conditions than the ones at the company camp where she lives. But as it turns out, things could be worse. What groups are struggling even more than the Mexican farm workers? What are their camps like?
Chew on This
If Esperanza had continued to live her life of luxury and privilege, she never would have learned that many people live in poverty and struggle to survive. Losing everything makes Esperanza a more knowledgeable and sympathetic character.
The novel makes the argument that the unfairness of working conditions on the big farms is one of the causes of poverty. | <urn:uuid:ea20b000-e65b-4572-9d07-0e496a1cea00> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.shmoop.com/esperanza-rising/poverty-theme.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510280868.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011800-00138-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971555 | 311 | 3.828125 | 4 |
A migrant ranch worker, george dreams of one day saving enough candy clings to this hope of a future as a drowning man would to a piece of driftwood themes in steinbeck's novel, we would do well to first examine the. Free essay: discuss the theme of the dream in of mice and men men' steinbeck remarks on how people can create a dream and how they can she has high hopes of going to hollywood and being an all time rich film star, show more.
Abstract: in the novel “of mice and men”, john steinbeck resonates with the benjamin franklin was one of the first who used the theme of the american dream in dreaming about tending rabbits of different colours while george hopes to set steinbeck does not present lennie like a monster because without intention.
Many migrant workers moved to california in hope of a new life every marginalized character in 'of mice and men' has a dream, one of forward and each of these dreams are cleverly utilized by steinbeck to present his theme of the great. George and lennie are sustained throughout their troubles by their dream of a farm and escape from the migrantshow more content however, the not is it important to the characters of the story itself, it is the theme of the novel in this essay i will talk essay the futility of dreams in john steinbeck's of mice and men. Revise and learn about the themes of john steinbeck's of mice and men although dreams are initially a source of hope in the book, lennie's death makes his and george's dream impossible so as the how does steinbeck show this. The themes of loneliness and dreams are key to the novel “of mice and men” they novel shows the characters hopes of being able to achieve this dream but in the end we how does john steinbeck present the theme of loneliness.
In of mice and men, dreams are necessary, even if the characters know that they' ll never achieve them steinbeck seems dreams and foolish and unnecessary,.
To consider the key themes in the novel and how they relate to the social, cultural and to understand how steinbeck uses setting to present the lives of ranch hopes and dreams help people to survive, even if they can never become real. To the forefront in this lesson, we'll discuss three major symbols in john steinbeck's 'of mice are a symbol of false hope, mostly for lennie they're bound.
By referring to appropriate techniques, show how the author has explored this theme the main way steinbeck explores the theme of dreams is through george and lennie's dream at the beginning of the novel, when the two men are on their way to he skilfully builds up the reader's hope along with george, lennie. Of mice and men universal themes, inequality, lonliness, friendship, american dream during the novel george does not hide his displeasure with lenny's lack of mental hope at a better life is the fabric of american society, and although sometimes plans of mice and men john steinbeck by dania. | <urn:uuid:15d4b4ef-759c-4289-902f-d6ed634f0057> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://uhcourseworkvvvq.du-opfer.info/how-does-steinbeck-present-the-themes-of-hopes-and-dreams-in-of-mice-and-men.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512268.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019020142-20181019041642-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.95643 | 652 | 2.859375 | 3 |
College of Mount St. Joseph
The Philosophical Point of View
Professor Shanti Chu
June 13, 2014
This paper will concern the comparison of the two philosophical viewpoints we have studied, Plato and Sartre. In Plato’s Republic and Sartre’s Existentialism is a Humanism they are centuries apart in time, but both lived in very changing turbulent times. Plato lived in ancient Greece where he and other great minds were pondering the very meaning of man’s existence to live and value one another. The chosen philosophical kings city ruled by knowledge, would rule the building of a kallipolis, which Plato sees as just. Plato uses craft analogy in his explanation of his non-democratic way of choosing the philosophical kings. Plato also uses his idea of specialization and labeling to individuals, stating man has a “natural aptitude”. (Plato, 1955, p. 204). Obviously in reading Sartre his view is the opposite, he does not prescribe to any natural aptitude we are born with. Sartre is simplistic, “We create our essence though living”. (Sartre, 2007, p. 22). No ones life is predestined, because our existence precedes our essence. I rather like and agree with Sartre’s simple view on we can be whatever we choose. I take my direction in that both Plato and Sartre have based their philosophies on the search for truth. This truth is only found by living what both see as an authentic life. Humans formulate this for themselves; a person’s happiness must come from within. Happiness does not come from external things that have no value. Sartre does acknowledge how intersubjectivity plays into our personal journey to truth. His explanation of man confronting his own self is how we figure out our own morality, but with this we are aware that we are not isolated. Sartre sees us being constantly aware of the others, being universally connected by our human condition (Sartre, 2007, p. 42). Everyone shares three universal events: birth, work, and death. It is in the how we do these things that will individualize us. Sartre’s analogy of us having freedom to make choices to take actions is to that of creating a piece of art. I see that our morality is closely connected with developing an original, authentic piece of art that will be judged at the end of our life by its authenticity. Plato’s view differs from Sartre believing ultimately we only have ourselves. For Plato there is definitely a human nature in all, and with this a selected few are chosen to be highly educated and will rule everyone else. No one is able to think outside of the box, he sees that as detrimental to his law of justice. In the craft analogy example of the ship captain he does make a good argument for this, however I find his lack of respect for others opinion to be troubling. Of course, the captain of the ship is the leader and controls the ship. However, does he not acknowledge his crewmen for their individual talents? For without those crewman he would have no ship to captain. Free will was not part of Plato’s philosophy to obtain his just society, which is surely his Noble Lie! The Greeks of Plato’s Republic had many God’s to consider with their philosophical journey. His story of the cave dwellers definitely has a ring of Christianity with its metaphors used in the search for truth. Sartre’s existentialism does not serve or rationalize with issues of God or any supreme being. Organized religion does acknowledge and commit to many of Sartre’s viewpoints with freedom and the responsibility of our choices. Sartre believes that others judge us on our truths and errors, and that we are always transcending. (Sartre, 2007, p. 52). Those who believe in a superior being believe God is who will judge them. I do not see a problem with persons believing in God, but I can see where persons might relinquish their responsibility to clergy, which may lead to decisions based on bad faith. Sartre...
References: Plato (1955). The Republic (2nd ed.). Great Britain: Penguin Books.
Sartre, J. P. (2007). Existentialism is a Humanism. United States: Yale.
Please join StudyMode to read the full document | <urn:uuid:4d5eae5e-494e-411e-9df0-fc8247bd7173> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://babelium-project.eu/essays/The-Philosophical-Point-Of-View-Plato-55077639.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583874494.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122202547-20190122224547-00097.warc.gz | en | 0.968896 | 916 | 2.921875 | 3 |
TEMPORARY EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATION (TERA)
by Trudy Goldberg, Chair, NJFAC
In January 1931, newly reelected New York State Governor Franklin Roosevelt declared that the national economic emergency demanded new solutions for new problems. Under authority granted to him by the New York State Legislature in Extraordinary Session, the Governor Roosevelt created the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration (TERA) in October 1931, with an appropriation of $20 million for emergency relief of the unemployed. The state legislature, prodded by Roosevelt, allocated an additional $5 million for work relief programs. This tided the project over until the voters approved by a margin of 4 to 1 a $30 million bond issue in November 1932. Roosevelt set a precedent by creating a new agency to meet a new problem. He said that extending aid to impoverished citizens was not a matter of charity but of “social duty.”TERA both assisted local welfare agencies and undertook its own employment projects.
Roosevelt appointed a three-person Administration for TERA consisting of Jesse I. Straus, president of R. H. Macy department stores as chairman, Philip J. Wickser, a prominent Buffalo attorney, and John Sullivan, president of the New York State Federation of Labor. Harry L. Hopkins, director of the New York Tuberculosis and Health Association, was chosen as director. Hopkins had been involved in a work relief project that used private funds to hire the unemployed for work in the New York City parks. Both Roosevelt and Hopkins were committed to jobs as a solution to the state's economic problems. They preferred it to welfare because it preserved the dignity, morale and skills of the unemployed.
Hopkins concentrated on creating an efficient and effective work-relief program for unemployed industrial workers in New York, one that could set an example for other states. In directing TERA projects, Hopkins made sure that they were consonant with economic needs as well as prevailing cultural attitudes. He insisted on socially useful projects that would neither replace nor duplicate normal municipal functions nor interfere with private industry. One such project that put boys from the slums to work preserving New York State forests became a model for the federal Civilian Conservation Corps.
A study of TERA conducted during a six-month period shows the following types of projects:
Water supply 7
Parks and playgrounds 12
Utilities and structures 8
General public improvements 3
Clerical and professional 11
Miscellaneous jobs 2
The wages were paid in cash and set at the prevailing rate for the type of work performed. Because of limited funds, Hopkins required a means test for applicants and limited jobs to one person per household. Direct relief was provided in kind through orders for food, clothing, shelter, medical care and fuel, which recipients turned in at local retail stores. Home relief cost less than work relief, which not only paid cash wages at the prevailing rate but also required additional expenditures for planning, supervision, materials. and the like. Fifty-two percent of expenditures went for work relief and 48% for home relief.
TERA was a model, perhaps a dress rehearsal for the national programs, also directed by Harry Hopkins, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), the Civil Works Administration (CWA) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA). | <urn:uuid:3f8db43d-d747-409c-b5c2-676c222278b9> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.njfac.org/tera.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443738006925.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001222006-00214-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955858 | 677 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The potential of dog waste to produce biogas and/or enhance the biogas productivity of some other animal and plant wastes was investigated. Two waste combinations of dog waste with field grass (DG), dog waste with cow dung (DC) and one single waste type of dog waste alone (D), were used in the investigations for comparing the potential of dog waste for biogas production. The results showed that D (7 kg), DG (10 kg), and DC (10 kg) were capable of producing a total of 178 L, 218 L and 296.7 L of biogas, respectively in a 50 L digester in 50 days. Hence, dog waste can be a source of biogas and a source of catalyst for prolonging the retention time of other waste samples such as field grass and cow dung. The result of the proximate and microbial analyses reveals that dog waste has high potential for biogas production that even though its quantity may be small, it is a good blend for other waste types such as field grass and cow dung. | <urn:uuid:d59e0ee6-0aca-4939-b091-9e7f45b69835> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.scialert.net/abstract/?doi=tasr.2010.71.77 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948537139.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214020144-20171214040144-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.948383 | 218 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Definition of squirrel monkey in English:
A small South American monkey with a non-prehensile tail, typically moving through trees by leaping.
- Genus Saimiri, family Cebidae: five species, in particular S. sciureus
- The primate data comprised a portion of the mitochondrial DNA from a human, a chimpanzee, a gorilla, an orangutan, a gibbon, a macaque, a squirrel monkey, a tarsier, and a lemur and had previously been analyzed using MCMC methodology.
- By comparing GHR sequences from the squirrel monkey, the rhesus monkey, the baboon, and the human with the nonprimate consensus sequence at 24 functionally important sites, we identified 10 amino acid changes in simians.
- The phylogeny of the eight monkeys is relatively well established, except for the interrelationships of the owl monkey, squirrel monkey, and tamarin.
Definition of squirrel monkey in:
- US English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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Most popular in the US
Most popular in the UK
Most popular in Canada
Most popular in Australia
Most popular in Spain
Most popular in Malaysia
Most popular in Pakistan | <urn:uuid:0828a296-fc3a-4982-9da7-2d4b7266a0d3> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/squirrel-monkey | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768741.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00024-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.878849 | 270 | 3.03125 | 3 |
A new Stingray sportboat was being towed through the streets of Hartsville,
South Carolina. Mounted on the deck were four heavy-duty wheels — which made absolutely no
sense whatsoever to the people who watched it go by.
This was a very special Stingray. It was a combination prototype and new tool that would be used
to build production molds, once the designers were satisfied with the on-the-water tests they were
performing. Those tests called for the boat to be shuttled back and forth between the plant and the
company's boathouse, several miles away.
The designers at Stingray avail themselves of the latest computer-assisted design (CAD)/computer
assisted manufactured (CAM) technology that has swept the boating industry, in an effort to design
and bring more and more new fiberglass boat models to market. Every detail of the new Stingray model
is designed on a computer, which allows the designers to review their work in a three-dimensional
format before it goes to computer-assisted manufacturing.
In this manufacturing process, a number of computer-directed routers attached to individual arms
of a big robot start creating a finished shape out of a big block of foam, which will become an exact
full-size model of the computerized design. The process has been perfected to the point where you
could almost turn on the robot routers when you go home at night and have a finished boat sitting on
the shop floor when you return in the morning.
Not every new model is a complete redesign, though. Often, the builder is very happy with a hull's
performance and may only want to make some subtle changes. This can be done by taking an existing
hull and adding a little foam here and there, which can be finished by hand or by the router, without
having to cut out a whole new hull from scratch.
The modifications to the new Stingray seen cruising the streets of Hartsville were numerous and
relatively small, so the designers left the steel shop wheels — used to roll the hull around
the tooling shop — on the deck. The designers could make a number of corrections and tests in a
There are at least three benefits that I see from Stingray's efficient tooling techniques. First,
the company has greatly cut the cost of tooling, which will ultimately reduce the price of new models.
Second, it becomes easier for the designers to experiment with radically new concepts and designs.
Third, because it has become so easy to make additional modifications, the designers are not
reluctant to continue refining a hull's design. If you look at the suggested retail pricing on any
Stingray model today, you'll see that the company is producing quality boats at very reasonable
At the Larson Boat plant in Little Falls, Minnesota, I had an opportunity to observe the roll-out
of some high technology in the building of Genmar fiberglass boats. Genmar calls their system VEC,
which stands for virtual engineered composites.
Instead of the usual single mold, two molds are used for a part. Glass mat and cloth are cut and
laid in the mold, as they are with the open mold process the new system replaces. The difference is
that a specially formulated resin is injected into the double mold in a special climate-controlled
room. The curing process is finely regulated, virtually eliminating emissions from the manufacturing
process and producing molded parts that have the same smooth finish on the inside as on the outside.
Normally, a fiberglass boat-building plant is a pretty messy place, full of styrene fumes and fine
fiberglass dust that's everywhere. However, with Genmar's VEC system, the grinding process has been
completely replaced with multi-axis routers, driven by a computer that does all the part trimming and
This whole process takes minutes, and it is performed in another airtight environment eliminating
airborne glass particles.
New technology allows boat builders to produce better quality products, but it isn't affordable to
We have been seeing a consolidation of small companies taken over by larger ones, but size alone
doesn't guarantee success. Recently, Outboard Marine Corp., builder of half dozen boat brands as well
as Johnson and Evinrude outboards, declared bankruptcy. Bombardier acquired the outboard motor brands,
while Genmar took over operation of the most of the former OMC boat companies.
Genmar has proven its ability to efficiently build quality boats, which is good for the industry
and those dealers who had counted on the OMC boat brands for their livelihood. Other than a shortage
of some of these products for a few months, it should be business as usual as we are getting back out
on the water in 2001. | <urn:uuid:36c4d15a-21bd-458e-86f6-ec8e0f61e5d6> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://stingrayboats.com/products/reviews/gb06_01.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644063666.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025423-00268-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96424 | 990 | 2.609375 | 3 |
A colostomy is a surgical procedure to divert one end of the large intestine (colon) through an opening in the abdominal wall (tummy).
The end of the bowel is called a stoma. A pouch is placed over the stoma to collect waste products that usually pass through the colon and out of the body through the rectum and anus (back passage).
A colostomy can be permanent or temporary.
It's estimated that around 6,400 permanent colostomies are carried out each year in the UK.
A colostomy may be used when there's a problem with an area of the colon. The colostomy diverts digestive waste away from the affected area, to give it a chance to heal.
In other cases, a colostomy is formed after a section of the colon has been removed and the bowel can't be joined back together. This may only be temporary, with a further operation to remove the colostomy at a later date, or it may be permanent.
A colostomy may be used to treat the following conditions:
There are two main ways a colostomy can be formed:
Loop colostomies tend to be temporary and require a further operation at a later date to reverse the procedure. It's also possible to reverse an end colostomy, but this is less common. You'll usually have to stay in hospital for 3-10 days after a colostomy or colostomy reversal.
A similar procedure, known as an ileostomy, is sometimes used as an alternative to a colostomy. This involves creating a stoma by diverting the small intestine instead of the large intestine.
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It's natural to be concerned that your day-to-day activities will be restricted and that others will notice you're wearing a colostomy bag.
However, modern colostomy equipment is discreet and secure, and there's no reason why you shouldn't be able to do the activities you enjoyed before, without experiencing the symptoms that made the colostomy necessary in the first place.
Adjusting to life with a colostomy can be challenging, but most people become accustomed to it over time.
You'll usually see a specialist stoma nurse before and after having a colostomy, although you may not be able to see them before the procedure if it's carried out in an emergency. Specialist stoma nurses can offer support and advice to help you adapt to life with a colostomy.
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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English (Hornbill) Chapter 8 Silk Road (updated)
|Chapter Name||Silk Road|
Silk Road NCERT Text Book Questions and Answers
Silk Road Understanding the text
I. Give the reasons for the following statements :
1. The article has been titled “Silk Road.”
2. Tibetan mastiffs were popular in China’s imperial courts.
3. The author’s experience at Hor was in stark contrast to earlier accounts of the place.
4. The author was disappointed with Darchen.
5. The author thought that his positive thinking strategy worked well after all.
1. The article has been titled ‘Silk Road’ as the writer goes for doing his ‘kora’ after travelling on the ‘Silk Road’. Most of his journey occurs on this road.
2. Tibetan mastiffs were very strong, sturdy and alert animals. They were popular in China’s imperial courts as the hunting dogs.
3. The author had come there for academic purpose actually. So he was not emotionally swayed as his earlier pilgrims the Swede or Japanese monks who were moved by the sanctity of the water of Mansarovar Lake.
4. Darchen was very dusty place. Heaps of garbage lay scattered here. Moreover, the life here was very unhurried and relaxed which didn’t appeal the author at all. The feeling of relax was a significant drawback according to the author. Moreover, the author had come a bit earlier to the season of pilgrimage. Hence there were no pilgrims. He didn’t want to do his ‘kora’ alone. For that he had to wait so he was disappointed after reaching.
5. The author had very limited consideration. After coming to Darchen, he felt lonely. Just then he met Norbu, though ill-equipped for the pilgrimage, still Norbu gave useful suggestions like, they should hire yaks to carry their luggage and he won’t like to prostrate to do ‘kora’. At this the author felt that his positive thinking strategy wras working well.
II. Briefly comment on :
1. The purpose of the author’s journey to Mount Kailash.
2. The author’s physical condition in Darchen.
3. The author’s meeting with Norbu.
4. Tsetan’s support to the author during the journey.
5. “As a Buddhist, he told me, he knew that it didn’t really matter if I passed away, but he thought it would be bad for business.”
1. He had come to do “kora’ for academic purpose. Possibly he wanted to write some academic-papers about it and its importance in the lives of pilgrims.
2. The author suffered severely from cold. He felt disturbed while sleeping as one of his nostrils was blocked. He felt his chest heavy. As he breathed in through mouth he felt strange. As he lay down to sleep, he felt he would never been able to wake up. So he spent his first night while remaining awake.
4. The author was feeling veiy disappointed in Darchen while Tseten had left, he had none to talk to (in English). As he was having his coffee and pondering over his limited consideration, Norbu entered. He sought permission to sit at the rickety table opposite the author. He had seen the novel in the writer’s hand and asked ‘English’ ? Soon after they struck in conversation.
Tsetan was the driver of the author’s vehicle. It seemed that he had undertaken journey to Mount Kailash many a times. He knew how to tackle the frozen tracks. He guided the author to have lunch breaths, tea and put up for the night. When the author spent a sleepless night at Darchen, he took him to medical-college treatment. However he was quite professional, as he sensed that something untoward could happen with the author as he felt heavy chest and blocked nostrills, he left the latter saying that being Buddhist it was O.K. but it was not good for his business.
5. Tsetan told the author that being Buddhist, it didn’t matter at all if the author passed away in Darchen. As Darchen was a holy place. So if the author died, it won’t be bad. But as Tsetan was a professional driver, it could affect his business adversely, as people could mistake him an ominous driver whose customers die even before doing ‘kora. ’
Silk Road Talking about the text
Discuss in groups of four.
1. The sensitive behaviour of hill-folk.
2. The reasons why people willingly undergo the travails of difficult journeys.
3. The accounts of exotic places in legends and the reality.
For Q. No. I.
The hill-folk people prostrate to take round while doing their ‘kora’, while the urban- people like Norbu or author laugh at such things.
For Q. No. 2. Just to abide by their tradition and customs.
For Q. No. 3. much different.
In legends and books Mansarovar lake is regarded the origin place of four rivers in India. In reality just one river rises from here.
In legend places are so beautiful and worth worshipping. In reality tourists don’t have that sacred feeling and increase the heaps of dirt and filth there.
Silk Road Thinking About Language
1. Notice the kind of English Tsetan uses while talking to the author. How do you think he picked it up ?
2. What do the following utterances indicate ?
(i) “I told her, through Daniel…”
“It’s a cold,” he said finally through Tsetan.
(ii) “Until, that is, I met Norbu.”
3. Guess the meaning of the following words :
In which language are these words found ?
1. Tsetan doesn’t seem to be a literate fellow. But as he is a driver, he might be driving foreigners to and fro Mount Kailash, hence he has learnt to speak English but only in phrases just to make the others understand. For example, ‘Not knowing, Sir, until we get there’, ‘but no smoking’. He might have picked up English but in phrases from his foreigner- customers only.
2. (i) It clearly means that the author and Mor Lhamo understood each other’s language. It is through Daniel; the translator, they talked to each other.
(ii) The author didn’t know regional language used in Darchen. Hence after Tsetan’s departure, he had none to talk to until he met Norbu, who could speak and understand English.
3. Kora : As per text is a sort of pilgrimage which is undertaken by the people by taking a round of Mount Kailash.
Drokba : Drokba is the shepherd who rears sheep in Durchen
Kyang : Kyang means wild ass.
These words are found in Tibetan language
Silk Road Working With Words
1. The narrative has many phrases to describe the scenic beauty of the mountainside like:
A flawless half-moon floated in a perfect blue sky.
Scan the text to locate other such picturesque phrases.
2. Explain the use of the adjectives used in the following phrases :
(i) shaggy monsters
(ii) brackish lakes
(iii) rickety table
(iv) hairpin bend
(v) rudimentary general stores
1. Extended banks of cloud like long french loaves glowed sink as the sun emerged to splash the distant mountain tops with a rose-tinted blush.
2. After ducking back into her tent, she emerged carrying one of the hng sleeved ‘
sheepskin coats that….
3. It involved crossing several fairly high mountain passes.
4. … I could see the herd galloping en masse, wheeling and turning in tight formation ° as if they were practising maneouvres or some predetermined course. Plumes of dust bil¬lowed into the crisp, clean air, etc. etc.
The list is really endless
2 (a) Shaggy monsters. Literally the phrase means monsters having long and untidy hair. Here monsters is used for the black Tibetan dogs which were used as the guards to nomads’s tents. They were very huge, big, ferocious and aggressive hence they are called monsters.
(b) Brackish lakes : salty lakes : The plateau was pockmarked with brackish lakes. It talks vividly about the non-existence of vegetation.
(c) Rickety table : The table was in worn out condition which indicates the type of the
only cafe in Darchen where the author put up. .
(d) Hairpin bend: The screw in the tyre which is quite bleak.
(e) Rudimentary general stores. Basic general stores. The provisional stores selling the essential commodities of daily use.
Silk Road Noticing form
The account has only a few passive voice sentences. Locate them. In what way does the use of active voice contribute to the style of the narrative.
1. My initial relief at meeting Norbu who was also staying in the guest house was tempered by the realisation that he was almost as ill-equipped as I was for the pilgrimage.
2. I had no idea whether or not the snow had cleared, but I wasn’t encouraged by the chunks of dirty ice that still clung to the banks of Darchen’s brook.
3. I’d been told that the height of the pilgrimage season, the town was bustling with visitors.
4. I was served by a Chinese youth in military uniform who spread the grease around on my table with a filthy rag before bringing me a glass and a thermas of tea.
5… Tsetan was eager to have them fixed.
6. Besides the second tyre he had changed had been replaced by one that was as smooth as my bald head.
Note : Only the underlined sentences are passive voice pi.
(b) Active voice talks volubly about the subject/doer. The action is secondary, whereas in Passive voice sentence action becomes primary and the subject/doer becomes secondary. So whersoever action was felt of supreme importance, it was written in passive form by the writer.
Notice this construction : Tsetan was eager to have them, fixed. Write five sentences with a similar structure.
(a) I am willing to have my meals finished by someone else now.
(b) Mohan was not at all interested in having his section changed.
(c) Sushma is eager to have his name cancelled from the list of picknickers.
(d) They wish to have their tents fixed for them
(e) The aeroplane is said to have crashed near Pataudi.
Silk Road Things to do
“The plateau is pockmarked with salt flats and brackish lakes, vestiges of the Tethys Ocean which bordered Tibet before the continental collision that lifted it skyward.” Given below is an extract from an account of the Tethys Ocean downloaded from the Internet. Go online, key in Tethys Ocean in Google search and you will find exhaustive information on this geological event. You can also consult an encyclopaedia.
Today, India, Indonesia and the Indian Ocean cover the area once occupied by the Tethys Ocean. Turkey, Iraq, and Tibet sit on the land once known as Cimmeria. Most of the floor of the Tethys Ocean disappeared under Cimmeria and Laurasia. We only know that Tethys existed because geologists like Suess have found fossils of ocean creatures in rocks in the Himalayas. So, we know those rocks were underwater, before the Indian continental shelf began pushing upward as it smashed into Cimmeria. We can see similar geologic evidence in the Europe, where the movement of Africa raised the Alps.
A travelogue presenting a panoramic view of Mt. Kailash.
Silk Road Extra Questions and Answers
Read the passages given below and answer the questions that follow :
We took a short cut to get off the Changtang. Tsetan knew a route that would take us south-west, almost directly towards Mount Kailash. It involved crossing several fairly high mountain passes, he said. ‘But no problem, sir” he assured us, ‘if there is no snbw.’ What was the likelihood of that I asked. “Not knowing, sir, until we get there.” From the gently rolling hills of Ravu, the short cut took us across vast open plains with nothing in them except a few gazelles that would look up from nibbling the arid pastures and frown before bounding away into the void.
Further on, where the plains became more stony than grassy, a great herd of wild ass came into view. Tsetan told us we were approaching them long before they appeared. ‘Kyang,’ he said, pointing towards a far-off pall of dust. When we drew near, I could see the herd galloping en masse, wheeling and turning in tight formation as if they were practising maneouvers on some predetermined course. Plumes of dust billowed into the crisp, clean air (Pages 74r-75)
(i) What could have created a hindrance in advancement of the writer ?
(ii) How does the writer describe the plains ?
(iii) What does ‘kyang’ mean ? Which language does it belong to ?
(iv) How did Tsetan know that they would soon come across a herd of kyangs ?
(v) Give the meaning of:
(i) The snow lying on the trail/mountain track could cause a hindrance in his advancement.
(ii) The writer doesn’t find the plains much attractive. There were only a few gazelles in that arid pastures. Without enough/lush green greenary the plains looked quite void.
(iii) ‘Kyang’ means wild ass in Tibetan language. Tsetan the Tibetan driver uses the word, naturally it is the word used in his own language.
(iv) Tsetan knew that they would soon come across a herd of kyangs as the plume of dust billowed into the clear sky.
(v) (a) routine practice
A swathe of the white stuff lay across the track in front of us, stretching for may be fifteen metres before it petered out and the dirt trail reappeared. The snow continued on either side of us, smoothing the abrupt bank on the upslope side. The bank was too steep for our vehicle to scale, so there was no way round the snow patch. I joined Daniel as Tsetan stepped on to the encrusted snow and began to slither and slide forward, stamping his foot from time to time to ascertain how sturdy it was. I looked at my wrist watch. We were at 5,210 metres above sea level.
The snow didn’t look too deep to me, but the danger wasn’t its depth, Daniel said, so much as its icy top layer. ‘If we slip off, the car could turn over,’ he suggested, as we saw Tsetan grab handfuls of dirt and fling them across the frozen surface. I’ve both pitched in and, when the snow was spread with soil, Daniel and I stayed out of the vehicle to lighten Tsetan’s load. He backed up and drove towards the dirty snow, eased the car on to its icy surface and slowly drove its length without apparent difficulty. (Page 76)
(i) In what form did the new hurdle come in the way of the author ?
(ii) What was the real cause of the fear of the team ?
(iii) Who came out with the solution to handle the situation ?
(iv) Why did Daniel and the author stay out while Tsetan drag the vehicle over the snowy-track ?
(v) Give the synonyms of:
(i) The new hurdle that came in the way of the author was a swathe of white snow lay across the track in front of the author. It spread for about 15 metres, on either side of the track. The banks were so steep that the vehicle could not go over it.
(ii) The team which consisted of the author himself, Daniel and Tsetan had the fear” that their car could slip off the top icy layer on their way. That way it would turn over. So not the depth but the slippery icy top layer was the cause of their real fear.
(iii) Tsetan, the driver came out with the solution. He first stamped his feet to deter¬mine the depth of the ice. Then he started spreading dirt over it so as to make the top rough enough for their vehicle to go over it.
(iv) Daniel and the author stayed out of the vehicle to lighten the load so that the vehicle didn’t slip over the snowy track. It really went over it easily afterwards.
(v) (a) covered with hard layer
(b) to slide, move in a smooth way.
Ten minutes later, we stopped at another blockage. ‘Not gopd, sir,’ Tsetan announced as he jumped out again to survey the scene. This time he decided to try and drive round the snow. The slope was steep and studded with major rocks, but somehow Tsetan negotiated them, his four-wheel drive vehicle lurching from one obstacle to the next. In so doing he cut off one of the hairpin bends, regaining .the trail further up where the snow had not drifted.
I checked my watch again as we continued to climb in the bright sunshine. We prept past 5,400 metres and my head began to throb horribly. I’d thought that the labourers had left me some days previously, but they were back at work again. I took gulps from my water bottle, which is supposed to help a rapid ascent.
We finally reached the top of the pass at 5,515 metres. It was marked by a large cairn of rocks festooned with white silk scarves and ragged prayer flags. We«all took a turn round the cairn, in a clockwise direction as is the tradition, and Tsetan checked the tyres on his vehicle. He stopped at the loud hiss. The lower atmospheric pressure was allowing the fuel to expand. It sounded dangerous to me. “May be° sir”, Tsetan laughed “but no smoking.”
(i) ‘Not good, sir’ who spoke these words and why ?
(ii) What solution did Tsetan find out to the problem ? Did he succeed ?
(iii) What happened to the author as they reached the height of 5,400 metres
(iv) How did the author try to overcome the problem ?
(v) Give the meanings of:
(i) Tsetan spoke these words to the author and Daniel. He had noticed a blockage in the form of snow on their way. They were driving in the mountain trails. Their difficulties increased when there was ice on the tracks.
(ii) Tsetan decided to move round the snow. The track was steep and rocky on the sides hence he cut off one of the hairpin bends. But anyhow he got over the difficulty of snowy track.
(iii) As the team reached the height of 5,400 metres, the author’s head began to throb horribly.
(iv) He gulped water to overcome the problem. He knew that water would help him in coping with the fast ascent.
(v) (a) ragged: worn out/ very old and tom
(b) sounded: looked/seemed/appeared
Hor was a grim, miserable place. There was no vegetation whatsoever, just dust and rocks, liberally scattered with years of accumulated refuse, which was unfortunate given that the town sat on the shore of Lake Manasarovar, Tibet’s most venerated stretch of water. Ancient Hindu and Buddhist cosmology pinpoints Manasarovar as the source of four great Indian rivers : the Indus, the Ganges, the Sutlej and the Brahamputra. Actually only the Sutlej flows from the lake, but the headwaters of the others all rise nearby on the flanks of Mount Kailash. We were within striking distance of the great mountain and I was eager to forge ahead.
But I had to wait. Tsetan told me to go and drink some tea in Bor’s only cafe which, like all the other buildings in town, was constructed from badly painted concrete and had three broken windows. The good view of the lake through one of them helped to compensate for the draught. I was served by a Chinese youth in military uniform who spread the grease around on my table with a filthy rag before bringing me a glass and a thermos of tea. Half an hour later, Tsetan relieved me from my solitary confinement and we drove past a lot more rocks and rubbish westwards out of town towards Mount Kailash.(Pages 77-78)
(i) Why couldn’t Hor impress the author ?
(ii) What reason did the author find out for being Hor a grim place ?
(iii) What is the belief of the Hindus and the Buddhist about the Lake Mansarovar ?
(iv) Where did the author have his tea ? Who served him there ?
(v) Give the sytionyms of:
(i) Hor failed to impress the author possibly because there was no vegetation. Just dust and rocks scattered with years of collected refuse had given the town a grim and miserable appearance.
(ii) He assumed that Hor was a grim place possibly because it lay on the shore of Lake Mansarovar, Tibets most venerated stretch of water. Tourists and visitors
poured there in a large number and scattered the refuse.
(iii) They both have the belief that four great Indian rivers : the Indus, the Gangas, the Sutlej and the Brahmaputra rise from the lake Mansarovar. In reality only the .
Sutlej flows from the lake.
(iv) The author had his tea in Bor’s only cafe. A Chinese youth in military uniform served him there.
(v) (a) solitary: lonely, sole
(b) drought : cool air.
I didn’t think he was from those parts because he was wearing a wind-cheater and metal-rimmed spectacles of a Wester style. He was Tibetan, he told me, but worked in Beijing at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, in the institute of Ethnic Literature. I assumed he was on some sort of fieldwork. ‘Yes and no,’ he said. ‘I have come to do the kora.’ My heart jumped. Norbu had been writing academic papers about the Kailash kora and its importance in various works of Buddhist literature for many years, he told me, but he had never actually done it himself.
When the time came for me to tell him what brought me to Darchen, his eyes lit up.‘We could be a team,’ he said excitedly. ‘Two academics who have escaped from the library.’
Perhaps my positive-thinking strategy was working after all. (Page 81)
(i) Who is ‘he’ here ? What was the author’s view about him ?
(ii) Who was Norbu ?
(iii) What brought Norbu to Darchen?
(iv) How did Norbu feel after meeting the author ?
(v) Give the meanings of:
(i) ‘He’ is Norbu here. The author’s view about him was that he (Norbu) didn’t belong to Hor/Darchen areas. He was an outsider as he was wearing a wind-cheater instead of sheep-skin-coat and metal-rimmed spectacles of western style.
(ii) Norbu was a Tibetan. He worked at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in the 11nstitute of Ethnic Literature.
(iii) Norbu had been writing academic papers about the Kailash kora and its importance in the various works of Bucfdhist-literature for many years. Now he had comp to do kora himself. He wanted to experience it himself.
(iv) He felt very enthusiastic and excited. His eyes lit up with joy as both had almost similar tastes and professional life. Two academic who have escaped from the library; he puts.
(v) (a) assumed : thought, estimated, guessed
(b) various : different
My initial relief at meeting Norbu, who was staying in the guest house, was tempered by the realisation that he was almost ill-equipped as I was for the pilgrimage. He kept telling me how fat he was and how hard it was going to be. “Very high up,’ he kept reminding me, ‘so tiresome to walk.’ He wasn’t really a practising Buddhist, it transpired, but he had enthusiasm and he was, of course, Tibetan.
Although I’d originally envisaged making the trek in the company of devout believers, on reflection I decided that perhaps Norbu would turn out to be the ideal companion. He suggested we hire some yaks to carry our luggage, which I interpreted as a good sign, and he had no intention of prostrating himself all round the mountain. ‘Not possible,’ he cried, collapsing across the table in hysterical laughter. It wasn’t his style, and anyway his tummy was too big. (Page 81)
(i) What tempered the initial relief of the author at meeting Norbu ?
(ii) Why did the author feel relieved on meeting Norbu ?
(iii) What made the author conclude that Norbu was not a derout believer ?
(iv) What was the only consolation in the company of Norbu ?
(v) Give the synonyms of:
(i) The initial relief at meeting Norbu was tempered by the realisation that the latter was also as ill-equipped as the former was for the pilgrimage.
(ii) The author had come a bit too early to do his kora. The season had not yet set in. He didn’t want to do it alone. So when Norbu came and told his purpose of coming there the author felt relieved as he had got a companion, though not much devout believer.
(iii) Norbu kept telling that he was very fat so it would be very difficult to walk so high up on the mountain-trail. He told that it would be really tiresome to walk. He also told that he was not a practising Buddhist. He also told that he cjidn’t want to prostrate all round the mountain to do kora. It all made quite apparent to the author that Norbu was not a devout believer.
(iv) The otily consolation which the author derived in the company of Norbu was that former got a companion to do his kora. Secondly, he gave valuable suggestions like they should hire yaks to carry their luggage.
(v) (a) Envisaged : imagined in anticipation
(b) tempered : hindered
Silk Road Extra Questions Short Answer Type
What present did Lhamo give to the author as he was leaving Ravu? What reason does he present for it ?
Lhano gave a long-sleeved sheepskin coat as a farewell present to the author as he was leaving Ravu. She told that he would need warmer clothes as he would head towards Mount Kailash.
Why did the author want to go to Mount Kailash ?
He wanted to go to Mount Kailas to complete his ‘kora’ a pilgrimage perhaps for some academic reason. He wanted to experience it in his life. He also wanted to do it in company of some devout believer.
What are the wild ass called at Ravu ?
The wild ass there are called ‘kyang’. Possibly it is a Tibetan word. Kyangs move in great herd galloping in the arid pastures of plains in Ravu.
How did the sheep behave on seeing the vehicle ?
The sheep would take an evasive action on seeing the speeding vehicle. They would just veer away. –
How did the Tibetan mastiff behave on seeing the car ?
The Tibetan mastiffs were strong, huge and sturdy. They took an offending and attacking action on seeing the car. Just as they located the car, they exploded in action and sped towards it. They chased it for a hundred metres or so fearlessly.
What change did the author notice as they moved towards the rocky area ?
The ride became bumpier and the atmosphere colder. He felt a pressure building up in his ears and blockage in his nasal passage. As the door of the car opened, he felt cold air looming in.
How was the author’s ride up in the mountainous trail ?
It was full of difficulties. The track was narrow, rocky. The ice blocked their way off on to make their ascent all the more difficult. The higher they went, the colder it became and finally at the height of 5,400 metres and above, the author had to spend sleepless nights due to his cold-stricken blocked nose problem.
What was the highest point of the author’s ascent and what did the team do there ?
The highest point was at the height of 5,515 metres. There was a large cairn of rocks there festooned with white silk scarves and ragged prayer flags. As per tradition, they took a turn round the cairn in a clockwise direction.
When did Daniel leave the author ?
Daniel left the author after having a round at the highest point of their ascent at the height of 5,515 metres in Hor. He returned to Lhasa in a truck.
Where was Hor situated ?
For was situated at the height of about 5,000 metres, on the shore of lake Mansarovar, Tibet’s most venerated stretch of water.
What was belief about the Lake Mansarovar ?
Lake Mansarovar was the most venerated stretch of water in Tibet. According to ancient Hindus and Buddhists it was the origin place of four great Indian rivers; the Indus, the Gangas, tbo Catlej and the Brahmaputra.
Describe the author’s experience at Hor ?
The author was not much impressed by the village Hor, with no vegetation so to say md with lot of dust, dirt, rubbish and rocks . He found it rather grim and miserable place with lots of garbage accumulated in many years. He spent the first night in state of sleeplessness due to his attack of cold and heaviness in chest. As he lay down, his sinuses filled and his chest was odd. So he stayed awake all night.
What was significant drawback of Darchen ?
The author found Darchen a rather relaxed and unhurried town. It was significant drawback of the place. Moreover it was an off season for pilgrims. The author had come too early, so he was no qourse left except to wait. That made the place appear more uninteresting.
How did Norbu feel on meeting the author ?
As Norbu saw an English novel in the author’s hands, he couldn’t asking ‘English’. Later as the author told his purpose of coming to Darchens, Norbu’s eyes lit up with joy. He felt greatly elated on discovering that the author was also an academic.
Silk Road Extra Questions Long Answers Types
Describe the writer’s experience at Hor.
The writer alongwith Daniel and Tsetan reached the highest point at the height of 5,515 metres. It was marked with the cairn of rocks festooned with silk scarves and prayer flags. As per tradition they took its round in clockwise direction and started careering down. Then they stopped at Hor.
It had just one cafe where the writer had his tea. Hor was rather grim and miserable place with lots of garbage accumulated for many years. It was located on the shore of Mansarovar lake, Tibet’s most venerated place. The high altitude and low-atmospheric pressure created troubles to the author. At night he could not lie down in bed one of ris nostrils was blocked badly. He felt beavness in chest.
But as he got up, strangely he felt relieved. He was really horrified to lie down and kept awake through out night. He was afraid that if he slept, he would never be able to wake up again. So he spent the night sleeplessly. Next day, he got up and his driver Tsetan took him to the medical college. He got his treatment for cold. After a day’s treatment, he slept soundly next night.
Why did the author undertake such a difficult journey ?
The author undertook such a difficult journey to do ‘kora’. It’s a pilgrimage which is undertaken by the devout believers. The cairn of rocks at the height of 5,515 metres, is the destination where the pilgrims take around in clock-wise direction. It is a part of the tradition of the local people. The purpose of undertaking this ‘kora’ is not made clear in the entire extract. But it does have a very important place in the lives of the people believing in ancient religion.
The author also wanted to experience the importance of this pilgrimage. So he undertook this difficult journey. He did it in vehicle, through, but it was really very risky to ride in a car at such a great height, with steep slopes and rocks. The high atmospheric pressure took a heavy toll on his health. His sinuses increased and blocked his nasal passage. His chest also felt heaviness.
Describe the author’s meeting with Norbu ?
The author was left alone in Darchen guesthouse with Daniel and Tsetal gone. He was feeling rather disappointed as the place appeared quite grim and miserable to him. It was an off-season for pilgrimage. Hence there was no hustle-bustle of tourists or other activities. The town was in a state of unhurried relaxes state. The guesthouse itself presented no charms to the author. Its three of four windows were broken.
He took a position near the broken window. So that he could read from his novel in the light coming from the broken pane of the window. He was also having his tea. Just then a person came in and’ sought permission from the author to sit opposite him at the rickety table. | <urn:uuid:c20a87ab-3c8a-4c61-a909-0fa7beeb01bf> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://rbsesolution.in/rbse-solutions-class-11-english-hornbill-chapter-8-silk-road/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510319.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927171156-20230927201156-00337.warc.gz | en | 0.980166 | 7,805 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Wes Hayes works with hot cells after a controlled nuclear test at Lawrence Livermore in 1969 called The Hutch Event. In the experiment, a specially designed nuclear device was used to produce extraordinarily large quantities of rare, heavy isotopes, which were analyzed at the Laboratory.LLNL
Lawrence Livermores Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions Program, Project Sherwood, began with the founding of the Laboratory in 1952. Early exploratory experiments led to a focus on the "magnetic mirror" concept.LLNL
Former U.S. nuclear weapons titan Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is applying its bomb know-how to help solve police cold cases.
Lawrence Livermore was established in the Cold War to advance American nuclear weapons. The lab was responsible for many pivotal advances, from thermonuclear missile warheads for submarines to developing the first high-yield warheads small enough to be carried in bulk on a ballistic missile.
Now the national lab is applying its expertise in nuclear "bomb pulse" radiocarbon analysis to help solve cold cases.
According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, there are more than 40,000 cold cases in the United States where traditional approaches have failed to identify the victim through their remains.
A Lawrence Livermore researcher -- working with international collaborators Swedish Karolinska Institute in Sweden and the British Columbia Institute of Technology -- have created a new way to figure out ages and birth dates on those cases.
The new approach, combining Livermore’s bomb know-how with new anthropological analysis and forensic DNA techniques, has already yielded results.
Tackling their first case, the researchers were able to identify the remains of a missing child 41 years after the body was discovered.
A child's cranium was found in a northern Canadian river bank in 1972; at the time, law enforcement believed it was from a child between the ages of seven and nine.
The case stayed cold for more than four decades until Simon Fraser University’s Centre for Forensic Research in Canada picked up the case and re-analzyed the cranium. After reviewing the skull measurements, skeletal ossification and dental formation, they decided the child was younger and died at approximately four and a half years old.
Lawrence Livermore then stepped in to help.
During the Cold War, above-ground nuclear weapons testing led to a marked escalation in global carbon-14 levels, from 1955 through 1963. While carbon-14 is in the environment naturally, the heightened levels from the bombs have been carefully tracked and recorded.
Using accelerator mass spectrometry technology, the lab boosts ions to super high speeds to evaluate the half-life of their isotopes. Archaeologists use this sort of technology for radiocarbon dating. In this case, it registers the level of radioactive carbon-14 in the dental enamel or bones.
Dental enamel doesn’t turn over like most tissue, so carbon laid down during tooth formation acts sort of like the rings of a tree, revealing their age.
Scientists can then correlate the carbon-14 level with the records of airborne carbon-14 levels to figure out the age of the tooth and its owner to within 18 months. Other techniques are far less accurate, only narrowing age to within five or ten years.
Livermore first published their research on this pioneering enamel technique in a 2005 article in Nature.
While enamel dating won’t work with people before 1943 -- their teeth would have been formed before testing commenced in 1955 -- radiocarbon analysis can be used on bone to ascertain whether death occurred before or after 1955.
Forensic DNA analysis narrowed the list further, revealing that the child was male. Using DNA in the mitochondrial profile, they matched the young boy with a living maternal -- relative and solved the four-decade mystery.
Ballet dancer turned defense specialist Allison Barrie has traveled around the world covering the military, terrorism, weapons advancements and life on the front line. You can reach her at email@example.com or follow her on Twitter @Allison_Barrie. | <urn:uuid:f9ccf4d4-b1d9-4294-a9d6-23a0a86cdde5> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.foxnews.com/science/2013/02/26/nuclear-bomb-pulses-solve-police-cold-cases/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+foxnews%2Fscitech+%28Internal+-+SciTech+-+Mixed%29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708808767/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125328-00013-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940699 | 831 | 3.53125 | 4 |
An apologist, philosophical theologian, and Oxford academic, C. S. Lewis valued the Jewish religious tradition. Underpinning Lewis's corpus is an enlightened, foundational respect for the Jews as God's chosen people. Much of Lewis's mature understanding came from his wife, Joy Davidman (Lewis referred to her as a Jewish Christian), born to American Jewish parents; she was an adult convert to Yeshua Ha Mashiach--Jesus Christ. A Hebraic Inkling, examines this Jewish-Hebrew heritage in Lewis's life and works, by analyzing key texts: theological and philosophical, literary and apologetic, biblical. As a boy and young man he reflected much of the implicit anti-Semitism inherent to the public school educated Edwardian establishment; this is replaced by deep respect when he became a Christian. Along with the Hebrew Scriptures, we examine Lewis on Hebraic poetry (Reflections on the Psalms), the ""The Incarnation Nation,"" the Messiah in the Hebrew scriptures, supersessionism, Israel, his rigorous stand against anti-Semitism, and how Christians are enfolded into the chosen people. With marriage revelation gets deeply personal: a familial witness. When one of Joy's children--David--sought to return to his mother's birth-faith, Lewis moved all to accommodate his wishes and raise him as a Jew, after Joy's untimely death. | <urn:uuid:9f19cf31-787a-4d31-bb22-90da3ca10fb4> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.cokesbury.com/9781725291980-A-Hebraic-Inkling | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646652.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610233020-20230611023020-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.958714 | 280 | 3.109375 | 3 |
1841 - Charles Erskine
The US Exploring Expedition on Mauna Loa
On arrival, our observatory was established at Point Waiakea. An expedition to the mountains was fitted out, consisting of the commodore, ten officers, Mr. Brinsmade, Dr. Judd, a number of seamen, and two hundred natives to carry the portable houses, instruments, tents, and provisions. The natives were separated into parties, numbered, and loaded. It was three o'clock when we started with our two hundred bearers of burdens; forty hogs; a bullock and a bullock hunter; fifty bearers of poi; twenty-five with calabashes, large and small; others]with iron pots, kettles, frying pans, etc. Some were lightly and others heavily loaded, their burden being lashed to their backs or carried on each end of sticks balanced across their shoulders, which is their usual mode of carrying burdens.
We encamped for supper about six o'clock at a village called Ola'a, having traveled about eight miles. Here we waited until the moon arose, which was at midnight, when we again got under way, making Kapuauhi, or Flea Village, about ten a.m. Here they had some of the largest as well as some of the smallest and spryest fleas I have ever seen. I have been in a number of flea regions but never found them so numerous nor knew them bite so spitefully as here. Here we made quite a stop for breakfast and for rest, but the fleas gave us no rest. Besides these tormentors, there were mosqoitoes of enormous size, scorpions, and centipedes. But the fleas took the cake. The natives told us that the mosquitoes and fleas were brought to their island by the first ships years and years before and that they had been "biting, flying, and hopping about" ever since.
On leaving Kapuauhi, we found the road very hard to travel. The next village was Kappaohee. Here we refreshed ourselves, took a siesta, and then got under way again, heading for the summit of Mauna Loa. In about a couple of days we arrived at a plain on the side of the mountain, where is situated the volcanic crater called Kilauea, eight thousand feet above the sea level. We pitched our camp in full view of one of the largest volcanoes in the known world. The crater of Kilauea is seven times is large as Boston Common. Imagine yourself, kind reader, standing at its edge, looking down into this huge pit one thousand feet deep and beholding, at its bottom, lakes of liquid fire boiling over into each other; dashing their fiery waves against the dark sides; and throwing up fiery jets sixty to eighty feet into the air. The view at night is sublime in the extreme. While a dog watch of us were seated on its edge with our feet hanging over, another pool burst forth with a hissing, rushing roar. As it boiled over, the cherry-red liquid lava ran in streams to another pool. In less than an hour, it formed a lake a mile in circumference, as large as Boston Common. It kept on hissing, roaring, boiling, and sending up its fiery-red liquid lava jets sixty to eighty feet. A vast cloud of silvery brightness hung overhead, more glorious than anything we had ever beheld. This scene was well worth a voyage around the world.
While sitting here, Bill Richmond, one of our boatswain's mates, began to spin a yarn about a kind of a purchase he could rig in order to hoist one of the big icebergs we had seen in the Antarctic seas so as to drop it into this volcano. What a sizzling it would make!
Just then the commodore, with other officers, hove in sight a short distance off. He called us a pack of foolish virgins and said, "I don't believe you could find half a dozen landlubbers so silly as to perch themselves there," and ordered us to go and turn in. The camp was about two hundred yards off, and when we made it, it was two bells - one oclock.
At daylight the mortar was fired, when all hands turned out, raising a great hubbub. All were grumbling and complaining about their burdens. Shaking their heads, they pointed to their loads and growled out, "Ouri miti," and, to cap the climax, they even struck for higher wages. The commodore acceded to their demand and, seeing that they were all tired out and the shoulders of many were sore, sent down for fifty more natives without their "fraus," and concluded to lay to until the next day in order to give the natives a rest.
There were a large number of hangers-on, in the shape of wives and relatives. Some had two wives, and some had their sisters-in-law. These young ladies greeted the rising of the sun with their native dance. When they had become somewhat excited in it, the bullock, which was half wild, got loose, and such a rush in all directions to get beyond die reach of his horns. It was really a very amusing scene. The bullock was soon secured by the hunter and driven on in advance of the party. During the day, the burdens were more equally divided among the natives.
While here, a party of us descended to the bottom of the crater and poked sticks into a small pool of lava. The sticks immediately took fire. There are many caves on this mountain. We ventured into several of them. Some of them are of unknown extent. In one that we entered, we found it so carved and finished as to resemble a work of art. A projection, some three feet high, ran along on either side far down into the passage, very eleganty molded and making splendid seats. The floor was smooth. Overhead were hanging lava "icicles," two to three feet long, from which was slowly dripping very sweet but extremely cold water. We penetrated this cave for more than half a mile. Once, there flowed through it a stream of boiling lava which has so completely inundated the whole island.
In another cave, we found the remains of bink l and the skeleton of a human being. On the plain were many chasms and crevices from which steam issued. In these, we scalded our hogs and cooked our food.
The next morning, we resumed our journey up the mountain. The hangers-on, in the shape of wives and sweethearts, were so much in our way and such consumers of our food that all of them were forbidden following us; and so they went back to their wigwams.
As we advanced, the air grew cooler and the way rougher. In two days, after much hard traveling, we had left all shrubbery behind us and had ascended above the clouds and could look down upon them. After leaving here, we had no path to follow, the whole surface being a mass of lava.
The next day was Sunday, and a day of rest to our weary limbs. In the afternoon of Monday, finding it impossible to drive the bullock any farther, he was killed. Water had become very scarce, and the natives were hawking it about the camp at half a dollar a quart. They did not sell much.
One of our shipmates, William Longley, was missing for several days. When last seen he complained of being sick. Many of us had the mountain fever - that is, a shortness of breath, sore eyes, with much headache, and a dryness of the skin.
The next morning after we had got fairly under way, we were overtaken and enveloped in a snow cloud. The natives became much frightened and shouted out, "Ouri miti," "No good," and nearly all of them left and ran down the mountain. They had nothing on but a narrow strip of tapa tied around die loins and a scanty blanket over the shoulders, leaving the body, arms, and legs exposed to the weather. The thermometer was at thirty degrees, and they had been accustomed from childhood to temperature of seventy to eighty degrees. Fortunately, the commodore had previously sent down to the ship for a hundred or more men.
It cleared away in the afternoon, leaving the snow a foot deep. We could not make much progress through the snow with our heavy loads, so we sought shelter in one of the caves, where we passed rather an uncomfortable night. In this cave we found a small pond of water frozen over. The ice was about eight inches thick. At sunrise we came forth from the lava cave to behold a sublime scene. The lofty dome of Mauna Loa was covered with a mantle of snow. The effect of the rising sun upon it gave it the appearance of a fairy dome. It would quickly change from a blush-rose color to a bright scarlet, then light purple. Finally, it assumed its pure white mantle.
Looking down on the valleys and the plain below us, we could see the waving of the lofty palms in the morning breeze. Looking farther down into the bay, we could see Old Ocean's waves rolling in and throwing the silvery spray high in the air over the coral reefs. We could but admire the wonderful contrast. By ten o'clock nearly all the snow had disappeared.
About eleven, fifty of our ship's company arrived, bringing the glad tidings that our lost ship-mate, Longley, had been found near one of the caves, though in a very feeble condition. He said he had seen people pass and repass but had not had the strength to attract their attention. He had been exposed to the cold and rain three days and nights. The best of care was taken of him, and he soon recovered. The day proved fine, and we got everything in readiness for an early start in the morning; and, after a hearty supper of hardtack, boiled fresh beef, and boiled tea without sugar, we made for the cave, rolled ourselves up in our blankets, turned in on our lava beds, and tried to go to sleep. At daylight the next morning, we turned out and breakfasted on a most delicious scouse and Scotch coffee, after which we made a move for the summit, arriving there the next day noon with weary limbs and sore feet. The ascent for the last five or six miles was very rough. The whole surface was covered with lava clinkers, much resembling those from a blacksmith's forge. We were provided with green rawhide sandals to travel over this steep, rough road; and it was no boy's play to travel it for five or six miles carrying heavy boxes of instruments, pieces of the portable house, and provisions. But Jack before the mast carried the whole lot to the summit, singing, laughing, and joking as if on a picnic party. Place the sailor in any situation you will, you cannot deprive him of his mirth and gayety.
The commodore having selected a suitable place, we pitched our camp, satisfied the inner man the best we could, spun several yarns, then turned in.
The next morning the sun rose clear and bright. and everything was tranquil. After an early breakfast we erected the portable houses, and the instruments were put up and the pendulum set in motion. We then commenced to build a wall as high as we could reach, with the lava clinkers around the whole camp to protect the houses from the force of the wind, the commodore and officers working with us and as hard as the best of us.
A number of stations had been established on the route down to the ship, so we heard from her every few days.
The summit of this mountain is nearly fifteen thousand feet above the level of the sea. Old Tom Piner used to tell us that we were then as near to heaven as we ever would be unless we mended our ways. My prospects of a berth in that port are much brighter today than they were then.
There are four craters on the summit of Mauna Loa, but they are nearly or quite inactive. We descended into one of them and traveled over it for a distance of two miles. As we had looked into it from the brim, the bottom had appeared smooth and even, but after having descended, we found it filled with heaps of clinkers and massive blocks of lava. Little patches of beautiful snow, which had drifted into the crevices, formed a striking contrast to the dark lava. One crevasse sent forth hot dust or ashes. From others hot steam rushed, sometimes with a loud and hissing sound, like that of a locomotive. After collecting many specimens, we about ship and stood for the camp. The east side of the mountain was one vast plain of unbroken lava which had at some time flowed from one of the craters. It was dazzling to the eyes to behold it, resembling, as it were, a limitless sheet of bronze radiating all the colors of the rainbow from its burnished surface. The vast dome, which is the summit of Mauna Loa, is about twenty miles broad.
We made the camp at two bells - five o'clock; at six o'clock had our usual supper of hardtack and boiled tea, our dessert consisting of bananas. The dog watch was spent in smoking, mending our sandals, singing, and spinning yarns.
Standing on the summit of this mountain and viewing the scene before me, I was reminded of the expression of an old lady when carried for the first time to the top of a mountain. Looking all around and seeing hill and valley, village and river beneath her, the good old lady raised her hands and exclaimed, "Good Lord a massy, wall I declare to gracious what a big world it is, after all!"
During our stay of three weeks above the clouds, we were exposed to many hardships, the weather being as changeable as off Cape Horn. At times the winds were cold and boisterous, and the thermometer often dropped to eighteen below. The pelting rain, the driving snowstorms, and the furious blasts laden with hail and sleet would come howling and whistling over the frightful chasms and craggy peaks so suddenly and with such force that it reminded us of our sojourn in the frozen regions of the Antarctic. Jack before the mast did not expect to fall in with such weather within the tropics.
It was interesting to watch the various movements of the clouds floating below us, with the horizon above them. At times they would be seen, as it were, resting on the sides of the mountain, some looking a dark indigo color, others white as the purest snow, others resembling huge bunches of fleecy wool, while the sky above was of the deepest blue. Some, floating by, would graze the base of the mountain and leave traces of snow. The stars looked very near and large. As the sun arose, it seemed as if it were rolling over towards us.
This night was like most of the nights we experienced while on the mountain: very stormy and cold, the temperature being down to sixteen below. I will not say that I never saw it blow so hard, but I never saw it blow any harder. For fear of some damage to the Instruments, we were ordered to turn out and take them down. We had no sooner got them stowed away snug in their cases than our camp was struck by a terrific hurricane which raised the roof of the pendulum house high into the air and scattered its fragments on the sides of the mountain. The other house was demolished and several valuable Instruments badly injured. Pieces of canvas from our tents, spread out as big as tablecloths, might be seen floating in the air. The wind was so violent that it was impossible to keep our footing, l so we laid down and clung closely to the side of the mountain. Amidst all this Jack had his jokes, you may be sure. You might hear one sing out, "I say old gruffy, my lad, did you ever fall in with anything like this off Cape Cod?" "No, my hearty. It even beats Cape Horn." Another would shout, "I’ve seen it blowing like blue blazes, but this is a regular old blowhard, hard enough to blow Yankee Doodle on a frying pan."
"Silence fore and aft!" sings out old Tom Pines. "You never knew anything about its blowing abovs the mastheads. Just heave to until all hands are called up higher; then you will find that you cannotl weather the gale even by lying down to it."
At two o'clock the gale abated; at daylight everything was as serene as a morning in the tropics.
At sunrise we were astonished to behold the Star-Spangled Banner still proudly waving far above this scene of desolation, on the brim of one of the craters.
I feel proud to know that my country's flag, the broad stripes and bright stars, has been borne by brave men, north, south, east, and west, and waved to the breeze in as high an altitude as the flag of any other nation.
Pendulum Peak, January, 1841, U.S. Ex. Ex. having been cut in the lava within our village, we picked up the remnants of the camp and were all glad to bid adieu to the bleak and dreary summit of Mauna Loa.
Twenty Years before the Mast
Boston 1890; Reprint 2006 | <urn:uuid:700d1608-3ebd-4b54-b787-eb4728168b09> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | http://www.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de/index.php/artikel/1197-s-1841-erskine-mauna-loa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030338213.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007143842-20221007173842-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.982965 | 3,672 | 3.421875 | 3 |
The Earth's epidermis under the microscope
To be sure that a soil can play a productive role (in terms of agriculture, sylviculture, etc.) and that it can fulfil its ecological functions, it is not enough that it be undamaged by any form of pollution. In addition, the soil needs to be of good biological quality and to show signs that it will remain so in the long term. Specific indicators are required to evaluate this ability.
These indicators are often overlooked. Life on Earth would be impossible without the soil. Without this highly complex mineral and organic layer which is perpetually reorganised, and which is often rich in water, gas and living organisms, the biosphere would not be what it is. Plant life binds itself to the soil, so that it can draw the required nutrients for growth. In this intermediary place between rocks and the atmosphere, carbon is stored, organic matter is decomposed and the bio-geochemical cycle of the elements takes place: nitrogen, potassium, carbon, etc. Finally, the soil is an important reservoir for biodiversity and particularly for micro-organisms: in addition to a significant number of protozoa and fungi, it can contain nearly 10 billion bacteria per gram!
Despite the significance of this for human activity, it wasn't until the 1980s that various European countries began to put legislation into place aiming to protect this natural resource. According to 2006-2007 Etat de l'environnement wallon (State of the Walloon Environment) figures, the European Union covers at least 50 million hectares of soils which are damaged in various ways, including through erosion, salinisation, reduction in organic matter, compression, impermeabilisation, and of course impoverished biodiversity. The financial cost of this damage is enormous: estimates for the European Union, which vary according to the method adopted, range from 8 to 40 billion euro per year! The fact is that a soil which has been compacted by cattle, impoverished in organic material or regularly flooded no longer offers the same potential protection. As for the most severe forms of degradation (industrial pollution, for example), this can render soil unfit for any kind of human use for several years.
In 2009, the Service Public de Wallonie (SPW, Department for Soil and Waste) asked the Microbial and Plant Ecology Laboratory at the University of Liège to conduct research to identify biological indicators of soil quality which were most relevant for the Walloon region. Like other parts of the European Union, the Walloon region is bound by a wide range of increasingly comprehensive legislation, largely emanating from Europe. The aim of this legislation is to sustainably support biological productivity, but also to maintain the quality of the environment in the long term and to promote healthy animal and plant life. However, although physics and chemistry are essential, they are insufficient alone to characterise the modifications which the soil undergoes. Soil which is perfectly de-polluted, for example, does not necessarily provide the ideal conditions for life to develop and to contribute to plant production. "Organisms in the soil play an essential role in how the soil functions" explains Monique Carnol, head of the Laboratory. "They break down organic matter which, once mineralised, provides nutritional elements. Soil organisms also play an important role in terms of soil structure." | <urn:uuid:6334aeb7-3e02-451b-9080-e21513fff7d1> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://reflexions.ulg.ac.be/cms/c_36002/en/the-earth-s-epidermis-under-the-microscope | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190134.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00010-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942156 | 674 | 3.796875 | 4 |
The biggest surprise new mothers have with new babies is the variety of poop colors they encounter. Colors can change within days of having baby home and new colors can appear depending on whether you are breastfeeding or using formula.
NORMAL POOP COLORS
Greenish Black Poop
You should only see this tar-like poop when your newborn is 2-4 days old. It is called meconium. It will seem thick and sticky, almost like motor oil. After 4 days you should start to see the poop color transition towards yellow. This is good news. Your baby is starting to digest breast milk or formula.
Mustard Yellow Poop
This is the most common color for breast-fed babies. You may see specks of white “seeds” sprinkled in the poop. These are partially digested milk solids and are completely normal.
Hummus Brown Poop
This is only slightly darker than the mustard yellow poop and more common among formula-fed babies. You might see some white “seeds” in this version too. These are also partially digested milk solids and are completely normal.
Dirt Brown Poop
As your baby gets older and you have transitioned to baby food, the poop will get even darker to a brownish color.
Chalky White Poop
When poop is white, it usually means your baby is not producing enough bile. You will want to call your doctor right away if you see this one.
Raspberry Red Poop
This is also a warning color. If your baby hasn’t been a on a steady diet of beets, cranberries and tomatoes, this could be a serious intestinal problem and you should call your doctor right away.
If your baby is more than 5 days old and still producing black tar-like poop it could indicate your baby is having digestive issues. Call your doctor right away. | <urn:uuid:8329ff05-4b77-44f8-8fe1-375099a0889c> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | http://dev.stellarhw.com/4-normal-poop-colors-for-your-new-baby-and-3-warning-colors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335124.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928051515-20220928081515-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.934201 | 397 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Iron is an essential mineral for human health. It’s an integral part of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying portion of red blood cells, and the oxygen-storing molecule, myoglobin, found in muscles. Iron also helps the body make ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy source for most metabolic functions.
Low iron levels can result in anemia, a condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells and low hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. With fewer red blood cells circulating and less hemoglobin available, less oxygen is available for the brain and other organs and tissues.
People with iron-deficiency anemia may complain of
Fatigue is one of the first symptoms that shows up in people with iron-deficiency anemia, but people who have low iron levels without overt anemia may also become excessively tired.
The study assessed the effects of iron supplementation in nonanemic 18-to-53-year-old women with borderline-low iron stores who complained of fatigue. The women were assigned to take 80 mg of elemental iron or placebo for 12 weeks.
“Iron deficiency may be an under-recognized cause of fatigue in women of child-bearing age,” commented the researchers, pointing out that identifying iron deficiency as a potential cause of fatigue may “reduce the unnecessary use of health care resources, including inappropriate pharmacologic treatments.”
Low iron levels can stem from two main sources—blood loss and not getting enough in the diet. The most common cause of iron-deficiency anemia in premenopausal women is excessive menstrual blood loss. Iron deficiency can also be a sign of other more serious conditions. A doctor can help pinpoint the source of the problem—and while eating an iron-rich diet (see tips that follow) is good for most people, it’s important not to supplement iron unless you know you are deficient as a small number of people may not be able to eliminate iron, resulting in toxic amounts.
|Cold and Flu|
|Hair, Skin, Nails| | <urn:uuid:d987b14e-8a65-4082-942e-046b9ef33e84> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.naturalfrontiermarket.net/promog/ConditionCenter.asp?ConditionID=31&ArticleID=1005&StoreID=74FDC012E8D140618EB6B4C6234A2B79 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323801.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628204133-20170628224133-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.871053 | 430 | 3.515625 | 4 |
As each student comes into the room, I have him/her draw a popsicle stick from my "kids-in-a-can" cup that has a stick with each students name on it. If they draw their own name or someone already teamed, I just keep that stick out and have them draw again. I remind them that if they can't agree on an answer, they may opt to each write and sign their own response, but that my expectation is that they will find collaboration the best way to work!
I distribute the Probability Unit Assessment and tell my students that they have the rest of this period to complete it. (MP1, MP2, MP4, MP6) While they are working I walk around offering encouragement and assistance as needed. Some teams will struggle with writing things out and for them I make the suggestion that they talk to each other quietly first and just jot down notes about what's being said, then rewrite those notes into complete sentences. I tell them when there are only five minutes left in class so they can finish up if they're not already done.
I know that team testing is not the easiest to administer or assess because as teachers we most often measure progress of individual students or classes. I've found that by the time this assessment is given I already have a pretty good idea about individual strengths and weaknesses. This is more about helping my students build their collaborative skills, something they will definitely need in the real world, as discussed in my video. If I have team lessons but assess individually it sends the message that when crunch time comes it's really not about working together and that's not what I want my students to learn. | <urn:uuid:dad3f067-5777-4b91-9673-11c2d6331e87> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://betterlesson.com/lesson/551231/show-time?from=cc_lesson | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487582767.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210612103920-20210612133920-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.981434 | 339 | 3.28125 | 3 |
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