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A Texas A&M AgriLife Research study has led to the discovery of the first curative and preventive bacteriophage treatment against the pathogen Xylella fastidiosa, which causes the deadly Pierce’s disease in grapevines.
A bacteriophage therapy is a precision treatment of bacterial infections that use viruses that only infect and kill the bacterium. Bacteriophages are considered a promising alternative to antibiotics for treating infections in humans, animals and plants.
The work to develop a bacteriophage treatment for Pierce’s disease was led by Carlos Gonzalez, Ph.D., Texas A&M College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology professor, and member of the Texas A&M AgriLife Center for Phage Technology in collaboration with Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
The treatment has been approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA, with the commercial name XylPhi-PD, is registered with the California Department of Pesticide Regulation, CDPR, and is approved for use in organic production by the Organic Materials Review Institute, OMRI. The product is now marketed in the U.S. by Otsuka subsidiary A&P Inphatec, LLC.
“The development of this first-ever bacteriophage treatment for Pierce’s disease is a significant step for the agricultural industry,” Gonzalez said. “We’ve proven that we’re able to develop a treatment, manufacture the product and put it into large-scale production, and develop it to a point where it’s been approved by the EPA as a treatment for Pierce’s disease.”
About Pierce’s disease
Pierce’s disease is a problem in vineyards across the U.S. and parts of Europe.
Insects such as sharpshooters, which feed on the sap of grapevines, infect the plant with the pathogen and spread the disease vine-to-vine. In warm and arid climates in places like California, Pierce’s disease spreads efficiently, causing large-scale damage.
XylPhi-PD is an injectable treatment that targets the disease from within the plant’s vascular system, helping to cure the infected grapevine and stopping the spread to surrounding vines.
Curating an organic treatment
Otsuka Pharmaceutical partnered with AgriLife Research in 2010 to develop a bacteriophage treatment for Pierce’s disease.
“Developing a bacteriophage treatment was ideal because it’s an organic remedy that works to cure the plant from within — rather than a pesticide that’s meant to kill insects that vector the pathogen,” Gonzalez said.
Although insecticides can be used to control the insect vectors that spread the disease, these substances can have deleterious effects on non-target beneficial insects such as honeybees.
Future applications for bacteriophage treatments
The Texas A&M Center of Phage Technology is researching bacteriophage therapies for foodborne illnesses and antibiotic resistant infections, in animals and humans.
“As humans are faced with antibiotic resistance, we’re looking for alternative therapies, and phages are among the most promising emerging technologies in medicine,” Gonzalez said. “Bacteriophage therapies will also have a major impact on agricultural sustainability, as they’ll allow us to implement more ethical practices and growing techniques that are good for the plant and the environment.”
- A virtual field day was held in Northern California at the end of the 2020 crop season to share important efficacy data at leading vineyards. After two seasons of use, XylPhi-PD reduced Pierce’s disease by almost 60% in high-disease-pressure vineyards.
- Since the release of the discovery, Gonzalez has spoken at the Enoforum USA meeting for recent advancements and innovations in the wine and grape industry. | <urn:uuid:24d7346e-4dce-4538-a2ba-fcd948c565c9> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://agrilifetoday.tamu.edu/2021/05/28/texas-am-agrilife-research-develops-bacteriophage-treatment-for-pierces-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337432.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003200326-20221003230326-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.930443 | 834 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Squiggle Class Pack
Get everything you need to Squiggle in your class in one pack at a lower price!
This pack includes:
30 x Flipper Flappers
1 x Squiggle 2.0 Book
What is Squiggle Whilst we Wiggle?
Squiggle uses neurological and physiological movements to create marks. The ‘how to Squiggle’ is beautiful in its fun and simplicity.
Squiggle can be done whole class, in smaller groups or even as a writing intervention. This is the updated version of Shonette’s original Squiggle Whilst you Wiggle.
Newly published our Squiggle 2.0 approach is the way.
What are Flipper Flappers?
An essential part of Squiggle Whilst you Wiggle and Making Maths Magic – we are now taking orders for handcrafted Flipper Flappers.
Flipper Flappers – Pairs to make Squiggle and Maths time more impacting on memory as they work both sides of the brain.
Priced at per 30 pairs (plus VAT and FREE POSTAGE | <urn:uuid:7eb47759-35d2-4913-9079-2db34e4da8f5> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.spreadthehappiness.co.uk/shop/squiggle-class-pack/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585196.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018031901-20211018061901-00515.warc.gz | en | 0.895353 | 220 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The aims of this research was to work with communities, businesses and the government to identify the uses, values and benefits of three of Australia’s tropical rivers and to quantify some of them in dollar terms so that their extent and importance could be accounted for in decision making. The project examined how the uses, values and benefits of the river have changed through time so that we are able to learn from history about how some potential development actions may impact on future uses, values and benefits.
Straton AT, Jackson S, Marinoni O, et al. 2011. Exploring and Evaluating Scenarios for a River Catchment in Northern Australia Using Scenario Development, Multi-criteria Analysis and a Deliberative Process as a Tool for Water Planning. Water Resources Management 25: 141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-010-9691-z
Zander KK & Straton A. 2010. An economic assessment of the value of tropical river ecosystem services: Heterogeneous preferences among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians. Ecological Economics. 69.12:2417-2426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.07.010
Zander KK, Garnett ST, & Straton A. 2010. Trade-offs between development, culture and conservation – Willingness to pay for tropical river management among urban Australians. Journal of Environmental Management. 91.12:2519-2528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.07.012.
The project was led by Anna Straton from the CSIRO. | <urn:uuid:b113002f-85a6-4473-b3ec-712b6a2113c9> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://nesplandscapes.edu.au/projects/track/economic-value-rivers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945368.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325161021-20230325191021-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.87562 | 346 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Thallus: crustose, placodioid, continuous, forming rosettes, usually 1-3 cm in diam., sometimes confluent and up to 6 cm wide, effigurate lobes: radiating, but sometimes irregular, discrete or confluent; lobe tips: usually rotund or ±truncate, eciliate upper surface: whitish gray to glaucous gray, leaden to bluish gray, ±plane to convex or concave towards the periphery, shiny or dull, usually epruinose, but often pruinose at the blackish lobe tips; with soralia that develop from small bulges on the thalline surface, finally bursting and forming a crateriform soralium with bluish gray soredia upper cortex: pseudoparenchymatous, formed by vertically arranged hyphae, filled with many minute crystals not dissolving in K, 15-30 µm thick medulla: usually white or faintly yellow to mustard colored, lax, formed from loosely interwoven 4-5 µm thick hyphae, 150-300 µm thick lower cortex: absent lower surface: usually pale tan to pink, attached by medullary hyphae, without rhizines, cyphellae, pseudocyphellae or tomentum Apothecia: orbicular, first covered by the thallus, later sessile, up to 1 mm in diam., lecideine (without a thalline margin), laminal on thallus disc: black or brown-black, epruinose epihymenium: granular, brown-black, K-; hypothecium: generally brown or brown-black asci: lecanoral, apex wall layers thickened, apex I+ blue, with distinct axial body, 8-spored ascospores: brown, one-septate, thick-walled, intermediate type between mischoblastiomorphic and Physcia-type, ellipsoid, 9-15 x 4-8 µm Pycnidia: laminal, when fully developed immersed in the thallus conidia: colorless, simple, ±bacilliform, formed acrogenously, conidiophore-type V (Vobis 1980), 4-5 µm long, 0.8-1 µm wide Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla: K-, C-, KC-, P- Secondary metabolites: upper cortex atranorin (often accompanied by chloroatranorin); medulla with diploicin (major), dechlorodiploicin (minor), isofulgidin (minor), dechloro-O-methyldiploicin (minor or trace), buellolide (minor), canesolide (minor or trace), and secalonic acids A, B and C (minor or trace). Substrate and ecology: mostly on bark and wood; also on rock walls, acidic and calcareous rocks in nutrient-enriched sheltered as well as open, coastal habitats in areas with frequent fogs World distribution: predominately Atlantic-subatlantic temperate Europe, Mediterranean region, Africa, Hawaii, Australasia, Japan, and western North America Sonoran distribution: coastal areas of southern California, Baja California, Baja California Sur and Sonora. Notes: While all specimens were tested by TLC and atranorin, diploicin and dechlorodiploicin were readily identified, a random selection of specimens growing on bark as well as on rocks from various parts of the Sonoran region were analysed by HPLC. In addition to the lichen products mentioned above, chloroatranorin, isofulgidin, dechloroO-methyldiploicin, buellolide, canesolide, secalonic acid A, B and C were detected. Specimens with this chemistry had been described as D. canescens ssp. australasica Elix & Lumbsch. | <urn:uuid:c9fb3c99-11cd-462e-9799-6cc00dc538ef> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://lichenportal.org/portal/taxa/index.php?taxauthid=1&taxon=55023&cl=1031 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886739.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116204303-20180116224303-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.865191 | 859 | 2.75 | 3 |
|Welcome to www.donamon.net|
The Donamon area of County Roscommon in Ireland has long been associated with the descendants of Irish kings who had names which were composites of the two Celtic words "fionn" (meaning fair), and "sneachta" (meaning snow).
According to The Annals of The Four Masters, one such king (the earliest they mention) was named Finnachta, and he ruled Ireland during the twenty year period between 1277 to 1257 BC.
Finnachta (according to The Four Masters) was the son of a much more famous King of Ireland named Ollamh Fodhla - who was perhaps the most famous of all Irish kings. In fact, Ollamh Fodhla appears to have been one of the most famous kings of all time: as leading Internet search engines will testify.
Names based on the words "fionn" and "sneachta" now appear in several different forms in both the Irish and English languages.
Such family names are believed to include ALL of the following:
O' Fionnachta, fiannachta, Finnerty, O'Finnerty, O'Finaghty, Finaghty, O'Fenaghty, Fenaughty, Finaughity, Feenaghty, Fennaghty, Fennaughty, O'Finnaughty, Finerty, Finnearty, O'Finnearty, Finnarty, Fennerty, Fenerty, Fenety, Fenarty, and Finnesty. (Please note: it is very likely that there are several other slightly different variations not included here.)
In addition, there is reason to believe that some (at least) of the people with the surnames Fenton, Snow, and possibly White and Whitehead as well, are also members of the "Fionn-Sneachta" group.
On June 26th 2003 there will be a gathering of people associated with the Fionn-Sneachta name (either directly or through marriage) at Donamon Castle. It is hoped that it will be the FIRST OF SEVERAL such gatherings in modern times.
According to one report, the last significant "O'Finnaughty" Gathering at Donamon took place in 1170.
This web site has been set up to help prepare for the June 26th 2003 Gathering. Assuming all goes well, it may also me used to commemorate the event in future years.
Further information - including some help for people requiring accommodation in the area - can be found at the "Kilbegnet" web site address provided below.
Did you know?
Three Kings of Ireland were Finnertys;
There were provincial Finnerty Kings of Ulster, Connacht, and Leinster;
Over 40 Finnertys were sub-Kings and Lords;
One Saint of Iona [the Isle of Saints] was a Finnerty;
Many religious sites in Ireland are named Finnerty;
There were numerous Bishops and Abbots named Finnerty;
and that there were Finnerty Lords in nearly every county in Ireland.
Like to find out more? If so, please come along to the O'Finnerty Seminar on June 24th 2003 (1pm to 4pm) at the C.S. Parnell Heritage Centre in Creggs - which is just a few miles from Donamon Castle.
The Seminar will be conducted by Lt. Col. Richard Finnerty (USAF ret.) of Honolulu, Hawaii.
|| Donamon.Net | County Roscommon | Republic of Ireland || | <urn:uuid:4b301cad-5f32-44e5-90a8-b9fa99a07374> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://donamon.net/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186841.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00179-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959756 | 767 | 2.625 | 3 |
Welcome to the Philosophy Research Guide
This guide is designed to assist you in locating resources such as books, videos, articles, websites for use in the study of Philosophy. Start your research by clicking on the information tabs below. Information on the study of Ethics can be found here.
Everything is on the Internet, right? No.
Contrary to popular opinion, there are millions of books and articles whose content is not freely available on the open web.
As we all know the Internet contains an incredible amount of useful information. Conversely, it also has a lot of information that is not credible, reliable or well-informed. Some information on the web are blatant lies, or half-truths published in order to support a particular belief or opinion. (For more information on learning how to distinguish the good, bad and ugly on the Internet, see The CRAP Test.
Using resources available through the Library will save you time and frustration, and undoubtedly will lead you to producing higher-quality work.
Types of Resources:
Use reference materials, such as encyclopedias and dictionaries to get background information and a basic understanding of your topic.
Book & Journal Articles:
Books and journal articles provide a more focused examination of the topic. Again, most books and articles found in the Library's databases are written by experts.
Use the COD Library's book catalog to find books & videos. Click on the "keyword" tab to search using multiple search terms and limit your results by material type (book, video), date, or language. You'll need a current library card to check out books.
Most books in these collections can also be located and accessed by searching in the Library's book catalog.
Collection contains several books on Philosophy. Many e-books can be viewed from your computer or downloaded to your e-book reader. You need to create an account to download e-books to your device.
- EBSCO e-book collection
Find 100s of Philosophy-related books . NOTE: Books can be viewed by single page on a computer, or, can be downloaded to an e-book reader. You'll be prompted to create an EBSCO account. The loan period for e-books is four hours. Books can be renewed after the initial loan period expires.
- Humanities (ACLS) E-book Collection
This resource includes over 1500 full-text, cross-searchable books in the humanities selected by scholars for their continuing importance for research and teaching. Pages from this collection can be printed and emailed.
Project Gutenberg E-books
Project Gutenberg provides access to a number of primary and secondary-source philosophy e-books. Many can be read online or downloaded to e-book readers.
Reference works, such as dictionaries and encyclopedias are useful for learning about background information on a topic, as well as how philosophers have interpreted and understood a topic and its evolution.
Please note that print reference books may be used while in the library only. Online reference books may be accessed from any on or off-campus computer. You'll need a library card to access online books and articles from off-campus.
Click on the links below to access the online book/website or record/description of the print book.
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy e-book
- Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy e-book
- Credo Reference
A collection of hundreds of reference sources covering many subject areas
- Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names
This is a concise guide to technical terms and personal names often encountered in the study of philosophy.
- Encyclopedia of Philosophy - e-book
Reference B51 .E53 2006 vos.1-10
- The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy is a volunteer work of over 300 scholars in Philosophy. The Encyclopedia is peer-reviewed by a panel of 30 editors who are experts in the field
- Oxford Companion to Philosophy - e-book
- Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy - ebook
- Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Reference B51 .R68 1998
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Articles in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy are written by scholars of Philosophy and reviewed by an editorial board comprised of experts in the field. Excellent source for gaining background information on topics in Philosophy.
- World Philosophers and Their Works
Reference B104 .W67 2000
The Library owns many Philosophy-related films in DVD, VHS and streaming formats. Search the library catalog by keyword or subject term. We have a wide range of Philosophy-related films available for checkout and online streaming.
The Library subscribes to many databases that provide access to thousands of popular and credible, scholarly journals. Many databases provide access to full-text articles, while some provide information about the article only (citation). Request (for free!) through Interlibrary Loan copies of articles to which the Library doesn't have full-text access.
Databases are organized collections of information that you can search on a variety of fields, like title and author's name. iTunes is a database and so is Amazon. Even your contacts list in your phone is a type of mini database. The Library has databases of articles from newspapers, magazines and journals. We also have databases of streaming videos, music and e-books. The difference between our databases and iTunes or Amazon is that our stuff is free for you to use. You can browse the library's databases here: http://codlrc.org/databases
Databases - Best Bets
- Academic Search Complete
- Academic OneFile
- Project MUSE
- Issues and Controversies
- CQ Researcher
Multidisciplinary database covering a wide range of academic areas.
Multidisciplinary database covering a wide range of academic areas.
Excellent source for credible scholarly, peer-reviewed articles. Articles in database were published between the early 1700s and between 1-5 years ago.
Project MUSE offers full-text current and archival articles from 500+ scholarly journals from major university presses covering literature and criticism, history, performing arts, cultural studies, education, philosophy, political science, gender studies, and more. Updated continually.
Issues and Controversies helps students understand crucial issues we face today, exploring more than 800 hot topics in business, politics, government, education, and popular culture.
The CQ Researcher offers in-depth, non-biased coverage of today's most important issues. Each report is on a single topic more than 12,000 words in text and extensive bibliographies. Each weekly issue provides up-to-date information on controversial subjects reported by CQ's staff of experienced reporters.
PhilPapers is an online collection of scholarly materials on philosophy topics. This resource includes articles and reviews from 350 journals. Users can try locating full-text articles using Google Scholar or request articles through Interlibrary Loan.
- American Philosophical Association
The American Philosophical Association, founded in 1900 is the premiere philosophical professional association. A number of useful resources are located under Web Resources, including Electronic Texts, Guides to Philosophy, Journals (note not all journals are available in full-text, please contact a librarian for assistance).
AskPhilosophers is a website where the public is invited to submit questions that are answered by philosophy faculty at colleges and universities located throughout the U.S.
- Contintental Philosophy
Complied by University of Central Florida philosophy professor Bruce B. Janz, this directory of websites provides a wide range of resources associated with various aspects of Continental Philosophy.
- Philosophy Pages
Written by philosophy professor Garth Kemerling, this site provides links to information on the Western philosophical tradition.
- Women Philosophers
Created by Kate Lindemann, this site provides links to short articles and biographies of women philosophers organized by time period.
- Philso?hy Talk
Standford University Philosophy faculty Ken Taylor and John Perry host this weekly podcast that examines a wide range of Philosophy-related issues.
- History of Philosphy - Without Any Gaps
"Peter Adamson, Professor of Ancient and Medieval Philosophy at King's College London, takes listeners through the history of Western philosophy, 'without any gaps.' Beginning with the earliest ancient thinkers, the series will look at the ideas and lives of the major philosophers (eventually covering in detail such giants as Plato, Aristotle, Avicenna, Aquinas, Descartes, and Kant) as well as the lesser-known figures of the tradition." | <urn:uuid:210d4bc9-0167-4e53-9ce0-f1327b8c8473> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://codlrc.org/philosophy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999653980/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060733-00052-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893632 | 1,738 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Kevin C. Welch, MD
Zara Patel, MD
The term "aspirin-sensitive asthma" (also known as "aspirin triad" or "Samter's Triad") is a complex medical condition that causes patients to have asthma, chronic sinusitis, and nasal polyps. Typically, patients who have aspirin-sensitive asthma cannot take aspirin or aspirin-containing products since aspirin can cause severe asthma attacks, runny nose, facial/chest/back flushing, as well as swelling in the throat or skin.
Aspirin sensitive asthma occurs in <1% of patients and is more common in women than men. Typically, patients are in their 30s when they notice the onset of this condition. Patients who have severe asthma are more likely to be aspirin sensitive than patients with mild asthma. Similarly, patients with polyps and asthma are more likely to be aspirin sensitive than are patients with just nasal polyps.
Why an individual becomes sensitive to aspirin is not completely understood. Some scientists believe that patients develop an "allergy" to aspirin; however, the allergy to aspirin is not the same as allergies to dust mites, cats, dogs, or pollen. Others believe sensitivity to aspirin results from a problem in certain chemical pathways that produce inflammatory chemicals in the body. Some believe there are genetic causes.
A thorough history and examination is required to diagnose patients with aspirin sensitivity. Patients with severe asthma, chronic sinusitis, nasal polyps and previous problems taking aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, Advil, Motrin, Aleve and drugs such as those may have aspirin sensitivity.
Unfortunately, there is no blood test that can diagnose this condition. Your immunologist or allergist may perform what is called a "provocation" test to determine if you are sensitive to aspirin. This provocation test is performed when you are given a small dose of aspirin to determine your reaction. Certain laboratory tests following the provocation may also be administered. This has to be done in a very controlled setting, so that any reaction you have can be treated appropriately.
Treatment of aspirin sensitivity begins with education and establishing a list of drugs that contain aspirin or NSAIDs. In patients with rhinosinusitis (another term for sinusitis) and nasal polyps, endoscopic sinus surgery may help certain patients whose asthma is worsened by their nasal problems. After surgery is performed, it is often helpful to perform "aspirin desensitization."
Aspirin desensitization is usually performed with oral administration of aspirin (taking aspirin by mouth). This begins at very small doses until a patient is able to tolerate 650mg of aspirin. (The typical amount in one tablet of aspirin is 325mg). The best results in some studies have been seen when patients are taking up to 1300mg daily (650mg twice daily). Some studies suggest that lower doses may be as effective.
Patients should plan the timing of aspirin desensitization carefully, as aspirin is known to have side effects of allowing patients to bleed more easily and make blood clots less effectively. If patients know they are going to need surgery (whether sinus related or not) it is better to wait until after that surgery is completed before starting desensitization. If patients who have undergone aspirin desensitization need surgery in the future, it is likely they may have to stop the aspirin to decrease bleeding risk, and then start over from the beginning once they have completed surgery.
Aspirin sensitivity is uncommon, but when present can cause significant problems for patients. Aspirin sensitivity is diagnosed by your rhinologist or allergist/immunonologist. Treatment typically involves education, sinus surgery, and aspirin desensitization. | <urn:uuid:8ecf700d-965a-4a01-ba6a-ee19205df317> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://care.american-rhinologic.org/aspirin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645310876.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031510-00190-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948619 | 773 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Difference between Over The Counter Drugs and Prescription Drugs
For people who are looking for medication to treat a specific health condition, the choice often boils down to over-the-counter drugs or prescription medications. While there are certain instances wherein only prescription medications would be the right choice, there are just as many instances wherein over-the-counter drugs work just as well. This comparison article shows the main differences between each.
One of the main differences between over the counter drugs and prescription drugs is consumer access. Prescription drugs are only given to patients via a doctor's prescription, and only licensed medical professionals can order them. Over-the-counter drugs are a lot easier to come by in comparison, and they are often even available from locations other than pharmacies. This is because prescription drugs are intended only for specific patients, and in fact it is illegal to share them with other people under any circumstances. Conversely, over-the-counter drugs can be given freely to anyone including friends and family members that are suffering from the same illness or health condition. It is important to keep in mind however that dosage and application instructions should be followed to the letter when taking over-the-counter drugs.
One other key difference between prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs is their formulation. It is important to note that prescription drugs are formulated in does that conform to an aggressive treatment procedure prescribed by a doctor. There is in fact a certain amount of risk involved in taking prescription drugs, since aside from the dosage considerations, there are also numerous possible interactions with other medications to consider. As for over-the-counter drugs, they are usually sold in doses that are deemed both safe and effective according to guidelines set by the FDA or Food and Drug Administration. In fact, over-the-counter drugs are a lot safer than prescription drugs in that they can generally be combined with other over-the-counter drugs without worrying about potential risk of overdose or adverse reaction.
Cost is another key difference between both types of medications. One factor that dictates the prices of prescription drugs is the patents held by certain formulations, which may be enforced for several years. What this means is that drug companies basically have the option to price prescription drugs as they see fit, although pricing is of course subject to approval by government regulatory bodies. Over-the-counter drugs on the other hand are usually manufactured with ingredients that have since been made public, making it possible for any manufacturer to produce them. This result is more competitive prices for over-the-counter drugs in general.
- Often available from locations other than pharmacies
- Can be given freely to anyone
- Are priced more competitively
- Are only given to patients via a doctor's prescription
- Can only be ordered by licensed medical professionals
- Intended only for specific patients
- Are usually priced according to the drug companies’ discretion | <urn:uuid:0cf95722-c6e8-4bde-a2c8-ceb1039bd0ff> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://recomparison.com/comparisons/100874/over-the-counter-drugs-vs-prescription-drugs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170700.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00556-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962114 | 579 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Cranberries provides us with an astonishing array of phytonutrients, many of which are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer health benefits. They are also an excellent source of Vitamin C, a very good source of dietary fiber, and a good source of Manganese and Vitamin K. An added disadvantage is that the juice contains a lot of added sugar.Strengthens the Immune System
Recent research has shown that, in order to get the full benefits from this fruit, you need to eat the whole fruit as only the skin and contains the bulk of the nutrients which offer us health benefits and the synergy between the various parts of the fruit afford the greatest benefit to consumers.
It is recommended to include berries at least 3-4 times per week as part of your five a day. Some nutritionists go as far as recommending that the berries are consumed on a daily basis, especially by people who are susceptible to UTIs.
Recent Research Findings
To get the full benefit from these fruits, you should not take the fruit in juice form according to World’s Healthiest Foods. They emphasize the fact that recent research has shown that “ The cranberry "presscake" - or what is left behind in terms of skins and flesh after the juice has been processed out - typically contains the bulk of the phytonutrients“. The other disadvantage is that the juice contains a lot of added sugar, which is bad for your arteries and for your general health.
Urinary Tract Protection
Recent research has shown that it is not the acidity of the berries (as was previously thought), but the unusual nature of their proanthocyanidins (PACs) that is related to prevention of Urinary Tract Infections (UITs). The structure of these PACs acts as a barrier to the bacteria which cause UTIs. Research into this has shown that this extraordinary fruit might have other benefits. The barriers to bacteria which infects the lining of the urinary tract might also extend to the stomach lining and protect against stomach ulcers
Cardiovascular and Liver Benefits
Recent studies have also shown that whole berries also offer protection to the cardiovascular system and liver. Whole berries are necessary to get the antioxidant benefits, anti-inflammatory benefits, and anti-cancer benefits of also.
Scientists have also identified the mechanisms behind the fruit's anti-cancer properties. Including the ability to trigger off programmed cell death in tumor cells. The cancer-preventive benefits are now known to extend to cancers of the breast, colon, lung, and prostate.
The Benefits of Water-Harvesting
Research has also shown that the way that the berries are grown and harvested may increase their health benefits.
Water harvesting has become a method of choice as it facilitates the gathering process. The berries are grown in bogs and then floated in the water for harvesting.
It now appears that the anthocyanin content of this fruit (the phytonutrients that give the berries their amazing red color) is increased in direct proportion to the amount of natural sunlight striking the berry. Therefore water harvesting indirectly increases the unique antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the cranberry.
(Source: Worlds Healthiest Foods)
Top of cranberries
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Today is International Widows’ Day. Adopted on February 23, 2011, International Widows’ Day serves as a global reminder of the economic, social, and health consequences that arise upon the death of a woman’s spouse. As such, International Widows’ Day creates a space for conversation on widows’ issues and encourages individuals, organizations, and governments alike to advocate for widows’ empowerment.
The Loomba Foundation, the main advocate behind the creation of International Widows’ Day, works to help widows and their children around the world. In 2012, UN Women and The Loomba Foundation launched a three-year project to empower widows through global advocacy and economic empowerment.
“No woman should lose her rights when she loses her husband – but an estimated 115 million widows live in poverty, and 81 million have suffered physical abuse. Girls [that marry] much older men are especially vulnerable. Let us use International Widows’ Day to advocate for the rights of all widows so they can enjoy better lives and realize their great potential to contribute to our world.”
~ Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon
In addition to the sexism and discrimination all women endure, widows also suffer from consequences specific to widowhood. From food security to economic stability to community social status, widows around the world suffer from a range of hardships.
FACTS ON WIDOWHOOD:
- Some widows are children or teenagers and are forced to live with the associated stigma and discrimination their entire lives.
- Over 500 million children of widows fall victim to an underworld of forced servitude, disease, homelessness, violence, and a denied education.
- More than 1.5 million children of widows will die before their fifth birthday.
- At least 245 million women around the world are widows and more than 115 million widows live in poverty.
- 81 million widows have been physically, sexually or otherwise abused – almost one-third of all widows in the world today.
- Some widows are accused of being evil, or a bad omen, or are blamed for the death of their husbands.
- Some widows are targeted for torture and even murder.
- Some widows are raped in so called ‘cleansing’ rituals.
- Some widows are forced into prostitution or remarriage, many are socially excluded and denied their rightful inheritance.
- Often rejected by their own families, millions of widows have no rights, no voice, no choice.
- Widows face double discrimination; they are women and they are widows.
“Across the world, widows suffer dreadful discrimination and abuse…it is a human rights catastrophe.” ~ Cherie Blair, President of the Loomba Foundation.
WIDOWHOOD AROUND THE WORLD:
- GHANA: The only country in the world with legislation that criminalizes acts of cruelty towards widows, including the practice of harmful customs and rituals. However, widows continue to fall victim to ‘cleansing’ rituals.
- AFGHANISTAN: The war in Afghanistan has resulted in more than 2 million Afghani widows, a country with a population of only 26.2 million.
- NEPAL: A major Nepalese belief is that, upon the husband’s death, widows become witches with dark powers. As a result, they are often highly discriminated and banned from attending public events. In 2012, a 40-year-old widow was burnt alive after accusations of witchcraft.
- Countries with the highest number of widows in 2010 include China (43 million), India (42.4 million), The United States (13.6 million), Indonesia (9.4 million), Japan (7.4 million), Russia (7.1 million), Brazil (5.6 million), Germany (5.1 million), and Bangladesh and Vietnam (4.7 million).
For information specifically related to how widowhood impacts food security, read my recent post on Food Tank.
Join the conversation on Twitter using #IntlWidowsDay. To learn more about the plight of widows around the world, please see the following:
- “The Mourning After.” The New York Times, 2007.
- “Widows in Poverty: Over 115 Million Widows Live in Devastating Poverty.” The Huffington Post, 2010.
- “Widowhood and armed conflict: challenges faced and strategies forward.” International Committee of the Red Cross, 1999.
- “Cambodia: Land Grant Gives Widow Hope to Escape Poverty.” The World Bank, 2011.
- PHOTOS: “The Shocking Indignities Widows Face.” The Daily Beast, 2010. | <urn:uuid:3db5afcb-ed3f-41a2-a7f2-406d5d3dc653> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://girlsglobe.org/2013/06/23/speak-up-for-widows/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462700.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00140-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904214 | 1,007 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Most first-principles codes rely on the use of the periodic boundary condition. This goes well with bulk crystalline systems, but there are cases where one would want to simulate surface systems for, e.g., heterogeneous catalysis. The usual way to go is to prepare a “slab” model as shown below.
Here, I will walk through using VESTA for the purpose of transforming a bulk t-ZrO2 model to a slab model. I also refer the reader to a nice general description on this topic here.
Let me start again with the CIF file downloaded from the Materials Project as described here. It has been reported that the (101) surface is the most stable (Phys. Rev. B 69, 045402 (2004)), so here I will focus on this surface orientation.
After the CIF is loaded, let me first visualize the (101) surface plane. Go to Edit → Lattice Planes, and click “new” in the “Add lattice planes” panel. A pink-colored plane should show up. Next, select three atoms on the (101) plane by holding the “shift” key and double clicking on the atoms. After that, click on “Calculate the best plane for the selected atoms”, and the end result should look like the following. This will be the plane that I will cleave out as the surface slab model.
The next step is to rotate the crystal axes so that the new a’ and b’ vectors are in the (101) plane and the new c’ vector points almost perpendicular to the (101) plane. To figure out the new lattice vectors, let’s expand the number of unit cells shown. Go to Objects → Boundary and set x(max), y(max), and z(max) to 3. The unit cell boundaries can be visualized by going to Object → Properties → General, and choosing “All unit cells” in the “Unit cell” panel.
Upon observing the structure, I chose the new lattice vectors to be a‘ = –a+c, b‘ = –b, and c‘ = 2a+c. There are many other possibilities, but make sure to choose a right-handed coordinate system.
Go to Edit→Edit Data→Unit cell, then click on “Remove symmetry“. Next, click on “Transform…”, type in the rotation matrix elements and click Ok:
VESTA then asks how to convert the structure, so choose “Search atoms in the new unit-cell…”. Click “Apply” and the result should look something like this:
Next, to make some margin for cutting the surface out, I want to extend the supercell in the c direction. Go again to Edit → Edit Data → Transform, click “initialize current matrix“, and set the P33 matrix element to 2.
Now I need to consider where to cleave the surface. The most energetically favorable way to cut the (101) surface has been shown to be in neutral units of (O-Zr-O) layers (Phys. Rev. B 69, 045402 (2004)), so I choose the positions shown in the following figure:
The atoms outside of the region sandwiched by dashed lines need to be removed. Go to Edit → Edit Data → Structure parameters. Click on “z” to order the atoms by their z coordinate in ascending order. Click “OK”, then reopen the Structure parameters window (this redundant step is necessary to avoid a bug that is present in VESTA 3.4.4 Mac OS X version and possibly others). Carefully delete the unnecessary layers (z < 0.08 and z > 0.75).
The final step involves introducing a thicker vacuum to avoid cross-talk between adjacent slabs during the simulation. Also, most first-principles codes require the c-axis to be orthogonal to the other axes in order to cancel dipole interactions between adjacent slabs.
I could not find a way to get this done in VESTA. To work around this, I export this data as VASP POSCAR file by going to File → Export Data and choosing VASP as the file type. VESTA asks whether to save the coordinates as fractional coordinates or cartesian coordinates. Be careful to choose cartesian. I open the file in a text editor, and edit the line corresponding to the c vector. In this case, I set c = (0, 0, 30).
Save the POSCAR file, then reopen it in VESTA. The end result should look like this. | <urn:uuid:7d738f0e-01bd-4735-8c69-e644d1fd8014> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://ma.issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/app-post/1668?appid=701 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.894331 | 993 | 2.6875 | 3 |
by: Sherry Baker, Health Sciences Editor
(NaturalNews) With less time spent outdoors and the constant use of sunscreen by many, vitamin D levels are decreasing in many populations. Meanwhile, the number of cavities in children's teeth has gone up. Is there a connection? A new review of multiple studies of dental caries, or tooth decay, and vitamin D indicates the answer is yes. In fact, studies of kids in many countries link vitamin D intake to a whopping 50 percent reduction in cavities.
The review, just published in the journal Nutrition Reviews, covers 24 controlled clinical trials involving about 3,000 kids and spans the years from the 1920s to the 1980s. The trials studied increased vitamin D levels in children by using supplemental UV radiation or by supplementing the children's diets with cod-liver oil or vitamin D supplements. "My main goal was to summarize the clinical trial database so that we could take a fresh look at this vitamin D question," Dr. Philippe Hujoel of the University of Washington, who conducted the review, said in a media statement.
This is not the first time vitamin D was thought to stop cavities. Back in 1950, the American Medical Association and the U.S. National Research Council concluded vitamin D was beneficial in reducing dental caries. However, the American Dental Association (the powerful professional and lobbying group of dentists) fought this conclusion and the information about vitamin D reducing cavities basically disappeared -- while dentists aggressively promoted expensive fluoride treatments and continued to drill teeth and fill more and more cavities .
"Such inconsistent conclusions by different organizations do not make much sense from an evidence-based perspective," Hujoel stated.
Hujoel's findings may not make some dentists happy but medical professionals and scientists who are familiar with past vitamin D studies aren't surprised. Dr. Michael Hollick, professor of medicine at the Boston University Medical Center, said in a press statement that "the findings from the University of Washington reaffirm the importance of vitamin D fordental health..children who are vitamin D deficient have poor and delayed teeth eruption and are prone to dental caries."
Dr. Hujoel's take away message from his review is this advice for pregnant women or young mothers: realize that vitamin D is essential to your offspring's health. "Vitamin D does lead to teeth and bones that are better mineralized," he concluded.
As Natural News has covered extensively, vitamin D deficiency may well be a huge factor in many diseases and conditions that have increased over the years as sunlight exposure has decreased. For example, studies have linked a lack of the vitamin to breast cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and heart disease risk.
About the author:
Sherry Baker is a widely published writer whose work has appeared in Newsweek, Health, the Atlanta Journal and Constitution, Yoga Journal, Optometry, Atlanta, Arthritis Today, Natural Healing Newsletter, OMNI, UCLA's "Healthy Years" newsletter, Mount Sinai School of Medicine's "Focus on Health Aging" newsletter, the Cleveland Clinic's "Men's Health Advisor" newsletter and many others.
Article originally posted at:
The content of this website is provided for general informational purposes only and is not intended as, nor should it be considered a substitute for, professional medical advice. Do not use the information on this website for diagnosing or treating any medical or health condition. If you have or suspect you have a medical problem, promptly contact your professional healthcare provider.
Dr JPB Prinsloo is the oldest Homoeopathic Practice in South Africa.
The Practice was established in 1956.
To learn more about homeopathic infertility treatment visit: | <urn:uuid:852e53f2-9c93-4f2d-ad96-7d3bedd52a3d> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://drjpprinsloo.blogspot.com/2012/12/vitamin-d-cuts-cavities-in-half.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807146.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124070019-20171124090019-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.925885 | 747 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The Role of Pressure in the Formation of the Egersund Dolerites from SW Norway and Their Applications to Terrestrial and Martian Magmatism
Creators:Hopkins, Thomas C.
Advisor:Noltimier, Hallan C.
MetadataShow full item record
Publisher:The Ohio State University
Series/Report no.:The Ohio State University. Department of Geological Sciences Honors Theses; 1996
The Egersund Dolerites intruded into southwest Norway between 600 and 700 Ma BP, in what is believed to be an extensional tectonic setting. The dikes consist of olivine tholeiites, tholeiites, and trachy basalts and are likely to have been continental flood basalt (CFB) feeder dikes. Mineralogical and chemical evidence suggest evolution at a pressure corresponding to a depth of 27-33 km with minimal fractional crystallization on ascent. This interpretation is based on a comparison of chilled margin glass and bulk rock compositions with experimental data, ratios of Al^VI /Al^IV in pyroxenes in the groundmass, a foreign gabbro rock fragment, and melt inclusions, and feldspar composition of the megacrysts, groundmass, and melt inclusions. Most continental flood basalts have undergone extensive low pressure (1 Atm) evolution before eruption, erasing chemical evidence for earlier high pressure fractionation, that occurs at the base of the crust. Low pressure evolution had little effect on the Egersund dolerite composition, and thus they represent an unique opportunity to study the early stage of evolution of CFBs. Olivine phenocrysts in the Egersund dikes contain spherical melt inclusions with an unusual Ti-rich amphibole inside called kaersutite. The occurrence of kaersutite in melt inclusions is limited to one other terrestrial cumulate, and to the SNC (shergottites, nakhlites, and the Chassigny) meteorites (presumably of Martian origin). The latter occurrence suggests that the Egersund dolerites can possibly serve as a terrestrial analog for Martian magmatism. Bulk compositions of the SN Cs were plotted on the diospside-olivine-silica triangle, and pyroxenes inside the meteorites and melt inclusions were analyzed for Al^VI /Al^IV. Bulk rock composition plots along the trend for evolution at low pressure (1 Atm), and the partitioning of Al between the VI and IV fold coordination sites suggests a low pressure of crystallization. From this, it is plausible to conclude that Martian magmatism involves large scale low pressure fractionation leading to eruption of large volumes of homogenous magma.
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The number one reason why guppies stay in the corner of the aquarium is that the guppy fish are stressed. When stressed, guppies can huddle in a corner, stay at the bottom, or float at the top of the tank and stay completely still.
Reason Why Guppies Stay in the Corner of Tank
- Moving to a new habitat.
- Poor water temperature. A heater is good to keep temperatures steady.
- Small or overcrowded aquarium.
- Lack of plants and hiding places.
- Aggressive tank mates.
- Poor water condition (toxic, dirty).
- Sickness or diseases.
Reason Why Guppies Float At The Top of Tank
When guppies keep swimming at the top of the aquarium it is because they are struggling to get oxygen in the water. Warm water, above 86 °F (30 °C), lowers the oxygen level in the water. In this situation, your guppies will gasp for air at the surface.
You can get a pump or adjust the water temperature accordingly. Overcrowding and pollution also cause oxygen levels to decrease. Filters help in purifying the water so they would help to improve the water conditions.
Things To Consider
Ammonia burns are a very common problem in new aquariums. The tiniest amount of ammonia can harm and eventually cause your guppy fish to die.
Adding guppies to a brand new aquarium is not a good idea. You need to cycle the tank first. To speed up the process add nitrifying bacteria like API Quick Start.
Cycle refers to the nitrogen cycle which is where you allow enough good bacteria to grow on the filter media to break down ammonia and nitrite into nitrate. The process takes 4~6 weeks.
The only way to remove nitrates and other compounds from the water is through water change. So, do 30-50% water changes every week. A water conditioner like Seachem Prime can also be used to remove chlorine and other substances from tap water.
A note on female guppies. More than likely, the female guppy is about to give birth to her fry. Thus, if you see a female in the corner, it might be a good idea to remove her from the main tank and transfer her to a breeding box or solitary tank so that you can save the baby fry.
- Guppy Staying In Top Corner Of My Tank, Why? | My Aquarium Club
- Why are my guppies sitting in corners? – Aquarium Advice
- Guppies Sitting In Corner – Freshwater Beginners – Fishlore
- Fish Gathering At Surface In The Corner Of The Tank | Fish Forums
- What Causes My Guppies to Swim at the Top of the Tank? | Nerd Aquarist | <urn:uuid:764fa4de-101e-4fe8-be66-e8990625ba47> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://drguppy.com/guppies-stay-in-corner/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347392057.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527013445-20200527043445-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.908236 | 579 | 3.171875 | 3 |
In 1846, Joseph Henry was professor of natural philosophy (physics) at the College of New Jersey (now known as
Princeton University). He had published scientific articles on a wide variety of subjects, including electro magnetism,
optics, acoustics, astrophysics, molecular forces, and terrestrial magnetism, but his reputation was built primarily
on his work in basic and applied electro magnetism. Among his discoveries in electro magnetism were mutual induction,
self-induction, the electro magnetic relay--enabling him to devise the first electro magnetic telegraph that could be
used over long distances--and the concept of the electric transformer. He also invented the first electric motor.
Henry was often
referred to as the scientific successor to Benjamin Franklin. Today, it is the general opinion that Joseph Henry was
the inventor of the telegraph and not Samuel Morse, who did not have a technical background to begin with. Samuel
Morse adapted the ideas and inventions of Henry (and Vail) into his own and patented it, making him the owner.
It is certain that Joseph Henry was important to the history of the telegraph in two ways. First, he was responsible
for major discoveries in electro magnetism, most significantly the means of constructing electromagnets that were
powerful enough to transform electrical energy into useful mechanical work at a distance. Much of Morse's telegraph
did indeed rest upon Henry's discovery of the principles underlying the operation of such electromagnets.
Below are a couple other thoughts collected from the Smithsonian Institute (of which Henry was First Secretary), and
"... Secondly, Henry became an unwilling participant in the protracted litigation over the scope and validity of
Samuel Morse's patents. ..."
"... Joseph Henry began his research into electro magnetism in 1827, while he was an instructor at the Albany Academy
in New York. By 1830, he achieved two major breakthroughs .... His first crucial innovation, which he demonstrated in
June 1828, was to combine Schweigger's multiplier with Sturgeon's electro magnet to obtain an extremely powerful
magnet. While Sturgeon loosely wrapped a few feet of uninsulated wire around a horseshoe magnet, Henry tightly
wound his horseshoe with several layers of insulated wire. In March 1829 he demonstrated an electro magnet with 400
turns, or about 35 feet, of insulated wire. This magnet, Henry remarked later, "possessed magnetic power superior to
that of any before known."
"... Henry did set out to demonstrate the practicality of an electro magnetic telegraph immediately after his paper
appeared. His prototype consisted of a small battery and an "intensity" magnet connected through a mile of copper
bell-wire strung throughout a lecture hall. In between the poles of this horseshoe electro magnetic he placed a permanent
magnet. When the electro magnetic was energized, the permanent magnet was repelled from one pole and attracted to the
other; upon reversing battery polarity, the permanent magnet returned to its original position. ... Henry caused the
permanent magnet to tap a small office bell. He consistently demonstrated this arrangement to his classes at Albany
during 1831 and 1832."
In short, this man, Joseph Henry, was a scientist and physicist by heart and a true teacher to his students. As a
reward, they (not his students) stole his ideas and scientific experiments. For that reason I'm convinced that Morse
was a fraud, preying on the ideas and inventions (like the telegraph) of others and putting his patent on it (obtained
on October 3, 1837). I do credit Samuel Morse, however, for the morse-code, which is still used to this date and no
person without a 5-wpm morse-code qualification exam can call him/herself a Advanced Radio Amateur! (see Fig. a).
Since this important day in 1836, when Joseph Henry transmitted a small electrical current down a wire to energize a
remote coil and the completed circuit ringing a bell some 150 years ago, the relay has undergone steady evolution and
today's relays are far removed from the crude and clumsy relays of Henry's days. In our millennium, solid-state has
replaced the actual relay in many circuits, especially in AC applications. To sum it all up, the relay (and solenoids)
have survived the tube, transistor, and integrated circuit (IC) eras.
Basically, a relay is an electrically operated
switch, and actually the predecessor of the transistor. Solenoids are relays also but the very large types which
carry huge amounts of current. Relays are the
smaller types. Relays come in three types: electro mechanical,
solid-state, and so-called hybrids which are a combination of the first two. There are also some specialized types
that fall into neither category but I will deal with them later in this tutorial. Lets take electro-mechanical types
first, they are available in three main models; armature, plunger, and reed. The Armature Relays are the
oldest (see Fig. 1) but elegant. Plenty turns of very fine magnet-wire are wound
around an iron core to form an electro-magnet.
The movable metal armature has an electrical contact that is positioned over a fixed contact attached to the relay
frame. A spring holds the armature up so that the movable and fixed contacts are normally separated (open). When the
coil is energized, it attracts the pivoting armature and pulls it down, closing (make) the SPST contacts and completes
the power circuit. Vice-versa, this relay can be made to open the contacts instead of closing them, or can do both
either way. The armature relay is pretty old and no longer used in new applications, they do still exist however and
are being used still at the time of writing this document.
The Plunger-Relay type have a plunger instead of a pivoting armature, as shown in Fig. 2
and uses a solenoid action to close the contacts. The electro magnetic core is hollow and a metal rod or plunger
extends halfway through it when the relay is not energized.
When energized, the coil draws the plunger in and a shorting-bar, attached to the end of the plunger, closes the
contacts. When the coil is de-energized, the spring (which is mounted over a section of the plunger) retracts the
plunger and positions the assembly in the idle position breaking the contacts.
The coil plunger design allows much greater contact travel than the pivoting armature design, thus allowing wide
contact separation. The increased space allows plunger systems to be used with higher voltages than armatures. The
higher closing force of the solenoid permits the use of larger contacts and provides greater current handling
capability. One application of a plunger-type relay is an electronic lock or door opener.
Since their inception, electro-magnetic relays have
improved in sensitivity, switching complexity, current handling, response time, and reliability. It allowed for
miniaturization in radios, cassette recorders, Radio Control(R/C), NASA, cameras, and other home electronics applications.
Being relatively small, Reed Relays fill the demand for all sorts of 'small' stuff. The use of flexible reeds and
self-attraction distinguishes the reed relay, see Fig. 3, from other electro magnetic
relays. Note that the drawing shows the reed-relay without the actuator coil. The contacts are mounted on thin metal
strips (reeds) and hermetically sealed in a glass tube. This tube is surrounded by a magnetic coil which, when
activated, magnetizes the reeds and causing them to attract each other which closes the contacts. When the coil is
de-energized, the spring tension in the reeds causes them to separate again. This type of design has the advantages
of high speed operation, long life, and very low price. One of the great advantages reed relays share with other
electro magnetic relays is the relative ease with which they can be fitted with multiple contacts. As in the armature
and plunger designs, the contact mechanisms can be stacked to provide multiple circuit-close or open designs, or even
a combination of both, all activated by a single coil. In reed relays, multiple contact pairs, but in individual
tubes, can be stacked and used with a single coil in a very small space. This is not a feature of solid-state relays.
Some Relay-driver Examples using regular components:
Fig. 4Sound-Activated type. The relay remains dormant until the
op-amp activates upon sound via the electret-microphone. The input stage is a regular off-the-shelf 741 operational
amplifier and connected as a non-inverting follower audio amplifier. Gain is approximately 100 which you can raise
by increasing the value of R2. The amplified signal is rectified and filtered via C3, D1/D2, and R4 to an acceptable
DC level. Potentiometer R5 is used to set the audio level to a desired sensitivity value to activate the relay via
transistor Q1. Diode D3 is mounted over the relay coil to absorb sparks. The op-amp configuration in this particular
drawing needs a dual voltage power supply which can be made from two 9-volt batteries.
The circuit in Fig. 4a is similar but with less component.
This relay driver boosts the input impedance with a regular 2N3904 transistor. Very common driver. It can drive
a variety of relays, including a reed-relay. Transistor Q1 is a simple common-emitter amplifier that increases the
effective sensitivity of the 12 volt relay coil about a 100 times, or in other words, the current gain for this circuit
is 100. Using this setup reduces the relay sensitivity to a few volts. R1 restricts the input current to Q1 to a
safe limit (the impedance is equal to the value of R1 plus 1K). Diodes D1 and D2 are EMF dampers and filter off any
sparking when the relay de-energizes.
is a delayed turn-on relay driver and can produce time delays for up to several minutes with reasonable accuracy.
The 14001 (or 4001) CMOS gate here is configured as a simple digital inverter. Its output is fed to the base of a
regular 2N3906 (PNP) transistor, Q1, at the junction of resistor R5 and capacitor C2. The input to IC1 is taken
from the junction of the time-controlled potential divider formed by R2 and C1. Before power is applied to the circuit,
C1 is fully discharged. Therefore, the inverter input is grounded, and its output equals the positive supply rail;
Q1 and RY1 are both off under this circuit condition. When power is applied to the circuit, C1 charges through R2,
and the exponentially rising voltage is applied to the input of the CMOS inverter gate. After a time delay
determined by the RC time constant values of C1 and R2, this voltage rises to the threshold value of the CMOS
inverter gate. The gate's output then falls toward zero volts and drives Q1 and relay RY1 'ON'. The relay then remains
on until power is removed from the circuit. When that occurs, capacitor C1 discharges rapidly through diode D1 and R1,
completing the sequence. The time delay can be controlled by different values for C1 and R2. The delay is approximately
0.5 seconds for every µF as value for C1. The delay can further be made variable by replacing R2 with a fixed and
a variable resistor equal to that of the value of R2. Taken the value for R2 of 680K, it would be a combination of
180K for the fixed resistor in series with a 500K variable trim pot. The fixed resistor is necessary.
is configured in an automatic turn-off mode. It shows how the circuit function of Fig. 6-1 can be reversed so that the
relay turns on when power is applied but turns off again automatically after a preset delay. This response is obtained by
modifying the relay-driving stage for an NPN transistor like the 2N3904. It is worth noting again that the circuits in
Fig. 6-1 and Fig. 6-2 each provide a time delay of about 0.5 seconds for every micro-Farad in the value
of capacitor C1. This permits delays of up to several minutes. If desired, the delay periods can be made variable by
replacing resistor R2 with a fixed and variable resistor in series whose nominal values are approximately
equal of the total value of R2 (680K).
This is an accurate long-duration time delay driver, switchable between 1 and 10 minutes or 10 to 100 minutes and whose
function does not depend on electrolytic capacitors. Film dielectric caps have been selected. IC1 is configured as a
free-running astable multivibrator which frequency is divided down by IC2, a 14020 (or 4020) CMOS 14-stage, ripple-carry
binary divider. Consequently relay RY1 turns on as soon as switch S1 is closed, and it turns off again when the 8192nd
astable pulse arrives. This method provides time periods ranging from 1 to 100 minutes, depending on the switch setting
Solid State Relays:
"Solid-State-Relay" (referred to as 'SSR' for short) means switching without any mechanical means. A solid-state relay
is nothing more than a electronic switch, which can be a Triac, SCR, HexFet, or a High Speed MosFet, and an opto-isolator.
Some are application dependent.
Control-to-load isolation is provided either by opto-isolators or transformers. Solid-state relays are available in
AC and DC versions; Fig. 8a/b/c/d/e shows typical block diagrams. All approaches shown
use an opto-isolator to separate the control and drive segments.
Virtually all solid-state relays are Single-Pole Single-Throw, Normally Open
(SPST-NO) devices, where the outputs turn on in response to a control voltage. The majority take operating power from
the control I/O, although some require separate DC logic power. The simplest DC input circuits use an LED optoisolator
and series current-limiting resistor.
The resistor is usually sized for a 5-volt logic input, and results in a specified "ON" range of 3-6 volts DC. For
wider operating ranges (typically 4-32 volts DC), the resistor is replaced by a constant-current diode. Then, AC input
circuits rectify and filter the control input before applying it to the LED. Typical AC/DC LED currents can vary from
5 to 22mA.
AC and DC Outputs:
The optoisolator photocurrent is amplified and used to drive whatever output device the relay is connected to, whether a
transistor for DC outputs, a thyristor for AC, or a power MOSFET for either. The power for the drive circuitry is
taken either from the output load or is supplied separately. In some MOSFET designs, the photocurrent is sufficient
to drive the output device.
Table 1 summarizes typical specifications.
Normally, DC output devices like those in Figs. 8-Fc and Fd use an NPN transistor and may include a Zener diode across
the output for transient suppression. The transistor will drop some voltage in the "ON" state, and the drive circuit
will need some current to operate. Typical output drop is 1-2 volts at the full rated load current, while the
"OFF"-state leakage may range from approximately 10µA-1mA.
Most AC output devices include zero-voltage-switching circuitry. Logic detects when the AC load voltage crosses zero
(changes polarity) and delays the triac turn-on pulse until then. The triac turns on a the next zero crossing after
the input goes high. Once triggered, it remains on until its current goes to zero. Zero-voltage and zero-current
switching minimize transients and ElectroMagneticInterference (EMI). The RC snubber in Fig. 8-Ff
suppresses rapid voltage changes that can inadvertently turn on the thyristor.
In some applications, having the output turn on instantly is desirable. Relays referred to as "random turn-on" are
designed without zero-voltage switching. Turn-off still occurs at zero-current, due to the inherent latching effect of
thyristors. As with DC output relays, the thyristor drops voltage while conducting, while the drive circuitry requires
power to operate. In addition, th snubber passes AC leakage in the "OFF" state. Typical "ON"-state voltage 1.6 volts,
while "OFF"-state leakage is 2-20mA for 60Hz power.
With recent advantages in power MOSFET's, solid-state relays can be designed with lower "ON"-state voltage drops, and
greatly reduce "OFF"-stage leakage. These MOSFET's (and HexFets) offer bidirectional current flow, near-zero
gate-drive current, no inherent source-to-drain offset voltage, and low "ON"-state (rDS) resistance and "OFF"-state
Most FET-output relays are housed in Dual-Inline-Packages (DIP's). Their main use is as a replacement for reed relays,
where low offset and low leakage are important, and for control of low-power AC/DC loads. High power AC loads are
best controlled by thyristors, which are easily controlled for zero-voltage turn-on; they also offer inherent
zero-current turn-off, and produce lower output-voltage drop at high currents.
However, FET design involves tradeoffs in voltage, current and resistance specs. In particular, high-voltage FET's
have higher "ON" resistances, making them unsuitable for switching high-current line-voltage loads. Typical DIP relays
have 70-500mA current ratings, "OFF"-state leakage resistances of 100 MegaOhms or more, and "ON" resistances from about
one ohm for a 60-100 volt rating, to 25-50 ohms for a 300-400 volt rating. Switching times range from 10-100µSec.
The majority of solid-state relays use opto-isolators. All of at least 1.5 kilo-volt RMS I/O breakdown, and 2.5 or 4
kilo-volt ratings are common. Most of them have been rated, listed, or approved by safety agencies like UL, CSA, and
VDE. Transformer coupling is also used to isolate solid-state relays.
Fig. 8-Fc shows a transformer-coupled AC-output relay; DC and AC/DC FET relays are also
available with transformer coupling. The control input powers an oscillator, the output which is coupled through a
small pulse transformer to trigger the output thyristor. Circuitry of the type shown produces random turn-on
operation; transformer-coupled relays generally don't include zero-voltage switching circuitry.
Transformer coupling allows faster switching. The oscillator frequency is typically 1-3MHz, resulting in switching times
as low as 1µSec. Opto-isolators exhibit slower response, with times for DC versions typically 10 to 100µSec.
They can be designed for slightly higher temperatures, being free of LED limitations. However, achieving breakdown
voltages above 1.5 kilovolts is easier using optical techniques.
Hybrid relays marry reed relays with a solid-state power output. Fig. 8-Fb shows a
thyristor version; DC outputs are also offered. The hermetically sealed reed contacts switch only low power, and last
10 million operations or even longer. The turn-on time is that of the reed relay, about 1 mSec. Other hybrid relays
are the reverse, using a solid-state input amplifier driving a reed-relay output, the obvious advantage being high
input sensitivity. The term "hybrid" sometimes describes construction technique, rather than method of operation.
In some catalogs you'll find hybrid solid-state relays with no mechanical components at all.
Self-Powered and Buffered Relays:
So far, all the relays that have been discussed until now have been "self-powered," in that they take operating power
from the applied signals. All models, whether optoisolated, transformer coupled, of hybrid, require approximately
5-50mA at their inputs. Some, notably thyristor-output relays with zero-voltage switching, also take operating
power from output loads, although none require separate power connections.
Buffered relays offer improved input sensitivity at the expense of needing separate DC power, and are usually used in
systems that already include DC power supplies (not as stand-alone devices).
Fig. 8-Fd shows a buffered DC-output relay. The input circuitry and the LED are powered
from a separate logic supply, allowing the logic input current to be typically 25-250µA.
Due to near-zero gate current, power MOSFet's can be driven directly from a
series stack of photodiode junctions. The "photo voltaic-generator" stack from International Rectifier shown in
Fig. 8-Fe is constructed using IC fabrication techniques, and exposes a series of photo diodes
to LED illumination. No operating power is required from the load.
Solid-State relays are generally grouped into DIP's, power relays, and I/O modules. DIP relays are available with
transistor (DC), thyristor (AC), or MOSFET (AC/DC) outputs, and with optoisolator or transformer coupling. Most power
relays are used to switch AC power, and use thyristor switching with optoisolator coupling. Transistor (DC) outputs
and transformer coupling are also available. I/O modules are always opto-coupled, and don't offer MOSFET outputs.
Table 2--Relay Contact arrangements are designated as Forms A-D. Form A
is normally open until the coil closes it, while Form B is normally closed until the coil opens it. Forms C and D use
double-throw contacts, arranged as break-before-make (Form C) or make-before-break (Form D).
Building an SSR requires putting 115/220 volts AC on a printed
circuit board. From an electrical point of view, that can be
perfectly safe. However, it is good practice to cover all printed circuit tracks on the 115/220VAC side with a silicon
sealer, varnish, lacquer, or even nail polish. Couple layers will do fine. Also, try to use only isolated Triacs
(where the case is electrically isolated from the Triac), and ground the heat sink to the AC safety wire (earth ground,
or green wire).
Choosing a Triac:
There are three basic requirements when choosing the output Triac. First is to make sure that it will handle the
voltage required. The minimum for a 115-volt AC line requires a 200-volt Triac. A 220-volt line requires a 400-volt
Triac. Remember that those are the minimum so, for a few cents more, it pays to use the next highest voltage rating.
The next requirement is current. A 6-amp Triac will handle 6 amps only if it is properly heat sinked. As a word of
warning, motors draw a lot more current on start-up than they do during normal operation, sometimes as much as ten
time more. Keep that in mind when you design your own.
The third requirement is the gate current. The Motorola MOC3010 optoisolator will provide about 100 milliamps of
drive current for the output Triac. That should be adequate for any Triac you can find in a TO-220 package. Just in
case it is not sufficient for your design, you can use a transistor as a current-sink.
Although not really a strict requirement, an isolated Triac is good practice and a good safety precaution. Isolated
Triacs (usually listed in catalogs as iso-tab) provide electrical isolation from the electrical connections to the
case. Early Triacs were not normally isolated. That meant that you had to use mica washers and thermal grease.
Thermal grease is still a good idea, but the mica washer isn't required for isolated Triacs. If you don't know
whether or not your Triac is isolated, simply measure the resistance from each lead to the case. An isolated Triac
will measure open on all three leads. Warning: The Radio Shack 400-volt, 6-amp Triac (part number 276-1000) will work well
but is NOT isolated. You must use a TO-220 mica washer and thermal grease if you plan to use that device.
I can hear you mumbling already... "what the heck is zero-voltage switching..."? In normal operation the trigger side
of the relay is totally asynchronous to the AC side. That means that a trigger could occur during any part of the sine
wave. If the trigger occurs near a peak (90 or 270 degrees), a large current will flow into the load almost instantly.
That creates a lot of RFI (Radio Frequency Interference) and also is very hard on the filament of ordinary light
bulbs. In order to prevent that, zero-crossing SSR's accept the trigger at any time but delay turning on the AC load
until the next time the AC voltage passes through zero volts. Now you know. I personally don't use any other type.
Construction of a SSR:
Below is good working Solid State Relay using an opto-isolator and a Triac. Use of a printed circuit board is
highly recommended but not required. Remember to isolate the AC tracks when you're all done!
For a simple SSR, an optoisolator such as the Motorola MOC3010 or the NTE3047 will be sufficient. For a zero-crossing
SSR, a MOC3031 or NTE3049 will do. May companies make optoisolators. Make sure yours has a "Triac output" and that
the pinouts are compatible with your design. Table 2 shows some typical Triac output optoisolator specifications. The
models shown are already a decade old but still widely used and available.
Again, although the SSR can certainly be build without using a PCB, using one makes assembly using the diagram in
Fig. 9 a snap.
The only precaution, other than the one about working with 115/220/220 AC volts, is to heatsink the Triac. If you leave
the leads on the Triac long, it should be simple matter to find some heat sink to attach to the Triac. Just remember
to connect the heat sink to earth-ground. Even if you're using an isolated tab Triac, the earth ground is still
necessary. Otherwise you should buy your solid-state relays from a reliable company--don't build them yourself.
Remember that SSR's can only switch an AC line. Trying to switch a DC line will result in a relay that closes but
never opens... Have fun!
Couple More Circuits To Play With:
Fig. 10: This circuit shows a pair of CMOS NOR gates which form a
push-button-activated one-shot multivibrator relay-switching circuit that provides delays up to several minutes with
resonable accuracy. The relay turns on as soon as the START switch S1 is closed. However, it turns off again after
a preset delay of about 0.5 seconds per microFarad (uF) of the value of capacitor C2. The two CMOS gates are
configured as a manually-triggered monostable multivibrator whose output is fed to the relay through R4 and transistor
Fig. 11: This one shows a 'long-range timer relay' switching circuit which spans
1 minute to 20 hours in three ranges using a three-step, two-deck mechanical rotary switch. IC1, the 555
timer/oscillator does the time
IC2 (4017) is a CMOS decade counter IC, a five-stage Johnson counter with 10 decoded outputs. Inputs include a CLOCK,
a RESET, and a CLOCK INHIBIT signal. This IC, together with IC3 and the 3-step rotary switch, can provide a maximum
division ratio of 81,920 making it possible to time for periods up to 20 hours or so. Circuits like this are used in
battery chargers and area security lighting systems with time-controlled turn-off.
IC3 (4020) is a CMOS 14-stage, ripple-carry binary divider. Normally a 'high' would occur as soon as switch S1 is
closed and a 'low' when the 8192nd astable pulse arrives. All counter stages of IC3, the 4020, are master-slave
flip-flops. The state of a counter advances one count on the negative going transition of each input pulse, and a
high level on the RESET line resets the counter to its all zeros state. All inputs and outputs are buffered. | <urn:uuid:d0f86e63-638e-4153-8975-8e73987ae8f5> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://sentex.net/~mec1995/gadgets/relays/relays.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719215.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00194-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911973 | 6,371 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Excessive spending as the main reason for current economic misery can only be attributed to one of the five Euro Zone nations: Greece. Greece joined the euro at the beginning of 2001 after failing to join in 1999 because it did not meet the required economic criteria for membership.
In 2001 Greek debt to GDP was almost 104 percent. At the same time, most of the other Euro Zone nations had much lower debt to GDP. Ireland’s debt to GDP was 35.1 percent, Portugal’s was 53.5 percent, and Spain’s was 55.6 percent. In fact, in 2001, Germany’s debt to GDP was higher, at 59.1 percent, than the debt to GDP rates of Ireland, Portugal, and Spain. Italy is the exception; it was enjoying a debt to GDP rate of 108.2 percent in 2001. However, unlike Greece, Italy’s debt to GDP has stayed comparatively stable. So, it is far too simplistic to say that excessive spending is what has led to a crisis in “Europe.” Were spending alone to be blamed then more of the “northern” European countries like Germany would be facing situations similar to those being enjoyed by Spain. While the crisis in Greece is more closely related to fiscal irresponsibility, the other members of the club are in their own messes for different reasons.
Spain, which has been the focus of much concern recently, is hardly a great example of fiscal responsibility, but it is in its current crisis for reasons other than too much government spending. After the creation of the euro, Spain enjoyed its own housing bubble created in large part by money from banks based in other eurozone members like Germany. When the credit bubble burst much of this investment stopped and the Spanish housing sector was hit badly. Because much of Europe now shares a currency it was impossible for Spain to make the necessary adjustments to deal with the crash. This situation is similar to what happened in Ireland, which also had its own housing crisis.
That conservatives have been completely misreading the euro-crisis does not mean liberals have read it correctly. In fact, their proposed solutions are just as misguided. Keynesians such asNew York Times columnist Paul Krugman like to point to Europe as an area where austerity has been tried and failed. However, the data showsthat Europe has not tried austerity. Spending amongst almost all European countries has nominally increased, as have taxes. What little reduction in spending some European countries have seen is due only to inflation.
The reality is that the euro-crisis is a lesson on easy credit and monetary policy. This is not to dismiss the fact that many of the Euro Zone nations were spending too much money. However, as other countries in Europe have demonstrated, it is possible to have similar levels of debt and not face the fiasco being ejoyed by the Greeks and Spaniards. | <urn:uuid:d43a4f0e-2a7f-4351-8bfd-e3e0bb46d99a> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://jamesthe.newsvine.com/_news/2012/10/13/14416057-government-spending-alone-did-not-cause-the-euro-crisis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122996.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00144-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985841 | 587 | 2.671875 | 3 |
'Fortnite and other addictive video games can have a similar effect on children’s brains as drug abuse or alcoholism, MRI scans reveal.
They show the “reward” system in the brains of young heavy users of social media and video games display the same changes in function and structure as those of alcoholics or drug addicts.
A series of studies by California State University found the impulsive part of the brain, known as the amygdala-striatal system, was not only more sensitive but also smaller in excessive users so that it processed the stimuli of social media or games faster.
The findings come as Britain’s children are gripped by the Fortnite video game, with one nine-year-old reportedly admitted to rehab after becoming so addicted she wet herself rather than leave the screen and primary schools urging parents to ban their children from playing them.
On Monday, the Daily Telegraph launched the Duty of Care campaign calling on ministers to make social media and online gaming companies subject to a statutory duty to protect children from harms such as addiction, bullying and grooming when using their services.
Ministers are considering new measures to rein in the worst excesses of online tech companies amid fears a generation of young people is being harmed by unregulated use of social media and online gaming platforms.
One leading internet addiction expert who has treated children playing the game said Fortnite’s addictive quality was such that it made Beatlemania look like a passing whim and had captivated the young in the same way as the nation was swept up by the “Princess Diana effect”.'
Read more: Addictive video games may change children's brains in the same way as drugs and alcohol, study reveals
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From our advertisers | <urn:uuid:3fda1e13-7c5d-49f1-aab2-89ad26bdc2c0> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.davidicke.com/article/480620/addictive-video-games-may-change-childrens-brains-way-drugs-alcohol-study-reveals | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864343.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622030142-20180622050142-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.954004 | 487 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The Origin of Census Taking
Census taking had its beginning in ancient times in the countries of Egypt, Babylonia, China, Palestine and Rome. In these earlier times, population counts were undertaken to determine fiscal, labour and military obligations and were usually directed towards heads of households, males of military age, taxpayers or adult citizens.
Census enumerations are mentioned in biblical writings citing 1491 B.C. and 1017 B.C. as crucial dates in census history. In later years, censuses became important events across the Roman Empire, among French colonies and in the Scandinavian countries.
The Evolution of Population Censuses in the British Empire
Up to the beginning of the 19th century, the number of the population within the British Empire was a matter of estimate and conjecture. By the mid-eighteenth century, attempts were made to provide for the annual enumeration of the people and of the persons in receipt of parochial relief. These initiatives were violently opposed.
By the end of the century, however, owing to the great impact of the publication of the essays of noted economist Thomas Malthus, it was thought desirable to possess the means of judging from time to time, the relations between an increasing population and the means of subsistence. A Census Bill therefore became law at the end of 1800, and the first enumeration under it, took place in March of the following year, the operations being confined to Great Britain.
Initially, the enumeration process was entrusted to the overseers and the village schoolmasters with a supplementary statement of births, deaths and marriages for each parish from the clergy. The census instrument was quite simple requiring the number of houses inhabited and otherwise, the population of each family by sex, and the occupation, under one of the three heads, (a) agriculture, (b) trade, manufacture or industry, or (c) other than these two. The results, which were not satisfactory, were published without comment.
Ten years later, the chief alteration in the next census was the substitution of the main occupation of the family to that of the individual. In 1821 an attempt to get a return of ages was made, but it was not repeated in 1831, when the attention of the enumerators was concentrated upon greater detail in the occupation record. The creation, in 1834, of poor law unions, and the establishment in 1836, of civil registration districts, as a rule coterminous with them, provided a new basis of the taking of the census, and the operations in 1841 became the responsibility of the Registrar General and his staff. The most important innovation, however, was the transfer of the responsibility for filling out the schedule from the overseers and village schoolmasters to the householders, thereby rendering possible a synchronous record. In the year 1844, the first official census in the British West Indies Region was conducted under the directive of the British Government.
The date found more suitable for the census in England proved inconvenient for her colonies and dependencies thereby negating simultaneity. Then, again, as to the scope of inquiry, the administrative purposes for which information was thus collected varied greatly in the different countries. The census had to be limited to what the conditions of the locality allowed, and what the population was able and willing to answer. The scope of censuses, understandably was limited to collecting information on those specific aspects of the population which were of crucial importance to the economic order of the time. With the passage of time, the focus of the inquiry became more relevant to the developmental needs of the countries in the Region.
Historical Review of Censuses in Trinidad & Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago and the Caribbean region have a well-established tradition of conducting Population and Housing Censuses. The first official census in Trinidad and Tobago was taken in 1844. The second was done in 1851 and since then, censuses have been conducted at ten year intervals viz, 1861, 1871, 1881, 1891, 1901, 1911, 1921, 1931, 1946, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990 and the most recent 2000. The postponement in 1941 was due to circumstances of World War II. The census reports produced over these periods provided a rich source of socio-economic and demographic data.
Historically, Trinidad and Tobago began a shared experience with other Caribbean countries in census taking when the first official census was conducted in the region, formerly known as the British West Indies. Responsibilities for the conduct of censuses then was with the Registrar General of England who through the Secretary of State for the Colonies set down standard practices for census taking in the then British Colonies.
The scope of early censuses was limited to collecting information on specific aspects of the population which were of crucial importance to the socio-economic conditions of the time. The significant feature of these first and subsequent censuses was the uniformity in the procedures adopted for conducting the censuses which set the stage for regional census planning.
The West Indian Census of 1946 is regarded as the first of the modern censuses taken in the region and represented a further step forward since it was organised in close collaboration with other British Colonies in the Caribbean. Prior to the taking of the census, a conference of the Census Officers of the Colonies concerned was held in Barbados and as far as possible, agreement was reached on the adoption of uniform procedures. The tabulation and analysis of the information gathered at the census were performed centrally for all Colonies in the Central Bureau of Statistics of Jamaica.
In a number of areas, Trinidad and Tobago, numerically the largest of the nine colonies participating in the 1946 Census stood apart from the others. In the first place, the census questionnaire called for more information especially on the subject of housing than in the other Colonies. The questionnaire stood midway between the deliberated simplified schedule designed for the area as a whole and the more elaborated schedule used in the Jamaica census of 1943. Secondly, the printing of all schedules was carried out in Port of Spain, whereas, the principal schedules for all other Colonies except British Honduras were printed in Barbados. Thirdly, no other colony undertook the preparation and printing of documents analogous to the Census Officer’s Report and Tables or the Census Album.
With the establishment of a Federal Government of the Region in 1958, planning for censuses continued as a regional undertaking. A Regional Coordinating Committee was established in 1959 and met to consider plans for the organisation and conduct of all aspects of the census which were to be wider in scope than previously. The Committee took firms decisions on a number of matters including: the fixing of a date for the census, finance, the legal bases, the use of a minimum schedule to ensure uniformity in approach in the collection of certain types of basic data, drafting procedures of common practice among participating countries and drawing a timetable of operations.
For the 1960 Census, the British Caribbean was organized into two zones. Trinidad and Tobago became the centre of operations for the development of methodology and certain aspects of planning and processing of data, for Barbados, British Guiana and the Windward Islands. Jamaica assumed responsibility for the rest of the region. In Trinidad, the Central Statistical Office (CSO) became the centre of activities through the establishment of several committees and working groups. Overall control for the regional effort and harmonization of census procedures and coordination of activity at both centres were vested in a Technical Committee consisting of persons from the CSO, the University of the West Indies and the Federal Government.
The 1960 Census yielded data and experiences that provided further guidelines for the continuation of the regional approach to the census taking as exemplified in the case of the subsequent Censuses of 1970, 1980 and 1990.
In 1970, instead of the two-zone operational arrangement, fieldwork was conducted in individual territories using a mark-sensing document processed at a central data processing centre establishment in Jamaica. Moreover, although the questionnaire developed for the region had as its basic structure, a set of core questions intended to produce data permitting regional comparison of demographic variables, individual countries were at liberty to add questions which would yield data specific to the information needs of the particular country. The Census Coordinating Committee functioned to ensure uniformity in the use of concepts, in training practices and the other census routines and procedures among participating countries. The conduct of fieldwork, editing and coding of documents remained the responsibility of each country. The 1970 census data were processed and published according to common tabulation plan for all countries.
In 1980, some countries of the region were unable to carry out the Census at the appointed time. Nevertheless, through efforts of the Regional Census Coordination Committee, agreement was reached on a set of common procedures, concepts and definitions for the conduct of the census which would permit some regional comparisons among countries on basic demographic characteristics.
Trinidad and Tobago conducted its 1980 Census during the period 14th April to 12th May 1980, having independently organized its fieldwork and data processing activities. Most other countries conducted the census during the same period. Except for the Bahamas, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago, the other countries of the region utilized a common mark-sensing document as the census questionnaire and most of the processing was done at the Regional Processing centre located in Barbados.
The Population and Housing Census 1990 in Trinidad and Tobago was conducted during 17th April to 15th May 1990, again with close links with the Census Regional Coordinating Committee and the Standing Committee of Caribbean Statisticians. Most of the countries of the region including Belize, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Lucia, St. Kitts/Nevis, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Antigua and Barbados conducted their censuses during 1991.
The 2000 Population & Housing Census
Trinidad and Tobago remains closely linked to the regional organisation of the 2000 Census Regional Coordination Committee, the Standing Committee of Caribbean Statisticians and a party to the planning and procedures adopted for the 2000 Census. In deciding to conduct its census independent of the regional establishment, Trinidad and Tobago adhered to the principles of regional comparability. Cognizance was also taken of the international requirements set by the United Nations for purposes of international comparison and enquiry. Consequently, one of the major considerations exercised was the evaluation of topics proposed for the Trinidad and Tobago Census against recommendations of the United Nations and the Caribbean Regional Census Coordination Committee. The questionnaire adopted was intended to reflect responsiveness to both regional and international requirements while at the same time, reflecting the need for data at the national level.
The 2010 Population & Housing Census
The next decennial census was scheduled to be conducted in May/June 2010 but was deferred when a Central Government Elections was called. The ne w date of that census was 9th January 2011. | <urn:uuid:7cd4c02b-5bcc-4087-a8fe-c7d711843cb4> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://cso.gov.tt/history-of-census-taking | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572484.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916035549-20190916061549-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.967692 | 2,201 | 3.640625 | 4 |
When managing risk, we must consider all risk from all sources. A majority of the time identifying risk is trusted to a few individuals, although determining which risks are the highest priority is done in a collaborative environment, with managers, teams and groups of colleagues discussing the issues at hand. In this setting, it is important that the risk manager (the one whose job depends on the risk management results) recognizes and prevents any instances of groupthink.
Groupthink occurs when groups make decisions, and are willing (or unknown to the group) to take more risk than an individual would themselves. This post provides a general overview of causes and symptoms of groupthink, as well as measures that can be taken to avoid groupthink.
*Updated January 2014*
Groupthink was originally coined by Irving Janis, a research psychologist from Yale University. Janis identified three core causes for groupthink, which are:
With an understanding of what causes groupthink, or the willingness to execute riskier decisions in collaborative decision making, we can now examine the symptoms of groupthink as identified by Janis.
We have suggested a few ways to address groupthink above. There are also measures that can be taken to prevent groupthink from occurring. The first step is to foresee groupthink’s occurrence. Groupthink is a social phenomenon and it is safe to assume it will occur at one point. Plan for it and be ready to stop it in its track.
Another preventative measure is to always have external perspectives and a “Devil’s Advocate” within the group. Identifying someone within the group who has the role of presenting opposing viewpoints and who is able to view things as an outsider can serve as a preventive measure to groupthink.
As risk managers, we must ensure risks are mitigated and proper opportunities are pursued. It is vital to step up and prevent groupthink from allowing risky decisions to be made simply because it is the consensus of the group. | <urn:uuid:9c801ac3-17f3-4fc1-b0d7-852f48ea3a39> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.riskmanagementstudio.com/risk-management-and-groupthink/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195529276.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723105707-20190723131707-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.970977 | 398 | 2.734375 | 3 |
I have enjoyed dabbling with journals for many years, and way back when I was a newly-wed, I read a lovely book which suggested giving your journal a theme. The idea behind it was that exploring a theme would give your journal a strong focus to explore deeply.
I think this would be a lovely idea to explore a focused nature journal. Imagine how rewarding it would be to have a dedicated journal, whether it has been kept for a single month, or over several years.
I have been mulling over various ideas for themed nature journals, here are some I came up with. Please do let me know if you have any other ideas:
- Your special nature place: Whilst it is interesting to visit as many different wildlife spots as possible, having a regular place for your nature study, enables you to really get to know this place and you will quickly become an expert on your own little corner of the world. Creating your own field guide would be treasure and an invaluable study.
- A garden journal: Keep notes on the arrangement of your garden, what is planted and where, plus make space to record ideas and plans for future layouts. Record bloom times, fruiting times, harvest times, and general observations of your plants. Research the folklore associated with each plant, its traditional and medicinal uses. Explore non-synthetic pest control, keeping track of your success (or lack thereof!) in your journal. Keep notes on garden visitors; birds, insects, foxes, rabbits, and other mammals. Keep receipts and pertinent information of the provenance of your plants.
- Tree Journal: You could choose to study one tree or several. Firstly establish the species. Is it a native tree? What lives in, on, and around your tree? Record when your tree blooms and fruits. When do the leaves change colour? What colours does it turn? What chemicals are the cause of these colours? Why is the folklore of your tree? What are the traditional uses for your tree? How tall is it? Measure its trunk circumference, take bark and leaf rubbings.
- Weather Journal: Record the weather each day; measure and describe precipitation, temperature, wind direction and speed, cloud formations. Learn how to forecast the weather. Learn about weather folklore.
- A bird journal: Sock your feeder well and record the visitors. Make notes or sketches of any birds you are unable to identify, then you can research later. Include times and dates, notes on the weather and also the food that attracted each bird. Record the bird’s behaviour and specifics such as size, colour and pattern, descriptions of the bill and feet / legs, the call it makes. Note also the courting and mating behaviour, nesting activity, winter residents, summer migrants, nesting behaviour, and how many broods are produced.
- Rocks and minerals journal: Rocks are composed of minerals and are grouped into three categories:Igneous (volcanic) rocks Sedimentary (layered) rocks Metamorphic rocks (rocks that have changed over time.)
Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic solids, with definite chemical compositions.
What rocks and minerals are you able to find in your own locality? Create sketches in your journal, record textures and colours, make maps of the locations of what you find. Draw thumbnails of sketches viewed through a lens or microscope. Investigate the history of your nature spot; was it once a mining area? How does this now affect the locality? Research the uses of the rocks and minerals you find.
- Wild flower journal: This could be arranged by month of the year, or flower type, or by colour. Whatever appeals to your way of thinking. Record which are native flowers, which flowers that are classed as weeds (often the most lovely!) Research the folklore and Latin name (Officinalis denotes plants traditionally used in medicine and herbalism.) Make many sketches, take measurements, record colours and textures, include photographs and pressings.
- A Calendar of Firsts:
It is a capital plan for the children to keep a calendar–the first oak-leaf, the first tadpole, the first cowslip, the first catkin, the first ripe blackberries, where seen, and when. The next year they will know when and where to look out for their favourites, and will, every year, be in a condition to add new observations. Think of the zest and interest the object, which such a practice will give to daily walks and little excursions.
I hope this is helpful & gives you some food for thought. Happy exploring! | <urn:uuid:d4a0b291-2e41-4f17-a236-cd119afd5a0e> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://raisinglittleshoots.com/2016/12/11/a-themed-nature-journal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402132335.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20201001210429-20201002000429-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.94386 | 942 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The July 2016 update for Power BI Desktop included the ability to make parameters data-driven, by giving the option to bind the Suggested Values (previously called the Allowed Values) property of a parameter to the output of a query that returns a list. However that’s pretty much all the information blog post gives you, so if you’re wondering what a list is and how to get query to return one so you can use it in a parameter then read on…
A list is one of the most useful data types in M, the language behind all of Power BI Desktop’s data-loading functionality. A list is nothing more than an ordered list of values of any data type and it’s written in M as a comma-delimited list enclosed in braces. Any query can return a list – most queries you build in the Query Editor window in Power BI Desktop will return tables but a query can in fact return a value of any data type.
Here’s an example of how to define a list containing three values in M:
You can create a query that returns this list in Power BI Desktop by clicking on the Get Data button and selecting the New Blank Query option:
…and then, in the Query Editor window, opening the Advanced Editor, deleting all the code in there and replacing it with an expression like the one above that returns a list:
When you click Done the Advanced Editor dialog will close and you’ll see the values in the list displayed in the Query Editor, along with the List Tools tab on the ribbon above it:
Although this looks table-like, it isn’t a table – don’t get confused between tables and lists!
Now you have a query that returns a list you can create a new parameter that uses it. In the Parameters dialog, create a new parameter then choose Query in the Suggested Values dropdown box and then choose the name of the query that returns the list (in this case I’ve called the query Fruit) in the Query dropdown box:
You now have a parameter whose suggested values are provided by the output of a query:
OK, so now you know what a query that returns a list looks like and how to use it in a parameter. The example above isn’t very practical though – how do you get a list of values from a real-world query? It’s actually very easy.
Imagine you have a query returning the contents of the DimDate table from the Adventure Works DW SQL Server sample database and you want to create a parameter that allows your user to select a day of the week. The EnglishDayNameOfWeek column in the DimDate table contains the day names that you need.
To get a list from a column in a table you need to click on the column to select it and then right-click and select either:
- Drill Down
- Add as New Query
Drill Down creates a new step in the current query that returns a list of all of the values in the selected table; Add as New Query gives you the same list but as a new query.
The last thing to do is to click the Remove Duplicates button so that the list only contains the seven distinct values:
Now you have a list whose values are derived from an external data source, ready to create a data-driven parameter.
One final thing to note: you may be wondering if it’s possible to create cascading parameters (like in Reporting Services) where the selection made in one parameter controls the available values for another parameter. As far as I can see this isn’t supported yet, unfortunately. | <urn:uuid:21072071-c722-4e15-9553-7c43bea46196> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://blog.crossjoin.co.uk/2016/08/30/data-driven-power-bi-desktop-parameters-using-list-queries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592636.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721145209-20180721165209-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.818964 | 753 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Mining engineers design safe and efficient mines for removing coal and metals. Mining engineers optimize mines for removing resources in the most efficient manner possible. They ensure that the as much of the resource as possible is extracted. Mining engineers often specialize in a particular mineral or metal, such as iron or coal. Some collaborate with geologists to find and evaluate new ore deposits. Others develop or improve mining equipment, or manage processing operations that separate and refine minerals. Mining safety engineers implement best practices, conduct mine and equipment inspections, monitor air quality, and ensure compliance with all safety regulations to keep workers safe.
What Do Mining Engineers Do?
Mining engineers design both open-pit and underground mines, supervise construction of mine structures, plan the transportation of minerals to processing plants, monitor production, and prepare reports. They assess the geological characteristics of mining sites and determine the structures, equipment and processes to be used at a particular operation.
These professionals also make sure that mine operations are conducted in environmentally sound ways. They may also apply their expertise to land reclamation, water and air pollution, and sustainability issues.
Mining engineers with advanced degrees may teach at colleges and universities.
Where Does a Mining Engineer Work?
Mining engineers work mostly in mining operations in remote locations. However, some work in sand-and-gravel operations located near large cities. Over time, they may work their way up to office positions in mining firms or consulting companies, which are usually located near large metropolitan areas.
As of 2012, 30% of mining and geological engineers were employed in architectural, engineering, and related services. 17% worked in metal ore mining, and 10% in coal mining. 8% worked as managers of companies and enterprises, and another 6% were employed in mining support activities.
Most engineers work full time. Those in remote locations may have schedules with variable shifts that exceed 40 hours per week.<!- mfunc search_btn -> <!- /mfunc search_btn ->
What Is a Typical Mining Engineer's Salary?
As of May 2020, the median salary for geological and mining engineers was $93,800. Those in the oil and gas extraction industry earned the most money, with a median salary of $138,380.*
Mining Engineering Jobs
Recent Mining Engineering Job Listings
Use the search box below to find all the mining engineer job listings in our job board.
- Use mine planning software and computer modeling to prepare mine plans and waste disposal plans
- Monitor the implementation of mine plans and mine system improvements
- Participate and lead in meetings, project task forces, continuous improvement teams, and other teams
- Develop plans for disposal of tailings and other mineral waste materials
- Assist in developing reclamation plans to coincide with the mine design, development, and planning
- Review research and literature relating to current discoveries in the field
- Collect field and control samples in order to perform analyses and quality assurance checks
- Report drilling requirements for assigned properties to administrative team
- Utilize planning software and develop technical databases as required
- Perform surveying operations in underground and surface mining operations
- Implement safety and quality assurance policies and procedures
Senior mining engineers often have a broader scope of responsibilities that include management of a mine or mines as well as operations and personnel. Such responsibilities often include:
- Act as manager and liaison for departmental or field improvements
- Delegate or complete production and consumables inventory tracking
- Delegate or complete monthly production and inventory reports with business and technical staff
- Analyze, design, and test components, assemblies or systems that meet business standards and program / product requirements
- Create a challenging and positive team environment ensuring that colleagues engage in necessary professional development and mentorship opportunities
- Consult with industry stakeholders regarding research and technical advancements
- Navigate regulatory issues as they apply to fieldwork and site development
- Address specific organizational initiatives with internal stakeholders
- Share engineering best practices and promote open dialogue on a regional, national and international level
- Protect proprietary or developing technology that provides a competitive advantage to the business
- Foster a positive and safe work environment
- Draft and manage schedules and budgetary timelines alongside technical and engineering protocols
- Navigate federal and international protocols, regulations, and best practices
- Test and calibrate equipment and instruments
- Measure and record data
- Develop operational plans which exceed all environmental, geological and engineering regulations
- Evaluate existing mining operations and recommend improvements
What Is the Job Demand for Mining Engineers?
Jobs in geological and mining engineering are projected to rise 4% between 2020 and 2030.*
Federal policy changes for accessing high-quality coal deposits on federal lands in the Western U.S. may generate some new jobs. Also, a growing need for rare earth minerals for electronics manufacturing should help spur the expansion of mining. Some growth will occur in engineering services contracting. Retirements of older engineers will also make room for new recruits to the profession. Mining safety engineering is a growing area of expertise.<!- mfunc search_btn -> <!- /mfunc search_btn ->
Getting a Mining Engineer Degree
A bachelor's degree from an accredited engineering program is required to become a mining or geological engineer. Students interested in pursuing such careers should study math and science. Since few schools offer mining engineering programs, students may need to specialize in this area from within general engineering programs. Typical undergraduate programs in mining engineering include courses in geology, physics, mine design and safety, and math. Lab and field work are generally included. Graduate degrees general include coursework in mineral resource development and mining regulations.
Engineers who offer their services directly to the public must be licensed as professional engineers (PEs). Licensure generally requires:
- A degree from an ABET-accredited engineering program
- A passing score on the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam
- Relevant work experience, typically at least 4 years
- A passing score on the Professional Engineering (PE) exam
College graduates may take the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam immediately. Engineers who pass this exam are called engineers in training (EITs) or engineer interns (EIs). After gaining four years of work experience, EITs and EIs can go on to take the Principles and Practice of Engineering exam to qualify for licensure.
Several states require engineers to participate in professional development activities in order to keep their licenses. Most states recognize licensure from other states, as long as that state's requirements meet or exceed their own licensure requirements.
Entry-level engineers may also receive formal classroom or seminar-type training on the job.
Mining Engineers - Related Degrees<!- mfunc search_box_body ->
What kind of societies and professional organizations do Mining Engineers have?
- The Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (SME) advocates for the industry on legislative issues, publishes Mining Engineering Onlineand a Mining Engineering Handbook, and offers professional development opportunities. At over 125 years old, it's the world's largest professional society for the minerals industry.
- The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (AIME) is a federation of member societies, which it supports through awards, scholarships and special grants. It also makes available the Sustainable Engineering Education Key Resources Repository (SEEKRR), a searchable database of best practices for incorporating sustainability into college-level engineering education.
*2020 US Bureau of Labor Statistics salary figures and job growth projections for mining and geological engineers reflect national data not school-specific information. Conditions in your area may vary. Data accessed September 2021. | <urn:uuid:1f007404-a6f0-4e6b-84c0-c49c7020726a> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.environmentalscience.org/career/mining-engineer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946535.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326204136-20230326234136-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.942749 | 1,549 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Map Embed Screen – To Display Maps in an Interactive Way
Embedded map display is a web based repair tool, which helps you to create maps, visualize the positions of objects and edit the map using various operations such as rotation, filtering, modifying, clearing and so on. It can be operated with a variety of operating systems like Windows, Linux and so on. The main advantage of this tool is that it allows a user to manipulate the map without having to understand and learn complicated map embedding language. Moreover, this Embedded map software can be used to create any shape of map including road network, aerial photography, sales presentation, etc. The map embedded in this tool can be easily modified by a user with the help of a few easy steps.
In earlier days, map embedding was difficult and used very complex language. So, programmers had to use complex map programming languages for the purpose of embedding maps. But, recent technological developments have made map embedding language easy and useful. So, now you can easily use this map embedded software without complex programming language.
You can utilize map embedded screens in many different ways. One way is by using it to create a map of any location and then save that map as a picture on the computer. Another way is to use this tool for GIS purposes. Thirdly, you can also use this tool for creating maps for any other purpose, like for business or education. The above mentioned reasons are enough to make you go for this tool, but there are many more reasons.
This type of map displays any area of the world on a map. With the help of a map embedded screen you can make a map of any place including any city within the world. Moreover, you can also make a map of any place on the virtual map with the help of a high resolution map of your desktop computer. Moreover, this tool also allows you to make a map of any place on a flat surface by using any projection like Mercator, Real map, etc.
With the help of map embedded screen you can change the layer on map and that too quickly. Moreover, this application is capable of automatically resizing maps. There are many other features like overlay map, rotate, zoom, add objects, mark points, hide/show points, add tags, edit attributes, hide/show menu and much more.
One more great advantage of the above described map embedded screen software is that you can also download maps from the internet and use it for exploring geographical areas of your choice. This amazing software is available for both Mac OS X and Windows OS X. If you are planning to have a look at the map embedded screen then you can simply download a free demo version from the internet and try it out yourself. Further, you can simply buy the software if you want to have a detailed demonstration of how the map embedded screen works. You can see in detail how you can customize and edit maps. | <urn:uuid:c1614745-e7d2-45e1-96b3-2283bcf89baf> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | http://buildyourowncomputer.net/index.php/2021/11/01/map-embed-screen-to-display-maps-in-an-interactive-way/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362918.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203182358-20211203212358-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.924643 | 594 | 2.859375 | 3 |
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CDC Puts Psoriasis on Its Public Health Agenda
Posted: February 13, 2013
It's official. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is leading collaborative efforts among clinical, biomedical and public health experts to develop the first-ever public health agenda for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, giving federal recognition to millions of Americans living with these diseases.
A short article on the agenda was released online today in the American Journal of Preventative Medicine, which highlights the gaps in psoriatic disease research to guide future public health efforts into these diseases.
“Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis have many genetic and environmental causes that vary among individuals,” said Andrew D. Robertson, chief scientific and medical officer for the National Psoriasis Foundation. “A public health approach to psoriatic diseases will allow scientists to better identify possible environmental contributions, which could potentially help us stop these diseases before they start.”
In 2009, after a multi-year advocacy campaign by National Psoriasis Foundation advocates and leaders, Congress allocated $1.5 million to the CDC to commence the first-ever government data collection effort on psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Through extensive collaboration, the coalition created a list of priorities, needs and unanswered questions in psoriatic disease research.
The public health agenda focuses on four priorities:
- Determining if current ways of diagnosing psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis can be applied to wider population-based research
- Examining the prevalence, disparities and comorbidities, such as heart disease, of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis
- Looking at health-care use, costs and work burden associated with psoriatic diseases
- Studying the impact of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis disease severity on quality of life and other outcomes. | <urn:uuid:9e99e17d-34bc-4324-b8e1-229eaa3a7592> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.skininc.com/spabusiness/regulations/CDC-Puts-Psoriasis-On-its-Public-Health-Agenda--191102781.html?page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699632815/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102032-00031-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91716 | 406 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Proteins from the green fluorescent protein (GFP) family are essential markers in the world of molecular and cellular biology because they help to visualize cellular components and processes. They fluoresce thanks to a small light-adsorbing fragment of the protein (a chromophore group). For a long time, scientists have had the perception that the chromophore emits light only in its natural protein environment. Once the fluorescent protein denatures, its chromophore loses its fluorescence.
The chromophore of green fluorescent protein. Credit: Anastasia Bochenkova.
In a recent publication of the Journal of the American Chemical Society, a team of Russian and Danish researchers reported that the chromophore of GFP is capable of fluorescing even when it is isolated from its protein environment, and the protein function is to enhance its fluorescent properties.
The story of GFP begins with Nobel Laureate Osamu Shimomura’s research into a glowing jellyfish in the early 1960s. In this fascinating sea creature, he isolated two proteins: one emits blue light, and the other absorbs blue light and emits green fluorescence, which was later known as green fluorescent protein. GFP underwent further studies and development by two prominent scientists (who shared the Nobel Prize with Shimomura) before becoming one of the most widely used tools in modern biology. Martin Chalfie introduced the GFP gene to the genome of C. elegans, which has since enabled the tracking and localization of specific proteins in living organisms; Roger Tsien tweaked the structure of GFP to produce molecules that can emit light of various wavelengths so that labeling complex biological systems with different colors becomes possible.
As a known mechanism, GFP absorbs energy in the form of light and stores it in its chromophore’s electrons, which leads to the so-called excited state. To return to the ground energy state, the protein loses its excess energy through two different deactivation processes: the first one is fluorescence - emitting energy in the form of light, and the second one is called nonradiative relaxation, during which electronic energy, is transformed into vibrational energy of nuclei.
The Russian and Danish scientists discovered that there are intrinsic energy barriers on the nonradiative deactivation pathways, which can trap an isolated GFP chromophore in the excited state. When the chromophore is cooled to 100 K, the barriers enable a slow radiative channel and close the fast nonradiative channel, which causes the isolated molecule to fluoresce. Therefore, the GFP chromophore is intrinsically fluorescent. Interactions between the chromophore and the protein environment allow better entrapment of the electronic energy and keep the chromophore in the excited state. As a result, the radiative channel becomes predominant inside the protein already at room temperature.
"Our research aims at disclosing molecular mechanisms of functioning of living systems. A fundamental challenge is to understand the relationship between the properties of an entire light-sensitive biosystem and its much smaller active chromophore, which is at the heart of the molecular machinery. Here, we have shown that the properties of a single chromophore are important for understanding the mechanisms of action of the entire GFP protein,” explained Anastasia Bochenkova of the Lomonosov Moscow State University and one of the senior authors.
She hopes that beyond solving the question about the origin of the intrinsic fluorescence of GFP, the detailed molecular knowledge of the chromophore might be used together with molecular engineering in designing new functional biomaterials with optimal photo-response. | <urn:uuid:cd040fc2-bc2e-4d99-a1ac-6326a666ad40> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.labroots.com/trending/chemistry-and-physics/6901/intrinsically-fluorescent-nature-gfp-chromophore | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593208.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722100513-20180722120513-00516.warc.gz | en | 0.935319 | 741 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Doctor insights on:
Misalignment: Babies can have issues (wiring in the brain, refractive errors, paralyses) which misalign the eyes (termed strabismus). This will drop the vision in one eye if not fixed. Less common are cataracts, glaucoma, tumors, maldevelopment, and some inherited problems. If you are the least bit uncertain, have your pediatrician check the eyes and see if a referral to an ophthalmologist is needed. ...Read moreSee 2 more doctor answers
Lots of playtime!: Babies are social creatures- they love looking at human faces. Allow them to socialize with others by singing, smiling, and talking with them at a distance of 8-12 inches. Encourage others to do the same with them. This helps develop both their language and social skills. The more interactions they have the more social skills they will develop. ...Read moreSee 2 more doctor answers
?your kidding right?: The physique of a healthy baby is a bit different from a healthy toddler /kid/adult.They have lax muscles that allow a full saggy belly & seem a bit pudgy with soft rolls. That said, there are also fat babies & they are not healthy. You grow new fat cells in infancy/puberty and pregnancy & an overfed fat baby is likely to face a lifetime of avoidable health problems. Your dr can define the limits. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
I found strawberries in babyfood I bought. I thought babies couldn't have strawberries until older?
They can have them: There is no evidence that suggests that babies must wait until a certain age before receiving certain foods. If there is a strong family history in a first degree relative (parent, sibling) of a serious food allergy, then waiting until the child is older to introduce certain foods is an option, but not one based upon any data. ...Read moreSee 2 more doctor answers
Y here in canada they recommend to introduce food to babies at 6 months? Any everywhere else they start at 4 months? When should I start?
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- Is cerelac safety for baby? | <urn:uuid:8640149f-c57b-426a-be40-b953c3d4d1cc> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | https://www.healthtap.com/topics/baby | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398465089.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205425-00049-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927866 | 536 | 2.703125 | 3 |
When was the coffee cup invented
In 1936, Walter W. Cecil invented a paper cup that came with handles, obviously meant to mimic mugs. By the 1950s, there was no question that disposable coffee cups were on people’s minds, as inventors began filing patents for lids meant specifically for coffee cups.
When did coffee mugs become popular
As with most ancient pottery, these clay cups had thick walls that made them cumbersome and difficult to drink out of. By 2000 BCE, metal mugs made of gold, silver, bronze, and lead became popular.
Who invented coffee mug
In the first coffee shop, Kiva Han, which opened in Constantinople in 1475, wooden mugs were used. Eventually porcelain, invented in China around 600 A.D. (hence porcelain’s alternate moniker, “china” or “fine china”), and other ceramics became one of the preferred materials for mugs.
Where do mugs come from
Ancient mugs were usually carved in wood or bone, ceramic or shaped of clay, while most modern ones are made of ceramic materials such as bone china, earthenware, porcelain, or stoneware.
Why are mugs ceramic
As far as keeping your coffee warm goes, ceramic outperforms glass. Because ceramic is more porous than glass, conduction occurs slower in ceramic mugs. The little pockets of air that are trapped inside the ceramic act as insulators and slow the process of conduction.
Why do coffee cups have lids
This is because air must get into the container to replace the liquid that’s being poured out, and there’s only one hole for liquid to exit and air to enter. Instead, drinking coffee through a plastic drink lid is a pleasant experience, because that tiny hole allows air to enter the container as the liquid leaves it.
What is a mug British slang
mug is london slang probably cockney. as it is used mostly by londoners and people from essex. it means a stupid, gullible person. someone easily taken advantage of.
Are coffee mugs from China safe
Though most American potteries no longer use lead in their glazes, unless you have verified with the manufacturer that your piece was made with no lead, avoid using glazed china or ceramic coffee mugs that are from unknown or unidentified sources.
How many coffee mugs should you have
It works out that you need two mugs to drink from, and two in the dishwasher, and you’re set. Example 2: Two people in your house drink tea regularly, and both of you drink two cups a day in a fresh mug each time, and you run your dishwasher every two days. Then you should multiply 2x2x3 and you need 12 mugs.
How much does a mug cost
On average a coffee cup will cost between $12 – $29, however, factors such as size, shape and material used determines this. However, ceramic coffee mugs will be the lowest price due to the materials and design which is simple to produce.
How big is a 12 oz mug
My favorite coffee mug (cylindrical outside diameter 3.25 in = 8.3 cm, height 3.75 in = 9.5 cm) holds 12 oz when filled to the brim.
Why are cups smaller at the bottom
The cup’s bottom is slightly smaller than the matching central depression in the saucer, which makes it easier to hold. Mugs come in a wider range of ceramic materials; are cylindrical; used without saucers; cool more slowly; and hold more.
How do you make custom cups
Suggested clip · 93 seconds
DIY | $1 Personalized Tumbler Cups | Dollar Tree – YouTube
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Is ceramic a glass
A ceramic material is an inorganic, non-metallic, often crystalline oxide, nitride or carbide material. Some elements, such as carbon or silicon, may be considered ceramics. Glass is often not considered a ceramic because of its amorphous (noncrystalline) character.
How many mL is a glass of water
A glass will be 12–16 ounces. There are 59 milliliters in 2 fluid ounces. 59 * 6 = 354 mL for 12 oz. A “glass” (of water) is not an actual unit of measure, it is similar to saying a bunch of bananas or flock of geese. | <urn:uuid:ae9cc7d8-2d49-497b-85bc-962a75e98882> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://expandusceramicsquestions.com/qa/when-was-the-coffee-mug-invented.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662520817.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517194243-20220517224243-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.959427 | 960 | 3 | 3 |
North Carolina State University entomologist Michael Waldvogel told USA Today the large pests are called “Gallinippers” or “Psorophora ciliata.”
They can be three times as large as average mosquitoes. The floodwaters after Hurricane Florence can cause dormant eggs to hatch, spiking their population into the billions.
North Carolina resident Cassie Vadovsky posted a video to Facebook showing a swarm of the blood-thirsty insects outside her car at her home.
Cassie Vadovsky recorded video of the blood-sucking bugs swarming her home after she picked up her daughter from school. “I’ve never seen mosquitoes this bad before , Vadovsky’s video has been viewed more than 391,000 times. | <urn:uuid:2182326d-3491-4f3a-8b76-5351b00314f0> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://worthytosee.com/swarms-of-uncharacteristically-large-mosquitoes-have-overtaken-north-carolina-in-the-wake-of-hurricane-florence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541319511.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20191216093448-20191216121448-00458.warc.gz | en | 0.953908 | 163 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Maida Vale History Books
FamLoc displays details of Maida Vale history books and provides the facility for buying them online
Click on an image for more information:
“This volume is the second to cover parts of Middlesex which lay from 1889 until 1965 within the administrative county of London, and contains histories of the parishes of Hampstead and Paddington. Before their inclusion in Greater London the parishes embraced the metropolitan borough of Hampstead and most of that of Paddington, with a total population of over 200,000. Queen’s Park, built in a detached part of Chelsea parish, is included in the account of Paddington. Hampstead rose northward from Chalk Farm to the heath and Finchley and, less steeply, north-eastward from Kilburn High Road. Hampstead town encroached upon the heath, which was waste of the medieval manor. There was roadside settlement at Kilburn and piecemeal building elsewhere on the heath. The town’s healthy elevation attracted rich Londoners before and after its spell as a fashionable spa in the early 18th century. Narrow and hilly streets helped to preserve it in the 19th, as fields and parkland were covered by mainly middle- and upper middle-class suburbs, including Belsize Park and Swiss Cottage. The heath, protected by influential residents, became a playground for Londoners. In the 20th century Hampstead was also noted for its artistic and intellectual life. Paddington, smaller but more populous, lay between Edgware Road and Bayswater Road, which converged at Tyburn gallows near Marble Arch. Early settlements were Paddington Green, Westbourne Green, and Bayswater. Northern and southern halves became separated by lines of road, canal, and railway. Systematic house-building began soon after 1800 in Tyburnia and Bayswater, before spreading beyond the industrial belt to form Maida Vale and a humbler district towards Queen’s Park. Parts of southern Paddington, near Hyde Park, rivalled Belgravia, while Whiteley’s stores made Westbourne Grove a busy shopping centre. Institutions included the G.W.R. termi-nus, St. Mary’s hospital, and the Metropolitan music hall. By 1900 lodging houses and small hotels had multiplied, as had canalside slums, which were cleared only after war damage and further decay. Both parishes today contain residential areas that have remained expensive and others where redevelopment has given way to refurbishment. Hampstead retains a compact centre including 18th-century buildings, with large later houses in the avenues to the south and west. Paddington, urbanized and with more municipal housing, retains its ambitious layout of streets and squares, where many stuccoed terraces.”
– A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume IX: Hampstead and Paddington Parishes
We also include maps because they are a valuable source for making sense of the location and street names. Of particular interest are the Godfrey Edition maps, which are printed at a large scale, have street names included, and have the bonus of extracts from directories on the reverse, showing the names and proprietors of shops, doctors, etc.
We at FamLoc are very much interested in republishing out-of-print and new Maida Vale local history books and making them available to a new generation. Your suggestions are welcome. | <urn:uuid:99216914-1e61-4237-941f-ed2887146673> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.famloc.co.uk/towns-and-locations/maida-vale-history-books/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578765115.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426093516-20190426114615-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.969336 | 718 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The latest news from academia, regulators
research labs and other things of interest
Posted: August 11, 2009
Measuring the quantum state of a semiconductor artificial molecule
(Nanowerk News) Under a targeted basic research program of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Hiroshi Imamura (Senior Research Scientist) of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), and Nobuhiko Yokoshi (Researcher) of JST have developed a new method for electrically measuring a quantum superposition spin state of two electrons captured in a gallium arsenide (GaAs) based semiconductor artificial molecule (double quantum dots).
In addition to its electrical property, "electric charge", an electron has a magnetic property referred to as "electron spin". A new approach called "spintronics", which attempts to exploit this magnetic property for electronics applications, is attracting considerable attention. Above all, it is expected that the electron spins captured in artificial semiconductor atoms or molecules can be used as the basis for future quantum information processing devices.
This group established the theoretical foundation for a method to electrically measure the quantum superposition of the two spin states (singlet and triplet) of two electrons captured in a double quantum dot. With the conventional methods, only the probability of singlet and triplet spin states could be measured. Since the new method can also detect the quantum-mechanical relative phase of the two states, the two-electron spin states are fully measured. This method is valuable not only in the context of basic physics but also as a means for confirming the initialization of the quantum states and reading out the computed results that are necessary to develop a quantum information processing device. Therefore, this method is expected to contribute to the development of quantum information processing devices based on semiconductor artificial molecules.
The research was conducted in collaboration with Hideo Kosaka (Associate Professor) of the Research Institute of Electrical Communication (RIEC), Tohoku University.
Background and history of research
As electronic commerce increases in popularity and information security management at work and at home becomes more critical, there is a growing need to improve encryption technology for open networks. Research on improving encryption technology has focused on quantum information processing, which exploits the property of quantum mechanics. In quantum mechanics, the world looks different from what we usually see. Quantum superposition is one example. While each element of the world is described by either 0 or 1 with the ordinary digital system, quantum mechanics says that each element can be both 0 and 1 at the same time. This unique behavior, namely superposition state, is broken when the state is "tapped" (information is retrieved). Therefore, the use of quantum states provides an ultimate security.
Many candidates such as photons and electrons have been examined as a mechanism for representing a qubit, the smallest element in quantum information processing. Among them, electrons are the most natural choice considering their existence in semiconductor devices at the heart of communication devices and computers, and the fact that these semiconductor devices are intrinsically versatile with high integration. Especially, the idea of using the two spins of electrons as a qubit has advantages in the degree of integration and computational efficiency. Hence, this method is widely studied. There is an urgent need to bring this electron spin qubit technology to commercial application for the future of the advanced information society.
AIST and RIEC, together with the Sendai National College of Technology, have been studying quantum media conversion between photons and electron spins. The group has succeeded in coherently reading and writing the electron spin states in a semiconductor by using light. This research attempts to develop a measuring method that can electrically read out any arbitrary quantum states transferred from two photons to the two electrons captured in a double quantum dot.
When each quantum dot contains an electron, quantum information is read out by determining if the two-spin state is singlet or triplet. With the conventional method, the judgment is made according to whether the Pauli spin blockade phenomenon is observed. Such conventional methods, however, can only detect the probability of singlet and triplet spin states, which is only one aspect of the quantum superposition states.
Details of research
In this research, a new measuring method is proposed. The method adiabatically controls the voltage of electrodes placed on the two quantum dots (L and R) as well as between the two dots, and then counts the number of electrons in the L and R quantum dots. Note that the voltage change to gates L and R corresponds to controlling the electrostatic energy of the two quantum dots, and the voltage change to gate B corresponds to controlling the probability of quantum tunneling. The group has performed a theoretical analysis on this process using a new quantum tunneling model that takes into account electron spin-orbit coupling in semiconductor material.
After a sequence of gate operations, the number of electrons in the two quantum dots is measured, and ensemble averages are computed. As a result, it is shown that the difference in the number of L and R electrons oscillates as a function of the singlet-triplet relative phase in quantum superposition. This means that both the probability of singlet and triplet spin states and the relative phase of the two states are measured simultaneously.
Fig. 1: Bloch sphere of a spin qubit.
Any quantum superposition of the singlet (S) and triplet (T0) spin states can be represented as a point on the Bloch sphere (Fig. 1). While conventional methods only provide longitude, the newly proposed method can identify the coordinates (both longitude and latitude) on the sphere, which gives the entire picture of the quantum state. In this respect, the new measuring method is the breakthrough. It is valuable not only in the context of basic physics but also as a means for confirming the initialization of the quantum states and reading out the computed results that are necessary to develop a quantum information processing device. Therefore, this method will greatly contribute to the development of semiconductor artificial molecules based quantum information processing device.
In order to commercially apply electron spin qubits, it is necessary to improve the quality of materials such as GaAs and achieve further theoretical development to add and extend quantum functions. We will continue to put our efforts into designing new solid-state quantum devices. Through these efforts, we hope to contribute to establishing the technical foundation for the future quantum information society. | <urn:uuid:976cd0c8-5ebb-4d94-bc23-3971e9969e19> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=12092.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246643088.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045723-00105-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913937 | 1,305 | 2.6875 | 3 |
What is a Mind Map?
A mind map is a diagram used to visually outline information. A mind map is often created around a single word or text, placed in the center, to which associated ideas, words and concepts are added. Major categories radiate from a central node, and lesser categories are sub-branches of larger branches. Categories can represent words, ideas, tasks, or other items related to a central key word or idea.
Getting started with Mindjet is very easy. Like other apps, tap and hold a topic to create a child or a sub-topic. If you want to change the format or shape of your created node, then use double-tap. You may also include images, hyperlinks and additional text in the various nodes. Mindjet is more than just mind mapping software. One great thing is that you can connect the Mindjet app to your Dropbox account and it will aromatically synchronize you file with your PC. Since the app uses the native .mmap format, mind maps created on the iOS device can also be edited using Mind Manager software on the desktop and vice-versa.
MindNode is another good one mind mapping app for Mac and iOS. It is easy to drag branches around, add new nodes, connect nodes, share documents with others, and more. You can share your files with your MAC also. MindNode can automatically hide useless branches. It can also support linked mind maps. The UI is relatively clean and hides a lot of its features in order to keep things clean, it is a powerful tool.
Freemind is a free app, it has built in Java (GNU General Public Licensed), so it runs on just about anything you throw it at. Mostly users like it because of its flexibility. It’s a pretty powerful mind mapping tool too, offering complex diagrams and tons of branches, graphics and icons to differentiate notes and connect them, and the option to embed links and multimedia in your mind maps for quick reference. Freemind can export your map as HTML/XHTML, PDF, OpenDocument, SVG, or PNG.
MindMeister lets you create, edit and share your mind maps on the go and synchronize them with the award-winning free online MindMeister service. Actually, this one is much popular among all.
Popplet is the simplest and one of the cheaper mind mapping tool of the bunch. It works as very clear, clean-cut interface that’s all business and no clutter. With just a few very simple features, it’s nevertheless possible to create some very diverse popplets, the name given to Popplet’s distinctive-looking mind maps.
Every node can be customised in color and text size. For more diversity, you can draw freehand inside a node or add a picture, instead of populating it with text. | <urn:uuid:69f2f423-2fc2-4238-ad71-0608646e1856> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://tech4more.com/best-mind-mapping-software-apps/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526517.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720132039-20190720154039-00161.warc.gz | en | 0.911366 | 587 | 2.78125 | 3 |
What is travel etiquette?
The word “etiquette” refers to a group of rules and codes to behave or how to do different things in a proper way. These actions or behaviors are accepted by the whole society. But, remember that some “etiquettes” vary from one place to another. So, travel etiquettes are those guidelines and customs which control the way a person should behave when traveling.
Every country has different codes or etiquettes that you must know before going there. Sometimes travel etiquettes are very different from place to place. You should know which things you are allowed to do and which not.
- Learn a little bit about their language – In some countries, it is valued in a positive way the effort from the visitor for learning at least a few words in the local language. For example, you could learn how to say please, thank you, hi or goodbye.Be careful with gestures – gestures are interpreted in different ways depending on the country you are in.
- Don’t Take People’s Pictures Without Asking – If the person is far away, it might be OK to snap a quick photo — but, and this will be relevant if you’re visiting a memorial site or a cemetery, remember that under no circumstances is it ever OK to take a photo of someone grieving. If you’d like to take someone’s picture, go up to them and ask if they will permit it, and if they do not, be understanding and back down immediately.
- Be Mindful At Memorials & Religious Places – If you really want to take a picture of a memorial or religious place, do your best to ensure there’s no one in the photo, as people who have come to grieve deserve privacy and respect. While you’re there, make sure that you’re also respectful of the tone. Aka, these are not the places to make phone calls, to laugh with friends, or to speak loudly.
- Prepare To Dress Conservatively – If you’re going to a conservative country, respect the culture. Dress as close to the locals as you can, both to show them that you respect their dress code, and also for your own safety. If everyone else has their shoulder’s covered, you should have yours covered, too
- Be Polite, Always – If you don’t like the local food, you don’t have to eat it. But you do have to be gracious, and at the very least take a small bite and pretend to like it. Insulting food is insulting a culture in many cases. In the same way that you wouldn’t spit out something your grandmother made special for you, you shouldn’t crinkle up your face or turn up your nose at another culture’s food, drink, dress, music, or lifestyle.
- Be polite, respectful and thankful
- Search information about the places you will be visiting
- Respect other cultures and learn about local customs
- Wait your turn
- Be patient
- Have all your travel documents ready and accessible in all airport lines
- Respect other people’s personal space
- Treat locals poorly
- Make negative comments
- Make assumptions
- Don’t block the aisles on planes, trains or other types of transportation
- Complain because things are not done that way at home
- Blame people if they have difficulty understanding you
- Be passive-aggressive | <urn:uuid:d0bfc831-e18a-463d-9ea1-737bea68500f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://bespokespots.com/etiquette-tips-for-travellers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100599.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206130723-20231206160723-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.930361 | 725 | 2.875 | 3 |
The Plastiki, is a unique catamaran made of over 12,000 plastic bottles and many other recycled and recyclable components. It was commissioned for an awareness-raising expedition across the Pacific by Adventure Ecology.
The Plastiki set off from San Francisco on March 20, 2010, for a voyage that will take it across the Pacific to Sydney, Australia. Along the way they are stopping by the Great Pacific Garbage Patch and investigating endangered coral reefs This is the area in the North Pacific Ocean that is polluted with millions of tiny pieces of plastic. It covers an area larger than the state of Texas. Here you can watch a video of Robin Williams on board the Plastiki before they set sail. The expedition’s leader David de Rothschild (yep, he’s one of those Rothschilds) explains how the plastic breaks into little tiny bits. In these garbage gyres, there’s more plastic than plankton by weight.
The vessel itself was designed in accordance with the Cradle-to-Cradle philosophy. This school of design views waste as a design flaw and seeks to mimic biological systems as much as possible. Cradle-to-Cradle probably warrants its own post here as I am a huge fan of its revolutionary approach. (Can’t wait? Watch this TED talk by C-to-C co-founder William McDonough)
In line with this philosophy, they have a hydroponic garden, composting toilet, energy-producing bicycles, desalinator and reusable cabin. What’s more, the sails and the superstructure are made of self-reinforcing PET. This is a plastic material that works like fiberglass – it has fibrous layers and a substrate – but which can be recycled because it’s all the same material. PET is a plastic regularly used to make bottles and it is one of the easier plastics to recycle. It’s the “1” in the recycling identification code system.
I believe I mentioned the 12,000 bottles that make up the hull. It’s an ingenious design that balances tensile and compression forces. Each bottle is filled with dry ice to keep it pressurized and then they are packed within the superstructure. You can watch Michael Pawlyn, one of the architects who designed Plastiki, talk about the how biomimicry guided the design (he really gets into the design philosophy around 7 minutes into the first video). You can also read about it, if you’d prefer, in this article with accompanying photo gallery on CNN. He was inspired by the egg carriers they use in Japan and pomegranate seeds.
You can explore all aspects of the vessel in a Flash 3D interface. many of the features described have videos that play along with them. It is really nicely done and fun to play around with, although some of the zooming around can be nauseating. Just like being on the boat!
You might notice the web design on the Plastiki and Adventure Ecology’s sites is practically identical. The Plastiki’s site holds a real wealth of information, but the all the Flash sours the experience for me. For one, I use flashblock, so the whole design is broken until I start clicking on things. Then, there’s accessibility issues with Flash. I’m not impressed with the usability of things like the interior scroll bars, either.
The expedition has already made landfall on the Line Islands. From there they will continue on to their final destination in Sydney. You can follow a live satellite tracker feed of the progress of the voyage on their website here. It is similar to the SPOT messenger that we used on Tocayo. You can also see videos that they made (and sent via email) while they were under way on their flickr page.
CNN has also devoted a whole page of special coverage to the expedition. I’m not sure if that is a sponsorship deal or just CNN being friendly (and getting some greenwashing in there at the same time).
I went through a brief period of infatuation with the skipper, Jo Royle. You can imagine the extraordinary appeal of an attractive, conscientious woman who is also a world-class sailor. Then I heard her speak, and it totally ruined it for me. The combination of her accent and voice is really grating on my ears. Sorry, Jo! I guess it wasn’t meant to be.
I edited and significantly extended the wikipedia article on the Plastiki. Through that I found out that David de Rothschild is famous in Britain as an environmentalist. He is applauded and derided much in the same way Al Gore is over here. Some people said that this whole expedition was nothing more than a publicity stunt. I think that the development of the technology alone makes it more than that. But if the publicity stunt draws attention to the crisis of ocean pollution, I’m all for that too. I don’t really care which personalities attach themselves to the project as long as it works.
Plus, I feel a kinship with Mr. de Rothschild. I mean, we’ve got those same dashing good looks, we’re both from Jewish families, we both like sailing, and we’re both ridiculously wealthy. Okay, maybe not so much the last one. But, we both care about the future of the ocean and our fragile world. Anyone who is trying to make a positive difference on that front is on my team.
Thanks to CT, who tipped me off to the existence of the Plastiki before it set sail. This post has been a long time coming. | <urn:uuid:30e4d558-73aa-41d6-9dc7-c236bd571a63> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://nohaycamino.wordpress.com/2010/05/06/voyage-of-the-plastiki/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982293615.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195813-00074-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958279 | 1,178 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Transported as prisoners of war
April 29th, 1943: a completely unexpected announcement was made that 300,000 Dutch soldiers would after all be transported as prisoners of war. They had been released in 1940, but now Germany needed labour forces. Spontaneous strikes broke out in the eastern region of Twente and spread like lightning across large parts of the country.
Femy Efftink, switchboard operator at the Stork machine factory in Hengelo, helped distribute the news about the strike:
'At Smit Printers the rumour went round that the prisoners of war would be transported to Germany. We sent out a few messenger boys from Stork to make inquiries. After three years of occupation the time had come for us to resist. In less than half an hour the factory had emptied out. When people phoned us I asked them, "Will you go on strike with us?" And I called a number of other factories one after the other. That's how it got started.’
The strikes later become known as the April/May strikes, or the Milk strikes, because the strikes were mainly in the countryside and in many places farmers refused to deliver milk to the dairy factories.
A housewife from Lemmer wrote in her diary:
'That morning, strange things had happened in the area. The farmers had gone on strike — they refused to deliver the milk to the factories. So everybody went to the farms to get milk. You could have as much as you wanted. I had three two-litre canning jars full. People came lugging buckets and washtubs. There was tension in the air, because you thought: this is going to lead to violence.'
Piet Stavast was a technical school student in Pekela:
'At the town hall work was still going on under pressure from the NSB mayor. The strikers didn't agree. They said they'd wait until 11 o'clock. The mayor didn't want a strike and threatened to call in the Germans. We just looked at the clock and waited until 11. At that moment a huge group of strikers stormed in and drove the staff out.'
The occupiers responded with force. Eighty strikers were summarily executed. Their names were printed on posters as a deterrence. Shots were fired on groups of strikers. An additional 95 were killed and 400 were seriously wounded. On May 3rd most of the strikers went back to work.
Envelope 'search Loep'
Envelope with the possessions carried by the executed engineer Loep at the time of his arrest. Loep was missing when the Germans held a roll call on the grounds of the Stork machine factory in Hengelo on the second day of the April/May strikes.
When he was arrested outside the factory, he truthfully responded that he simply had the day off. His statement was ignored. Death sentences had to be carried out, and there was no way around it.
Loep did not distance himself from the strike: 'I stand with my countrymen and I don't want to be a strike breaker.' His body was never found. His family was given nothing but the envelope containing the contents of his pockets.]
The strikes marked a turning point. After Amsterdam in 1941, the rest of the Netherlands had now experienced the German terror. Support for the resistance increased sharply.
Johannes Walinga, peat cutter from Oudega says:
'On Friday night I delivered pamphlets calling on people to strike. On Sunday morning the Grüne Polizei [German police] came. It was to be expected. Out of fear the milk factory staff gave them the names of "instigators".'
'In that small community of ours, two men were shot and one was taken to the Dachau concentration camp. Before the strike we had never seen even one German in our village. All the dormant forces of resistance were suddenly awakened.'
A pamphlet published by illegal newspaper Trouw stated:
'Finally the enemy has fully stripped off his mask. The myth of the Führer's magnanimity is at an end. Now the Germans recognise us for what we truly are: enemies, and not part of the pan-Germanic Community.'
And the Oranjekrant [Orange paper] wrote:
'The limits of compliance and of passive expectation have been reached.' | <urn:uuid:f9114913-5b17-4c44-b51d-d6264251e14a> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.verzetsmuseum.org/museum/en/tweede-wereldoorlog/kingdomofthenetherlands/thenetherlands/thenetherlands-may_1943_-_may_1944/strike | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371807538.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408010207-20200408040707-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.985771 | 901 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Microservices have gained a lot of popularity among Java developers since their introduction. The main reason is that it has made the development of larger and more complex java applications very easy and manageable.
Microservices are a service-oriented architecture style where applications are built as a group of different smaller services instead of one big application. These smaller services themselves are several independent applications that can run on their own as well and maybe created using different programming languages. They are designed as a collective group of different smaller services that are well integrated to provide application-wide functionalities.
In this post, we will take a look at what java microservices are, the benefits of using them and more importantly when you should be using them.
Benefits of java Microservices
Along with better application management, there are several other benefits of using java microservices that have made them an attractive choice for Java developers.
1. These are independent services
As these small services are integrated with the application at a later stage, they are usually designed, tested, and deployed independently. This independence provides enough benefits like the development and deployment of these services can be done in parallel, they require less coordination while development, allows the development team to easily apply an agile approach, it saves a lot of resources and time as well. Easier development also allows for more frequent software updates.
2. Java microservices are very flexible
Java microservices are very flexible to work with, Java developers can even work on different tech stack of their choice to develop microservices. Developers Teams assigned to an individual service have the total freedom to use their choice of programming language, platform, framework and tools. Such flexibility also supports scalability and implementation of a service is also gets very convenient for them,
3. They provide more security
Java microservices are relatively easier to patch or update thanks to their segmented nature. As a result, java top developers keep updating their services frequently which makes them way less susceptible to security failures. In case of an unfortunate attack, a breakdown or a security failure, only a single service would be affected instead of the whole application which can be easily identified and the team assigned to that particular service can easily build a patch for it preventing further damage.
Disadvantages of Java Microservices
Surprisingly along with all the advantages, microservices in java also have some disadvantages to consider. These disadvantages do not affect the quality of the application but indirectly affects the development process.
1. It affects your existing development culture
Shifting to Microservices can be a significant change, it will require a change in the working process, team structure and team dynamics, developers will be needed to re-organized and distributed according to the services they are working on. This will not only cost time and effort but it may also cause conflicts as many people might be resistive towards such changes.
The degree of agility will also be a new thing for a workplace where traditional methods have been in use.
2. Microservices bring complexity
It might feel contradictory but microservices allows to use of any technology to develop a service. it can become a hassle for testing and troubleshooting the services later. Tracing errors and debugging from one microservice to another will become far more difficult than testing a big but single traditional application due to the gap between different tech stacks. It will also be difficult to detect errors while integration testing.
3. You will be needing DevOps services
Another notable problem will be the need for DevOps support for your workplace. developers working with microservices requires to work with various automated environments. This will require the DevOps tools like CI/CD and distributed logging, tracing, monitoring, and visualization facilities to handle an automated environment, for performance monitoring and to prevent any errors.
If you have not worked with DevOps or automated tools before, it will require separate workshops and training for developers
Are Microservices for you?
Despite the disadvantages mentioned, java microservices are one of the most sought architectures in recent years.
However, what seems ideal for everyone is not necessarily be right for you and your requirements as well. Every project is unique and comes with its requirements. No architecture offers a “one size fits all” solution so it is entirely up to you to select the right one’s model. Your working environment also plays an important role in determining whether microservices are for you or not.
When and when not to use Microservices in Java
Still confused whether you should use microservices or stick with the traditional methods? Considering the advantages and disadvantages. If the benefits greatly address your specific needs and if your developers are capable enough to change and overcome the challenges then you are good to go otherwise you should stick to your existing methods or plan to shift to microservices gradually.
Applying something just because it is trending or because your competitors are doing it is not advisable. That is exactly why you should first reflect whether you need microservices by asking the following questions,
- Is your project mature enough to apply microservices?
- Have your team ever tried or tested agile or DevOps practices?
- Are your data management staff skilled enough to handle microservices?
- Are you planning to scale up in the future?
If you are confident with your answers then you can make a decision
When not to use Microservices in Java
1. Your development team might not be ready:
Your company might end up the struggle with adapting the microservices because there tends to be some conflict between teams and they all are might not ready for the change. The work should not be compromised, if the adaptation of microservices can cause hindrance to your work process that it should be avoided.
2. Consider the complexity of your project:
It is also to be considered whether your project demands the need for microservices or not. You will not be needing to use Microservices if your application does not have complex tasks or issues.
3. Limited developers:
you may also do not need to make the move if you are operating with although a very capable but small team. Depending on your application size, each service may require its team to develop and manage on top of that some developers will also be required to stay working on the legacy app.
4. Lack of experience with Microservices:
Keeping your deadlines and budget in mind, if you are seeking fast results but your team has no experience with java microservices, it would not be a better option to shift now hoping for better results. An attempt to sudden change will require a lot of resources in training and then it will also affect the ongoing projects. You should choose to shift to microservices in a long term and then you will adjust with it with time.
5. A proper approach is missing:
Whether you have resources and experience and you successfully adapt the java microservices, lack of a proper structure will fail. Do not go for microservices if you do not have a solid structure or plan for developing microservices as per your requirement.
An unfortunate trend that is becoming more and more popular within companies is that, instead of developer’s teams dedicating themselves to work on one or two important microservices, they focus on generating loads of microservices, which are then based on the structure of the team and not on the needs of the application.
This is just a waste of resources. It is better to first focus on the primary requirements of the application by having the developers first focus on one or two microservices each.
When to use Microservices in Java
1. Planning to scale-up:
The best reason to move to java microservices is when you are planning to rapidly scale up a specific part of your application. Especially when some primary capabilities of your application require scaling up. For example, the option to add new payment features are to be connected to an eCommerce application should, ideally, be very scalable so that, if the user base starts to get bigger, you can scale it up significantly to maintain the expected quality of the service for all users.
2. Updating your application code:
When you aim to rewrite a significant part of your legacy applications using a new programming language or a new tech stack to stay up to date and to use new features offered by that language. Even if you are not just limiting to rewriting and planning to make changes to your old features, microservices would be the best option to do that.
3. Aiming for more reusability:
When you are planning to reuse the services or modules across different channels. For example, search options, authentication facilities, login services are often reused in multiple areas of the application. You can go with microservices.
4. Shifting to agile methodology:
If you are now planning to build a highly agile application that will be demanding a very high speed of response to users, agility and more. You will be needing to use microservices to maintain the performance using faster changes in services and quicker updates.
Some notable Microservices frameworks for Java
You will be using a framework to develop java microservices. There are several java microservices frameworks available. Some most prominent frameworks include,
1. Spring Boot:
It is one of the best Java microservices frameworks out there. Its prominent features include Inversion of Control, Aspect-Oriented Programming, and others. Spring Boot provides you with your very own embedded server to use with your java application. It also uses Tomcat which eliminates the need for using Java EE containers.
It is an open-source framework that supports JAX-RS APIs in Java. It is also relatively easy to use. Its highlighted feature is its extensive and very helpful documentation that is composed of a series of examples and tutorials. It is also very fast and has extremely easy routing options.
It is primarily used for API documentation as well as it gives you a development portal that is ideal for API testings.
It helps in creating fast and scalable Web APIs that are integrated with the RESTful architecture pattern on the application. It is quite difficult to learn by yourself die to a closed community, but you can get some level of help from third-party forums and groups like Stack Overflow or the groups on Facebook and other social media platforms.
5. Spark framework :
It is another expressive Java framework built for rapid development. It provides an alternative for Java developers that want to develop their web applications using microservices.
It is a lightweight, modular, open-source framework for Java microservices. It offers tons of features to develop various services.
7. Play framework:
It provides an easier way to build, create and deploy modular Web services using Java. Play Framework is one of the best options for building a RESTful application that requires handling of remote calls in parallel. It is also extremely modular in nature and supports asyncand has the biggest communities among all microservices frameworks making it very convenient for new java developers to seek help.
These mentioned frameworks primarily serve as the foundation for the microservices you can develop for your application. Other than these prominent frameworks, you can also consider some more frameworks like Dropwizard, Ninja Web Framework, Play Framework and RestExpress.
Microservices are something that can improve your productivity to a great extent however, keep in mind that it should not be used when not absolutely required or could not deliver the benefits for your application.
Consider your present scenarios, pros and cons for using Microservices in Java before adaptation. If you are operating with a small team or if your project is not that big, you should refrain from shifting to Microservices. Take your time, structure your approach and then plan a long-term shift to Microservices to avail all its promising features. | <urn:uuid:c0657ba3-f87d-4ef5-b1c3-48263763b0ea> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://xperti.io/blogs/microservices-in-java-when-to-use/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499634.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128121809-20230128151809-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.944202 | 2,401 | 2.65625 | 3 |
- FYE AN 208: Anthropocene Zine: Students wrote about their experiences during their Block 1 trip to Crestone/Baca and produced a zine including drawings, photos, and short essays. Read the zine here.
- Feminist Last Naming Project:. A product of student/faculty collaboration, the "Feminist Last Naming Project" addresses patrilineal naming practices in American culture and explores alternative naming practices. The general goal is to intervene in women feeling erased as their names – and some would claim their identities – “disappear” through patrilineal (patronymic) naming practices. Through interviews, the group identified a variety of non-traditional or feminist-influenced naming practices, including women keeping their natal surname, families or children taking hyphenated names, families or individuals creating new surnames, queer naming practices, double surnames, wives taking their husbands’ names, natal names becoming middle names, and other international naming practices.
- Student Exhibit: "No More Bhopal" Thesis Show. Senior anthropology major Ruthie Markwardt designed, constructed, and opened a thesis exhibit calling attention to the continuing impact of the world's largest industrial disaster. The disaster occurred on December 3, 1984 when a Union Carbide pesticide plant leaked more than 30 tons of toxic gases in a residential area. Thousands have died, and many more continue to suffer from the lasting effects of the gases. Ruthie's exhibit highlights the suffering of the people of Bhopal today, and the lack of accountability from the company.
- Class Activity: Colorado College's advanced seminar "Anthropology 326: Religion and Ritual" spent a week in the San Luis Valley performing team fieldwork on conceptions of sacred place, and the potential impact of natural gas drilling on local spiritual practice.
- Class Activity: AN 318 Archaeology of Colonial Entanglements. The final project for this course required to the students to design and curate a museum exhibition on the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 in the Coburn Gallery. Students were also required to provide museum tours to school children, between the ages of 4 and 5, and CC Professors and Students. Check out the Museum Catalogue that was created by the students in the course. A photo gallery of the tours and exhibition space is also available.
- Class Activity: AN 317 The Anthropology of Place-Making. One of the final projects for this course was to create a new book-length guide to the Colorado College Campus and the surrounding area. The essays in the guide explore ideas of space and place, how people move through campus, and issues of the past and present in the daily lives of students, faculty and staff on campus. One of the creative projects for the course included a time-lapse video of informal path-walking across the CC campus. | <urn:uuid:93dcd054-25ac-4936-8413-b159b60ccd1d> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.coloradocollege.edu/academics/dept/anthropology/student-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371660550.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406200320-20200406230820-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.941891 | 586 | 2.515625 | 3 |
design to cost
"Design to cost is a management strategy and supporting methodologies to achieve an affordable product by treating target cost as an independent design parameter that needs to be achieved during the development of a product."
Applications of this methodology includes the dollar-a-gallon gasoline project.
- Dollar a gallon gasoline
- Penny a kWh
- Hundred dollars a kg
- Miller's method
- http://www.theoildrum.com/node/7898 (Recent discussion and details)
The above articles are somewhat out of date but interesting for the objections raised.
- Mining Asteroids (Asteroid mining is a natural outgrowth of mining for power satellite parts.)
Most recent article on the power satellites project
- http://youtu.be/qCiw99yRBo8 Lecture with slides.
Article which justifies the 1-2 cent per kWh and $30-$50 per bbl oil assumption.
From Spring 2014 issue of Ad Astra magazine, page 41. http://www.nss.org/adastra/volume26/v26n1.html (Table of contents only) The article with artwork.
April 2014 article on laser propulsion concept http://theenergycollective.com/keith-henson/362181/dollar-gallon-gasoline
Slides for talk at Electric Utilities and Environment Conference Feb 2014. Graphics for 3 GW heat radiator and optics. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5iotdmmTJQsTGNZN2RoTlZnYWs4V0FUNm1uZU9PNS1LcUlJ/edit?usp=sharing
Laser propulsion station and 3 GW radiator paper draft March 1 https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5iotdmmTJQseU41dWlONm9YQkFDbDFVLTBNMGNCZzJfeWFV/edit?usp=sharing
Much more ambitious, 100 GW asteroid burner by Dr. Lubin at UCSB.
Historical background. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L5_Society
Topics that need wiki pages
Damage (or not) to the ozone layer from Skylon water exhaust and NOx
Multi GW thermal radiator to get rid of waste heat from the lasers.
Programing to keep the laser beam from intersecting with satellites in lower orbits.
If anyone wants to scope out one of the problems with building power satellites via laser propulsion, I would sure appreciate it. The problem is the big laser beam that provides the energy needed to heat hydrogen for the propulsion into space. It tracks along the equator for about 4000 km accelerating a reusable vehicle into LEO, and does this 3 times an hour. It's not acceptable for the beam to intersect tens of millions of dollars worth of global positioning satellite with 20 MW/m^2.
Either the beam has to be briefly cut off to allow a satellite to pass through, or the acceleration and timing needs to be adjusted to avoid such intersections of the beam and working satellites. The problem isn't that different from the problem of satellites running into a space elevator cable.
Listing of launch sites with consideration for the initial power coming from the Earth.
If you came here from an old business card, the email address is no longer valid, use Keith Henson <firstname.lastname@example.org> | <urn:uuid:c6305390-c0ec-47b2-8913-bb0281cb6671> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://htyp.org/dtc | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115900471.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161140-00118-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.852376 | 720 | 2.53125 | 3 |
UK winter storms 2013/14
This presentation provides a variety of information and tasks for you to tailor to your lesson.
Winter Olympics presentation
This presentation looks at the Winter Olympics and the host. There is a quiz at the end.
Winter Olympics host anagrams
The anagram resources act as an excellent starter. Pupils need to guess the countries that have hosted the winter Olympics.
Winter Olympics picture reveal
These resources provide a lesson starter activity which gets pupils using their thinking skills from the beginning of the lesson. There is an image hidden under the grid, and by clicking one of the squares, that small section is revealed. Pupils can..
Typhoon Haiyan Presentation
This presentation focuses on the recent typhoon that struck the Philippines. It discusses the causes and effects of the typhoon.
Cyclone Phailin 2013
This presentation looks at the causes and effects of the Indian cyclone.
Pakistan Earthquake 2013
This presentation looks at the causes and effects of the Balochistan earthquake in Pakistan in September 2013.
A great Geography lesson
See how the DreamTeach and DreamTeach Activ resources can help you to deliver a great leeson.
Geography in the Summer 2013
A general resource to help pupils reflect upon some of the Geographical events around the world in the summer of 2013.
DreamTeach Activ is coming!!
DreamTeach Activ will be available very shortly. It is a pupil work site with over 200 tasks and 5000 self marking questions. It will be free for existing DreamTeach subscribers and replicate the package you have in school. Have a look at the movie for..
Hurricane Sandy Starter 2
Another picture reveal to introduce Hurricane Sandy. This image shows the power cuts across the city of New York.
Hurricane Sandy Starter
This picture reveal is a boat sunk by Hurricane Sandy. It is the boat built for the film Mutiny On The Bounty and later used in the Pirates Of The Caribbean films.
Hurricane Sandy Presentation
This presentation focuses on the cause and effects of Hurricane Sandy in the USA and the Caribbean.
Olympic legacy presentation
This presentation gets pupils thinking about the impacts of the Olympics on the UK and the lasting legacy it will leave.
Olympic legacy hoopshoot game
This basketball style game is a 1 or 2 player quiz, with questions about the Olympic legacy. There is also a time challenge game. Ideal for ending a lesson or recapping a previous lesson.
2012 UK drought mystery
These clue cards and follow up questions ask pupils to consider the reasons for hosepipe bans at a time when precipitation has been double the monthly average.
2011 Van (Turkey) earthquake quiz
This 10 question quiz accompanies the earthquake presentation. Some prior knowledge of tectonics would help the pupils.
2011 Van (Turkey) earthquake
This presentation focuses on the 7.2 magnitude quake which struck Van, Turkey on the 23rd October.
Hurricane Irene catchphrase and anagram starter
This starter will get pupils thinking about hurricanes and the study area prior to looking at the Hurricane Irene presentation.
Hurricane Irene picture reveal
In this resource, pupils need to choose squares on the screen. They need to try and guess what the image is behind the squares. It is a good starter, prior to looking at Hurricane Irene.
Hurricane Irene presentation
This presentation looks at the recent hurricane in the Caribbean and North America, in addition to tropical revolving storms in general.
2011 Horn of Africa famine presentation
This presentation looks at the cause and issues surrounding the summer famine in the Horn of Africa.
US tornadoes updated presentation
We have updated the 2011 US tornadoes presentation to include footage of the Joplin tornado. There is also an alternative link to the BBC website if YouTube is blocked in your school and the video doesn't run.
This presentation looks at the recent Lorca earthquake. It would work well if used in comparison to the Haiti, New Zealand or Japan earthquakes.
US tornadoes April 2011 presentation
This presentation focuses on the tornadoes in the USA in April 2011. This record month for tornadoes has cost over 340 lives already.
Royal Wedding Worksheet
To complete this worksheet pupils need to watch the Royal Wedding route video (click here to access) and/ or the Google Earth tour. Pupils then annotate the line with physical and human features for the route, before moving onto the questions/ extension..
Royal Wedding Google Earth tour
This Google Earth tour accompanies the worksheet. It can either be played by clicking the play button in the menu on the left (just underneath the tour), or by double clicking each of the points in the route. It will work best if 3D buildings are enabled..
Japan earthquake and tsunami Google earth tour
This is a Google Earth tour, looking at key places in the events of the earthquake and tsunami. To play the Google Earth tour, click the link. When Google Earth has loaded, click the play icon half way up the screen on the left hand side (bottom..
Japan earthquake and tsunami activities
These are interactive activities for pupils to use. There are three pages in total although the next button will not work until the activity has been attempted. The mark and feedback buttons both give pupils an idea of how they have performed. ..
Japan earthquake and tsunami presentation
This presentation focuses on the 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan. It includes video footage of the disaster. If your school servers stop the video from running properly, then use the BBC's coverage as an alternative. | <urn:uuid:d2eebc8c-944d-43d3-9129-5a720e760856> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.dreamteach.co.uk/geography_in_the_news/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186774.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00559-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905658 | 1,140 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Unfortunately, moving can be pretty bad for the environment. Between the fuel, boxes, and materials used, moving day can take a toll on your carbon footprint. According to this cool infographic, the average move uses 60 boxes, the equivalent of more than half a one-ton pine tree!
However, there are are few steps you can take to make your move a little greener.
Less is More
Moving is the perfect time to re-evaluate your possessions. Not only will you have less items to move, but owning less allows you to buy and maintain a smaller home. Getting into the “less is more” mindset also helps curb wasteful consumerism.
Before you start packing, identify which belongings aren’t going to make it onto the truck. Challenge yourself to let go. If you haven’t used that item in the past year, then it might not be worth keeping.
Don’t Toss, Donate
Instead of sending unwanted items to the landfill, give it a second life and donate or sell these things instead. Check out our articles on cleaning out belongings before a move and selling unwanted items. For the items that can’t be re-used, be sure you’re recycling everything you can. Even electronics can be recycled.
Packing materials are the biggest reason moving can be so Earth-unfriendly. Avoid any non-biodegradable packing materials such as styrofoam and plastic. Use paper, packing peanuts made from cornstarch, or other possessions like blankets to protect your move instead.
Instead of buying boxes new, pack as much as you can in used boxes. If you foresee a move in the near future, start saving boxes from deliveries. Ask friends who have recently moved if their boxes are still around, they’ll be grateful to get rid of them! You can also sometimes get free used boxes from grocery stores and other retailers. Don’t forget to ask your moving company if they sell used boxes as well.
There are also services that allow you to rent plastic crates for moving. This is probably the most eco-friendly packing option. Many businesses offer these crates, including Rent a Green Box, WeGoBox, ZippGo, and Better Than Boxes.
Recycle, Recycle, Recycle
When you’re finished unpacking, be sure to recycle all your boxes and packing materials. You can find the recycling center in your new neighborhood by visiting earth911.com
New House, New Lifestyle
A new house is the perfect opportunity to jump start a greener home. Maybe your new yard is perfect for a compost bin, or the abundance of sun on the rooftop can be utilized with solar panels. Inside, install energy saving light bulbs. Even small changes, like switching to eco-safe cleaning products, can make a big difference.
Olympia’s Eco-Responsible Initiatives
Here at Olympia, we do our part to make your move a little greener:
- Instead of wasting paper, we are ready to provide electronic estimates, invoices, and moving resources
- Use Olympia’s debris removal service to pick up your empty boxes for recycling
- We recycle all our used cardboard and materials
- All our moving cartons and packing materials are made from recycled product
- Olympia’s trucks meet the latest Federal Emission Standards
- We save fuel on interstate moves by carrying multiple households on each truck
The great news is that an eco-friendly move is also a cost-efficient move! | <urn:uuid:ab08d0bd-1d2f-4c3c-941d-98e2c24926c5> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://olympiamoving.com/2013/05/01/eco-friendly-moving-tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423723.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721062230-20170721082230-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.917128 | 732 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Playful pens from eighteen to twenty-four months
Jun 30, 2018
Cubes. The favorite thing to do is to build out of cubes - the two-year-old does not forget, but the cubes continue to grow with the child. The young builder loves to build from the big foam blocks or cardboard cubes of the tower above himself and then fall on them.
Beware, the knobs. This stage of development is literally a turning point for curious toddlers. They love to turn the knobs and press the buttons. If you suddenly turned off the TV, you can be sure that this is a freak walking naughty baby. Especially children attract knobs and buttons on radios, music centers and televisions, with the turn and
pressing which the sound changes. The causal relationship between turning the handle and sounding fascinates the child, and he can stand by your electronic toys for a long time, pressing all the buttons and turning all moving parts to see what will happen.
Look after him during this research work so that he can learn without crippling your technique. Talk to him while doing this. You can give him such a job as "turn on" and "turn it off."He will be delighted with the power that it gives him. If he begins to abuse his power, perhaps you should take off the pens or for a while put the technique higher. Better yet, give the child pens and buttons, which will be at his full disposal. Old radios and flashlights( which are full on garage sales) are notorious winners. Toys such as "push, and I will ride" for a long time keep the interest of any child.
Turning pages. Young children love to turn pages in books, but before this period they usually grab two or three pages at once. About a year and a half a child can start turning one page, especially if you show him how to do it, and give him books with thick, sturdy cardboard pages.
Rule of thirty centimeters
Children of this age as a radio tape recorder attract what is on the tables. They often run a curious hand across the edge of the countertop, looking for something to grab. Take care that nothing stands on the edge. Develop a habit of moving dangerous objects away from the edge of the table at least thirty centimeters away from playful little hands.
Development of children's painting. By at the time, as your child turns two, you can gather a whole collection of children's paintings, which are already hung all the walls of your kitchen and the entire refrigerator. When a child draws a bunch of lines or even, quite unexpectedly, a circle, he is very proud of his work and expects applause and hanging his masterpiece in a place of honor.
Game with covers. Kids love playing with covers and at this stage of development they can begin to unscrew them and spin. We came to the fact that a shoebox with a lid is an ideal pair for the hands of a two-year-old child. Puzzles and puzzles. For a child who is already two years old, loving difficulties that arise in front of him when you need
Puzzles or puzzles can be very
busy for kids who love
tasks for the mind.
to insert a figure in the hole, and having patience to try all the figures, the puzzle piece and puzzles become a hit of the season. If your child quickly becomes irritated, sit next to him while he breaks his head. Give him to make independent attempts, but if signs of irritation build up, come to the rescue, after showing and telling everything. | <urn:uuid:f6920d89-6241-452c-a741-45d81fb5f1de> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://womensecr.com/en/articles/11311 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655883961.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704011041-20200704041041-00450.warc.gz | en | 0.963092 | 731 | 2.53125 | 3 |
According to the biological theory of digestion, there are enzymes in your body specific for the digestion of all kinds of foods you put into your mouth. That is the theory, though, in reality, we have all been through a faulty digestion process. A faulty digestion process begets stomach inflammation and many other types of stomach upsets. The changes to the food processing and the preparation of food, as well as our lifestyle, can result in digestion issues in your stomach. It is advisable to avoid meat with high-fat content to help avoid indigestion. This article will provide an in-depth outline of the foods that can help you boost digestion and prevent inflammation.
Before we look at the foods that are generally great for digestion, it will be great to know how to avoid getting into the murk in the first place. We shall, therefore, start by looking at the foods that increase chances of inflammation and digestion problems.
Foods to avoid because of inflammation
Dried foods and foods that are high in fats should be avoided as much as possible. These foods are responsible for many cases of acid influx in the body in addition to the heartburn issues. Pale colored stool, which is a condition commonly referred to as steatorrhea, results when you consume a lot of high-fat foods. If you have an irritable bowel syndrome, then you need to avoid butter, cream, and foods with a high-fat content.
Chili pepper is a staple spice which can really irritate your esophagus, ultimately leading to heartburns. You should avoid chili pepper if you happen to be suffering from an irritable bowel syndrome and chronic heartburn.
Diarrhea, abdominal bloating and gas characterize individuals who are lactose intolerant. Ensure you keep away from dairy products if you are lactose intolerant.
The foods listed above are the worsts foods for digestion in the cases stipulated. We shall go further ahead and learn about the foods which if consumed, can help you to boost digestion. The nutritional expert provides us with a range of recommendations, but the common themes include vegetables, fiber, and fruits. When planning your daily nutritional plan, aim to achieve the following;
- Omega Foods
- Diet rich in fiber
- Wholesome foods
A regular meal and snack make your digestion to stay active. This goes a long way in helping you to prevent influx.
Prebiotic and probiotic are great foods to boost your digestion. Probiotics for those who don’t know refers to the live active bacterial cultures which are found primarily in soy and dairy related products. These colonize inside your gut and help to keep the harmful bacteria at bay. Since the stay of these probiotics is limited, you are recommended to eat them on a regular basis.
The non-digestible fibers which nourish healthful bacteria are known as prebiotics. Inside your colon, the prebiotics is fermented. The process of fermentation creates a healthy environment inside your stomach. If you want to regular bowel movements, then you should take prebiotics and probiotics on a regular basis.
Peppermint is great. You can rely on peppermint to lower abdominal cramping. Individuals usually experience abdominal cramping after taking a meal. You can find enteric-coated peppermint in almost any shop. You can take peppermint before eating a meal. This will help you reduce the abdominal cramping.
Care should be taken, though. Some people may not react well to peppermint. It is reported that peppermint may cause an increase in acid reflux.
Plant based diet
If most of the food on your plate is mainly composed of vegetables, whole grains, and fruits, you are on the course of helping to boost your digestion. For those of us who love a vegetarian diet, you will find soy to be a great alternative.
In as much as you strive to go high on plant products, take small amounts of animal proteins. Animal proteins such as fish, milk, poultry, cheese, and meat are crucial to your body. It is advisable to include the in your diet although in small quantities.
Foods that contribute to inflammation are also the worst foods for our body. You should try and limit the amount of the following foods in your diet;
- Red meat
- French fries
- Refined carbohydrates
There are a good number of foods which are great for you if you are looking to combat inflammation.
Nuts as anti-inflammatory foods
Nuts are great if you are looking to avoid inflammation. The reduction of inflammation goes a long way in helping you to avoid chronic illnesses. Nuts also reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Besides reducing inflammation, you can rely on nuts to keep diabetes at bay.
We also have different types of nuts. Not all nuts are great as anti-inflammatory foods. Cashew nuts are good sources of plant protein. If you want to increase omega-3 in your diet, then include lots of walnuts. Omega-3-6-9 are great for digestion. Omega- and Omega-6 are categorized as polyunsaturated fats. You need to strike a balance between your Omega-6 and Omega-3 in your body. Generally, the best way to maintain a good balance is to ensure that for every 2 grams of Omega-6, you get 1 gram of Omega-3. Almonds are also a good choice for nuts, but you should be careful on macadamias.
Nuts generally have lots of calories and are great sources of nutrients. With some nuts, you will get more Omega-6 inflammatory fats as compared to other nuts. Hence the reason for avoiding them.
People studies support the fact that olive oil helps to reduce inflammation. This is perhaps one of the many reasons why olive oil is used for its great health benefits. Clinical studies have pointed to chronic inflammation as being one of the leading causes of many illnesses. Such illnesses include cancer, cardiovascular ailments, obesity and Alzheimer’s arthritis.
Olive oil contains antioxidants. These antioxidants are the anti-inflammatory mediating compounds. Among the key antioxidants is oleocanthal. The antioxidants are also responsible for inhibiting proteins which drive inflammation. Also, Olive oil helps inhibit some genes which drive inflammation.
Inflammation and indigestion are among the worst discomforts you can suffer. It is always advisable to prevent diseases before they affect you. This is the reason why the foods mentioned above should come first on your dietary plan. There are tips which one can follow to beat inflammation and work safely around digestion problems easily. Your health provider can always provide you with the best advice about digestion. You can ask for the best anti-inflammatory foods if you are allergic to some food products. This will keep you safe and provide you with several alternatives.
Observe the following tips to maintain a healthy eating habit that will keep inflammation at bay;
- Drink lots of water
- Properly chew your food
- Simple exercises such as a walking after a meal are great for your digestion
- Avoid poorly absorbed carbs
- Avoid sodas and eliminate sweetened drinks from your diet.
- If you must eat bread, make sure it is made from whole grain
- Chia, acacia, and flax are great for your system
- Breakfast helps to improve mental functioning. | <urn:uuid:46bfb2d9-d4fb-4661-bea6-ebb97adf09c0> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.abundantlifechiropractor.com/5-foods-boost-digestion-prevent-inflammation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202506.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321072128-20190321093916-00030.warc.gz | en | 0.949066 | 1,503 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Women suffering from Alzheimer's deteriorate more rapidly than men, even when both are apparently at the same stage of the disease, finds a study.
Women sufferers were found to show greater loss of their mental faculties than men, which suggests that men's brains are better at coping with the ravages of the disease.
Men with Alzheimer's consistently outperformed women sufferers in detailed tests of memory and even verbal ability - in which, among healthy people, women normally have the advantage.
A review of data from 15 studies by researchers from the University of Hertfordshire, published in the Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, discovered that men with Alzheimer's consistently and significantly outperformed women with the disease across five cognitive areas examined in detailed tests.
These included tests of episodic memory, where people recall events from the past, and semantic memory involving factual information.
But a 'striking' finding was the verbal skills of women with Alzheimer's are worse compared with men who appear to be at the same disease stage.
"Unlike mental decline associated with normal aging, something about Alzheimer's specifically disadvantages women," said Keith Laws, a professor of psychology who led the analysis.
There could be a hormonal explanation, he said, because women lose oestrogen supplies after the menopause, which play a key role in the brain.
"Men's cognitive reserve appears to compensate for the disease process. Other research using scans shows men can have brains that are badly damaged yet their skills are not as impaired as they should be.
"For whatever reason, and it's not about greater intellect, men are better able to stave off the effects for longer," he added. | <urn:uuid:8d203e08-2509-4546-9451-8ebcf0342e82> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.medindia.net/news/deterioration-occurs-more-rapidly-in-women-with-alzheimers-than-men-106027-1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648198.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323063710-20180323083710-00601.warc.gz | en | 0.970676 | 341 | 2.640625 | 3 |
6 Things You Should Know When It’s This Hot Out
Central Minnesota is going to get pretty heated today! Now that I'm pregnant, I pay even more attention to the temperature and make sure to take extra precautions to keep myself hydrated.The mom in me thinks you should know these things before you go outside today.
- How hot does your body get before you get heat stroke? Heat stroke can happen when your internal body temperature reaches 104 degrees Fahrenheit. Avoid doing any excessive or extraneous activities outdoors today. Stay hydrated and drink plenty of water.
- How much water should you be drinking? Since you sweat more frequently in the extreme heat you need to make sure you’re drinking more water than normal. If you’re working outside, you should drink 4 cups of water every hour when the heat index is more than 103 degrees Fahrenheit.
- Top 3 signs of dehydration-It’s important to keep drinking water throughout the day and keep your body properly hydrated. Signs of dehydration include a bad headache, dark urine and constipation.
- Pets and the outdoors-You need to keep in mind that animals get hot differently than humans do. It’s not just the ambient temperature you need to consider, but also the humidity. Make sure your dog isn’t outside too long, avoid excessive activity and remember to walk your dog in the grass because the asphalt can burn their paws.
- Want to make an egg on the sidewalk today? Bill Nye the Science Guy tested this trick out a few years ago. He found that an egg needs a minimum temperature of 130 degrees Fahrenheit to cook an egg. Sadly, sidewalks probably won't reach this temperature today...but, it doesn't hurt to try it! It might be a fun thing to do with your kids...it's science.
- How hot will your car be today? Well, if you’re parked in the sun today, your car can reach temperatures in the 150 degree Fahrenheit range. That’s pretty hot. Don’t leave kids or pets in the car for even a second. | <urn:uuid:fb16a271-afb5-40e1-82c5-a4b179589cf1> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://mix949.com/6-things-you-should-know-when-its-this-hot-out/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316785.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822064205-20190822090205-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.924858 | 432 | 2.5625 | 3 |
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Roman historian, lived c. 165-230. No connected account of his life exists, but he is frequently quoted as an authority in the first half of the "Historia Augusta", and Valesius and Borghesi have identified him (Fragm. hist. Rom., p. xxv sq.) with the prefect of the same name, mentioned both in the inscriptions and by Dion Cassius. According to these he served in the Roman army, received prætorian rank at Rome, took part as commander in the campaigns in Gaul, Belgium, Germany, and Coele-Syria, and was employed in high offices of administration. During the reign of the Emperor Septimius Severus (193-211) he was made consul for the first time shortly after 197, and in 217 Macrinus appointed him prefect. In the reign of Alexander Severus (222-235) he was, in 223, appointed consul for the second time and governed the Provinces of Asia and Africa as proconsul, these offices being due to the special favour of the emperor. Later, Marius Maximus devoted himself to historical writing and wrote biographies of the emperors from Nerva (96-98) to Heliogabalus (d. 222). As the biographies stop with Heliogabalus, although Maximus was intimately connected with Alexander Severus, it is supposed that he did not survive the latter emperor during whose reign, it is thought, his work was probably written. The history of the earlier emperors is not extant, but it can be inferred from the fragments preserved that he adopted the method and views of Suetonius of whose biographies of the emperors his work was a continuation. His description of the lives and acts of the emperors is influenced by his friendliness towards the senate. His style is diffuse and detailed. Often he introduces personal occurrences, and offers official instruments and records of the senate as documentary proof. The biographies of Marius Maximus were greatly admired by his contemporaries and were especially read by the Roman senators. Some of the biographies were continued and enlarged by other writers. Ælius Junius Cordus wrote supplementary lives of the usurpers, Cæsars, and coadjutor-emperors, up to Alexander Severus.
APA citation. (1910). Lucius Perpetuus Aurelianus Marius Maximus. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09672a.htm
MLA citation. "Lucius Perpetuus Aurelianus Marius Maximus." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09672a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Ernie Stefanik.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. | <urn:uuid:a0fb07f3-0381-4af0-8b7a-5ff707d6a6f4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://newadvent.org/cathen/09672a.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00558-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963649 | 735 | 2.625 | 3 |
The Weekly Once-Over
When performing your weekly at-home exam, you want to take a systematic approach and do it the same way every time so you don't miss anything. Also, make it fun!!!
Dogs and cats get many of the same diseases that we do, including cataracts, glaucoma, conjunctivitis, and dry eye, but if caught in the early stages, many of these conditions can be prevented from progressing and your pet's eyesight could even be saved. Cats and dogs can even develop tumors in the eyes, so look closely with a good light. Both pupils should be the same size and the eyes should be clear, bright, and shiny, not cloudy.
The whites of the eyes, or sclera, should be white, not red. Dogs and cats have what's called a “third eyelid,” which helps protect the eye as well as lubricate it by producing tears. The third eyelid should not be showing. When a cat or dog is sick or in pain, you will suddenly see this white-colored membrane covering the lower part of the eye. Lips
Some dogs that have lip folds, such as spaniels, are especially prone to inflammation and skin infections on their lips. Lip tumors can develop on both dogs and cats. Check your pet's lips to make sure there are no crusts and there is no scaling and that the skin isn't dry and cracked like your lips when they are dry. Be sure to look for redness and hair loss around the mouth as well.
It's a common fallacy that a warm nose means a dog or cat has a fever. However, the nose should be smooth and without any scaling or roughness. Sneezing or nasal discharge can be signs of an upper respiratory infection, quite common in cats. Also look for color changes on your pet's nose. There should be no loss of pigmentation on a dark nose. White noses can get sunburn and even skin cancer.
Look at your pet's ears. They should have very little odor or discharge, but a small amount of wax is normal. If you see debris, redness, hair loss, or crusting or your pet seems to be in pain when its ears are touched, it could be a sign of an ear infection. Look for abnormalities on the outside of the ears, a happy home for some parasites. Hair loss, crusting, and redness can indicate mites, allergies, or infection. Ears should be flat, not swollen. Flies will sometimes bite at the tips of dogs' ears, so carefully check along the edges.
Notice if your pet has any trouble opening and closing its mouth. Look for any drooling or difficulty chewing and swallowing. Hopefully you're brushing your pet's teeth daily or at least three times a week. Check your dog or cat's mouth for tumors, swelling, and bleeding gums. Look at the teeth. Are they white, brown, or green? There should be no broken teeth and no odor.
Look at the color of the gums. They should be nice and pink, not white or red. You can check your pet's circulation by using your thumb and briefly applying pressure to the gums and releasing. The area that you pressed should turn white and then rapidly return to the normal pink color. This is called the capillary refill time. For dogs and cats, one to two seconds is considered normal. If the refill time is less than one second or more than three seconds, it could indicate a serious circulation problem and necessitates an immediate trip to the vet.
Before moving to the skin, feel under your pet's throat. Dogs and cats have lymph nodes in their bodies, just like humans do. Feeling for lumps, like the doctor does to you, can help detect enlarged lymph nodes, which can be the first sign of cancer or infection in dogs and cats. Dogs that get lymphoma, a common type of cancer, will have enlarged lymph nodes that are easily felt. Other lymph nodes that are readily detectable when enlarged are located at the shoulder, under the forearm, and on the backs of the rear legs. Excessive panting or coughing is abnormal and your pet should not cough when you touch its throat. This can be a sign of a sensitive trachea or a common upper respiratory disease in dogs known as kennel cough. Skin and coat
The skin is the largest organ of the body and is also the first line of defense against disease. Look closely at your pet's skin by parting the hair in several spots or blowing gently. It should be clean and dry. Look and feel for areas of swelling, heat, scrapes, pain, hair loss, crusting, or redness. Some pets have pigmentation or freckles on their skin, which is considered normal. Now run your hands all over your pet's body, including all four legs, and lift up the tail to look for problems with the anal glands. You'd be amazed at how many animals develop tumors or infections on the underside of the tail. And don't forget to look at the tummy. Check for lumps, bumps, and growths of any sort. Look closely under the fur because small bumps can be hard to see. The most common sites for tumors to grow are on the skin, mouth, mammary glands, and lymph nodes. Check under the coat for flakes, ticks, fleas, and flea dirt—small flecks of black debris that look like black pepper. This is actually flea poop, and if you get it wet, it will turn red—pretty disgusting!
Your cat's or dog's coat should be sleek and glossy, not dull, dry, or greasy. Run your fingers through your pet's hair. There should be no buildup or odor on your hands. Also check between the toes and look at the pads. Dogs and cats can get burrs, gum, and other foreign objects lodged there. During the summer months, dogs can easily burn their pads. Proper hydration is very important. A good check to see if your pet is drinking enough water and is adequately hydrated is to gently pull up on the skin over your pet's shoulder blades, then release the skin. If your pet is hydrated, the skin will snap back quickly into position. If your dog or cat is dehydrated, it will take much longer for the skin to release; sometimes, it will even stay tented up. This can be a serious problem and requires a phone call or a trip to your vet right away. Toenails
Keep those toenails short. Dogs and cats with overgrown nails are like women in stiletto heels. Walking is very difficult, and lameness, bone, or joint problems can occur as a result. Also, the nails can grow so long that they curl under the foot, embedding into the pads or skin, which is extremely painful for your pet. Nail trims need to be done regularly, depending on how active your pet is and how fast its nails grow.
Last but not least, check for weight gain or loss. This can be crucial in determining early signs of disease or illness. Even just a few extra pounds can be significant in animals, leading to arthritis, heart disease, diabetes, and breathing difficulties. Some longhaired cats and dogs can appear healthy, when in reality they have lost weight, but because of their luxuriant coat, the loss may not be readily apparent. Catching weight loss or gain in the early stages is far better than waiting until it has progressed to something more serious that's much harder to treat.
Again, be aware of what's normal for your pet, so when changes occur, you can address them immediately by calling or visiting the vet to get the problem checked out and treated before it becomes severe. For more information, visit dochalligan.com. | <urn:uuid:09ad124a-98ba-44bc-af82-00672c2bd344> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.hallmarkchannel.com/home-and-family/how-to/caring-for-senior-pets | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719027.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00206-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954891 | 1,617 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Fire & Rescue
For firefighters who save lives and coordinate actions, clear communication is a must. When the flames are roaring and consuming all the oxygen in the air, sound waves have trouble traveling, and when building structures collapse and rumble, it is difficult to hear anything in regular headphones or to make oneself understood via a microphone. Holding a communication radio while also operating machines or fire hoses is also out of the question.
A firefighter responding to an incident needs to communicate with colleagues at the scene without interruption while also needing a secure channel to the external radio network to communicate with command. Moreover, the materials used in the communication equipment must be able to withstand extreme heat (read more in our technology section). | <urn:uuid:d6070112-9357-4422-a5d4-a7b271907709> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://invisio.com/markets/fire-rescue.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549428300.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727142514-20170727162514-00562.warc.gz | en | 0.930406 | 142 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The Denver Zoo started in 1896 when an orphaned black bear named Billy Bryan was donated by the Mayor of Denver. It currently occupies 80 acres very close to the Denver City Park. Early on the Denver Zoo was involved in efforts to save the American bison from extinction.
According to the zoo's website "Currently the Zoo houses 3,500 animals, representing over 650 different species. Of those 188 zoo species are considered threatened or endangered, and three species are actually extinct in the wild. The Denver Zoo focuses on education to teach the appreciation of wildlife and conservation of our threatened natural resources." What a diversity of animals!
It is only 5 minutes from downtown Denver at 2300 Steele Street, Denver, CO 80205 Are you looking for "things to do in Denver"? Looking for a fine family adventure? This is the solution - grab the sunscreen and come on out.
I live in Denver and have visited the zoo and have taken many photos there. I am including a sample here of some Zazzle products that I created from my photos. Hope you like them. | <urn:uuid:c3309e0a-9aec-4a4a-abae-19fe31f099b6> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://wizzley.com/denver-zoo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160142.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924031344-20180924051744-00286.warc.gz | en | 0.96414 | 216 | 2.75 | 3 |
In another of McLuhan’s early unpublished works we find him studying/meditating on Aristotle’s and St. Thomas’ disquisitions on intellectual virtues. McLuhan notes that there are five: (1) intelligence, (2) science, (3) wisdom, (4) prudence and (5) art. The first three, McLuhan notes, are defined as virtues of the intellect in its speculative function. The second two are virtues of the intellect in its practical function. McLuhan goes on to note that prudence concerns right action while art directs right making. Ergo, he says, artistic activity is non-moral but accidentally becomes involved in moral questions. | <urn:uuid:2d5be4e7-3145-4133-bd9d-1906c064bfdb> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://www.mcluhanonmaui.com/2011/08/mcluhan-morality-art.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039546945.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421161025-20210421191025-00284.warc.gz | en | 0.937489 | 145 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Richard A. Arenberg, in this commentary, says the filibuster plays a vital role in the Senate as a counterbalance to House of Representatives, and it’s the recent behavior of senators that needs to change for the better.
The filibuster and related rules play a fundamental part in that protection. This has made the Senate a unique body for more than 200 years.
However, it is not only “preserving the power of the minority” which is at stake.
The rules of debate and the supermajority requirement established by Rule XXII (the cloture rule) not only serve to protect the minority, they foster deliberation and compromise, discourage unchecked majority control, moderate extreme outcomes, avoid precipitous decision making, discourage domination by the more populous states, ensure the role of the legislative branch in oversight of the executive and assure the role of the Senate as a counterbalance to the majoritarian House of Representatives in our system of checks and balances.
All of that said, the filibuster has been abused in recent years. This month’s close encounter with the “nuclear option” centered on Republican filibusters of a number of President Obama’s executive branch appointments.
The obstructionism drove the Democratic majority to the brink of an unwise solution. The specific rule change sought was reasonable. Former Senate Parliamentarian Robert Dove and I, said in our book, Defending the Filibuster: The Soul of the Senate, that presidents are largely entitled to the executive branch officers they want and that, at least for positions below cabinet level, debate should be limited or ended by a simple majority vote.
The problem arises with the way Democrats proposed to make these changes in the rules – the use of a procedure outside of the Senate’s rules and precedents, the “nuclear option.” Argument over the “nuclear,” sometimes called “constitutional” option, is more than 200 years old.
Article I, Section V of the Constitution empowers each house of the Congress to write its own rules. Senate Rule XXII requires a two-thirds vote to end a filibuster against a rules change. This means that changing Senate rules must be a bipartisan matter.
No one should be fooled. If the Senate establishes the precedent that debate can be ended by a simple majority vote, the majority would do what majority’s do. They seize control and write rules to enforce that control
The Senate would inevitably become a body, like the House of Representatives, simply controlled by its majority party. In the House, the minority is rarely consulted, speech can be severely limited and amendments are often not permitted at all.
As poisonous as the current atmosphere in Congress is, on recent issues like immigration reform and the farm bill and at times of crisis when shutdown of the government or default on its debts have been threatened, it is nearly always the Senate which is the cradle of the compromise.
This is because, unlike the House, the lines of communication among the leadership remain open. Communication is open, because given its rules, particularly the filibuster; the Senate cannot be operated day to day without some cooperation between the majority and minority parties.
In fact, the events this month regarding the “nuclear option” itself demonstrates this. Senators of both parties were able to enter a room (the historic old chamber of the Senate) and speak frankly and directly to each other leading to a compromise.
There is little question but that the filibuster has been abused in recent years by Senate minorities. This is bad behavior which will not be resolved by changing the rules. The solution can only come from the resolve of senators themselves.
Secretary of State John Kerry in his great farewell address to the Senate this January echoed that conviction held by many before him. He declared, “I do not believe the Senate is broken–certainly not as an institution. There is nothing wrong with the Senate that can’t be fixed by what is right about the Senate… There are moments of great frustration, for the American people and for everybody in this place. But I don’t believe they are the fault of the institution itself. It is not the rules that confound us per se. It is the choices people make about those rules.”
Kerry went on to say, “[T]he problems we live through today come from individual choices of Senators themselves, not the rules… I leave here convinced we can keep our Republic strong. When President Kennedy observed that ‘our problems are manmade; therefore they can be solved by man,’ he was talking about a much more literal kind of nuclear option than the euphemism we use today to discuss Senate rules. But his vision is just as important for us to recognize in our time, whether we are talking about the ability of Senators to debate and vote or about the issues on which they do so. It is still true today, as he said 50 years ago, that ‘reason and spirit have often solved the seemingly unsolvable, and we believe,’ he said, ‘they can do it again.’”
When I came to the Senate many years ago with another Massachusetts senator, the late Paul Tsongas, experienced senators knew and often expressed that the filibuster was valuable and fundamental to the Senate, but to protect it, it must be used with restraint.
This month the current minority faced with the threat of the majority seizing the reins of the Senate, rediscovered that restraint.
Some of the majority faced with the consequences of using shortsighted means for short-term gains also showed that restraint. The Senate did what the Senate does, it sought compromise.
Richard A. Arenberg, who worked on Capitol Hill for 34 years with Majority Leader George Mitchell and Senators Paul Tsongas and Carl Levin, is co-author of “Defending the Filibuster: The Soul of the Senate.” He is an adjunct professor at Brown University.
Recent Constitution Daily Stories | <urn:uuid:fec349ae-275b-42fa-9f8b-a06e71b3a103> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2013/07/in-defense-of-the-filibuster/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928015.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00159-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961187 | 1,222 | 2.625 | 3 |
Nature reviews. Neuroscience 2016 5 06() doi 10.1038/nrn.2016.41
Increasing evidence points to a complex interplay between genes and the environment in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including rare de novo mutations in chromatin genes such as methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) in Rett syndrome. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation act at this interface, reflecting the plasticity in metabolic and neurodevelopmentally regulated gene pathways. Genome-wide studies of gene sequences, gene pathways and DNA methylation are providing valuable mechanistic insights into ASD. The dynamic developmental landscape of DNA methylation is vulnerable to numerous genetic and environmental insults: therefore, understanding pathways that are central to this ‘perfect storm’ will be crucial to improving the diagnosis and treatment of ASD. | <urn:uuid:ff0a221d-aafe-4d4f-92ed-056dc8acfb5b> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.physiciansweekly.com/the-landscape-of-dna-methylation-amid-a-perfect-storm-of-autism-aetiologies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189083.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00525-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901261 | 170 | 2.53125 | 3 |
If you’re wondering how to find the right worksheets for children in your home, you have lots of options. There are so many types of worksheets, and they range from those that are essential items that help children succeed to those that are just as fun to play with. Read on to learn about the types of worksheets that you can find for your children, so that you can make an informed decision as to which worksheets will be right for your child.
Kindergarten worksheets provide very basic information about kindergarten concepts. They can provide information about colors, the multiplication table, addition, subtraction, and even simple math problems. Worksheets for kindergarten can also include subjects like counting, spatial relations, and other topics that may be helpful for children to understand when they begin kindergarten.
Preschool worksheets provide much more advanced information than that found in kindergarten. Your child may need preschool worksheets that teach them about basic concepts like colors, numbers, and even shapes. Your child’s preschool curriculum may have a time-based program, so these worksheets can be used to help teach concepts like counting, time-related concepts, and colors. This is one of the most popular worksheets for children who need a refresher on topics they learned in preschool.
Those worksheets that are time-based offer time-based interactive learning activities that help your child learn more quickly. Most of these types of worksheets focus on either time-bound or time-released interactive learning activities. Time-bound worksheets are usually pre-recorded and played back to your child as they work on them. They may be a series of puzzles, games, or a lesson plan that focuses on a certain concept.
On the other hand, time-released activities offer several lessons and exercises for your child to work on at once. With time-released worksheets, your child doesn’t have to wait for an entire week or month for their homework to be done. They will be able to complete the assignment as soon as they get home from school.
When your child is still in a young age, you can use his worksheets to introduce him to new concepts and ideas. Worksheets for children like this typically have different topics that you can use with your child. For example, there are worksheets that teach your child about the sound of sounds, the rules of numbers, and what all those letters in the alphabet are.
While some of these types of worksheets offer time-based, or time-released, interactive learning activities, some of them do not. You may find worksheets that offer the opportunity to play with something they’ve worked on before. This is a great way to start a new skill, or a skill that has become forgotten in their daily lives. These types of worksheets may have a flash card feature, where your child uses the cards to learn the concepts and ideas.
You can find hundreds of free worksheets for children all over the internet. All you have to do is do a search using the keywords you’ll be looking for, and you’ll find many sites that have worksheets to choose from. Many of these sites will have educational materials available on their websites, so that your child can review them before they start working on them. As you can see, finding the right worksheets for children is an important task that will allow you to guide your child’s educational development in the best way possible. | <urn:uuid:f87e66db-49d7-434d-91ca-aa27b3e639dd> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.semesprit.com/54412/worksheets-for-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499967.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202070522-20230202100522-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.966471 | 730 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Volcanos and bluestockings in the OED
Within the dictionary offices, we refer to this newly revised and updated batch as the blue batch, as blue is the leading headword. Colour words are often big entries, involving many different subject areas. Here, we have natural history (bluebell, blueberry, and blue heron, to name but three), country music (bluegrass), fashion (or not) (blue jeans, blue rinse), feminism (bluestocking), archaeology (and a type of gin) (bluestone), and the astronomer’s blueshift, the pessimist’s blue moon, the designer’s blueprint, and the yeller’s blue murder. These are selected from the 614 headwords, compounds, and other expressions covered in the blue alphabetical range.
The rest of the batch focuses on terms in the following alphabetical ranges: audience and audio-; Caribbean; credit and Creole; friend; gambling, game, and gammon; gang and gangster; heredity, serial and serious, smart (including smartphone and smartypants); taxonomy; and the volcano words.
Any one of these could provide the basis for an extended piece on lexical history and semantics, but we might look briefly at how the cluster of volcano words have shuffled their way into English.
As is often the case when a new term enters English, there is a scramble for several years between competing forms to see which will gain the ascendancy. Vulcan seems to be the first of this cluster to surface in English, according to the OED’s updated entry. Vulcan, long known in English as the name of the Roman god of fire and metalworking, developed new meanings in English from the Middle Ages onwards (a cuckold, a blacksmith, a lame person). In the early fifteenth century we find the word creeping into one of the manuscripts of Sir John Mandeville’s supposed Travels:
In þat Ile is the Mount Ethna‥& the wlcanes þat ben eueremore brennynge.
Mandeville’s Travels (Titus C.xvi) (?c1425) 36
English received this isolated instance from early French, and nothing more is heard of the term in the record until 1578, when it appears in a translation of a Spanish text:
Then appeared the vulcan and concauetie, which was about halfe a league in compasse.
T. Nicholas tr. F. Lopez de Gómara Pleasant Hist. Conquest W. India (1578) 160
As volcanoes are not homegrown phenomena it is not surprising that English speakers called them by a foreign term. Jostling for pole position with vulcan we have volcan, which also comes to us from early French or Spanish, first of all (according to the available evidence) in John Frampton’s translation of Seville doctor Nicholas Monardes’ description of the “newe founde worlde” of the Americas, published just one year before Nicholas’s vulcan:
Other Sulphur‥founde nigh vnto the Volcan of Nicaraga.
J. Frampton tr. N. Monardes Three Bookes (1577) i. f. 31
But it was the form with the final –o that swept aside the competition in the long run. Firstly Italian vulcano (which had a good run from Samuel Purchas’s Pilgrimage in 1613 into the early twentieth century) and triumphantly volcano (recorded first in another translation of 1665 and gaining ground as the established spelling in the eighteenth century:
The effects of Volcano’s and Subterranean Fires are no less manifest than their cause is unknown.
G. Havers & J. Davies tr. Another Coll. Philos. Conf. French Virtuosi (1665) cix. 49
By the end of the seventeenth century the volcano was firmly settled in the English-speaker’s mind, and available for use in new contexts. Here are some of them:
These poor deluded People should consider what Mischiefs and Desolations those Vulcanos of Zeal have brought upon this Island by their dreadful Eruptions.
G. Mackenzie Reason (1690) ii. 140
Blow him into a Flame, and you may see Vulcano’s, Hurricans and Borasco’s in him.
T. P. Blount Ess. (1697) 143
How shall the Earth tremble with dreadful Earthquakes, opening her self with a Thousand Mouths, and casting forth, as it were, whole Volcanos [1672 Volcanies; 1684 Volcames; 1692 Volcanes] of Fire and Sulphur.
V. Mullineaux tr. J. E. Nieremberg Contempl. State Man (1699) (ed. 5) i. x. 111
The variation in spelling in the last example shows the level of uncertainty over how to write volcano when it first started being used widely.
These three examples are in fact the OED’s first examples of three separate nuances from the late seventeenth century:
Something which bursts out, or is liable to burst out, unpredictably into violent or dangerous activity; a potentially explosive situation
A violent feeling or passion, esp. one in a suppressed state.
An eruption or discharge of flame, smoke, etc., from a volcano. Now chiefly in extended use: a violent outpouring or blast of fire, liquid, debris, etc.
New words also feature in the volcano/Vulcan area, thanks to Star Trek. We’ve added a new sense of the noun (and a new adjective) Vulcan to cover the fictional alien race from Star Trek. A casual look through the Oxford English Corpus suggests that Star Trek allusions have become at least as common as Classical allusions in the evidence for this word’s use. Although Vulcan is not the first term from Star Trek to be recorded in the OED. There are also entries for Klingon, mind meld, and prime directive, among others. The series has been an enduring fixture in the pop-cultural landscape of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, so it isn’t surprising that it is leaving its mark on the English language.
boccia and goalball: both Paralympic sports are now included in the OED. We also (finally) added podium (to compete with medal) as a verb.
feature complete and feature phone: these two new additions to the entry for feature point at the prominence of this word in Computing and Technology contexts.
smart: the number of special uses of smart has expanded significantly in the technological sense since OED2. New ones in this update include smart quotes, smart highway, smart chip, smart box, smart antenna, but many more were added in previous releases.
blue dogs and yellow dogs. These are US political terms with etymologies that are complex and interrelated.
Yellow dog, referring to a staunch party loyalist (esp. a Democrat), originated in the 19th century as a way of characterizing districts where one party’s candidates were virtually guaranteed a victory: it was said that “even a yellow dog” would win if he were on the right ticket. Eventually, the term “yellow dog” was applied to the loyal voters themselves, rather than the undistinguished candidates they voted for.
Blue dog is a much more recent term inspired by yellow dog. Originating in the 1990s, it refers to a conservative Democratic politician favouring centrist policies. The blue colour has been explained as an allusion to loyal yellow dogs having been left out in the cold by the mainstream Democratic party until they turned blue. Another possible influence is the Blue Dog, a figure in a series of paintings by George Rodrigue, a Louisiana artist; the coalition apparently often met in the offices of two Louisiana congressmen, each of which was decorated with a painting by Rodrigue.
OED entry display
In this release we’ve altered the way in which the dating and sources of some Middle English quotations are displayed online: for further information see this article on Dating Middle English evidence in the OED.
Chief Editor, Oxford English Dictionary | <urn:uuid:dfc8c96c-602d-42e7-8721-8ea236a437f5> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://public.oed.com/the-oed-today/recent-updates-to-the-oed/previous-updates/march-2013-update/volcanos-and-bluestockings-in-the-oed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823282.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019103222-20171019123222-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.942762 | 1,745 | 2.78125 | 3 |
If you closely read the 20-page draft decision on the Clean Development Mechanism prepared at COP16 in Cancun, you will see a tiny reference to the possibility of including ``city-wide programs’’.Those few words represent an enormous effort: mainly championed by Amman, Jordan, with support from the World Bank , the European Union, UN-HABITAT , C40 Cities , ICLEI , United Cities and Local Government(UCLG ) and others.
There is reason to be excited. Cities are the every-day face of civilization, the rough and tumble, action oriented arm of government: The ones you call when you need to get things done. And in Cancun they got the call.
Making sense of the COP, the ‘Conference of the Parties’ (cities would call it a meeting, ‘fiesta’ if you added beer and a beach) is a full time job. Thousands of people jet across the planet arguing over commas and clauses while climate change waits for true political will. But that political will does not come from countries at a COP. No, first and foremost it needs to be understood, nurtured, and acted-upon in cities. Countries get their marching orders mainly from urban residents, not the other way round.
Unfortunately, it hasn’t been working that way. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was intended to be an innovative market-based approach to combine GHG mitigation with sustainable development objectives. Between March 2005 and October 2010, more than 2400 projects were registered with the CDM. But only 203 were in cities (80% of those associated with landfill gas). This makes no sense: activities in urban areas cause more than 75% of the world’s GHG emissions, and yet less than 10% of the CDM projects were in cities. So far the creativity, pragmatism and impact of cities have not been effectively called upon to mitigate GHG emissions. That is now changing.
Recognizing the limitations placed on cities under the CDM rules, many people worked for more than five years to bring about changes in the CDM, represented by just those words in the draft decision mentioned above, to help cities ‘get in the game’. The Cancun summary document was seeded with that potential.
‘City-wide programmes’ will enable cities to aggregate lots of smaller activities across the city and measure them against a standard baseline. These ‘programmes of activities’, added together, should yield impressive results; city-wide building codes, traffic management, ‘smart’ power meters, street lighting, are only some of the possibilities.
Just a couple weeks before COP16 in Cancun, Mexico City hosted cities and agencies working with them from around the world to discuss the details on how cities can better participate in climate change mitigation and adaptation. The ‘Mexico City Pact ’ resulted; more than 125cities have already signed.
Similarly, half a planet away, the City of Tokyo recently established the world’s first city-based Emissions Trading System (ETS). Tokyo’s credibility, capacity, and potential to drive GHG reductions is another welcome addition. This initiative has the potential to grow quickly and be replicated broadly. Cities like Rio de Janeiro and Shanghai are already looking at the details.
City-wide carbon finance as proposed by Amman, will likely never generate more than a percent or two of a city’s total budget, nor will a local cap-and-trade system as proposed by Tokyo provide all of the sweeping mitigation efforts needed. But the leadership and innovation shown by theses cities gives hope to negotiators and policy-makers.
One of the great hopes of Cancun is that cities can now be more fully in the game. Cities will be there during the lead-up to COP17 in Durban, but mostly cities will see a continuation and intensification of discussions, debates, and flat-out brawls as they wrestle with day-to-day adaption in a changing climate. This while welcoming three million new residents every week, all in the midst of growing in an increasingly carbon constrained world. Cities are happy to have planted the seeds for a more innovative approach to deal with climate change, but they won’t have the luxury to stand around watching the results. They will be busy making it happen. | <urn:uuid:d3fb7d61-84db-45ca-b531-69671c76c83b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blogs.worldbank.org/climatechange/print/cities-get-call-cancun | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00071-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951891 | 931 | 2.625 | 3 |
This packet includes three files, one file with an A4 or Letter size book and the activities seen in the above pic, a file of little books to print for students to use as a group or individual and a PowerPoint file that can be used on an Interactive Whiteboard for whole group reading (you must use this one in play mode).
The book uses the high frequency words 'that' and 'can' in large print as well as pictures that support the text, this would be great for beginning Prep or Kinder as well as those kiddos who are still struggling with reading.
This is the first book in a series I will be producing that will have That Cat as the central character each book will use high frequency words and or blends. Each packet will contain activities that can be used to extend the reading, practice blends and/or high frequency words as well as a writing activity. I will try to get one done each week, (my fingers are crossed!)
Click on any of the pics to go to my store. | <urn:uuid:e362be14-2c73-4ac8-85d3-f94b8a11f317> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://poultneytania.blogspot.com/2013_06_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122886.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00603-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970996 | 209 | 2.734375 | 3 |
In 2000, the United States claimed victory against childhood diseases, eliminating measles and making other diseases extremely rare. Now, measles and other dangerous diseases are re-emerging in large part due to declining vaccination rates.
From Jan. 1 to March 7, 2019, 228 cases of measles were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In March, Rockland County, N.Y., declared a state of emergency due to a measles outbreak. Measles is highly contagious and can become deadly.
The rise of measles and other dangerous diseases is a global health crisis, and nurses and health professionals are on the frontlines. We have put together these shareable resources to help our members and allies educate themselves and their communities about this public health crisis.
- Download our fact sheet,
- Read and share our blog, 5 Things to Know about Immunizations
- Download these graphics and share them on social media (right-click to save full-size image): | <urn:uuid:27ea4670-ebdc-48fa-8dc6-89cff59686da> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.aft.org/immunizations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057733.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925172649-20210925202649-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.954539 | 196 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Today, smart technology has taken over our lives – as we literally are surrounded by smart gadgets in our homes, offices, and even in public places. While some people are still not sure about relying completely on the Internet of Things (IoT), there are many for whom responsiveness and interactivity are important. If you’re among the latter, you surely won’t see any potential in older devices. But IoTIZER is about to change that perception.
Curated to replace human manipulation of old products, IoTIZER is a prototype mechanical hijacking device (MHD). As the name indicates, it is meant to be operated by humans while giving new connected life to your old devices. This device can handle almost everything with an interface, which is pulled, pushed, or twisted.
Influenced by a 2D plotter that can rotate and extend, along with extra freedom to push buttons. This small stick-on adapter is meant for some additional motions, such as rotating knobs. It comes integrated with software to make MHD easily accessible for people without getting into technical stuff.
A prototype project from Korea
IoTIZER is basically a research-through-design project by KAIST in Korea. This project is involved in putting some of these prototypes in the lives of potential users. As per the researchers, this prototype is created after many trials and many participants liked that this device is customizable in terms of sequences, operating times, and conditions. Hence, it adds functionality to gadgets that already had a certain level of connectivity.
As of right now, IoTIZER is a research-through-design project from KAIST in Korea. Part of the project involved putting some prototypes in the homes of potential users. According to the researchers, a number of the initial trial’s 14 participants liked the fact that the MHD was so customizable in terms of operating times, sequences, and conditions—adding functionality even to devices that already had some level of connectivity.
This IoT device uses stepper motors to get precision movement. All these motors are further controlled by the Arduino Uno. For making this device easy-to-control remotely, it includes a WiFi-integrated Adafruit Feather HUZZAH along with an ESP8266 microcontroller.
The software used in the devices helps in its easy configuration. It further includes a smartphone app, on-device software, and a server. The app accepts user instructions that are sent to the server and further communicates with the device for triggering requested actions.
Future of IoTIZER
IoTIZER seems to be a very promising device to extend the lives of old or aging devices that you already own. Unfortunately, the design of this device is quite large that most people won’t like to have it in their homes. But this issue can be resolved to a certain degree by downsizing the electronics and reworking the device’s structure. But that won’t address all the concerns.
According to the team, the future version of this device may be in the form of a personal service robot. It will help in navigating multiple devices, as well as manipulating them manually. It sounds like a great idea. But more work needs to be done on this device to make it practical. And, it may take some more years to do so. | <urn:uuid:d6f038b9-af9d-4d66-8724-134b6d6b3cf8> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://oldnwise.com/tech/iotizer-iot-enabler/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710771.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130192708-20221130222708-00776.warc.gz | en | 0.952429 | 690 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Kisautak’s ‘Serving the purpose of education’ brings out the educational expectations and specification of a school’s mission as well as the subject of monitoring educational tasks. She says that education is the lee way to success. All the teachers must try their best to guide the students in the best way so that the latter can achieve the best in their education. She also encourages the imparting of skills which are essential in the life of a student. This enables the student to come out as a self reliant and successful individual.
Kisautak also insists that cultural identity has to be maintained. This is achieved in the school situation with the inclusion and use of songs, dance and teaching of morals like respect for the elders. Furthermore, she reiterates the fact that education must ensure that it addresses societal issues. This can be done by regular evaluation of policies, philosophies and goals. They must be compatible with present life. The graduates should be able to make life choices and to meet life’s demands.
She advises that in order to provide the best in education, there is a need to identify the expected end product and provide the best system for acquiring it. She adds that there need to be stability of programs and goals and more so the establishment of an effective school system. | <urn:uuid:d03d4d61-b1c0-4cde-956f-5d9ee3c9dbc4> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://primeessays.com/samples/education/serving-the-purpose-of-education.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668682.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115144109-20191115172109-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.965762 | 266 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Contact: Emil Venere
Caption: Purdue researchers have developed a technique to embed a liquid-alloy pattern inside a rubber-like polymer to form a network of sensors. The approach might be used to produce "soft machines" made of elastic materials and liquid metals for potential applications in robotics, medical devices and consumer electronics. A publication-quality image is available at https://news.uns.purdue.edu/images/2014/kramer-softrobots.jpg.
Credit: (Rebecca Kramer/Purdue University)
Usage Restrictions: None
Related news release: New manufacturing methods needed for 'soft' machines, robots | <urn:uuid:51058957-835b-4b75-a44f-e0ee58b51b04> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/74992.php?from=270401 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119647914.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030047-00238-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.801897 | 132 | 2.78125 | 3 |
After the accession of Elizabeth I in 1558, Protestant England was beset by the hostile Catholic powers of Europe, including Spain. In October 1585, King Philip II of Spain declared his intention to destroy Protestant England and began preparing invasion plans, leading to an intense intelligence war between the two countries and culminating in the dramatic sea battles of 1588.
Popular history dictates that the defeat of the Spanish Armada was a David versus Goliath victory, snatched by plucky and outnumbered English forces. In this tightly written and fascinating new history, Robert Hutchinson explodes this myth, revealing the true destroyers of the Spanish Armada—inclement weather and bad luck. Of the 125 Spanish ships that set sail against England, only 60 limped home, the rest wrecked or sank with barely a shot fired from their main armament.
In this dramatic hour-by-hour, blow-by-blow account of the Spanish Armada’s attempt to destroy Elizabeth’s England, Hutchinson spins a compelling and unbelievable narrative. Using everything from contemporary eyewitness accounts to papers held by the national archives in Spain and the United Kingdom, Robert Hutchinson re-creates one of history’s most famous episodes in an entirely new way.
“Contemporary readers will certainly enjoy this outstanding contribution… Tudor historian Hutchinson (Young Henry: The Rise of Henry VIII, 2012, etc.) excels in his descriptions of the flow of information…Readers know how the battle turned out, but they will relish Hutchinson’s intensely detailed account… Those with fond memories of Garrett Mattingly’s classic The Armada (1959) will discover an equally enthralling successor.”—Kirkus Reviews (starred review)
“In this engaging volume, archeologist and historian Hutchinson (Young Henry) sets out to overturn one of the cherished legends taught in British primary schools…Hutchinson lays out ample evidence that the Spanish ships sank more from happenstance than heroism. ” —Publishers Weekly
“[Hutchinson’s] attention to battle at sea, sixteenth-century style, induces wonder at how Phillip and his high command thought they could succeed…Culminating with the Armada’s ghastly shipwrecks in Ireland, Hutchinson’s day-by-day story of the Armada is a fine production for maritime history buffs.”—Booklist
“The author does a magnificent job of describing the military campaign. . . . He also argues convincingly that, in terms of intelligence . . . this was a truly modern war.” —Good Book Guide (UK)
“The victory of the English navy over the Spanish Armada in 1588 is one of those defining moments . . . of British pluck and determination. . . . Well no, not really, says historian Robert Hutchinson in his revelatory new book.” —Choice (UK)
“In a book which successfully weaves together the different elements of the dramatic story, Robert Hutchinson, making use of fresh research (not least his own), sets out to consider the background and the events themselves.” —The Tablet (UK)
Praise for Young Henry
“Anyone who sees history as boring should be given Robert Hutchinson’s book posthaste. Without sacrificing facts and research, he has the ability to construct an absolutely compelling narrative. . . . He is one of the few authors who keep you up till 3 a.m.” —The Bookseller
“Pulling quotations from the archives that convey Henry’s pious yet imperious personality, Hutchinson ably meets history fans’ unflagging fascination with Henry VIII.” —Booklist
“Hutchinson is admirable at pulling out amusing tidbits from the primary sources he obviously plumbed to write this breezy account. . . . often enlivened by Hutchinson’s irreverent commentary.” —Publishers Weekly
“Anyone with a passing interest in Tudor history will catch up quickly and delight in a detailed profile of one of England’s most famous—and infamous—monarchs.” —Shelf Awareness | <urn:uuid:9116fa51-1b35-4aa0-9f8c-b8f85cc092f6> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250047120 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500800168.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021320-00030-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924605 | 867 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Chronic truancy and eventual involvement in crime go hand in
hand. Studies show that today’s chronic truant is tomorrow’s
criminal. In 1997, the California Youth Authority conducted an
intake survey which showed that 76% of those committed to the CYA
had missed an average of two years of school, had stopped attending
school regularly in the fifth or sixth grade, and were not attending
school at the time they were arrested. As a result, the District
Attorney’s Office – as the chief law enforcement agency in the
county – has implemented powerful programs to address the truancy
problem and help youth stay in school.
A.C.T., or Abolish Chronic Truancy, places District Attorney's
Office personnel in
elementary schools to work with administrators, teachers, parents
and students to intervene at the very beginning of the truancy
cycle. District Attorney representatives inform parents that it is their legal
responsibility to ensure their children attend school and that
education is as essential as food, clothing, and shelter in a
child’s life. If there are problems interfering with the ability of
the child to go to school, District Attorney personnel attempt to find community
resources to help overcome those problems. If the child continues to
be truant, criminal legal action can be taken against the
student, the parent, or both.
A.C.T. intervenes at the elementary-school age for a number of
- Truant behavior is not as ingrained at this age as it will
- The parent of the elementary school-aged child still has
control over the child and can, therefore, be held accountable.
- If intervention occurs later in the child’s life, he will have
fallen so far behind academically as a result of truancy that
getting the pupil back in school will be a matter of winning the
battle having already lost the war.
While prosecution can result from A.C.T. intervention, the focus of
the program is not to punish parents and students, but to get
truants off the streets and back in the classrooms.
Truancy Mediation Program
The District Attorney’s Hearing
Officer Program works with school districts School Attendance
Review Boards (SARBs) to combat truancy among all age groups between
Kindergarten through 12th grade. When students and/or their parents
violate school attendance laws, the matters are often referred to
the District Attorney’s Office for an office hearing.
The goal of the mediation process is to return each truant to
school while holding them responsible for their actions. In lieu of
immediate referral for prosecution, the student and parents are
given an opportunity to enter into a District Attorney School
Attendance Contract. By entering the contract, students and parents
agree to immediately eliminate unexcused absences and tardies, to
correct behavioral problems, and to adhere to SARB directives and
other hearing officer resolutions. Failure to adhere to the contract
can result in formal prosecution. | <urn:uuid:270835e8-8786-4e1c-a586-4dd08444b7ce> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://da.co.la.ca.us/cr/act.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400372542.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123252-00049-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9431 | 647 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The meaning of the sonorous name Inessa — character, fate and career
It originated in ancient Greece, where it was meant as “innocent”. The beautiful name Inessa was popular in medieval Europe, where it was pronounced differently: in Spain — Agnes, in Portugal — Inesh, in Germany — Ines, in Ukraine — Ines.
The diminutive form of the name: Inca, Inusya, Inochka, Inusenka, Inula.
In the Orthodox calendar, Inessa corresponds to the name Agniya, celebrated nine times a year.
- Depends on the time of year of birth of Inessa:
- Winter — Confident, successful.
- Spring — Sensitive, vulnerable.
- Summer — Impudent, indecisive.
- Autumn — Independent, independent.
It pleases parents with its calmness and smileiness, from early childhood its perseverance and dedication is noticeable. If he thinks it will be impossible to stop it halfway, he will surely reach the goal.
Inessa from an early age can find a hobby, hobbies, invent games for the whole company. She grows very creative girl, perfectly draws, sings, dances. With the help of creativity Inessa hides increased emotionality.
It may burst into tears while reading a book or watching a movie or a cartoon. This often seems strange to others.
Before all children learn to read and soon it can not be torn off from the books. Book lover Inessa remains for life, hiding in the virtual world from reality. Of the guys likes to be friends with boys, with whom she is easier to communicate than with girls.
Usually looks like a mother, but the character takes over from the father in whole or in part. In adolescence, Inessa’s character becomes hot-tempered, which is why she often gets involved in conflicts, making enemies and losing friends.
At school, she studies moderately, selects favorite subjects for which she gets good grades. With the help of the ability to like, easily finds a common language with older people, despite the conflict, knows how to be friends. Responsible decisions are always taken by herself, without consulting anyone.
May sacrifice for the sake of loved ones all. Growing up, Inessa shows excessive obstinacy and strives for independence.
Early flies out of the parent nest.
It is ill less often than other children, because of sports hobbies, Inessa can greatly strengthen the body. that diseases will avoid it.
Despite her penchant for exact sciences, Inessa will not go to science, it’s too boring for her, she prefers journalism, photography, cooking, trade, and can go to directors and hairdressers. Does not seek leadership, but does not like to work in a team. If Inessa doesn’t like her work, she cannot achieve positive results in her.
Do not give up work in favor of the household.
He likes male attention, but is picky about men. Her in them is primarily interested in his support, and appearance, financial position and status for her in the second or third place.
Her beloved person should have an active lifestyle, she will be faithful to him until the end of life. Unloved man prefer loneliness.
Family life, especially the birth of children, changes Inessa, making her more restrained and tolerant of the shortcomings of other people. The talent of diplomacy appears, but this does not come to her immediately, but after a few years of family life. He pretends that the head of the family is a husband, in fact, imperceptibly holds power in the family.
With children at Inessa trust relationship.
Horoscope named Inessa
Aries — Reasonable, hardworking. They do not know how to give up in achieving their goals.
Taurus — Independent, Mental. Keeps others at arm’s length from themselves.
Gemini — Positive, caring. Loves to like and be useful to others.
Cancer — Unshakable, idealistic. It is very difficult to get along with it, it requires high moral qualities and commitment from others.
Leo — Unpredictable, energetic, restless. Monotonous and boring life — not for her.
Virgo — Neat, measured. Avoids big companies, surrounding himself with friends proven over many years, loves art.
Scales — Charming, sociable. Charms companions with his speeches, sense of humor, gets on with almost everyone.
Scorpio — Secretive, sentimental, hides it under the mask of rudeness and unwillingness to compromise. In disputes wins, even if wrong.
Sagittarius — Adventurer, cheerful. Easily meet new people.
For the husband will be the best wife in the world.
Capricorn — Indecisive, vulnerable. Any criticism for a long time knocks her out of the usual rut.
Bad worker, but perfect housewife.
Aquarius — Polite, affectionate. Finds a common language even with gloomy people.
It makes an excellent mother and a beautiful wife.
Pisces — Silent, shy. He does not lean in companies, he values his independence, he does not hurry to start a family.
Male Name Compatibility
- Planet — the moon.
- The color of the name is Blue.
- Season — Spring.
- Happy day of the week — Wednesday.
- Lucky number is 7.
- Metal — Mercury.
- Zodiac sign — Taurus.
- Element — Air.
- Totem animal — Fox.
- Plant — Basil.
- Tree — Lemon.
- Mineral Talisman — Opal.
Famous people named Inessa
- Inessa Kovalevskaya — Soviet director.
- Inessa Korkmaz — Azerbaijani volleyball player.
- Inessa Slyunkova — Russian art historian.
- Inessa Kravets — Ukrainian athlete.
- Ines Sastre — Spanish actress.
Guess today with the help of the tarot spread "Day map"!
For proper divination: focus on the subconscious and do not think about anything at least 1-2 minutes. | <urn:uuid:228de16e-0f21-4c4e-8e22-5c11bd88650b> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://a-i.pw/meaning-of-the-name/the-meaning-of-the-bright-name-inessa-is-destiny | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670535.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20191120083921-20191120111921-00463.warc.gz | en | 0.938985 | 1,302 | 2.796875 | 3 |
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7 birds you won’t believe are threatened with...
It’s a worrying trend: even birds that were once considered common and widespread are now plummeting towards extinction. Some of the species on this list will shock you.
Grey Parrot fading from Africa's rainforests
It’s one of the most recognisable pet birds in the world. And it’s also the latest species to join the Red List’s dreaded Endangered club. What went wrong for the Grey?
2016 Red List: great news for island endemics,...
Today, the health of the world's 10,000+ bird species was revealed with the publication of the 2016 Red List. There are reasons to cheer, but also reasons for concern.
Get news by email | <urn:uuid:e34940ea-40a6-4d39-b96f-4a22f4f63e57> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.birdlife.org/news/tag/grey-parrot | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159938.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923232129-20180924012529-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.820139 | 227 | 2.8125 | 3 |
CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA are common acronyms in the networking world. The CS in CSMA stands for Carrier Sense and this means that the device that is communicating on the network is listening to determine whether some other station is transmitting on the medium. If that is the case, it will not transmit over the already existing signal. The MA in CSMA stands for Multiple Access and this means that there is more than one device on the network that might be trying to communicate at the same time.
The CD in CSMA/CD stands for Collision Detection. An . . .
The content below this message is for members only. | <urn:uuid:d8ba6f74-274f-4659-9264-eedc9c2c2395> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.howtonetwork.org/comptia-and-security/network/section-iii-network-media-and-topologies/chapter-19-lan-technologies/csmacd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669809.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118154801-20191118182801-00161.warc.gz | en | 0.936269 | 132 | 2.625 | 3 |
Fashion is the leading fashion in a given society at a particular time. Fashion has much to do with changing trends: It refers generally to stylish ways of dressing in a particular era. The word “fashion” actually originated from a Latin phrase, “fit to the need”. “Fashion” became a popular term after people started using it in the 18th century.
When we refer to “fashion”, we typically think of the style and designs that are the current “in” thing in a society. There are many different styles and trends, and one author defines the following: “a manner of dressing characterized by conformity with prevailing fashions, manners, and norms of a society”. In addition to this, there are also other things to consider such as the meaning behind the term, the type of style that one author believes is the most appropriate for the situation, and if one author is suggesting a style for everyone.
When you type the term “style” into your favorite search engine, you will find that there are literally thousands of different styles that fit into this general category. Some authors believe that style is a more complex issue with many sub-styles that must be discussed. However, when you use a style sheet in a word processor like Microsoft Word, the style sheets that appear are just the default style sheets that are pre-filled by Microsoft. This means that when you type “style” or “style sheets” into a text box, the default style sheet will be displayed. Also, if you choose “Styles” from the drop down menu that appears when you type the word processor command, the list of available styles will be shown.
One author suggests that styles are built-in aspects of MS Word. That author explains that built-in styles are part of the built-in features of Microsoft Word. Therefore, you can think of built-in styles as being part of a language, even though the terms “style sheet” and “style” may not be the most familiar terms to you. It is not surprising that you would not have the words “style sheet” in mind when you use the words “built-in styles” since many of the default formatting characteristics are built into the MS Word application.
Another author takes the opposite view of style. He argues that one can think of style as being a default setting for a text editor. In other words, the formatting properties that are built into the text editor are the only ones that you can change, regardless of the type of word processor on your computer. If you use Microsoft Word and set the style sheet option so that it displays as italic or bold, for example, you have created your own built-in style for the written word.
The fact is that there are many different styles and sometimes it is difficult to determine which one is for you. There are two answers to this problem. You can open up Microsoft Word and look at the current “Style” property list under the Page Layout section of the main menu. You will see the current “Complete Styles” which indicate the formatting properties that are available for the page. The other answer is to use the quick style dialog box that appears when you double-click the “igate” button next to the text box. | <urn:uuid:04cb9930-8f13-45d1-a7d0-39c7ff0ff596> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://ibrikresort.com/index.php/2021/08/03/tips-for-creating-new-quick-style-sheets-in-microsoft-word/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303845.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122103819-20220122133819-00687.warc.gz | en | 0.949149 | 695 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Chiricahua National Monument Birdwatching Overview
Chiricahua National Monument Birdwatching Travel Tips
- The Chiricahua National Monument sits on the west side of the Chiricahua Mountains. Here you will be able to see Zone-tailed Hawks and Golden Eagles as well as the Hepatic Tanagers, Grace’s and other warblers, Strickland’s Woodpecker, and a variety of hummingbirds.
- Along Cave Creek Canyon in the Coronado National Forest you may spot the Calliope Hummingbird, Peregrine Falcons, Elegant Trogons, and even some Burrowing Owls.
- Sulfur Springs Valley is one of the best spots for winter birding. Sandhill Cranes, Lark Buntings, Curved-bill Thrashers, birds of prey, and sparrows are among the many species that can be found here. The Whitewater Draw Wildlife Area of the Arizona Game and Fish Department, formally known to veteran birders as the Hyannis Cattle Company, is in the Sulfur Springs Valley and is a known hotspot for birding.
- Volunteer opportunities are also available at the Southwestern Research Station. In exchange for food and lodging, boundless birding, naturalist activities, and classes, volunteers must commit to chores at the station for 24 hours per week for four to eight weeks. Contact the Research Volunteer Coordinator for more information.
- Every summer Victor Emanuel Nature Tours operates Camp Chiricahua. A 12-day excursion for young naturalists, the tour begins and ends in Tucson with the majority of the time spent in the Chiricahua mountain range.
- The Southeastern Arizona Bird Observatory is the best resource for birding activities in the area. It offers bird lists, hot spot recommendations, birding guides, and a calendar of events.
The region is especially famous for the variety of hummingbirds that can be found here. Look for the Blue-throated Hummingbird, the Magnificent Hummingbird, and the Black-chinned Hummingbird when you visit. More hummingbird species are found in southeastern Arizona mountain canyons than in any other place in the United States.
Some people believe that nighttime is the best time to go birding in this area, because of the owls and nightjars that can be found. More than a dozen species of owls, including the Western Screech-Owl, the Whiskered Screech-Owl, the Great Horned Owl, the Flammulated Owl, and the Elf Owl, have been spotted at Chiricahua. Birders may also spot the rare Buff-collared Nightjar and the Common Poorwill.
Riparian Deciduous: This limited area in Siphon Canyon and Apache Spring enjoys the decoration of Arizona walnut, netleaf hackberry, velvet ash, mesquite, and desert willow. Although merely a trickle at times, Apache Spring is a reliable water source. Some breeding birds are White-winged Dove, Elf Owl, Crissal Thrasher, Phainopepla, Lucy's Warbler, Northern Cardinal, Pyrrhuloxia, and Hooded Oriole.
Riparian Forest: Within Chiricahua National Monument are intermittent streams, such as Bonita and Rhyolite, lined with a mixed canopy of Arizona walnut, Fremont cottonwood, velvet ash, Arizona cypress, and several oaks including Emory, silverleaf, and netleaf. A few perennial springs are found within the boundary. Typical breeding birds in this area consist of Cooper's Hawk, Western Screech-Owl, Whip-poor-will, Blue-throated Hummingbird, Magnificent Hummingbird, Black-chinned Hummingbird, Acorn Woodpecker, Western Wood-Pewee, Dusky-capped and Sulphur-bellied Flycatchers, Cassin's Kingbird, Gray-breasted Jay, Bridled Titmouse, Bushtit, White-breasted Nuthatch, Bewick's Wren, Solitary Vireo, Black-throated Warbler, Painted Redstart, Hepatic Tanager, Black-headed Grosbeak, Bronzed and Brown-headed Cowbirds, and Northern Oriole.
Desert Grassland: A mix of grasslands and small shrubs occur in the surrounding areas of Fort Bowie and lower Bonita Canyon in the Chiricahua National Monument. Breeding birds include Red-tailed Hawk, Scaled Quail, Common Poorwill, Ladder-backed Woodpecker, Say's Phoebe, Western Kingbird, Northern Mockingbird, Loggerhead Shrike, Lark and Black-throated Sparrows, Eastern Meadowlark, and Scott's Oriole.
Oak Woodland (Encinal): These grassy, low-elevation areas in Fort Bowie merge with pinyon, junipers, and several oaks to form an ecotone similar to a savanna. Typical breeding birds are Montezuma Quail, Strickland's Woodpecker, Gray-breasted Jay, Bridled Titmouse, Hutton's Vireo, Black-throated Gray Warbler, and Rufous-crowned Sparrow.
Chaparral: The steep slopes of innumerable exposed cliff faces of Chiricahua National Monument are clothed with one-seed juniper, mountain mahogany, and pointleaf manzanita. Birds of the chaparral include Scrub Jay, Rock Wren, Rufous-sided Towhee, and Black-chinned Sparrow.
Madrean Woodland: Mid-elevation woodlands of Chiricahua National Monument are dominated by Mexican pinyon, Arizona oak, netleaf oak, silverleaf oak, Chihuahua and Apache pines, Arizona madrone, and alligator juniper. Breeding birds include Whiskered Screech-Owl, Acorn Woodpecker, Gray-breasted Jay, Bridled Titmouse, White-breasted Nuthatch, Bewick's Wren, and Virginia's and Black-throated Gray Warblers.
Coniferous Forest: The dominant trees in the upper elevations of Chiricahua National Monument include Arizona pine, southwestern white pine, Douglas fir, and Gambel oak. Typical breeding birds are Band-tailed Pigeon, Northern Flicker, Steller's Jay, Mexican Chickadee, Pygmy Nuthatch, Solitary Vireo, Grace's Warbler, Redfaced Warbler, Olive Warbler, and Yellow-eyed Junco.
Details mentioned in this article were accurate at the time of publication | <urn:uuid:7082f331-7046-484a-9f99-b5ea6c3b208a> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://away.com/parks-guide/travel-ta-chiricahua-national-monument-birdwatching-tucson-sidwcmdev_067988.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246639057.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045719-00032-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898361 | 1,413 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Consider this scenario:
Imagine a store that is open for a certain time interval during the day. In that time interval, several customers rush in to the store. Each customer buys several items. If someone would record the number of items sold as a function of time, he/she would probably observe bursts (one burst = items bought by one person). The time duration for which the store is open will correspond to the number of bursts. In other words, time duration maps to frequency of bursts.
Now, consider this transcription model:
Consider this mechanistic/intuitive model explaining how proteins are produced in bursts and how the frequency of bursts are controlled by the transcription factor:
1. transcription factor binds to promoter regions and opens the region for access by the polymerase
2. the region remains "open" for some time
3. during this time interval, the polymerase may initiate transcription multiple times
4. for each mRNA that the polymerase transcribes, multiple proteins are produced
So, in summary, the transcription factor "opens" the promoter region for the polymerase. Lets assume that upregulating the transcription factor affects the time duration of the "open" promoter. The longer the time interval, the more mRNA will be produced. Each mRNA creates a burst of proteins. Therefore, upregulating transcription factor affects frequency of bursts. | <urn:uuid:39ed5d77-117b-4c0a-9637-083c594aa801> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://deepak-chandran.blogspot.com/2011_04_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806771.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123104442-20171123124442-00350.warc.gz | en | 0.926408 | 273 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Myths about Online Schools
MYTH: Students who attend online schools lack socialization and social skills.
FACT: Students at Idaho Technical Career Academy will have the opportunity to participate in many academic and social outings. We also encourage students to participate in K12 national clubs and state and national Career Technical Education (CTE) student clubs and organizations.
MYTH: Attending Idaho Technical Career Academy is a part-time job.
FACT: Students will need to spend about five to six hours on schoolwork each day, depending on grade level.
MYTH: Online schools don't meet the curriculum requirements for public schools.
FACT: Idaho Technical Career Academy is a public school that happens to operate outside a traditional classroom. Our high school students are expected to spend a certain amount of time each day engaged in schoolwork. They are also required to take standardized tests mandated by the state of Idaho. The K12 curriculum was developed by experts to meet or exceed Academic Standards, and has proved to be one of the top-scoring online school curriculum programs in the nation. | <urn:uuid:ac26e340-2b3e-42da-b777-920d5395c1de> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://itca.k12.com/how-it-works/myths-about-online-schools.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860570.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618144750-20180618164750-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.968955 | 219 | 2.8125 | 3 |
What is a Peri-Apical Cyst?
A peri-apical (radicular) cyst is the most common tooth-derived cyst.
A cyst is a sac-like structure (in this case) derived from tooth-related tissues. It can be gas-filled, gel-filled or blood-filled but normally it is not pus-filled (that is, it is not normally/initially infected).
What are the signs & symptoms?
Whilst small, the cyst is often not noticed. When larger though, teeth can become mobile. Cysts can become infected and this can be when it is first noticed by either dentist or patient.
What are the causes of Peri-Apical Cysts?
The usual cause is a tooth that becomes infected with the result that the tooth dies.
Toxins from the dead tooth-pulp exit the end of the tooth, leading to inflammation of the surrounding tissues. This inflammation stimulates the cells found in the tooth-supporting structures, resulting in the formation of a peri-apical granuloma that may be infected or sterile.
Eventually, the granuloma becomes a cyst.
These are not usually clinically detectable when small but are most often discovered as incidental findings on X-rays.
How are they treated?
Several treatment options exist for such cysts.
Many cysts resolve with endodontic therapy (‘root canal treatment’) of the involved tooth. Those lesions should be monitored radiographically to ensure such resolution.
Cysts that fail to resolve with such therapy should be surgically removed and checked under a microscopic analysis. This is often accompanied by an ‘apicectomy’ of the tooth involved. This entails shaving off the end of the tooth and sealing, preventing the recurrence of the cyst (in theory). | <urn:uuid:9ed01b42-e29a-43cb-9a16-d9798a4e02fc> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://exodontia.info/peri-apical-cysts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154321.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802141221-20210802171221-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.94259 | 385 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Definition - What does Abrasive Blasting mean?
Abrasive blasting refers to the operation of forcibly propelling a high-pressure stream of abrasive material against a surface in order to:
- Smooth a rough surface
- Roughen a smooth surface
- Shape a surface
- Remove surface contaminants
There are several variants of the process, such as:
- Bead blasting
- Sand blasting
- Soda blasting
- Shot blasting
Corrosionpedia explains Abrasive Blasting
Abrasive blasting is a method used to clean or prepare surfaces prior to use. Mechanical force is used to propel blast media at the surface to be cleaned to remove contaminants. Types of abrasive blasting include:
- Dry ice
Abrasive blasting systems typically include three essential components, as follows:
- Abrasive container (blasting pot)
- Propelling device
- Blasting nozzle
Abrasive blasting can be used to remove - or clean - excess or unwanted materials from a surface. The advantage of the procedure is that it keeps the surface intact, while everything else is removed.
There are two main types of blasting: dry and wet. The type of abrasive used in a particular application is usually specific to the blasting method. Dry blasting is usually done with the following:
- Metallic grit
- Aluminum oxide (alumina)
- Silicon carbide
Wet blasters are operated with:
- Glass beads
- Other materials that remain suspended in water
The exact equipment used depends, to a large extent, on the specific application and type of abrasive.
Industries that use abrasive blasting include:
- Metal finishing
- Surface coating
- Other industries that involve surface preparation and painting
Common applications are engravings for monuments and buildings and cleaning boat hulls, etc. | <urn:uuid:9091630d-aa95-49a8-9293-1e39f71b56b4> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/21/abrasive-blasting | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986718918.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020183709-20191020211209-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.871731 | 376 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Wisconsin ranks as the worst state for black Americans, according to a special report from financial website 24/7 Wall St. For many of Wisconsin’s black residents, this news may be unsurprising; for others, perhaps confusing. Here are a few reasons to help explain why black lives don’t seem to matter very much to the state of Wisconsin.
Milwaukee is the most segregated city in the country.
The city’s north side is the historically African-American district and the site of much of the recent unrest. By being concentrated in the urban center, black residents find it tougher to get to jobs, partly due to a lack of public transportation. The issue isn’t as prevalent for white people in the area who have migrated to the suburbs, where job growth is higher.
The economic landscape is bleak.
The unemployment gap is bigger here than in 70 other metro areas, according to a National Urban League report from May that analyzed data from 2015. Only 4.3 percent of whites were unemployed, compared to 17.3 percent of blacks, the study found.
Wisconsin’s education system is significantly unequal.
According to a study conducted by Wisconsin’s Council For Children and Families, black students rank lowest in every measure that factors into a child’s well-being in the state, including math and reading proficiency, family poverty levels and high school graduation rates.
The disturbances were not just about Smith’s shooting, said Milwaukee NAACP branch president Fred Royal. African Americans, who make up about 40 percent of the city, have higher levels of unemployment, higher incarceration rates and lower incomes than the white population. The recent upheaval may force city residents to have a long overdue reckoning about inequality, he said.
“Institutional racism creates these problems,” Royal said, adding, “When you have systems in place that have been used for their privilege for years and have failed to meet the needs of another community, it may be that they will only identify with that type of outcry.”
The institutional racism Wisconsin upholds has created deep divisions between its residents, and many of the state’s black men and women have felt marginalized and mistreated for too long. | <urn:uuid:d099996c-886f-401e-8a5f-3e967bb151c4> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.urbanfundr.com/uf-news/milwaukee-uprisings-reflect-wisconsins-terrible-treatment-of-black-lives/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107912593.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031002758-20201031032758-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.966856 | 456 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Researchers at the University of Adelaide have made a breakthrough discovering two new species of Araucaria (pine). These have been identified as species related to the Norfolk Island pine.
Many years of intensive research led Professor Bob Hill and his team to collate and interpret previously undescribed foliar material of Araucaria section Eutacta, from Australian Cenozoic sediments. The fossils were collected over several decades and were identified by direct comparisons with extant and fossil species using light and scanning electron microscopy.
Environment Institute Director, Professor Hill said “Araucaria is an ancient conifer genus that is often used as a major ornamental tree in large gardens, coastal streets and public places. The fossil record of these trees shows that they were once common and diverse in southern Australia.”
“This latest paper reports two new species and several new records of beautifully preserved Araucaria fossils, closely related to Norfolk Island Pine, and shows that the current trend to use Araucarias as ornamental plants is simply returning them to their former range.”
Image: Fossils of Araucaria balfourensis from Balfour
These well-preserved fossils add significantly to the knowledge of Araucaria and confirm the dominance of the section Eutacta compared with other sections in the region during that time. The range of leaf morphology exhibited is similar to that seen in extant New Caledonian species and probably reflects past phases of radiation in similar wet climates. | <urn:uuid:d4dfcf29-9d03-4056-a8a0-e10bb597250b> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://blogs.adelaide.edu.au/environment/2019/08/30/new-species-of-norfolk-island-related-pine-identified-in-south-eastern-australia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711045.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205200634-20221205230634-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.961022 | 306 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The Grand Canyon state has got plenty of gorgeous environment to soak up, from the well-known big pit up in the northwest corner to the stark beauty of the Superstitions looming over the Phoenix sprawl to the hidden mysteries of the Mogollon Rim. It's great for tourists, but it's even better as a spot to earn a degree in almost any kind of environmental science.
Tucked away in all that scenery are some fascinating geographical and ecological curiosities, entire ecosystems completely isolated from one another in box canyons only miles apart.
Hydrogeology and water quality are subjects of serious study and much practical application in a desert state, and the chain of climatological and environmental circumstances that dictate rainfall, retention, and the flow of waters through the region has an enormous practical impact on the daily life of millions of residents.
As one of the top five fastest growing states in the country, Arizona will continue to have environmental resource challenges. State schools will continue to lead the way in the study of those challenges, and preparing graduates capable of finding solutions.
What Can I Do with an Environmental Science Degree in Arizona
State government jobs are the big draws in Arizona environmental work. Environmental science specialists working for the state are needed to carefully track the dry desert air quality, to monitor critical watersheds and aquifer resource usage, and to help protect desert ecosystems that are surprisingly delicate for such a harsh environment. It can take 70 years for a saguaro to first bloom, an achievement lost in seconds when one is toppled by developers or vandals.
But in Arizona, water is the environmental concern that trumps all others. Water quality and consumption specialists are employed in both public and private sectors to track the constantly dwindling supply of clean, fresh water and to ensure that all the relevant rules are being respected.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, geoscientists pull in a median income of around $85,000 in Arizona, and other environmental scientists aren't far behind, at just north of $71,000. The cost of living tends to be low and the opportunities are vast.
Master's in Environmental Science in Arizona
Tuscon's flagship school, the University of Arizona, delivers master's degrees with a real focus on the issues of the desert and desert living, with studies in subsurface and soil science and refuse and contaminant management, particularly with a view toward groundwater remediation and ecosystem restoration.
The school also delivers a solid interdisciplinary program in Environmental Health Sciences, with a research-oriented focus.
In Phoenix, meanwhile, ASU offers an MS in Environmental and Resource Management which follows the same trends in resource management and remediation as the UA offering in Environmental Science.
Bachelor's in Environmental Science in Arizona
The diverse biomes Arizona supports translates into rich and diverse environmental science programs across the state as well, each with their own niche aspect of excellence in research and training.
Up in Flagstaff at Northern Arizona University's School of Earth and Sustainability, you can look at some of the fascinating rock structures exposed by the nearby bandsaw that is the Colorado River on your way to a bachelor's in geology or geophysics. At NAU you'll also have options that include environmental science degrees emphasizing biology or chemistry.
Or if you prefer the more urban and suburban tracts around Phoenix, Arizona State University offers both BS and BA degrees in environmental science at its main campus as well as the Lake Havasu City branch.
You have at least one private school to choose from, too, an unexpected entry from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Prescott in Wildlife Science.
Online Environmental Science Degree Options from Schools in Arizona
You can't really talk about online degree offerings in Arizona without mentioning the University of Phoenix, that home-grown behemoth in distance learning that has offered an easy route to a college education for millions of working professionals since it burst onto the higher education scene in 1976.
Predictably, the school has a strong, flexible, and inexpensive BS in Environmental Science that you can take from anywhere in the country. With guaranteed tuition and an asynchronous class format that will allow you to tackle your coursework at 11pm while sitting at your kitchen table, it's a popular choice you can't overlook.
Sometimes you have to dig a little to find online options. ASU's Environmental Resource Management MS can also be completed entirely via distance learning. | <urn:uuid:0223f5e4-9a5e-42f6-924d-b06ac4174623> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://jobs.environmentalscience.org/arizona | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107888931.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025100059-20201025130059-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.941853 | 899 | 2.875 | 3 |
Nepal is home to an incredible amount of wildlife and pangolins are also in that very long list. The country is home to these incredibly cute Chinese and Indian pangolin. Known in the Nepali language as ‘Salak’, the animal is reportedly found in 44 districts across the country. Sadly, it happens to be the most smuggled animal in the world!
Some Pangolin Facts:
- They are very shy animals with their tongue as long (or longer) as their body!
- An adult pangolin eats around 20,000 ants and termites in a day
- Pangolins love to take care of their young ones, carrying babies on their backs just like humans
- The name comes from the Malay language “pengguling”, meaning ‘one who rolls up’.
- They are friendly, so please be nice to them and respect their space
Some of the key objectives from the first Pangolin Conservation Action Plan (2018-2022) are to secure their habitat, enhance their status in communities and increase the pangolin population in Nepal.
Pangolins are actually listed as protected species in Nepal. Killing, poaching, transporting, selling or buying them is punishable with a fine of Nrs 1 million (US$ 9,000) or jail time.
Small Mammals Conservation and Research Foundation (SMCRF) diligently works in Nepal to raise the profile of many animals including pangolins. Tulshi Laxmi Suwal from SMCRF shares that the Chinese and Indian pangolins in Nepal face risks from poaching, lack of public awareness, forest fires and encroachment of forest area.
PHOTOS AND CAPTIONS PROVIDED BY TULSHI LAXMI SUWAL | <urn:uuid:7eeb6f90-695d-49dd-b696-bc85ada241c5> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://lexlimbu.com/blog/2020/05/31/cute-pangolin-photos-from-nepal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363641.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209000407-20211209030407-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.944695 | 371 | 2.90625 | 3 |
News From the Field
Researchers Discover How to Tame Hammering Droplets
January 21, 2011
A water hammer can occur when a valve is suddenly opened or closed in a pipe carrying water or steam, causing a pressure wave to travel down the pipe with enough force that it can sometimes cause the pipes to burst. Now, new research shows that a similar effect takes place on a tiny scale whenever a droplet of water strikes a surface.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent federal agency that supports fundamental research and education across all fields of science and engineering. In fiscal year (FY) 2014, its budget is $7.2 billion. NSF funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2,000 colleges, universities and other institutions. Each year, NSF receives about 50,000 competitive requests for funding, and makes about 11,500 new funding awards. NSF also awards about $593 million in professional and service contracts yearly.
Get News Updates by Email
Useful NSF Web Sites:
NSF Home Page: http://www.nsf.gov
NSF News: http://www.nsf.gov/news/
For the News Media: http://www.nsf.gov/news/newsroom.jsp
Science and Engineering Statistics: http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/
Awards Searches: http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/ | <urn:uuid:5e38b59f-f6bb-48cf-915d-fc794d1fc3c3> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=118480&org=ENG&from=news | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678697773/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024457-00037-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892211 | 304 | 2.90625 | 3 |
William Wordsworth always talks about events took in his childhood and same thing has happend with us in childhood.What is difference between him and us?
1 Answer | Add Yours
I think that the most elemental answer to the question is that Wordsworth is able to express his past experiences in childhood in such a manner that his poetic expression almost helps to give words to our own experiences. Certainly, there is much to be said about how Wordsworth's experiences in childhood are similar to our own. Yet, the reality is that his ability to lyrically express these childhood experiences is what makes Wordsworth so special. Wordsworth is using his own childhood experiences to connect with our own. One of the fundamental premises of Romanticism is the idea of being able to externalize the internal. In universalizing his subjective experience, Wordsworth is able to fulfill one of the fundamental tenets of Romanticism. The subjective experience being poetically experienced so that more can share in it is one of the basis of the Romantic movement. Wordsworth's own imagination of his childhood is meant to help validate our own experience. I don't think that he is writing to make his childhood reveries more significant than our own. Rather, he is poetically expressing his childhood experiences to a point that enables us to do the same. It is this universality and connection that makes Wordsworth's expression so powerful. To be able to reflect on our own childhood and find that Wordsworth experiences the same is where there is validation of the Romanticism thematic approach. At the same time, doing so is what enables us to believe that our childhood holds a magical and poetic quality to it. In this, one sees why Wordsworth's childhood and our own similarity to it holds thematic meaning.
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes | <urn:uuid:5005db2c-b82f-48ff-9a25-8c77f06854cb> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/william-wordsworth-always-talks-about-events-took-383317 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770071.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00028-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976422 | 375 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Useful Tips & Steps on Creating an Emergency Preparedness Plan
When an emergency situation arises, are you fully prepared? Not a lot of people can say they took enough measures or time to create a proper emergency preparedness plan but with some useful tips and advice from our experts, you can in fact achieve that goal.
Create an Outline
In order to make a useful emergency preparedness plan, creating an outline is one of the first steps we always advise our visitors. By creating an outline of the possible situations, tools, supplies, and kits, you will have a set list of items that can be altered, changed, or modified at any time. We also advise our visitors to list down anything that comes to mind, without any hesitation. If you feel like an item should be listed, we advise you to do. It is better to have additional items rather than not having a necessary item at all.
Properly Associate Needs & Wants
Now that you have a set outline, this can be a great step towards conserving space and sorting out any items that might not be needed. With any sort of outline or list of items, there are two main categories. By sorting out the essential supplies, tools, and items to one side and setting aside items that don’t necessarily have to be there, you can reduce the amount of space taken and at the same time keep only necessary items at your disposal.
Adjust Your Plan According to the Type of Emergency
With a variety of emergencies that can happen at any time, different emergencies may require different tools and supplies. So for this next step, we highly recommend our visitors to carefully research and plan according to the specific type of emergency that might be at hand. For example, if the emergency dealt with earthquakes, proper steps need to be taken so that food, clothing, flashlights, and water are readily available. If it is a tornado based emergency, proper steps for safety and shelter have to be the essential qualities of this plan. Whether the emergency is associated with weather or a national problem, linking the necessary tools and supplies to the type of emergency is vital in any emergency preparedness plan.
Re-evaluate your Plan
By taking a second look and re-evaluating your existing emergency preparedness plan, you will have the opportunity to make any important changes, add-ons, and modifications to your list. With this additional step, you will be sure to find some areas or categories that might need an important tool or supply that would have gone unnoticed if it wasn’t for your re-evaluation of the plan.
Taking all precautionary measures and steps into creating a proper emergency preparedness plan can be useful in any given situation. If any type of emergency does occur, following your emergency preparedness plan can help you avoid any sort of worries or safety issues that usually comes to unprepared individuals.
We here at ERCM.org, strongly believe a well thought out emergency preparedness plan is essential to survival and safety. For more information regarding emergency preparedness, kits, supplies, plans, management, and surrounding topics, please visit us at ERCM.org. | <urn:uuid:e6ff11ac-72d8-496c-a6a1-98e830e5e3ce> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.ercm.org/preparedness-plan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826322.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00313-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929201 | 640 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Supply chain management is the handling of the whole manufacturing flow of a great or service to take full advantage of top quality, distribution, client experience as well as earnings.
What is supply chain management?
Supply chain management is the handling of the entire production flow of a great or solution– starting from the raw parts all the way to delivering the end product to the consumer. A firm produces a network of providers (” web links” in the chain) that move the product along from the suppliers of raw materials to those organizations that deal straight with customers.
Just how does supply chain management job?
According to CIO ¹, there are five elements of traditional supply chain management systems:.
Plan and also take care of all sources required to satisfy client demand for a business’s product and services. When the supply chain is developed, figure out metrics to determine whether the supply chain is efficient, effective, supplies worth to consumers as well as meets firm goals.
Select vendors to supply the goods as well as services required to produce the item. After that, develop processes to check and take care of provider connections. Key processes consist of: getting, getting, managing inventory and also accrediting supplier repayments.
Organize the activities needed to approve basic materials, manufacture the product, test for top quality, plan for shipping and also routine for distribution.
Delivery as well as Logistics.
Coordinate client orders, timetable distributions, send off lots, billing clients and receive repayments.
Develop a network or process to repossess defective, excess or unwanted products.
Why is supply chain management crucial?
Efficient supply chain management systems reduce price, waste and also time in the manufacturing cycle. The market criterion has actually ended up being a just-in-time supply chain where retail sales instantly signify replenishment orders to producers. Retail shelves can after that be restocked practically as promptly as product is sold. One means to more enhance this procedure is to examine the information from supply chain partners to see where further enhancements can be made.
By examining companion information, the CIO.com article ¹ identifies 3 scenarios where effective supply chain management boosts worth to the supply chain cycle:.
Determining potential problems. When a customer orders more product than the maker can deliver, the customer can experience bad service. With information evaluation, producers might be able to anticipate the lack prior to the buyer is let down.
Enhancing price dynamically. Seasonal items have a limited shelf life. At the end of the period, these items are normally scrapped or sold at deep price cuts. Airline companies, resorts as well as others with perishable “products” generally readjust costs dynamically to meet demand. By using analytic software program, comparable projecting methods can improve margins, even for hard goods.
Improving the allowance of “readily available to promise” inventory. Analytical software program tools help to dynamically allocate sources and also routine work based upon the sales forecast, real orders and guaranteed shipment of resources. Makers can verify a product distribution day when the order is placed– significantly minimizing incorrectly-filled orders.
Just how will your supply chain endure the age of interruption?
Secret attributes of effective supply chain management.
The supply chain is the most apparent “face” of business for consumers and also consumers. The much better and also extra efficient a business’s supply chain management is, the much better it safeguards its service track record and lasting sustainability.
IDC’s Simon Ellis in The Path to a Thinking Supply Chain ² defines what is supply chain management by determining the 5 “Cs” of the efficient supply chain management of the future:.
Attached: Being able to accessibility disorganized data from social media, structured data from the Web of Things (IoT) and also extra standard data sets offered via typical ERP and B2B integration devices.
Collaborative: Improving collaboration with vendors significantly means using cloud-based business networks to allow multi-enterprise partnership as well as involvement.
Cyber-aware: The supply chain must solidify its systems and secure them from cyber-intrusions as well as hacks, which should be an enterprise-wide worry.
Cognitively made it possible for: The AI system becomes the contemporary supply chain’s control tower by looking at, coordinating and performing decisions as well as actions across the chain. A lot of the supply chain is automated as well as self-learning.
Comprehensive: Analytics abilities need to be scaled with information in real time. Insights will be detailed and also quick. Latency is inappropriate in the supply chain of the future.
Numerous supply chains have begun this procedure, with involvement in cloud-based commerce networks at an all-time high and major initiatives underway to reinforce analytics capacities.
Development of supply chain management.
While the other day’s supply chains were focused on the availability, movement and expense of physical assets, today’s supply chains have to do with the management of information, product and services bundled right into solutions. Modern supply chain management systems are about much more than just where and also when. Supply chain management affects services and product top quality, delivery, expenses, client experience and ultimately, profitability.
As just recently as 2017, a normal supply chain accessed 50 times a lot more data than just 5 years previously. ¹ However, less than a quarter of this data is being evaluated. That indicates the worth of critical, time-sensitive data– such as info concerning climate, unexpected labor shortages, political unrest and also microbursts popular– can be lost.
Modern supply chains benefit from huge amounts of data generated by the chain process and are curated by logical specialists and also data scientists. Future supply chain leaders as well as the Venture Source Planning (ERP) systems they manage will likely focus on maximizing the efficiency of this information– examining it in real time with very little latency.
Supply chain consulting.
With Supply chain Services, you can advance your supply chain processes right into smart process, to reach new degrees of responsiveness as well as development. Difficulty siloed processes to uncover efficiencies, allow your teams to execute and also supply, and also utilize arising modern technologies like AI as well as blockchain to unlock possibilities in every action of the value chain– from need preparing to purchase orchestration and also fulfilment.
Supply chain consulting services.
Supply chain management usage instances.
Rack with boxes.
Chemonics and IBM co-created a first-of-its-kind platform called Automatic Requisition Monitoring Management Details System (ARTMIS). The ARTMIS platform aids track shipments at every action of the supply chain. This has actually allowed Chemonics to take care of orders approximately 24 months out.
Supply chain control tower.
A supply chain control tower ought to offer end-to-end presence across the supply chain– specifically into unpredicted external occasions.
The tracking of orders from beginning to fulfillment and also handling individuals, procedures and also information attached to the order as it relocates with its lifecycle.
Clear visibility into inventory deals can favorably affect the entire procedure of ordering, saving and making use of stock– from resources to end up item.
Digital data interchange.
EDI is a standard style to exchange business information between two organizations digitally rather than utilizing paper files.
Supply chain analytics.
Analytics that can influence high quality, delivery, the client experience– and also inevitably, success.
Supply chain optimization.
Supply chain optimization makes the most effective use of modern technology and also sources like blockchain, AI and also IoT to boost performance as well as performance in a supply network.
Blockchain supply chain.
Boost trust throughout your supply chain network with business and technical know-how of IBM Blockchain.
Business-to-business (B2B) assimilation is the automation of company procedures and also communication in between 2 or even more organizations.
Managed data transfer.
Handled file transfer (MFT) is a modern technology system that permits companies to reliably exchange electronic information between systems as well as individuals in a secure means to satisfy compliance needs.
Order management software program lets you manage your entire gratification network with effective core abilities and next-level choices.
Retail supply chain.
Transform your container logistics by freeing it from conventional data systems, hands-on record handling and bad presence. | <urn:uuid:9da54370-99ab-4fdc-bd17-f9ce29e72306> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://procurementnation.com/what-is-supply-chain-management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00625.warc.gz | en | 0.94397 | 1,783 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Eight money tips to help young earners plan their finances
The twin behavioural devils of ignorance and procrastination push most people into their 30s before they get down to streamlining their finances.
While the former may not always be easy for the average salaried person, the latter is certainly within reach, especially if you begin at the beginning. Make a financial plan the day you start working and you won’t have to scramble to fund each aspiration.
However, it may not be as easy as it seems. “I just don’t know how much to save and where to invest, so I don’t budget and end up spending a lot,” says Harshinder Kaur, who started working two years ago as a probationary officer at a bank in Ganganagar, Rajasthan. She doesn’t know how to formulate a plan for herself. This is a predicament many youngsters in their mid-20s face. The twin behavioural devils of ignorance and procrastination push most people into their 30s before they get down to streamlining their finances. This often results in faulty investment choices, flawed portfolios, unmet goals and financial insecurity later in life.
“This category is not a cash cow for advisory firms, and as they have no one to turn to, they often get lost,” says Jayant Pai, CFP and Head, Marketing, PPFAS Mutual Fund. We, at ET Wealth, will try to remedy this through our cover story this week. In the following pages, we offer the newly employed youth a step by step guide to plan their finances. We focus on the building blocks they need at this stage: budgeting, goals, investment, insurance, taxation and salary structure. However, this is merely intended to propel them into planning and they will need to research and learn continuously throughout their working lives. Remember, financial freedom is not achieved the day you start working, but the day you get your finances in working order.
Also Read: Young earner? Five financial mistakes you may regret later
1. MAKE A BUDGET & START SAVING
Budgeting is the simple exercise of reconciling your income with your expenses, and should be your first step. Note down your monthly spending as per your ease of usage: Excel sheet, simple diary, mobile app, or desktop. The aim is to know how much you spend under various heads. “I use Excel sheet to keep track of my spending and know what percentage of my salary goes where,” says 24-year-old Saugata Palit, who has been working as senior executive in a private firm in Delhi for the past 18 months.
After you have budgeted for 3-4 months, you will realise that your expenses can be sorted into three categories: essential, discretionary and entertainment. “Tracking of budget is important not only to identify mandatory and discretionary spends, but also ensure that you don’t overspend,” says Vinit Iyer, CFP & Founder, Wealth Creators Financial Advisors.
Once you’ve identified the outgoing amount, put away 10-20% of your salary every month before you start spending. If you don’t know where to put it, start with your bank account. Try to opt for a sweep-in account that has a fixed deposit linked to it as it will fetch you a rate higher than 4%, which you get from your savings account. This will help inculcate a lifelong saving habit and make sure that you money starts to work for you immediately.
As financial planner Pankaaj Maalde says, “It’s important that your money does not lie idle.” This is because with very few liabilities and responsibilities, this is the ideal period to save and take advantage of the power of compounding. The earlier you start saving, even if it is a small amount, the more time your money will have to grow.
Even as you start saving, another first is to start educating yourself about every aspect of personal finance. “Read articles and books to understand concepts like saving, investing, protection, debt, inflation, compounding, etc, and how these are intertwined,” says Pai. The more informed you are, the better your decision-making.
Also Read: Do you know your financial personality? Take this quiz!
2. FRAME YOUR FINANCIAL GOALS
You have started saving, but will you have enough to buy a house 10 years down the line, or even a car five years hence? People tend to save aggressively and invest with extreme vigour, but do so blindly, jeopardising their goals. This is a mistake common to most investors, irrespective of the age group. The next step then is to frame your goals.
Don’t just make a mental note of the things you want to finance, but write these down in detail. Split your goals into three categories: short-, medium- and long-term goals. Then list each one clearly, along with the number of years to achieve each, and the exact amount you will need. Once you have penned down your goals, you will be able to determine how much and for how long you will need to invest.
Don’t forget to factor in inflation while calculating the amount since it will shoot up the value of your goal. If you decide to buy a car that costs Rs 5 lakh today after seven years, it will cost you Rs 8.5 lakh if you consider 8% inflation. Similarly, the post-tax returns from a fixed deposit that offers 7.5% return may not be able to beat the rise in prices over the long term.
While Palit manages to save 29% of his salary each month and has also framed short-term goals, he hasn’t factored in inflation, nor the corpus he will manage to build. There are other things you need to consider while deciding goals. “The nature of your income, earning capacity in the coming years, dependants, loans and personal priorities must essentially be considered while framing goals,” says Pai.
Also remember that these milestones may alter somewhat with your changing circumstances, say, after getting married or having children. You will then have to make the necessary adjustments. If you think you cannot do so on your own, take the help of a financial adviser who takes into account your specific needs and wants.
3. INVEST IN RIGHT INSTRUMENTS
The biggest dilemma that young earners face is where to invest their money. “To start with, just choose simple instruments like a recurring or fixed deposit. Once you have prioritised your goals, then think about converting your savings to investments,” says Maalde. “If you are not familiar with instruments, pick options that are readily available, say, in a bank, and offer liquidity,” adds Iyer.
Essentially, the investment vehicle should be chosen in line with your goals and time horizon. “If it’s a short-term goal, keep it in debt; if it’s for the long term, it should be mandatorily equity,” says Kartik Jhaveri, Director, Transcend Consulting. The medium-term goals should have a mix of debt and equity. This is because debt will offer you the safety of capital since you need it in the short term, while equity has historically given the highest returns in the long term.
This is a simple generalisation, but as you have just started earning and are not familiar with the investing territory, go for it till you are better informed. Then take into consideration other factors like returns, liquidity and tax liability before choosing an asset class.
For near-term goals, opt for recurring deposit, liquid funds, fixed deposit or short-term debt funds. For the medium-term, you could choose balanced funds and equitylinked saving schemes. For the long term, equity mutual funds, NPS, PPF and EPF could be your instruments of choice.
Do not blindly take your parents’ and well-wishers’ advice, but conduct your own research. Bengaluru-based Siddhartha Nayyar, 23, is learning from experience. “I tried my hand at the stock market recently, but faced a loss. So I have backed off for now and will conduct proper research on stocks and mutual funds before trying again,” says the project coordinator with a software firm.
On the other hand, 24-year-old Dharma Teja is learning from observation. “When I saw my father’s investment go up sharply with mutual funds, I decided to opt for it and am now investing my entire surplus of Rs 45,000 in equity funds,” says the product manager with a private firm in Mumbai. He is, however, accumulating funds for short-term goals and should shift it to debt as he approaches the goal. At the other extreme is Palit, who has a 100% debt portfolio, with investments in recurring deposit, PPF and gold ETF. He should diversify into equity soon.
Which investment should you pick?
Consider the goal tenure, returns, taxation and liquidity before investing your hard earned money.
Also Read: Should young earners take their parents’ advice while investing?
4. MAXIMISE TAX SAVINGS
Saving tax is not a priority for most new earners because the salary is not too high, nor the knowledge regarding taxability of instruments. “Do not be obsessed with investing just for saving tax as some expenditures may be useful,” says Pai.
The latter could include EPF or the NPS. “You could also use insurance and healthcarerelated expenses for dependants astutely,” says Pai. These would include premium spent on health plans under Section 80D, which is up to Rs 25,000 for self and dependants, and Rs 30,000 for senior parents. “I only have a working knowledge of tax as it is not need of the hour for me. Still, I am saving tax through investments in the PPF and gold ETFs,” says Palit.
Another important thing is to calculate the returns from your investments after considering the tax. So Palit should undersrand that gold ETFs will invite short-term or longterm capital gains tax. You can also save tax by negotatiating with your employer for a a taxfriendly salary structure.
Siddhartha Nayyar, 23 years, Bengaluru
Designation: Project Coordinator
Started work at 21 years
1. Has no loans; has repaid vehicle loan.
2. Pays credit card bills in full each month.
3. Working knowledge of taxation on investments.
1. Fully invested in debt, no equity.
3. Only employer’s health cover. No other insurance.
5. OPT FOR THE RIGHT INSURANCE
The basic purpose of insurance is to cover risks in your life, not offer returns. Still, most people confuse it with investment because of the products in the market that offer both. While you may not feel much need for any kind of cover when you are young, it’s best to know about the various types at the start of your financial life. “The lure of tax saving and the urgency to get tax planning components in place at the end of financial year can push one to make unwise choices,” says Antony Jacob, CEO, Apollo Munich Health Insurance.
The term plan offers a big cover for a small premium, but you do not get any returns. Then, there are traditional plans, which include endowment and moneyback policies. These offer small covers for a high premium, and low rates of return. Finally, there are Ulips, which are marketlinked insurance plans with a lockin period of five years and provide a low cover for a high premium, but offer market-linked returns.
The last two are typically used The last two are typically used as a wealth creation tool because of returns, but remember that in case of traditional plans, the rate is low, usually 5-6%, and you can earn higher returns by investing in other instruments. Teja is paying a premium of Rs 25,000 a year for an endowment plan that was bought for him by his father even though he doesn’t need it.
At this point, the only life cover you may need is a term plan, but this too, only if you have financial dependants or large liabilities in the form of debt. Teja has a Rs 75 lakh term plan though he has no dependants or liabilities yet. Harshinder, on the other hand, has not bought any cover. “Since I am single and don’t have any dependants or debt, I didn’t think I needed any life cover,” she says.
The broader categorisation includes the basic indemnity plan, which covers hospitalisation expenses, for an individual, and the family floater plan, which includes your entire family in a single cover. “Growing incidence of lifestyle diseases and rising medical costs make it essential to have a health insurance,” says Ashish Mehrotra, CEO & MD, Max Bupa Health Insurance. “Also, a health plan provided by an employer may not be enough to hedge one against the rising cost of healthcare services,” says Jacob.
You should have Rs 3-5 lakh basic health plan at this stage, depending on whether you stay in a metro or a tier II/III city. So if your company insures you for Rs 2 lakh, buy an independent top-up plan for Rs 3 lakh as it will be cheaper than a regular policy. Consider a family floater plan only when you are married and have kids; don’t include your parents because the premium is determined by the age of the oldest member. Also, don’t just consider low premium as a criterion. Look at the claim settlement ratio, hospital network, inclusions and benefits before buying a plan.
Critical illness plan
“This provides a lump-sum benefit in case of certain pre-decided ailments and pays the costs associated with longterm care and loss of income due to prolonged recovery period,” says Jacob. It is available both as a standalone policy or as an add-on with life and health insurance. Typically a standalone plan will offer a higher cover and more flexibility. You can avoid buying it at this stage, but consider it in your 30s given the higher incidence of such diseases at lower ages.
Accident disability plans
This is a plan you should buy when you start working because of the sheer unpredictability of life. It covers you against mishaps that can result in complete or temporary loss of income due to partial or total disability. Buy a cover for Rs 20-25 lakh or one in accordance with your income and nature of job.
Home contents plan
Though you are unlikely to have a house at this stage, buy a policy for the contents if you are in another city, not with your parents. The premium for a Rs 5 lakh cover can be Rs 3,000 and will cover jewellery, home appliances, furniture, etc, against theft, fire and natural disasters.
Do you know which cover you need?
Harshinder Kaur 27 years, Ganganagar (Rajasthan)Designation: Banker
Started work at 25 years
1. Complete clarity on goals.
2. Has health and critical illness insurance plans.
3. Clued in about insurance, taxation.
1. Has no budget.
2. Has no equity investment except in the NPS.
3. High investment in tax inefficient fixed deposits.
6. IMPROVE YOUR SALARY STRUCTURE
You may have had the best package in campus placement, but the salary would still seem less compared to that of your seniors at work. This is something beyond your control. What is in your hands is making the most of what the company is offering you.
The government does not recognise the concept of CTC in computing for statutory heads, such as Employee Provident Fund (EPF), Employees’ State Insurance, gratuity and bonus, where the rules prescribe minimum contributions, there are no set rules on structuring the CTC. The salary break-up is mostly the company’s prerogative. There are broad norms, such as the basic pay being 30-40% of the salary, and house rent allowance (HRA) and other retiral benefits like the EPF being a percentage of the basic. However, these too are not written in stone.
Moreover, what constitutes the CTC will vary from company to company. All CTC structures include three main components—basic, retiral benefits, allowances and reimbursements. Other components vary. Companies may or may not include variable payouts, such as performance bonus and gratuity in the ‘total target remuneration’.
Also, benefits given in kind, for in-wages. This means that except stance, house, furniture and car, are sometimes part of the total pay. Some companies even include premium paid for group benefits such as health and accident insurance in your CTC. So, unless you see the salary break-up and do the math, you cannot be sure about what you’ll get in hand.
You need to make sure that you are not losing out because of lazy salary structuring by some HR personnel. So customise your CTC according to your needs.
Restructure the basic pay
The basic, probably the chunk of your salary, includes basic pay, HRA and often dearness (DA) and special allowance. Apart from HRA, every component is fully taxable. An easy way to reduce tax liability is to cut basic pay and adjust it as perks or long-term benefits. If you have a special allowance component, adjust it as a tax-free component.
However, you need to weigh the pros and cons before tinkering with your basic. Your HRA (usually, 40-50% of the basic) and EPF (12% of the basic) are directly linked to the basic. Also, if you want to apply for, say, a car or home loan in the short term, you may not want the basic pay to be too low.
A higher basic would mean a higher HRA, DA and provident fund contributions. The DA will be taxable and the PF contributions are tax-free, but it will reduce your take-home salary. On the other hand, reducing the basic pay will mean a lower contribution towards retiral benefits, which may not be good in the long run. Also, if you live in a rented house, recalculate your tax benefits on HRA before lowering the basic.
The idea, is to have an HRA as close to the actual rent you pay, which should ideally be a figure close to the HRA you receive plus 10% of you basic (see HRA calculations). Choose one of the following two ways to restructure the salary with maximum tax benefits.
Increase in-hand salary
Benefits such as leave travel allowance (LTA), medical and conveyance allowances serve two purposes. One, they increase the net takehome salary. Two, they make the salary structure more tax-efficient. However, the limitation is that there are caps on most of these perks. For instance, you can claim up to a maximum of Rs 15,000 every year for medical reimbursements, Rs 26,400 for food coupons, Rs 5,000 as annual gifts and Rs 19,200 as travel allowance on a yearly basis.
Also, keep in mind that you will have to produce original bills and receipts to claim some of these expenses. So, make sure they are within the claimable limit. Take advantage of perquisites if you are planning to buy a car or join a professional course while working. Rather than taking a loan, if your employer funds the expense and includes it as a part of your CTC, your tax outgo can reduce significantly.
This is because you are taxed only on the perk value. For instance, if you plan to buy a Rs 6 lakh car on loan, you will have to pay roughly a monthly EMI of Rs 13,000 for five years, which will be a post-tax expense. The tax outgo over five years on Rs 7.8 lakh will be slightly more than Rs 2 lakh.
However, if the company shows it as a perk, you are taxed only for the perk value of the car, which is between Rs 1,800 a month (for cars of up to 1600 cc) and Rs 2,400 a month (for cars bigger than 1600 cc). The only disadvantage is that, legally, you don’t own the car. But when you quit, you may request the company to allow you to buy the vehicle at depreciated cost.
This rule holds true for other big ticket expenses like laptop, gadgets, except in case of rented accomodation. When it comes to a ‘company leased house versus selfrented accommodation’, HRA wins. This is because rather than getting a tax-exemption for HRA, a prerequisite value (rent paid or 15% of the basic, whichever is lower) will get added to your taxable income, which would mean a higher tax bill.
Optimise long-term savings
If you want to keep your basic intact but do not mind a slightly lesser take- home pay, reduce your allowance and increase your retiral benefits to reduce your tax liability. The employer’s contribution to PF is linked to your basic (12%) and unalterable. However, you can increase yours using the voluntary provident fund (VPF) route. VPF is even better than PPF because while both earn similar returns, PPF has a lock-in period of 15 years.
Your EPF contributions can be withdrawn without any tax implication after five years of service. If tax liability is not nil after exhausting the Section 80C investment limit of Rs 1.5 lakh, contribute towards NPS to claim an additional Rs 50,000 deduction under the new Section 80CCD (1b). “An employee’s contribution is also considered as a self-contribution and therefore eligible for deduction under Section 80CCD (1b). One can first maximise his claims under Section 80C and then claim any residual under the new section,” says Archit Gupta, founder and CEO, ClearTax.in. NPS, however, does not enjoy as high a liquidity as PF. Withdrawal is only allowed at retirement or under special circumstances.
Not all long-term benefits are tax-efficient, and you may want to get rid of a few as well. For instance, gratuity, another common long-term benefit is tax-free up to 15 days of basic pay or Rs 10 lakh, whichever is lesser. However, it is payable only after five years of service. So, it is redundant if you do not plan to stick around for so long. Although not a very big component, you should try and adjust the money under some other head.
Tax and tweaks
A quick checklist of tax rules for major components and how to tweak them to get maximum benefits.
Investing the savings
If you have an education loan running, paying it back should be your priority. You get a tax benefit under Section 80E for paying the interest back. Also, financial planners suggest prepaying a loan after the moratorium period rather than investing as there will be no prepayment charges. “If this your first job and your basic is higher than Rs 15,000, you may even consider opting out of the EPF and instead pay back the loan,” says Vaibhav Sankla, Director, H&R Block India.
Another benefit that people living with family miss on is HRA. Even if you are living with parents, you can claim a deduction for house rent, provided your parents own the house. They will be taxed on this, but can claim a flat 30% of the annual rent as deduction for maintenance expenses such as repairs, insurance, etc., irrespective of the actual incurred expenditure. So, if you pay Rs 12,000 a month, your parents will have to pay tax on only Rs 1 lakh. Even if this earning is above the the basic Rs 2.5 lakh exempt limit (Rs 3 lakh if they are above 60 and up to Rs 5 lakh if above 80 years of age), you can make it tax-free.
“The amount above the basic exemption limit can be invested in their name under tax-free Section 80C options” says Sudhir Kaushik, Co-Founder & CFO, Taxspanner.com.
Then:1. If HRA = Rent paid (Rs 12,000), the maximum deduction you can claim is Rs 9,600 (rent paid less 10% of basic). So, you pay tax on Rs 2,400.
2. If HRA > Rent paid (Rs 10,000), the maximum deduction you can claim is Rs 7,600 (rent paid less 10% of basic). Here, the tax liability is even higher. You pay tax on Rs 4,400.
3. If HRA< Rent paid (Rs 15,000), the maximum deduction you can claim is Rs 12,000 (actual HRA). Here you are paying a higher rent (Rs 3,000) than actual HRA and therefore losing on tax benefits.
4. If HRA < Rent paid (HRA+10% of basic is equal to Rs 14,400), the maximum deduction you can claim is Rs 12,000 (actual HRA). This is ideal.
**How young earners can grow their salary with their career**
7. SAVE FOR AN EMERGENCY
Caught in the thrill of making money, the urgency to buy things and eagerness to save for bigger goals like a house and a car, the new earners typically forget the preparation for financial emergencies. Be it the sudden loss of job, medical eventuality or sudden financial support required by a family member, you will need to be ready for contingencies.
So the first thing to do, even before you start saving for smaller, short-term goals, is to build an emergency corpus. This should be equal to 3-6 months of your household expenses, and should also include any loan repayments and insurance premium obligations. This amount should be invested in such an avenue that it is easily accessible and is not subject to market fluctuations.
“The best option is to put it in a short-term debt fund, liquid fund or a sweep-in bank account. This will ensure easy availability and higher rate of interest for your money,” says Maalde.
Some people also prefer to use credit cards to tide over financial emergencies, but remember that these are useful only if you restrict the credit to one month. Otherwise, the cost of loan will be prohibitively high and defeat the purpose. So, before you go on a spending spree with your pay cheque, save the amount for a rainy day.
Saugata Palit, 24 years, Delhi
Designation: Senior executive
Started work at 23 years
1. Budgets using Excel sheet. Has short-term goals.
2. Has adequate health insurance.
3. Has high credit score.
1. Fully invested in debt.
2. Has included parents in a family floater plan.
3. Low exposure on investment tools.
Also Read: How young earners can grow their salary with their career
8. AVOID DEBT TRAPS
You are probably the most vulnerable when it comes to debt traps as you start working. With few responsibilities and the new-found power of money and credit card, it’s difficult to curb the consumerist urges. As Pai says, “You should understand the difference between needs, wants and greed.” Credit card is not the only path to debt hell. Here are the various ways you can plunge into liabilities when you start working:
If you roll over credit card dues
“When I started earning, I had a card with a limit of Rs 40,000, but I got so carried away that once I spent Rs 45,000 in a month. That was a wake-up call. I repaid the amount and stopped using the credit card,” says Palit. He hasn’t carried out a single credit card transaction in the past six months.
Nayyar, on the other hand, has avoided this situation with discipline and smart usage. “I use a mix of credit and debit cards. The credit card is used only to earn and redeem points,” says Nayyar. He also makes sure to pay the entire bill every month and has never rolled over the due amount.
This is a cardinal rule for credit card usage. Do not roll over the due amount and repay in full because the cards charge a very high interest of nearly 3% a month. So if you get a bill of Rs 10,000 and pay only the minimum due amount of 5%, you will have to pay an extra Rs 21,978 after a year. “Fix a spending limit for yourself, say, 20% of your income. But if you can’t discipline yourself, use a debit card,” advises Jhaveri.
“There are so many lucrative offers on cards that people don’t think twice about taking these up. Avoid buying expensive gadgets on loan even if these comes with 0% interest offers. These will add up and impact your other investments,” says Iyer.
If you take too many loans
The easy option of buying on credit can be your downfall if you do not set limits. Taking a personal loan while running loans for a car and a home can strain your finances, making it difficult to invest or save. As a rule, do not spend more than 40-45% of your income on loan repayments. Of this, 25-35% should be for home loan repayment and the rest for other forms of debt, including car and credit card loan.
If you take personal loan for spending
Given the ease of securing a personal loan with pre-approved amounts, it is easy to give in to the urge. Know that personal loan is one of the most expensive forms of loan after credit cards and charges 20-24% interest per annum. Avoid these at all cost.
If you buy a house with high EMI
Buying a house is a dream for most new earners, but consider several factors before taking the big decision. “Know the difference between fixed and floating rate loans and understand how EMIs are calculated,” says Pai.
Understand that the EMIs for a home loan are big and a long-term commitment. So you need to be sure of your earning capacity on a sustained basis, otherwise it will turn into a liability that will impact all your other goals.
If you sign on as a guarantor for a loan
When you are single and employed and have friends you can’t refuse, you can be an easy target for a debt trap. If you sign on as a guarantor for a friend’s loan, understand that if he cannot repay the loan, you will be asked to do so. The guarantee amount will show as outstanding liability in your credit card and affect your loan eligibility. So think twice before agreeing to such an arrangement.
If you don’t budget
If you fail to keep track of your expenses on a monthly basis, there is a good chance that you will run out of funds before the month ends. You may then have to consider loans to fulfil your needs.
(With inputs from Chandralekha Mukerji) | <urn:uuid:f1de01cb-ee0d-44b3-b855-7bb8d6d1e369> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://js.etimg.com/wealth/plan/eight-money-tips-to-help-young-earners-plan-their-finances/articleshow/52807644.cms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987822458.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022155241-20191022182741-00418.warc.gz | en | 0.959805 | 6,597 | 2.515625 | 3 |
An international team of astronomers have conclusive new evidence that a recently discovered “dark galaxy” is, in fact, an object the size of a galaxy, made entirely of dark matter. Although the object, named VIRGOHI21, has been observed since 2000, astronomers have been slowly ruling out every alternative explanation.
In a new research paper, entitled 21-cm synthesis observations of VIRGOHI 21 – a possible dark galaxy in the Virgo Cluster, researchers provide updated evidence about this mysterious galaxy.
They have now performed a high resolution observations of VIRGOHI21 using the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT), to better pin down the quantities of neutral hydrogen gas. They also did followup observations with the Hubble Space Telescope, looking for any evidence of stars.
Astronomers first suspected there was an invisible galaxy out there when they spied galaxy NGC 4254. This unusual-looking galaxy appears to be one partner in a cosmic collision. All the normal evidence is there: gas is being siphoned away into a tenuous stream, and one of its spiral arms is being stretched out.
But the other partner in this collision is nowhere to be seen.
The researchers’ calculated that an object with 100 billion solar masses must have careened past NGC 4254 within the last 100 million years, creating the gas stream, and tearing at one of its arms. This was the clue that an invisible dark matter galaxy might be lurking nearby.
A detailed search turned up a mysterious object called VIRGOHI21, located about 50 million light-years from Earth. Were it a normal galaxy, you would be able to see it in a powerful amateur telescope. But there’s nothing there. Even in the Hubble Space Telescope, not a single star is shining from this massive region of space.
It was only visible in radio telescopes, which could detect the radio emissions from neutral hydrogen gas located in the cloud.
When they first published their research a few years ago, the astronomy community was understandably skeptical, and proposed several alternative theories to explain the mysterious object.
For example, there could be additional mass associated with VIRGOHI21, and not just dark matter. The discovery of red giant stars in the region would give some indication that this was a more normal interaction. But Hubble turned up nothing.
Dr. Robert Minchin, lead researcher from the Arecibo Observatory, said, “not even the power of Hubble has been able to see any stars in it.”
It’s possible that VIRGOHI21 has always been this way, formed from primordial dark matter and neutral hydrogen after the Big Bang. It’s been cruising the Universe ever since, disrupting galaxies as it goes.
However, there do seem to be ways that galaxies and their dark matter can be separated. Only a few months ago, a ring of dark matter was found surrounding a group of colliding galaxy clusters by the Hubble Space Telescope. Perhaps VIRGOHI21 is the wreckage from one of these cluster collisions; a shred of dark matter hurled out into space.
It could be that there are many of these dark galaxies out there. A new sky survey, carried out with the 305-metre (1000-foot) Aricebo radio telescope in Puerto Rico should tease out more of these objects in the future. The survey is called the Arecibo Galaxy Environment Survey (AGES).
This most recent paper has been accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal. | <urn:uuid:a2e5048c-824c-4687-904c-156aaa406e8b> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.universetoday.com/1888/no-stars-shine-in-this-dark-galaxy/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038077843.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210414155517-20210414185517-00613.warc.gz | en | 0.951641 | 722 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Q: What do I need to know about snakes if I keep chickens?
Serpentes spp (nearly 3000 species)
*Legless reptiles of many colors
*Snakes range in size from just a few inches/a few ounces to those that are more than 25 feet long and more than 200 pounds
Various species are found throughout the world
Most snakes too small to be predators of adult chickens. Instead, they tend to be predators of eggs and young chicks. (The largest snakes are inhabitants of rain forests, and we suspect that very few backyard chicken keepers will live in the Indian or South American jungles.) Very small snakes won't even be a danger to your eggs, but may primarily eat insects, worms, tadpoles, minnows, salamanders, slugs, or tiny frogs. By contrast, your chickens will likely hunt and eat small racers and garters, and may even regard them as a special treat. My chickens catch tiny snakes and then flee the flock with the little snake danging from a beak, occasionally having the special prize stolen by another hen, and generally playing "keep away" until someone has enough time to gobble it down.
If snakes are large enough to be stealing your eggs, however, you may see no signs other than the missing eggs. Even larger snakes can squeeze through very small openings, and are difficult to exclude from the coop. After having eaten an egg, though, they may be temporarily too large to escape from the same opening they entered, if it was a tight fit! If they have grown accustomed to stealing eggs from you, they may even eat any wooden eggs or golf balls you place in the nest to show your chickens where to lay.
Most snakes will not be a danger to your adult birds, but predation by snakes does happen. If there are any remains in the coop, you might find a chicken with a wet head, indicating that the snake tried to swallow her and then gave up because she was too large. Since they ingest their prey whole, snakes that do manage to swallow an entire chicken would not be able to get out of the coop again unless there is already a chicken-sized opening in the coop. If the snakes can escape your coop after having dined on chicken, you will probably see no sign, so it may be difficult to tell whether your loss was due to a snake or to theft by humans.
Protecting Your Flock
The smallest snakes are probably more in danger FROM your chickens than a danger TO your chickens. Snakes that are large enough to be a danger to your eggs may first be attracted to your area because they are eating mice or rodents, so be sure to take care of any rodent problems to avoid attracting snakes to your yard in the first place. Further, be sure to find any hidden eggs your hens may lay in your yard and to encourage your flock to lay inside their coop, where you will be sure to find their eggs. Gather your eggs regularly so meals won't be available.
If you are very concerned about snakes, you may want to add a fine mesh hardware cloth over any ventilation holes or other openings into your coop. Snakes can slip right through chicken wire, although they may have a hard time escaping again after they have eaten an egg! Since other predators can tear through chicken wire so easily, too, chicken wire is just a bad idea for coop security in almost any situation. Remember, chicken wire should only be used to keep chickens in, not to keep predators out. Instead, for predator protection, use sturdy hardware cloth with a mesh small enough to exclude your local snakes (1/2" or 1/4"). | <urn:uuid:efa9b35d-0f51-4e90-ba1a-6334cc4b1362> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.mypetchicken.com/backyard-chickens/chicken-help/What-do-I-need-to-know-about-snakes-if-I-keep-H173.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583658928.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117102635-20190117124635-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.962841 | 758 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Phrenologists in nineteenth-century Victorian England believed that aspects of a personsuch as weight, temperament, and organ functionrepresented themselves as bumps on the head. By fingering the ridges on the skulls of individuals, practitioners believed that they could make determinations about any number of somatic and psychological qualities. Humans have long sought to understand how the brain functions to create the selfhow it knows. This search has evolved into todays study of cognition.Long dismissed by the scientific community, the pseudoscience of phrenology gave way to a twentieth-century understanding of neurological function as a general mystery that science had yet to solve. This belief persisted into the 1990s until advances in technology and theory development brought about an exponential increase in neurologists understanding of cognitive processes.With the advent of imaging technology, neurologists, psychologists, and even laypersons have access to pictures of the mind. When bolstered by theory and research, these images expand our awareness of the ways in which the brain helps us to think, feel, and act (Cacioppo, Berntson, & Nusbaum, 2008).For this Discussion, consider your definition of cognitive psychology. Think about developments in the field and contributions that they have made.Post your personal definition of cognitive psychology. Then describe two important developments in the field of cognitive psychology beyond the use of neuroimaging. Finally, explain how the developments contribute to the field of psychology. Support your response using the Learning Resources and current research.Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Resources.Reference:Cacioppo, J. T., Berntson, C. G., & Nusbaum, H. C. (2008). Neuroimaging as a new tool in the toolbox of psychological science. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(2), 6267.
https://mynursingpaper.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/cropped-155972031988413967-1-768x146-1-300x57.png 0 0 admin https://mynursingpaper.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/cropped-155972031988413967-1-768x146-1-300x57.png admin2021-10-21 02:08:112021-10-21 02:08:11Discussion 1: Developments in Cognitive Psychology
mynursingpaper.com is a unique service that provides guidance with different types of content. Please rest assured that the service is absolutely legal and doesn’t violate any regulations | <urn:uuid:d43d8a23-829f-4c26-95c2-8fd830e96404> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://mynursingpaper.com/discussion-1-developments-in-cognitive-psychology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711064.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205232822-20221206022822-00397.warc.gz | en | 0.900013 | 544 | 3.875 | 4 |
Because of wartime gas rationing, Congress and the Administration debated cancelling the famous gridiron match-up between Army and Navy in 1942. President Roosevelt found a novel solution.
In the weeks after Pearl Harbor, the Japanese conquered most of the areas of Southeast Asia that produced rubber and cut off supply to the U.S. By the following year, the situation became so dire that the government formed 7,500 tire ration boards each staffed by three volunteers to manage the allocation of scarce tires around the country.
To help conserve gasoline and especially rubber tires, the government ordered gas rationing in 17 eastern states beginning in May and then nationally in December, and a speed limit of 35 miles per hour enforced nationwide. Drivers who used their cars for work essential to the war effort received additional gas ration stamps.
What should be done about the Army-Navy game, traditionally played in the “neutral ground” of Philadelphia, since neither West Point cadets nor Navy midshipmen could travel to the game?
Congress and the Cabinet debated cancelling the time-honored match. At the time, my father, Navy Commander Bill Mott, worked in the White House Map Room and often brought messages to President Roosevelt. Both men were avid fans of Navy football and discussed it on many occasions. Later, Naval Academy coach John “Billick” Whelchel and assistant coach Edgar “Rip” Miller generously credited Commander Mott with nudging the President’s decision, but he always insisted their gratitude was undeserved since Roosevelt had already made up his mind to order the game to be played. The Army-Navy face-off was key to morale at both academies, he declared, and good for the country, too.
The game was relocated from Philadelphia to Thompson Stadium at Annapolis, but wartime travel restrictions would limit attendance to mostly local spectators. Since West Point’s Corps of Cadets, Army’s traditional cheering section, was not allowed to make the trip, another novel accommodation was made. The Naval Academy’s third- and fourth-year midshipmen were ordered to sit behind the Army bench and cheer for the visiting team. The 1942 match grew more unusual by the hour.
Newsmen in attendance wrote enthusiastically about Army’s Navy-populated cheering section. Midshipmen braying the Corps cheer was living proof of inter-service comity, they reported. Even the touchdown-starved Army players expressed gratitude to the cheerleaders, despite their 14-0 loss in a match they had been heavily favored to win. The 1942 game would be Navy’s fourth consecutive victory over West Point.
Game attendance may have been a tenth the size of the usual hundred thousand sellout in Philadelphia, but President Roosevelt had correctly gauged the national interest in the match. An unprecedented forty million Americans tuned in to the live radio broadcast. The defiant, patriotic fervor at Thompson Stadium compensated for the reduced spectator size. From the emotional opening remarks to the extra staccato in the last stanza of the Annapolis school song, “Navy Blue and Gold,” fans wept, cheered, and sang themselves hoarse on their country’s behalf.
Coach Rip Miller wrote my father after the game, thanking him for his “splendid work in keeping the navy football team before ‘the big head coach.’ I don’t know where we could do any better for our cause here than what you have made possible for us.”
Commander Mott continued to refuse credit, but was so pleased by the overall turn of events that he started advancing the idea of sending game reels to Admiral Halsey’s men in the Pacific. As it happened, the garrulous Admiral William “Windy” Calhoun, commander of the Service Force of the Pacific Fleet, was in town to meet with officials from the White House, State Department, and War Department in the days following the game. My father was assigned as his escort.
During their banter to and from the meetings, Bill mentioned that had seen the army-navy game films and casually suggested sending them out to the Pacific. Calhoun’s eyes widened. “Terrific idea, Commander! Great for morale!” He clapped Bill on the shoulder and asked for copies of the reels to take back to Pearl Harbor with him. Bill savored the fact of having a hand in dispatching the films to the war front, particularly given Navy’s shutout victory. | <urn:uuid:732b5990-8726-4772-883d-b2c70582bdb9> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.americanheritage.com/strangest-army-navy-game-ever-played | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662550298.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522220714-20220523010714-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.972229 | 937 | 2.625 | 3 |
Army of the Potomac (1861-1865) – The primary Union fighting force in the Eastern Theater of the Civil War, primarily in Eastern Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. Its dual mission was to defeat the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and to safeguard Washington, D.C. The army was also known as “Mr. Lincoln’s Army” for its close association with the sitting United States president. It was formed from the Army of Northeastern Virginia, which, under Brigadier General Irvin McDowell, had suffered a humiliating defeat near Manassas Junction, Virginia, on July 21, 1861. Four days after the debacle, McDowell was replaced by Major General George B. McClellan, the victor in several small but well-publicized actions in western Virginia. On July 26, 1861, the Department of the Shenandoah, commanded by Major General Nathaniel P. Banks, was merged with McClellan’s forces and McClellan formed the Army of the Potomac, which was composed of all military forces in the former Departments of Northeastern Virginia, Washington, Baltimore, and the Shenandoah.
First headquartered on the Virginia Peninsula, and later, just outside Washington, D.C., the Army of the Potomac when through a series of commanders including George McClellan, Ambrose Burnside, Joseph Hooker, George Gordon Meade, and General Ulysses S. Grant.
The army survived its succession of commanders and battlefield reverses to attain final victory. In the spring of 1862, during the mismanaged Peninsula Campaign, the Army of the Potomac failed to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond. That summer, some of its components met defeat in the Second Manassas Campaign. Although it blunted Robert E. Lee’s September, 1862 invasion of Maryland, it gained only a tactical draw against the smaller but superbly led Confederate army. Three months later, the army suffered horrific losses at Fredericksburg, and the following May, it was routed by General Robert E. Lee at Chancellorsville. In July, 1863; however, it gained a critical victory at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, ending Lee’s second invasion of the North.
Beginning early in May 1864, the army methodically advanced against Richmond, Virginia and equally strategic Petersburg, suffering heavy losses at every turn. Compelled to besiege both cities, the Army of the Potomac eventually forced their evacuation and Lee’s retreat. As a result, on April 9, 1865, realizing that he had been overtaken, General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant. at Appomattox, Virginia effectively ending the Civil War. After the end of the war, it was disbanded on June 28, 1865, shortly following its participation in the Grand Review of the Armies.
By Kathy Weiser-Alexander, August, 2017. | <urn:uuid:6f6fa64e-e317-453b-bed2-f717e545b7ec> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.legendsofamerica.com/army-potomac/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863119.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619193031-20180619213031-00134.warc.gz | en | 0.961949 | 600 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Watch Patricia's story on the Norwegian Association of Disabled's Facebook page.
In Malawi, persons with disabilities are traditionally viewed as charity objects. Some believe disability is contagious. Others think that persons with disabilities have magic powers. Young disabled girls are raped because it is believed to cure HIV and AIDS. People with albinism are killed and sold because their limbs are thought to bring fortune.
The Federation of Disability Organisations in Malawi (FEDOMA) continues to report examples of offenses against people with disabilities. Patricia belongs to a new generation of disability activists, who fights for equity and insists that everyone has the right - and obligation - to contribute to and participate in community life on equal terms. They are changing the world by changing mindsets.
In mid-December 2016 representatives from Disabled People’s Organisations (DPOs) in Norway and Malawi discussed disability rights on national prime time TV. The discussion was an evaluation of a comprehensive campaign implemented by the disability movement in Malawi between November 3rd and the International Day of persons with disabilities on December 3rd.
Increasingly, persons with disabilities are viewed as resourceful and active contributors to society rather than passive charity objects and a burden to society. FEDOMA has worked systematically to empower persons with disabilities as right holders and sensitize both duty bearers and local community members, including parents, schools, teachers, village chiefs etc.
FEDOMA and its eleven DPO members were instrumental to the formulation and enactment of the 2012 Disability Act in Malawi, and the DPO network is now heading discussions with the president about its implementation. In mid-December FEDOMA met with the President, Professor Peter Mutharika and the Minister of Gender, Children, Disability and Social Welfare, Ms Patricia Kaliati, to discuss the way forward. During the meeting, the President committed to training 100 sign language interpreters. This will ease communication between people with hearing disorder and public service providers and authorities, including school teachers, medical staff, police officers etc. The president also asked FEDOMA to prepare a proposal for an Inclusive Education Institute, which will train teachers and school authorities in inclusive education. This is a velar indication that FEDOMA is recognized as not only a watchdog for disability rights in Malawi, but also a resource and expert advisor to the Malawi government.
According to the Executive Director of FEDOMA, Action Amos, the achievements of the disability movements in Malawi can be largely attributed to the long-time commitment and support of the Norwegian Association of Disabled (NAD) and the Norwegian Development Cooperation, Norad. Similar to FEDOMA, NAD is established and governed by persons with disabilities themselves. This has enabled mutual learning and exchange of experience in the global fight for equity and disability rights.
FEDOMA and NAD’s youth wings are currently in the process of establishing a working relationship. Malawi’s population is very young, 67 percent is under the age of 25. It is therefore crucial to the future of persons with disabilities in Malawi that the global human rights movement prioritize support to youth. It was in this context that board members of NAD’s youth wing visited Malawi and contributed to the Friday night MBC television Debate in mid-December. | <urn:uuid:315217f8-8912-489f-afe3-aa07dcba6e17> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.norway.no/en/malawi/norway-malawi/news-events/news2/fight-for-equity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104683020.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707002618-20220707032618-00165.warc.gz | en | 0.960898 | 675 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A firewall (specifically a network firewall) is a network security appliance that monitors as well as controls incoming and outgoing network traffic. It takes action to either block or allow specific traffic based on pre-determined security rules. The very basic purpose of firewall is typically to establish a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted outside network like internet and preventing the unauthorized access.
Network Firewalls are positioned on the gateway computers of LANs (Local Area Networks), WANs (Wide Area Networks) and intranets. They are either software appliances running on general-purpose hardware, or hardware-based firewall computer appliances. Firewall appliances may also offer other functionality in addition to protection, such as acting as a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) or VPN (Virtual Private Network) server for that internal network.
Types of Firewalls – Proxy firewall
An early type of firewall device, a proxy firewall serves as the gateway from one network to another for a specific application. Proxy servers can provide additional functionality such as content caching and security by preventing direct connections from outside the network. However, this also may impact throughput capabilities and the applications they can support.
Stateful inspection firewall
Now thought of as a “traditional” firewall, a stateful inspection firewall allows or blocks traffic based on state, port, and protocol. It monitors all activity from the opening of a connection until it is closed. Filtering decisions are made based on both administrator-defined rules as well as context, which refers to using information from previous connections and packets belonging to the same connection.
Unified threat management (UTM) firewall
A UTM device typically combines, in a loosely coupled way, the functions of a stateful inspection firewall with intrusion prevention and antivirus. It may also include additional services and often cloud management. UTMs focus on simplicity and ease of use. | <urn:uuid:db3def09-fbc3-4586-ac02-c23fe762f178> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://community.wijungle.com/knowledge-base/what-is-a-firewall/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107904287.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029124628-20201029154628-00610.warc.gz | en | 0.945113 | 380 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Two Aging MathematiciansMath brain teasers require computations to solve.
Two aging mathematics professors, Al Gebra and Cal Culus were sitting at their favourite Thai restaurant, Phun Kshuns, reminiscing about when they first met, while their waiter, Theo Rumsanrools (who also took Professor Gebra's Advanced Mathematics course at Cart Eshian University) eavesdropped on their conversation as he brought them their meals.
"You know what occurred to me the other day, Cal?" asked Professor Gebra.
"What's that?" said Professor Culus.
"Well, when we met, the square of your age contained the same three digits as the square of my age, just in a different order," Professor Gebra continued.
"This will really blow your socks off then, Al! If you take the square of the sum of our ages when we met and split it into two 2-digit numbers, you'd have my age then and your age now!" Professor Culus exclaimed.
Wanting to impress his professor, Theo interjected.
"I thought you were much younger than that, Professor Gebra," Theo said.
Said Professor Gebra, "And just how old am I then, young fellow?"
Answer"Well, you're 81, sir," Theo replied.
"Right you are! And how did you figure that out so quickly?" Professor Gebra asked.
"You said the square of your ages when you and Professor Culus met had only three digits, so the oldest you could have been was 31. That means that there were only a few possible ages the two of you could have been. Those being (with the associated squares):
14 & 31 (196 & 961),
13 & 31 (169 & 961),
16 & 25 (256 & 625),
12 & 21 (144 & 441),
13 & 14 (169 & 196).
Now the square of the sum of each of these pair of ages are respectively:
And from those figures I concluded that Professor Culus must have been 16 when you met and hence you, Professor Gebra, are now 81!" Theo explained.
"Aren't you a bright young fellow! You should come and study my Advanced Mathematics course at Cart Eshian University!" Professor Gebra exclaimed.
"Uh, I already do," Theo said sheepishly.
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Back to Top | <urn:uuid:9cbaa933-e675-446b-ac44-97e9b1e341da> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.braingle.com/brainteasers/11484/two-aging-mathematicians.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246640001.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045720-00212-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957881 | 546 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Children's Hospital Los Angeles Researchers Engineer Small Intestine in Laboratory Experiments
The Ability to Create a New Organ May Someday Lead to Answers for Babies With a Life-Threatening Gastrointestinal Condition
|As a pediatric surgeon, Dr. Grikscheit is concerned with finding solutions for some of her more vulnerable patients—newborns.
CONTACT: Ellin Kavanagh at (323) 361-8505
LOS ANGELES (July 5, 2011) – Researchers at The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles have successfully created a tissue-engineered small intestine in mice that replicates the intestinal structures of natural intestine—a necessary first step toward someday applying this regenerative medicine technique to humans.
The study led by Tracy C. Grikscheit, MD —"A Multicellular Approach Forms a Significant Amount of Tissue-Engineered Small Intestine in the Mouse"— has been published in the July issue of Tissue Engineering Part A, a premier biomedical journal.
"In this paper, we are able to report that we can grow tissue-engineered intestine in a mouse model, which opens the doors of basic biology to understand how to grow this tissue better," said Dr. Grikscheit, who is also an assistant professor of surgery at the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California.
As a pediatric surgeon, Dr. Grikscheit is concerned with finding solutions for some of her more vulnerable patients—newborns. Infants born prematurely are at increased risk for a gastrointestinal disease called necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), which occurs when the intestine is injured. The cause is unknown.
Early treatment of NEC is essential to stop the potentially life-threatening leakage of bacteria into the abdomen. Often, the only solution is surgical removal of the small intestine. However, this option leaves the baby dependent on intravenous feeding and at risk for liver damage from subsequent intravenous nutrition. Organ transplants are possible but not a long-term solution, with only a 50 percent chance the grafted intestine will last past the child's 5th birthday.
Dr. Grikscheit, a member of The Saban Research Institute's Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine program, envisions a better solution. “The small intestine is an exquisitely regenerative organ. The cells are constantly being lost and replaced over the course of our entire lives," she explained. "Why not harness that regenerative capacity to benefit these children?”
Working in the laboratory, the research team took samples of intestinal tissue from mice. This tissue was comprised of the layers of the various cells that make up the intestine — including muscle cells and the cells that line the inside, known as epithelial cells. The investigators then transplanted that mixture of cells within the abdomen on biodegradable polymers or "scaffolding."
What the team wanted to happen did — new, engineered small intestines grew and had all of the cell types found in native intestine. Because the transplanted cells had carried a green label, the scientists could identify which cells had been provided — and all of the major components of the tissue-engineered intestine derived from the implanted cells. Critically, the new organs contained the most essential components of the originals.
"What is novel about this research is that this tissue-engineered intestine contains every important cell type needed for functional intestine. For children with intestinal failure, we are always looking for long-term, durable solutions that will not require the administration of toxic drugs to ensure engraftment. This tissue-engineered intestine, which has all of the critical components of the mature intestine, represents a truly exciting albeit preliminary step in the right direction," said Henri Ford, MD, Vice President and Surgeon-in-Chief at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles.
"We demonstrated that we are providing all of the important cells—the muscle, nerve, epithelium, and some of the blood vessels," noted Frédéric Sala, PhD, lead author. "All of these are critical to proper functioning of the tissue, and now we know their origins." Next up are additional tissue-growing experiments—each one of which may bring that much closer the prospects of clinical testing and a solution for babies in need.
About Children’s Hospital Los Angeles
Children's Hospital Los Angeles has been named the best children’s hospital in California and among the best in the nation for clinical excellence with its selection to the prestigious US News & World Report Honor Roll. Children’s Hospital is home to The Saban Research Institute, one of the largest and most productive pediatric research facilities in the United States and is one of America's premier teaching hospitals, affiliated with the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California since 1932.
For more information, visit www.CHLA.org. Follow us on Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and LinkedIn, or visit our blog: www.WeAreChildrens.org. | <urn:uuid:561a040c-1e26-48e1-bb5e-77f3a3ed73b7> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.chla.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=ipINKTOAJsG&b=6089699&ct=10861741¬oc=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207926828.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113206-00047-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942926 | 1,022 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Abstract: Unequal Fortunes, Unequal Firm Sizes and Close Corporations in the Gilded Age
Before 1914, Americans were concerned by their growing inequality, but unlike today—as Thomas Piketty shows—US incomes and wealth were then more equally distributed than Europe’s. Inequality was associated with higher capital/income ratios and more extensive stock exchange development in Europe. Stock exchanges enabled the divorce of ownership from control, incidentally weakening the (hitherto strong) link between inequality of firm sizes and inequality of personal fortunes. This separation was most noticeable in the UK, though appears to have been compatible with more concentrated (and more diversified) personal fortunes there (except in the hyper-plutocratic, $100m+ wealth class, which was distinctly larger in the US). The NYSE listed only a fifth of US corporate stocks by value, much less than in the UK (where two-thirds of corporate share capital was tradable on the LSE). France and Germany were nearer the UK than the US on this dimension. Closely-held corporations were more common than in Europe among both giant firms and SMEs in the US. Yet the more numerous US corporates apparently spread wealth more widely, before their shareholdings became widely dispersed. Several puzzles raised by international corporate/financial comparisons remain unresolved.
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Mechanisms of forest influence
Among the most immediate and direct effects of forest clearance are the destruction of the forest microclimate and the associated changes in albedo, aerodynamic surface roughness, energy balance, water balance, and Bowen ratio. At least eight theories have been suggested for how these might affect rainfall.
TABLE 2. Effects of deforestation on rainfall distribution in Uttara Kannada district
|20-year average||Forest clearance (ha)|
|Normal rainfall (mm)||(1955-1975) (mm)||Change|
|Uttara Kannadaas a whole||3,300||2,790||Decrease||40,470|
Source: Raju 1981
According to the Unesco report (1978), tropical regions, which represent 40% of the earth's surface, contribute about 60% of the water vapour in the global water cycle. The tropical oceans contribute almost 50% and tropical land area provides about 10%. The tropical forests, which cover about one-third of the total tropical land area, contribute 3%. Water cycling is rapid in the atmosphere, with an average residence time of 9 to 10 days, so the role of the tropical forest in influencing the global water cycle is considered to be around 3%. Zon (1927) maintained that the moisture carried by winds into the interior of vast continents, thousands of kilometres from the ocean, is mostly continental vapour. Thickly wooded areas would evaporate about 8,700 tonnes of water per hectare per year.
The evidence from changes in the concentration in rainfall of 18O (an isotope of oxygen) along an east-west transect across the Amazon Basin suggests that the tropical forest returns to the atmosphere as much as 75% of the moisture that it receives through the processes of evaporation and transpiration (Salati et al. 1979). Runoff accounts for 25% of the rain-water; another 25% of the water is evaporated from intercepted rain and 50% is returned to the air by transpiration. It has been estimated that tree-covered land returns to the air ten times as much moisture as a barren area and twice as much as shrubland and grassland. Thus a large forest may significantly affect local weather patterns.
Nicholson (1929) thought that in East Africa trees and shrubs contribute more moisture to the air than herbaceous vegetation or bare soil and are therefore more likely to influence rainfall. According to him, forests increase the probability and the amount of precipitation under unstable meteorological situations favouring the production of rain, the effect being more marked at lower altitude, and, further, numerous small patches of forest attract as much as or even more rainfall than an extensive forest tract, but any compact forest area above 1,800 ha had a role in attracting rains.
Rama (1980a) pointed out that during the monsoon months June to September, when there is a very humid air mass extending to five to six km altitude over India, even weak convective activity leads to precipitation. The contribution of local evapotranspiration is to raise the average humidity of the prevalent air mass by 15% to 20%, without which the rainfall over the subcontinent would be meagre because the synoptic situations producing rain would be rarer and weaker. Stidd (19?5) and Rama (1980b) advocated the need of increased irrigation to enhance evapotranspiration and thereby precipitation.
Green and Minkowski (1977) suggested that transpiration from the evergreen forests and their understorey in the Western Ghats creates a cool atmosphere above the forest that induces rainfall. Because deciduous tree species cannot maintain the atmospheric humidity to the same extent as the evergreens, the replacement of evergreen forests by deciduous ones may cause a decline in rainfall.
Meher-Homji (1982) suggested that, whereas evergreen forests produce an immense total leaf surface, monoculture plantations of trees such as Eucalyptus, growing at low densities, or pines or certain wattles (Acacia spp.) from Australia, planted extensively in the Nilgiris and Palnis, do not. These are xeromorphic plants with special adaptations such as drooping or needle-like leaves or phyllodes (petioles take up the function of leaves) to reduce transpiration. Rakhmanov (1962) stated that the water added to the atmosphere by forests is not higher than from other types of land use. And Brooks (1928) argued that a deep-rooted grassland would transpire more than a forest.
Rejecting the view that the forest does not affect gross precipitation over an area, Molchanov (1960) stressed the role of condensation of water vapour during rain, which may increase the amount by 10%, and Brooks (1928) and Hewlett (1965) emphasized the "occult" precipitation aspect, that is condensation and fog-drip from tree crowns, leaves, and stems. According to Dickinson (1980), however, conclusive evidence on increases or decreases in evapotranspiration due to deforestation is still not available. Much depends on prevailing climatic conditions, such as the frequency and intensity of rainfall and the relative humidity of the canopy air. Generally, small areas of forest scattered amidst drier areas use more water per unit area than do large forest areas because the dry air advected from their surroundings increases the rate of transpiration.
Shukla and Mintz (1982) report that modification of the vegetation cover by way of extensive deforestation does influence precipitation. The hypothesis is based on physical connections between precipitation and evapotranspiration. However, the determining factor is not only the vegetation but, rather, the relationship between the moisture content of the soil, the vegetation, and the solar energy necessary to evaporate water.
The Bowen ratio is the ratio of sensible to latent heat loss for a surface. B=H/E, where B the Bowen ratio, H the sensible heat exchange, and E the latent heat used in evapotranspiration. The forest changes the Bowen ratio relative to low vegetation and barren soil in two ways (Dickinson 1980). Firstly, as roots tap water from greater depths (down to 2 m), more water is available for evapotranspiration. On the other hand, bare soil ceases to evaporate once the top 5 to 20 cm has been desiccated. Since bare soil tends to dry relatively quickly, it will have a higher Bowen ratio than the surrounding forests (i.e. will transfer more sensible heat to the atmosphere). This may increase convection and convection storms. Furthermore, available soil moisture in forests may be greater as the infiltration rate of water into the subsoil is higher. Secondly, forests also increase evapotranspiration by evaporation of the water intercepted by their leaves. The net result is a low value of the Bowen ratio, especially when the forest canopy is wet.
According to Pereira (1973), deforestation reduces transpiration by 10% to 15%, regeneration through secondary growth restores the initial rates. Lettau, Lettau, and Molion (1979) suggested, conversely, that deforestation in the Amazon Basin would increase evapotranspiration. In their model, the sum of sensible and latent heat fluxes was constant as evaporation changed, so the Bowen ratio was dependent on evaporation. Hence, changes in absorbed solar radiation had to be balanced by changes in the net emission of thermal infrared radiation. Assuming increased evapotranspiration in the wake of deforestation and a 35% decrease of forest area over 10° of longitude at the equator, they estimated a 0.03 mean increase of albedo. However, they found that an increase of downward thermal infrared radiation supplied more energy than was lost due to increased albedo. Hence, over and downwind of the deforested region they found a warming of 1° to 2° C and up to a 10% increase of rainfall. This model is oversimplified, with too many arbitrary relationships for its conclusion to be satisfactory in toto. Their results are at variance with those of Potter et al. (1975), who suggested that total deforestation between 5°N and 5°S would result in reduction of rainfall. Dickinson (1980) concludes that the published studies of both Lettau, Lettau, and Molion (1979) and Potter et al. (1975) on regional effects of tropical deforestation are of limited credibility and arrive at diametrically opposite conclusions. However, both studies support the view that large-scale deforestation in the tropics might bring about a change in the mean temperature by as much as 1° or 2°C and in rainfall of up to 10% or so.
The effects of excessive and negligible evapotranspiration were compared by Charney et al. (1977) in their model. The former seemed to stimulate more rainfall in the arid zone because higher rates of evaporation of moisture from the soil resulted in intense convective recycling of water. Under negligible evapotranspiration, rainfall was reduced by a factor of two in the wet zone of Africa. Commenting on this model, Dickinson (1980) points out that short vegetation would generally have greater evapotranspira tion than bare soil. The net change of evapotranspiration between short vegetation and a forest is more questionable since the leaf stomata! resistance has a large effect in retarding water loss. However, the time course, if not the mean of evapotranspiration, is expected to change significantly with deforestation. Charney et al. (1977) imply that disappearance of short vegetation over a large tropical region may drastically reduce mean rainfall; a significant impact of forest removal is also indicated, but the details would depend upon whether the changed land use were to increase or decrease the evapotranspiration and on its effect on soil moisture. Until these questions are resolved, Dickinson (1980) cautions that the simulations may not correspond to any plausible scenario for tropical deforestation.
Bryson (1974) estimated that 100 to 250 x 106 metric tons of dust particles are being injected annually into the subtropical atmosphere because of soil degradation. The gradual deterioration of the soils of the Thar after the Rangmahal period is largely the result of human activity (Bryson and Baerreis 1967).
Visual observations of the dust layers suggest that the top is at about 7 km over the north-east Arabian Sea, 9 km over the Thar Desert, and 5 km over the Ganga Valley. If this dust is of local origin, strong currents of rising air are needed to lift it the 9 km over the Thar, but then this is incompatible with the fact that there is a large-scale subsidence of the air in that region. Alternatively, the dust is transported by winds from distant regions to the Thar and, therefore, both the origin of the dust and the mechanism of its lift to these heights need further research (Des 1968). If the dust comes from the desert itself, then the arid zone would appear to be a self-maintaining system. The solution would be to create a green belt with suitable trees and grasses to stabilize the soil, prevent the wind erosion, and the lifting of the dust into the atmosphere. This would not only reduce the region of subsiding air but also reduce the cooling rate required to maintain steady monsoon conditions.
Das (1968) concluded that in order to have a steady monsoon circulation the atmosphere should be warmed 3.2° C per day over north-east India and cooled by 2.4° C in the north-west.
Deforestation and the Carbon Cycle
Forests have an indirect role in controlling climate through the carbon cycle. Deforestation adds to the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere, which has been increasing since the beginning of the industrial age. According to Woodwell et al. (1978), 3 x 1012 kg y-1 of carbon is being liberated by tropical deforestation. Other estimates of the loss of carbon from the biosphere vary from 1 to 5 x 1012 kg y-1. This increase in carbon dioxide, by absorbing long-wave radiation from the earth while transmitting short-wave solar radiation, leads to an increase in surface temperature (known as the "greenhouse effect") and a decrease in temperature in the upper atmos phere. The results of these changes are more evaporation, higher water-vapour concentration, and melting of snow and ice. The consequent effect on planetary reflectance is equivocal as it also depends on changes in global cloudiness (Pittock 1983).
There is a consensus of opinion on the warming of the lower atmosphere with an increase of carbon dioxide, but the estimates vary from increases of 0.1° to 4°C for a doubling of carbon dioxide concentration. Using a three-dimensional general circulation model, Manabe and Wetherald (1975) suggested that the tropospheric warming is most marked in the lower atmosphere at high latitudes. In the tropics, the warming spreads throughout the entire troposphere due to the intense moist convection, hence it is lesser than the warming in the polar region. The rise in temperature of the equatorial belt is of the order of 2°C for a doubling of the atmospheric carbon dioxide content, increasing the intensity of the hydrological cycle by 7% and resulting in a slight increase of rainfall at the equator.
Dickinson (1980) does not predict any great increase in either the carbon dioxide content or the albedo in the wake of total conversion of tropical forests to other land uses. The increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would be of the order of 50 parts per million by volume, that is, about the same increase as that experienced over the last century. In fact, it is feared that the combustion of fossil fuels within the next 50 years will increase carbon dioxide by twice the amount expected from complete destruction of tropical forests (Rotty and Marland 1980).
If forests were converted to grasslands, increasing carbon dioxide would add 0.7 W m-2 to the global heat balance. On the other hand, albedo increase would reduce solar heating. Even the entire destruction of the existing forests in the tropics would lead to an increase of the global surface albedo by only 1.2 x 10-3.
If the ice-cap over the Arctic Ocean were to disappear, the mid-latitude rainy belt would shift 600-800 km northward (Flohn 1958); the USA, Europe, and the USSR would become much drier, whereas Canada might profit by more rainfall, and tropical monsoon regions could face problems of floods and decreased sunshine for crops. On the other hand, with increased reforestation, forests could serve as storehouses of carbon dioxide. They might store 10 to 20 years' carbon dioxide production throughout the world, including that from fossil fuels, and thus delay the change in the climatic pattern.
Tropical forests have effects on other atmospheric trace gases such as methane and nitrous oxide that contribute to the global energy balance. Methane is present in the atmosphere in a concentration of about 1.6 parts per million by volume and, like carbon dioxide, traps heat from the earth's surface. Large-scale increases in the area of paddy fields or decreases in tropical rain forest swamps could change methane concentrations in the atmosphere by possibly as much as 20%, corresponding to a 0.1 W m-2 change in global heat balance. The rate of removal of methane from the atmosphere is declining because of increasing levels of nitrous oxides emitted in vehicle exhausts, affecting the rate at which methane is converted into carbon dioxide. Nitrous oxide concentration could also be changed significantly by large-scale land use change in the areas of tropical forests (Dickinson 1980).
Change in Albedo
Charney et al. (1977) have emphasized the role of lower albedo (i.e. the proportion of radiation reflected from a surface) in increasing rainfall in a forested region.
Radiative energy absorbed by the forest canopy and ground is returned to the atmosphere as sensible and latent heat. Sensible heat transfer is the cooling of the surface by air passing over it. Latent heat transfer refers to the energy the surface loses in water changing from its liquid to vapour phase through either evaporation or transpiration (which is evaporation, but inside the leaf structure).
The sensible heat energy transferred from a surface directly to the atmosphere warms the lower layers of the atmosphere. The latent heat energy warms the atmosphere only after it is released by condensation.
Albedo is one of the factors that governs the energy balance of a surface and therefore the rate of evapotranspiration. The total energy (sensible heat + latent heat + potential energy) imparted to the lower layers of the atmosphere increases as the albedo decreases. The albedo of deserts or dry bare soil is considerably greater than that of vegetated or forested surfaces, so the net energy imparted to the atmosphere over deserts is less. In a desert region, the net radiation is converted largely to sensible heat resulting in high temperature, in contrast to a vegetated region where net radiation is converted into both sensible and latent heat. Thus the air may be cooler over a vegetated region, but its total energy content may be even greater than air over a desert. Eventually, the water evaporated from vegetated regions condenses and falls as rain and the released latent heat warms the atmosphere. So an increase in albedo causes a slight decrease in large-scale atmospheric temperatures. The more complex the vegetation structure, the greater the trapping of radiation by multiple reflection between leaves and the lower the albedo. Tropical forests have a lower albedo (about 10%) than grasslands (about 20%), which in turn have a lower albedo than deserts (about 30%). Thus the clearing of tropical forest causes a change in albedo that could influence both local and regional climates (Lockwood 1980).
Because sensible and latent energy are not lost from the surface-atmosphere system as a whole, global temperatures are much less sensitive to differences in their exchange than to changes in reflected solar radiation. However, changes in the ratio of sensible to latent fluxes can be significant for the hydrological cycle and therefore modify the frequency, amount, and location of tropical cloudiness and rainfall and so change regional climate (Dickinson 1980).
An increase in albedo reduces the absorption of solar radiation by the ground; consequently, there is less transfer of sensible and latent heat from the ground to the atmosphere. Parallel to this the intensity of cloud cover diminishes as does the longwave flux from the clouds to the surface of the earth, so that the net absorption at the ground (short and long wave) is decreased. Thus regions with increased albedo become sinks of energy and the general motion of the atmosphere above such regions is downward. An essential prerequisite for precipitation is upward motion, thus Charney's model provides a basis for deforestation leading to a decrease in rainfall.
Earlier, Otterman (1974) had proposed that the removal of natural vegetation by overgrazing and the exposure of high-albedo (reflective) soils produce "thermal depression" and lesser precipitation, in other words, desertification in regions of marginal rainfall. Klaus (1981) supports this view for the Sahel region of Africa and Gadgil (1981) for India; Jackson and Idso (1975) found that in the Sonoran desert of the USA the consequences of denudation of soils on temperature and climate were just the opposite of those observed by Otterman (1974).
Using a two-dimensional (zonal) atmospheric model to simulate some of the effects of converting all the humid forests between 5°N and 5°S with an albedo of 7% to a vegetation with an albedo of 25%, enhanced run-off, and lower evaporation, Potter et al. (1975) reported average global cooling of the surface by about 0.2°C and a reduction in global precipitation of about 1%. Their computer simulation has led them to suggest the following succession of events:
Increased surface albedo (r)
Reduced surface absorption of solar energy (r)
Surface cooling (r)
Reduced evaporation and sensible heat flux from the surface (r)
Reduced convection activity and rainfall (r)
Reduced release of latent heat, weakened Hadley circulation, and cooling in the middle and upper tropical troposphere (r)
Increased precipitation in the latitude bands 5 to 25°N and 5 to 25°S and a decrease in the equator-pole temperature gradient (r)
Reduced meridional transport of heat and moisture out of equatorial zones (r)
Global cooling and a decrease of temperature and precipitation at 45° to 85°N and 40° to 60°S
Manabe and Hahn (1977) attempted a simulation of the July tropical climate for the last ice-age 18,000 years ago. The consequences in the tropics of albedo change may be inferred from the difference between their sea-surface temperature anomaly experiment and their ice-age experiment. The increase in albedo in the ice-age simulation appeared to decrease the rainfall over land by about 10%, which was only half the precipitation change due to sea-surface temperature change between the present and 18,000 years ago. Most significantly, they found that the increased albedo led to a severe weakening of the monsoon circulation of India and the neighbouring countries.
Other scholars such as Sagan, Toon, and Pollack (1979) have considered the influence of anthropogenic albedo changes on the earth's climate. They consider that in the tropics man has caused climatic modifications by both desertification and the clearance of tropical forest. The change from grassland to desert causes an increase in albedo from about 16% to 35%, a change from tropical forest to cultivated fields or grasslands causes a change in albedo from about 10% to about 16%.
For the Sahel region, Charney et al. (1977) partly blamed overgrazing as a cause of the recent droughts. Ripley (1976) offered certain criticisms to this, pointing out that the effect of vegetation on evapotranspiration was ignored. The grazed area, despite its higher albedo and lower net radiation, would be warmer during the day compared to the ungrazed area, where part of the net radiation would be used in transpiration. This, he argued, may reduce convection and rainfall in the area protected from overgrazing rather than increase them.
Dickinson (1980) has pointed out that several studies have used erroneous estimates of the albedo change resulting from deforestation. For example, Rockwood and Cox (1978) give the following mean values for north-west Africa as measured from a lowflying plane:
|dense forest :||0.15|
|moderate forest :||0.17|
However, these data do not indicate diurnal and seasonal variations. Kung, Bryson, and Lenschow (1964) found no difference in albedo between a forested tract, bare fields, farmlands, and grasslands.
Reasonable estimates of albedos according to Dickinson (1980) would be 0.12 to 0.14 for tropical forests, which, when clear-felled and succeeded be secondary vegetation, would increase by 0.02 to 0.04; conversion of this to barren land or grassland would lead to a further increase by 0.01 to 0.04. The increase due to deforestation is unlikely to exceed .04.
Albedos of vegetated areas depend on solar elevation and atmospheric composition, since molecules in the atmosphere (clouds, aerosols) also influence surface albedo by forward scattering of the solar beam. It is generally not possible to estimate albedo changes due to vegetation changes from data sets taken at different locations and times.
Two studies ideally suited to examining effects of tropical deforestation on surface albedo are those of Oguntoyinbo (1970) for Nigeria and Pinker, Thompson, and Eck (1980) for Thailand. Both reported an average albedo of 0.13 for the forest and 0.15 to 0.16 for the forest clearing, fallow, or derived savanna. Values range between 0.16 and 0.24 for dry types of savanna.
The albedos of soils vary from 0.1 as in the case of black soil to 0.5 for dry, quartzsand deserts. As deforestation results in drier soils with less organic matter, an increase in albedo is to be expected, but it is unlikely to exceed 0.2. For sandy desert regions, Otterman (1981) reported an albedo range of 0.28 to 0.45, depending on the degree of degradation of the vegetation.
Thermal Mountain Effect
A so-called "thermal mountain" concept has been proposed, in which a column of hot air builds over a forest canopy due to the higher temperature. Accordingly, a 10-km strip of forest, say, 6° C warmer than its surroundings, could be responsible for building up a thermal mountain of up to 1,000 m. This would enable the moisture-bearing air to ascend to a height sufficient to condense rain over the forest. The objection to this hypothesis, however, is that forests tend to decrease rather than increase the air temperature.
Forests increase the effective height of a land surface as an obstruction to air movement. It is estimated that rainfall increases 1% for an increase in height of 30 m. If this is so, why do the tall buildings in hill resorts such as Udhagamandalam, Kodaikanal, and Madikeri (Mercara) fail to influence rains in dry years?
Wind Speed and Aerodynamic Drag
With a decrease in wind velocity, air masses are forced to stack and rise. Garrat (1978) shows that eddy diffusivities are considerably greater just above tall vegetation than at corresponding heights above smooth surfaces.
Tall trees with irregular surfaces transpire at rates higher than calculated potential evapotranspiration rates. Therefore the potential evapotranspiration rate for a given net radiation will be lower over vegetation types with smoother canopy surfaces.
Brunig (1971) has estimated the evapotranspiration for a 45-m high, dense, mixed forest (near Kuching) of Dipterocarpaceae with irregular surface to be around 2,000 mm. Forests with simpler structure have smoother canopies and their transpiration rate is lower. Similarly, conversion of a forest into a rubber plantation with smoother surface would lower the evapotranspiration and alter the character of rainfall.
Certain difficulties in accurately measuring rainfall inside and outside forests have been pointed out by meteorologists. The rainfall measured in a forest clearing may be as much as 10% higher than in an open area in its vicinity because the rain gauge in the clearing is shielded from wind. The turbulence caused by the opening of the canopy may decrease rainfall, or, conversely, a downward component of the wind may lead to an increase. Fox (1979) noted that in Sandakan (Malaysia) the average rainfall as calibrated in a forest rain gauge was less than or equal to that of one installed in an open area 200 m away on 94 out of 132 days of observations, but rainfall in the forest tended to be higher with greater falls of rain.
Legris and Blasco (1969) have cited the example of the Kudiraiyar Basin in the Palni Hills (Tamil Nadu). A rain gauge at the border of the Kukkal Forest at 2,000 m recorded rainfall about 50% higher than that of two rain gauges in grasslands at the same altitude and of the same northern slope during the period 1956-1966. However, in the hilly terrain the topography itself could account for the variation in the rainfall over short distances. Besides, the length of the dry period differs between the two locations, as shown in the climatic map in Blasco (1971).
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Your health highly depends on what you eat. So here are five very important tips that will clear your concepts on what to include in your diet.
Eat nutrient-rich foods
You need more than 40 different nutrients for good health, and no single food supplies them all. Your daily food selection should include bread and other whole-grain products; fruits; vegetables; dairy products; and meat, poultry, fish and other protein foods
Make sure you have a healthy weight
The weight that’s right for you depends on many factors including your sex, height, age and heredity. Excess body fat increases your chances for high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, some types of cancer and other illnesses. But being too thin can increase your risk for osteoporosis, menstrual irregularities and other health problems. So make sure that you maintain the balance in your weight.
Don’t skip meals
Skipping meals can lead to out-of-control hunger, often resulting in overeating. When you’re very hungry, it’s also tempting to forget about good nutrition. Snacking between meals can help curb hunger, but don’t eat so much that your snack becomes an entire meal.
Balance is the key
Not every food has to be “perfect.” When eating a food high in fat, salt or sugar, select other foods that are low in these ingredients. If you miss out on any food group one day, make up for it the next. Your food choices over several days should fit together into a healthy pattern.
Know about your eating habits
To improve your eating habits, you first have to know what’s wrong with them. Write down everything you eat for three days. And then evaluate what you need to add and what you need to reduce. | <urn:uuid:ebf06829-25a3-465b-b284-414e4dec2f19> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.thenewstribe.com/2012/08/28/5-tips-for-healthy-eating/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860122268.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161522-00132-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956817 | 375 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Seaside communities whose recreational activities and tourism economy are vested in the attractiveness of our coast are increasingly concerned about the negative impacts of plastic pollution.
Bigger than aesthetics and sea life being entangled or accidentally eating plastic, new research shows how plastic is part of OUR food chain. It breaks up into micro particles that are finding their way into our food, specifically fish, and into municipal drinking water.
July was Plastic Free month. It raised awareness about the roles you and I can play in de-plastic-ing our world. Far South Peninsula beach clean-ups reveal that much of the plastic litter is comprised of Single Use Plastic (SUP) items including plastic bags, straws, polystyrene takeaway containers, plastic cutlery, sweet wrappers, and PET bottles, etc. Many single use items are unnecessary or can be replaced with non-plastic alternatives. Your choices make a difference. Straws Suck – don’t use them! Refuse after meal sweets in plastic. Bring your own re-usable containers and cutlery for takeaways and coffee or pay the little extra for compostable containers so that Nature does not pay the price. Support plastic free businesses.
Although food outlets are not the only source of SUP litter, volunteers from Waste Reduction Far South decided to survey them for the use of SUP items and alternatives that are offered. Face-to-face surveys were conducted with 113 food and beverage restaurants and outlets from Muizenberg to Cape Point using the ZoHo online survey app.
The good news is that most outlets are aware of the environmental issues around plastic pollution. Many would like to use alternatives, but the uptake is slow. Either management don’t know where to source alternatives or find they are not consistently available. As most alternatives are more expensive than plastic, cost was identified as a concern. Customer demand also plays a role, so if we don’t ask for straws, bags, coffee lids etc outlets will be less pressured to supply them.
Waste Reduction Far South has emailed the results of the survey to the outlets we surveyed with an appeal that they stop providing SUPs. We included a list of locally available alternatives. The survey results, without naming specific businesses, will be forwarded to agencies such as the WWF, Two Oceans Aquarium and WC Dept of Environment as part of a follow up call to action for increased public awareness and bans on certain SUP items.
Some of the food and beverage outlets that have eliminated SUPs or are doing especially well in replacing them are:
- Muizenberg: Empire Café, Rolling Wood, Joon, Hang Ten Café
- Kalk Bay: Salt, Bob’s Bagels, Kitchen Bar
- Scarborough: Camel Rock, Whole Earth Cafe, The Hub Cafe, Foragers
- Fish Hoek: Bhandaris, C’est la vie, Blue Door Coffee
- Eagle Park: Southern Grind
- Kommetjie: Imhoff Free Range Farm Shop
- Noordhoek: Monkey Valley, Café Roux | <urn:uuid:c677cbc4-c576-419b-9333-f3c3dce6f618> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://thegreentimes.co.za/sas-ocean-creatures-drowning-in-single-use-plastics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107876500.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021122208-20201021152208-00167.warc.gz | en | 0.926807 | 624 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The casket industry traces its roots back to ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, where wood, cloth and paper were used to make sarcophagus-style burial boxes. Coffins, or funeral caskets, are containers in which the dead are buried.
Burial practices differ markedly across cultures and through history, but many people’s have used wooden, stone, or metal boxes for burial. Beautifully decorated stone boxes called sarcophagi were used in ancient Egypt. Stone coffins were also used in Europe in the Christian era, and later lead or iron coffins became common. Only wealthier people could afford elaborate coffins, and in Western cultures since the Middle Ages, poorer people were buried in simple wooden boxes. The very poor had no coffins at all, and might be laid in the grave wrapped in a blanket. The coffins are said to be carved by the elderly before they die. If an elderly person is too weak or ill to do so, his/her son, or a relative would do it for him/her. When the person dies, he/she is placed in the coffin in a foetal position. This is due to the belief that a person should exit the world in the same position that he/she entered it. After being wrapped up in blankets and tied with rattan leaves, the corpse is carried to a cliff in a procession. During this procession, mourners attempt to grab and carry the corpse.
This is due to the belief that it is good luck to be smeared with the blood of the deceased, since it would allow a person to possess the skills of the deceased. After reaching the site for the burial, the corpse would be placed in the coffin and tied or nailed to the side of the cliff. One of the most important objects purchased, whether for royalty or other elites, for a tomb was the coffin. It’s purpose from the earliest times was the protection of the body, preserving it from deterioration or mutilation. During Predynastic times, the Egyptians shrouded corpses in mats or furs and enclosed them in pots, baskets or clay coffins. In some areas a wooden scaffold was constructed around the body, and this might be considered the precursor to actual coffins. The mummy and painted wooden coffins probably originate from Thebes (modern Luxor) in southern Egypt. The only clues to their origin and the mummy’s identity are the inscriptions on the coffins, which give her name as Asru and her status as married, and identify her as a priestess of Amun. Only about one per cent of ancient Egyptians could afford mummification; this fact, and the quality of her coffins, indicates that she came from an upper class family.
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Reblogged this on Travel Frontier.
Howdy! I know this is somewhat off topic but
I was wondering which blog platform are you using for this site?
I’m getting sick and tired of WordPress because I’ve had problems with hackers
and I’m looking at alternatives for another platform. I would be awesome if you could point me in the direction of a good platform. | <urn:uuid:3af1c09a-454b-454e-9e5e-f05fe539d8c5> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://vikasacharya.wordpress.com/2016/02/08/coffin-and-casket/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943749.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322020215-20230322050215-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.963175 | 649 | 3.90625 | 4 |
KENNEWICK -- Wisteria is a beautiful, woody vine that intertwines over and around structures, creating a romantic, picturesque garden tableau.
I've always been an admirer of this vine, but there are some complexities that gardeners may encounter when growing wisteria.
Differences between Japanese, Chinese wisteria species
There is more than one species of wisteria. The two most common ones are Chinese wisteria (Wisteria sinensis) and Japanese wisteria (Wisteria floribunda), native respectively to China and Japan.
The Chinese wisteria tends to be favored by gardeners because its showy flowers open all at once before the leaves develop. Its fragrant flowers range in color from violet to blue, purple, lilac, rose, pink or white.
The Japanese wisteria's fragrant flowers open more gradually, starting at the base of the cluster with blooms beginning at the same time the leaves are starting to grow. There are numerous named cultivars with different flower colors from purple to violet, red-violet, rose, pink, ivory and white.
Both wisteria are hardy for our area, but Japanese wisteria blooms about two weeks earlier and wraps itself around structures in a clockwise direction. The Chinese wisteria climbs in a counterclockwise direction.
Wisteria that don't bloom
Wisteria are hardy, fast-growing, woody vines. While they prefer a moist, rich, slightly alkaline soil, they will tolerate more challenging conditions. It's true that wisteria grow like weeds.
In fact, they have become invasive in 19 eastern U.S. states, vining upward, girdling and killing native forest trees.
Wisteria are easy to grow, but many gardeners complain that their vines aren't flowering. That can be a problem. Vines will only start to flower when they reach the mature stage. It can take a vine started from seed more than 10 years to grow out of its juvenile state. That's a long time to wait for flowers, even for the most patient gardener. For earlier flowering vines, plant vines started from cuttings or grafted onto rootstocks. Lack of flowering also can be attributed to too much fertilizer, heavy or improper pruning, winter injury to flower buds, or too much shade.
Support structures begin to crack
Another complaint about wisteria is that it devours the structures to which it has been trained to for support. Considering that wisteria vines can live 50 years or more when given the proper care, it's not surprising that this long-lived vine often outlasts garden structures.
Good planning can help avoid problems that result when the wisteria start to crush and crumble the arbor, pergola or porch column to which they've become entwined.
I would recommend against growing them close to or on part of your house. Wisteria vines are known for getting underneath siding and roofing and into gutters. It's safest to grow them on arbors, pergolas and wire trellises away from the house.
The most durable structures of heavy metal pipe set in concrete work best, but gardeners often prefer wooden structures for aesthetic reasons.
Use beams of pressure-treated or rot-resistant wood if you want your structure and vine to last. Bases should be set firmly in concrete. Whatever you use for support, remember these vines get big and heavy.
Pretty but poisonous
It's important to note that wisteria flowers are followed by brown 4- to 6-inch seed pods in the fall.
All parts of the plant are considered poisonous, but especially the seeds. They contain a particular glycoside -- wistarine -- which causes severe gastroenteritis when ingested. Children and small animals can be poisoned with just one to two seeds.
The wisteria is a pretty vine, but get to know its complex nature before you decide to plant it.
* Marianne C. Ophardt is a horticulturist for the Washington State University Benton County Extension Office. | <urn:uuid:58427541-b109-490c-97ec-4b300bbf69ee> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.bradenton.com/living/article34489497.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742322.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114232605-20181115014605-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.924439 | 858 | 2.625 | 3 |
Lung Phlegm Heat describes both an acute chest infection and/or a chronic condition usually following previous antibiotic treatment.
November 1, 2019
Lung Phlegm Heat is a syndrome in Chinese medicine. It describes many kinds of acute chest infection, but older people sometimes get a chronic version of it that becomes acute from time to time. It also arises as a kind of ongoing or chronic condition after too much use of antibiotics. See below for why.
Lung Phlegm Heat Symptoms
You won’t necessarily have all these symptoms, though having them all when the syndrome is acute is not uncommon.
If you have the chronic sort, then the cough won’t be so strong, you won’t get the same fever and ongoing symptoms like dizziness and weakness will be more marked. Also, it may be hard to cough up the phlegm.
Phlegm/catarrh that is green or yellow and sticky or adhesive and sometimes stringy, or thick: even blood-streaked. It can occur in the chest or throat or nose. If you can cough it up, it eases the cough.
Easily short of breath on talking or exertion
Feeling of a bar across the chest
Thirst, often for very cold drinks
Head feels heavy and foggy: no desire for mental or physical exertion
Anxious, easily upset: can have critical, fixed ideas, that are hard to persuade otherwise once they’ve made up their mind though often just haven’t got the energy to think at all
Often some dizziness
Nose and/or throat often stuffed up with catarrh
Snores: sleep is unrefreshing
Tongue: red and swollen. Its coating is yellow and adhesive.
Anything that has previously weakened the Spleen may cause or worsen Lung Phlegm Heat, including:
Qi stagnation from emotions such as fury, frustration, resentment and jealousy.
Too much of the wrong kinds of food, especially very rich or greasy food, spicy food, foods with a heating effect such as roasted or fried meat and hot curries; also alcohol: all these over time can exhaust your Spleen leading to the formation of Phlegm and Heat.
Eating habits that give your Stomach and Spleen no rest. This includes eating on-the-go, over-eating and rushed eating, swallowing before food has been chewed properly. Usually this will have been a habit over many years.
Environments or habits that introduce heat or keep you hot. These include working in very hot conditions and smoking tobacco which, although it temporarily calms and cools has a secondary action that is drying and heating.
As you grow old, your Kidney energy decreases. Your Kidney energy supports your Spleen energy so when Kidney energy weakens your Spleen energy becomes more susceptible to this syndrome.
If you have had Phlegm for some time, it can turn to Heat, which causes Dryness. So the phlegm gets thicker and more resistant to expectoration.
Continuing Phlegm can block the movement of Qi, leading to Qi Stagnation, the emotions of which produce more Heat.
In older people, continued Heat, whether or not from Phlegm, weakens Yin, leading to Yin Deficiency which itself, like a vicious circle, makes it easier for Heat to appear, drying the fluids to form (more) Phlegm.
Antibiotics kill the bugs (assuming they’re the correct antibiotic, of course, otherwise they just kill many of your ‘good’ or ‘friendly’ bugs as well as only some of the bad ones). They also reduce your ability to produce a fever, a vital natural resource in killing bad bugs. Their secondary action is to weaken your Spleen, which is short-hand for your digestion, where you keep all the good bugs and most of your immune system. The bad bugs tend to recover faster, like weeks in your garden. They go on to produce heat which gradually takes you back to lung phlegm heat.
If all this yin-yang stuff gets you down, try our page on yin and yang!
Treatment of Lung Phlegm Heat
The aim of Lung Phlegm Heat treatment is to enable your body to clear its Phlegm, to clear its Heat, and to help your Lungs return to being able to descend Qi rather than let it ascend, as in coughing, expectorating, angry outbursts etc.
Acupuncture and Chinese medicine have their own, time-honoured approaches to this syndrome.
What can YOU do about this?
Avoid or manage better Qi stagnation and the emotions that lead to it. (You might benefit from the insights in my book on Qi Stagnation, see column on the right.)
Read my book “Yuck! Phlegm!” written to explain all this, with a survey of the suggestions made on other websites and why some work, and many don’t, for your type of phlegm.
Avoid foods that have a heating or drying or phlegm-forming effect on the body. These include pungent and greasy foods, including curries, though you may well be tempted by hot curries, because their primary effect is to stimulate your lungs to cough up the phlegm, to breathe more easily, and to warm your digestion; also to make you sweat some of the Heat away. Unfortunately, their secondary effect is often the opposite which can lead to more Lung Phlegm Heat!
Other foods to avoid include meat, especially roast or fried or dried meat eg jerky; greasy and rich food, sweets and sweeteners. Read more under hot foods.
Avoid alcohol, drinks and other drugs that heat.
Stop smoking tobacco. I suspect even e-vapes are heating.
Eat slowly and carefully, chewing well before swallowing. Don’t overeat.
Don’t drink too much cold or iced fluid or food. Better take it luke-warm or cool.
If you can, go for short walks in the open air – unless the weather is extremely hot or humid. This opens the lungs and moves their Qi.
See an acupuncturist or practitioner of Chinese herbal medicine. An acupuncturist might well employ, besides needles, cupping or guasha. Chronic Lung Phlegm Heat definitely takes more than one treatment – in fact, usually quite a few. | <urn:uuid:bb0ec847-fae9-46f3-a200-a42a68481cfe> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.acupuncture-points.org/lung-phlegm-heat.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141186761.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126055652-20201126085652-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.951505 | 1,361 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The LED part of AMOLED stands for Light Emitting Diode. It’s the same tech as you find on many home appliances that shows that the power is on with a little red light. An LED display takes this concept, shrinks it down, and arranges the LEDs in red, green and blue clusters to create an individual pixel.
The O in AMOLED stands for organic. It refers to a series of thin organic material films placed between two conductors in each LED. These produce light when a current is applied.
Finally, the AM part in AMOLED stands for Active Matrix, rather than a passive matrix technology. In a passive matrix, a complex grid system is used to control individual pixels, where integrated circuits control a charge sent down each column or row. But this is rather slow and can be imprecise. Active Matrix systems attach a thin film transistor (TFT) and capacitor to each sub-pixel (i.e. red, green or blue) LED. The upshot is that when a row and column is activated the capacitor at the pixel can retain its charge in between refresh cycles, allowing for faster and more precise control.
The image above is a closeup shot of the AMOLED display on the Samsung Galaxy S8. The RGB triangular pattern is clearly shown. Towards the bottom of the image the green and red LEDs are off and the blue LEDs are on only slightly. This is why AMOLED displays have deep blacks and good contrast.
The pros and cons of AMOLED
Plastic substrate is thin and light.
Plastic substrate offers better shock absorption and less risk of breakage.
Excellent viewing angles.
Potential for a very wide color gamut.
Deep blacks and excellent contrast ratio as individual pixels can be turned off, making it well suited for HDR.
Good energy efficiency and battery life.
More difficult and expensive production techniques (i.e. curved displays), with unoptimized yields affecting availability.
Blue LEDs degrade faster than red or green, reducing the panel’s life cycle before a notable color shift.
“Burn-in” is a risk, as pixels can degrade at different speeds if one part of the display consistently shows a static image.
So what is Super AMOLED and Infinity Display?
Super AMOLED is a marketing term from Samsung. It means a display that incorporates the capacitive touchscreen right in the display, instead of it being a separate layer on top of the display. This makes the display thinner.
As for Infinity Display, it is another marketing term from Samsung which means “a bezel-less, full-frontal, edge-to-edge” display. However, it is still a Super AMOLED unit.
Super AMOLED Plus:
Samsung notes, acts, and conquers. The ‘Plus’ added to Super AMOLED is its upgrade of display features for its devices, the result of which is a better display with approximately 50 percent more sub-pixels (12 sub-pixels instead of 8), and the usage of RGB matrix which is a successor to the previous Pentile Matrix. The resolution is just a few mini inches lower, but it makes no compromise with the thinner, brighter, and more efficient display that the first generation Super AMOLED boasted of. While Super AMOLED Plus reigns over all other smartphone displays in the market, Samsung gears up to a new process of manufacturing their display which targets 330ppi resolution. What makes it a worthy option is its ability to make the screen visible even more in bright light. The images are crisper, and color tone is just incredibly awesome. Well, comparing it with iPhone’s Retina Display is definitely a tough one!
Retina, Retina HD and Super Retina HD displays:
Samsung isn’t the only company that is good at marketing, there is another! Apple has coined the term “Retina” for its displays. The term was first used for its smartphones with the launch of the iPhone 7, as it offered a significantly greater pixel density (over 300 ppi) when compared to the iPhone 6S. Later came Retina HD, which applies to iPhones with at least a 720p screen resolution.
All Retina and Retina HD displays on the iPhone are LCD IPS displays. However, things have changed a bit with the iPhone X as it features an AMOLED display, now marketed under the term Super Retina HD.
It’s still an AMOLED display. It just has extra adjectives.
What sets Retina Display apart from its competitors is the availability of IPS (in-plane switching) technology that offers a wider viewing angle, no matter what angle or way you hold your iPhone. Indeed, the iPhone 4S is the most innovative phone yet. However, the only issue is, the better it becomes in terms of technology, the more its competitors gear up to beat it. So, between Samsung’s Super AMOLED Plus and iDevices’ Retina Display.
Hope This Helps!
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Information Brought To You By Biovolt Corporation. | <urn:uuid:c3f091b0-21ae-450a-bc00-9c37a2e8edd9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.biovolttech.org/post/display-showdown-amoled-vs-retina | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.916883 | 1,083 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The crew over at Teague Labs was talking about musical instruments and how digital music creation seems to get bogged down under user interfaces littered with increasing numbers of buttons, knobs, and sliders. They decided to build a musical device that has its own musical inclinations and personality, while also allowing for two-way interaction with the user.
The resulting creation is Muze, a simple musical instrument with only a single user input. Muze has been programmed with a palette of notes that it can combine and remix into a nearly infinite number of musical combinations. Muze is perfectly happy composing on its own, and will create music that evolves over time, if left alone long enough.
As with all musicians, not every tune is a hit, so Muze can be gently nudged away from cacophonous melodies with a simple twist of a knob. Each of the device’s knobs represent a blend of functions, which are used to influence Muze when placed on the board. The interaction does not send Muze flying into a completely different direction, rather it tells Muze to shake things up a little bit, much like you would ask your guitarist to pick up the tempo during a jam session.
It’s a neat little instrument, and we can imagine it would be a big hit with kids and adults alike. Keep reading to see a video demonstration of Muze in action.
[vimeo http://vimeo.com/25106513 w=470] | <urn:uuid:44b8a60f-7ffc-4b2b-b22d-241b74e70c05> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://hackaday.com/2011/06/15/an-instrument-that-plays-along-with-you/?like=1&source=post_flair&_wpnonce=ca20eaf6a9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719784.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00395-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94569 | 303 | 2.703125 | 3 |
ritualized propitiation and invocation of dead kin. Ancestor worship is based on the belief that the spirits of the dead continue to dwell in the natural world and have the power to influence the fortune and fate of the living. Ancestor worship has been found in various parts of the world and in diverse cultures. It was a minor cult among the Romans (see manes
). The practice reached its highest elaboration in W Africa and in the ancient Chinese veneration of ancestors. It is also well developed in the Japanese Shinto
cult and among the peoples of Melanesia. See apotheosis
See J. G. Frazer, The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead (3 vol., 1913-24, repr. 1968).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press | <urn:uuid:68043919-00b8-4069-bc9e-d2141388af62> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.reference.com/browse/ancestor+worship | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657131545.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011211-00241-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926276 | 172 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Early Childhood Education | Curriculum & TeachingSkip to content Skip to main navigation
Early Childhood Education
The Department of Curriculum & Teaching
Welcome to the Program in Early Childhood Education
Students are prepared to teach in diverse and inclusive environments, including homes, schools, and other community settings, which serve children from birth to age 8 and their families. Child-centered and culturally sensitive practices are emphasized throughout the program, focusing on the need for multiple methods of instruction to accommodate a broad range of learners. Through a curriculum that integrates general and special early childhood education content, we aim to enable our initial certification students to become outstanding early childhood teachers, decision makers, and intellectual and ethical leaders.
M.A. Early Childhood Education-Initial Certification
The course of study leads to initial certification in Early Childhood Education (birth-8 years).
M.A. Early Childhood Education/Special Education-Initial Certification
The course of study leads to initial certification as a Teacher of Students with Disabilities, Early Childhood (birth-8 years).
M.A. Early Childhood Education-Special Education/Dual Certification-Initial
The course of study leads to initial certification as both an Early Childhood Education teacher and a Teacher of Students with Disabilities in Early Childhood (birth-8 years).
Ed.M. Early Childhood Policy
The Master of Education (Ed.M.) with an Early Childhood Policy concentration is designed to give students a firm grounding in early childhood pedagogy, programs, and practice as well as in policy analysis and policy making related to young children and their families.
Doctor of Education
The program provides two specializations at the doctoral level: Early Childhood Education, and Early Childhood Policy. The program is highly selective, aiming to identify and train individuals whose prior education and experience, whether or not it has been specifically in the field of early childhood, gives promise of the ability to develop modes of inquiry suitable to the field’s complexities.
Learn More About Early Childhood Education
Program Director: Professor Souto-Manning
Contact Person: Kara SheridanPhone: 212.678.3860 Fax: 212.678.4048 | <urn:uuid:1e3e676a-b203-41df-91aa-ac8af986a737> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.tc.columbia.edu/curriculum-and-teaching/early-childhood-education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891485.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122153557-20180122173557-00782.warc.gz | en | 0.925247 | 435 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Pathologists at the Smithsonian's National Zoo performed a necropsy (animal autopsy) Sept. 23 on the six-day-old giant panda cub that died earlier that morning. A final pathology report will provide more information in the next few weeks, but the preliminary report suggests two potential abnormalities: moderate levels of fluid in the cub's abdomen and an area of hardness in the liver. The significance of these findings is not yet clear. The veterinary and pathology team will continue to work closely during the ongoing histological evaluation.
The giant panda cub born Sept. 16 appeared to be female. At the time of death, she weighed a little less than 100 grams, about four ounces. There were no signs of trauma, external or internal, her heart and lungs appeared healthy and normal, and a small amount of milk was found in the cub's gastrointestinal tract, which suggests that she nursed. The mortality rate for pandas in their first year of age in human care is 26 percent for males and 20 percent for females. Note that some early mortality rates may be underestimated.
The panda team continues to monitor the cub's mother Mei Xiang via the Panda Cam. She appeared to sleep well last night. Watchers noticed her cradling an object, as she did before to the birth of the cub. Scientists and keepers believe this is an expression of her natural mothering instinct.
Mei Xiang is moving around this morning, and the panda team was able to weigh her. She weighs 217 pounds, which is less than her regular weight but normal for a mother who has not eaten (Mei Xiang had not left her den in more than a week). She ate most of her normal diet (some bamboo, fruit and biscuits) and drank some water this morning, and Zoo veterinarians took a blood sample and a vaginal culture to confirm the state of her health. Zoo staff fully anticipate that she will return to her normal behaviors soon. Once this happens, visitors will be able to enter the David M. Rubenstein Giant Panda Habitat.
The Zoo will continue to work closely with Chinese colleagues and share the information it has learned about giant panda reproduction and cub health. No decisions will be made about Mei Xiang and Tian Tian's future at the National Zoo until Mei Xiang's behavior returns to normal.
The Panda Cam, sponsored by Ford Motor Company Fund, will remain on so panda enthusiasts around the world can continue to watch Mei Xiang and Tian Tian. | <urn:uuid:ab4862a5-cce5-4530-9561-25bad616f055> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://nationalzoo.si.edu/news/national-zoo-mourns-death-giant-panda-cub | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948684.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327185741-20230327215741-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.964246 | 500 | 2.6875 | 3 |
"False Negative Reactions" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus,
MeSH (Medical Subject Headings). Descriptors are arranged in a hierarchical structure,
which enables searching at various levels of specificity.
Negative test results in subjects who possess the attribute for which the test is conducted. The labeling of diseased persons as healthy when screening in the detection of disease. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
|False Negative Reactions
- False Negative Reactions
- False Negative Reaction
- Reaction, False Negative
- Reactions, False Negative
Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "False Negative Reactions".
Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more specific than "False Negative Reactions".
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "False Negative Reactions" by people in this website by year, and whether "False Negative Reactions" was a major or minor topic of these publications.
To see the data from this visualization as text, click here. | <urn:uuid:fd278d47-f187-43ea-b678-66563390de53> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://profiles.wakehealth.edu/display/96034 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662578939.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525023952-20220525053952-00564.warc.gz | en | 0.886476 | 265 | 2.859375 | 3 |
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