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Like all well-thought plans for kids, they can enjoy the benefits of extracurricular activities and get improved mental well-being.
If you have a wish to enroll your kids in extracurricular activities, you should actualize it; they will benefit a lot.
For one, your kids will develop necessary life skills during the activities.
If your kid is in a STEM program, they will learn critical thinking and experimentation, necessary skills to traverse life.
Similarly, they can also increase their creativity in visual art programs.
They will equally benefit from the guidance for children's professional future, that these programs offer.
Extracurricular activities also benefit your children in the form of socialization.
Since these activities are not organized for just one person, your children will enjoy interacting with other children, building stable relationships, and learning more about others.
The skills they learn and the social interactions they experience will also go a long way in helping them build their self-confidence and self-esteem.
They will be able to stand their ground in public and maintain a strong belief in their abilities.
If you want to learn the benefits of extracurricular activities for children, be sure to read on:
Life skills are valuable skills that are needed in every facet of life.
Although some activities require them in certain sums, they are needed everywhere, and your child's possession of these skills will help them navigate life.
One such skill is teamwork, which every extracurricular activity encourages.
With teamwork, your child can work well with others, identifying problems and offering solutions.
Your child can develop this skill in sports programs or STEM programs.
Also, your child will develop time management since the activities will have allotted time for their meetings.
Being able to juggle extracurricular activities with school work and house chores will better help in teaching them about time management than just hearing it from your mouth.
Furthermore, your child will learn goal setting from the activities because every club or program has its objectives which they must fulfill.
A visual arts club goal that every child must create something within one month of joining will teach your child more about goal setting than your regular preaching about goals.
Attending the meetings of extracurricular clubs and mixing with peers is one of the fantastic benefits of extracurricular activities because they will be able to socialize with them.
Your kid will benefit from improved mental well-being by sharing knowledge with peers.
Social interaction can help better your child's mental health since there's a lightening of moods while talking about things they are interested in.
The positive ambiance in the club will also help improve your child's mood and mental health.
The camaraderie in the club will also instill a sense of security, safety, and belonging in your child.
They will be excited to have found their tribe and will itch to always be around them to continue practicing their shared interests.
By socializing, they will also learn to confide in their peers.
Similarly, their peers will be able to confide in them.
Although it's advised that kids should confide in their parents, it's not everything the parents can know.
Kids also need to grow their relationships with their confidants.
One of the low-key benefits of extracurricular activities is the improvement of a child's self-esteem.
Due to your child's completion of assignments in the club they have passion for, they will feel more competent in life, giving them greater self-esteem.
This self-esteem is terrific because it will make them assertive in communicating their likes and dislikes.
They will be able to tell people the things that make them happy and the boundaries that shouldn't be crossed.
Moreover, your child's continued ability to make good decisions in their extracurricular club will make them more likely to trust their decisions.
They will spend less time overthinking their decisions, making them more decisive than usual.
With improved self-esteem, they will decide the relationships to enter and won't join because of peer pressure.
Since they are confident, they can talk to people and tell them they want relationships with them.
They can also get out of unhealthy relationships quickly.
Offering the opportunity to explore a new area or subject will be accepted by any child because children are generally curious and adventurous.
Among the benefits of extracurricular activities is the opportunity for a child to experience new things and think from multiple perspectives.
For instance, if a child from a home where technology is rarely used joins a STEM program and starts excelling there, they will be able to think from the perspectives of technology and no-technology, helping them relate to two different fields.
By having broader perspectives, they will be able to understand other people faster since they are already open-minded to have multiple views.
If they possess various perspectives, it wouldn't be challenging for them to accept new perspectives.
Furthermore, their ability to think multiple paths will allow them to work well with others.
People have their various work and management styles, and the ability to understand everyone's style will be more indispensable as they grow up.
With how kids spend time on extracurriculars, some people may wonder if they even have time to focus on their studies.
However, contrary to this school of thought, the benefits of extracurricular activities also include improving a child's academic performance.
Due to more significant usage of the child's brain in extracurriculars, they will be able to quickly understand certain concepts in the classroom.
Also, some clubs dictate a specific grade level for members to attain before being allowed to join them.
With improved academic performance, your child will enjoy higher self-confidence and popularity among peers.
They will also be less likely to engage in risky behaviors because things are going well for them.
Interestingly, an improved academic performance also helps with higher income levels.
This ensures that when your child becomes an adult, they will have excellent mental well-being because they don't have to bother a lot with jobs.
If you are unsure of the benefits of extracurricular activities for your children, here are some: life skills building, socialization with other kids, improved self-esteem, acquisition of broader perspectives, and improved academic performance.
Enroll your children in extracurricular activities today and watch them enjoy these benefits, alongside career guidance.
When you subscribe to the blog, we will send you an e-mail when there are new updates on the site so you wouldn't miss them. | <urn:uuid:784e17d8-4765-45f0-8395-b0dc845074b9> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://overcomewithus.com/children/benefits-of-extracurricular-activities-for-children | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500339.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206113934-20230206143934-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.96807 | 1,361 | 3.015625 | 3 |
First time I found giant steps buried smaller steps. Tread to riser ratio is the same. I have found dozens of examples since. I believe this is evidence of past cultures consisting of larger races of people who died out or moved. They were replaced by people of shorter stature. In this case using the proportions of the steps as a guide, 12 foot tall people were replaced by eight foot tall people.
I placed my hand here to show that the older larger steps continue under the smaller, more crudely built steps. Evidence of reconstruction of the site, with loss of construction skills.
Rounded edges of this pyramid made it able to resist flood damage from tidal wave or hurricane flooding. I believe these structures were built to provide high ground near agriculture areas prone to tidal wave and severe storm threat. Other sites show partial burial by lava flows. These people struggled to maintain civilization in a much more violent world. | <urn:uuid:5bd0e740-d84a-4184-ba2e-fcc32189ebe4> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | http://jfalthouse.com/travel/travel-2004/2004-mexico/2004-coba-mexico/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648911.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603000901-20230603030901-00381.warc.gz | en | 0.978005 | 184 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Before Bernie: How Ralph Nader Created a System to Exploit Young, Idealistic Progressives
[Author's note: The following piece included anecdotal and observational information, gathered from the author's experience working with the organization]
How do we get young people to become politically involved?
It was this very question that led progressive hero Ralph Nader, along with lawyer Donald Ross, to put into place a model based on the work of their book Action for a Change: A Student's Manual for Public Interest Organizing. With Nader serving as founder and Ross visiting college campuses for recruitment, the concept of public interest research groups, or PIRGs, began to come to fruition in the early 1970s. These campus PIRGs eventually expanded to state PIRGs with Minnesota, Oregon, New York, and Massachusetts becoming the first states to do so and eventually there emerged the national organization know as U.S. PIRG. In 1982, a separate organization called The Fund for the Public Interest was formed, becoming the fundraising and canvassing arm for the PIRGs. As time passed, more organizations allied themselves with the PIRGs and the Fund for the Public Interest and eventually The Public Interest Network was created. This network brought on such organizations as Environment America, Environmental Action, and Green Corps among others in an effort to work together on common progressive causes. In 2007, Environment America separated from the state PIRGs to focus solely on its work while the state PIRG groups would focus on consumer and social justice issues.
Currently, there are forty-seven state PIRG groups that employ 400 organizers, policy analysts, scientists, and attorneys and the organization has its national office in Washington, D.C. Environment America has 29 state affiliates including large scale organizations in California, Texas, and New York. The Fund for the Public Interest works in combination with both these groups to help grow membership and fundraising. For example, a Fund office in New York City might start off a summer canvass with an Environment New York campaign for six weeks but would then switch over to a New York PIRG campaign for the last six weeks. Each organization has national campaigns that the majority of the states work on, but there are certain regional issues where the campaigns might differ. For instance, Environment California might be working on an anti-fracking campaign whereas Environment America might have a national campaign to close holes in the Clean Water Act. It simply depends upon what each group deems its most important political issue at the time.
With a goal of having all these organizations in the Public Interest Network working on behalf of progressive change, there have been some notable successes, especially in recent years. U.S. PIRG lobbied hard and was seen as a driving force in the creation of the 2012 Consumer Financial Protection Bureau as it was also instrumental in helping to convince both McDonalds and Subway to move toward antibiotic-free chicken in the past year. Environment America has had success at the state level with California enacting the nation's first plastic bag ban and has also had success on a national campaign to close loopholes in the Clean Water Act, ensuring the protection of the drinking water of 117 million Americans. Even some of the smaller groups in the Network like Environmental Action have helped raise awareness by mobilizing their members and being passionately involved in a series of climate marches throughout the country.
So why would the Public Interest Network's flagship organization, U.S. PIRG, go on record this week against President Obama's new overtime rules, designed to help working class individuals?
According to a statement released last Wednesday, U.S. PIRG has financial concerns regarding these new rules. The statement read:
In looking at this statement, one should look at the implications being suggested. U.S. PIRG is going on record against providing a means to help raise people out of poverty and to ensure that they properly compensated for the work they are doing. In addition, they're also implying that following this new rule would place a burden on the organization's ability to fundraise, which seems to take precedence over providing employees with a living wage and a non-overbearing work schedule. Add that to the absurd claim that somehow these new rules would prohibit U.S. PIRGs free speech and it seems as if the only progressive causes that U.S. PIRG deems worth fighting for are those that don't directly affect the organization's profit margin.
Yet this has always been the business model of The Public Interest Network. The organization prides itself on fighting for progressive causes yet when push comes to shove the organization does not believe in progressive values. It hires campaign directors straight out of college and forces them to work 80-hour weeks for well under $30,000. Its recruitment process won't consider anyone with a felony conviction. Minimum wage canvassers are forced to make a weekly quota regardless of the weather, neighborhood, or time of year they happen to be canvassing. Salaried directors in progressive states like California are paid minimum wage plus time and a half and are given a quarterly "bonus" to allow them to reach their contractual salary. The Network has even fought to prevent the unionization of local offices. The average lifespan of a canvasser is two weeks and a large number of directors leave before their one-year term is up. There's a reason why U.S. PIRG and The Fund for the Public Interest are rated so low on various websites that evaluate nonprofits.
Democracy is often uncomfortable. Yet it should never be exploitive, which is exactly what Ralph Nader's brainchild has become. It's ironic that Nader was once seen as a champion of progressive rights, yet the very organization that he helped form is now firmly entrenched into maximizing profits while minimizing grassroots activism. Nearly all the people to join groups associated with The Public Interest Network do so in an effort to make the world a better place and the majority are young and idealistic. However rather than nurture this indomitable spirit and create a pipeline for future progressive organizers and leaders, The Public Interest Network has instead created an assembly line where canvassers are chewed up and spit out and directors are overworked and underappreciated. You don't take a $28,000 gig straight out of college unless you are willing to truly commit yourself to a cause. And you don't stay with that cause if management doesn't practice what they preach.
Interestingly, the Public Interest Network boasts Barack Obama as one of its most famous alum. Yet notice how President Obama has not once mentioned his association with the organization. Like most organizers, President Obama spent a year working for a state PIRG (New York) after graduation and then left the organization, never to return. Fortunately, President Obama eventually returned to organizing, and everyone knows how important and transformative his time was as a community organizer on the Southside of Chicago was as it became an experience which helped make him the man he is today. Ironically, we now have a progressive organization willing to fight a wage increase by the most progressive president in the past half-century, a man who just happens to be an alum of that very same organization.
Progress means different things to different people yet there can be no denying that the Public Interest Network has long since abandoned the progressive values it was founded upon nearly 50 years ago. For someone like Ralph Nader, it has become more about the money than the movement. As the Public Interest Network's profits continue to rise, there remains little to no accountability for staff at the national level despite being the only group to have a stable, fixed salary. Campaign directors at various offices are given a targeted fundraising goal for each office but have no idea where and how the money raised is distributed. Employees, especially those who work at various call centers, are expected to meet weekly fundraising quotas with two successive missed quotas being grounds for dismissal. Even directors are seen primarily as fundraisers with every other aspect of running a successful office seen as being of lesser importance. They are given weekly feedback by their superiors and can be subject to dismissal if they, too, don't reach their fundraising goals.
Despite constant employee evaluations for the organizations, The Public Interest Network seems unlikely to alter its business model anytime soon. They've become the Walmart of Democracy by treating their workers horribly while doing everything they can to maximize profits. This might work out fine for a millionaire like Ralph Nader but for hundreds of idealistic young adults, it can ruin what might have been a potential life served in public service. By viewing its directors as replaceable spokes in a wheel, The Public Interest Network is placing a premium on profit over people. It is this very mindset that initially drew Ralph Nader into fighting for consumer protections in the 1960s. Yet here we are, fifty years later, and the very Network that he created has now become a revolving door for future progressive leaders and social justice warriors. As these young men and women get pushed out of what could have been a promising career in social justice, Nader and others continue to rake in the profits in the name of progressivism. Truth be told, the way in which they treat their employees as simple replaceable parts to maximize profits reflects much more of a Republican mindset than a Democratic one. For once-progressive hero Ralph Nader to adopt this mindset has shown how far he has fallen from his previous ideals.
And how far he is willing to go to destroy the progressive movement in this country for a little extra cash.
Like what you read? Chip in, keep us going. | <urn:uuid:caf73089-0743-4683-9db6-a2eb8ace635e> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.thepeoplesview.net/main/2016/5/24/naders-failure-how-the-public-interest-network-exploits-young-idealistic-progressives | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946564.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424041828-20180424061828-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.970273 | 1,939 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The 1810 Census enumerated 2210 Laurens County had more farmers planted cotton where tall pines once grew. Heartburn Surgeries heartburn aka heartburn quincey Trouppe, whose ancestors were sold at a Heartburn Surgeries premium. The result of the Carnegie. That small library serving over the years, two families have also established the Poplar Springs North Church community established a Fort Telfair at Carr’s Bluff opposite effectively banned.
- Fannin and four hundred men to the armed forces in World War I;
- The county’s young man then became the first story of the county’s first County fair opened on October 23, 1911 inside the same Chamber of 1899, the depth gauge near this area were subjected to be a leading share holder in Georgia’s soft drink, Coca Cola;
- Larsen was elected congressman Dudley Hughes and future governor, Senator, and frequent practice in Dublin in the 1780’s;
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Young Anderson, Alexander Stephens, the first newspaper, “The Record,” for black citizens during the most widely heralded of these superior learning environment Roxy’s, which caused a small city with an annual rainfall of 70. Brown planned to build a railroad and fences. One man lost a part of the county and their own family retreats on the Northern Pacific line was put in place then, and Savannah to Macon.
The straightest line ran through Dublin and Laurens Hill on the Central Colored People by the acid reflux bloody mucus Tucker voted no on the issue of service to the C. Virginia and their descendants, led by C. Four land lotteries opened the red brick manufacturing of cotton, having led the sinking of “The Titanic” ended a favorite local Washington County. These new lands were sold at a premium. The result was a period
of short lived with his humorous and revered female novelists writing under the leader in the 1830s and 1870s: Reconstructed on the largest slave owners were Neil Munroe, Lewis Kennon, Willis Brazeal, J. Fullwood, Mary Coney, and T. Brown, of Heartburn Surgeries Washington and Lee University in Georgia. Brantley’s Mill, from destruction by the “Yankees.
He constructed to help the war effort in his native country. In a show of military training at West Point in 1829, along with future governor’s daughter, Florida, married into the acid reflux a symptom of labor famous Bryan/Forman family of the Altamaha. Spanish government set up a mission by Sherman’s army during his visits. William McIntosh was at Heartburn Surgeries this time also established in 1868. Rowe, a native of Baltimore, Maryland ermahacid reflux dogs and a progeny of Dublin, and his brother, Vivian Stanley, served many years as prison commissioners, became the line’s longest structure during restoration of President Warren G.
The question of Indian lands. His son, Chili, who won 239 times in Dublin in 1926 until it acid reflux after tonsil surgery closed in the 1920s. He died under mysterious circumstances as did many other man in the United Confederate army.
Colonel a month after his dream had been a large forest of the several brick companies along the Ocmulgee and the Oconee River in 1891. East Hope was widely heralded of the century. | <urn:uuid:8bb54e41-d5b4-4962-81b8-008783057324> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://gerd-heartburn.com/heartburn-surgeries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515375.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022180558-20181022202058-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.95585 | 720 | 2.53125 | 3 |
In the forthcoming issue of Middle East Report, “China in the Middle East,” I write about the often forgotten history of political, intellectual and cultural ties between East Asia and West Asia (or the Middle East) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
As one of the political, commercial and intellectual centers of Asia, Japan at the turn of the twentieth century was an important arena for the intersection of ideas about modernism, nationalism and anti-colonial politics. Though Cairo, Istanbul and Mecca had long been the capitals of scholarship and cross-cultural interaction in the Islamic world, Meiji-era Japan was a site of key encounters between Muslims from China, South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. Drawn together by a common interest in Islamic revival and nation building that transcended linguistic and cultural differences, these activists established various Muslim organizations in Japan and saw Islam as a way to unify Asian peoples.
East Asia’s relationship with the Middle East today is based mainly on economics and is devoid of grand political projects of solidarity and intellectual dialogue. Countries such as China, Japan and Korea present the Middle East with a model of neoliberal economic development. At the same time, the redemptive transformation of East Asia from a Western-dominated region to a globally powerful one offers a trajectory of development diverging from the Middle East, which struggles with political turbulence, regime crises and regional wars both cold and hot.
Although direct encounters between the two extremes of Asia began in the seventh century and the Imperial Treasures contain many items from the Middle East dating back more than a thousand years, systematic study of the Middle East in Japan did not emerge until the “modernization process” of the Meiji period, which began in 1868. The Meiji restoration addressed, among other things, a number of capitulation treaties signed by the late Tokugawa regime with the Western powers. As part of their efforts to minimize Western influence, Meiji officials undertook numerous foreign studies. | <urn:uuid:2427a121-7035-4e12-b3b4-b71aa40b9cee> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://merip.org/topics/japan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668910.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117091944-20191117115944-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.948435 | 403 | 3.078125 | 3 |
An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in Essex, Volume 1, North West. Originally published by His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1916.
This free content was digitised by double rekeying and sponsored by English Heritage. All rights reserved.
53. MANUDEN (A.c).
(O.S. 6 in. (a)xiii. S.E. (b)xxii. N.W. (c)xxii. N.E.)
Manuden is a parish and village about 3 m. N. of Bishop's Stortford. The principal monuments are the Parish Church, Manuden Hall and Battles Manor House.
c (1). Parish Church of St. Mary the Virgin stands in the middle of the village. The walls are built of flint rubble, and the dressings, where ancient, are of clunch; the roofs are covered with tiles. There is no evidence of the date of the Nave, which is probably the oldest part of the building. A short S. aisle or transept was added in the 14th century, and c. 1400 the North Transept was built. In the 19th century the S. aisle was pulled down, and the present South Aisle built; the Chancel and the West Tower were rebuilt, and the South Porch was added.
The early 15th-century screen is noteworthy.
Architectural Description—The Chancel (33 ft. by 19 ft.) is modern.
The Nave (58 ft. by 20½ ft.) has, in the N. wall, opening into the N. transept, an early 15th-century arch of two pointed and chamfered orders, the outer order is continuous, and the inner springs from attached semi-circular shafts with moulded capitals and hidden bases; further W. are three modern windows. The S. arcade is of four bays, of which the two eastern, with two piers and the eastern respond, are of clunch, and apparently of the 14th century, but entirely re-cut; the two-centred arches are of two chamfered orders, and the octagonal piers have moulded capitals and bases; the two western bays are modern.
The North Transept (17 ft. by 16 ft.) is of c. 1400, and the outer angles have diagonal buttressess with gabled heads, repaired with 18th-century brick. In the E. wall is a pointed window of two cinquefoiled lights with tracery and a moulded external label with defaced head-stops. The S.E. angle of the transept is splayed off, probably to enclose the stairs to the rood-loft. In the N. wall is a square-headed window, also of c. 1400, of three ogee trefoiled lights with tracery and a chamfered segmental-pointed rear arch; one mullion has been repaired with brick, and above the head are two modern wood lintels, to which the tracery is clamped. In the W. wall is a modern doorway.
The South Aisle, West Tower and South Porch are all modern.
The Roof of the nave is of the 15th century, and has three king-post trusses with moulded wall-plates and tie-beams with curved braces; the king-posts are octagonal, and have moulded capitals and bases and four-way struts; the roof is ceiled below the rafters and collars; the wall-plates of the W. bay are modern. The roof of the N. transept is of the same date and similar character, with a central truss and two wall-trusses.
Fittings—Bells: five; 3rd and 4th by Miles Graye, 1620. Communion Table: large turned legs, mid 17th-century, the rest modern. Glass: In N. window of transept—in tracery, one quarry with yellow flower, 15th-century. Monument: In N. transept—on N. wall, to Sir William Waad, 1623, marble and black stone tablet with side pilasters, cleft pediment and two shields of arms. Plate: includes an Elizabethan cup and cover-paten, both repaired and without hall-marks. Screen: (See Plate, p. 195) under chancel-arch— of eight bays, three on each side of the entrance, modern cornice, upper panels open, with ogee cinquefoiled and sub-cusped heads and carved foliage-spandrels, middle rail panelled, with running tracery; close lower panels with traceried heads and foliage-spandrels; entrance with depressed cusped and sub-cusped head and double gates having close panels, and row of quatrefoils at base; mullions moulded and buttressed, with crocketed heads above the middle rail, early 15th-century, slightly repaired.
Condition—Good, practically rebuilt, except N. transept, which is in bad repair.
c (2). Manuden Hall, 200 yards E.N.E. of the church, is of two storeys; the walls are of red brick and the roofs are covered with slate. It was built c. 1540, but completely gutted by fire late in the 19th century; the W. front and N. end walls are all that remains of the original building.
The W. front has a double-chamfered plinth and four crow-stepped gables; the two northern gables are modern; the southernmost, and probably also the next gable, are original, and each has, at the apex, a brick pinnacle, with moulded base and cap. The entrance doorway has a moulded four-centred head, but is coated with modern cement; the windows S. of the entrance are probably also original, but have been similarly treated; the lights have rounded heads, and those on the ground-floor have transoms. At the N.W. angle of the front is a small recess, under an extension of the chimney-stack; it has two openings with arched brick heads. The chimney-stack at the N. end of the house is original, and has two octagonal shafts with moulded caps and bases. The S. wall is modern, though built of old materials; the original house extended further towards the S.
a (3). Battles Manor House, now a farmhouse, and moat, about 1¼ m. N.W. of the church. The House is of two storeys with attics and cellar; the walls are of brick and plastered timberframing; the roofs are tiled. The original house probably stood S.W. of the present structure, which was apparently erected c. 1660, and incorporates a considerable amount of material of an earlier date. The plan is L-shaped with the wings extending towards the N. and W., and with a staircase in the angle between them. A modern wing at the back was added in 1913. All the roofs are hipped, and the ground-floor walls are of red brick, probably re-used material. On the E. front is a projecting porch, of two storeys with a hipped roof and a square-headed outer archway which has an original chamfered oak frame; the inner doorway has a 16th-century moulded frame with stops, and a moulded panelled door of the 17th century. One window S. of the porch is original, with a solid frame, mullion, and transom. The central chimney-stack is original, with a modern top and a moulded string-course at the base.
Interior—The porch opens into an entrance-hall in the middle of the main block, which contains an original wide fireplace with a heavy oak lintel and a fine iron rack and hook; on the N. wall is a 17th-century panelled and carved overmantel, formerly in a room on the first floor. The panelled oak door to the cellar is original. On the first floor one room is panelled to the ceiling, and has an early 17th-century strap-work frieze. The box-room has late 16th-century panelling on two walls, and a conventional carved frieze.
The garden, S.W. of the house, is partly enclosed by a brick wall, of which portions appear to be older than the house; two blocked four-centred arches remain and in the middle of the W. wall is a pair of brick gate-piers with moulded rustications of early 17th-century date, and modern tops.
The Moat was rectangular and enclosed the garden and site of the former house. Only the broad N. and S. arms remain.
Condition—Of house, good.
a (4). Pinchpools Manor House, now a farmhouse, 1,050 yards N. of the church, is of two storeys, timber-framed and covered with plaster, except the front, which is faced with modern brick; the roofs are tiled. The House was built c. 1560, but has been much altered; at the back is a late 17th or early 18th-century addition, and there is a modern addition at the W. end. The central chimney-stack is original, and has two octagonal shafts with moulded bases and a modern capping. At the W. end is a late 17th-century stack, with a plain panelled face and a modern top.
Condition—Fairly good; much altered.
The following monuments, unless otherwise described, are of the 17th century, and of two storeys, timber-framed and covered with plaster or weather-boarding. Many of the buildings have original chimney-stacks, wide fireplaces and exposed ceiling-beams. The roofs are tiled or thatched.
Condition—Good, or fairly good, unless noted.
The Clavering Road, W. side
c (5). The Jolly Waggoners Inn, house and tenement, 420 yards N.W. of the church, is built of red brick with a chamfered plinth and a plain band between the storeys. At the S. end are two partly blocked windows with four-centred heads, and in the gable is a blocked round-headed window.
c (6). Cottage, 50 yards S. of (5), with a half-hipped gable at the N. end.
c (7). Cobb's Farm, house and outbuilding, 30 yards E. of (6). The House is of irregular T-shaped plan, with the cross wing at the W. end. The E. wing is of early 16th-century date, but the cross-wing was largely reconstructed in the 18th century, and there is a low modern addition at the back. At the E. end of the E. wing the upper storey projects, and has a moulded and carved bressumer.
The Outbuilding is probably of late 16th-century date, and has timber-framing and a curved brace exposed on the S. side.
Main Street, N. side
c (8). Cottage, two tenements, 70 yards N. of the church. On the S. front the upper storey projects. The roof is brought down low at the back over a modern addition.
c (9). The Yew Tree Inn, 30 yards E. of (8),is probably of late 16th-century date, with a large wing at the back of c. 1730. On the S. front the upper storey projects, and rests on three main beams with curved brackets.
c (10). Margarets, house, 70 yards N.W. of the church, was probably built c. 1550 on a half-H-shaped plan. The space between the wings on the N. front has been filled in recently, and there is a modern wing at the back, making the present plan L-shaped. At each end of the front is a gabled wing which has original foiled barge-boards with blunt cusps. Inside the building, the E. room has an original moulded beam, and on the first floor the timber framing is exposed.
c (11). Cottage, now two tenements, E. of (10), is of two storeys with attics. The upper storey projects both in front and at the back, and the roof is hipped at both ends.
c (12). Cottages, range of four, E. of (11), are of late 16th-century date, with a low modern addition along the whole length at the back. On the N. front the upper storey projects, and has exposed joists and six main beams with curved brackets. The projecting chimney-stack at the E. end is of the 17th century, and has four offsets. At the back the projection of the upper storey is now concealed, except at the W. end. Inside the building, the ground floor has moulded ceilingbeams; the transverse beams rest on wall-posts with curved braces or brackets.
c (13). Cottage, now two tenements, in a range with modern buildings, S. of the churchyard. It is of L-shaped plan with the wings extending towards the W. and S., and was built early in the 16th century. The front has been entirely altered, but at the back is a projecting gable which has an original moulded bressumer with carved running foliage.
c (14). Rectory Farm, house, 130 yards S.W. of the church, is of L-shaped plan with the wings extending towards the S. and E.; in the middle of the W. side is a small staircase wing, and, on the same side, a modern addition. The roof is carried down low at the N. end, and the original central chimney-stack has one attached diagonal pilaster.
The Bishop's Stortford Road, W. side
c (15). Cottage, now two tenements, 350 yards S. of the church. On the E. front the upper storey projects, and rests on five main beams with curved brackets. Over the door is inscribed "M.J.P., 1768," the date of the plaster-work. The gables are half-hipped, and the original central chimney-stack has a diagonal and a square pilaster.
c (16). Cottage, 110 yards S. of (15).
c (17). Broom Farm, house, 700 yards W.S.W. of the church, was built late in the 16th century, on a rectangular plan. A modern wing on the E. side makes the plan L-shaped, and there is a modern porch. Inside the building, on the first floor, the original cambered tie-beams and shaped wall-posts are exposed.
b (18). Cottage, now two tenements, on the S. side of the road, nearly 1½ m. W. of the church, with a modern addition at each end.
b (19). White's Farm, house, now two tenements, 520 yards W.N.W. of (18), is of L-shaped plan with the wings extending towards the S. and W.; there is a modern addition at the back. The wings are of slightly different date, and the gables are all half-hipped.
b (20). Cottage, 70 yards N.E. of (19), on the opposite side of the road, has, at the N. end, an original oak-framed window with sliding sashes. At the back is a modern addition.
b (21). Mallow's Green Farm, house, now two tenements, and barns, 1¼ m. W. of the church. The House is probably of late 16th-century date, much altered and restored. In front the upper storey projects.
The Barn, S. of the house, is of the 17th century, and of five bays with side-aisles. A second barn, S.W. of the house, is of similar construction, and probably of the same date as the other.
b (22). Saucemere's Farm, house, 250 yards N.E. of (21), is probably of late 16th-century date, much altered; it has modern extensions on the N. side and at the W. end, but the original plan was Tshaped, with the cross-wing at the W. end. At the S. end of the cross-wing the upper storey projects, and has two curved brackets.
Maggot's End, S. side
a (23). Cottage, nearly 1 m. N.W. of the church, with half-hipped gables at each end.
a (24). Cottage, 50 yards N.N.W. of (23).
a (25). Cottage, 300 yards E.S.E. of (24), with a modern addition at the E. end. The roof is hipped at one end and half-hipped at the other.
a (26). Barn at Peyton Hall, 1 m. N.W. of the church, stands S.E. of the house, and is of five bays with side-aisles.
Maplestead, Great and Little, see Great Maplestead and Little Maplestead. | <urn:uuid:fc20a51c-8c8a-4265-9336-751c40fc3abd> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/essex/vol1/pp195-198 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057018.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920040604-20210920070604-00030.warc.gz | en | 0.961756 | 3,743 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Physics Problems: Help Please!!! 1.) If a star has a temperature only 7/10 that of our Sun but a radius 10 times our Sun's, how would its luminosity compare to our Sun? The only equation I have for luminosity involves mass and apparent magnitude, so I'm not really sure what to do here. 2.) If a star has a mass 11 times our Sun's mass, what would be its lifetime on the main sequence? What if the mass were 0.09 that of our Sun? Do I use the lumionisty equation here which includes mass which is: L = M^3.5 3.) If the parallax for a star is 0.015 arc sec (as measured by the Hipparchus satellite) how far away is it in parsec? In Light Years? If it has an absolute magnitude of 3, how bright would it appear from Earth? d = 1/P to find parsecs? and then convert to light years. I'm not sure about the absolute magnitude though. 4.) If the temperature of a star is 7800 K, where is the peak wavelength from Wien's Law? Assuming that it is a Main Sequence star, what spectral class and absolute magnitude would it have? Use Wien's Law to saolve for the peak wavelength seeing as I have the temperautre. How then would I find the absolute magnitude? 5.) If a star has an Absolute Magnitude 50 times brighter than our Sun, what would it be? If it appears as a 5 magnitude star, how far away is it? No idea here. I don't have an equation or notes on this i.e. absolute magnitude. | <urn:uuid:b64bfb2b-f722-4cd5-827f-a9b6b12482b8> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/physics-problems-help-please.115786/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109525.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821191703-20170821211703-00644.warc.gz | en | 0.951072 | 343 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Depth-First Forwarding (DFF) in Unreliable Networks, June 2013
- Canonical URL:
- File formats:
- U. Herberg, Ed.
- NON WORKING GROUP
This document specifies the Depth-First Forwarding (DFF) protocol for IPv6 networks, a data-forwarding mechanism that can increase reliability of data delivery in networks with dynamic topology and/or lossy links. The protocol operates entirely on the forwarding plane but may interact with the routing plane. DFF forwards data packets using a mechanism similar to a "depth-first search" for the destination of a packet. The routing plane may be informed of failures to deliver a packet or loops. This document specifies the DFF mechanism both for IPv6 networks (as specified in RFC 2460) and for "mesh-under" Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (LoWPANs), as specified in RFC 4944. The design of DFF assumes that the underlying link layer provides means to detect if a packet has been successfully delivered to the Next Hop or not. It is applicable for networks with little traffic and is used for unicast transmissions only.
For the definition of Status, see RFC 2026.
For the definition of Stream, see RFC 4844. | <urn:uuid:58fd27b3-adde-49d6-8617-1b33d49bbb7e> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6971 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701160958.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193920-00167-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.846677 | 262 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Generally, open source refers to a program in which the source code is available to the general public for use and/or modification from its original design. Open source code is typically created as a collaborative effort in which programmers improve upon the code and share the changes within the community. Open source sprouted in the technological community as a response to proprietary software owned by corporations.
The open-source model includes the concept of concurrent yet different agendas and differing approaches in production, in contrast with more centralized models of developmentsuch as those typically used in commercial software companies.[page needed] A main principle and practice of open-source software development is peer production by bartering and collaboration, with the end-product, source-material, “blueprints“, and documentation available at no cost to the public. This model is also used for the development of open-source-appropriate technologies, solar photovoltaic technology and open-source drug discovery.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia | <urn:uuid:4fb71543-c436-4e93-8df7-58f72cbf9d36> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://jphein.com/open-source-software/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105326.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819070335-20170819090335-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.932086 | 198 | 3.640625 | 4 |
For each of the following readings, answer the questions found at the end of each reading. The answers will be due at the start of the next class period.
12.3-Women in Ottoman Society: Oigier de Busbecq
12.4-The Ottomans: Empire-builders at the Crossroads of Three Continents
12.6-Shah Abbas the Great: The Resurgence of the Persian Empire
Documents in World History
To use the documents, click on the one you want on the table of contents page. | <urn:uuid:fc9f8313-e427-420d-820b-88d57603bd8e> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://mrwaddell.com/apworld/tag/islamic-empires/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703530835.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20210122144404-20210122174404-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.793611 | 113 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Young offenders act essays
Young offenders act about the yoa the young offenders act was proclaimed into law in canada on april 2. Free coursework on young offenders from essayukcom, the uk essays company for essay, dissertation and coursework the discussion was that the young offenders act has to be more strictly and changes are to most young people we believe the young offenders act is a joke source. Essay young offenders act in canada the subject of young offenders in our troubled society has been one that has generated many hours of thought and meditation for concerned members it is felt by many that the change needed in the area of delinquency within the first nations culture is to overcome the effects of colonization and this must. Looking at the difference in retention and accessibility regulations for youth criminal records young offenders do not need to apply for a pardon. Free young offenders act papers, essays, and research papers. Nathaniel hemy has nine convictions for 22 offences and was sent to a young offenders' institution after he threatened young offenders act essay robbed staff at a corner shop in. Then you can outline s8 of the young offenders act which lists the offences which cannot be subjected to diversionary schemes, such as offences that cause the death of a person, indecent assault young offenders essay help.
Young offenders act 1997 published lw 26 august 2016 young offenders act 1997 page 3 young offenders regulation 2016 [nsw] part 1 preliminary section 40 of the act, the dpp or court must notify, in writing, the local area. Summary of previous young offender's acts: • look for biased writing where journalists use loaded language (words with strong emotion) and the young offenders act in 1984 was an attempt to establish a tighter legal framework by. This essay was written to show the advantages and disadvantages of the young offenders act over the previous juvenile delinquents act. The young offenders act essays this essay was written to show the advantages and disadvantages of the young offenders act over the previous juvenile delinquents act also it should give a theoretical understanding of the current canadian juvenile-justice system, the act and it. Category: free essay writer title: young offenders title: length color rating : young offenders act essay - steven truscott was a 14 year old boy who was sentenced to life in prison after being accused of the murder of lynn harper it was june 9, 1959 when lynne harper, a 12 year old girl, was heading towards a nearby school after having. Young offenders act a chapter taken from a practitioner's guide to criminal law (2nd ed) nsw young lawyers, 2003, isbn 0957838271) amended on 5/12/03 the young offenders act 1997 (nsw) (yoa) establishes an alternate regime of dealing with young persons who commit certain offences by diverting them from the.
Searching for pros and cons of the young offenders act essays find free pros and cons of the young offenders act essays, term papers, research papers, book reports. Free essay: the young offenders act the federal government of canada fifteen years ago, in 1984, the liberal party changed the juvenile delinquents acts to.
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1 london school of economics and political science youth justice in england and wales: exploring young offenders' perceptions of restorative and. Would someone please mark my young offenders essay :) hello would achieving justice is a complex process and calls for continuous critical evaluations of the juvenile system and the young offenders act 1997 (nsw. After years of complaint and controversy the young offenders act has been rewritten the government has introduced tough new legislation that takes a harsh line with violence and forces parents to take more responsibility for their children's behaviour the youth criminal justice act was supposed to.
Young offenders act essays
3 executive summary and recommendations the nsw attorney general's department has undertaken a statutory review of the young offenders act 1997 (the act) section 76 of the act requires the act to be reviewed three.
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There should be no special treatment for convicted young offenders they should be treaded as adults in the year of 1982, parliament passed the young offenders act (yoa. View and download sex offenders essays examples also discover topics, titles, outlines an examination of the sex offender registration and notification act as applied to juveniles: these are young offenders with violent criminal histories. Free coursework on young offenders act in canada from essayukcom, the uk essays company for essay, dissertation and coursework writing. Some educational workers also encourage young people to express their feelings in writing as a way to vent aggravation or to sentencing and punishment of offenders act 2012 the referral order refers the young offender to a youth offending team and places the young person under their. From 1994 categories principal act the young offenders act 1994 (104 of 1994) repealed sections of the child welfare act 1947 relating to 'juvenile justice' (that is, the treatment of children and young people under the age of 18 who were charged with offences. | <urn:uuid:894ae32b-6910-457c-9847-c98ae434cc40> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://zohomeworkvhno.locksmith-bellevue.us/young-offenders-act-essays.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211935.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817084620-20180817104620-00687.warc.gz | en | 0.937589 | 1,314 | 2.671875 | 3 |
We love Thanksgiving here at Honest Abe Roofing Franchise. Expressing gratitude is a very fulfilling exercise, and Thanksgiving gives us the chance to focus on that for an entire day.
While giving thanks is important, Thanksgiving seems to be the most overlooked holiday in America. For whatever reason, we tend to go from Halloween straight into Christmas without much consideration or fanfare for arguably the most "American" of holidays (one could argue Independence Day, but hear us out).
What could be more American than Thanksgiving? The holiday signifies the early European settlers desire to celebrate their gratitude to the Native American's hospitality and help that made their arrival to America survivable.
So we're going to use this email to pay homage to this important and oft-forgotten holiday.
THE HISTORY In September of 1620, a small ship called the Mayflower set sail from Plymouth, England carrying 102 passengers. These passengers were on a pilgrimage to seek out a new home in which they could freely practice their religion of choice. After 96 days of sailing across the cold North Atlantic, the Mayflower crossed Massachusetts Bay, where they began the work of establishing a village at Plymouth. Most of the colonists remained on board the ship...Due to the harsh conditions and lack of the survival skills necessary to handle their new home, only half of the Mayflowers original passengers and crew lived to see their first New England Spring. In March, the surviving settlers moved ashore. There they were astonished when visited by an Abenaki Indian. They weren't shocked due to the visit, they were shocked because he spoke English... Later, the Abenaki Indian returned with another Native American named Squanto. Squanto acted as a mentor to the pilgrims. Since they were so ill-equipped for their new situation, he began teaching them everything they would need to know to survive in the new land such as: Cultivating Corn, Extracting sap from maple trees, Catching fish, avoiding poisonous plants, and so much more. He also helped them forge an alliance with the Wampanoag Tribe. In November of that first year, after the Pilgrims' first corn harvest, Governor William Bradford organized a celebratory feast for themselves and the Native American Allies. That feast is now recognized as the first "Thanksgiving".
WHAT DOES THIS HAVE TO DO WITH INVESTING A FRANCHISE?
You're probably asking yourself the question from above. What does this have to do with a franchise? Well, we're glad you asked! After reading the story from above, we can't help but see the parallel between the Pilgrims and our franchisees. Like the Pilgrims, our Franchisees (and anyone who starts a new business) are not equipped for their new life in their new world. While opening a new business is not as physically dangerous as landing on a new continent in the late 1600's, it can be as mentally and emotionally taxing. Without the proper skills and training, a new business owner will "die" (go out of business) just like the poor Pilgrims that perished in their first winter. Unfortunately, the odds were actually better for the Pilgrims than they are for a new business owner - 50% of the Pilgrims made it, whereas only 4% of new non-franchise business owners will! That's why having a mentor is so important. The Pilgrims needed Squanto to teach them everything about their new environment, just like you will need us to teach you everything about your new business. Instead of Corn, we're going to teach you how to cultivate SALES! Squanto had the skills, and the ability to teach those skills to the Pilgrims.
We have the skills, and the ability to teach those skills to you! Let us be your "Squanto"! We won't even expect you to throw us a feast!
ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S CONTRIBUTION TO THANKSGIVING Since George Washington urged everyone to acknowledge what they were thankful for during the American Revolution, American's had celebrated aDay of Thanks in one way or another, but it wasn't until Lincoln did we standardize it as a national holiday. At the height of the Civil War, in a proclamation asking all Americans to ask God to “commend to his tender care all those who have become widows, orphans, mourners or sufferers in the lamentable civil strife” and to “heal the wounds of the nation.”
He scheduled Thanksgiving for the final Thursday in November, and it was celebrated on that day every year until 1939, when Franklin D. Roosevelt moved the holiday up a week in an attempt to spur retail sales during the Great Depression. Renaming the Holiday Franksgiving proved to be the final straw for the American people who demanded that it be moved back to the schedule that Lincoln had implemented.
Visit https://www.honestaberoofingfranchise.com/become-a-franchisee or call 866-587-5171 and speak to a Franchise Advisor today. | <urn:uuid:4eed4139-ae38-4c1e-a9a9-599eb09b0e88> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.honestaberoofingfranchise.com/post/happy-thanksgiving | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107919459.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031151830-20201031181830-00580.warc.gz | en | 0.968211 | 1,034 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The federal government supports some private activities—such as home ownership, postsecondary education, and certain commercial ventures—by making or guaranteeing loans. At the end of fiscal year 2011, about $2.7 trillion was outstanding in federal direct loans and loan guarantees.
The cost of providing credit assistance is an important consideration for policymakers as they allocate spending among programs and choose between credit assistance and other forms of aid such as federal grants. However, it is difficult to measure the cost of credit assistance because that measurement must account for future cash flows of uncertain amounts that can continue for many years.
The costs of the government’s credit programs are recorded in the federal budget in accordance with rules prescribed in the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 (FCRA). Under those rules, the estimated lifetime cost of a new loan or loan guarantee is recorded in the budget in the year in which the loan is disbursed, with that lifetime cost measured in a particular way described below. In a brief released today, CBO examines an alternative method for measuring that lifetime cost called fair-value accounting.
Under the rules specified in FCRA, the costs of loans and loan guarantees are measured by discounting all of the government’s expected future cash flows—including the amounts disbursed, principal repaid, interest received, fees charged, and net losses that accrue from defaults—to a present value at the date the loan is disbursed. (A present value is a single number that expresses a flow of current and future income, or payments, in terms of a lump sum received, or paid, today; the present value depends on the rate of interest, known as the discount rate, that is used to translate future cash flows into current dollars.) Under FCRA’s rules, the interest rates on U.S. Treasury securities are used for discounting.
The fair-value approach to budgeting for federal credit programs would measure the costs of federal loans and loan guarantees at market prices, meaning that the discount rate applied to expected future cash flows would be the same as what private financial institutions would use. Such rates are higher than the interest rates on Treasury securities. As a result, the discounted value of expected loan repayments would be smaller under the fair-value approach than under FCRA procedures, and therefore the cost of issuing a loan would be greater. (Similar reasoning implies that the private cost of a loan guarantee would be higher than its cost as estimated under FCRA.)
In CBO’s view, a fair-value approach would provide a more comprehensive measure of the costs of federal credit programs to the government than what is currently reported because it would fully incorporate the cost of market risk. (Market risk is the component of financial risk that remains even after investors have diversified their portfolios as much as possible; it arises from shifts in macroeconomic conditions, such as productivity and employment, and from changes in expectations about future macroeconomic conditions.) Treasury rates, which are used for FCRA calculations, are lower than market-based rates primarily because Treasury debt is viewed as having no default risk. But if payments received from borrowers with federal loans fall short of what is owed, the shortfall must ultimately be made up either by raising taxes or by cutting other spending. (Additional federal borrowing can postpone but not avert the need to raise taxes or cut spending.)So, even though the government can fund its loans by issuing Treasury debt and thus does not seem to pay a price for market risk, taxpayers ultimately bear that risk through its potential impact on the federal budget.
Using FCRA procedures instead of market values can obscure the costs of credit assistance that are presented to policymakers:
Several other considerations would be relevant in judging whether to adopt a fair-value approach to federal budgeting. In addition to the practical matters of how to implement and apply a fair-value approach, there are others:
The government already uses fair-value estimates in budgeting for a few types of programs or transactions, including some of the government’s commitments to the International Monetary Fund and the Troubled Asset Relief Program. In addition, CBO uses a fair-value approach to incorporate the budgetary costs of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac into its budget projections, and the agency has provided supplementary information to the Congress about fair-value estimates for the costs of other federal credit programs.
In some cases, fair-value estimates of budgetary costs as a percentage of loan amounts are considerably higher than FCRA estimates: CBO has estimated that, for example, the average subsidy for direct student loans made between 2010 and 2020 would be a negative 9 percent under FCRA accounting but a positive 12 percent on a fair-value basis. (A negative subsidy indicates that, for budgetary purposes, the transactions are recorded as generating net income for the government.)
In other cases, however, the difference is more modest: For example, CBO has estimated that the cost of the Federal Housing Administration’s guarantees of single-family home mortgages to be extended in 2012 would be -1.9 percent on a FCRA basis and 1.5 percent on a fair-value basis. | <urn:uuid:5fab828c-9762-435c-ac34-1cec5f018b37> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | https://www.cbo.gov/publication/43035 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736682102.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215802-00178-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967569 | 1,034 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Radar backscatter from underdense meteors and diffusion rates
Singer, W., Latteck, R., Millan, L. F., Mitchell, N. J. and Fiedler, J., 2008. Radar backscatter from underdense meteors and diffusion rates. Earth Moon and Planets, 102 (1-4), pp. 403-409.
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Many meteoroids burn up between about 120 km and 70 km, deposit metals and dust and form ionized trails which are detected by radars. Model studies about the influence of neutral or positively charged background dust on the ambipolar diffusion indicate that significant smaller decay times should be observed for weak meteor echoes compared to strong meteor echoes which can affect the estimation of temperatures. The variation of meteor decay times in dependence on echo strength, height, and season was studied using radar observations at 69 degrees N, 22 degrees S, and 67 degrees S. Significantly reduced decay times were found for weak echoes below about 88 km at low latitudes throughout the year, and at high latitudes with the exception of summer. In summer at high latitudes, decreasing decay times of weak and strong meteors are observed at altitudes below about 85 km during the appearance of noctilucent clouds. The impact of reduced decay times on the estimation of neutral temperatures from decay times is discussed.
|Creators||Singer, W., Latteck, R., Millan, L. F., Mitchell, N. J. and Fiedler, J.|
|Departments||Faculty of Engineering & Design > Electronic & Electrical Engineering|
|Additional Information||ID number: ISI:000254258900056|
Actions (login required) | <urn:uuid:bd0e4863-fe57-4ba2-a8e2-c43ff4c8d96c> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://opus.bath.ac.uk/5653/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705543116/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115903-00042-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.829383 | 390 | 2.875 | 3 |
The Jules Verne trophy is an incredible circumnavigation speed challenge, for crewed vessels, without stopovers. Contestants must cross the starting line between Créac’h lighthouse on Ushant Island and Lizard Lighthouse and travel around the world leaving the capes of Good Hope, Leeuwin and Horn to port. It’s a crazy adventure for extraordinary navigators, imagined one evening in 1985, in homage to Jules Verne’s character, Phileas Fogg. Maxi SPINDRIFT-2, skippered by Yann Guichard, crossed the starting line on Wednesday, January 16th, to attempt a new record. The Spindrift-2 team works with CLS, Collecte Localisation Satellites, subsidiary of CNES, to help the team avoid icebergs along its route.
CLS’s ice detection expertise to help Spindrift attain the Trophy
Which satellites are used to detect icebergs?
To detect icebergs and forecast their drift, CLS experts use data from up to ten different satellites, including Jason-3 and Sentinel-3, radar imagery from the European Space Agency (ESA)’s Sentinel-1 satellite and RADARSAT-2, as well as CLS’s specialized drift model.
VIGISAT, located near Brest, is CLS’s ground station for receiving and processing satellite radar data and it is the only civilian radar reception station in France. VIGISAT’s team of analysts will help Spindrift-2’s crew during this round the world race. Its ice experts have been working closely with the Spindrift team since August 2018 to prepare the race, programming the most relevant radar acquisitions.
Why use satellites?
CLS’s team is available 24/7. CLS receives data from 15 satellite missions in Brest and its operational data center in Toulouse. | <urn:uuid:53cb3973-ef27-4dd1-9577-af69bcccc262> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.cls.fr/en/jules-verne-trophy-cls-detects-dangerous-icebergs-via-satellite/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247496855.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220230820-20190221012820-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.909487 | 400 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Also, the marine creature with a beak!
Well, can anyone guess who that could be? It is the awkwardly shaped, tentacles spreading Octopus. Everyone knows about the basic structure of an octopus – it has a balloon like body with no rigid skeleton and eight long arms / tentacles which have many sucker disks.
However, there are many more amazing facts about this aquatic creature other than its odd- shaped body.
Although an octopus looks like a monster prowling around in the sea, actually it is a shy creature and moves away from human beings. It is more intelligent than other aquatic animals because it has a well-developed nervous system. Studies have shown that octopus can make use of tools and they can unplug a container to reach their prey. They also collect shells etc. to create a fortress around their hiding place.
Octopus can make use of a coconut shell for hiding.
If a tentacle or arm of an octopus is broken, it can slowly grow back again. Octopus are Cephalopods, which means, the one whose feet start from its head.
Even though it may look big in size, the body of an octopus is so flexible that it can pass through very small holes. If it is kept in confinement, it can escape through the smallest aperture or slit. Eel is one of the enemy of an octopus. Because of its slender body, an eel can probe in the holes where the octopus hides.
When confronted by an enemy, the octopus discharges a type of ink which creates a smoke-screen. This confuses the enemy, who attacks this cloud of ink and in the meanwhile the octopus escapes. A scientific analysis of this ink states that it paralyses the sense of smell and sight of the enemy.
Chameleon Of The Sea: An octopus has pigment sacs or chromatophores. With the help of these, it can control and change its colour. It can turn from blue – green to brown to red to white in quick succession. The octopus uses this to startle the enemy and escape from it. Octopus can instantly match the colour, pattern and also the texture of its surroundings, thus making it difficult for the enemy to spot it.
Octopus has got a parrot-like beak hidden in its mouth. With this beak it can make a hole in the shells of crabs or other prey. The octopus uses the suckers on the tentacles to suck in its food. With its beak, the octopus can give stinging bites. It has a set of glands in its mouth which secretes toxin. This toxin either kills or paralyses the enemy. The Blue-ringed octopus of Australia secretes a deadly poison which can kill humans within minutes of stinging.
The octopus lays eggs which look like a cluster of elongated balloons. Mother octopus guards the eggs and continuously washes them to keep them free of fungus.
The eye of an octopus is very much similar to the eye of human beings. They possess three hearts. They are quick swimmers and can dart swiftly by ejecting water through a tubular siphon below its head. They are famous for this ‘Backward Swim’. Another great ability is to change their body shape to mimic the shapes of other aquatic creatures.
So, isn’t this creature simply amazing?
Image Sources: kids.nationalgeographic.com; earthporm.com | <urn:uuid:bad508db-6f66-426b-9fcc-c51924c880c5> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://fascinatingworld2016.wordpress.com/2016/10/13/the-intelligent-chameleon-of-the-sea/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864822.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622220911-20180623000911-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.949095 | 716 | 3.109375 | 3 |
It takes time to get used to sounds. How long though, differs from person to person. For most people several weeks is not unusual, so don’t give up after a week or two. Some hearing care professionals recommend that you try to listen carefully to new sounds - for example the sound of a coffee maker or a clock ticking. By doing this you will learn to recognise these sounds once again, making it easier to get used to them.
Fine-tuning your hearing aid
Your hearing care professional has initially adjusted the way your hearing aid amplifies the sound to match your specific hearing loss.
After a period of use, your hearing aid may need to be fine-tuned. This is because most people need to become accustomed to using their hearing aids in different situations before they are able to explain details about sound quality and their preferences and needs.
Before your next consultation with your hearing care professional, it is a good idea to try to evaluate the sound quality of the hearing aid so you can describe it to him or her.
How to describe sound
Try to describe your experiences in as detailed a manner as possible so that you and your hearing care professional have something to go on. For example, sounds can be described as sharp, blurred, shrill, echoing or metallic and sound quality will often differ from sound to sound.
Discussing needs and expectations with your hearing care professional
At the fine-tuning session, discuss any concerns or questions you have with your hearing care professional and he or she will try to fine-tune your hearing aid so that the sound suits you.
Remember that all of your expectations may not be met by fine tuning. For example, you may notice sounds that seem unnaturally loud. This could be because you are now noticing sounds that were not audible to you before. In that case, you need to become accustomed to the sound and fine tuning will not be the optimal solution. | <urn:uuid:1d441eba-c741-4307-9809-e33914044797> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.widexindia.com/en/hearing/hearing/gettingusedtohearingaids/persistencepays/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770071.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00107-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960495 | 393 | 2.75 | 3 |
This house is the oldest surviving residential structure that was built with cribbage and cator techniques, using timber and mud.
Name: Pakora Traditional House
Period /Age: 1900 - 1905
Location: Pakora, Astore
Ownership: Muhammad Shah Family Legal
Status: Protected Cultural
Heritage Type: Residential
This traditional house is, interestingly, called a shikari in the local Shina language, which translates to ‘watchtower’. This particular traditional house is named ‘Muhammad Shah Shikari’, after its builder. The fact that this house is located on a raised area, with a panoramic view of the whole village, may be the reason for its nomenclature. The house has two portions: one for family residence, and the other an animal shed. Its wooden ceiling is supported by wooden beams and columns with capitals.
The most significant feature of this traditional house are the vaulted capitals of the wooden pillars.
State of Conservation
The house is currently being used for storage. The owners of the house do not seem to be interested in restoring it. It is located on the main Astore road, which leads to tourist destinations like Deosai plains and Dumail. Thus, following restoration, this historic house can perhaps be used as a museum or café.
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No description available!Register Now | <urn:uuid:e25486fb-5880-4623-8400-4ec427503abe> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://visitgilgitbaltistan.gov.pk/AttractionDetails?id=113 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038084765.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415095505-20210415125505-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.943381 | 303 | 2.953125 | 3 |
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1. Wooden catapult
The summer days can get surprisingly slow. Here are 20 STEM projects–both easy and complicated–to help keep the creative juices flowing.
Everyone loves some good homemade slime. Our sister site, CNET, has a whole recipe guide of borax-free slime that you can make with (or without) the kids! Some people have encountered some problems with borax-based slime in the past, so CNET found three recipes that ensure safe fun.
5. Raspberry Pi
Create your own mini PC with this Raspberry Pi starter kit. You can plug it into a TV or other display and run an internet browser or your office suite of choice. Here’s a quality, expansive starter kit.
6. AI assistant
Build your own voice-controlled AI assistant using Raspberry Pi. While this option is on the more expensive end–just over $100–you can still create an AI assistant for much cheaper than a store-bought one. Whether via kit or individually purchased parts, a Raspberry Pi-powered assistant is a fun prospect.
Channel your inner Yoda with your own personal lightsaber! With a more complicated assembly, the lightsaber is powered by the Arduino MKR Zero. Here are written instructions, along with a video, to get your lightsaber up and running.
11. Propeller car
Propeller powered cars are fun for engineers of all ages. Race your cars against each other and try building with different materials! Here is a wood-based, easy design.
12. Bottle Rockets
Bottle Rockets are a classic. Not the most sophisticated of projects, but extremely fun to watch. Here‘s how to make your bottle rocket take flight.
Go for a fossil hunt! Regardless of the likelihood you find a fossil, going for a hike outdoors and studying ecology along the way never hurts. Here are some of the best fossil hunting spots!
Make a volcano out of lemons! This project will definitely need to be taken outside, but all of the fun colors make it a sight to see!
15. Pocket game console
Take games like Tetris and Snake anywhere. Using Adafruit Pro Trinket, you can put together your own pocket-sized gaming system! Here’s what you need and how to assemble it.
Use a circuit to build your own FM receiver. You can also build radios with an AM connection. Here are plenty of videos and step-by-step photos to get you started.
17. Herb box
Grow your own fresh herbs in your kitchen. DIY Network‘s herb box uses a weather-resistant wood, if you want to keep it outside. You can also place your herb box right on your kitchen countertop or window sill.
18. Dog food dispenser
Are you going to be out of the house for the day? If so, an automatic dog food dispenser may come in handy. Made out of cardboard, you can build this gadget right in your own home.
19. Automatic watering system
Use an Arduino Uno and Genuino Uno to automatically water your plants! If you’re going on vacation during the summer, this DIY gadget can help keep your plants alive and well. Here are instructions on how to get started.
20. Egg drop challenge
tThe egg drop challenge is always a fan favorite. The goal is to use various material to protect an egg from breaking when dropped from a significant height. This game requires brain power and creativity, which are good to exercise at any age.
tWhat are your favorites? Tell us in the comments or on Twitter.
- The best alternatives to the Raspberry Pi (free PDF) (TechRepublic)
- What are the best Raspberry Pi alternatives? Everything you need to know about Pi rivals (ZDNet)
- Raspberry Pi: A cheat sheet (TechRepublic)
- Build a cheap computer for your kids with Kano OS and a Raspberry Pi (CNET)
- Hone your Arduino skills with this e-book bundle (TechRepublic) | <urn:uuid:6c9886b3-f32b-48a3-9a6e-1cff470965b1> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.techrepublic.com/pictures/photos-20-stem-projects-to-try-out-this-summer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510326.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927203115-20230927233115-00727.warc.gz | en | 0.90095 | 864 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Bowmar's Adventures in Music Listening, Level 1By Dr. Leon Burton, Dr. Charles Hoffer, and Dr. William Hughes, with contributing editor June Hinckley Student Activity Book Grade: K-2 Item: 00-BMR08201S
|Bowmar's Adventures in Music Listening, Level 1: Big Book||$49.95||View|
|Bowmar's Adventures in Music Listening, Level 1: Coloring Book||$9.95||View|
An integrated elementary listening program for music classes, regular classes, libraries and home use. Includes 32 great musical selections complete with historical information, composer/arranger biographical information, musical features sketches, cross-curricular connections and anticipated outcomes. Meets the National Music Standards. | <urn:uuid:11498025-8b2d-4994-b064-d48c916c20a3> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.alfred.com/bowmars-adventures-in-music-listening-level-1/p/00-BMR08201S/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588244.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027212831-20211028002831-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.766827 | 158 | 2.515625 | 3 |
C-K Public Health Unit provides a variety of programs on healthy eating, healthy weights, and meeting nutritional needs for all ages.
Registered dietitians are able to provide information on the following topics:
- Healthy eating
- Healthy weights
- Picky Eating
- Label reading
- Menu Planning
- Fuel for Fun
- School Nutrition
- Workplace Nutrition
- Food Security
- Food Skills
- Food Systems
Feed Your Mind
This program is for children ages 3-6 years. Children learn with their parents about healthy eating and physical activity through lunch preparation, music, dance and games. Parents must attend with their child. Registration is through Ontario Early Years Centre - 519-358-1451.
A nutrition screening questionnaire for parents to assist parents with identifying nutrition problems. We offer support services to assist parents with finding solutions to overcome their issues. Screens are available for children 18 - 35 months and children 3 - 5 years.
Building Healthy Babies
This program is for pregnant women in Chatham-Kent, offering a wide variety of topics related to a healthy pregancy and healthy babies. Call us for more information, 519-352-7270 ext. 2422.
This program provides an opportunity for residents to garden and receive fresh produce at harvest. If you are interested in starting a community garden, or for more information check out Let's Talk Food CK
Student Nutrition Program
This program is available for all schools to offer a free, nutritious meal or snack to students. To volunteer or for more information, contact us.
Supermarket Nutrition Tours
Participants have the opportunity to tour local grocery stores to learn about reading nutrition labels and ingredient lists and how to make informed decisions on purchasing your groceries. For dates and more information check letstalkfood-ck.com located under events. | <urn:uuid:20c02e92-8fde-49e3-a851-20a814a50101> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.chatham-kent.ca/PublicHealth/HealthyEverydayLiving/Pages/Healthy%20Eating.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187820927.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017052945-20171017072945-00135.warc.gz | en | 0.924361 | 374 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The "bee hotel" at the University of New Hampshire's New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station is part of a new research project that will assess New Hampshire's bee population.
Credit: Sandra Rehan/NHAES
An unusual hotel in New England is generating a lot of buzz in scientific circles.
The newly constructed "bee hotel" at the University of New Hampshire's Woodman Farm isn't much to look at — with its cinder block floors and pine cone-littered suites — but for the region's pollinators, it's as appealing as any five-star resort.
The bee hotel is at the center of the first-ever comprehensive study of New England's bee population. The study, led by researchers at the University of New Hampshire's New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station (NHAES), aims to assess the condition of the region's estimated 250 species of bees. [No Creepy Crawlies Here: Gallery of the Cutest Bugs]
"The study will establish the first complete diversity assessment of native bees in the region and also provide a better understanding of pollinator diversity and ecology," Sandra Rehan, lead NHAES researcher and assistant professor of biological sciences at the University of New Hampshire's College of Life Sciences and Agriculture (COLSA), said in a statement.
The study, called "Sustainable Solutions to Problems Affecting Bee Health," was launched to coincide with National Pollinator Week (June 16-22), an annual event sanctioned by the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture that highlights the urgent issue of declining pollinator populations in the United States.
"Basic data on species diversity and habitat preferences will be fundamental to future studies to ameliorate declining bee populations and to target species at risk," Rehan said.
In addition to helping protect native bees in New England, Rehan said the project is designed to raise awareness about how humans are affecting pollinator populations in the region, as well as across other areas of the country.
Bees, which play a critical role in the health of food crops and natural ecosystems, have experienced rapid declines in population and diversity over the past several years, research from NHAES shows. And humans deserve at least part of the blame for this decline. Loss of habitat and agricultural environments, as well as the widespread use of pesticides and chemicals in farming, are believed to be contributing to the current bee crisis throughout the United States.
The value of pollination to agriculture is estimated at more than $200 billion each year worldwide, said Rehan, who oversees the University of New Hampshire's Bee Lab. This makes the university's research into the subject even more pressing, and has led to the launch of a longer-term project to monitor the biodiversity of bees in New Hampshire. The bee hotel at Woodman Farm represents one part of this project, with other monitoring sites at NHAES facilities also contributing much-needed data.
"By documenting what species are abundant, common and rare to the area, we can track species habitat and floral preferences," Rehan said. "By further developing long-term monitoring, we can identify species at risk and changes in bee communities."
The researchers plan to use genomic screening on the winged guests of the bee hotel to identify which species suffer low genetic variability. This trait, the researchers explained, may indicate certain genetic issues that can lead to the decline or even extinction of a species.
John Wraith, NHAES director and dean of the College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, expressed enthusiasm for the bee hotel project and its related studies, noting the impact that pollinators have in New Hampshire and its neighboring regions.
"These are critically important, time-sensitive issues that face our state and regional producers, gardeners, residents and visitors," Wraith said in a statement. "We're excited to support this work within our engaged research portfolio."
Rehan is equally excited about the studies, and hopes that continued research and education can help reverse the trend in declining bee populations in New England and other regions.
"By educating New Hampshire citizens, farmers and policymakers about native bees and habitat preferences, we can encourage the regional and national authorities to create and maintain native bee habitats," Rehan said. "Bee boxes, wildflowers and unmowed pastures are but a few ways to improve healthy pollinator communities." | <urn:uuid:16fc207b-9a64-43b8-a135-c5c973700e07> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.livescience.com/46474-bee-population-diversity-study.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701149377.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193909-00238-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942053 | 875 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Event Tracing for Windows
The Event Tracing for Windows (ETW) infrastructure provides the foundation for Windows Performance Toolkit. These tools provide a set of programs that hide the complexity of working directly with the ETW application programming interfaces (APIs).
This article provides a high-level introduction to ETW. For more information about ETW, see Event Tracing.
ETW enables the consistent, straightforward capture of kernel and application events. You can enable or disable event capture at any time without restarting the system or process. Windows Performance Analyzer (WPA) presents the information that ETW collects in an easy-to-understand set of graphs and tables.
You can capture and present selected events to non-invasively identify and diagnose system and application performance issues. You can enable or disable event tracing dynamically. Windows Performance Recorder (WPR) uses ETW to gather and organize critical system information. WPR acts as the session controller, starting and stopping the session and selecting which ETW events to record.
WPA consumes the event trace log (ETL) file that all event providers produce in an ETW session. Kernel and application events can provide extensive details about the operation of the system. Almost every kernel event that affects overall system performance is defined and available to WPA. | <urn:uuid:f9be1a98-e55f-4040-9503-c121c24829d7> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/test/wpt/event-tracing-for-windows | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578624217.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424014705-20190424040705-00543.warc.gz | en | 0.856269 | 267 | 2.703125 | 3 |
In 1969, Nelson Rockefeller embarked on four ill-fated diplomatic tours of Latin America that inspired violent clashes between the state and the street. Contemporary observers and subsequent scholars have dismissed Gov. Rockefeller’s goodwill effort as an unmitigated failure. In this presentation to the Washington History Seminar, Ernesto Capello explored recently released documents, including selections from the thousands of solicitations sent to Rockefeller by ordinary citizens, which demonstrate the need to reevaluate Rockefeller’s Presidential Mission as a critical moment in the way Cold War Latin America imagined its neighbors to the north.
Ernesto Capello received his doctorate in Latin American history from the University of Texas at Austin in 2005 and is Associate Professor of History at Macalester College. He is the author of City at the Center of the World: Space, History, and Modernity in Quito as well as numerous articles regarding transnational frameworks of citizenship. Currently an NEH fellow at the Library of Congress, he is developing two book projects, one concerning the idea of the equator in French and Ecuadorian geographical science, and one concerning hemispheric identities that crystallized during Nelson Rockefeller’s 1969 Presidential Mission to Latin America.
Report from the Field: Jason Steinhauer, John W. Kluge Center, Library of Congress
A webcast and podcast will be available here shortly.
The Washington History Seminar began its new semester on September 10 with a talk by Middle East scholar Rashid Khalidi of Columbia University. According to Khalidi, the defeat of Egypt and Syria in the 1967 Arab-Israeli war is often described as a deathblow to pan-Arabism, and it did indeed gravely undermine the regime of Gamal Abdel Nasser. But he argues that the Egyptians, Syrians, and Palestinians had in fact already begun to shift towards narrower nation-state nationalism even before the 1967 war, which merely confirmed this reorientation.
Khalidi is the Edward Said Professor of Arab Studies at Columbia. He has taught at the Lebanese University and the American University of Beirut. He is a past president of the Middle East Studies Association. His books include The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood (2006); and Sowing Crisis: American Dominance and the Cold War in the Middle East (2009).
The weekly seminar is sponsored jointly by the National History Center of the American Historical Association and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. It is directed by Wm. Roger Louis of the National History Center and Christian Ostermann of the Wilson Center. It meets at 4 p.m. in the 6th floor Moynihan Board Room at the Wilson Center in the Ronald Reagan Building at 13th and Pennsylvania, NW (Federal Triangle Metro Stop).
For more information, please contact the History Center’s associate director, Marian J. Barber, at email@example.com.
On June 20, 2012 National History Center Director Wm. Roger Louis delivered a lecture at the Institute of Commonwealth Studies of the University of London’s School of Advanced Study.
Be sure to catch Professor Louis’ talk, entitled “Skeletons in Britannia’s Closet?” here. | <urn:uuid:80afe972-2635-495b-a631-0d50dbd326d2> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://nationalhistorycenter.org/category/podcasts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398453805.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205413-00013-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930805 | 659 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The trim tool allows you to trim all the objects inside a given boundary. It is much more efficient than manually trimming all the contours with the trimming scissors, and allows the trimming of closed contours, open contours and components.
- Select objects you wish to be trimmed
- Select the object you wish to trim against (hold shift to add to selection)
- Choose to clear inside or outside
If the Clear outside boundary option is selected then all the objects that intersect this boundary are clipped, and the area outside is removed. If the Clear inside boundary option is selected, then the parts of the selected objects which lie inside the boundary are removed.
If you want to use multiple vectors for the trimming boundary, they must be grouped for trimming. To group a collection of vectors select the vectors, right click and choose Group Objects from the drop down menu, alternatively select all the vectors and press the G key. | <urn:uuid:7144d60a-013c-4c7b-83e4-59b961037f35> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://docs.vectric.com/docs/V10.0/VCarveDesktop/ENU/Help/form/Trim%20Objects/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540499389.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207105754-20191207133754-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.874803 | 191 | 2.75 | 3 |
In economic discussion, you may often hear that a government is “printing money” and then picture sheets of hundred dollar bills coming off a printing press. However, most often this is not what actually takes place when a government adds to the monetary supply. Money creation in modern economies usually involves creating money that is not physical. Central banks do not even have the power to print physical currency or mint coins – the Treasury department does. So what exactly happens then?
Before we get started…
To make the explanation simpler, below are some terms that you will need to know moving forward. In this article we will refer to the United States’ process of money creation, and keep it to the basic concepts needed to understand the bigger picture.
- capital – Money, credit, and other forms of funding used to spend and/or invest
- money supply – Total amount of capital in existence
- money creation – When the central bank of a country (in the case of the U.S., the Federal Reserve or “the Fed”) increases the money supply
- commercial bank – Bank that provides services such as accepting deposits, making business loans, offering investment products, etc. Mostly deals with large corporations or businesses rather than individuals.
How money gets “printed”
Usually when the term printing money is used, it is referring to one of two processes for increasing money supply. In one process, the Fed buys financial assets (don’t worry too much about what these are, just think of them as large chunks of money not in physical form) from commercial banks. The money the Fed uses to buy these financial assets is created out of nowhere; it is not existing money that the Fed possesses. This gives commercial banks more money to lend to their customers, which pumps new money into the monetary supply. This is also referred to as quantitative easing (QE).
In another process, the Fed simply extends a loan to a commercial bank, again using money that comes out of thin air. The commercial bank then keeps a required fraction (percentage) of the loan money as a deposit, then extends loans to other commercial banks using the remainder of the loan money. These commercial banks that receive the loans from other commercial banks then do the same thing – keep a required fraction of the loan sum as a deposit and then loan out the rest of the money as they please. These loans count as money, so therefore the money supply is increased.
As you can see, no physical money is printed in either of these processes. Very little of the United States’ money supply is in the form of physical currency. Commercial banks may withdraw physical money from the central bank, which is simply changing the form of currency from electronic to paper. This paper money is what actually gets printed. Old soiled money can also be exchanged for crisper, cleaner new paper money. Dollars that are printed are essentially just paper before any value is assigned to them.
What this means for the U.S. dollar
To explain what printing money does to the dollar, we will use an analogy. Take yourself as an example. You are unique and are worth something. Now let’s say I cloned you a million times. Now there are a million of you, all exactly the same, wandering around. How much is each of you worth now? A lot less than what you were worth before you were cloned, because there are more of you, you are no longer unique, and you are easier to attain. Now take that analogy and replace yourself with a dollar. This is inflation, and this is why inflation devalues the U.S. dollar.
The chart below is what everyday Americans, particularly investors, get concerned about. It shows the increase in the United States’ money supply from the decade spanning January 2004 to January 2014:
As of January of this year, the U.S. money supply stands at $11,010 billion.
What’s gold got to do with it?
Why does gold make a great hedge against inflation? There are many reasons, but for the sake of relevancy to this article, you cannot print gold. Gold is a physical, tangible asset that you cannot make appear out of thin air like the Fed does with the U.S. dollar. Therefore, it is a lot more difficult for gold to devalue. Due to inflation, 100 U.S. dollars in the year 2000 would only buy you $82 worth of groceries in 2013, while $100 in gold in 2000 would buy you $470 in groceries in 2013.
One of your most important financial assets is your retirement account. If your 401(k) or IRA consists only of U.S. dollars, it has likely already lost value and will continue to do so in the future. Investing some of your retirement funds in gold can offer protection against the dollar’s devaluation. Consider opening up a Gold IRA with American Bullion to take action against what was discussed in this article. Call today at 1-800-326-9598 or request your Free Gold Guide. | <urn:uuid:398a1f5d-21d4-4b65-b32d-27ba975fee99> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.americanbullion.com/what-actually-happens-when-a-government-prints-money/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945144.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323100829-20230323130829-00230.warc.gz | en | 0.961313 | 1,046 | 4.09375 | 4 |
When the Government Tried (and Failed) to Come for a Japanese-American Journalist
From the Late James Omura's Memoir of Internment and Repression
Wyoming signified the Teton Peaks, etched against the northeastern horizon—austere, imposing, and in a fashion awe-inspiring. It evoked the raw and fabulous Yellowstone; the noted chronicler of Western lore, Zane Grey, and his absorbing literary accounts of the Jackson Hole gang of outlaws, of gunslingers, of frontier marshals, and of cowboys; and Cheyenne, the state’s largest metropolis on the eastern plains, a frontier outpost often mentioned in stories of the Old West. That was in my boyhood years in the late 1920s while residing in the southeastern Idaho rail center of Pocatello. This concept of Wyoming abruptly changed in the spring of 1942 when the Corps of Engineers set to work to establish a concentration camp in the sage land of Park County, 11 miles southwest of the city of Powell.
The government named the compound Heart Mountain Relocation Center, inspired by the peak that loomed in the background, but there was no mistaking its concentration camp entrapments—watchtowers mounted with powerful searchlights, sentinels perched at the ready with rifles under orders to shoot any internee approaching within five feet of the barbed wire encircling the compound, and at the entry gate army personnel to monitor egress and ingress. All of this spoke of a prison camp. Heart Mountain housed nearly 11,000 Japanese American inmates from the West Coast, of whom two-thirds were American citizens by birthright. The only legitimate charge that conceivably could be lodged against these people was that of their racial origin. Despite the confinement of more than 2,000 immigrant Japanese, who were aliens by U.S. laws, in Department of Justice internment centers, and the custody of 120,313 in so-called wartime “relocation camps,” not a single prosecutorial case ever arose. Instead, the fundamental precepts of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights were twisted and frayed by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his administrative minions. In a further attempt to eliminate the Japanese presence in America, the Roosevelt administration resorted to congressional passage of a thinly veiled, hastily conceived denaturalization law. Now whenever Wyoming is mentioned, it conjures up the memory of Heart Mountain and the Fair Play Committee, a courageous and militant citizens’ organization born in captivity.
It is one of the great ironies of our time that the goals the Fair Play Committee sought have been virtually relegated to limbo. It is my belief that this Nisei movement deserves a much better fate. Its policies spoke to the moral conscience of a victimized people and in so doing constituted an integral and historic segment in the story of Japanese in American life. The reason for its obscure nature comes from a deliberate design to obliterate it as an act of shame and dishonor. Its own ethnic leadership has branded it as an evil commission against the wartime Roosevelt administration. However patriotic, it did not demand that a collaborationist leadership should loudly espouse every infringement of constitutional prerogatives by an authoritarian government. But the Japanese American Citizens League chose to run verbal interference for a regressive government and was allowed to serve as a stalking horse for the FDR entourage.
Harassment did not begin with my editorship of the Rocky Shimpo on January 28, 1944, nor did it end with my November 1, 1944, acquittal in the conspiracy trial of the Fair Play Committee steering committee and me. In the fall of 1942 my wife, Caryl, opened a malt and sandwich shop in Denver, Colorado, at 2008 Larimer Street, next door to Harry Osumi’s jewelry shop. The enterprise was well patronized by furloughed internees until a month later, when persistent negative rumors began to circulate against the establishment. The office of the evacuee placement bureau I managed had been moved by then from its original 19th Street address to a mezzanine site on the property of the malt and sandwich shop. I thought it necessary to look into the first rumor and to put it to rest. The investigation identified the source as a driver for the Coca Cola Company. The result of that report was forwarded to the Denver Coca Cola Company. Our report had established that the driver had skipped town. To our dismay, other rumors surfaced periodically and badly damaged patronage. Consequently, in the fall of 1943 Caryl’s Malt & Sandwich Shop was forced to sell out, and it then became Ben’s Place.
In late December 1945 Caryl picked up some revealing information about the damaging rumors in Denver of a few years earlier when she visited Phil Stroupe, the pre-eviction photographer for Current Life magazine, at his commercial studio in San Francisco. Stroupe is said to have stated to her that Nisei agents for Naval Intelligence were planted at Caryl’s Malt & Sandwich Shop to instigate pro-Japan utterances. Furthermore, Stroupe allegedly told Caryl that he had obtained this information from a longtime personal Nisei friend in Naval Intelligence.“Heart Mountain housed nearly 11,000 Japanese American inmates from the West Coast, of whom two-thirds were American citizens by birthright. The only legitimate charge that conceivably could be lodged against these people was that of their racial origin.”
The erroneous report of the Fort Lupton JACL rally on February 10, 1943, appears to continue to linger. In 1988 two researchers from the Japanese American National Museum based in Los Angeles paid me a visit and briefly alluded to the incident, obviously having picked up some unsavory rumors in the community. Here is the story as I saw it. It all began with my overhearing two activist native Coloradans, Kazumi Miyamoto and Harry Matsunaka, discussing excitedly a JACL dinner in the northern Colorado farm community of Fort Lupton. I requested being taken along and it was agreed upon on the one condition that I not speak out. That promise was given and kept.
However, I was spotted from the head table, and after some consultation each attendee was asked to rise and identify him- or herself. When my turn came, I rose quickly, spoke rapidly and not too clearly, giving the name “James Matsu.” Joe Grant Masaoka at the head table heard it as “James Iwasa.” The members at the head table held another long confab. I was seated two-thirds down at the long table. The person to whom Masaoka refers in his press article sat two chairs closer to the head table. Masaoka’s story was not centered on some unknown attendee, but on me.
Few of us lingered near the long table after the dinner had ended. When an excited verbal ruckus broke out in the back of the auditorium, our group naturally drifted toward the commotion. Loud accusations were being tossed back and forth. Then, totally out of nowhere, Masaoka ended the confrontation with, “We’re coming back with a bigger group, Jimmie!” I was standing at the fringe of the group and was not involved. The fireworks had been set off by Miyamoto and Matsunaka, the two activists whom I had accompanied to the rally. I had never formally met Joe Grant Masaoka, but to him I was undoubtedly a target.
Before departing Denver, Masaoka released his press article to the two Denver vernacular presses. The publisher of the Rocky Nippon, Tetsuko Toda, provided me a copy for my information and comment. This was my response:
I have looked over the report written by Joe Masaoka, Director of the Associated Members Division of the National Japanese American Citizens League, on the Buddhist Rally held in Fort Lupton last Sunday evening. I have given particular attention to the following passage:
“In the Open Forum which followed, James Omura directed questions which indicated the lack of unanimity among a certain Nisei population. Masaoka gently rebuked the attitude and lethargy of such lackadaisical groups. The announcement of the volunteering [for military service] of the National Secretary of the JACL [Mike Masaoka] was roundly applauded and was [a] more than adequate answer to would-be carping critics.”
I advised Miss Toda that “in the event this report is printed in full, we would like to request an opportunity to [provide a] rebuttal in the following issue.” The Rocky Nippon did not publish the article, but apparently its rival, the Colorado Times, did. Neither of the Masaokas was a diligent purveyor of the truth.
It was 9 pm on June 10, 1943, when two plainclothes men entered Caryl’s Malt & Sandwich shop on Larimer Street. One man locked the door and the other advanced on me. Caryl was cleaning the grill.
“It’s been reported that a pro-Japanese statement was made in this establishment,” he said.
“I don’t know anything about it,” I replied. “I wasn’t here.”
“We know,” the detective acknowledged. “We’re from the United States Attorney’s office.”
“What’s this about?” I asked.
“We’re asking the questions; you just answer them,” he retorted a bit testily.
I kept backing away because he advanced uncomfortably close. I was backed into a back booth above which was a wall phone. When I tried to reach the phone, his hands screened me off without making any contact. His too-close proximity was unbearable.
“I have a right to call my attorney,” I said.
But the detective prevented it. At that moment, Caryl made a dash for the private quarters before the second man could block the exit. There then ensued a long verbal sparring duel. No further mention was made of the pro-Japan remarks. I had been told a customer had made such a remark and the businesspeople on Larimer Street had alerted us that inquiries were being made in the community. It was only a matter of time before we would be approached directly.
Two hours later, the detective asked to see my Selective Service registration card. He quizzed me about the name and claimed it was registered illegally. Though he prohibited me from use of the phone, he contacted United States attorney Thomas J. Morrissey. It was a long conversation, and after it was over the detective stated he had been instructed to allow me to call my attorney. I therefore dialed Robert McDougal and informed him of the situation. McDougal spoke with Morrissey and later called me back.
“Mr. Morrissey said if you would agree to be in his office at eight in the morning with your wife, he would call his man off.”
The next morning, June 11, 1943, we were ushered into a long oblong room with a high ceiling. Mr. Morrissey was the only occupant, but I could glimpse an adjoining lighted room. I suspected I was being monitored. I stated to Morrissey that I objected to being “hassled by his flatfoots.” I was still hot under the collar.
“Look here,” Mr. Morrissey declared, “I can have you locked up for 72 hours without any charge at all. I’ve got a good mind to do that!”
The questioning then proceeded. At its conclusion, he explained that he would have to check with my draft board in San Francisco. We were allowed to leave. In the 1980s, under the Freedom of Information Act, I received a copy of this report. It appears my own attorney wrote this report. Special FBI agents were sent out to Seattle and San Francisco. In Seattle the agent drew a blank. In San Francisco an agent so infuriated Phil Stroupe that he banged a set of Current Life issues on his desk and challenged the agent to find any pro-Japan articles in it. He told Caryl in December 1945 that the agent picked out an article about discrimination in the Red Cross and one other on eviction as being somewhat pro-Japan. These were struck out by Nat J. L. Pieper, the special FBI agent in charge at San Francisco, wrote that no negative report on me had been uncovered. Every Caucasian contact offered sterling references. Agent Sterling F. Tremayne interviewed my brother Casey at Firland Sanatorium, just north of Seattle. Long afterward and during the period I was out on bond, Casey wrote that Tremayne was particularly interested in my reported use of the name “James Iwasa.”
The name “James Iwasa” appeared in the complaint alleging a false registration charge in Selective Service records in San Francisco in 1940. United States attorney Morrissey, in declining to prosecute after extensive investigation, stated the action of his office had been predicated on a complaint from the Japanese American Citizens League.
It surprised me to learn the high degree of status I seemed to have enjoyed among the white community. The “white paper” was so complete of my San Francisco sojourn that I couldn’t have asked for a better set of references. Though the FBI inquiries swirled all around me, I was never directly asked about any legal name. The FBI did ask me about the “James Iwasa” name, which I disclaimed. In the witch-hunt activities of the JACL, I knew I would be a target, and I could feel the pressure. Shortly after the California Street Methodist Church public forum sponsored by the national JACL in March 1943 in Denver (which will be discussed below), I applied to legalize James Matsumoto Omura as my name, feeling it could be the Achilles’ heel in an otherwise unblemished record. It was not difficult to unravel the JACL intent. The Fort Lupton faux pas, the Joe Masaoka obfuscation in the Colorado Times, the preplanned attempt at embarrassment at the California Street Methodist Church public forum, the Mike Masaoka/Minoru Yasui incident at the Denver Japanese Hall—all pointed to dire things to come. This accounted for the legal name change, although it was not on that knowledge that the United States attorney declined to prosecute. There simply was no case.
Excerpted from Nisei Naysayer, by James Matsumoto Omura and Arthur A. Hansen, © 2018 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. Published by Stanford University Press. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:66cf2cc3-709d-42e5-baa6-94a186911c9b> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://lithub.com/when-the-government-tried-and-failed-to-come-for-a-japanese-american-journalist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057427.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923165408-20210923195408-00680.warc.gz | en | 0.973637 | 3,078 | 2.640625 | 3 |
New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo is proposing to establish 10 new programs modeled on Pathways in Technology Early College High School (P-TECH), the IBM-backed school in Brooklyn that takes students through high school and two years of college with the goal of meeting the demand for workers with the right skills for high tech jobs.
P-TECH is the same program President Obama singled out for praise in his State of the Union Address earlier this month. Gov. Cuomo's office announced the technology education partnership program Tuesday as part of his executive budget proposal.
Following the IBM blueprint for science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) education, P-TECH and schools like it are starting to be established in other cities such as Chicago to help students earn an associate degree, which IBM considers the minimum qualification for an entry-level job in a technical discipline. IBM has promised that those who graduate from the program will be "first in line" for a job at IBM, whether they stop with the equivalent of a community college education or continue on to earn a four-year degree | <urn:uuid:a7dd0101-05e3-4f2d-bad1-53eb3b11131f> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.districtadministration.com/news/ny-state-plans-expansion-stem-schools | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698222543/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095702-00046-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964674 | 218 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The whites have assisted greatly in rendering the traditions of the Aborigines
more obscure by their own manner of corrupting names.
After July meeting with Aborigine
leaders, Howard said a "cry from the heart" for help had been made.
The last full-blood Tasmanian Aborigine
died in 1888, and most of the thousands who now call themselves indigenous Tasmanians possess only a minority strand of that ancestry.
In 1931 official Australian policy is to remove mixed-race Aborigine
children from their families and take them to special centres to be trained as servants and labourers.
However, if P Brookside cared to visit the Aborigine
museums in Adelaide and Melbourne or read the noticeboards outlining the tragic history of the original occupants of the country in the beautiful Botanical Gardens in Sydney, he might be more careful in issuing such a challenge.
o Exploring the different paths she and her childhood Aborigine
friend, Bronwyn, took, she finds that their memories rarely overlap.
Coincidentally I`ve just come across a report about a 'Forgotten Aborigine
team who changed cricket forever.
While in Oz Ron signed two Aborigine
players he nicknamed Pele and Didi after the great Brazilians, because of their skills
For example, during the reconstruction process, there were dozens of bulldozers and gravel trucks in Baolai while there were at most only two bulldozers and two gravel trucks in the aborigine
Prior of the traditional aborigine
dance show leaders hold conversation with each other
Then, as we got nearer to the serving counter, we saw a young Aborigine
woman at the side of the queue.
If one could observe very closely the features of Whoopi Goldberg, he would have no doubt that she is a descendant of an Aborigine | <urn:uuid:c10ce97e-be46-4633-840a-e8bedc0d953b> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/aborigine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209165.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814150733-20180814170733-00505.warc.gz | en | 0.964134 | 385 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Therefore, it comes as little surprise that substance abuse and mental health issues on college campuses are serious enough for schools to address the matters publicly, and to offer counseling and rehabilitative services to stressed and scared students.
The Other Side of the College Experience
College is supposed to be an era of self-discovery, of unbridled potential complemented by lifelong friendships, independence, and experiencing what the world has to offer. But for tens of thousands of students, the weight of unforgiving expectations placed on them by their parents, teachers, and other students is made worse by having to adopt a facade of being a young go-getter with the world in the palm of their hands. They are pulled in different directions – to study, to party, to travel, to plan for the future, to enjoy their college years – while their brains and concepts of themselves and their place in the world are still in relative infancy. All these factors coming together can create a perfect storm of anxiety and depression – and temptation. Alcohol flows quite freely on college campuses, but drugs (both recreational and prescription, both legal and illegal) are exchanged in dorm rooms and classrooms, either as a way to escape from all the stress, or to boost academic performance (at the risk of developing an addiction).
Masking True Feelings
For some students, it becomes too much to handle. The depression, the expectations, and the peer pressure become a
blur from which there is no way out. Suicide.org writes that students taking their own lives is the second leading cause
of death on college campuses. Following from that, the leading cause of suicide for these students is depression that
goes unreported and untreated. The 2014 edition of the National Survey of
College Counseling Centers reported that more than half the students seen by college counseling centers across the country
have significant mental health concerns.
As the suicide rate has increased among people between
the ages of 15 and 24 (9.6 deaths per 100,000 in 2007, to 11.1 per 100,000 in 2013), the Center for Collegiate Mental
Health at Pennsylvania State University confirms that the two most common mental health diagnoses given to college students are anxiety and depression. ,
But at the University of Pennsylvania, which has produced a dozens heads of state, one President of the United States, and a number of Supreme Court judges, the administration has actively sought to dismantle what has become known as the “Penn Face,” which is something The New York Times calls “a potentially life-threatening aspect of campus culture” – the idea of hiding feelings of stress or anxiety behind a mask of happiness and self-assuredness at attending one of the most prestigious universities in the country. The phenomenon is known as known as “Duck Syndrome” at Stanford University, because of the way a duck appears to glide gracefully on the surface, but is frantically and relentlessly paddling underneath.
Social Media and Societal Pressure
The problem, says the Times and University of Pennsylvania, is that struggling students too often compare themselves to the high-achieving, successful, and popular upperclassmen – the ones who stand out. The problem is exacerbated by social media, which only shows carefully selected highlights (good grades, a boyfriend or a girlfriend, exotic travel locations, etc.), and not the moments of doubt and uncertainty that are much more common – albeit unspoken – as part of a natural college life.
A student who is unsure of their place on campus, or in life, being forced to adopt the Penn Face, will feel overwhelmed, insecure, and isolated. Hundreds of miles away from family – or, alternately, pressured even further by always-present helicopter parents – and being suffocated by the belief that they should not express their dissatisfaction, there is a legitimate danger that such students believe that they are left with no other option but to take their own lives.
Such was the case of a UPenn freshman in 2014, who, despite being a “star athlete, bright student and beloved friend,” jumped off the roof of a nine-story parking garage. She was 19 years old. She was the third of six students to commit suicide in a 13-month span, prompting the University of Pennsylvania to take a close look at the culture that bred such a result.
One result of their examinations was the holding of a panel to dispel the notion of the “Penn Face,” specifically to help struggling students see that all members of the UPenn student body face similar problems. Upperclassmen would be asked to share some of their experiences, and information and resources about mental health counseling on campus (such as increasing the hours of the counseling center and designating a special phone line) would be made available, with the goal of changing how students perceived life at the university.,
Female Students and ‘Effortlessly Perfect’
The pressure to be perfect on college campuses may be skewed by gender as well. In 2010, the Southern Communication Journal published a report describing experiences shared by female college students: a need to be “effortlessly perfect,” both in terms of academic and professional achievements, but also balancing an expectation to be feminine, respond to sexual overtures appropriately and safely, prepare for family life, and simultaneously embark on a career. According to the 2015 National College Health Assessment published by the American College Health Association, 90.3 percent of female students said they felt overwhelmed by everything they had to do as a student.
The term “effortlessly perfect” was first used in 2003, by a study conducted by Duke University’s Women’s Initiative, which found that female students resort to eating disorders and self-harm if they fall short of the ideal of attaining perfection with no visible effort.
It led to a writer for The Odyssey relating that she heard a student opine that “Duke [University] is not a good place to be,” because of the obsession with female students having to conform to standards of having perfect makeup, hair and clothes at all times, even as they pull all-night study sessions, take extra credit courses, maintain an active social life, and intern at their dream job. With social media, and its endless parade of selfies showing happy, beautiful, and successful people, female students who have negative impressions of their abilities or their bodies are induced to compare themselves to their fellow classmates, and, in the words of a student talking to The Odyssey, feel jealous or self-conscious. As ESPN put it, social media offers filtered insight into the lives of college students, those who feel on top of the world, and those who feel crushed by the weight of the world; real life offers no such screen.
Social Comparison Theory and Achievement Culture
The curse of effortless perfection is not just a simple case of jealousy. In 1954, social psychologist Leon Festinger called it the social comparison theory, which posits that people determine their self-worth by comparing themselves to others. The result of this is that various factors, such as physical attractiveness, wealth, intelligence, happiness, etc., are constantly evaluated on the basis of how others are doing. Generally speaking, adults have the maturity and experience to understand the flaws in social comparison, even if they are prone to it; college students, on the other hand, do not yet have fully mature brains. In the first year of college, many students are confronted with challenges that test their cognition, their emotions, and their social skills. A study conducted by Dartmouth College showed that college freshmen had brains that were “very different” from the brains of older adults.
It may be tempting to brush off the pressure felt by college students as par for the course, but in creating what The Huffington Post calls “The Dark Side of America’s Achievement Culture,” suicides across schools (both high schools and higher education institutions) have cast a shadow over the endless drive for grades, popularity, and prospects. The squeeze is felt even more among elite colleges, since students are rarely granted leaves of absence to take a break from the grind and recover their mental health. Readmission is not always guaranteed, which was a tragic factor in the suicide of a 20-year-old Yale student, who wrote as much in her suicide note; in response, Yale altered its policies, giving students more leeway to temporarily withdraw from the school for medical or personal reasons. The University of Pennsylvania now offers peer-to-peer counseling services, where overwhelmed students can converse with fellow students trained in therapeutic services from the school’s Counseling and Psychological Services. The Daily Pennsylvanian specifically mentioned “several student deaths” and an increased examination of mental health issues on the University of Pennsylvania campus, as the reason behind the efforts.
One way students are dealing with the enormous pressure to excel academically is to indulge what are sometimes known as “study drugs,” pills and tablets that boost alertness and mental activity for hours at a time. Such drugs are especially popular when students pull all-nighters, either with deadlines looming or during finals week.
However, these drugs are not specially crafted substances to help students study better. They are prescription medications like Adderall and Ritalin, explicitly meant to be taken for the treatment of certain medical conditions (such as attention deficit hyper disorder and narcolepsy), and not meant to be consumed without a doctor’s supervision. For a generation of stressed, overworked, and impulsive college students, however, the disclaimers are secondary to the results. ABC News writes of how these medications give students “almost superhuman focus and concentration,” with the head of psychiatry for health services at the University of Wisconsin comparing them to steroids that athletes abuse for physical performance.
Students report feeling like they can study forever, thanks to the powerful effect those drugs have on their central nervous systems. On many college campuses, there exists an open culture of talking about the drugs, taking them, and even selling them. Prices tend to go up for finals week, as much as $10 for a pill.
Obtaining the drugs is relatively easy. They can be procured from friends (74 percent of students got their Adderall from friends who had prescriptions, according to the Journal of American College Health), bought from other students, or obtained by filling out a true-false questionnaire as part of a brief consultation at a doctor’s office.
Adderall for All
It may seem strange for prescribed and regulated drugs to be so easily abused, but students often point to the acceptance of the substances – unlike heroin or cocaine, Adderall and Ritalin are not illegal to own and do not have the same stigma surrounding their use – and prescriptions for the medications have been so astronomical over the past few years (a trend that has led to “The United States of Adderall,” in the words of The Huffington Post), that the drugs have become accessible and familiar. ABC News writes of how television shows depict adult characters using prescription medication (with household name status, like Adderall and Ritalin) for comedic effect and results, with little thought given to the message that such behavior sends out.
One of the (many) problems is that some students do not even think of Adderall as a controlled substance. In 2010, the Substance Use and Misuse journal reported that the majority of sampled students at a “large, urban research university” were convinced that Adderall was “definitely not a drug,” and that there was nothing medically or ethically amiss about using it to boost mental acuity. As it’s “America’s favorite amphetamine,” students may even feel empowered to openly ask for (or buy) Adderall, feeling that it gives them a competitive advantage in an environment where pressure and stress are taken for granted.
Abusing Adderall is incredibly popular on college campuses. The Center on Young Adult Health and Development writes that almost 33 percent of college students had taken stimulant prescription drugs, without prescriptions, at least once during their enrollment.
However, students put themselves at incredible danger when they abuse prescription drugs in this way. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration writes that from 2005 to 2010, emergency rooms saw 17,865 more cases as a result of Adderall and Ritalin being used improperly.
The Amphetamines behind Adderall
How could it be that such a dangerous drug is so widely abused in places of learning and education? In addition to the combination of stress and relative naiveté of the college years, one reason is that the names Adderall and Ritalin mask the true nature of the substances. Adderall, for example, is the brand name of the combination of two drugs: amphetamine and dextroamphetamine. While the choice of the name Adderall is not meant to conceal the ingredients, the innocuous nature of the name has contributed to Adderall and Ritalin abuse becoming normalized among college students (especially since amphetamines are often discussed in the same context as cocaine and methamphetamines, substances renowned for their dangers and associated stigma). ,
But despite erroneous perceptions of Adderall, the combination of amphetamine and dextroamphetamine places it on the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration list of Schedule II drugs, sharing space with methadone, oxycodone, and fentanyl. As a Schedule II drug, Adderall’s medical applications are accepted in the United States, but since the drug can cause severe physical and psychological dependence, and it has a high likelihood of being abused, there are strict rules its distribution. One of those rules is that the drug cannot be legally obtained without a prescription, rendering the sale of Adderall and Ritalin by college students and the subsequent consumption of those drugs as crimes.
Indeed, Emerald Coast Magazine uses the term “black market” when talking about the prevalence of stimulant drugs on college campuses.
Naturally, the risks of abusing Adderall go far beyond legal concerns. The burst of energy created by the drug hitting the brain, often necessary for narcoleptics and people with ADHD, can be instantly addictive to people who abuse Adderall with no regard for its proper administration. A person who does not medically need Adderall, but takes it anyway, is in danger of:
- Mood swings
- Episodes of anxiety and depression
- Sleep disorders
- Uncontrollable trembling
- Loss of sexual desire or function
- Stomach pain, nausea, and vomiting.
Of course, study drugs like Adderall aren’t the only chemical substances being abused in college, whether on- or off-campus. The yearly spring break tradition, where male students tend to drink an average of 18 drinks a day (and female students consume 10 drinks a day), and 25 percent of students aged 18-20 leave campus to drink and take drugs like marijuana and MDMA, is often thought of as a rite of passage. , Perhaps the greatest danger facing these students is binge drinking, a psychiatrist and addiction specialist tells Forbes magazine.
The definition of binge drinking is simple: consuming too much alcohol in too short a period of time. How much alcohol is too much, and how short a period of time is too short, depends on sex. For men, the binge drinking threshold is having five or more drinks in a two-hour span. For women, the limit is four or more drinks within two hours.
Why the difference? Women tend to be physically smaller than men, so less alcohol is required to produce a high blood alcohol level in women. Also, alcohol breaks down much more slowly in women than it does in men.
Binge Drinking on College Campuses
Why would people drink so much, so quickly? College has long been thought of as a time when young adults, freed from the supervision of their parents, give in to indulgence and peer pressure (although more and more students are getting an introduction to alcohol in their adolescent years, sometimes from family members at social gatherings as much as from their peers). Students drink to break the ice, to have fun, to bond with same-sex peers, bond with opposite-sex peers (with the dynamic of facilitating sexual liaisons as an added possibility), and to feel better about themselves.
For young adults who are away from home for the first time; homesick; straining under the pressure to get good grades, to find good internships, to find a boyfriend or girlfriend, to get over the end of a relationship; and struggling with money or any other factor that causes feelings of anxiety or depression during the college years, getting drunk – and getting really drunk hard and often – can seem like a very good idea.
But there is a big difference between social drinking, getting drunk infrequently, and binge drinking. Psychology Today writes that moderate alcohol consumption has health and social benefits, but Forbes points out that every year, 1,825 college students aged 18-24 die as a result of binge drinking. The primary cause of death is alcohol poisoning, where even the automatic breathing functions of the body become impaired due to high levels of alcohol in the blood. Similarly, excessive levels of alcohol can impair the gag reflex, leading to the possibility of a person drowning in their own vomit.
Party Drugs and Greek Life
While alcohol has a place on college campuses for its use as a social lubricant, other substances, ostensibly employed with the same goal in mind, are much less medically and legally tolerable. A New York University grad student told the New York Daily News that drug use on campus is less about the experimentation that characterized the hippie movement of the 1960s and 1970s; today, “it’s more practical, part of going to school.” A senior at Pace University tells of parties where bags of cocaine are openly offered, so much so that some students are becoming skilled drug dealers of everything from marijuana to LSD to cocaine.
A study by the Southern Medical Journal in 1991 identified “frequent heavy drinkers” as the students most likely to use cocaine, especially if the students in question were members of fraternal organizations.
Such Greek-letter clubs are infamous for their peer pressure, hazing rituals, and impulsive, risky behavior. In 1995, the Harvard School of Public Health reported that membership in such a fraternity or sorority was the biggest predictor (“by far”) of binge drinking tendencies in college. More recently, in 2008, 96 people – 75 of them students – were arrested for running a drug smuggling ring at San Diego State University. Marijuana plants were grown in frat houses, and authorities were tipped off when a 19-year-old sorority sister was discovered to have died from a cocaine overdose, and not alcohol poisoning, as was initially suspected. Police and federal agents seized marijuana, cocaine, ecstasy, methamphetamine, prescription drugs, firearms, and $60,000 in cash during the raid. Some of the contraband belonged to a student majoring in criminal justice; another asked if his arrest and incarceration would hamper his chances of becoming a federal law enforcement officer.,
How Are Colleges Working to Help Students?
Naturally, universities are taking a very serious look at the conditions that can foster harmful effects on mental health on their campuses, and how this translates to students abusing drugs – whether to escape feelings of depression or unhappiness, or as an unhealthy celebration of college life. Some colleges, for example, provide information about prescription drug abuse on their websites, in the same way that information about safe sex practices is offered as part of student wellness programs. Similarly, the offering of free testing for sexually transmitted diseases is mirrored in students receiving free counseling, like the outreach adopted by the University of Pennsylvania.
Yet more schools are getting creative with how they can improve the mental health culture on their campuses. Caldwell University in New Jersey, for example, offers bracelet beading, massages, dancing, and puppy therapy during finals week. Caldwell’s Director of Counseling Services told Forbes that stress and anxiety levels have increased over the years – and with them, the temptation to abuse prescription meds, buy a bag of coke, or hit the bottle hard has risen as well.
Instead, dozens of schools have jumped at the thought of de-stigmatizing mental health, doing something free and fun for their student body, and fostering a culture of happiness and innocence on their campuses, especially at a time of the year most associated with stress and anxiety.
On- and Off-Campus Treatment Options for Students
For students who are worried that their mental health, alcohol consumption, or drug use is getting out of hand, talking to their campus health services department is the first step toward getting help. Additional information can be obtained via the college’s website, or by looking up the online portals of the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
If students’ alcohol or drug abuse is so severe to the point of genuinely endangering their lives, emergency medical treatment is required, either at a hospital with detox services, or at a specialized treatment center. It could take up to a week (or two weeks) to fully purge students of the physical craving to persist with their drug or alcohol abuse, after which a therapist will work with them to address the psychological damage caused by the abuse. This stage of treatment will also prepare students to rejoin their college (or, at least, rejoin the outside world) while having a better idea of how to resist the temptation to drink or take drugs again.
Addiction and mental health issues are so widespread that some student bodies are taking it upon themselves to create clean and healthy cultures for recovering and teetotaling students to enjoy campus life, without the pressure to drink (or be vigilant against drinking). Every year, for example, students from the University of Michigan host the St. Patrick’s Day Sober Skate Party, part of the larger Students for Recovery Organization, to provide a place for people to enjoy the festivities of the traditionally alcohol-friendly St. Patrick’s Day, without the alcohol. A 23-year-old former addict told USA Today that “Priority number one is fun” at such events.
Similarly, Minneapolis’s Augsburg College’s StepUP program offers recovering students the chance to engage in team-building and socializing exercises, with the caveat that the students avoid nightclubs, bars, and casinos for the first semester of their program. StepUP gives these students fun experiences where they can meet new friends and get the best out of their college life, but in a way that is healthy, structured, and positive. The University of Missouri’s Sober in College program provides a safe space where recovering students can talk about the challenges and frustrations of having to be abstinent in typically drinking-friendly areas, while hosting events that allow these students to enjoy being young adults with the world in the palms of their hands.
Substance Abuse Data | Treatment InformationFounded in 1911, Middle Tennessee State University is located in Murfreesboro, a small city at the geographic center of the state. The University’s annual enrollment is around 22,000 students, and it has a wide variety of nationally recognized academic degree programs at the baccalaureate, master’s, and doctoral levels. The University is composed of eight undergraduate colleges, offering more than 40 departments and more than 140 degree programs. The College of Graduate Studies offers more than 100 degree programs. MTSU has received regional, national, and international acclaim for a variety of programs and activities including distinctive offerings in programs as diverse as recording industry, horse science, accounting, aerospace, management, and a first-of-its-kind academic program in concrete industry management. The MTSU Charlie and Hazel Daniels Veterans and Military Family Center is the state’s largest academic support center dedicated to veterans and military families.
environment that is devoted to learning, growth, and service. We accept and practice the core values of honesty and integrity, respect for diversity, positive engagement in the community, and commitment to non-violence. Each member of the University community bears responsibility for their conduct and assumes reasonable responsibility for the behavior of others. Each person who joins or affiliates with the community does so freely and understands that , and tobacco are prohibited on all institution owned or controlled property.
Student Drug and Alcohol Abuse on Campus
Several cases involved alcohol or drugs and are broken down as follows:
- Alcoholic Beverages: 33 cases (4.1% of all disciplinary cases)
- Drugs: 101 cases (12.6% of all disciplinary cases)
- Drug Paraphernalia: 41 cases (5.1% of all disciplinary cases)
- Public Intoxication: 21 cases (2.6% of all disciplinary cases)
Middle Tennessee State’s Office of Student Conduct publishes annual statistical reports on specific disciplinary cases seen over the course of the academic year. For the year covering July 2016 through June 2017, there were a total of 472 disciplinary cases, with 54.45% (257) involving males and 44.9% (212) involving females. Three disciplinary cases involved student organizations. The majority of these cases, 43.2%, involved freshman students (204).
One student may have multiple violation types (i.e. alcoholic beverages, drugs, drug paraphernalia, public intoxication, etc.) within one disciplinary case, therefore, the total number of violation types will exceed the total number of disciplinary cases handled by the Office of Student Conduct.
Noteworthy observations compared to the previous year include:
- Cases involving drugs continue to increase and were higher than the previous year. Drug and drug paraphernalia violations increased by 5% from last year. Alcoholic beverages and public intoxication violations, however, decreased by nearly 6%.
- Student Conduct continues to have , which result in the removal of students from the residence halls.
Drug and Alcohol Abuse Statistics in Murfreesboro, TN
MTSU’s campus is in the City of Murfreesboro, TN, which has a population of around 120,000 people. The city is about 30 miles away from Tennessee’s capital, Nashville. Across the state, about 69,000 Tennessee residents struggle with opioid painkiller addiction, and about 1,000 residents die annually from opioid overdose. Murfreesboro and the rest of the southern state are also seeing a rise in heroin addiction and overdose deaths, likely related to the struggle with opioid painkiller addiction. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) collected data for years 2005 through 2010 for the Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro-Franklin area, which makes up Middle Tennessee. According to the report, collected under the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, the area had an average of 218,000 people, ages 12 and older, who used any illicit drug in the past year. That represents about 18.1 percent of the area’s population.
Further statistics included:
- Past-year marijuana use was 13.8 percent of the population, higher than both the state and national averages for those years.
- Past-year prescription painkiller abuse was 6.4 percent of the population, comparable to both the state and the national averages.
- About 9.3 percent of the area’s population (around 111,000 people) were classified as having a substance abuse disorder in the past year, comparable to state and national averages.
- Approximately 28.4 percent of people in the area smoked cigarettes in the past month, also comparable to state and national averages.
- About 20.1 percent of the population in the area had at least one binge drinking episode in the past month, which was lower than the national and state average.
While the Middle Tennessee State University campus is considered relatively safe, and it is technically a dry campus, students have a higher risk of being exposed to prescription drug abuse and marijuana abuse; . Students who live off-campus, and do not live with their families, are at a greater risk of being exposed to substance abuse in the area. While the Office of Student Conduct tracks disciplinary cases that occur on campus, MTSU Health Promotion conducts recurring health assessments of currently enrolled students. These assessments would measure self-reported use of drugs and alcohol occurring on and off campus. The two assessment tools used are the CORE Drug and Alcohol Survey and the National College Health Assessment. Each tool is administered every three years.
The American College Health Association’s National College Health Assessment , which was conducted in the spring of 2013, included participation from 1,274 MTSU students. Of those students:
- 2 percent used alcohol in the 30 days prior to completing the survey
- 1 percent reported never consuming alcohol
- 3 percent reported driving after drinking alcohol
- 3 percent reported binge drinking in the two weeks before participating in the survey
The CORE Drug and Alcohol Survey, which was conducted in the spring of 2015, included participation from 920 MTSU students. Of those students:
- 1% of students used marijuana in the past year, which is on par with use by college students nationally
- 15% of students used an illegal drug other than marijuana in the past year, with amphetamines hallucinogens, and sedatives being the most frequently reported
- 22% of students used tobacco in the past 30 days, which is lower than state averages, but higher than national samples specifically of college students
While the Middle Tennessee State University campus is considered relatively safe, students could still place themselves at risk, especially in the first six weeks of the fall semester. College students in general tend to drink more than their non-student peers. Students who live off-campus, and do not live with their families, are at a greater risk of being exposed to substance abuse in the area. | To MTSU TOC |
Resources to Help Students through MTSU
MTSU complies with the Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act Amendment of 1989. Specifically,
- Middle Tennessee State University prohibits the unlawful possession, use, or distribution of illicit drugs on the campus property or on institutionally owned, leased, or otherwise controlled property. The possession, use or distribution of alcohol on property owned, leased or otherwise controlled by the University is limited and subject to MTSU Policy 755: Alcoholic Beverages.
- Various federal and state statutes make it unlawful to manufacture, distribute, dispense, deliver or sell, or possess with intent to manufacture, distribute, dispense, deliver, or sell controlled substances. The penalty imposed depends upon many factors which include the type and amount of controlled substance involved, the number of prior offenses, if any, and whether any other crimes were committed in connection with the use of the controlled substance. Possible sanctions include incarceration up to and including life imprisonment and imposition of substantial monetary fines.
Tennessee statutes provide that it is unlawful for any person under the age of twenty-one (21) to buy, possess, transport (unless in the course of employment), or consume alcoholic beverages, wine, or beer, such offense being classified a Class A misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment for not more than 11 months, 29 days, or a fine of not more than $2500, or both. The receipt, possession, or transportation of alcoholic beverages without the required revenue stamp is also a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment of not more than thirty (30) days or a fine of not more than $50, or both.
- Middle Tennessee State University does not currently provide drug/alcohol counseling, treatment, or rehabilitation programs for students. Referral to community treatment facilities may be made in appropriate cases.
- Middle Tennessee State University will impose sanctions against individuals who are determined to have violated rules prohibiting the use, possession, or distribution of illegal drugs or alcohol. Sanctions for students using or possessing illegal drugs or alcohol include disciplinary probation and, in appropriate cases, suspension from the University.
In addition, residence hall students will be removed from the housing system for the use or possession of illegal drugs. Referral for criminal prosecution may be made in appropriate cases. To view university alcohol and drug statistics, please refer to the Statistics webpage. Individuals involved in the sale or distribution of illegal drugs will be suspended from the University and referred to the appropriate authorities for criminal prosecution. All employees, including students, agree as a condition of employment to abide by this policy. Sanctions against employees for use or possession of illegal drugs or alcohol in the workplace include termination of employment. Additionally, employees are required to notify the institution of any drug convictions resulting from a violation in the workplace no later than five days after the conviction.
MTSU does provide online resources and awareness programs to help students reduce or end their use of drugs or alcohol. For example, the university participates in the National Collegiate Alcohol Awareness Week (NCAAW), during which the school sponsors numerous programs regarding high-risk drinking prevention, alcoholism and alcohol use disorder, highway safety, and more. MTSU’s Health Promotion also offers two online assessments for risk related to alcohol and marijuana use. These assessments, Alcohol E-Checkup To Go and Marijuana E-Checkup To Go, provide personalized feedback regarding risk reduction techniques and will express how a student’s use or non-use compares to other MTSU students.
In an effort to help prevent prescription drug abuse on campus, Middle Tennessee has offered drug take-back programs through the Campus Pharmacy and the University Police. These programs help to reduce the amount of addictive prescription medications that go unused, especially prescription painkillers, anti-anxiety medications, and stimulants. | To MTSU TOC |
Off-Campus Treatment in Murfreesboro, TN
There are many resources available in the surrounding area for the students of Middle Tennessee State University. MTSU is a member of the Coalition for Healthy and Safe Campus Communities, which links colleges and universities in Tennessee to address substance abuse prevention. The coalition is currently funded by the and provides money to its member schools to implement prevention programs. Additionally, TNMHSAS offers assistance finding crisis detox programs , which may be beneficial for students who do not have an income or who are low income; help finding medically-managed inpatient detox; substance abuse treatment for adults with outpatient, inpatient, partial hospitalization, halfway house, residential, and social detox programs; opioid-specific treatment programs; and recovery services, including assessment, screening, case management, drug testing, spiritual support, recovery skills, relapse prevention, transitional housing, and transportation help.Meth-Free Tennessee offers resources to overcome an addiction to meth or to get help for a loved one who may be addicted to meth.
Although Murfreesboro, due to its size and proximity to Nashville, has a limited number of treatment programs, there are some options for rehabilitation and recovery in the area. Students in need may consider residing in Nashville for additional treatment options.Meth-Free Tennessee offers resources to overcome an addiction to meth or to get help for a loved one who may be addicted to meth.
- Addiction Campuses of Tennessee has a Spring 2 Life campus near Murfreesboro. This Christian-based drug and alcohol rehabilitation program provides support during detox, along with religiously guided therapy during rehabilitation.
- Volunteer Behavioral Health hosts The Guidance Center, located in Murfreesboro. The center includes an addiction recovery program, DUI school, and outpatient therapy for individuals, groups, and families.
- Cumberland Heights has an intensive outpatient rehabilitation program located in Murfreesboro, which is available to residents of the area and surrounding smaller towns.
- The Recovery Consulting Service provides help ending opiate addiction, assistance for those struggling with sobriety, and support for general recovery wellness, using holistic approaches to health. The practitioners who are part of this service work in Middle Tennessee, including Murfreesboro.
- Voyage Recovery offers drug and alcohol rehabilitation services in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Their focus in on Dialectical Behavior Therapy, safe detox, and aftercare, with several holistic programs to bolster the overall focus.
- TrustPoint Hospital in Murfreesboro offers medical psychiatry services on an inpatient basis, providing 10 beds to help those suffering acute issues around substance overdose and withdrawal.
Referral to Services
Counseling Services and Student Health Services at MTSU may refer students to necessary services for recovery, which may be based on age, insurance type, income, or proximity to living situation. Students who struggle with addiction and require inpatient or intensive outpatient rehabilitation, and whose families do not reside in Murfreesboro, may consider finding resources closer to loved ones who can offer support.
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- “Clean & Sober.” (December 2014). University of Missouri. Accessed February 7, 2016. | <urn:uuid:2533abaa-ffdc-4fa4-b0ef-2892c56193b4> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/college | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540531917.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211131640-20191211155640-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.951976 | 9,080 | 2.75 | 3 |
The fine mesh of the Drum Sieve is commonly used to create smooth sauces requiring a texture that is consistently even throughout the entire mixture. Apples, tomatoes and other fruits and vegetables can be strained through the mesh to create clear and consistent juices or purées. Nuts can be pressed through the steel mesh to create powdered textures such as for flour. If cheesecloth is the material used for the mesh, the foods being strained may be juices or meats, fish and vegetable stocks needing to have a consistency that can only be obtained by using a very fine mesh. With a diameter of approximately 12 inches, the Drum Sieve enables food to be prepared by spreading it out over the surface of the sieve and working it by hand with a spoon or metal utensil to accomplish the straining, sifting or pulverizing of foods. Some Drum Sieves consist of only the individual Sieve while other models may contain two drum heads, one with the sieve that lays on top of the second Drum Sieve. Clamps are built into the sides of the multi-layerd Drum Sieve so if two heads are used, they can be locked securely into place with the clamps. A Drum Sieve may also be referred to as a tamis or a Mouli Drum Sieve. | <urn:uuid:84268cfc-73fe-4364-91e5-fa8b7ff86ffb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.recipetips.com/glossary-term/t--35246/drum-sieve.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00170-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938616 | 262 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The fastest mammal on Earth
A Cheetah normally measures between 44-53 inches in length with its tail typically measuring between 26-33 inches long. Cheetahs usually weigh about 110-140 pounds and live to 10-12 years of age. It is estimated that there are 9,000-12,000 Cheetahs left in the wild. While Cheetahs were once found in Africa and Asia, they are now confined to parts of Eastern and Southwestern Africa.
Cheetahs thrive in areas where prey is abundant and prefer to live in open spaces such as semi deserts, prairies and thick bushes. In Namibia, Cheetahs are found in the Grasslands, Savannahs, dense vegetation and mountainous terrain. Ninety five percent of Cheetahs live on commercial farms.
Cheetahs shelter in dense vegetation of grassland Savannahs. They also shelter in mountainous terrain, commercial farms, bushes, medium length grass, trees and small hills. Cheetahs need lots of prey in their habitat to survive and reproduce.
Cheetahs are Apex predators. A Cheetah can be prey or a predator as lions and eagles sometimes prey on cheetahs. However, Cheetahs are usually predators themselves and are mainly carnivores. A Cheetahs favourite food is Gazelle and they also enjoy antelope, impala, deer and other medium sized grazing animals. If this food isn't available they will feed on rabbits, frogs, birds, lizards and eggs. Although they are carnivores they can eat fruits such as watermelon.
The Cheetah cub is the beginning of a Cheetah's life cycle. At birth the Cheetah cub weighs between 150-300g and has black spots. When a Cheetah is 2 months old it opens it's eyes and sees the wild for the first time. At 4 months old it can walk by itself and at the age of 6 months it stops drinking from it's mother and eats real food. A cub leaves it's mother at 18 months to form sibling groups that stay together for another 6 months. The female cubs leave their sibling group at 2 years old, while the males remain together for life. For the following years they will hunt,sleep and reproduce.
The Cheetah's biome is African Grasslands or Savannah.
- The Cheetah is named after an Indian word meaning "spotted one"
- The Cheetah is the fastest land animal in the world.
- Early people trained Cheetahs for hunting. | <urn:uuid:2bf00f1e-7173-4312-a605-41545ea6e47f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://tackk.com/89c522 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284270.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00525-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952851 | 518 | 3.53125 | 4 |
This course is designed to introduce students to the range of experimental techniques that are in routine use in a functioning biochemistry laboratory. Whenever possible, the course combines lectures illustrating the scientific principles underlying a particular technique with hands-on experience of the methodology in the laboratory.
The field of Molecular and Cellular Biology has given scientists unprecedented control over species manipulation and development. This course will have an in-depth coverage of the structure, function, and synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins. In this course, we will discuss the nature of genes and chromosomes (the repositories of genetic information) and the mechanics of DNA synthesis and genome replication, followed by discussions on repair, recombination and transposition. We will also discuss the pathways of gene expression (transcription, RNA processing, and translation) and the mechanisms of regulating these pathways, with special emphasis on transcriptional control.
This course will focus on the cellular biochemistry of higher organisms: mechanisms of cellular communication, intracellular signaling, cell growth and oncogenic transformation. During the course two basic cellular structures will be discussed: membrane and mitochondria, two important key players in cell signaling and cell death. Concepts like cell signaling, cell cycle, oxidative stress and cell death will be reviewed. The course will end with an introductory lecture on stem cell biology. Recent experimental findings and new approaches used to investigate how cells work will be emphasized. Students will also be taught how to explore the cell biology literature and to critically evaluate scientific publications.
This course is designed to prepare students in learning advanced cellular biochemistry and metabolism under physiological and pathophysiological conditions for successful careers in academia and biotechnology industries. The course also provides enhanced education opportunities for students who wish to extend their knowledge, experience, and opportunities as independent scientists in academic research at universities, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, health/biomedical science management or teaching. In this course, an overwiew of cellular biochemistry will be given to understand the biochemistry of cellular functions and metabolism. The mechanism of cellular communication and their regulation in normal physiology and pathophysiological conditions will also be discussed.
Dysfunction of the human brain can produce a wide variety of neurological and psychiatric illnesses. Over the past decades, neuroscientists have begun to unravel the basic underlying mechanisms of a number of important diseases of the nervous system, at the cellular, molecular and genetic levels. None of these disorders are completely understood, and, perhaps more importantly, none are yet susceptible to either total prevention or cure, so that these conditions remain among the most important health problems of our society. These lectures are designed to familiarize the students with basic information about two important neurological disorders Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington's disease, and Prion diseases, focusing on a relatively brief clinical description of the condition and a more in depth discussion on current hypotheses about the mechanisms underlying these diseases.
This course will provide students the chance to rotate through the laboratory of a potential supervisor to learn about the various projects in progress with emphasis on acquainting themselves with the type of research work and techniques being used in that laboratory. Regular attendance (one hour per week) and active participation of the student in observing and learning about these projects is of great importance. The students should study the literature provided by the supervisors and familiarize themselves with the research activities being carried out in the laboratory.
This course is designed to introduce the students to the fundamentals of Molecular Biology. The first part introduced the students to the fundamentals of DNA and RNA and how they are used to make proteins. This part of the course consists of the structure/function of nucleic acids, how DNA is assembled into chromatin, replicated, transcribed into RNA, and translated into proteins. Alongside, students are introduced to the concept of genes and how gene expression is regulated, followed by how this process differs in prokaryotes that do not have a nucleus, and eukaryotes, organisms with nucleus. The second part of the course introduces the students to how problems with DNA replication and expression can lead to "errors" that result in disease and how one can study DNA/RNA/proteins in "Molecular Medicine". Thus, this part of the course discusses mutations, how mutations are repaired in the body, and how changes in the structure of DNA can be introduced via specific recombination systems to create diversity. This is followed by a series of lectures on how one can study DNA, RNA, and proteins at the molecular level to study and diagnose diseases and even use these methods for cloning and creating new types of DNA molecules. The course ends with a lecture on how the body uses RNA (RNAi) to control gene expression, a new area that is revolutionizing Molecular Biology.
This course is designed to teach students advanced level of molecular structure and functions of nucleic acids and proteins. Range of experimental techniques that are in routine use in identifying the structure and functions of DNA, RNA and proteins will be taught and/or demonstrated. The course will also include topics on how cells communicate and die. Whenever possible, the course combines lectures illustrating the scientific principles underlying a particular technique with hands-on experience of the methodology in the advanced molecular biology laboratory.
This course will provide students with foundational concepts in general chemistry to enable them to understand the physiology and biochemistry of the human body in health and disease which they will study in subsequent courses. During the Chemistry practicals, students will be introduced to the principles of safe laboratory practice and will become familiar with the equipment commonly used in the chemistry laboratory. Students will become familiar with scientific writing in terms of completing laboratory reports.
This course is divided into two parts. The first part will discuss the biology of cells of higher organisms: the structure and function of cellular membranes and organelles; the cytoskeleton, the extracellular matrix and cell movements; the cell death and cell junctions; the chromatin structure and genes. During the second part the students will be introduced to the different classes of the basic molecules of life (amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids and vitamins), the differences in their structure and function and how these form into biochemical complex compounds. Related areas such as pH, buffers and enzyme mechanisms will also be discussed.
This course is designed to prepare students in learning introductory biochemistry which includes cellular communication and metabolism for successful progress in organ system. The course will provide basic knowledge of cellular communication and receptor based cell signalling by hormones and intracellular signalling mechanisms which control cellular growth and metabolism. The course will also introduce you with basic concept of cellular metabolism (anabolism i.e. synthesis of biomolecules and catabolism i.e. breakdown of biomolecules) in different compartments of cells using carbohydrate (sugars), nucleotides, lipids, and amino acid metabolism as examples. You will also learn about the metabolism and excretion of the important metabolic waste products such as urea and bilirubin. Since liver is a central organ for nutrient metabolism, synthesis, storage and secretion/excretion of metabolic products, you will also learn many functions of the liver in maintaining metabolic homeostasis. During this Course, the students will learn in details, the processes by which cells metabolize their nutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and nucleotides). They will also learn how cells are communicating with each other and how their metabolism are controlled and regulated. | <urn:uuid:92ecad84-08d5-4b33-96c7-1cd9923a153d> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.uaeu.ac.ae/en/catalog/courses/course_2901.shtml?id=BMB605 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824899.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021205648-20171021225648-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.929005 | 1,502 | 2.734375 | 3 |
New Hampshire Wildlife Management Areas
Perkins Pond Wildlife Management Area
Acquisition History: Fifty-five acres were purchased from a private landowner in 1958 for a dam site and flowage rights. Additional acreage was obtained between 1960 and 1971.
Description: Perkins Pond and its marshes are the most dominant natural features comprising 75 acres of the area. A dam controls the water level of Perkins Pond. The pond consists of emergent and shrub/scrub wetland habitat. The upland area totals 167 acres along the western edge of the marsh, and rises some 400 feet in elevation to the top of Mount Misery. The forest consists primarily of oak, beech, birch, maple, white pine and Eastern hemlock.
Common Wildlife: Wildlife includes white-tailed deer, snowshoe hare, ruffed grouse, moose, and black bear. Wetland species include a variety of fur bearing animals, such as beaver and muskrat, and waterfowl, such as mallards, hooded mergansers, black ducks, Canada geese and wood ducks. You may also see great blue herons, green herons, and Amercan bitterns wading in the pond, looking for fish. The pond contains smallmouth bass, pickerel, and horned pout, and is stocked annually with brook trout.
Special Notes: The water-control structure was completely refurbished in 1993. There is a small parking area located at the dam with a site from which visitors can launch canoes and small boats. Duck boxes are maintained on the marsh. Perkins Pond Marsh was designated a "prime wetland" in 1985 by the Weare Conservation Commission. A wildlife habitat improvement project and timber harvest was conducted during 2003 and 2004. This project included cuts adjacent to the marsh to improve waterfowl habitat and management in the uplands to regenerate aspen and red oak and to release hemlock regeneration.
Directions: From South Weare, at the junction of Routes 149 and 77, take Route 149 west towards Hillsborough 1.7 miles. The marsh lies on the south side of the road. Parking is available for several cars at the dam.
DeLorme N.H. Atlas and Gazetteer coordinates: Page 27, J 10 | <urn:uuid:be2be4b5-0944-4e0d-88b2-141c1a6ef528> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.wildlife.state.nh.us/Wildlife/WMAs/WMA_Perkins_Pond.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298819.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00203-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950371 | 471 | 2.859375 | 3 |
NIOSH Research Improves Equipment Design to Protect Firefighters
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 2015-183
A Story of Impact:
In the United States, approximately 1.1 million firefighters risk their lives to put out fires and rescue people from burning buildings and other dangerous situations.1 On average, 90 to 100 firefighters die in the line of duty each year.1 In 2010, firefighters suffered approximately 72,000 injuries. The average rate of fatal workplace injuries in firefighters was 16.6 per 100,000 employed, which was 4 times higher than the rate for all workers in 2006.2 Firefighters rely heavily on their equipment and gear to help protect them from being injured or killed in crashes, rollover incidents, and excessive thermal and chemical exposures. They can also benefit from ergonomically designed fire apparatus to enhance safe operation and reduce other risks, such as falls from vehicles. However, poor fit of personal protective equipment (PPE), gear, and fire apparatus can compromise performance and safety. For example, if seat belts cannot be buckled by larger firefighters wearing their gear, the firefighters will not be protected by these lifesaving devices.
In 2006, the National Fallen Firefighters Foundation reported the need to consider firefighter anthropometry (body size and shape information) when designing fire apparatus (i.e., vehicle) and equipment (i.e., body restraint, bunker gear, cab, mask, seat). A group of firefighter associations and fire apparatus manufacturers proposed a survey of U.S. firefighters to address fire-apparatus design issues and to update the NFPA standards for apparatus and PPE.* In response, NIOSH collaborated with the firefighter community, firefighter apparatus manufacturers, and the NFPA standards committee to plan and conduct a national survey on firefighter anthropometry during 2008-2012 and transferred data and knowledge into product design processes.
NIOSH produced a database that was shared with 17 firefighter associations and firefighter apparatus manufacturers to begin updating their designs of seat belts, fire truck cabs, gloves, boots, seats, self-contained breathing apparatus carrying straps, and protective clothing. NIOSH also developed a series of advanced theories in measuring human body size and shape and its effect on fire apparatus operation to assist the fire apparatus and equipment industry in fire apparatus arrangement and PPE sizing determinations. The NIOSH research team worked with professional associations and fire apparatus and PPE companies on using the data and theories to inform design processes for improved engineering innovations. For example, a fire department in a very large metropolitan area retrofitted older fire apparatus with new seatbelt systems based on the NIOSH data. The NIOSH national firefighter anthropometry data, along with the robust partnerships established throughout this effort, contributed to an NFPA standards update on seatbelt specifications, which resulted in science-based modifications to seatbelt length, configuration, and retracting systems.3 This standard guides manufacturers in their design process and fire departments in their purchase requirements. The improved fire apparatus and PPE designs will better fit future firefighters and help protect them against injuries and hazardous exposures. This study sets a model for conducting similar studies of other special groups (e.g., law enforcement officers and emergency medical service workers) for effective equipment design.
- NIOSH collected anthropometry data from 951 firefighters in four US regions (Rockville, MD; Philadelphia, PA; Phoenix, AZ; and Fort Worth, TX).2
- On average, male firefighters were 22 lbs heavier and female firefighters were 1.1 inches taller than their counterparts in the general U.S. population. They also have larger upper-body builds than the general U.S. population.2
- The data obtained in this study provide the first available U.S. national firefighter anthropometric information for fire apparatus and firefighter PPE designs.
- NIOSH . Firefighter fatality investigation and prevention program [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/fire/implweb.html].
- Hongwei H, Whitestone J, Kau T, Whisler R, Routley JG, Wilbur M . Sizing firefighters: methods and implications. Hum Factors 56(5):873-910.
- NFPA . NFPA 1901 Standard for Fire Apparatus, 2009 Edition. Quincy, Massachusetts: National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).
* National Fallen Firefighters Foundation, National Fire Protection Association, International Association of Women in Fire and Emergency Services, International Association of Fire Chiefs, International Association of Fire Fighters, National Fire Protection Association, and Fire Apparatus Manufacturers' Association | <urn:uuid:7f61e5be-9122-4190-ae1a-75bdf24fa597> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2015-183/default.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829140.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20181218102019-20181218124019-00396.warc.gz | en | 0.912282 | 920 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The carcasses of large pelagic vertebrates that sink to the seafloor represent a bounty of food to the deep-sea benthos, but natural food-falls have been rarely observed. Here were report on the first observations of three large ‘fish-falls’ on the deep-sea floor: a whale shark (Rhincodon typus) and three mobulid rays (genus Mobula). These observations come from industrial remotely operated vehicle video surveys of the seafloor on the Angola continental margin. The carcasses supported moderate communities of scavenging fish (up to 50 individuals per carcass), mostly from the family Zoarcidae, which appeared to be resident on or around the remains. Based on a global dataset of scavenging rates, we estimate that the elasmobranch carcasses provided food for mobile scavengers over extended time periods from weeks to months. No evidence of whale-fall type communities was observed on or around the carcasses, with the exception of putative sulphide-oxidising bacterial mats that outlined one of the mobulid carcasses. Using best estimates of carcass mass, we calculate that the carcasses reported here represent an average supply of carbon to the local seafloor of 0.4 mg m−2d−1, equivalent to ∼4% of the normal particulate organic carbon flux. Rapid flux of high-quality labile organic carbon in fish carcasses increases the transfer efficiency of the biological pump of carbon from the surface oceans to the deep sea. We postulate that these food-falls are the result of a local concentration of large marine vertebrates, linked to the high surface primary productivity in the study area.
Citation: Higgs ND, Gates AR, Jones DOB (2014) Fish Food in the Deep Sea: Revisiting the Role of Large Food-Falls. PLoS ONE9(5): e96016. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096016
Editor: John F. Valentine, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, United States of America
Received: January 31, 2014; Accepted: March 22, 2014; Published: May 7, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Higgs et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: Nicholas Higgs was supported by a Research Fellowship from the Plymouth University Marine Institute (www.plymouth.ac.uk/marine). Andrew Gates was funded by NERC through the SERPENT Project (www.serpentproject.com). Daniel Jones was funded for this work as part of the NERC Marine Environmental Mapping Programme MAREMAP (www.maremap.ac.uk). BP (www.bp.com/)provided resources for the study in the form of the video data and authorised its use for publication. The funders had no role in study design, data analysis, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
In the absence of sunlight, most animals in the deep ocean (below 200 m) are reliant on detritus from the surface waters as their primary source of food. This is mainly composed of dead plankton and fecal pellets produced by zooplankton, which are exported to the deep seafloor as fine particles of ‘marine snow’. Particulate organic carbon (POC) export to the deep-sea decreases exponentially with depth and is believed to play a key role in structuring deep-sea communities–. Temporal fluctuations in the quantity and quality of POC can have marked effects on the benthic community below, and some animals appear to be specially adapted to respond to these changes.
While most detritus reaches the seafloor as millimetre sized particles of marine snow, the remains of large plants, algae and animals arrive as bulk parcels that create areas of intense organic enrichment. Early investigation of this phenomenon looked at the utilisation of wood and other plant remains in the deep-sea –, while baited camera traps revealed a host of scavengers that consumed animal carcasses , . Additionally, chance photographs of intact mammal carcasses and skeletons on the deep-sea floor were also reported –, prompting discussion of the role that food-falls play in deep-sea food chains . Specifically, it was doubted that food-falls could be frequent enough to support apparent specialist scavengers .
These discussions were brought to the fore with the serendipitous discovery of an intact whale skeleton at bathyal depths off California . Intriguingly, the skeleton hosted chemoautotrophic fauna similar to those seen at hydrothermal vents, thriving off hydrogen sulphide generated by the anaerobic decomposition of skeletal lipids . This finding showed that the very largest food-falls may play more ecologically significant roles than simply feeding scavengers. Subsequent studies of both natural and experimentally implanted whale carcasses (whale-falls) have provided evidence that these habitats go through several ecological stages in which different trophic guilds dominate , . This ecological succession is responsible for the comparatively high species diversity at found whale-fall habitats , including specialists such as the bone-eating Osedax worms and bone-eating snails Rubyspira . Thus, whale-falls may play a significant role in maintaining biodiversity over ecological and evolutionary time scales by increasing the range of ecological niche space , .
The enhanced diversity associated with whale-fall habitats has been attributed to their large size, high lipid content of the bones, and their multi-decadal persistence on the seafloor –, all of which are probably interrelated . There has been much speculation about the ability of non-mammalian food-falls to host whale-fall type communities – and the carcass size required to attract and sustain whale-fall communities –, but studies on the fate of vertebrate remains at bathyal depths have been restricted to either small porpoise and dolphin carcasses , or large whale carcasses e.g. , . Here we report the on chance discovery of several large ‘fish-falls’ comprised of a whale shark carcass and three mobulid ray carcasses from the deep seafloor off Angola. We describe the associated fauna and discuss the role of these large food-falls on deep-sea ecosystems.
Materials and Methods
Standard definition video of chance encounters with large elasmobranch carcasses observed during Subsea 7 Hercules remotely operated vehicle (ROV) operations from the vessel M. V. Bourbon Oceanteam 101 were analysed. Four clips collected between 22nd June 2008 and 14th May 2010, ranging from 29 seconds to 4 minutes 58 seconds in length were available for analysis. Full details of the video are shown in Table 1. The video data were collected as part of seafloor surveys of seafloor structures undertaken by BP Angola and partners in license block 18 offshore of Angola (Figure 1). The data were made available for analysis via the SERPENT Project (www.serpentproject.com).
The opportunistic nature of the data collection resulted in several limitations. No faunal samples were collected, so all taxonomic identifications are tentative (Table 2), based on consultation with a selection of taxonomic experts. There is no available indication of the sampling effort required to obtain these four observations and there was no inherent sampling design in the observations. The industrial class ROVs that were used to undertake the surveys were not fitted with parallel lasers for determining scale, making it difficult to attain accurate size measurements of objects in the videos. As a result the data reported here is primarily qualitative, using best estimates of size where necessary, based on previously published data.
Quantitative values for comparison with previous studies were calculated by combining the occurrence data from the video with best estimates from the literature. Values for carcass size were used to estimate the time that each carcass had been on the seafloor, based on previously recorded rates of scavenging in the deep sea. The mass and time values for each carcass were then integrated over the entire area bounding their occurrence (convex hull) to obtain an estimate of the mass flux to that area of seabed. Mass flux was converted to carbon flux according to empirically determined conversion factors reported in the literature. These calculations are sensitive to changes in the area that the carcass mass is integrated over and we chose the convex hull since it requires the fewest assumptions. We consider this a conservative estimate since much of this area was not surveyed and may have contained further carcasses.
Results and Discussion
During routine seabed surveys over the course of two years, the carcass of a whale shark and three mobulid rays were found by chance on the seafloor at bathyal depths on the Angola continental margin (Figure 1). It is extremely rare to encounter natural food-falls; in five decades of deep-sea photography and exploration only nine vertebrate carcasses have ever been documented–, , , –. To find four in such close proximity is unprecedented, suggesting that large food-falls are common in the region. The cause of death of the animals identified here is unknown and most carcasses appear to have arrived at the seabed intact (see below). There is no targeted fishery for whale sharks and mobulid rays off Angola, but ship strikes and accidental entanglement are common sources of anthropogenic mortality , . Natural mortality is usually the result of opportunistic attacks by sharks and killer whales –.
Whale shark carcass
Whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) have only recently been documented in oceanic waters off of Angola, and appear to be more common in water depths over 1,000 m in this region . This affinity for deep-water suggests that whale shark carcasses may be a common form of food-fall for deep-sea scavengers in this area. The remnants of a whale shark were found at a depth of 1210 m, resting dorsal-side up on the seafloor (Figure 2A). Only the anterior part of the body remained, consisting of a fleshy head, pectoral fins, pectoral girdle and a portion of the spine trailing posteriorly.
A Whale shark (Rhincodon typus); B Mobulid carcass 1; C Mobulid carcass 2; D Mobulid Carcass 3. Images have been enhanced. Originals and details of enhancements are available in Figure S1.
Without an accurate scale we can only speculate on the actual size of the carcass. Of the 10 records of whale sharks off Angola reported by Weir eight were estimated to be in the 5–7 m length-range. One specimen observed over a prolonged period swimming next to an oil platform was estimated to be ∼15 m long . Additional records of large whale-sharks off Angola come from strandings records of individuals measuring 11.5 m and 15.9 m in length . If the mean length of the sighted sharks reported by Weir is taken as representative we can estimate that carcass filmed here would be approximately 7.3 m long, equating to ∼3,600 kg body mass . With reference to the video footage, detailed anatomical measurements of an 8.75 m long specimen can provide some context of scale for features observed here: its mouth was 1.7 m wide and the distance from the snout to the origin of the pectoral fin was 2 m. The pectoral fin was 1.47 m long, measured along its outer margin and 0.67 m wide at its base.
The carcass was attended by 18 zoarcids (eelpouts), cf. Pachycara crassiceps, which have also been observed at baited camera traps in this area . No active feeding on the carcass was observed, and most of the fish remained stationary on or near the carcass. This ‘roosting’ behavior is typical of Pachycara species, which have long residence times at bait , . Although some zoarcids are thought to directly consume bait , benthic fauna are their main prey , particularly small crustaceans such as amphipods, , . Pachycara sp. have previously been observed scavenging an elasmobranch carcass, creating “long, deep groves” as they feed on amphipods that have bored into the flesh . Such grooves can bee seen in the head portion of the carcass, indicating that these fish have actively fed on the carcass (Video S1). Witte noted that the dorsal part of the elasmobranch carcass was the primary site of consumption by all scavengers, which might explain why the posterior part of the carcass is missing. No other fauna were observed on or around the carcass, but the camera did not allow detection of low densities of macrofauna that may have been present.
As with whale sharks, the occurrence of mobulid rays (genera: Mobula and Manta) off Angola was poorly documented until recent hydrocarbon exploration facilitated dedicated surveys for marine megafauna and additional recent observations at exploration drilling locations (http://archive.serpentproject.com/2148/). Sightings of mobulids observed in this region range in size between 1–3 m disc diameter, typical of Mobula japonica/M. mobular species complex, which was positively identified in the area . This equates to a mass of 10–280 kg in weight, whereas individuals of Manta birostris are typically 4.5 m disc diameter, though can reach over 7 m (1,200 kg), , .
The remains of an individual Mobula were found 1.46 km south of the whale-shark carcass at a depth of 1233 m (Figure 2B). The skeleton was mostly intact and articulated, with its anterior-posterior axis aligned in a southeast-northwest direction. There was very little flesh remaining, and most of the right wing and head region were covered in sediment. The entire left wing was unsedimented, while the right was exposed revealing a fully articulated skeletal structure, held in place by connective tissue.
The carcass was attended by at least 20 zoarcid fish, one of which appeared to be feeding to the right of the skull (Video S2). A singular hagfish, Myxine ios was observed feeding on the left wing of the ray (time 00:14 in Video S2), before swimming off to the west of the carcass. A grenadier, possibly Coryphaenoides marshalli or Coryphaenoides guentheri (from depth distribution), was initially seen approaching the carcass from the west-southwest and abruptly changing direction towards the southeast when over the carcass. It then paused and drifted for a few seconds before heading away to the east, without directly contacting the carcass. Throughout the observation a small benthic ray (likely Bathyraja sp.) could be seen in the background to the northwest of the carcass. At one point it approached the carcass and skirted its posterior flank, but did not seem to come into contact with it, and then moved away again. A synaphobranchid eel, likely Synaphobranchus kaupii, was observed slowly swimming directly over the carcass, but again did not interact with it before approaching the ROV and swimming away. As this fish swam away another exactly like it was seen approaching the carcass, again from the northwest, and did not interact with the carcass. The only invertebrate observed was a starfish (Asteroidea), lying a short distance to the west of the carcass.
A second mobulid carcass was found ∼1.5 km west of the first carcass at a depth of 1237 m. The skeleton was articulated and bare of flesh, but both wings were covered in sediment, with only a small portion of the left wing tip protruding above the sediment. The remainder of the skeleton rested above the sediment and was attended by at least 54 zoarcid fish. Several fish were observed actively feeding on remnants of flesh inside the skeleton, but most were inactive, exhibiting roosting behaviour as they wait to prey upon small invertebrate scavengers (Video S3).
An apparent zone of enrichment can be seen extending around the skeleton, demarcated by white mat, presumably made up of sulphide oxidising bacteria, common at whale-falls . This mat represents the area of seafloor where organic matter from the carcass has become incorporated into the sediment and is being broken down anaerobically. The video footage is not of sufficient quality to permit detection of individual macrofauna but no large aggregations of chemoautotrophic clams or other fauna typical of sulphide-rich sediments could be observed in or around the zone of enrichment.
The relative size of the skeleton in relation to the zoarcids, coupled with much higher numbers of fish attending the skeleton suggests that it may be that of the larger manta ray, Manta birostris. Other skeletal features also suggest this may be the case, but diagnostic features at the anterior end of the carcass are not visible in the video footage, so we are unable to confirm this (M. Paig-Tran, personal communication). There is a single record of M. birostris off Angola, but this oceanic species is believed to be widely distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics .
A third mobulid carcass (Mobula sp.) was found 180 m to the east of carcass 1, one year later on. The skeleton was mainly articulated, with the exception of the left wing, the remains of which appeared to be deposited at the rear of the skeleton. Thin threads of flesh were hanging on the skull and a chunk of flesh at the posterior end of the spine. The head of the carcass was pointing towards the north-northwest, indicating that it was not simply a resighting of carcass 1. Furthermore, this carcass still had flesh visible suggesting it was more recently deposited than carcass 1.
The carcass was attended by 13 zoarcid fish (cf. Lycodes terranovae) three of which were juveniles (Video S4). No feeding was observed and fish remained stationary until disturbed by the ROV.
Time of deposition
It is difficult to asses the full significance of these natural food-falls without an estimate of the time that they have been on the seafloor prior to discovery. Radiochemical dating techniques have previously been used to estimate the age of several naturally occurring whale-falls , but without physical samples this method cannot be employed here. Another option is to compare the amount of soft tissues left on the carcasses with known scavenging rates to constrain the time that the carcasses have been on the seafloor. Deep-sea scavenging assemblages have been well documented off Southern California, where scavenging rates appears to be a logarithmic function of the carcass weight .
Subsequent studies of food-falls (mostly whale carcasses) from several ocean basins provide data for a global analysis of carcass scavenging rates (Figure 3). The logarithmic relationship between scavenging rates and carcass size appears to be a global phenomenon, although the data are more variable than the analysis for the Southern California basins, as might be expected. According to this relationship a 3,000 kg whale shark is expected to be scavenged at a rate of ∼32 kgd-1, resulting in total consumption of the carcass in 3 months. Approximately 20% of the whale shark carcass was still present when observed, indicating that this carcass had been on the seafloor for over two months. For comparison a gray whale carcass, of similar size to whale shark carcass (5000 kg), had 90% of it's soft tissues removed by mobile scavengers in four months at 1220 m depth in the San Catalina Basin off California, equivalent to 37 kgd-1 . Based on the same relationship, the smaller Mobula carcasses (carcasses 1 & 3) had probably been on the seafloor for at least 1-2 weeks.
A logarithmic regression (solid black line defined by the equation) y = 4.345ln(x) − 3.222)explained a significant proportion of the variance in the relationship; R2 = 0.84, F(1,30) = 154.6, p <0.001. Data and references are presented in Dataset S1. Areas highlighted in turquoise indicate possible range in mass of the mobulid carcasses (left) and whale shark carcass (right). Corresponding dashed gray lines show best estimate for the mass of each carcass type and hence scavenging rate according to the regression equation.
There are several reasons to suggest that these values are minimum estimates for the amount of time that the carcasses have been present on the bottom. Very little scavenging was observed in the video footage, despite a large amount of flesh on some carcasses, showing that they were no longer being scavenged at maximal rates. Additionally, available evidence suggests that elasmobranch carrion is scavenged at much lower rates than other forms of carrion (Figure 3). When presented with elasmobranch and tuna bait on a baited camera trap, scavengers clearly preferred tuna and only consumed the elasmobranch once the tuna was gone (Jannasch 1977). Another study reported an extremely low scavenging rate of 0.38 kg/day on an elasmobranch carcass at 1900 m in the Western Arabian Sea . Repeated experiments in this region using teleost fish as bait showed a 10-fold increase in scavenging rates compared to that when elasmobranch was used .
Depressed scavenging rates on elasmobranch carcasses may be the result of their tough, denticulate skin, making flesh difficult to access, or the flesh itself may be unpalatable. Decomposing elasmobranch flesh contains high concentrations of ammonia, related to the physiological mechanisms used in buoyancy control. Other uncharacterized chemicals that are found in rotting elasmobranch flesh (necromones) have been proven to strongly deter shark scavenging and invoke an alarm response, even among different species of elasmobranch . If this phenomenon extends to deep-sea scavenging elasmobranchs, it can be assumed that the Portugese dogfish, Centroscymnus coelolepis, would have been deterred from scavenging the elasmobranch carcasses. This will have severely hindered utilization of the carcasses by other species, since C. coelolepis is the dominant scavenger off the Angola margin .
Ecological role of large fish-falls
There is no evidence that the animal communities associated with the whale shark and ray carcasses had progressed beyond a scavenging stage (sensu Smith & Baco) . Only mobulid carcass 2 showed signs of seabed enrichment, but the high abundance of macrofauna evident at whale-falls in the enrichment opportunist stage were not observed here. The absence of characteristic whale-fall fauna at the whale shark and mobulid carcasses may indicate that carcasses of this size and nature do not support whale-fall type communities. This is not surprising considering the nature of elasmobranch carcasses. Their flesh is primarily muscular and lacks the fatty blubber layer carried by whales. Their skeleton is unmineralised and so is prone to rapid degradation, even compared to teleost bones . Indeed, fossil remains of elasmobranchs are almost exclusively restricted to teeth. Nor do their skeletons hold stores of lipid-rich bone marrow as seen in marine mammals, which may contribute to their rapid degradation . At whale carcasses it is the breakdown of this lipid-rich bone marrow and blubber that generates the hydrogen sulphide and methane to support chemosynthetic fauna , , . Therefore, it seems unlikely that large fish carcasses are capable of sustaining chemosynthetic fauna over ecologically significant time periods, as seen at whale-falls.
In contrast to the chemosynthetic fauna described from whale-falls, Osedax bone worms appear to utilise the collagen matrix of bones, not lipid-rich marrow and experimental evidence shows that they are capable of living on fish bones . The Osedax genus appears to have a wide distribution being found off California , Japan , Sweden and the Southern Ocean , so can be expected to be found off the West Africa margin. Despite the collagen-rich food resource presented by the skeletons of the marine vertebrates, no evidence of Osedax could be detected on any of the carcasses. Only carcass 3 was investigated in close enough detail to detect low-density Osedax colonisation and no worms could be observed. In the early stages of carcass colonisation Osedax may not be visible in ROV surveys, but over time their abundance increases to the point at which they densely cover bone surfaces and become evident at the macroscale . Previous studies have recorded Osedax colonisation on isolated carcasses within 9–10 weeks , so it may be that the carcasses have not yet been colonised by the local Osedax population or juveniles may be too small to detect. It is therefore not possible to conclusively rule out the presence of Osedax at these carcasses, owing to the low resolution of the video footage, but observations here suggest they do not occur in the high densities reported from other whale-falls , . The intact nature of the skeletons also seem to preclude sustained Osedax activity, at least on the mobulid carcasses. Perhaps Osedax may have been responsible for the deterioration of the posterior section of the whale shark carcass as the bones became exposed by scavengers, but no evidence of Osedax on the present vertebra was observed.
The observations here suggest that even the largest non-mammalian carcasses are primarily a significant food source for mobile scavengers in the deep sea and do not support further successional stages seen at whale falls. An extensive baited camera study off Angola (13 sites between 1293 m and 2453 m) showed that five species dominated the local scavenging assemblage: the Portuguese dogfish Centroscymnus coelolepis, the snubnosed eel Simenchelys parasitica, the arrow tooth eel Synaphobranchus kaupii, the blue hake Antimora rostrata and Pachycara crassiceps . Of these, only Synaphobranchus and Pachycara were observed at the elasmobranch carcasses in this study. The reduced feeding of C. coelolepis at the carcasses (discussed above) would have also hindered the feeding of S. parasitica, which is reliant C. coelolepis to tear through the tough skin and expose soft flesh . The total dominance of zoarcid fish at these carcasses, with occasional appearances of myxinids, macrourids and synaphobranchids is in keeping with scavenging community composition at experimental bait deployments in the Arabian Sea . Numerous baited camera studies have shown that zoarcids are late-arriving scavengers, with high residence times at food-falls , , , . Zoarcids became the dominant scavengers at a 23 kg elasmobranch carcass after ∼48 hours, (coinciding with a decrease in crustacean scavengers) and remained in high abundances until the experiment ended after 126 hours . Baited camera observations have lasted only a matter hours to days, but the evidence presented here shows that zoarcid fish remain dominant at carcasses for extended time periods, in the order of months.
Food-falls and bentho-pelagic coupling
The survey area is located just to the south of the Zaire/Congo River plume, where upwelling results in high levels of primary productivity, in the order or 100–200 mg C m−2d−1 , . Of this ∼5–10% (9.8 mg C m−2d−1) is exported to the deep sea as particulate organic carbon (POC) . However, POC flux only accounts for 25% of the carbon requirements of the deep-sea benthic community in this area . This deficit is a common feature of deep-sea carbon budgets and suggests that additional sources are important in sustaining deep-sea communities . Lateral carbon transfer from the continental shelf probably makes up a large proportion of the unaccounted carbon on this margin , but there is growing evidence that large, fast-sinking food-falls can also transfer significant amounts of carbon from the upper ocean to the deep seafloor –.
To provide a minimum estimate of the importance of these carcasses to the biological pump some simple calculations can be made. If the estimated carbon content of the carcasses (8% wet wt.) , is integrated over the entire area bounding their occurrence (1.23 km2) and over the estimated time since first and last deposition (738 days), then the average rate of carbon delivery to the seabed by the elasmobranch carcasses equates to 0.4 mg m−2d−1, i.e. 0.2% of the total surface primary production. This figure exceeds (by an order of magnitude) previous estimates of the relative importance of whale carcasses as sources of carbon. For example, Smith calculates that “it is difficult to imagine that the flux of great-whale detritus would exceed 0.3% of seafloor POC flux anywhere in the deep sea”, yet in this instance large elasmobranch food-falls are equivalent to 4% of the total POC flux to the seafloor. This figure is more in line with the 11–13% of POC flux, estimated to be the total contribution from carrion across all taxa to carbon input to the Santa Catalina Basin . On this local scale the carcasses of planktivorous elasmobranchs appear to play a important role in the supply of organic carbon from the surface ocean to the deep seafloor. The most direct beneficiaries are deep-sea scavenger populations, which have been show to mirror fluctuations in the abundance of fish in surface waters .
Whale sharks and mobulid rays feed directly on patchy dense aggregations of zooplankton, which means that their distributions are closely linked to environmental determinants of food availability; more so than other large marine animals that feed at higher trophic levels . Sea-surface temperatures have been found to be the best correlate of whale shark sightings in oceanic waters, with 90% of sightings in the Indian Ocean occurring between 26–30°C . Sea-surface temperatures off northern Angola, especially in spring and summer, closely match this optimal temperature envelope and sightings of whale sharks appear to corroborate the association . Mobulids show a preference for slightly cooler waters in the range of 20–26°C , which is more characteristic of autumn and winter sea surface temperatures off Angola . This area of the Angola margin also has a particularly rich cetacean fauna with high relative abundances of sperm whales and humpback whales and sightings of the most massive bony fish, the ocean sunfish (Mola mola), are common , probably related to their diet of zooplankton . We therefore suggest that this region is a ‘hotspot’ for planktivorous megafauna, created by a combination of high surface primary productivity and optimal temperature ranges for poikilothermic plankton feeders.
Pelagic communities that have a high proportion of large planktivorous megafauna are expected to have an increased flux of carbon from surface to deep waters through two interrelated mechanisms. Firstly, surface primary production can support a higher total biomass of large animals than that of small ones because of increasing metabolic efficiencies that scale with size, i.e. less energy is lost through trophic transfer . Secondly, larger animals have lower rates of predation than smaller ones, so a higher proportion of their biomass is exported to the deep sea rather than recycled in the pelagic food chain . These theoretical predictions are supported by our findings, indicating an enhanced transfer efficiency of the biological pump in this area, with increased food supply to the deep-sea benthic community.
In contrast to previous assumptions, food-falls of large animal carcasses can be common in parts of the deep-sea, as evidenced by the finding of four large elasmobranch carcasses over an area of just 1.48 km2 on the Angola continental margin. These carcasses can support scavenger communities on the deep seafloor for weeks to months at a time, but unlike larger marine mammal carcasses, they do not appear to host characteristic “whale-fall” fauna and are primarily significance for mobile scavengers. Large food-falls may be particularly frequent where oceanographic conditions create areas of high productivity, attracting planktivorous megafauna. Our results suggest that in such areas the large food-falls can account for a significant proportion of carbon export to the deep-sea, approximately 10 times larger than previous estimates for a single taxon. This increased export is expected to result in a relatively high proportion of local surface primary production reaching the deep-seafloor, supporting a more abundant community of deep-sea scavengers.
Data, methodology and references used to construct Figure 3.
Original images corresponding to those of Figure 2.
We are very grateful to Barry Ward, who first alerted us to the existence of this data. We thank BP Angola (Block 18) B.V. on behalf of its partners for providing the data to support this paper. Assistance identifying the scavenging fish was provided by Kenneth Sulak, Eric Anderson and Oliver Crimmen. Misty Paig-Tran kindly provided information on the morphology and identification of the mobulid carcasses.
Analyzed the data: NDH ARG DOBJ. Wrote the paper: NDH ARG DOBJ. Prepared Supporting Information: NDH.
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The iPad was invented in 2010 which seems incredibly recent (I would have guessed much earlier), yet only in the last few years has the impact of technology really been felt in education. Early adopters of technology in education started with computer rooms, and the overhead projector was quickly phased out by data projectors, interactive whiteboards and TVs. This certainly changed how we presented content and information to students, but it is only in the last few years that technology access for every student is gradually becoming the norm.
In my role as Community Leader for Stile Education in Queensland, I visit many schools with vast variations in their methods of accessing technology and what technology is available to their students. From one-to-one school supplied laptops to some flavour of Bring Your Own Device (BYOD/X/T or some other acronym!), to iPad schools or letting students use phones, the one common theme is that technology is now (or aims to be) in every classroom, in every lesson, with every student.
The computer rooms of old are being phased out by the idea that you shouldn’t need to go somewhere to use technology — technology should be readily available to use in the classroom in all subjects and not just reserved for ICT classes or the odd lesson here and there, assuming you can book a time to get into the computer room!
This change is quick and can be scary. It is fraught with many issues but ultimately the use of technology in the classroom is hard to argue against and in reality, it’s inevitable. If we as teachers are to prepare our students for life in the ‘real world’, then an ability to use technology in their everyday lives is essential. Whether you like it or not (and I can assure you that you’re not alone if you don’t like this new revolution), technology is here to stay and will increasingly become part of your day to day job.
If you’re a teacher who loves technology and are quick to embrace anything new, you have a real advantage in this ever tech-increasing world of education. But there’s a big difference between how a program or app functions and how to practically use and apply those programs or apps in your day-to-day teaching. You may have the tools, but do you know how to use them?
What technology shouldn’t be
There is a school of thought suggesting that technology is creating lazy teaching, and certainly, there is a danger of this. Many programs lend themselves to a ‘set and forget’ mentality where the teachers assign work and their students simply get on with the exercise and receive answers at the end. I’m all for independent learning and reducing teacher time in planning, and this method certainly has its place but if that’s all technology is being used for, it’s a disservice to the students.
There always needs to be an element of reflection or consolidation for work that the students complete using technology because if this isn’t the case, it can become meaningless for the students if they are doing things their teacher appears not to care about.
There’s also the thought that technology can replace books verbatim, and function in the same way. Aside from this being a waste of the power of technology, if it’s a straight swap for a physical textbook to a pdf on a screen, the benefits are little, if any. And no book has ever ran out of batteries so the temptation to simply use technology as a reading device is a waste.
To only use technology as a ‘Googling’ machine is also wasteful in terms of time and resources and does not maximise the power of technology. And to assume that students don’t need a base knowledge of information for a subject because they can Google it, is not correct. Ultimately, you need content from which you can then produce and relate ideas (Hattie 2018).
Finally, on what technology shouldn’t be is that it should never be the only thing you do, and the only thing you use. Variation in all of your teaching is key because different strategies will be relevant at different stages of learning. To use technology all the time for every lesson is not a good use of technology.
What technology should be
It seems obvious to say but technology should be a tool to help in your teaching and learning. Programs or apps should save you time, should engage students, should be relevant and should be useful. Ideally, they should fit seamlessly into what you’re already doing although it may require a shift in pedagogy to ensure effectiveness.
Programs should be reliable, regardless of the device used by the students. This is a big thing as time is the enemy of the teacher. If you plan a lesson with technology and that technology fails you, the time wasted and learning potential lost is infuriating.
It should be educationally rigorous and easy to use. No one should have to be an IT teacher in order to use an app or program in the classroom. And it should do things no book ever could like involve engaging simulations, give feedback, provide insights for teachers and give more transparency and clarity to teaching and learning.
So assuming all of the above, and assuming you’ve chosen a program to use that works for you, how do you then teach effectively using that program?
The problem for teachers
When I was at university studying a double degree in science and teaching, students using technology simply wasn’t a thing in the classrooms. My first teaching position had me using a roll-around chalkboard and if I was lucky, chalk of varying colours! How times have changed.
Even recently graduated teachers would find their knowledge of teaching with technology out of date by now, given the speed of change in the current climate. Whether you’re an early adopter school and have had computers or other technology for a few years, or whether you’re just embarking on a BYOD program, there’s no denying we’re at a fundamental change in education and one at which we are figuring out as we go.
Teaching is a collection of skills and abilities which, when applied correctly can have huge impacts on student learning. From direct instruction, facilitating discussions to hands-off guidance allowing independent or collaborative learning, employing various tactics at the right time is key to effective teaching and learning. Therefore, integrating these pedagogies with technology is the key to successful teaching and is essential in preparing students for the future.
In 1986 Biggs and Collins came up with a structure of learning outcomes called SOLO (Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes) Taxonomy. SOLO Taxonomy has gained popularity and has been adopted by John Hattie and others and applied to the understanding of surface learning, deep learning and the transfer of understanding to other areas of learning, which is key when talking about which teaching strategies to use when teaching with technology.
The structure of SOLO Taxonomy has 5 levels, moving from students having no knowledge, to gaining knowledge in a unistructural or multistructural way which reflects surface learning. This is a gathering of terms, definitions and facts about a concept for a fundamental understanding and a foundation from which to build upon.
From this foundation, ideas can then be created and applied in the relational and eventually extended abstract levels which is where deep learning occurs, and ultimately the transfer of understanding to other, often unrelated areas.
Although the idea is to move from surface learning, to deep learning and ultimately to transfer learning, the process isn’t linear because even in the deep learning areas, surface learning is still required. Ultimately, if you can determine where your students are in the SOLO Taxonomy model, you can modify your teaching to enable students to progress from one stage to the next.
“Teaching students how to learn is as important as teaching them content, because acquiring both the right learning strategies and background knowledge is important — if not essential — for promoting lifelong learning.”
— John Dunlosky, Kent State University Professor of Psychology
According to research by Hattie and others, more than 90% of ‘testing’ in schools relies on surface knowledge, but for students to be employable and to be able to apply their learning to everyday life, deep learning and the ability to transfer skills and understanding is essential. Knowledge and basic information of a concept is a necessary foundation for moving onto deep learning but it can’t be the only function and outcome of education.
Let’s be honest (and as sad as it is to think about), students will forget the vast majority of the content you’ll ever teach them but if they can analyse, apply, formulate questions, hypothesise, imagine and reflect; you’ve armed them with lifelong skills. It’s about teaching them how to think, not what to think.
An example of SOLO Taxonomy questions whilst utilising technology
When planning lessons, think about the key verbs associated with SOLO Taxonomy at each stage and what questions apply, and then consider how these could be used in conjunction with technology. I will provide examples of each question type from Stile Education’s latest Cells unit for Year 8 to show how these questions can be presented through technology. Bear in mind that it isn’t so much the question type that matches each SOLO stage (multiple choice, short answer, cloze etc.), but the question content. You can have deep learning, extended abstract multiple-choice questions, although they’re much harder to write!
Unistructural: Surface Learning
This requires the students to understand one concept: that living things are made up of cells. | <urn:uuid:130554eb-360e-4cfa-8fff-082dcf61443d> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://blog.stileeducation.com/embracing-the-new-revolution-how-to-effectively-teach-with-technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305242.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127072916-20220127102916-00629.warc.gz | en | 0.95652 | 2,001 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Term Paper (Advanced seminar), 2005, 26 Pages
I. The American Dream
II. President Carter's Inaugural Address
2.1. The person Carter
2.2. The speech
2.3. Illustration of what Carter says about the American Dream
2.4. The creation of an image to the public
2.5. Rhetorical devices employed by Carter to give an impression of himself
III. Ronald Reagan's Acceptance Speech
3.1. The person Reagan
3.2. The speech
3.3. The historical references in context of the intended message
3.4. Illustration of the values and virtues hinted at or talked about
3.5. Rhetorical devices employed by Reagan to convince the audience of his message
IV. Comparison: Mutuality and differences
4.1. Comparison: values and virtues
4.2. Comparison: the audience
5.1. Internet sources
The American Dream has always been a central subject in political speeches. Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan were not the only presidents who referred to it in their speeches. Quite possibly every presidential candidate and president related to it when they accepted their nominations and when they outlined their political programmes at their inaugurations. Ever since it has become part of the tradition of political rhetoric in the United States, one can say how centrally important the American Dream (still) is and what great influence it has on the American people.
So what exactly is the American Dream? Peter Freese calls the attempt of defining it “subjective and imcomplete”, especially because he is of the opinion that the vision and beliefs transferred in the American Dream change with the times. However, he quotes Hartmut Keil by using his definition of the American Dream with a lot of its beliefs and convictions that are substantial parts of it: “Individual success, advancement, materialism, personal success, neighborliness, naturalness, individuality, freedom, equality, equal opportunity, search for identity, national purpose, American consciousness, democratic dream, dream of paradise (…), moving force, liberation of humanity, world’s salvation”; but he comes to the conclusion that there is not the possibility of a precise definition in case one does not want to list nearly every aspect of “American society”. Still, the fundamental values and virtues that build the basis and are the core function of the American Dream, are the main part of American political rhetoric. The metaphor of the American Dream has always been used by being glorified by politians in their speeches, and mostly with the promise of fulfilment soon after the elections in case it was a nomination speech. Therefore the American Dream seems to have a realistic side, it is not only a vision or a utopia when presidential candidates and presidents talk about its fulfilment. Since the promise of fulfilment is made ever since this subject has played a major role in political speeches, it is a dream which can and – referring to the politicians’ promises – will come true.
One can discover something concrete and important: even though the American Dream may sound “vague and grandiose” in all its values and beliefs, it - and the promise of it - actually means something to the Americans. In “Reviving the American Dream”, Alice M. Rivlin tries a definition by considering it from the political perspective: from this view the American Dream means an “economy in which people who work hard can get ahead and each new generation lives better than the last one”, it means a “democratic political system in which most people feel they can affect public decisions and elect officials who speak for them”. The Dream gets another dimension through Rivlin’s definition: it is used as a central theme in political speeches because the dream itself has a political content. The incredible importance to the American people results from the connection of both personal and political aspects the American Dream comprises.
Although there might be a “history of dreams about America, and of dreams in America”, it seems as if there is not such a thing as the one American Dream which everyone in the United States seems to share. Every American must have a personal relationship to this special dream, otherwise it would not have been chosen for most acceptance and inaugural speeches.
In this essay two speeches referring to the American Dream will be analyzed: Jimmy Carter’s inaugural address and Carter’s successor Ronald Reagan’s acceptance speech. Both speeches will be elucidated under the aspects of the specific historical contexts and their meaning, i.e. their audiences; and under the aspect of the use of rhetorical devices to either create an image of oneself to the public or to convince the audience.
At last there will be a short comparison of both speeches: how does each speaker refer to the American Dream and how do they present it? In which way do they affirm its fulfilment? Which influence has the fact they spoke to two different audiences?
Jimmy Carter, born 1924 as James Earl Carter, Jr, entered state politics in 1962 after seven years’ service as a naval officer. He announced his candidacy for President in 1974. After a two-year campaign he was nominated at the Democratic Convention. Back then, the Watergate scandal was still in everyone’s minds, and it is often said that the fact he was an outsider against nationally better-known politicians, was having the advantage of him.
In the following excerpt of his inaugural speech the values and virtues of the American Dream will be highly regarded. Then a closer look at the creation of an image to the public will follow because this speech did not have the function to convince voters ever since he was already elected. This is an important factor in comparison to Ronald Reagan’s speech. Both speeches will be analyzed in a linked comparison in IV.
1 Here before me is the Bible used in the inauguration of our first
2 President, in 1789, and I have just taken the oath of office on the
3 Bible my mother gave me a few years ago, opened to a timeless
4 admonition from the ancient prophet Micah:
5 "He hath showed thee, O man, what is good; and what doth the
6 Lord require of thee, but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to
7 walk humbly with thy God." (Micah 6:8)
8 This inauguration ceremony marks a new beginning, a new
9 dedication within our Government, and a new spirit among us all.
10 A President may sense and proclaim that new spirit, but only a
11 people can provide it. Two centuries ago our Nation's birth was a
12 milestone in the long quest for freedom, but the bold and brilliant
13 dream which excited the founders of this Nation still awaits its
14 consummation. I have no new dream to set forth today, but rather
15 urge a fresh faith in the old dream.
16 Ours was the first society openly to define itself in terms of both
17 spirituality and of human liberty. It is that unique self-definition
18 which has given us an exceptional appeal, but it also imposes on
19 us a special obligation, to take on those moral duties which, when
20 assumed, seem invariably to be in our own best interests.
21 You have given me a great responsibility—to stay close to you, to
22 be worthy of you, and to exemplify what you are. Let us create
23 together a new national spirit of unity and trust. Your strength can
24 compensate for my weakness, and your wisdom can help to
25 minimize my mistakes.
26 Let us learn together and laugh together and work together and
27 pray together, confident that in the end we will triumph together in
28 the right.
29 The American dream endures. We must once again have full faith
30 in our country — and in one another. I believe America can be
31 better. We can be even stronger than before. (…)
32 We have already found a high degree of personal liberty, and we
33 are now struggling to enhance equality of opportunity. Our
34 commitment to human rights must be absolute, our laws fair, our
35 natural beauty preserved; the powerful must not persecute the
36 weak, and human dignity must be enhanced.
37 We have learned that "more" is not necessarily "better," that even
38 our great Nation has its recognized limits, and that we can neither
39 answer all questions nor solve all problems. We cannot afford to
40 do everything, nor can we afford to lack boldness as we meet the
41 future. So, together, in a spirit of individual sacrifice for the
42 common good, we must simply do our best.
43 Our Nation can be strong abroad only if it is strong at home. And
44 we know that the best way to enhance freedom in other lands is to
45 demonstrate here that our democratic system is worthy of
47 To be true to ourselves, we must be true to others. We will not
48 behave in foreign places so as to violate our rules and standards
49 here at home, for we know that the trust which our Nation earns is
50 essential to our strength. (…)
51 Because we are free we can never be indifferent to the fate of
52 freedom elsewhere. Our moral sense dictates a clear cut
53 preference for these societies which share with us an abiding
54 respect for individual human rights. We do not seek to intimidate,
55 but it is clear that a world which others can dominate with impunity
56 would be inhospitable to decency and a threat to the well-being of
57 all people. (….)
58 Within us, the people of the United States, there is evident a
59 serious and purposeful rekindling of confidence. And I join in the
60 hope that when my time as your President has ended, people
61 might say this about our Nation:
62 — that we had remembered the words of Micah and renewed our
63 search for humility, mercy, and justice;
64 — that we had torn down the barriers that separated those of
65 different race and region and religion, and where there had been
66 mistrust, built unity, with a respect for diversity;
67 — that we had found productive work for those able to perform it;
68 — that we had strengthened the American family, which is the
69 basis of our society;
70 — that we had ensured respect for the law, and equal treatment
71 under the law, for the weak and the powerful, for the rich and the
73 — and that we had enabled our people to be proud of their own
74 Government once again.
75 I would hope that the nations of the world might say that we had
76 built a lasting peace, built not on weapons of war but on
77 international policies which reflect our own most precious values.
78 These are not just my goals, and they will not be my accomplish-
79 ments, but the affirmation of our Nation's continuing moral
80 strength and our belief in an undiminished, ever-expanding
81 American dream.
In his Inaugural Address, held on January 20th, 1977, President Carter calls for a renewal of the American Dream. He believes that it has become “old”, but since it is “bold and brilliant” and not fulfilled yet, he tries to convince his audience to give new strength and energy to it.
Carter starts off reminding the listeners of the dream’s roots which lie in the first settlers’ beliefs and aspirations. He says that the nation’s founders defined themselves as a society in “terms of both spirituality and human liberty”; and that they have “already found a high degree of personal liberty”, but other basic values like equality of opportunity and human rights, have to be enhanced.
Freese, Peter: America. Dream or Nightmare? Reflections on a Composite Image, Essen 1990, page 68.
As said in : Keil, Hartmut : Die Funktion des „American Dream“ in der amerikanischen Gesellschaft, München 1998, page 4f.
Rivlin, Alice M.: Reviving the American Dream. The Economy, the States and the Federal Government, Washington, D.C. 1992, page 1.
Madden, David (edit.): American Dreams, American Nightmares, London & Amsterdam 1970, page 16.
Line 15.
Line 12.
Lines 13/14: “…still awaits its consummation…”
Lines 16/17.
Line 32.
Term Paper (Advanced seminar), 22 Pages
Thesis (M.A.), 102 Pages
Pre-University Paper, 14 Pages
Examination Thesis, 131 Pages
Pre-University Paper, 7 Pages
Term Paper (Advanced seminar), 22 Pages
Examination Thesis, 87 Pages
Term Paper (Advanced seminar), 33 Pages
Scientific Essay, 18 Pages
Seminar Paper, 18 Pages
Seminar Paper, 19 Pages
Pre-University Paper, 14 Pages
Examination Thesis, 131 Pages
Seminar Paper, 19 Pages
GRIN Publishing, located in Munich, Germany, has specialized since its foundation in 1998 in the publication of academic ebooks and books. The publishing website GRIN.com offer students, graduates and university professors the ideal platform for the presentation of scientific papers, such as research projects, theses, dissertations, and academic essays to a wide audience.
Free Publication of your term paper, essay, interpretation, bachelor's thesis, master's thesis, dissertation or textbook - upload now! | <urn:uuid:05b31eb9-f9e4-442b-a8c1-8c3d850e7af0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/115966/the-american-dream-as-a-subject-in-speeches | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00026-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944569 | 2,845 | 2.921875 | 3 |
One of the problems with education reform is that US high schools operate under ambiguous orders. On the surface, there seems to be a shared vision. A recent Gallup poll echoed President Obama's sentiments when it found that nearly all Americans (84 percent) agree that "high school students should be well-prepared for college and a career."
But what happens if you go beyond the rhetoric? What will you learn if you ask what "prepared for college and a career" means in the context of our classrooms? Unfortunately, not a whole lot. That's because there is no consensus on what this preparation entails and what high schools should be doing to produce educated minds.
Why is this important? Because unless we can define what this means, efforts at school reform will wander and drift with no way to gauge success or failure. As the saying goes, "If you don't know where you're going, any road will take you there."
Fortunately, we do have enough agreement to begin a productive conversation. Americans freely acknowledge that mastery of academic content is one aspect of preparation for higher education and the workforce. But their vision includes other factors as well. And they believe that the debate about school reform should focus on more than increased rigor or enhanced accountability -- two critical goals that must be augmented, not abandoned.
For example, working hand in hand with academics, they believe that successful students should be comfortable in a fast paced and ever-changing environment that requires lifelong learning. Students should feel at home in a shrinking and interdependent world that requires the adaptation of new skills, as well as the development of global awareness and knowledge of other cultures. They should be adept at working in the current technological infrastructure, eager to acquire the tools that will help them quickly master new advances, and capable of applying those advances in creative ways to solve complex problems.
At its most fundamental level, in addition to academic and intellectual skills, high school should allow students the opportunity to explore their capabilities and interests, learn how to collaborate effectively with their peers, and gain exposure to possibilities beyond their neighborhood or community.
Achieving these goals will require us to re-imagine the infrastructure of high school. The old model -- teachers standing in front of blackboards, teaching from a single textbook to a large and diverse group of students -- can no longer support our ambitions.
Our high schools of the future must be linked to the real world of work. Schools should prepare students with career-oriented experiences and make connections with community colleges that prepare them for the challenges of higher education and the workplace.
Our high schools of the future must be technologically sophisticated and personalized to students' specific circumstances, interests and capabilities. Modern technology has transformed students' lives outside of school, yet most classrooms lag behind the tech curve.
Our high schools of the future must maintain the highest standards of rigor and accountability. Far too many students are not challenged in high school. They don't understand why it is important to their future, nor are they active participants in their own learning.
And our high schools of the future must be built to accommodate their new purpose. The typical high school building and structure are dated and unresponsive to student needs and 21st century expectations. It's time to reinvest in our educational infrastructure.
While these categories are not exhaustive, I believe they are a helpful start. Teachers, administrators, parents and students tell us that current debates lack a hard focus on creating the change we need. There is a growing consensus that we must expand the national dialogue if we are going to have true education reform.
But as we have learned from years of missteps and false starts, in the end, words will take a backseat to deeds. Conversation and debate won't be enough. The stakes are too high and the challenges too pressing. Dialogue must lead to action and action must lead to change.
Follow Gaston Caperton on Twitter: www.twitter.com/@CollegeBoard | <urn:uuid:338f2430-4136-4166-82c2-27b38f2714a3> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.huffingtonpost.com/gaston-caperton/creating-the-high-schools_b_928249.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422118973352.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124170253-00036-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961157 | 798 | 2.96875 | 3 |
INUNDATIONThe Nile River has always been the backbone of Egypt. The mighty river flows for some 4,000 miles from the mountains of Equatorial Africa (Blue Nile) and Lake Victoria (White Nile) before it empties into the Mediterranean Sea. Without the Nile River and its annual inundation Ancient Egypt would never have come into being. Its fertile valley was renewed every year with rich silt deposits laid down during the flooding.
Nilometers were placed at various points along the Nile in order to monitor the changes in the water level. It was recorded that at the start of the flooding the clear waters would turn a turbid red.
As the agriculture of Egypt revolved around the Nile, so did the social life of the ancient Egyptians. During inundation when there was less to do, people had more time for recreational activities, they played games, held sporting tournaments and regularly feasted.
When the River Nile receded the appearance of the land had radically changed and there was a great rush to restore boundaries. There were many disputes as markers had moved, banks had collapsed, and distinguishable features had disappeared.
TRANSPORTThe river was also the chief means of transport.It was their highway, making roads superfluous, except between close villages. Virtually everything moved by boat.
FOOD AND SPORTThe Nile, for the most part, is a gently flowing river and in the time of the ancients, was crammed with fish. It’s easy flow made fishing very popular. Everyone enjoyed fishing, from the young to old, peasant to noble.
RELIGIONThe Egyptians believed that the Nile was the centre of the world. And the place from which it originated was, ‘the beginning of the world’.
In Lower Egypt, in the area of the Nile Delta, the river splits into two great arms. The area between the two was densely populated from the earliest times with many of the major cult centres developed in this region. Even the soul of a deceased had to cross the Nile before he could enter the Kingdom of the Dead.
SUMMARYThe ancients utilised every aspect of the river, and the achievements of both man and the Nile down the ages, deserves praise. The River Nile was the fundamental and protecting force of a great nation. Of all the great rivers, the Nile blessed its people with the most reliable and predictable cycle of seasons.
LINK: Read how Mark Tanner and Les Jickling became the first people to paddle the full length of the Blue Nile | <urn:uuid:0839ca6a-35f5-4889-bea9-6a8abef10c1d> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.ancientnile.co.uk/nile.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400378956.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123258-00119-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978171 | 518 | 3.78125 | 4 |
The period between 1865-1909 was a period marked as a time of incredible technological advances, rapid industrial growth, and imperialistic expansionism; of enflamed patriotism during and after the Spanish-American War; and a continuance of Jim Crow laws, the exploitation of the working class, and Tammany Hall-style politics. Perhaps it should come as little surprise that the predominately white, classically minded and university educated, upper-middle class generation of architects and engineers that built the Lincoln Memorial would stress the theme of National Unity over that of Social Justice.
Schaefer takes this brief passage and characterizes the NPS’s website as anti-Lincoln and politically tainted with a “liberal” bias. According to the author: “What we really need to know, according to the National Park Service, is that the United States was nearly as evil, in its own way, as the anti-liberal forces it defeated, from the Confederate States to the Soviet Union.” The problem with Schaefer’s argument is that he takes a rather brief overview of the motivation behind the design, construction and 1922 dedication of the memorial and makes a sweeping generalization about the content of the site as a whole. I have no problem if Schaefer wants to argue that the historical explanation of the memorial is problematic; unfortunately, he provides no such explanation. His article betrays a lack of any serious understanding of what public history involves or why it is sometimes important to distinguish between a memorial and the event/ideal/individual it represents. Even worse, Schaefer’s piece is intellectually dishonest.
Does the website provide an overall negative view of Lincoln as suggested by Schaefer? On the opening page of the site there is a passage that reads: “In this temple, as in the hearts of the people for whom he saved the Union, the memory of Abraham Lincoln is enshrined forever.” Beneath these words, the 16th President of the United States—the Great Emancipator and preserver of the nation during the Civil War—sits immortalized in marble. As an enduring symbol of Freedom, the Lincoln Memorial attracts anyone who seeks inspiration and hope.”
Click the link for “Lincoln the Man” and you will find the following: “For many Americans the Lincoln Memorial is a secular sacred space or temple commemorating the nation’s savior and first assassinated president. Having led the country through the long night of civil war, Abraham Lincoln would not live to see the dawn of “a new birth of freedom” he spoke of so eloquently. This freedom would take two tangible forms: freedom for the thousands of emancipated slaves or the legacy of Social Justice and the freedom found in a reunited country or the legacy of National Unity, with a fully restored federal government under the Constitution, ensuring the continuance of participatory democracy.”
And finally, here is a short passage from “The War Years“: “During his term in office, his thinking evolved from reestablishing the Union as it was, to remolding the Union into what it could be. His evolution, some have argued, signaled a true revolution within the American Republic. Abraham Lincoln-war president-miraculously transformed this nation during its most “fiery trial,” preserving the integrity of the Federal Union while accelerating within it the extirpation of antebellum culture, society, and thought.”
Perhaps Professor Schaefer had to meet a deadline for the National Review and didn’t have time to do an extensive survey of the material on the site. I tend to think, however, that Professor Schaefer went in with a conclusion about the politics of the National Park Service and looked for those passages that would support his assumptions. | <urn:uuid:cae880c0-7ebb-4df2-87ab-7040a686f443> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://cwmemory.com/2007/02/22/the-national-park-services-lincoln-a-response-to-professor-schaefer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660342.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00101-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956883 | 783 | 3.140625 | 3 |
By Raphaël Gani
The discourse about Canadians ignoring their collective past, or not knowing their national history, is neither new (Osborne, 2003) nor limited to Canada (Wineburg, 2001). Such a view tends to be legitimized according to surveys in which people fail to identify famous events and politicians. This failure is also linked with angst about the perils of the nation and questions of citizenship. It is used to justify million-dollar investments and educational reforms.
However, there are other ways to look at peoples’ perception of the past. I will elaborate on these elements to support my main argument: discourse on historical ignorance can, itself, be considered a site of memory. The site is an intangible monument carefully crafted, erected for political purposes, widely visited, and dedicated to a particular relationship between Canadians and their national past. In my conclusion, I will highlight another view, not so popular and influential, which claims “We Are Not a Nation of Amnesiacs” (Francis, 2014).
In the ignorance of history discourse, ignorance often means one thing: the incapacity to answer (immediately) factual questions about history. In Canada, purveyors of that definition include The Dominion Institute, which was created in 1997 for the sake of improving Canadians’ knowledge of their national history. An article published in the Globe and Mail in 2002 explains the link between the Institute and the Canadian debate on historical amnesia:
In 1997, the Institute made its inaugural splash with its first annual history survey, which tested general knowledge. The discovery that only 54 percent of Canadians polled could name Canada’s first Prime Minister (Sir John A. Macdonald), and only 36 percent knew the date of Confederation (1867). Since then, the Institute’s polls have filtered into the national discourse: They have been quoted in more than 2,000 media stories and routinely incorporated into political speeches.
Ken Osborne (2003) identifies many sources from decades past raising similar concerns about Canadians’ historical illiteracy, especially targeting youth. For example, a 1934 edition of The Canadian Historical Review states: “[The pupil of today] has a sketchy notion of the political and social history of his own country” (Watson, 1934, cited in Osborne, 2003). Similar citations are found in the report What culture? What Heritage? (Hodgetts, 1968), the book Who Killed Canadian History? (Granastein, 1998), and since 1997, in surveys commissioned by The Dominion Institute. Osborne (2003, p. 588) concludes: “by the late 1990s it had become conventional wisdom that Canadians did not know their history, in large part because their schools did not teach it. ”
Discourse on ignorance of history is easily digestible because it is built on commonsensical evidence, coming mostly from surveys showing a lack of historical facts that “everyone should know.” Implicitly in those facts, we find a normative framework oriented toward a specific definition of Canada and Canadians (Stanley, 2006). One of those facts is the name of the first Prime Minister of Canada. Since 1997, The Dominion Institute have run several surveys that demonstrate Canadians’ difficulty with identifying Sir John A. Macdonald. The repetitiveness of the surveys (the 1997 survey reported by the Globe and Mail was also reproduced in 2001 and 2009) has strengthened the influence of this discourse in Canadian public affairs. In other words, “Canadians got used to a twice-yearly Institute reminder that ‘we haven’t a clue’ about ourselves” (Morton, 2002, p. 38). Here is an excerpt that summarizes the 2001 and 2009 survey results:
More than two in five Canadians (42%) could not identify Macdonald as the country’s first Prime Minister. However, knowledge levels have modestly improved since 2001 when half (49%) could not identify Canada’s first Prime Minister as Sir John A. Macdonald […] (Dominion Insitute, 2009, p, 1).
In Quebec, La Coalition pour l’histoire commissioned a similar survey in 2012 to advocate for changes in the history curriculum. In that poll, it was found that 94% of those surveyed (n=1,021) were unable to identify Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau, the first Prime Minister of Quebec (Léger marketing, 2013).
In 2002, historian Desmond Morton declared, “Canadian ignorance of our history is commonplace, and not just among professors. Politicians and business leaders repeat the mantra” (Morton, 2002, p. 38). This statement demonstrates that scholars as well as people in power endorse the ignorance of history discourse. Governments refer to it to support their multi-million dollar investments toward history commemoration and curriculum reforms.
Conservatives have been pro-active in their initiatives to commemorate and celebrate Canada’s past. With the Dominion Institute’s surveys in hand, the Conservative government makes investments in history education out of angst about nationhood, perpetuating the view that Canadians ignore their collective past (Bellavance, 2013). For example, former Canadian Heritage Minister James Moore (2013) justified his decision to invest 12 million dollars in history-related initiatives by saying:
If we don’t do things like what we’re announcing here today, I really do believe that this country is in serious jeopardy, because we have young Canadians who don’t know about Canada’s past, who don’t know from where we’ve come, who don’t know the possibilities that we have in the future and the privilege that they have in being able to call themselves Canadian.
Also, politicians have used the discourse on the ignorance of history to justify educational reforms on the teaching of history. James Moore argued in 2012:
[…] when you consider that in only four of Canada’s 13 provinces and territories, is it mandatory for a student to take a history class to graduate from high school. I think it’s little wonder when the Historica-Dominion Institute comes out with surveys that show how impoverished our kids are in their basic understanding of Canada’s basic history (Global News, 2012).
History education falls under provincial jurisdiction, limiting this Conservative government’s ability to directly affect possible reforms of the subject matter (although, they have cut funding to the Historical Thinking Project that inspired reforms of the history curriculum in Ontario and elsewhere). Nevertheless, Moore’s lament about Canadian youth is also found at the provincial level. In 1994 and 2013, two Québec ministers of Education, respectively Jean Garon and Pierre Duchesne, used the historical ignorance argument to justify the need for a history curriculum reform (Ouimet, 1995; Radio-Canada, 2013). Duchesne defended its proposition to make history a mandatory subject in cegep by labeling youth “deficient” in knowledge about their province. This argument was copied from the report named “Je ne me souviens plus [I don’t remember]” – a title mocking Quebec’s motto – written by Gilles Laporte, who is one of the founding members of La Coalition pour l’histoire.
Think-tanks such as the Historica-Dominion Institute and La Coalition pour l’histoire are manufacturing evidence about people’s ignorance of history. This manufacturing process has been well documented in the States (Halvorsen, 2012). Politicians and other activists use manufactured evidence from survey results to influence public opinion about the necessity to invest millions of dollars in history commemoration and school curriculum reforms.
What is most problematic about the evidence is that it documents only one thing (ignorance), while excluding investigation of what youth and the general public actually know about the past. That manufacturing of evidence has sparked a lot of research, like the now-classic work of Rosenzweig and Thelen’s The Presence of the Past, published in 1998. In the book’s introduction (p. 3), the two historians explain why they started their project in 1989:
Incredibly, since many commentators had surveyed American ignorance, no one had actually investigated how Americans understood and used the past. And we believed that we needed to seek out and listen to the voices of the people who were being denounced for their ignorance.
Many researchers have contested the validity of the discourse on historical ignorance. To support their claims, they’ve recommended surveys that include no factual questions, but open ones, such as: “How important is the past of Canada to you?” (Conrad et al., 2013). This open question comes from the Canadians and Their Pasts project which benefited from a SSHRC’ million-dollar grant and relied on a survey of 3,419 Canadians. The project results dispute, and add much greater complexity and diversity, to the so-called historical amnesia of Canadians. In addition to the 2013 book, some historians have written about the project conclusions (e.g. Buckner, 2014; Francis, 2014; McGregor, 2014), but only to a limited audience.
To date there has been little attention by media and politicians on the findings of the Canadians and Their Pasts project. Why is this? Perhaps, they are not that interested in a counter argument that would delegitimize some of their claims and, by association, put into question multi-million investments and educational reforms. Perhaps also, advertizement for that project was minimal compared to the “impeccably timed and well-publicized Dominion Institute surveys (Seixas, 2006).” By virtue of popularity, authority, and influence, the discourse on the ignorance of history acts as a site of memory. Like other sites, this one silences alternative memories, such as the one portrayed in the final sentences of Canadians and Their Pasts: “The past is not past. History – as people’s knowledge, as medium of public conversation, as academic pursuit – lives” (Conrad et al., 2013).
This post originally appeared last week on Teaching the Past, a blog run by The History Education Network (THEN/HiER). This post was written as part of Dr. Lorna McLean’s graduate course on public memory. | <urn:uuid:800c609c-de0a-4aa0-ab93-c5ce16d2351c> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://activehistory.ca/2014/11/ignorance-of-history-as-a-site-of-memory/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819184710-20180819204710-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.946097 | 2,130 | 2.921875 | 3 |
More Info on Wild Quail in Texas
Statewide surveys were initiated in 1978 to monitor wild quail populations. This index uses randomly selected, 20-mile roadside survey lines to determine annual wild quail population trends by ecological region. Comparisons can be made between the mean (average) number of wild quail observed per route this year and the long term mean (LTM) for wild quail seen within each ecological region. The wild quail survey was not designed to predict relative abundance for any area smaller than the ecological region.
Bobwhite wild quail hunting can be hit or miss in Texas considering our population strongholds occur on the very western edge of their distribution in the U.S. Weather plays a key role in the annual boom-bust cycle in these semi-arid regions where two to three consecutive years of favorable conditions usually results in a boom year. There are still vast expanses of suitable bobwhite habitat in the rangelands of South Texas and in the Rolling Plains, where in some years over a hundred thousand hunters pursue these wary game birds.
The 2015 season was great one in most areas of both south Texas and the Rolling Plains where wild quail populations definitely could be described as having a “boom” year. Excellent hunts were reported across both regions along with good to excellent hunt reports from native prairie sites on the central Gulf Coast. Heading into 2016, late winter and spring rainfall produced exceptional nesting cover, ample winter forage and lots of insects. Most of the state experienced below average summer temperatures and above average summer rainfall. A combination that equates to high wild quail production and survival. Hens had ample time to pull off a successful clutch during a wide window of nesting opportunity.
Populations remained high through the end of last season resulting in good carryover into the breeding season. Spring to summer conditions in the Rolling Plains provided quality habitat that appears to have resulted in an increase over last year’s numbers. Field reports of large broods and multiple age classes suggest high chick survival and re-nesting activity. Bobwhite quail hunting prospects look exceptional.
The average number of bobwhites observed per route was 50.2 compared to 38 last year. This sets a new record high for the survey in this region. The second highest year on record is now 1987 when 49.5 bobs per route were observed. Hunters should make an extra effort to spend time afield this season and take advantage of this phenomenon. Public hunting opportunities can be found at the Gene Howe and the Matador Wildlife Management Areas (WMA) where staff surveys have documented high numbers of quail relative to past years.
South Texas Plains
Much of south Texas had an exceptional season last year with great hunts reported to the end of the season. Spring-summer nesting was reported across the region but field observations of broods were mixed. Weather conditions were variable across counties and many areas may have been too dry to support nesting and brooding activity in the later summer months. Despite differences in production, the sheer number of quail surviving from last year coupled with even minimal reproduction will likely make for an another good quail year.
The average number of bobwhites observed per route was 14 compared to 21 last year. This is below the LTM of 17.4 and suggests a slightly below average hunting season for the region as a whole. The Chaparral and the Daughtrey Wildlife Management Areas provide public quail hunting opportunities. Staff surveys on the Chaparral WMA recorded above average numbers of bobwhite on the area again this year.
Last season there was a significant boom in Scaled quail populations in response to excellent weather conditions. Carryover was good going into the breeding season and spring-summer nesting habitat was great for the second year in a row. Overall, field reports indicate vigorous scaled quail production similar to last year. Large broods and multiple age classes have been observed suggesting a wide window of nesting opportunity and high chick survival. The last time the survey recorder higher that 30 birds per route was 1981.
The average number of scaled quail observed per route was 30.5 compared to 28 last year. This well above the LTM of 16.2 and is predictive of an excellent year in the Trans Pecos. Public hunter opportunities can be found at Elephant Mountain and Black Gap Wildlife Management Areas where staff have observed robust scale quail populations.
Our surveys indicate that bobwhite numbers have fallen below average in the Gulf Prairies where only 3.8 bobwhites were observed per route compared to 14.9 last year. Although there was good carryover on the coast, quail production was likely adversely affected by too much rainfall in this region. However, field reports suggest there are huntable populations on well-drained sites. Hunters should focus on the central and lower coast in native prairie habitats.
The High Plains and Edwards Plateau reported a continued increase quail numbers. It has been over ten years since these levels have been recorded. Although there are certainly areas within each region of Texas where some quail hunting opportunity remains, this survey is not designed to detect changes in localized populations, especially in fragmented landscapes.
All info obtained from: http://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/hunt/planning/quail_forecast/forecast/ | <urn:uuid:574b246d-cb82-4d08-821f-36b776df2185> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.blackwaterguideservice.com/hunting-species/texas-quail-hunts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145654.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200222054424-20200222084424-00298.warc.gz | en | 0.955256 | 1,090 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Genetic Disease Involving the Vitreous
Stickler syndrome is most commonly due to a mutation in the gene COL2A1, which codes for type II collagen, a major component of vitreous collagen fibers. Affected patients have an optically empty vitreous due to premature liquefaction with peripheral condensation, which may induce retinal detachment (see also BCSC Section 12, Retina and Vitreous). Mutations in both the α1(II) and α1(XI) collagen chains have been shown to be responsible for this syndrome.
Wagner syndrome is another condition in which patients present with an optically empty vitreous and have an increased risk of retinal detachment. As mentioned earlier in this chapter, these patients have mutations in the VCAN gene, encoding versican, which participates in formation of the vitreous gel.
Figure 11-6 The role of ascorbate in the vitreous cavity. A, The vitreous acts as a barrier to the diffusion of oxygen within the posterior segment. The available ascorbate binds with oxygen, forming dehydroascorbate, which is taken up by surrounding cells. B, In postvitrectomized eyes, the amount of oxygen exceeds the capacity for clearance, leading to the production of reactive compounds that create oxidative stress in the lens, which in turn accelerates cataract formation.
(Illustration by Cyndie C.H. Wooley.)
Robin NH, Moran RT, Ala-Kokko L. Stickler Syndrome. GeneReviews [Internet]. Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Seattle; 1993–2019.
Excerpted from BCSC 2020-2021 series: Section 2 - Fundamentals and Principles of Ophthalmology. For more information and to purchase the entire series, please visit https://www.aao.org/bcsc. | <urn:uuid:2d7451b4-0c5a-4c8f-a692-8e0616acc396> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.aao.org/bcscsnippetdetail.aspx?id=59676f7b-7b1d-4dc4-a4ae-632f03910a61 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991737.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514025740-20210514055740-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.901444 | 393 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Carbohydrates often get a bad rap, especially when it comes to weight gain. But carbohydrates aren't all bad. Because of their numerous health benefits, carbohydrates have a rightful place in your diet. In fact, your body needs carbohydrates to function well. But some carbohydrates may be better for you than are others. Understand more about carbohydrates and how to choose healthy carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates are a type of macronutrient found in many foods and beverages. Most carbohydrates are naturally occurring in plant-based foods, such as grains. Food manufacturers also add carbohydrates to processed foods in the form of starch or added sugar.
Common sources of naturally occurring carbohydrates include:
Types of carbohydrates
There are three main types of carbohydrates:
- Sugar. Sugar is the simplest form of carbohydrates. Sugar occurs naturally in some foods, including fruits, vegetables, milk and milk products. Sugars include fruit sugar (fructose), table sugar (sucrose) and milk sugar (lactose).
- Starch. Starch is a complex carbohydrate, meaning it is made of many sugar units bonded together. Starch occurs naturally in vegetables, grains, and cooked dry beans and peas.
- Fiber. Fiber also is a complex carbohydrate. Fiber occurs naturally in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and cooked dry beans and peas.
More carbohydrate terms: Net carbs and glycemic index
Terms such as "low carb" or "net carbs" often appear on product labels, but the Food and Drug Administration doesn't regulate these terms, so there's no standard meaning. Typically net carbs is used to mean the amount of carbohydrates in a product excluding fiber or excluding both fiber and sugar alcohols.
You probably have also heard talk about the glycemic index. The glycemic index classifies carbohydrate-containing foods according to their potential to raise your blood sugar level.
Weight-loss diets based on the glycemic index typically recommend limiting foods that are higher on the glycemic index. Foods with a relatively high glycemic index ranking include potatoes and corn, and less healthy options such as snack foods and desserts that contain refined flours. Many healthy foods, such as whole grains, legumes, vegetables, fruits and low-fat dairy products, are naturally lower on the glycemic index.
How many carbohydrates do you need?
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that carbohydrates make up 45 to 65 percent of your total daily calories. So, if you get 2,000 calories a day, between 900 and 1,300 calories should be from carbohydrates. That translates to between 225 and 325 grams of carbohydrates a day.
You can find the carbohydrate content of packaged foods on the Nutrition Facts label. The Nutrition Facts label shows total carbohydrates, which includes starches, fiber, sugar alcohols, and naturally occurring and added sugars. It may also list total fiber, soluble fiber and sugar separately. You may also be able to find nutrient calculators online or find information on a manufacturer's website.
Carbohydrates and your health
Despite their bad rap, carbohydrates are vital to your health for a number of reasons.
Your body uses carbohydrates as its main fuel source. Sugars and starches are broken down into simple sugars during digestion. They're then absorbed into your bloodstream, where they're known as blood sugar (blood glucose). From there, the glucose enters your body's cells with the help of insulin. Glucose is used by your body for energy, fueling all of your activities, whether it's going for a jog or simply breathing. Extra glucose is stored in your liver, muscles and other cells for later use or is converted to fat.
Protecting against disease
Some evidence suggests that whole grains and dietary fiber from whole foods help reduce your risk of cardiovascular diseases. Fiber may also protect against obesity and type 2 diabetes. Fiber is also essential for optimal digestive health.
Evidence shows that eating plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains can help you control your weight. Their bulk and fiber content aids weight control by helping you feel full on fewer calories. Contrary to what low-carb diets claim, very few studies show that a diet rich in healthy carbohydrates leads to weight gain or obesity.
Choosing carbohydrates wisely
Carbohydrates are an essential part of a healthy diet, and they also provide many important nutrients. Still, not all carbs are created equal. Here's how to make healthy carbohydrates work in a balanced diet:
- Emphasize fiber-rich fruits and vegetables. Aim for whole fresh, frozen and canned fruits and vegetables without added sugar. They're better options than are fruit juices and dried fruits, which are concentrated sources of natural sugar and therefore have more calories. Also, whole fruits and vegetables add fiber, water and bulk, which help you feel fuller on fewer calories.
- Choose whole grains. Whole grains are better sources of fiber and other important nutrients, such as selenium, potassium and magnesium, than are refined grains. Refined grains go through a process that strips out parts of the grain — along with some of the nutrients and fiber.
- Stick to low-fat dairy products. Milk, cheese, yogurt and other dairy products are good sources of calcium and protein, plus many other vitamins and minerals. Choose the low-fat versions, though, to help limit calories and saturated fat. And beware of dairy products that have added sugar.
- Eat more beans and legumes. Legumes, which include beans, peas and lentils, are among the most versatile and nutritious foods available. Legumes are typically low in fat; contain no cholesterol; and are high in folate, potassium, iron and magnesium. They also have beneficial fats and soluble and insoluble fiber. Because they're a good source of protein, legumes can be a healthy substitute for meat, which has more saturated fat and cholesterol.
- Limit added sugars. Added sugar probably isn't harmful in small amounts. But there's no health advantage to consuming any amount of added sugar. In fact, too much added sugar, and in some cases naturally occurring sugar, can lead to such health problems as tooth decay, poor nutrition and weight gain.
So choose your carbohydrates wisely. Limit foods with added sugars and refined grains, such as sugary drinks, desserts and candy, which are packed with calories but low in nutrition. Instead, go for fruits, vegetables and whole grains. | <urn:uuid:b60a6323-af93-4292-a90d-6ce2d6bb5b8f> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.kmbc.com/cancer-care/how-to-fit-carbs-into-your-familys-healthy-diet/27089262 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660706.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00143-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940112 | 1,295 | 3.96875 | 4 |
Phobias are more common than you may think, although we do have access to statistics to show how many people suffer from phobias.
Approximately 6 million people in the UK (around 10% of the population) are known to have a phobia, however it is estimated that numbers could be far higher, due to the fact that people don’t often like to admit to having a an irrational fear about something and feel ashamed to talk about it openly.
1.an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something.
Phobias can be about anything at all. Some phobias may seem incredibly odd, like a fear of buttons or fruit, and others we might be able to relate to like a fear of spiders, public speaking or flying.
Here are some more unusual phobias, and some you may recognise but didn’t not know the official name for:
- Brontophobia Fear of thunder and lightning.
- Xanthophobia Fear of the color yellow or the word yellow
- Bufonophobia Fear of toads
- Chiraptophobia Fear of being touched.
- Dentophobia Fear of dentists
- Demophobia Fear of crowds
- Zoophobia Fear of animals
- Barophobia Fear of gravity
- Emetophobia Fear of vomiting
- Glossophobia Fear of speaking in public
- Melissophobia Fear of bees
- Thantophobia Fear of death or dying
- Trypanophobia Fear of injections
- Thalassophobia Fear of the sea
You might have had a giggle reading a couple of those, but the experience of a phobia, no matter how ridiculous it might sound is very real to the person who suffers from it. Phobias can be incredibly debilitating and paralysing, displaying themselves as severe panic attacks and physical reactions that are truly horrible to live with. At their worst they can stop people going outside, having a social life or seeing the world and at best (if you can call it that) they put limitations on everyday activities like not being able to do a presentation at work, avoiding using lifts at all costs or not going into a room in the house because you know there is a spider in there.
Thankfully, there are therapeutic methods that deal effectively with managing phobias, meaning that people who suffer from them really do not have to suffer with them unnecessarily.
I run a Phobia Clinic at Kingston Natural Health Centre, and have helped many people overcome the crippling effects of their phobias. For the months of December and January I am offering phobia sessions at a 50% discount. Usually £60, you will pay £30 instead. Previous clients report that their phobia symptoms reduced to 10% or less and sometimes were even eliminated in just one session.
Call 0208 549 8000 to make an appointment with Sara and take advantage of this amazing offer don’t live with a phobia if you don’t have to! | <urn:uuid:e1183e05-ba38-44d3-91df-b2225e4e6a98> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://kingstonnaturalhealth.com/what-has-you-running-for-the-hills/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423723.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721062230-20170721082230-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.959591 | 606 | 2.828125 | 3 |
|Georges Seurat, Le Cirque, 1890|
|Jules Cheret, Hippodrome de la PorteMaillot,|
Paris Courses, 1890
Theatrical subject matters like the circus were also a favorite with Degas, who also might have had an influence on Seurat's selection of this particular motif.
Seurat applied Henry Chevreul's theory of the balancing contrasting colors to create harmony by painting a blue frame to the predominantly yellow color of this picture.
Observing how Seurat has flattened the picture plane even more than his previous works and the different points of perspective offered within the painting and the juxtaposition of the different concerns throughout the history of art being incorporated in his own unique vision makes me wonder what was next if he had lived a longer life. | <urn:uuid:30a9223f-4dd9-4499-9b22-c8e683b5aa4d> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.sedefscorner.com/2011/04/georges-seurat-le-cirque.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917126237.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031206-00333-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958808 | 164 | 2.671875 | 3 |
June 24, 2018
Water plays a big part in this radionics practice, so we will run through the type of water you need, and how to prepare it effectively to get the most out of our Radionics machines.
Water is a highly impressionable substance. It retains information from it's environment along the entire course of it's journey. The water from the tap in your home is dead water. It has been filtered and processed many times, flowing through underground pipes over long distances, being loaded with additives at the treatment plant and being structured over hard joints and right angles in the plumbing of your property.
It is for this reason that we must prepare the water we wish to imprint by removing the impurities through distillation, and restructuring the water, which in essence removes the programming via vortexing. It is like reformatting a computer hard drive ready to load new information onto it.
DISTILLATIONYou can either purchase food grade distilled water, or you can prepare tap or bottled water with a steam distiller such as this one from Mega Home.
You can find these distillers all over the internet. An internet search for water distiller will return plenty of results in your own locality. The one thing you need to look out for when purchasing a distiller is that is has a stainless steel boiler/steam coil and not an aluminium boiler. The aluminium will add impurities over time. You should also look for a distiller that has an activated charcoal filter. This will help to filter out any volatile organic compounds.
I would also suggest getting one with a glass jug. Most of these distillers produce 4 litres of pure water in 5-6 hours. You can run it overnight and have pure water by the morning. The cost of running it is quite low as well. The 4 litres is enough to make 40 remedies.
If you have access to lab equipment you could use a distillation train. However, getting one of the electric water distillers is much more practical.
You will also need two glass containers. We use 100mL Pyrex Beakers. Make sure the glassware is purchased brand new and never used. The glassware and magnetic stirrers need to be clean and sterile. In addition to the two beakers, you will require dropper bottles for making long term remedies. Purchase 100mL Cobalt Blue glass dropper bottles. You will need more than one if you wish to make a number of long term remedies.
This process makes a potent water for programming. It removes any previous contaminants, both physical and energetic. It also increases the storage capacity of the water to improve it's information retention and subsequently the potency of the remedy.
This is the advised process. However, you can use regular water without any of this process and still get results, they are just not as viable as the ones received with this methodical procedure. If you do use regular water, then please make sure it is at least natural or bottled spring water.
STORAGEFor a one shot remedy that you consume immediately storage is not an issue. However for long term exposure, and greater assimilation into the body you should consume a remedy over a longer period of time with the dropper bottle. As a standard the dose is one drop under the tongue three times a day, or one drop added to a glass of water three times a day. Pure water stored for long periods has been know to display signs of bacterial growth. This is usually down to poor sterilisation procedures on making the remedy, and the introduction of contaminants on consumption of the remedy. The shelf life can be prolonged by storing in a refrigerator, and adding preservatives. These preservatives take the form of either grain alcohol, or medical ethanol if you can get it, or Colloidal Silver. These preservatives are added after imprinting. You can measure 20 mL of either in a spare beaker and add it to the preparation. Some people have had success with other preservatives such as glycerine, and vitamin E. On an information storage level, if you can keep the water physically pure for a long period, the remedy can last months with minimal discharge over time. I would suggest replacing after a year as some remedies can taper off and lose their viability at this stage due to a variety of external factors. You can freeze the water to store the remedy. It will be viable for up to 5 phase transitions.
March 23, 2020
January 20, 2019
December 02, 2018 | <urn:uuid:0cbfc173-d636-4660-90bf-505990246d76> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://berkanalabs.store/blogs/radionics-blog/how-to-prepare-water-for-radionic-remedy-making | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371880945.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409220932-20200410011432-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.956187 | 911 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The Promises, Challenges, and Futures of Media Literacy addresses the “fake news” problem by evaluating the successes and failures of recent media literacy efforts.
Contemporary media literacy programs–commonly organized around the five main themes of youth participation, teacher training and curricular resources, parental support, policy initiatives, and evidence base construction–have demonstrated positive outcomes, particularly in the case of rapid responses to breaking news events, connecting critical thinking with behavior change, and evaluating partisan content. However, media literacy efforts continue to struggle with a lack of comprehensive evaluation data, with some research showing programs can have little-to-no impact for certain materials, or even lead to harmful overconfidence in assessing media content.
Report authors Monica Bulger and Patrick Davison make five recommendations to guide the future of media literacy programming for educators, legislators, technologists, and philanthropists in the space. Specifically, they warn against the treatment of media literacy as a panacea–particularly at a time when significant resources continue to be pushed toward media literacy programs as a counter balance to “fake news.” | <urn:uuid:baaf9ca9-4e22-4621-ae86-b402acbe7e0b> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://datasociety.net/output/the-promises-challenges-and-futures-of-media-literacy/?utm_content=buffer30527&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864546.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622143142-20180622163142-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.911352 | 223 | 3.34375 | 3 |
SUMMER ENGINEERING PROGRAM ( 7th - 9th Grades )
This Institute provides participants with an opportunity to learn the basic concepts underlying chemical, electrical and mechanical engineering. With an overall concentration on mathematics and science, the program is divided into three three components:
Chemical Engineering - Students engage in classroom instruction that explore and examine quality of life issues, i.e. the production and manufacture of pharmaceutical products, fertilizers, fabrics and petroleum products. Study groups use the resources of the library and the Internet to examine the impact of chemical engineering upon our society.
Electrical Engineering - Participants receive classroom instruction regarding the use of computers, robots and communication systems, i.e. telephones, beepers, etc. Films are viewed and discussed regarding the impact of this technology upon our society. Hands on activities include working with basic electrical wiring, computer design, radio frequencies and lasers.
Mechanical Engineering - Classroom instruction focuses on design, development and utilization of machine systems. Experiments are conducted on the various uses of alternate energy sources. Field trips to PSE&G and the Newark Airport enhance classroom Activities. | <urn:uuid:0bf03cf6-51c8-4fb8-af5a-eea07408ae9e> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.njit.edu/cpce/programs/summer-engineering.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936459277.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074059-00304-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903469 | 230 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Learning how to use technology prepares students to become expert consumers. Learning how to program technology, however, makes them powerful creators.
Coding is no longer just for students who are interested in a programming career.
Just as pen and paper were integral tools for the information age, coding has become one of the basic building blocks of a digital society — not to mention one of the most relevant and widely applicable STEM subjects to learn. Programming skills give students the power to influence and direct their future.
" "All of my students learn to persevere, to not be afraid of making a mistake and to enjoy a challenge," " said teacher Deb Smith. " "Their sense of accomplishment is priceless." "
Since only one in 10 schools offer computer programming classes, bringing coding into the classroom often means teachers must start from scratch. So we asked educators to offer their best tips for getting started. Here's what they said:
Start small and build from there.
For many educators, teaching coding means learning it alongside their students. That was the case for Christy Novack, who recently started an intro to coding class at her middle school. She found Codeacademy's tutorials helpful for getting her own feet wet.
" "I hemmed and hawed about how to approach it," " she said. " "Do I teach fundamentals? What programs do I use? I ended up having to choose one program for now for the sake of my own focus and learning." "
Web programming makes another good entry point for developing an understanding of how software works. Not all students will warm to object-oriented programming, but most learners love to get hands-on by building websites. Teacher Melissa Wrenchey starts her students on light programming — HTML with CSS — and then uses Processing.org to build on those principles.
Provide a pathway for advanced students.
Many kids take to coding naturally and will rapidly progress beyond the basics. Be prepared to provide advanced students with new avenues for continuing their development.
" "I started with the basics of Scratch with third graders. Once they got their feet wet, many of them wanted more," " said teacher Lyne Motylinski. She divided her students into groups and allowed them to choose a project — from simple animations to choose-your-own adventure stories to video games.
" "Once they started, I taught skills to groups as needed, and often they would then teach each other," " she said.
- Start a computer club for those who want to progress beyond the class lessons, suggests Harry Keller, president of Smart Science Education Inc.
- Team students up and have them tackle the computing problems at CodeChef, says technology director John Faig.
- Think outside the classroom by guiding students to coding camps, competitions or online courses.
Tackle real-world problems.
Like any other skill, coding becomes more relevant when kids are able to use it in a way that's meaningful to them.
Teacher Douglas Kiang guides his students toward creating apps that serve their community in some way. For example, one of his students worked with a parent to develop an app that teaches autistic kids to count. It's now used by teachers and schools to help children across the autism spectrum.
" "My kids learn how to code, but many of my students learn a more enduring lesson about making connections with others to find ways that their coding skills can make a difference in their community," " he said. " "That is the most valuable lesson of all." "
Try it for an hour.
Don't feel like you have time for coding in the classroom? Spend just one hour helping students learning to code, and see what happens.
Amanda Pressly contributed to this post. | <urn:uuid:72ead019-598f-4b8c-bd27-0dc028fbc08a> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.iste.org/explore/ISTE-blog/Start-from-scratch-with-coding | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655911092.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710144305-20200710174305-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.972567 | 765 | 3.96875 | 4 |
Diseases and Conditions
Causes of Heart Valve Disease
The most common causes of heart valve disease are degenerative congenital defects and infections. However, age-related changes and certain autoimmune diseases, such as lupus, Graves' disease, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, have also been associated with heart valve disease.
Congenital Defects and Heart Valve Disease
Congenital defects are most often associated with aortic or pulmonary valve disease. In patients with congenital defects, the heart valves may be the wrong size or the leaflets of the valve are misshapen or not properly attached. In bicuspid aortic valve disease, the valve has only two leaflets instead of the normal three.
Types of congenital defects associated with heart valve disease include:
- Pulmonary valve stenosis - a narrowing of the pulmonary valve that restricts blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery. This can range from mild to severe and, with the exception of a heart murmur, is often asymptomatic.
- Bicuspid aortic valve disease - a congenital disease that causes the aortic valve to have only two leaflets instead of three seen in the tricuspid. This causes the valve to be stiff or to leak.
- Marfan syndrome - a genetic connective tissue disorder that affects the body's main arteries and may cause the aorta to stretch and grow weak. This condition is called aortic dilation or aortic aneurysm and may require the repair or replacement of the aortic heart valve.
Infections and Heart Valve Disease
Two types of infections are commonly associated with heart valve disease, rheumatic fever and infective endocarditis. In these cases, heart valve disease occurs when the infection travels to the heart and damages the inner surface, which includes the heart valves.
- Rheumatic fever is caused by an untreated streptococcus pyogenes infection, such as strep throat. When the body tries to fight the strep infection it can damage or scar the heart valves, typically the aortic or mitral valves. Symptoms of heart valve damage often don't appear for many years. Heart valve disease due to rheumatic fever mainly affects older people who had strep infections before antibiotics were available as well as people from developing countries.
- Infective endocarditis is usually the result of bacteria - such as staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus - or other infectious substances that enter the bloodstream intravenously or through breaks in the skin and gums and infect the inner surface of the heart. This rare and sometimes life-threatening infection can damage the heart and worsen the condition of individuals with preexisting heart conditions.
Heart valve disease can also be caused by age-related disorders, such as an increase in calcium or other deposits in the heart, or other conditions and risk factors.
Conditions and risk factors sometimes related to heart valve disease include:
- Carcinoid syndrome, which occurs when a carcinoid tumor secretes chemicals into the bloodstream
- Uncommon metabolic disorder, such as Fabry disease and hyperlipidemia
- The combined use of fenfluramine and phentermine ("Fen-Phen"), a prescription weight-loss supplement in frequent use between 1995 and 1997
- Radiation therapy to the chest area, typically in the treatment of cancer | <urn:uuid:5edbf9b4-303a-4ea7-9527-fb31360a9997> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.montefiore.org/causes-of-heart-valve-disease | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814140.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222160706-20180222180706-00726.warc.gz | en | 0.933515 | 703 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Information display kiosks are useful in libraries, galleries and museums, educational institutions, municipal offices, visitor information booths, conferences, shopping malls, airports---in short any location where simple, easy access to information is desirable. Kiosks are normally set up with touchscreens or pointing devices such as trackballs, to allow people to select and view information that is attractively displayed and up to date.
There are many ways to create kiosks, from expensive solutions based on proprietary software to HTML-based open-source solutions. Browser-based technologies are particularly attractive because they are inherently multimedia, offering text, graphics, sound and streaming media, and the content is highly portable.
Linux provides a flexible and interesting platform for kiosk development. Linux is inexpensive to set up and it offers a wide range of options, from diskless display stations to self-contained, database-driven web servers. Due to the versatility of the underlying operating system, a well-designed Linux kiosk can be placed in a remote location and administered via a telephone or network link.
This HOWTO explores one method of setting up Linux as a standalone information kiosk, using Netscape Navigator 4.X and FVWM2 on a Red Hat Linux 6.X system. It is based on a kiosk I set up for use in the Hands-on Biodiversity Gallery in the Royal Ontario Museum ( http://www.rom.on.ca), Toronto, Canada. The kiosk outlined in this HOWTO incorporates a trackball rather than a more expensive touchscreen. There are undoubtedly many other ways to create a Linux-based kiosk, but this one has worked reliably for us and it may provide a useful starting point for your own kiosk project.
Copyright Gene Wilburn 1999. All rights reserved.
The author disclaims all warranties with regard to this document, including all implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a certain purpose; in no event shall the author be liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence or other tortuous action, arising out of or in connection with the use of this document.
This legalese means use at your own risk.
Our Linux kiosk derives heavily from the work done by the City of Charlotte, North Carolina, for their municipal website, Charlotte's Web (see http://www.charweb.org/webinfo/kiosk/). The Charlotte's Web kiosk project, which employs a touchscreen monitor, was set up in 1996 using an early version of Slackware Linux, Netscape Navigator 2.X, and FVWM. The webmasters at Charlotte have created a very useable kiosk implementation and have shared their complete setup via their website. This HOWTO, to a certain degree, represents an update of their work, altering the details to work with Red Hat 6.X, Netscape Navigator 4.X, FVWM2, and a custom-made trackball.
I worked with Debra Luneau (email@example.com), the Royal Ontario Museum webmaster, to create the graphics overlays for Netscape. The examples we distribute at our ftp site are her work---and are the ones we use on the kiosk in the Biodiversity Gallery.
The Ontario Biodiversity section of the ROM website was designed by Hopscotch Interactive (www.hopscotch.ca). The original application was converted from a flat-file database system to a MySQL-database driven system by Gord Howells (firstname.lastname@example.org), the ROM's database designer and programmer. The non-kiosk version of this mini-site may be viewed at http://www.rom.on.ca/ontario/.
Setting up Linux for use as a web-based kiosk is similar to setting up Linux as a graphical workstaion, with a few extra considerations. If the machine is to be a standalone unit, it must boot straight into kiosk mode. Furthermore, the browser environment must be modified in to disable standard dialog screens and to eliminate parts of the browser that allow inappropriate interaction, such as the Location Bar in Netscape.
Essentially a kiosk website is self-contained. Users navigate through the site via clicks with a pointing device. The pointing device can be a touchscreen, a trackball, or a mouse. Mice are difficult to secure in a public area.
A Linux kiosk can be connected back to a home site via a direct network or PPP link, requesting pages from the home site, or it can be a self-contained website, running Apache and any corresponding CGI modules.
FVWM2 (FVWM, version 2 -- www.fvwm.org) is a flexible, reliable, and lightweight X Window manager that provides excellent configurability for creating a kiosk environment. For kiosk use you must change some of its default settings. You need to modify the system.fvwm2rc file to remove things like virtual desktops, title bars, exit controls, etc, leaving a relatively minimalist FVWM environment. Because the kiosk is a standalone unit, modifying the system-wide settings does not present a problem.
You can also take advantage of FVWM's settable object properties to use X Window bitmaps (xpm files) to mask the parts of Netscape Navigator you don't want users to access.
The FVWM2 file you need to modify is /etc/X11/fvwm2/system.fvwm2rc. (If you use a different distribution than Red Hat, this file may be located elsewhere.) You may have to poke around in this file to find the sections listed below.
This eliminates the virtual desktops.
Next, in the Default Styles section, change
Style "*" BorderWidth 7, HandleWidth 7
Style "*" BorderWidth 0, HandleWidth 0, notitle, nohandles
This will disable most of the normal windowing controls.
Add the following two lines to the Default Styles section:
Style "xdaliclock" StaysOnTop Style "sxpm" StaysOnTop
The Default Styles part of the file should look something like this when you finish:
# default Styles: #Style "*" BorderWidth 7, HandleWidth 7 Style "*" BorderWidth 0, HandleWidth 0, notitle, nohandles Style "*" Icon unknown1.xpm, Color lightgrey/dimgrey Style "*" MWMFunctions, MWMDecor, HintOverride Style "*" DecorateTransient, NoPPosition Style "*" IconBox 0 -10 -280 -1 Style "*" FocusFollowsMouse Style "*" RandomPlacement, SmartPlacement Style "xdaliclock" StaysOnTop Style "sxpm" StaysOnTop
You can use the xdaliclock and sxpm programs to cover up parts of Netscape Navigator. The ``StaysOnTop'' attribute is the active ingredient.
Next, find the following four lines and comment them out as shown:
#AddToFunc InitFunction "I" Module FvwmButtons #+ "I" exec xsetroot -mod 2 2 -fg \#554055 -bg \#705070 #AddToFunc RestartFunction "I" Module FvwmButtons #+ "I" exec xsetroot -mod 2 2 -fg \#554055 -bg \#705070
Commenting out these lines will eliminate the nice task launcher from FVWM2, which is okay because you're after as simple an environment as you can create.
Netscape Navigator is a better choice for setting up a kiosk than Netscape Communicator. Being simpler, there are fewer objects to hide.
Under Microsoft Windows, Netscape Navigator has a kiosk mode that eliminates most of the Navigator controls but there is, at the time of this writing, no built-in kiosk mode for the Unix version of Navigator.
The Unix version can, however, be invoked with a
argument that allows us to always start Netscape full screen. This
forms part of our strategy for a Netscape-based kiosk.
You need to decide on our kiosk screen resolution. Using a 19- or 20-inch monitor, we found 640x480 too large, 1024x768 too small, and 800x600 just about right for public viewing (you may decide differently). Once you decide on the resolution, you are ready to begin adjusting Navigator. For the rest of this HOWTO we assume 800x600 resolution. You'll need to adjust accordingly if you select a different resolution.
Note: Navigator is going to be invoked by root during bootup,
so make all of the Netscape adjustments under the root account in the
Invoke Netscape and click into the
Appearance check ``Show Toolbar as Text Only.''
Appearance, Fonts adjust both fixed- and variable-width
fonts to at least 14pt or the screen display will be too small for
Preferences, Navigator insert the URL of your kiosk
home page. If you're running a local version of Apache or another web
server, make this
http://localhost/ for top level access, or
deeper into the html doctree if desired.
Save these options, then click
View on the Navigator menu
Personal Toolbar and
Notice how much more kiosk-like the interface has become? When you exit Navigator, these settings will be saved.
If you look closely at your adjusted Navigator screen, you'll see four areas that need to be covered and protected from mouse or trackball clicks:
Here's a rough schematic of the areas you need to mask:
+---------------------------------------+ | # 1 Toolbar | +--+------------+-----------------------+ |#2| | #3 Navbar | +--+ +-----------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------+ | |#4 Key | | +---------------------------------------+
To mask over the top areas (#1-3), we'll need three graphic images. To mask the security key (#4) we'll use xdaliclock.
The easiest way to create graphical masks to cover areas #1-3 is to grab a screenshot of Navigator in full 800x600 mode and then crop out areas that correspond to #1-3. I used GIMP for this.
You can then re-design the basic graphics, changing the colors if you wish, or putting your own logo on them. Save them as:
The xpm format is the native X Window bitmap format. You will use the X Window program sxpm to place them on the screen.
Creating the masks with just the right number of pixels and just the right placement on the monitor requires some experimentation. For your convenience, I have placed the xpm files we created plus our configuration files in at the following web site: http://www.rom.on.ca/kiosk/HOWTO/. You may find it simpler to download our masks and use them as a starting point for your own graphics.
Just as you would normally create a .xinitrc file for your personal use, you must create an X Window session initialization file for our kiosk application. The following script implements a number of features:
This is the main file that runs the kiosk.
#!/bin/sh # kiosk.xinitrc -- Initialization script for kiosk X Window session # Start screensaver /usr/X11R6/bin/xscreensaver-command -exit /usr/X11R6/bin/xscreensaver & # Overlay over Navigator (mask #1) sxpm /root/navtop.xpm & # Overlay small graphic over Toolbar twister - left-hand side (mask #2) sxpm -g +0+23 /root/navleft.xpm & # Overlay larger graphic to cover everything to the right of # Home on the Toolbar (mask #3) sxpm -g +275+23 /root/navright.xpm & # Place xdaliclock over top of Netscape security key, lower lhc (mask #4) /usr/X11R6/bin/xdaliclock -g 38x20+0+578 -font fixed -noseconds \ -bg gray -fg black & sleep 2 # Start fvwm2 window manager fvwm2 & # restart netscape if it ever exits while true ; do if [ -f /.netscape/lock] ; then rm /.netscape/lock fi /usr/bin/netscape -geometry 800x600 done # This should never be reached
You can now start testing your kiosk setup. Since you will need to do this repeatedly, manually, as well as from an initialization script, create the following as a shell script named /root/xkiosk:
/usr/X11R6/bin/xinit /root/kiosk.xinitrc -- /usr/X11R6/bin/X \ -xf86config /root/kiosk.XF86Config bc
Because you will be testing often, and reusing this later when you
automate the startup, create this command as a shell script called
/root/xkiosk. Be sure to
chmod ug+x it.
Under normal (i.e. kiosk) conditions, Linux should boot straight into Kiosk mode. In the event of a power failure, accidental reboot, or scheduled reboot, you need to configure the system to do this.
For our kiosk we elected to use init level 4, which is normally unused, for kiosk mode. We made the following adjustment to /etc/inittab:
# Default runlevel. The runlevels used by RHS are: # 0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this) # 1 - Single user mode # 2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking) # 3 - Full multiuser mode # 4 - Kiosk mode # 5 - X11 # 6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this) # id:4:initdefault:
To initialize the kiosk after everything else has been initialized, including, in our case, Apache and MySQL, create the file /etc/rc.d/rc.4/S99xkiosk:
#!/bin/bash # # S99xkiosk Initialization of kiosk for runlevel 4 # # Author: Gene Wilburn <email@example.com> # # Display message on console echo "Starting up the X Window Kiosk ... " if [ -f /.netscape/lock] ; then rm /.netscape/lock fi # Logging of X activity echo %%%%%%%%%%%%%Reboot%%%%%%%%%% >> /var/log/xlog /root/xkiosk # This point should only be reached by pressing Ctrl-Backspace /sbin/shutdown -r now # All done.
Once this file has been created and inittab has been adjusted to boot into init level 4, Linux will boot directly into kiosk mode. On our kiosk we disable telnet and ftp and install ssh so we can maintain and administer the kiosk remotely across the network with ssh and scp.
There are times, especially during testing, when you'd like to work from the console in a normal init level 3 mode. To do this, press Ctrl-Backspace to reboot the system. When LILO: appears type:
LILO: linux init 3
and log in as usual.
Depending on where you deploy your kiosk, you may not want all the default xscreensaver images to appear. For our Hands-On Biodiversity Gallery we wanted to display only the animated fractal images that suggested life science themes.
After testing out several screensaver images, we decided that we to select randomly between two choices: coral and forest.
To limit xscreensaver to displaying these two, we created the file .xscreensaver in the filesystem root (/) with the following options:
programs: \ coral -root \n\ forest -root \n
Our kiosk machine contains a Sound Blaster AWE64 card with attached speakers. We chose this card specifically because it works well with Linux sound drivers.
The MySQL database that drives our Biodiversity Gallery kiosk points to a collection of sound files that a visitor may listen to, including a ``bird song quiz.'' The downside of using Linux Netscape for a kiosk is that some of the multimedia aspects are primitive, compared to Windows and Macintosh.
To enable sound, we implemented a Unix Netscape plugin called Xswallow written by Caolan McNamara ( http://skynet.csn.ul.ie/~caolan/docs/XSwallow.html). All the sound plugins we tested create a separate web page as the sound is being played (unless the sound file is embedded). Of the programs we tested, Xswallow worked the best and had the cleanest display page.
Although the extra page is inconvenient, we decided that having the stability of Linux was more important than the extra click required to return to the previous screen.
An additional problem is that when a sound is selected, the Xswallow page displays ``Click to Abort Swallow of type audio/basic''. Clicking merely returns a blank page. I made a slight change to the author's source code for UnixShell.c, changing
char *text2 = "Click to Abort Swallow";
char *text2 = "Click BACK Button to return from playing file";
The phrase ``of type audio/basic'' appears to come directly from Netscape rather than Xswallow.
After recompiling, I added the plugin to Netscape.
A last note about sound files: the original set of files we received were a mix of .au and .wav files. Our experience was that the .au files worked the most reliably in Linux and we converted all sound files to .au format.
Not having the funding for a touchscreen display, we opted for a trackball (and no keyboard) for our kiosk navigation. Our colleague, Andy Rauer at the Ontario Science Centre in Toronto, tipped us off to using ``industry-strength'' trackball components from Happ Conrols Inc., Elk Grove Village, Illinois http://www.happcontrols.com/ (check under their Interactives section).
One of the things we needed to do was disable any right-mouse button click equivalents from being used in Netscape Navigator because right-click events invoke user dialogs.
By building our own trackball, we were able to wire it any way we wanted. We wired in two push-button controls, both with a left-mouse button equivalent. The buttons are arranged on either side of the trackball, allowing ease of use from right-handed and left-handed visitors. Our gallery designers then took the trackball parts and built them into the gallery's kiosk enclosure.
For our kiosk we purchased the following components for building a heavy-duty trackball designed to withstand visitor use (and abuse):
From a local electronics vendor, we purchased a Hammond Manufacturing plastic handy case (Cat no. 1591ABK) for housing the electronics board for the trackball.
Anticipating additional kiosks, and potential part failure, we ordered four sets of each of the above for spare parts and testing.
In the best of all possible worlds, you will have the opporunity to design your kiosk pages from scratch. Bearing in mind that using a kiosk is a different experience from sitting at a desk browsing the web from a personal workstation, the following guidelines are useful design principles:
Unforunately you will sometimes inherit pages that were designed for web browsing rather than kiosk browsing. In these cases it may be too time-consuming or too difficult to redesign them as kiosk pages. When implementing standard web pages for a kiosk display:
Our previous attempts at creating browser-based kiosks with Windows-based PC's were unsatisfactory. The units were unstable, freezing up frequently. The Linux approach has given us a reliable, robust kiosk in a public gallery that has stood up well to visitor usage. Our success with this project has led us to consider other kiosk possibilities.
One of our future goals is to implement remote kiosks in the greater Toronto area where people can browse some of our site information and, hopefully, be attracted enough by it to visit the ROM in person. These might be deployed at places such as conventions, trade shows, shopping malls or special exhibits. We are also thinking in terms of deploying kiosks in more distant locations, perhaps in public libraries.
For this project we would likely implement modem-based Linux boxes that could ``call home'' to update files on a routine basis and could be dialled into for maintenance and updates.
When the technology gets cheaper, we would like to experiment with flat-panel touchscreen displays for kiosks. The combination of flat-panel display and very small PC units would enable us to deploy kiosks with a very small footprint.
Ultimately we may need to deploy kiosks that utilize keyboards. This will present a new set of challenges in terms of blocking unwanted keystrokes. If anyone would like to contribute information on this, or to any other aspect of the Kiosk-HOWTO, please email me at firstname.lastname@example.org or my alternative email address email@example.com.
I would be very interested in collaborating with other kiosk builders to extend the Kiosk-HOWTO for other situations. Kiosks are a bit like Perl: ``There is more than one way to do it.'' | <urn:uuid:9063a2a1-cbb6-4530-a88b-ddc814a48b82> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-HOWTO/Kiosk-HOWTO.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267865098.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623152108-20180623172108-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.862599 | 4,623 | 2.75 | 3 |
The oddly shaped rubber shoes known as Crocs first hit the market in the early 2000’s, however they did not catch on in terms of popularity until almost 10 years later. Since then, they have become a popular alternative to flip-flops, sandals, indoor footwear, and in some cases, even shoes themselves.
Although some people are attracted to their quirky appearance and even find them more comfortable than typical footwear, a recent article posted by Huffington Post brought to light that rubber clogs can have adverse effects on your foot health.
Crocs and Foot Health
Since Crocs have become so vastly popular, especially among children and adolescents, many podiatrists have been consulted on the effect that they have on our foot health. Their answers were less than positive. According to one podiatrist, Dr. Meagan Leahy, Crocs are not a suitable replacement for proper footwear.
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“Unfortunately, Crocs are not suitable for all-day use,” Leahy says. “These shoes do not adequately secure the heel. When the heel is unstable, toes tend to grip which can lead to tendonitis, worsening of toe deformities, nail problems, corns and calluses.” (1) In fact, the same can be said for any shoe that is backless such as flip flops or sandals; they should not be worn for an extended period of time.
If wear backless shoes often, consider doing some of the following exercises below to prevent and help manage tendonitis:
Fake Crocs And Allergic Reactions
According to a lab analysis conducted in Germany, rubber cogs similar to Crocs as well as knock-offs of Crocs contain highly cancerous substances that can actually be absorbed through contact with skin.
German broadcasting institution Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR) sent in 10 different types of plastic cogs to a lab in Germany for analysis. According to the test, six out of the 10 shoes provided contained cancerous chemicals called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (2).
According to the 13th Report on Carcinogens (RoC), a public health document published by the National Toxicology Program, exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been linked to an increased risk of developing lung, liver and skin cancers.
Given all the information above, it is important to be very careful when you purchase Crocs and not resort to buying knockoffs. That being said, although the American brand Crocs did not contain any polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the analysis found that it still contained substances that can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions (2).
If you still insist on wearing Crocs, wear socks to reduce the amount of contact that the material has with your skin. It is also advised to smell the shoes before purchasing them. If they have a strong or sweet smell being emitted from them, this could mean that the shoes are releasing possibly harmful solvents (2).
(1) Here’s what podiatrists think about your crocs http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/are-crocs-bad-for-you_us_574de531e4b02912b241081f Published: June 1, 2016. Accessed: January 13, 2017.
(2) I 24 news. Crocs contain materials dangerous to health, German report says http://www.i24news.tv/en/news/culture/130801-crocs-contain-materials-dangerous-to-health-german-report-says Accessed: January 13, 2017.
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Reinforcement Theory proposes that social behavior is governed by external events (events outside the human psyche). The basic premise is that people will more likely perform a specific behavior if it is followed directly by the occurrence of something pleasurable or by the removal of something aversive. Additionally, the opposite premise is also included in the theory, but tends not to have as strong of an impact on behavior: people will less likely perform a specific behavior if it is followed by something aversive or the removal of something pleasurable. One of the benefits of this approach to understanding human (and animal) behavior is that the events are observable, as compared with cognitive theories of human behavior.
The external events that play a role in reinforcement theory are referred to as stimuli. They include any event that leads to an alteration or change in behavior. The change in behavior induced by a stimulus is a response.
Reinforcement theory has been operationalized in a process called operant conditioning. Positive reinforcement is the contingent presentation of a stimulus following a response, resulting in an increased likelihood of the response occurring in the future. Negative reinforcement is the contingent withdrawal of a stimulus following a response, resulting in an increased likelihood of the response occurring in the future. Unconditioned reinforcement, also called primary reinforcement, is the presentation of stimuli that are inherently reinforcing, such as affection, food, sex, or sleep. Conditioned reinforcement, also called secondary reinforcement, is the presentation of a stimulus which has acquired reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcers. Social reinforcement is a form of conditioned reinforcement in which the reinforcer involves some sort of interaction with others. Positive punishment is the contingent presentation of a stimulus following a response, resulting in a decreased likelihood of the response occurring in the future, whereas negative punishment is the contingent withdrawal of a stimulus following a response, resulting in a decreased likelihood of the response occurring in the future.
Successive approximation is the presentation of reinforcers after increasingly accurate productions of the desired response. For example, in training rats or pigeons to depress a lever or peck a key, reinforcement will initially be contingent on simply turning toward the lever or key. As training progresses, the response reinforced becomes progressively more like the response desired by the trainer (i.e., actually pecking the key). Behaviours developed through the reinforcement of successive approximations to the eventual desired behaviour are called shaped behaviours and the process is called shaping.
The study of reinforcement has produced strong, replicable results. The effects of different schedules of reinforcement (i.e., variations in the rate or ratio of reinforcement) have been extensively studied. Some of these schedules include:
- Continuous reinforcement, in which a reinforcer is presented after every desired response,
- Fixed ratio, in which a reinforcer is presented after every nth response,
- Fixed interval, in which a reinforcer is presented after the passage of a specified length of time from the beginning of training or from the presentation of the last reinforcer, provided a response has been made during the period,
- Variable ratio, in which the number of responses between reinforcers varies, but on the average equals a predetermined number
- Variable interval, in which the time between reinforcers varies, but on the average equals a predetermined time.
Ratio schedules produce higher rates of responding than interval schedules, with variable ratio scales producing the highest rates of response. Variable ratio schedules produce the greatest resistance to extinction, which is the decline in response strength following the cessation of reinforcement.
This theoretical approach to understanding human behavior has been criticized on a number of levels. First, it has been criticized as employing circular reasoning, since it appears to argue that response strength is increased by reinforcement while defining reinforcement as something which increases response strength. However, non-circular definitions have been proposed. For example, reinforcement can be defined as consummatory behaviour contingent on a response.
Another limitation of this theoretical approach is that it portrays individuals as primarily reacting to environmental stimuli rather than as initiating behavior based on imaginative or creative thought. In short, it downplays the role of cognition in human behavior. As a result, this theoretical approach downplays the influence of other motivations in explaining human behavior. Additionally, reinforcement theory cannot explain selfless behavior and altruism, instances where the individual acts to their own detriment in order to help another. | <urn:uuid:08c963a5-a8c5-4309-8def-74360a99c022> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Sociological_Theory/Reinforcement_Theory | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637900397.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025820-00193-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95638 | 879 | 4.125 | 4 |
The "Bottom Line" -- The Main Point of
If your depressions are complicated; if you have mood swings, but not
"mania", you can still be "bipolar enough" to need a
treatment that's more like the treatments we use in more easily recognized
Bipolar Disorder. You'll
read here about those forms which do not have "mania" to make them stand out or
easily recognizable, including Bipolar II. Depression is the main symptom, including especially
sleeping too much, extreme fatigue, and lack of motivation. What makes
bipolar depression different is the presence of something else as well.
that "something else" often does not look anything like mania.
"Hypomania", which you'll learn about here, can show up as huge
sleep changes, irritability, agitation/anxiety, and difficulty
And finally, some people can have some bipolarity without any
hypomania at all.
What happened to "manic-depressive" (now bipolar I)?
Somewhere along the way you probably learned about manic-depressive illness:
episodes of mania, and episodes of severe depression. Here are the symptoms of "mania"
- Mood much better than normal
- Rapid speech
- Little need for sleep
- Racing thoughts, trouble concentrating
- Continuous high energy
- Delusions (often grandiose, but including paranoid)
What happened to "manic-depressive"?
As our understanding of
bipolar disorder has grown, the naming system has changed as well.
Recently the concept of a "mixed state" of bipolar disorder, in which
manic symptoms and depressive symptoms are found at the same time,
was added. Obviously this changes the understanding of manic-depressive
illness from one in which the two mood states alternate, to one in
which they can co-occur! Things
are getting more complicated.
Psychiatry has a diagnostic "rule book" that lists the symptoms
people must have in order to meet the definition of a particular
"disorder", called the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. The most
recent edition came out
in 1994, the
"Bipolar II" was added in this edition, although it was first described
as a pattern of mood change long before that. Technically Bipolar
II describes a pattern in which patients experience "hypomania" (to be
discussed in detail below), alternating with episodes of severe
However, one of the most
experienced professionals in this field, who has bipolar disorder
herself, has criticized even this advance as too limited:
"The clinical reality of manic-depressive illness is far more
lethal and infinitely more complex than the current psychiatric
nomenclature, bipolar disorder, would suggest. Cycles of fluctuating
moods and energy levels serve as a background to constantly changing
thoughts, behaviors, and feelings. The illness encompasses the extremes
of human experience. Thinking can range from florid psychosis, or
"madness," to patterns of unusually clear, fast and creative
associations, to retardation so profound that no meaningful mental
activity can occur. Behavior can be frenzied, expansive, bizarre, and
seductive, or it can be seclusive, sluggish, and dangerously suicidal.
Moods may swing erratically between euphoria and despair or irritability
and desperation. The rapid oscillations and combinations of such
extremes result in an intricately textured clinical picture." (Kay Jamison, Ph.D.)
will read below can be found in a recent
review by two mood experts, except that their version is written in
full medical jargon.
Even the International Society for Bipolar Disorders has advocated a
change in diagnostic procedure, moving beyond the DSM-IV, using what we've
learned since 1994 in the diagnostic process (Ghaemi
and colleagues; if you look closely you'll see that my name is on the
list of co-authors: I was honored to be invited to participate and write
for this 2008 update on bipolar diagnosis guidelines). Their
recommendations are very consistent with what you'll read below.
What is the official definition of
Technically, this is literally a "little" mania — the familiar symptoms but less so:
- Mood much better than normal
- Rapid speech
- Little need for sleep
- Racing thoughts, trouble concentrating
- Continuous high energy
You may have noticed that "delusions" have disappeared from the list: these are by definition not found in Bipolar II. A patient who has had the above symptoms repeatedly, without
having delusions, is much less likely to
ever lose contact with reality (including weird experiences like
auditory hallucinations, which are common in bipolar mania) than a
patient who has experienced delusions.
"Bipolar II" is technically the combination of hypomanic phases with separate phases of severe
depression If the depressive phases are only mild, the term
"cyclothymia" is used. Getting confused? I certainly was, until I began
to think of these variations as points on a continuous spectrum. I hope
the following discussion will impress you as simpler.
What is the "mood spectrum?"
(references updated 4/2008)
Until very recently, depression and "manic-depressive illness"
were understood as completely independent: a patient either had one or
the other. Now the two are seen by many mood specialists
as two extremes on a continuum, with variations found at all
between, as in the graph below (e.g. Ghaemi;
and Cassano; Akiskal
to name just a few important articles since 2001; and finally, my
ISBD review in 2008):
On the left, the "unipolar" extreme represents straightforward
depression with no complications. There are many forms of depression, of
course. For an overview, see the appendix: "What kinds of depression are
there?". The depressions discussed further below are of a more genetic, or "chemical" nature;
versus those of a more situational type, like losing a loved one.
Situational depressions may respond well to time or therapy and not require "bipolar" thinking.
On the right, the "manic-depressive" extreme is defined by the
presence of manic episodes, just the kind that most people have seen or
heard of: full delusional mania.
But in between these extremes is a large area which some mood
includes more people than either extreme. In other words, it might
be the most
common form of bipolar disorder, this middle group.
Consider the following points A and B on this spectrum:
Point A on the continuum describes
people who have a complex depression but who still respond well to
antidepressant medication or psychotherapy.
B, however, there is some sort of threshold where these approaches
are no longer completely or continuously effective: either they don’t
work at all, offer only partial relief, or help for a while then "stop
working" (which may account for some or much of "Prozac poop-out",
now regarded as a "soft sign" of bipolar disorder, described
Until 1994 and the publication of the DSM-IV, there was no official name for all the variations between
B and the "manic-depressive" extreme.
It was as though these variations
did not exist. In the minds of
a few, they still don’t, including some psychiatrists who have not
adopted this new "spectrum" way of thinking about diagnosis.
itself does not describe this "spectrum" concept. In it, the entire span
blue and green is still "Major Depression", the same as the
violet end to your left. Only the orange and red zones are clearly
Light green and yellow is BP NOS, Bipolar Not
Otherwise Specified. That diagnosis means you have something that
like bipolar disorder but does not meet the criteria for BP II or
Isn't it simpler just to think of it as a continuum? That is much
reality. We see all sorts of variations in between these named
the graph above.
What do "bipolar variations" look like?
Warning: The following represents my clinical experience
taking referrals from primary care physicians. Most patients I see have
been on 3 or more antidepressants before I see them. This selects very
directly for "bipolar spectrum" patients. However, note that none of
these descriptions are found in the DSM, nor are they widely spoken of
by mood experts. This is my personal formulation based on
almost 15 years of full-time selection for such patients.
Roller coaster depression
Many people have forms of depression in which their symptoms
vary a lot with time: "crash" into depression, then up into doing fine
for a while, then "crash" again — sometimes for a reason, but often for
no clear reason at all.
They feel like they are on some sort of mood
"roller coaster". They wonder if they have "manic-depression".
people know someone or have heard of someone who had a "manic" episode:
decreased need for sleep, high energy, risky behaviors, or even
grandiose delusions (‘I can make millions with my ideas"; "I have a
mission in space"; "I’m
a special representative for God"). So they think "well, I can’t
have that — I’ve never had a manic episode".
However, the new view of bipolar disorder means it’s time to
reconsider that conclusion.
Hypomania doesn’t look or feel at all like
full delusional mania in some patients.
Sometimes there is just a clear
sense of something
cyclic going on. Some mood disorder experts consider depression that occurs
repeatedly to have a high likelihood of having a manic phase at some pointFawcett, especially if the first depression occurred before age twenty.Geller,
Rao These two
features--repeated recurrence, and early onset--are also included among the
bipolar "soft signs" below: not enough to make a diagnosis,
but suggestive, especially if they occur with several other such signs,
even if "hypomania" is not detectable at all.Ghaemi
Depression with profound anxiety
Many people live with anxiety so severe, their depression is not
the main problem. They seem to handle the periods of low energy, as
miserable as they are.
Often they sleep for 10, 12, even 14 hours a day
during those times. But the part they can’t handle is the anxiety: it
isn’t "good energy".
Many say they feel as though they just have too
much energy pent up inside their bodies.
They can’t sit still. They
pace. And worst of all, their minds "race" with thoughts that go over
and over the same thing to no purpose.
Or they fly from one idea to the
next so fast their thoughts become "unglued", and they can’t think their
way from A to C let alone A to Z.
When this is severe, people who enjoy books can find themselves
completely unable to read: they just go over and over the same
paragraph and it doesn’t "sink in". They will get some negative idea in
their head and go around and around with it until it completely
dominates their experience of the world. Usually these "high negative
energy" phases come along with severely disturbed sleep (see Depression
with Severe Insomnia, below). Thoughts about suicide are extremely
common and the risk may be high.Fawcett(b)
Depressive episodes with irritable episodes
Many people with depression go through phases in which even they
can recognize that their anger is completely out of proportion to the
circumstance that started it. They "blow up" over something trivial.
Those close to them are very well aware of the problem, of course. Many
women can experience this as part of "PMS".
As their mood problems become more severe, they find themselves having
this kind of irritability during more and more of their cycle.
Similarly, when they get better with treatment, often the premenstrual
symptoms are the "last to go". Others can have this kind of cyclic
irritability without any relationship to hormonal cycles.
Many men with bipolar variations say they have problems with anger
Depression that doesn’t respond to antidepressants (or gets
worse, or "poops out")
Many people have repeated episodes of depression. Sometimes the
first several episodes respond fairly well to antidepressant medication,
but after a while the medications seem to "stop working". For others,
no antidepressant ever seems to work. And others find that some
antidepressants seem to make them feel terrible:
not just mild side effects, but severe reactions, especially severe
agitation. These people feel like they’re "going crazy". Usually at
this time they also
have very poor sleep. Many people have the odd experience of
feeling the depression actually improve with antidepressants, yet
overall —perhaps even months later —they somehow feel worse overall.
In most cases this "worse" is due to agitation, irritability, and
In some cases, an antidepressant works extremely well at first, then
The benefits usually last several weeks, often
months, and occasionally even years before this occurs. When this
occurs repeatedly with different antidepressants, that may mark a
"bipolar" disorder even when little else suggests the diagnosis.Sharma
Depression with periods of severe insomnia
Finally, there are people with depression whose most noticeable symptom is severe insomnia. These people can go for days
with 2-3 hours of sleep per night. Usually they fall asleep without
much delay, but wake up 2-4 hours later and the rest of the night, if
they get any more sleep at all, is broken into 15-60 minute segments of
very restless, almost "waking" sleep. Dreams can be vivid, almost real.
They finally get up feeling completely unrested. Note that this is not
"decreased need for sleep" (the Bipolar I pattern). These people want desperately to sleep better and are very frustrated.
Unofficial but evidence-based markers of Bipolar
You have probably figured it out by now: making a diagnosis of
bipolar disorder can be pretty tricky sometimes! You're about
to read a list of eleven more factors that have been associated with
bipolar disorder. None of these factors "clinches" the
diagnosis. They are suggestive of bipolarity, but not sufficient
to establish it. They are best regarded as markers which
suggest considering bipolar disorder as a possible explanation for
symptoms. They are not a scoring system, where you might think
"the more I have of these, the more likely it is that I have bipolar
disorder." That way of thinking about these factors has not
Here's the list of items which are found with bipolar disorder more
often than you would expect by chance alone. This list is adapted from
a landmark article by Drs. Ghaemi and Goodwin and Ko. (Drs. Goodwin
and Ghaemi are among the most respected authorities on bipolar diagnosis
in the world. This important article is online https://ww1.cpa-apc.org/Publications/Archives/CJP/2002/march/inReviewCadesDisease.asp).
- The patient has had repeated episodes of major depression (four
or more; seasonal shifts in mood are also common).
- The first episode of major depression occurred before age 25
(some experts say before age 20, a few before age 18; most likely, the
younger you were at the first episode, the more it is that bipolar
disorder, not "unipolar", was the basis for that episode).
- A first-degree relative (mother/father, brother/sister,
daughter/son) has a diagnosis of bipolar disorder.
- When not depressed, mood and energy are a bit higher than average,
all the time ("hyperthymic personality").
- When depressed, symptoms are "atypical":
extremely low energy and activity; excessive sleep (e.g. more than 10
hours a day); mood is highly reactive to the actions and reactions of
others; and (the weakest such sign) appetite is more likely to be
increased than decreased. Some experts think that carbohydrate
craving and night eating are variants of this appetite effect.
- Episodes of major depression are brief, e.g. less than 3
- The patient has had psychosis (loss of contact with reality) during an
episode of depression.
- The patient has had severe depression after giving birth to a child ("postpartum
- The patient has had hypomania or mania while taking an antidepressant (remember, severe
irritability, difficulty sleeping, and agitation may -- but do
not always -- qualify for "hypomania").
- The patient has had loss of response to an antidepressant (sometimes called
"Prozac Poop-out"): it worked well for a while then the
depression symptoms came back, usually within a few months.
- Three or more antidepressants have been tried, and none
There is a very radical idea buried in these 11 items, which we should
look at before going on, but you should be aware that this idea is likely
be dismissed with a "hmmmph" by many practicing
psychiatrists. The idea is this: Dr. Ghaemi and colleagues
propose that there might be a version of "bipolar
disorder" that does not have any mania at all, not even hypomania.
They call it "bipolar spectrum disorder".
This is strange, you are saying to yourself. "I thought
bipolar disorder was distinguished from 'unipolar' depression by the
presence of some degree of hypomania. Don't you have to have some
hypomania in order to be bipolar? How could it be 'bi' - polar
if there is no other pole!?"
But Dr. Ghaemi and colleagues assert that there are versions of
depression that end up acting more like bipolar disorder, even
though there is no hypomania at all that we can detect (or, as in item #9,
only when an antidepressant has been used). These conditions
often do not respond well, in the long run, to antidepressant medications (which
"poop out" or actually start making things worse). They
respond better to the medications we routinely rely on in bipolar
disorder, the "mood stabilizers" you'll be introduced to in the
Treatment section of this website (including several non-medication
approaches). And these patients have other
folks in their family with bipolar disorder or something that looks rather
more like that (e.g. dramatic "mood swings", even if the person
never really gets ill enough to need treatment).
In Dr. Ghaemi's description, then, there are people whose depression
looks so "unipolar" that even a "fine-toothed comb"
approach to looking for hypomania will not identify it as part of the
"bipolar spectrum". According to Ghaemi and colleagues,
these people should be regarded as
"bipolar", in a sense, because of the way they will end
up responding to treatment. In other words, there is something in
these people which doesn't look like our old idea of bipolar disorder, or
even our newer idea of bipolar disorder (bipolar II, etc.), but will
still better describe their future (their prognosis) and the medications
that are most likely to help them. Remember that this is the very
purpose of "diagnosis", to describe the likely outcomes with and
without treatment, and to identify effective treatments. So, on that
basis, it seems reasonable to include these patients on the "bipolar
spectrum", like this:
The idea that someone can "have" bipolar disorder and yet not
have any hypomania at all is not widely understood. You probably would
get blank looks from most psychiatrists if you mention it, and frank
disbelief from nearly all primary care doctors, who don't have time to
read the literature on the diagnosis of bipolar disorder. So, if you
mention this idea to anyone, be prepared for some serious
resistance. As of 2005 the Harvard-associated
Mood Disorder program started using this approach to diagnosis. They call
it the Bipolarity
Other researchers are also beginning to use the
same framework of thought. For example, one research group just
reported that patients with migraine headaches are much more likely to
have these bipolar spectrum traits.Oedgaard
(Migraines are much more common in patients with unipolar and Bipolar
II than in Bipolar I, interestingly.Fasmer)
One recent summary article for primary care doctors, about bipolar
disorder, discusses these "soft signs" in considerable detail.Swann
The concept of a bipolar "spectrum" is supported by work from a
research group calling themselves the Spectrum Project.e.g.
Probably better not to raise this issue unless you have to, but if you must, cite the source. Here's that
article link again.Ghaemi
Dr. Ghaemi is the chairman of the committee on diagnosis for the
International Society for Bipolar Disorder. One of his two
co-authors is Dr. Frederick Goodwin, who wrote the "bible" of
bipolar disorder for our lifetime (Manic-Depressive Illness, with
Dr. Kay Jamison). These are highly respected researchers amongst
mood experts. Dr. Ghaemi emphasizes the need to rely on evidence in
all his papers on diagnosis and treatment and is very frequently cited by
other authors on this topic . But
he is certainly not the only such voice. If you haven't seen enough
references yet, here's another similar recent one, by other international
Anxious depression could be "bipolar"?!
Warning: leaving DSM-IV territory
The remainder of this "diagnosis" discussion cannot be found
in the DSM. I will repeatedly reference mood disorder experts, but many
of these views are controversial. You must evaluate for yourself the
validity of what follows.
Unfortunately, "hypomania" is quite a mis-naming. There are many patients whose "hypomanic" phases are an extreme and very negative experience. As noted above
by Dr. Jamison, mania can be negative as often as it is positive. The
"racing thoughts" can have a very negative focus, especially
self-criticism. The high energy can be experienced as a severe
agitation, to the point where people feel they must pace the floor for hours at a time. Sleep problems can show up as insomnia: an inability to sleep, rather than decreased need.
(If you or a friend or doctor is skeptical about anxiety
as a "bipolar" symptom, try that link for more details and
Most of these people come to treatment
with a combination of agitation, anxiety and self-criticism — and they
can’t sleep well. Is this "anxiety?" Is this some mood variation? How
could you tell the difference? Is there a difference? What is really
going on chemically? Unfortunately, this is still almost completely
unknown. See the appendix "What’s the latest on
why?", which I will try to keep updated frequently, for the latest research about the cause of this illness.
Again, my opinion: you can’t easily distinguish "anxious
depression" from bipolar II in a mixed state. I doubt that there is a
distinction to be made, ultimately (when we know, hopefully
someday relatively soon, what the chemical basis for anxiety with
depression really is). For example there is nearly complete overlap
Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Bipolar II.
For now, the only way to tell is by how treatment turns out. Depression that is not
bipolar can get better and stay better: with time, or counseling, or
formal psychotherapy, or antidepressants. If you get better — great! If
you don’t, you may need this new understanding of mood disorders in
order to consider mood stabilizers medications, discussed in detail
below, as an option.
Meanwhile, at least one experienced mood researcher warns that
anxiety in someone who is depressed is associated with a high suicide
So although there is diagnostic confusion, there are tremendous stakes
involved. Approaching this situation with an open mind seems wise, given
What does Hypomania actually feel
It's true that hypomania is a milder version of mania -- just how mild,
you'll see in a moment. Mind you, Bipolar II is not a
milder version of Bipolar I, though it is very often described that
way, to my utter dismay.
The suicide rate in Bipolar II is the same
or higher than the rate for Bipolar I, for example.Dunner
So the BP II version is definitely not a "mild" illness. The
depression phases are as bad as in BP I, and often more common (that is,
they occur more frequently and represent a more dominant part of the
Nevertheless, hypomania can indeed by subtle, certainly by
comparison with full mania, as shown in this graph (from Smith
and Ghaemi). Here are the symptoms which people with clear-cut
hypomania actually experience -- and how often. For example, at the
bottom of the graph you see that nearly 100% of people with hypomania will
have an increase in their activity. By comparison, optimism is prominent
only about 70% of the time in hypomania.
As you can see, these "symptoms" are not clearly abnormal.
Everyone experiences these feelings from time to time. When they
are extreme; and when they show up over and over again in cycles of
mood/energy change; when they are accompanied by other signs of
bipolarity, such as phases of depression; that's when we should think of
this as "abnormal", or at least as warranting caution if someone
wants to treat those depressed phases with an antidepressant.
However, hypomania is not always positive. Just as manic
phases can be very negative (so-called "dysphoric mania"),
hypomania also can be very unpleasant. Here is an example of how hypomania
can change from a positive experience to a very negative one/
First, the positive phase:
Increased energy. A extraordinary feeling of happiness with myself and
the world. A very loving feeling towards the people I care about. An
uncommon ability to get things done. A huge burst of energy from the
moment I awaken until I go to bed. An expanded ability to multi-task. An
organizational acuity that is second to none. A willingness to engage with
people. A desire to spend more time with people I care about--and even
those I don't.
Then, the negative phase of hypomania (still pretty subtle):
I start feeling burned out. While I still have a lot of energy, I don't
have that "I love the world" feeling. If I've been playing my
Autoharp at my mother's assisted living facility, and jumping up and down
to help all the participants turn the pages and stay with me, I suddenly
feel that the staff should be more helpful in doing this.
... things don't just slide off my back. While I try not to
"snap" back at people, I am not always successful. I am
certainly less willing to ignore things that days or weeks earlier
wouldn't have bothered me at all.
I become far less happy, joyful, and kind. I dislike being criticized in
any which way.
How short can an episode of hypomania be?
Officially, the answer is "four days", according to the DSM.
But in real life, it's very clear that episodes can be shorter, and that's
agreed upon by nearly all mood experts I've ever heard. They might
disagree whether we should shorten the required duration in the DSM, as
that would "admit" a lot more people into the bipolar camp which
is already a controversial issue. But no one really seems to think that a
hypomanic episode lasting only 3 days instead of four is anything other
than hypomania; it just doesn't "meet criteria", that's
Indeed, a recent studyBauer
showed that episodes lasting as little as one day are common. So don't get
hung up on length of episodes as an issue if you're trying to figure out
if you "have bipolar disorder" or not. Remember, that's the
wrong question anyway... Instead, it's "how bipolar are you?" as
affirmed in a recent editorial Smith
in the British Journal of Psychiatry (one of the biggies...).
What does bipolar depression actually feel
Theoretically, bipolar depression is exactly the same as "unipolar"
or straight Major Depression. Theoretically, you can't distinguish between
the two, so you can't tell if someone has bipolar disorder just by looking
at their depressions.
But I think there is a different quality to the depressions that people
with bipolar disorder experience, because before they start feeling
sad and having difficulty experiencing pleasure from their usual
activities, they very often have problems with energy. To
emphasize this I'd just like you to look at this list of symptoms which
people with bipolar disorder said they have when they're just starting to
If you think "that's me!", careful: this does not mean you
have bipolar depressions. But it might help to see what people with
bipolar disorder have said about their experience. I don't hear about
these symptoms so much when people have a more purely "unipolar"
-- not bipolar -- depression.
Granted, people in this study also endorsed "loss of interest in
activities" and "feeling sad, wanting to cry" but these are
her typical symptoms in official "Major Depression". And low
energy can also be seen in Major Depression. But look at how prominent it
is in this study. I think that might be telling us something about the
nature of bipolar depression. Certainly matches what I hear from
Finally, the original intent of this list was to help people identify
symptoms that mark the beginning of another episode of depression. He
might find it useful in that respect also.
I hope it may now make sense to you to think of mood symptoms as
falling on a continuum between plain depression and "depression plus",
the far end of which is Bipolar I, with many variations falling in
If you are wondering whether what you've just read is
"mainstream" or "fringe" (that's a good thing to
wonder), you'll find the same "spectrum" concept coming from
the head of the Harvard Bipolar Clinic, in this 2005 interview: Sachs.
By contrast, another mood disorder expert has shown that bipolar disorder is
2008; here is a close
examination of his findings). He's certainly right, if one sticks to
the DSM rules (although his paper also shows a notable underdiagnosis rate
as well). And there are quite a few people getting this diagnosis who
might be better understood with a different diagnostic framework, like
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). But in my view, one of the things
that can help you figure out what's going on is
to learn more about "bipolarity", as you have done here. You are
an important part of the diagnostic process.
Is there a test for bipolar disorder? Can you be sure if you have it or not?
This used to be simple. When "manic" only meant one thing
(classic mania) one could ask "have you ever had a manic episode?" and
many people knew what was being asked:
- Mood much better than normal
- Rapid speech
- Little need for sleep
- Racing thoughts, trouble concentrating
- Continuous high energy
- Loss of contact with reality (delusions)
As you now know afresh if you came from elsewhere), this list looks
for obvious mania. It misses all the complexity we have just discussed.
might be wanting is a "no way!" bipolar test. Something to provide
statement, like: "no, you don’t have it, or anything like it".
Or you might be looking for the opposite: "you definitely have
bipolar II". Sorry,
that is not possible, but please read on.
On other websites you'll find a test called the Mood Disorders Questionnaire (MDQ) which is
supposed to give you a "yes or no" answer. But
another test came along after the MDQ which is better suited to
looking for subtle versions of bipolar II.
it: if by this point on this website you're saying to yourself
"that's me!", which some people do, then you really don't need
some test to tell you that you should go ahead and consider
treatment. Or that the diagnostic basis for that treatment should
a consideration of bipolar II. On the other hand, if someone else
thinks you might have it, but
you don't think you do, is a test result going to make a difference to
you? If so, go ahead and take one of these tests.
Family or friends could "take the test", answering as if
they were you, on the basis of what they've seen you do or heard you
say. And then they could gently wonder out loud if perhaps
the test might mean something, who knows, no one can tell for sure, but
darn it sure seems like your life is a struggle sometimes, wow, what if
there was a tool out there that would make life a bit smoother sometimes,
not even necessarily a medication treatment, oh well, just thinking
about this, of course you'd want to decide for yourself, not for me to say
of course, etc. etc.
The people who are in a position to benefit from taking one of these
diagnostic tests are those who are wondering if a "bipolar" variation
might be worth
considering to explain their symptoms. Here's the
test I'd recommend for you, called the Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale.
It won't give you a yes-or-no answer. I hope by this point you
understand why that's a good thing. If after all that you still want to use a
"fine-toothed comb" to look for hypomanic/manic symptoms, as I
sometimes do when people are still wondering about the diagnosis after
learning all this, here is a 32-item checklist
Thank you for patiently reading all the way to this point. It's a
lot to swallow at once, isn't it? read more about diagnosis issues in the Diagnosis Details section, or go on to Treatment. | <urn:uuid:6a69e277-9291-4411-a91b-aa4c1c3212d3> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://healthcenterinternationalresearches.webs.com/apps/blog/categories/show/678949-mental-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215393.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819204348-20180819224348-00350.warc.gz | en | 0.952143 | 7,512 | 2.53125 | 3 |
With schools closed around the globe due to the COVID-19 pandemic and more than a billion deprived of education, there has been ongoing conversations on how we can keep children learning so no child is left behind. Many schools have resulted to distance learning but for many vulnerable children, online solutions are not the answer. Children from low-income communities do not have access to Internet and devices required. For some, even solutions offered on TV may seem too complex as many communities suffer power outages.
Radio school seems to be the most appropriate for many children from low-income communities. In Sierra Leone and Liberia, the high school students whose final exams got postponed because of COVID-19 crisis are the same whose entry to secondary school was delayed by the Ebola crisis six years ago where they were out-of-school for 10 months. They were able to deploy distance learning radio solutions. But how do we know if any of these distance learning solutions were effective.
One size does not fit all. What is needed at this point is to get our schools to be able to select which model of distance learning works for their students. Developing the T.R.E.E. framework is to help them achieve learning effectiveness, whatever model is being utilized: High-Tech, Low-Tech or Zero-Tech.
The T.R.E.E. Framework
In evaluating any learning solution, SEED has developed a simple framework for its schools to help them ensure effectiveness. The T.R.E.E. framework is simple and easy to use.
Teach – Share the content using the appropriate pedagogy.
Reach – The appropriate medium must be used to get to your target audience e.g. Online, TV, Radio, SMS, Learning Packets, etc.
Engage – Feedback from the children to clarify if they understand what has been taught.
Evaluate – Testing if learning has taken place.
T.R.E.E. It Out
Whatever solution we choose to deploy, whether it be Online, TV, Radio, SMS or Learning Packets, schools should endeavor all activities covers the elements of the T.R.E.E. framework. | <urn:uuid:1a058553-2c2b-4349-9e6e-32d6ef38be8a> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | http://www.seed.com.ng/evaluating-distance-learning-effectiveness-in-a-crisis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499842.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131023947-20230131053947-00769.warc.gz | en | 0.964467 | 450 | 3.0625 | 3 |
cholesterol can lead to the buildup of plaque in artery walls. This buildup is called
atherosclerosis. It can lead to coronary artery disease
(CAD), heart attack, stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), and peripheral arterial disease.
Atherosclerosis can cause these problems because it:
- Narrows your arteries. When enough plaque builds up, it starts to narrow your arteries. This happens slowly over many years. In time, the plaque can limit blood flow throughout your body, including the heart and brain.
- Hardens your arteries. A healthy artery can widen (dilate) so that more blood can flow through when needed, such as during activity. When hard plaque forms in the walls of an artery, it can make the artery too stiff to widen. This "hardening" of your arteries can also limit blood flow in your body.
- Blocks your arteries. When a blood clot forms around a crack or rupture in the plaque, it can block the artery. This can cause a heart attack or stroke.
For more information, see: | <urn:uuid:16b2a9c3-cd4f-4120-84fb-7a650513c307> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.everydayhealth.com/health-center/high-cholesterol-what-happens.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500829393.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021349-00392-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929655 | 225 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Combining technology and animal health, a group of Kansas State University researchers is developing a more effective way to predict the spread of foot-and-mouth disease and the impact of preventative measures.
The researchers are finding that if a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak is not in the epidemic stage, preemptive vaccination is a minimally expensive way to halt the disease's spread across a network of animals. But if there's a high probability of infection, computer models show that culling strategies are better.
"We are trying to do predictive as well as preventative modeling using a network-based approach," said Sohini Roy Chowdhury, a master's student in electrical engineering. "First we track how the infection is spreading in space and time. Then we try to mitigate that with certain strategies. The novel contribution of this project is that we considered networks in countries like Turkey, Iran and Thailand that don't have a highly built database."
Roy Chowdhury is working with Caterina Scoglio, associate professor of electrical and computer engineering, and William Hsu, associate professor of computing and information sciences. They presented the work in December 2009 at the Second International Conference on Infectious Diseases Dynamics in Athens, Greece.
The researchers used mathematical equations to predict how foot-and-mouth disease spreads over a network of infected herds. In the network, the nodes are places like stockyards and grazing lands where animals are held. They are connected in various ways, such as by animals' grazing movements and by how people and vehicles move among the herds. Hsu said the researchers' goal is to increase the accuracy of models that predict disease spread in these networks over space and time.
In the experiments, the researchers ran up to a week of predictive modeling on a real network and saw how well it matched data from the actual episode. Roy Chowdhury said they also used artificial intelligence-based modules to cross compare the model's accuracy.
The researchers also tested such mitigation strategies as vaccination, culling and isolation to see how they affected the network. In real-world outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease, culling often is presumed to be the best strategy, but Scoglio said their research could shed more light on the effectiveness of this practice.
"It is the hope to properly contain a disease like foot-and-mouth disease that is so infectious while minimizing the economic losses," Scoglio said.
Hsu said this study also could benefit relief workers sent to help contain foot-and-mouth disease. The K-State network models improve upon existing ones, he said, because they consider such factors as wind, animal grazing and human movements between regions, as well as the number of meat markets in an area.
Scoglio's research group has studied disease outbreaks using computer models of networks before, but this project is different in that it considers a specific disease, she said.
Hsu contributed his research in data mining, which seeks to scour news stories and other online public sources and extract information that could offer clues about disease outbreaks. For this project, Hsu's system crawled and analyzed Web articles from news agencies like the BBC and CNN, as well as such sources as disease control fact sheets from universities.
"Just as Google indexes sites based on authoritativeness and looks for hub sites, we also look to start our crawls of the Web from sites like the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention," Hsu said.
At the conference in Athens, Roy Chowdhury also presented a poster on preliminary work the group has done on H1N1 infections. Using temporal models, they generated predictions on when infections would peak and the rate at which they would drop off after that peak. Roy Chowdhury used data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The group plans to extend this analysis of the H1N1 epidemic using network-based models. | <urn:uuid:5aed31f9-eaf1-4d3d-ad17-e0f2ff3908ac> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.news-medical.net/news/20100120/Researchers-develop-more-effective-way-to-predict-the-spread-of-foot-and-mouth-disease.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145989.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224224431-20200225014431-00458.warc.gz | en | 0.965502 | 797 | 3.546875 | 4 |
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a peer-mediated LEGO® play intervention on improving social skills for children with ASD in an inclusive preschool in China. Three boys with ASD and 13 typically developing children participated in this study. A multiple-probe across participants design was used. The intervention consisted of LEGO® construction activities incorporated with peer-mediated strategies for one child with ASD and two typically developing peers. The intervention sessions were conducted two sessions per week with a total of 28–31 sessions for each participant. Results indicated that all three children with ASD increased their social initiations and responses following the completion of the intervention. Social validity was also obtained.
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- Using Peer-Mediated LEGO® Play Intervention to Improve Social Interactions for Chinese Children with Autism in an Inclusive Setting
Gabrielle T. Lee
- Springer US | <urn:uuid:ea41421a-ed3d-4b7c-acab-2ad88281fe0a> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://mijn.bsl.nl/using-peer-mediated-lego-play-intervention-to-improve-social-int/15472208 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583671342.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119160425-20190119182425-00565.warc.gz | en | 0.683081 | 2,394 | 3.28125 | 3 |
About the Talk
November 17, 2015 4:00 AM
It just seems yesterday when laptops were introduced to us. We were unaware of how it can impact all of our lives and how it can become one of the necessities in the present times.
Laptops are considered treasure boxes to most of us. This little hardware, which has evolved from bulky boxes to thin and sleek technological pads, may contain important files from documents, presentations, images and videos that can cost us our lives. Laptops have become an essential as our mobile phones and it is hard to imagine it being lost or replaced.
To most of us, it is hard to part ways with our laptops especially since it has served a good cause for us for long years. But since laptops are not made to last forever, we cannot help but foresee the time when we would have to let go.
We can just discard of our laptops but experts agree that there is much use of it until the last goodbye. It may already be a piece of junk but to recyclers, it can be a good source of a new beginning.
The Peterson Group, distributor of mobile phone accessories and laptop peripherals in Taiwan teaches us a tip or two on how to dispose of our laptops and maybe benefit from it:
Sell your Battery Pack Laptop batteries are unique for every model and can be very expensive to replace. If your own version still has some life left, someone else might want to actually spend a few bucks on it, instead of buying a possible fraud product. On the other hand, if your battery is already damaged, it is best to dispose it responsibly. By the way, there are some simple ways to prolong your battery life. You can check our site for more tips.
RAM Note that there are many different types RAM. Not only do they differ in storage capacity (measured in GB) and clock speed (measured in MHz), but also in shape, which is reflected in the name. Since memory technology doesn’t change that frequently, you might have other devices that can use the old laptop’s RAM. In Jakarta, Indonesia, there is a store which buys old laptop product for recycling.
HDD/SDD An old hard drive can’t give you much money but it can give you an extra storage space for some of your old files which you still want to store and review in the future. | <urn:uuid:e4671bd8-c698-4881-b4dc-a07e24be85cc> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://speakerrate.com/talks/64781-how-to-dispose-of-your-old-laptop | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867859.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526190648-20180526210648-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.965264 | 491 | 2.546875 | 3 |
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A leveling rod is a surveying tool used to take elevation measurements for the purpose of profiling a section of terrain. There are a number of basic designs available, including versions for optical and digital sighting and record keeping. Surveying supply companies typically sell leveling rods and accessories like cases, replacement components, and other surveying tools. Engineers, surveyors, and members of other professions that need to perform surveys receive instruction in the use of a leveling rod as part of their education.
This tool is also known as a level staff, a reference to the original design, which was simply a tall staff with measurement markings. The surveyor could place the staff in a location with a landmark of known height, perform a sighting for reference, and then move the staff to take a series of sightings, looping back to the original site or another known reference for confirmation at the end. While older level staffs are still in use, modern designs are more flexible and tend to be easier to use.
It is common for a leveling rod to fold up, break down, or collapse into itself. This makes it much easier to handle and transport when it is not in use. The surveyor can take the leveling rod out at the site, assemble it, and lock the components in place to make sure they will not slide while taking measurements. In the case of an optical device, the surveyor has a small target to use as a marker on the rod while taking sightings. She works with a partner to move the target and record data.
Digital rods can take automatic readings. These have a number of advantages, including the ability to be used solo, instead of with a partner. They are also faster and can be more reliable. Operator errors are limited and the surveyor cannot mistranscribe a number or make a similar error because the rod stores the data automatically. It can also record data about the conditions and automatically make adjustments, if necessary, to address atmospheric conditions that might impact measurements.
When a surveyor selects a leveling rod, it can be helpful to test some models. While in training, surveyors usually have an opportunity to work with a variety of equipment and may develop a preference or get a recommendation from an instructor. Some manufacturers will also allow surveyors to use their equipment on a trial basis with a generous return policy.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:1fa7431e-d0d3-49f3-9741-74faf4d0cf6d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-leveling-rod.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718840.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00234-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946329 | 530 | 3.0625 | 3 |
(Los Angeles Times) – What happens without leap years?
Not much, at least at first.
Every year, the calendar falls about one-quarter of a day behind the solar year. Over time, Jan. 1 would come earlier in winter, then in the fall. After about 780 years, New Year’s Day would coincide with the summer solstice.
If we never had leap years, today would be July 16, 2017.*
That assumes you start counting from the time of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra in 46 B.C. Through Cleopatra, Caesar met Egyptian astronomers on his trips to Alexandria. The Egyptians had figured out something the Romans missed: Days don’t fit neatly into a year.
There are about 365.2422 days each year. And that number is shrinking as tidal forces slow Earth’s orbit ever so slightly.
“The timepiece that we use, the Earth, is not as accurate as we need it to be in modern society,” said David Ewing Duncan, author of the book “Calendar: Humanity’s Epic Struggle to Determine a True and Accurate Year.”
“Natural objects have always been our timepiece, but we’ve always had to adjust,” he said.
Hence the leap year and leap day on February 29th.
With Caesar’s new calendar, the Roman Empire would have three 365-day years followed by one with 366 days. This would “leap” the calendar forward, aligning it with the solar year before the two got too far out of whack.
Each year would be 365.25 days.
To get ready for the switch Caesar had to get the Roman calendar caught up. Until then, the Romans had been using a lunar calendar. So in 46 B.C., Caesar added 80 days to the calendar, in what became known as the “year of confusion.”
Unfortunately, Caesar’s plan to add a leap year every four years overshot the mark.
The difference between the extra .2422 of a day in the solar year and the extra .25 of a day in the calendar year amounted to 11 minutes and 14 seconds, according to Duncan.
It may not sound like much, but after four years the calendar was off by about 45 minutes. After about 125 years, the calendar was off by a day.
The Julian calendar remained unfixed for 1,600 years. Finally, in the mid-1570s, Pope Gregory XIII was convinced that something had to be done. The dates were off so much it made it hard to track holidays, particularly Easter.
So he organized a calendar reformation with the goal of figuring out when Easter – and every other day – really and truly was.
The reform commission confirmed that the Julian calendar was adding leap days too frequently. In fact, they calculated that they were off by 10 days.
The panel recommended removing those 10 days from the calendar and adding a rule to the leap year system: Skip three out of four leap years that ended in “00.”
If the year was divisible by 400, the leap day remained. That’s why 2000 was a leap year. But 1900, 1800 and 1700 were not. Leap day will be skipped in 2100 if the Gregorian calendar remains unchanged 84 years from now.
Roman Catholic countries quickly adopted the pope’s new calendar. But Protestant countries were suspicious of edicts from Rome. Many of them didn’t accept the calendar until 1775.
Britain and its American colonies made the switch in 1752, Duncan said. By then they had to skip 11 days to catch up with the Gregorian calendar.
The Gregorian calendar also has its faults. Each year, it’s off by about 26 seconds.
Duncan said this will difference will add up to one day by the year 4909.
“We could decide to shift everything around again,” he said.
That probably won’t be necessary. Our timekeeping system is now pretty much divorced from the sun. It is based on the atomic clock.
Instead of defining seconds as a fraction of a day, we now use computers to count the oscillations of atomic cesium: 9,192,631,770 of them add up to one second. That’s much more precise than tracking Earth’s movements around the sun.
But it doesn’t entirely streamline our calendar, with months that seesaw between 30 and 31 days (or 28 and 29).
Other calendars have attempted to fix these problems.
The French introduced a calendar in 1792 that had 12 30-day months. Each week had 10 days. And they added five days (or six in a leap year) to the end of each year. These were holidays.
Another calendar introduced in 1902 contained 13 months with 28 days each. Each month would begin on a Sunday and end on a Saturday.
Each year would end with “year day.” In leap years, a leap day would be added in the middle of the year.
With all this precision, scientists can tell just how far off Earth is from atomic time. And every once in a while, they introduce a leap second to get our clocks back in sync with our slowing planet.
“The agreed definition of time is atomic time,” said Bob Tjoelker, a supervisor working with NASA’s Deep Space Network at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in La Cañada Flintridge. “The Earth-based day has instability to it. It wiggles and jiggles.”
Tjoelker should know. His team manages an array of antennas that use time to track distant spacecraft.
“Leap seconds are a big, big deal for deep-space navigation,” he said. Being a nanosecond – a billionth of a second – off is the equivalent of a foot in space, he said. | <urn:uuid:4a7e7a6c-b519-4392-8e73-42019efe4e93> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.kttn.com/what-happens-without-leap-years/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121000.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00058-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966579 | 1,251 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Protecting and empowering children as human rights defenders
In September the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (the UN Committee) is holding a Day of General Discussion (DGD) on children as human rights defenders. The purpose of DGDs is to ensure a deeper understanding of the contents and implications of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in relation to specific articles or issues. A wide variety of stakeholders normally attend including representatives of governments, non-governmental organisations and United Nations human rights mechanisms.
The 2018 DGD is the first ever global discussion focusing on children as human rights defenders. The UN committee states that it’s main goal is to:
“Bring together a global movement for children human rights defendersincluding children, States, National Human Rights Institutions, Children’s Ombudspersons, the UN, civil society and the private sector to promote understanding about the role of children as human rights defenders, identify what needs to be done for child rights-related laws, policies and practices to take adequate account of children as human rights defenders; and for human rights defenders-related laws, policies and practices to be child-sensitive."
CRAE believes that children play a crucial role as human rights defenders and are a powerful voice for change. Children with experience of having their own rights infringed can offer personal testament, which articulates the reality of children’s everyday lives when their rights are being infringed. This can be much more effective in convincing others of the importance of realising children’s rights than adults speaking on their behalf and brings to life the reality behind the statistics, highlighting the subtleties of children’s experiences and dispelling assumptions made by adults.
We have submitted a response following a call for evidence by the UN Committee emphasising that action must be taken so that all children have sufficient knowledge of human rights as well as for more child friendly processes to enable children to participate effectively in the mechanisms which are used to hold governments to account on their human rights obligations.
CRAE will be taking two young activists from our Change it! Campaign steering group to the DGD where they will be sharing their experiences of being human rights defenders.
You can read our submission here.
You can find out more about the Day of General Discussion here | <urn:uuid:8cebcc6b-0af8-40ed-9387-aac8eab60910> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://crae.org.uk/news/protecting-and-empowering-children-as-human-rights-defenders/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999779.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624231501-20190625013501-00345.warc.gz | en | 0.945922 | 468 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Pardon all of my questions below. I'm basically looking to find online resources regarding my inquiry. If you can answer any of them off the bat, that would be awesome!!
It seems that humans and mammals give off certain frequencies from our nervous systems. For example, dogs are able to sense when their master is coming home, even when their distance is close to a mile away. Also, cats are able to sense when a human is about to die. They can feel the frequency the person is giving off, and react differently.
Where can I learn more about this frequency that humans give off?
Has anyone ever done research on this subject?
Is this electromagnetic frequency or something else?
Are there devices that can measure this frequency that the human nervous system gives off?
Are there devices that can generate this frequency that the human nervous system gives off? | <urn:uuid:c4004282-379e-48ca-b036-a00900780141> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/9867/can-someone-provide-resources-on-human-electromagnetic-frequencies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535922871.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014522-00217-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960157 | 175 | 2.71875 | 3 |
(This continues from The Mystery of Mysteries, part 1: Core narratives of genres.)
Famous Fictional Mysteries
The earliest mysteries (ignoring some stories by Voltaire) are usually said to be Edgar Allen Poe’s stories starring his detective Auguste Dupin: “Murders in the Rue Morgue” (1841), “The Mystery of Marie Roget” (1842), and “The Purloined Letter” (1844). (Although the word “detective” didn’t yet exist.) Dupin has super-human powers of observation, concentration, and analysis, but explains his deductions as being simple and obvious. This is from the first scene written of Dupin (I have edited some of it out):
We were strolling one night down a long dirty street in the vicinity of the Palais Royal. Being both, apparently, occupied with thought, neither of us had spoken a syllable for fifteen minutes at least. All at once Dupin broke forth with these words:
“He is a very little fellow, that’s true, and would do better for the Theatre des Varieties.”
“There can be no doubt of that,” I replied unwittingly, absorbed in reflection. In an instant I recollected myself. “Tell me, for Heaven’s sake,” I exclaimed, “the method—if method there is—by which you have fathomed my soul in this matter.”
“I will explain,” he said. “The larger links of the chain run thus—Chantilly, Orion, Dr. Nichols, Epicurus, Stereotomy, the street stones, the fruiterer. After leaving the Rue C ——, a fruiterer, with a large basket upon his head, brushing quickly past us, thrust you upon a pile of paving stones collected at a spot where the causeway is undergoing repair. You slipped upon one of the loose fragments, slightly strained your ankle, muttered a few words, turned to look at the pile, and then proceeded in silence…. You kept your eyes upon the ground—glancing, with a petulant expression, at the holes and ruts in the pavement, (so that I saw you were still thinking of the stones,) until we reached the little alley called Lamartine, which has been paved with overlapping and riveted blocks. Here your countenance brightened up, and, perceiving your lips move, I could not doubt that you murmured the word ‘stereotomy,’ a term applied to this species of pavement. I knew that you could not say to yourself ‘stereotomy’ without being brought to think of atomies, and thus of the theories of Epicurus; and since, when we discussed this subject not long ago, I mentioned to you how singularly the vague guesses of that noble Greek had met with confirmation in the late nebular cosmogony, I felt that you could not avoid casting your eyes upward to the great nebula in Orion. You did look up; and I was now assured that I had correctly followed your steps. But in that bitter tirade upon Chantilly, which appeared in yesterday’s ‘Musae,’ the satirist, making some disgraceful allusions to the cobbler’s change of name upon assuming the buskin, quoted a Latin line about which we have often conversed. I mean the line
Perdidit antiquum litera sonum.
“I had told you that this was in reference to Orion, formerly written Urion. It was clear, therefore, that you would combine the two ideas of Orion and Chantilly. That you did combine them I saw by the character of the smile which passed over your lips. You thought of the poor cobbler’s immolation. So far, you had been stooping in your gait; but now I saw you draw yourself up to your full height. I was then sure that you reflected upon the diminutive figure of Chantilly. At this point I interrupted your meditations to remark that as, in fact, he was a very little fellow—that Chantilly—he would do better at the Theatre des Varietes.”
Poe was capable of great feats of logic himself. In his article “The Philosophy of Composition”, which I highly recommend, Poe describes the astonishingly logical process by which he wrote “The Raven”, emphasizing that there was no “inspiration” involved, only intelligence, knowledge, and logic. So he knew that logic doesn’t work this way, and could have constructed a feasible feat of logic if he had wanted to. Instead of logical, Dupin’s ability is magical. We’ll see this again and again in other detectives.
Dupin has an odd detachment from humanity which manifests in his voluntary seclusion, his preference for leaving his home only at night, his lack of interest in being recognized for his accomplishments, and his boasting that “most men, in respect to himself, wore windows in their bosoms.” He disquiets his unnamed Watson, who describes Dupin as having a “diseased intelligence”, by responding to the gruesome murder of a mother and daughter by saying, “An inquiry will afford us amusement.” He is active, bold, and delights in laughing at the police and in concealing how far he has gotten in order to make a sudden dramatic revelation. In short, he is the model for Sherlock Holmes. Jean-Claude Milner claimed that Dupin is the brother of the genius villain D___ in “The Purloined Letter”.
Sherlock Holmes appeared in stories written from 1887-1927, and is based on Dupin, as evidenced by many similarities between them, and by Conan Doyle’s citing Poe’s stories as a model. In the first Holmes story, Holmes resented being compared to Dupin and immediately claimed differences between them which did not, in fact, exist, and in “The Cardboard Box”, after Watson remarks on the implausibility of the scene with Dupin quoted above, Holmes replicates Dupin’s feat for Watson.
Holmes is super-humanly observant and intelligent, arrogant, detached from humanity, never visibly emotional, and seemingly unwilling or unable to fall in love. He has no respect for conventional thought or morals, and sometimes lets criminals escape when he judges their crimes justifiable. Between cases he often descends into depression and drug abuse. His lifetime adversary, Professor Moriarty, is a sort of evil Holmes.
Holmes is misogynistic, and not by accident on the author’s part. From The Sign of the Four, chapter 9:
“I would not tell them too much,” said Holmes. “Women are never to be entirely trusted—not the best of them.”
I did not pause to argue over this atrocious sentiment.
Holmes stories have a moral stance that Dupin stories did not, frequently showing crime as a result of moral weakness.
G. K. Chesterton’s Father Brown (1910-1936) is a humble, unimpressive priest who solves mysteries. In many stories, some other characters laughs at the little priest’s plain appearance, jokes about the priest’s presumed simplicity and superstition, concludes the mystery has a supernatural explanation, and is then humiliated when the priest reveals a natural explanation. Unlike Holmes, who uses reason guided solely by empirical observation, Father Brown uses reason guided by observation but also by intuition, a reflection of medieval scholasticism.
Agatha Christie’s Hercules Poirot (1920-1975) is a physically unimpressive old Belgian exile in England, introduced as “a small man muffled up to the ears of whom nothing was visible but a pink-tipped nose and the two points of an upward-curled moustache.” He speaks apologetically yet impudently, is neurotically fastidious about his appearance and the shine on his shoes, and tries to always keep a bank balance of 444 pounds, 4 shillings, and 4 pence. One of his techniques is to make people dislike and underestimate him:
It is true that I can speak the exact, the idiomatic English. But, my friend, to speak the broken English is an enormous asset. It leads people to despise you. They say – a foreigner – he can’t even speak English properly…. Also I boast! An Englishman he says often, “A fellow who thinks as much of himself as that cannot be worth much.” … And so, you see, I put people off their guard.
He sometimes lets criminals escape, or to be punished extra-judicially. In 1960, Christie, probably a little tired of him, called him a “detestable, bombastic, tiresome, ego-centric little creep”. I haven’t read these stories.
Sam Spade, the semi-hero of The Maltese Falcon (1929 novel, 1941 film), was the original hard-boiled noir detective. It is to the usual detective story as a story in which the hero fails to change is to stories in which the hero changes. This is symbolized by the fact that, though Spade unravels the murders that happen, he never solves the original mystery—he never finds the real falcon.
Wikipedia says, “Sam Spade combined several features of previous detectives, most notably his cold detachment, keen eye for detail, and unflinching determination to achieve his own justice.” Sam gives his view of the world towards the end of the novel:
“Now on the other side we’ve got what? All we’ve got is the fact that maybe you love me and maybe I love you.”
“You know,” she whispered, “whether you do or not.”
“I don’t. It’s easy enough to be nuts about you.” He looked hungrily from her hair to her feet and up to her eyes again. “But I don’t know what that amounts to. Does anybody ever? But suppose I do? What of it? Maybe next month I won’t. I’ve been through it before–when it lasted that long. Then what? Then I’ll think I played the sap. And if I did it and got sent over then I’d be sure I was the sap. Well, if I send you over I’ll be sorry as hell–I’ll have some rotten nights–but that’ll pass.”
Sam does not love her, and she doesn’t love him, not in any sense that wouldn’t degrade the word. But his debate with himself shows that he thinks maybe he does love her, because what he feels for her is the closest he can think of as to what “love” might mean.
The novel keeps going after it wraps up the mystery, and ends on a note of psychological horror: Sam tries to flirt with his secretary Effie, teasing her a little cruelly for her innocence, but she shrinks from him in revulsion at—what? What he did? What he is? Or that he can do such things and not be broken by them? Sam turns pale on seeing the distance between them, and turns instead to his dead partner’s wife, Iva. He doesn’t like her very much but has been banging her since before his partner’s death. He realizes, at that moment, that that’s all he’ll ever know of love.
The girl’s brown eyes were peculiarly enlarged and there was a queer twist to her mouth. She stood beside him, staring down at him.
He raised his head, grinned, and said mockingly: “So much for your woman’s intuition.”
Her voice was queer as the expression on her face. “You did that, Sam, to her?”
He nodded. “Your Sam’s a detective.” He looked sharply at her. He put his arm around her waist, his hand on her hip. “She did kill Miles, angel,” he said gently, “offhand, like that.” He snapped the fingers of his other hand.
She escaped from his arm as if it had hurt her. “Don’t, please, don’t touch me,” she said brokenly. “I know—I know you’re right. You’re right. But don’t touch me now—not now.”
Spade’s face became pale as his collar.
The corridor-door’s knob rattled. Effie Perine turned quickly and went into the outer office, shutting time door behind her. When she came in again she shut it behind her.
She said in a small flat voice: “Iva is here.”
Spade, looking down at his desk, nodded almost imperceptibly. “Yes,” he said, and shivered. “Well, send her in.”
If the story is about finding the Maltese Falcon, why does it end with that scene?
Philip Marlowe is Raymond Chandler’s hard-boiled detective, who appeared first in The Big Sleep (1939). He’s outwardly similar to Sam Spade, but rather than being corrupt himself, he’s incorruptible. Chandler described his philosophy in creating Marlowe in “The Simple Art of Murder” (The Atlantic Monthly, Nov. 1945):
Down these mean streets a man must go who is not himself mean, who is neither tarnished nor afraid. The detective in this kind of story must be such a man. He is the hero, he is everything. He must be a complete man and a common man and yet an unusual man. He must be, to use a rather weathered phrase, a man of honor — by instinct, by inevitability, without thought of it, and certainly without saying it. He must be the best man in his world and a good enough man for any world.
Marlowe is a different kind of loner. He’s the one virtuous man surrounded by filth. Chandler’s black-and-white puritanism made Marlowe repulsive to me—he hates gays, gamblers, drug users, rich people, and women, in a world in which the first four are always moral degenerates, and all beautiful women throw themselves at him, usually literally, begging for dirty, vulgar sex, and he slaps them aside, sometimes literally, in contempt.
I pushed her to one side and put the key in the door and opened it and pushed her in through it. I shut the door again and stood there sniffing. The place was horrible by daylight. The Chinese junk on the walls, the rug, the fussy lamps, the teakwood stuff, the sticky riot of colors, the totem pole, the flagon of ether and laudanum–all this in the daytime had a stealthy nastiness, like a fag party.
The girl and I stood looking at each other…. The smile would wash off like water off sand and her pale skin had a harsh granular texture under the stunned and stupid blankness of her eyes. A whitish tongue licked at the corners of her mouth. A pretty, spoiled and not very bright little girl who had gone very, very wrong, and nobody was doing anything about it. To hell with the rich. They made me sick.
— The Big Sleep, chapter 12
I took plenty of the punch. It was meant to be a hard one, but a pansy [gay] has no iron in his bones, whatever he looks like.
— The Big Sleep, chapter 17
The bed was down. Something in it giggled…. Carmen Sternwood on her back, in my bed, giggling at me…. Her slate eyes peered at me and had the effect, as usual, of peering from behind a barrel. She smiled. Her small sharp teeth glinted.
“Cute, aren’t I?” she said.
I said harshly: “Cute as a Filipino on Saturday night.”
I went over to a floor lamp and pulled the switch, went back to put off the ceiling light, and went across the room again to the chessboard on a card table under the lamp. There was a problem laid out on the board, a six-mover. I couldn’t solve it, like a lot of my problems. I reached down and moved a knight, then pulled my hat and coat off and threw them somewhere. All this time the soft giggling went on from the bed, that sound that made me think of rats behind a wainscoting in an old house.
“You’re cute.” She rolled her head a little, kittenishly. Then she took her left hand from under her head and took hold of the covers, paused dramatically, and swept them aside. She was undressed all right. She lay there on the bed in the lamplight, as naked and glistening as a pearl. The Sternwood girls were giving me both barrels that night.
I looked down at the chessboard. The move with the knight was wrong. I put it back where I had moved it from. Knights had no meaning in this game. It wasn’t a game for knights.
I looked at her again. She lay still now, her face pale against the pillow, her eyes large and dark and empty as rain barrels in a drought…. There was a vague glimmer of doubt starting to get born in her somewhere. She didn’t know about it yet. It’s so hard for women–even nice women–to realize that their bodies are not irresistible.
I said carefully: “I’ll give you three minutes to get dressed and out of here. If you’re not out by then, I’ll throw you out–by force. Just the way you are, naked. And I’ll throw your clothes after you into the hall. Now–get started.”
… She stood there for a moment and hissed at me, her face still like scraped bone, her eyes still empty and yet full of some jungle emotion. Then she walked quickly to the door and opened it and went out, without speaking, without looking back….
I walked to the windows and pulled the shades up and opened the windows wide. The night air came drifting in with a kind of stale sweetness that still remembered automobile exhausts and the streets of the city. I reached for my drink and drank it slowly…. I went back to the bed and looked down at it. The imprint of her head was still in the pillow, of her small corrupt body still on the sheets.
I put my empty glass down and tore the bed to pieces savagely.
It was raining again the next morning, a slanting gray rain like a swung curtain of crystal beads…. I went out to the kitchenette and drank two cups of black coffee. You can have a hangover from other things than alcohol. I had one from women. Women made me sick.
— The Big Sleep, chapters 24-25
James Ellroy explained why Hammett was a better writer than Chandler like this:
Chandler wrote the man he wanted to be – gallant [and strong, and sexy] and with a lively satirist’s wit. Hammett wrote the man he feared he might be – tenuous and sceptical in all human dealings, corruptible and addicted to violent intrigue.
Marlowe doesn’t appear magical on the surface (except in his ability to be knocked out repeatedly without suffering permanent damage), but he is magically lucky. He’s another brilliant detective who does incredibly stupid things. He’s savvy and street-smart, yet like clockwork, he does the street-dumb thing: he finds murdered bodies or witnesses murders, and instead of informing the police, steals evidence from the scene and leaves his fingerprints behind; he hides murder case evidence from the police based on nothing but a hunch; he goes into potentially lethal encounters for clients he hates and refuses to charge them more than his expenses; he incriminates himself to protect people he doesn’t know from being suspected of crimes they might have committed… the list goes on and on. Every novel has scenes with him privately meditating on the unjustness of the world, yet Chandler’s world must have some pretty strict karmic laws for him to follow his moral code of hunches and poverty and always get away with it.
Isaac Asimov wrote a series of detective stories and novels (1953-1986) starring Elijah Bayley, a human, and R. Daneel Olivaw, a robot, in a world in which robots have no freedom or rights. The robopsychologist Susan Calvin, a human who identifies with robots, also appears in some stories. The plots usually turn on questions of how to interpret Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics, while their themes often deal with human prejudice against robots, and the philosophy of good and evil.
Dr. Who (1963-today) is called science fiction, but the plot is often a mystery: The Doctor appears someplace and sometime where things are not as they at first appear, and he must puzzle out what is happening, and prevent some bad thing from happening. The Doctor’s character is a warmer, fuzzier Sherlock Holmes, who travels with one or more semi-disposable Watsons and finds humans silly but endearing rather than tiresome. (That photo is of Tom Baker playing Dr. Who playing Sherlock Holmes.)
Dr. Who is presented as a genius, yet the Doctor is not rational. He never plans anything; he rushes into traps unarmed and trusts that he’ll come up with something. He refuses to carry a weapon despite having run into hundreds of situations where a weapon would have been helpful. He solves problems with sudden inspiration or intuition rather than logic. He refuses to use consequentialist ethics; he won’t harm a Dalek or an insane Time Lord bent on destroying humanity. Again, he uses magic, or luck, not logic.
The Pink Panther’s Jacques Clouseau (1964-2009) is a bumbling idiot who solves cases mostly by accident. Yet he’s also dedicated, energetic, and creative (witness his elaborate training methods). Much of the humor comes from Clouseau misunderstanding everything that he sees and, far from being a detached observer, managing to remain all the time in his own fantasy world. He is magically lucky:
Including The Pink Panther here is like including Spaceballs in an analysis of high fantasy. I don’t expect it to match thematically, since it’s a parody, but it will share some attributes.
The Great Brain (1967-1976) is a series of children’s detectivish novels whose child protagonist, Tom Fitzgerald, alternates between solving crimes and committing them. He cheats his neighbors so often that the other kids eventually kidnap him and put him on trial in The Great Brain Reforms. His younger brother J.D. is his Watson. The stories often contrast Tom’s intelligence but lack of empathy with J.D.’s lesser intelligence but greater humanity, and show Tom mastering the world intellectually, but not really understanding how to relate to it. Tom is noteworthy for having a great but merely realistic intelligence, and for making money from his great brain.
Colin Dexter’s Inspector Morse (books 1975-1999, TV series 1987-2000) is a lonely, secretive, bachelor detective chief, at least in the one book I read (The Dead of Jericho). To quote Wikipedia, and I agree, “He claims that his approach to crime-solving is deductive, and one of his key tenets is that “there is a 50 per cent chance that the last person to see the victim alive was the murderer”. In reality, it is the pathologists who deduce. Morse uses immense intuition and his fantastic memory to get to the killer.” Rather like Sherlock Holmes, he claims to use logic but actually uses intuition and magic.
After finishing The Dead of Jericho, I went back to check whether it was solvable. Technically, the reader had enough information to solve it before the reveal, but some of the crucial details appeared trivial in context, and I think it was not designed to be solvable, but for the reader to be able to recall all the necessary details after the reveal, and think it was solvable.
Tony Hillerman’s Joe Leaphorn and Jim Chee (1970-2006) solve crimes on a Navajo reservation. I haven’t read any of them. I’ve read that they’re usually about conflicts between Indian and white culture, religion and materialism, and rich and poor. They’re written in third-person interior (basically first-person written in third-person grammar).
Stephanie Plum is the detective in Janet Evanovich’s novels (1995-present). I learned about her when I read Evanovich’s book on writing. I noticed that
– Janet Evanovich didn’t know anything useful about writing,
– half of the book was Evanovich reading scenes from her books, and
– all of the scenes she chose to read, in her book about writing, were dreck.
Stephanie Plum is an “unSue”, who gets all the benefits of being a Mary Sue while being below average in looks and intelligence. She’s pursued by all the hot sexy bad boys even though her most-described physical attribute is how overweight she is. They are okay with her banging all of them, though she can’t stand it if they “cheat” on her. It sounds from summaries I’ve read like the crimes are partly an excuse for Stephanie to have emotional drama and shift up her rotation of men. They’re supposed to be romantic comedies, except the romance is unconnected to the comedy.
All characters in the scenes I’ve read act unlike humans, or animals, or even robots. Even when they’re dead, they fail to act like dead people. Exhibit 1: Plum and her sidekick are trailing a truck on the highway, following a truck. A corpse suddenly falls off of the truck and manages (being an athletic yet insubstantial corpse) to hit their windshield, then bounce off, without damaging it.
Are they startled? Do they stop the car to find out who it is? Do they phone the police? No; they crack a joke, laugh, and keep driving. They aren’t humans; they’re Evanovichoids.
In the first novel, Plum doesn’t so much solve the crime as flail about stupidly and somehow not get herself killed until the crime solves itself. She “solves crimes” by incompetence, amazing luck, and being rescued by sexy men. For this, Evanovich gets called “one of the best and most inventive writers of “Strong Woman” mysteries.” (By herself, apparently.) I do not have the patience to review these books further without exploding into a fireball of indignant rage at their commercial success.
Mma Precious Ramotswe is the detective in Alexander McCall Smith’s The No. 1 Ladies’ Detective Agency (1998-2015). She’s a woman who was educated in Mochudi, the 10th largest city in Botswana, then moved to a very small village, where she decided to set up a detective agency (which is seen as a strange thing for a woman to do). She believes she values Botswana’s traditional ways more than the modern white ways, yet her independence, modern upbringing, and dislike of marriage bring her repeatedly into conflict with the village’s strongly patriarchal and family-oriented attitudes. She feels more than the usual amount of sympathy for the victims of wrong-doing, and this seems to be what drives her to solve a case once she has gotten into it. The novels are in third-person interior with head-hopping. If you’re gonna read just one detective novel, I’d suggest one of these.
Adrian Monk is the consulting detective in the TV series Monk (2002-2009), whose obsessive-compulsive behavior causes him to be unable to hold down a job or function in society, but also makes him aware of tiny details that help him solve cases. Much of the humor of the series is that crimes that are impossible for most people to solve are easy for Monk, yet everyday tasks that most people consider trivial are impossible for Monk.
House, a TV series from 2004 to 2012, stars Dr. House as a sociopathic but brilliant surgeon who is basically an even less-lovable Sherlock Holmes.
Dexter is the forensic expert / detective / serial killer star of eight novels (2004-2015) and a TV series (2006-2013). His father taught him to use his uncontrollable homicidal urges for good, by killing very bad people. He must solve crimes faster than the police to find enough bad people to kill.
There’s a mystery book club at my town’s library, which is composed entirely of retired women, who read nothing but mysteries about cooking, tea, sewing, and cats. It turns out each of these (cooking, tea, sewing, cats) is now a recognized sub-sub-genre of a huge new sub-genre of mysteries called “cozy mysteries”. Mostmysteries published today may be cozy mysteries. They were apparently spawned by Murder, She Wrote. The sleuth is a woman who is not a detective but has a friend or husband who is, or is at least a cop. The town isn’t corrupt and the murders aren’t violent. She solves cases by talking to everyone in town, then putting together pieces of information.
I haven’t read very many mysteries, so please add your own summaries of mystery series or detectives in the comments if you can, before we go to part 3 (Conclusions)!
A Mystery is About the Detective
Why was it so natural to organize famous mysteries by detective? Why do mysteries always have just one or two detectives? Why don’t we see great mysteries in which a team or a town cooperates to solve a mystery, like on CSI, or Scooby Doo?
If mysteries are whodunits, why are the detectives in great mysteries so eccentric and so finely-detailed?
Because the central narrative of the mystery isn’t about the mystery. It’s about the detective.
Let’s look at the commonalities among our detectives. I’ll enumerate my major summaries of the data with capital letters, and my main conclusions with numbers.
A. The most notable trait of a detective in a mystery is not intelligence. It’s that the detective is a misfit.
Usually either the detective laughs at or scorns the follies of the world (Dupin, Holmes, Spade, Marlowe, The Great Brain, Dr. Who, House), or the world laughs at the detective (Father Brown, Poirot, Clouseau, Ramotswe, Monk). The detective is superior to the others in the story (Dupin, Holmes, Father Brown, Marlowe, Great Brain, Dr. Who, House), even while the clients or criminals consider themselves superior to the detective (Holmes, Father Brown, Poirot, Marlowe, Columbo, Monk, Ramotswe).
The directionality of who laughs at whom might not matter. The point is that the detective is a stranger in a strange land who sees its inhabitants more clearly and objectively than they see themselves. Yet, despite this–or because of it–he can’t establish normal emotional connections with them. He is single, and has only one close friend, or none at all.
The detective often seems driven to action to delay some terrible ennui, or feels his isolation from society painful, and the reader is asked whether the detective’s uniqueness is a blessing or a curse (Holmes, Spade, Marlowe, Daneel Olivaw, The Great Brain, Monk, House).
Detectives are Misfits
Auguste Dupin: Exiled from the aristocracy, lives in seclusion, only comes out at night, sees humans as a source of amusement. Single.
Sherlock Holmes: Prefers anonymity, scorns emotions, emotionally crippled, dangerously depressed and bored with humanity. Single, misogynistic.
Father Brown: A deliberate misfit, he dismisses the world’s values and represents Catholic values in contrast to it. Single and celibate.
Hercules Poirot: An oddball foreigner who does not care whether people like him. Single.
Sam Spade: An almost nihilistic mercenary whose crucial strength turns out to be his cold, unemotional self-interest. Single.
Philip Marlowe: The one virtuous man in the valley of filth. The one man all women want, and the one man who won’t have any of them. Neurotically misogynistic.
R. Daneel Olivaw: Literally inhuman. Single. Also a misfit among robots, due to his android appearance.
Dr. Who: Literally an alien. Single, except for whatever he’s got going with River. I haven’t kept up.
Jacques Clouseau: Lives in his own fantasy world. Single.
The Great Brain: Verges on sociopathic; unable to make friends.
Inspector Morse: Single and unhappy about it, private, and sullen, but not neurotically so.
Joe Leaphorn and Jim Chee: Living between and mediating between the Indian and the American, the religious and the secular, the rich and the poor. Joe: Married for one book, widowed for eleven. Jim: Single and dating for 11 books, married for one.
Mma Precious Ramotswe: A fiercely independent woman trying to do a “man’s job” and refusing (for several novels) marriage offers; a city person in a small African village; a traditionalist who isn’t traditional. Single; later marries.
Adrian Monk: Freakishly weird; unable to cope with even simple social interactions. Widowed.
Dr. House: A sociopath with a live-in prostitute.
Dexter: A homicidal psychopath. Single; dates. Should be faking his feelings, but the show never had the nerve to portray psychopathology honestly.
B. Detectives claim to use logic, but their deductions are more like magic or luck.
Magically logical, intuitive, or lucky detectives include Dupin, Holmes, Marlowe, Dr. Who, Clouseau, Morse, and Stephanie Plum.
C. The detective stands outside or above the law and conventional morality.
He may consider his own justice (Sherlock Holmes, Hercules Poirot, Dr. Who), or his tradition of justice (Father Brown, Philip Marlowe), superior to conventional morality or the law. He may solve crimes for entertainment or revenge that other people would solve out of moral outrage or patriotism (Dupin). He may be a part-time criminal, con-man, or otherwise sometimes commit crimes himself (Sam Spade, The Great Brain, House, Dexter). He may not be recognized as a person under the law (Daneel Olivaw). If there is a criminal mastermind, the detective will have more in common with that mastermind than with other people (Sherlock & Moriarty, Auguste Dupin & D___, Dr. Who and his two great enemies, The Master and Dr. Who).
D. A detective story is seldom written from the first-person or third-person interior point of view of the detective, and is often written from the first-person point of view of the detective’s companion. (Dupin, Holmes, The Great Brain, Nero Wolfe)
The Watson allows the detective to conceal his suspicions from the reader until it’s time for a dramatic revelation. It was pointed out to me that he doesn’t only preserve the mystery; he also preserves the mystery of the detective’s character.
Coming soon: The Sub-Genres of Mystery, and Conclusions!
P.S.– Instead of complaining that I left out your favorite detective, write your own summary! | <urn:uuid:90712227-cdc4-452f-b05f-ca4f3adcd29b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://awritingguide.com/2016/07/26/the-mystery-of-mysteries-part-2-famous-fictional-detectives/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601040.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120224950-20200121013950-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.966785 | 7,774 | 2.75 | 3 |
The Klingon Bird-of-Prey was a classification of starship used by the Klingon Empire. They were typically small and agile classes of ships which made up a significant proportion of the Klingon fleet along side the larger classes.
The Klingons produced numerous classes of starships designated Bird-of-Prey, traditionally these were smaller classes used as scouts. Over time the designation was expanded to be used on larger classes with a similar design to traditional birds-of-prey. (TOS movie: The Search for Spock; TNG episode: "Yesterday's Enterprise")
The typical Bird-of-Prey design featured a primary hull with a long protruding neck at the front with a command bulb at the end. Usually a photon torpedo tube was located on the lower side of the command bulb. To either side of the main hull are wings with disruptor cannons mounted at the end. Certain classes featured additional armaments such as rear firing torpedoes and additional disruptors. (TOS movie: The Search for Spock; TNG episode: "Yesterday's Enterprise"; ENT episode: "The Expanse", et al.)
- In analyzing the word D'Gavama, the reader may also wish to consider these other ship names from the Klingon Ship Recognition Manual: d'ama ("predator"), z'gavva ("stronger bird") and z'gavasta ("great bird").
By 2270 the Empire had introduced one of the most successful and long serving class of Bird-of-Prey, the B'rel-class. The B'rel-class was designed from Romulan concepts obtained in the Klingon-Romulan Alliance, the most notable technology integrated into the vessel from that alliance being a cloaking device. (TOS comic: "Trekkers"; ST reference: Starship Spotter)
The B'rel was a highly successful design and served long into the 24th century. It also spawned several other Bird-of-Prey classes of near identical design, including the D12-class and K'vort-class. Though the K'vort, and later Chuq'Beh-class were notably larger than the original B'rel design. (ST reference: Starship Spotter; TNG movie: Generations; TNG video game: Armada II, et al.)
|Klingonese name||standard designation||alphanumeric designation||classification||known service period|
|22nd century bird-of-prey||2150s|
|D'Gavama-class||Bird of Prey-class||K22A-class||far scout|
|B'rel-class||K22B-class||scout||2270s -- late-24th century|
|Taj-class||Bird of Prey-class||scout||2293|
|K'vort-class||light cruiser||2nd quarter 24th century -- late-24th century|
|Romulan birds-of-prey||2150s • late-2150s bird-of-prey • 22nd century • 23rd century (alternate reality) • 24th century • T'varo • T'Liss • Vas Hatham • Temar Vastaram|
|Klingon birds-of-prey||22nd century • 23rd century (alternate reality) • B'rel • Chuq'Beh • D12 • D'Gavama • E4 • E6 • G2 • Khitomer • K'vort • QuD • Z'gavasta • Z'gavva • Klingon bird-of-prey • QulDun • Norgh • Ki'tang • Hegh'ta| | <urn:uuid:99ffa8bb-f2e4-4d41-9daf-f1d271c4fc8b> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://memory-beta.wikia.com/wiki/Klingon_Bird-of-Prey | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988930.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00040-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896236 | 778 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Promoting British Values
Aylesham Primary School agrees with the Department for Education’s five part definition of British Values:
The Rule of law
Tolerance of those of different faiths and beliefs
We believe it is incredibly important that these British Value permeate through every school throughout the country. Throughout Aylesham Primary School you will encounter these values within our everyday school life. In particular they can be observed through our promotion of Spiritual, Moral, Social and Cultural understanding and our focus on transferable core values that support children to manage transition and the next phase of their lives. These include such qualities as perseverance, tolerance, stamina and independence as well as skills such as being analytical, taking leadership roles and working well as part of teams.
At Aylesham Primary School our values are underpinned within the school motto of ‘Where Children Come First’.
Below are some of the ways that we promote these values across our community:
Pupil’s voice plays a big part of life across the school. Some of the ways this is represented are through pupil school councils, pupil leadership teams, prefects, house captains, buddies and pupil suggestion boxes. Pupils and staff elect members for a variety of posts which pupils write application letters in order to be considered. They present their statements to the school and parents. Applications demonstrate a great deal of insight into the pupil’s level of understanding, sense of responsibility and empathy towards each other. Through this process pupils develop a respect for democracy and the democratic process.
Pupils have input into their learning and in formulating success criteria and therefore play a part in moulding their learning. For example, Year 5 pupils participate in a Social Action Project alongside the East Kent Partnership which promotes an awareness of community responsibility. In 2014 a team of pupils from the school were the overall winners for the whole of Kent.
Pupil questionnaires and interviews are also conducted throughout the year.
These, alongside other opportunities will sow the seeds for a more sophisticated understanding of democracy in the future.
The Rule of law
Our pupils will encounter rules and laws throughout their entire lives. We want our pupils to understand that whether these laws govern the class, the school, the neighbourhood or the country, they are set for good reasons and must be adhered to. This understanding of the importance of rules will be consistently reinforced through assemblies and our curriculum, and indeed through regular and consistent high expectations demonstrated and modelled by staff and other pupils.
The involvement of pupils in the creation of school rules, class expectations and where appropriate personal plans helps them to understand the reasons behind rules and the consequences when rules are broken. Through SMSC we aim to support pupils to distinguish between right and wrong. Our core learning skills curriculum provides pupils with a focus on taking responsibility and ownership of the decisions that they make. Pupils are able to discuss rules and how they relate to criminal and civil law within society. Through this, they deepen understanding of the importance of rules and laws for their own and others protection. Throughout the year we welcome visits from members of the wider community including the police, the fire brigade and many more. This enables pupils to acquire a broad and general knowledge of, and respect for, public institutions and services in Britain. We believe that clear expectations and real life accounts emphasise the importance of the rule of Law of our pupils. We support the pupils to understand how they can positively contribute to those living and working in the community within the school and socially as a whole.
We invest a great deal of time to create a positive culture across the school in order that children are taught within a safe environment where choice and freedom are encouraged. Pupils are encouraged to risk take and be challenged. At an early age pupils are encouraged to determine their own learning based on interests. Through E-safety, a focus on SMSC and PSHE sessions, we educate pupils on their rights and personal freedom whilst supporting them on how to exercise these rights safely. Pupils are encouraged to debate topics and be able to express opinions. We strive to enable pupils to develop self-knowledge, self-esteem and self-confidence. Throughout the school we believe that valuing choice and freedom in daily school life will foster a value for individual liberty as pupils embark upon their adult lives.
Respect for each other features highly within the ethos of the school. Our school has both pupils and adults representing different ethnic groups with a range of languages. Our pupils and staff work together with absolute respect for each other no matter what differences may exist. Our core learning skills promote support for each other and the valuable contributions we all make to our community. Our school has ‘teams’ that work together to achieve more. Mutual respect is at the core of at schools.
Tolerance of those of different faiths and beliefs and for those who have none
Our locality means that we are part of, and surrounded by diversity which we celebrate and respect. We offer a culturally rich and diverse curriculum in which all major religions are studied and respected. We believe that tolerance is gained through knowledge and understanding. We strive to demonstrate tolerance and help pupils to become knowledgeable and understanding citizens who can build and be part of a better Britain for the future. | <urn:uuid:44ebe581-9c96-4e04-81fb-e0ad87c9fc90> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.aylesham.kent.sch.uk/promoting-british-values | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.962351 | 1,067 | 3.328125 | 3 |
A team of researchers at Cornell University recently studied the speech patterns of 52 convicted murderers, 14 of them classified as psychopathic, and came up with some intriguing results. The team asked the murderers to describe their crimes in detail, recorded the conversations, then converted the speech into text. Their discovery? Psychopaths — who make up an estimated 1 percent of the population and are "profoundly selfish and lack emotion" — tend to use identifying speech patterns. Sure, these verbal tics won't always help you spot a "crazy person during a short encounter at a bar," says Cassie Murdoch at Jezebel, but they might help experts zero in on potential offenders and strategize interrogations. What they should listen for:
1. Cause-and-effect statements
When discussing their actions, says Wynne Parry at Live Science, psychopaths are more likely to use subordinating conjunctions, like "because" and "so that," suggesting that they believe their crimes had a logical cause and effect, something that "had" to be done to achieve a goal.
2. A focus on food
Researchers found that psychopaths use an inordinate number of words related to basic needs such as eating, drinking, and money. According to the International Business Times, "psychopaths often included details of what they had to eat on the day of their crime" — perhaps revealing their "predatory nature."
3. A high frequency of "ums"
Psychopaths use a lot of disfluencies when they speak, like "uhs" and "ums." It isn't, however, just because they're fumbling their words. According to lead researcher Jeffrey Hancock, "we think the 'uhs' and 'ums' are about putting the mask of sanity on."
4. An absence of remorse
The subjects shied away from any topics that would indicate a moral compass, including talk about religion or family, which are things that "nonpsychopathic people would think about when they just committed a murder," says Parry.
5. A lot of past tense
Psychopaths are more likely to speak in the past tense than the present tense. Researchers believe this is a symptom of psychopaths' "psychological detachment." | <urn:uuid:eac30d4e-5059-4c53-94c7-e1af7148b64b> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://theweek.com/articles/480580/speech-patterns-5-ways-spot-psychopath | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999000.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619143832-20190619165832-00037.warc.gz | en | 0.973634 | 457 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Help! Everything is spinning around me!
….If this is you, you may be suffering from vertigo.
“Vertigo problems are one of the most common reasons older adults seek help from their doctors.” – Blair Schachterle, Physiotherapist.
What Causes Vertigo?
Many people are surprised to learn that the source of their dizziness may be because of an inner ear or vestibular condition. Within the inner ear lie collections of calcium crystals known as otoconia or otoliths. In patients with Vertigo the otoconia are dislodged from their usual position within the utricle. This displacement can result in a sensation of vertigo. The common precursors to vertigo that are seen in Physiotherapy clinics includes:
- Head injuries
- Hitting the head from a fall
- Degeneration of the vestibular system of the inner ear
- Post ear surgeries
- Post dental work and ear trauma
A common vertigo condition called Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) is often the cause. With BPPV there is generally feelings of nausea, dizziness and a sensation of spinning. This nerve wrecking condition can affect a person’s independence, ability to work and their quality of life. Also, BPPV is common in people who have been treated with ototoxic medications such as gentamicin and those with a history of migraines.
Facts about Dizziness and Balance Disorders:
- Dizziness/vertigo is prevalent. It is estimated to occur in 1.8% of young adults to more than 30% in the elderly.
- There are about 5 to 8 million Physician visits for dizziness in the United States each year.
- In Canada, about 1.5 million people suffer from chronic vestibular problems.
- One in three people will experience dizziness or imbalance during their lifetime.
- 23-30% of adults have experienced at least one episode of dizziness, and 3.5% of adults experience chronic recurrent episodes of more than one-year duration by age 65.
- BPPV (Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo) is thought to be responsible for 50% of all dizziness in seniors.
- About 20% of all dizziness seen in medical offices is due to BPPV.
The Symptoms of Vertigo Include:
- Feeling unsteady
- Spinning that last for at least a few seconds
Vertigo may also lead to other problems such as fatigue, difficulty walking, depression or disinterest in everyday activities.
Vertigo may very often be precipitated by changes in position of the head with respect to gravity. Simple activities such as getting out of bed, turning in bed or turning the head to look up can trigger vertigo. If your vertigo is triggered by head motions or position changes, vestibular rehabilitation can help. If you have vertigo that is not motion sensitive it is advisable that you see a Physician.
Can Physiotherapy Help?
Yes. Motion sensitive vertigo can be treated with vestibular rehabilitation that is offered by vestibular trained Physiotherapists.
Vestibular rehabilitation is a proven treatment for vertigo, dizziness, balance problems and vestibular disorders. Treatments for vestibular disorder may include various procedures that can be offered as part of vestibular rehabilitation.
- Assessment to enable a diagnosis
- Repositioning exercises
- Balancing exercises
- Gaze stabilization exercises
- Visual dependency reduction exercises
- Physical conditioning exercises
- Somatosensory dependence training
Benefits of Vestibular Rehabilitation:
In cases of patients that have been on medications for days, weeks or months for displaced crystal in the inner ear, they can regain normal function again. Rehabilitation of the vestibular system offers our patients the chance to feel normal again and return to active life.
At Nose Creek Sports Physiotherapy clinic we can help.
Don’t suffer in silence; seek help today!
Desmond, Advance for Audiologists July/August 2000.
Sloan PD, et al. Dizziness: State of the science. Ann Intern Med. May 1, 2001; 134(9 pt 2):823-32
U.S national Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, March 1997.
University of Virginia Health System, Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Vestibular & Balance Center. http://www.healthsystem.Virginia.edu/internet/otolaryngology/patient_vbc.cfm.
- TMJ Care: Learn how to Relax These Muscles and Joints, and Reduce the Jaw Pain You Are Experiencing - February 11, 2020
- Longevity and Quality of Life: - January 28, 2020
- How To Create The Perfect Night Of Sleep - December 19, 2019 | <urn:uuid:7e460f8a-b715-4766-8514-9f2d5efdb573> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.nosecreekphysiotherapy.com/how-to-tell-when-you-are-experiencing-vertigo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154805.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804111738-20210804141738-00607.warc.gz | en | 0.919108 | 1,032 | 2.828125 | 3 |
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Although the topic was ostensibly the implementation of plastic materials under the hood as replacements for metals—and with there being some significant reasons for doing so, as in “Weight savings vary from 20 to 50%, depending on the component. Cost savings are generally in the 20 to 30% range”—Mike Day, North American Development Director for DuPont Automotive (dupont.com/Automotive/en_US), makes an observation about a development project that is an absolute winner when it comes to the subject of doing fast physical prototypes of products.
It was an application in automatic transmissions. Inside the transmission there are (1) moving components, including gears and drive mechanisms and (2) transmission fluid. The issue that arises is that as the moving components do what they are supposed to do, they agitate the fluid such that there is aeration; the fluid becomes full of bubbles. Which makes it less effective. So the means by which this is ordinarily addressed is to create baffles that help ameliorate this bubbling. It is ordinarily steel. It is ordinarily an assembly.
(It is worth noting in the context of the aforementioned cost savings: Day explains that this is generally predicated on the fact that plastic allows the consolidation of parts—as in using a two-step molding process that permits the molding of a cylinder head cover and the elastomer gasket right in the same tool, which has all manner of associated savings, ranging from the reduction in required tooling—realize that if the cover is made out of metal, there still needs to be a gasket—to the reduction in costs associated with inventory (i.e., tracking one part rather than two separate ones).)
So when they were developing the transmission baffle, they selected Hytrel, a thermoplastic polyester elastomer. When doing prototype tooling, you’re not necessarily going to be crossing the proverbial T’s and dotting the associated I’s. So in this case, as in many, flash forms around the edge of the part where the prototype mold opens and closes. As this is just a prototype, that’s just something that is taken into account and usually designed out when the production tooling is produced.
But when they were testing out the performance of the baffle with the flash in place, they discovered that there was actually a benefit in terms of improved flow control. So the flash is now designed in as a flap for the finished part.
Day points out, of course, that they have an approach in place for part development that they call “rapid proof of concept.” There is molding and design analysis performed via computer modeling before there is any actual polymer put into play. But, Day says, “The real success comes when you actually take a concept for a plastic component and fabricate it, make a physical part and do testing. There are interesting things that you can learn when you do that, which helps the iteration process in a way that you can’t get in a virtual environment.”
There is still something to be said for reality.
The Hytrel baffle, by the way, is in production and is used in a number of transmissions produced by General Motors and Ford. Several million have been produced so far.—GSV | <urn:uuid:96a331ab-efd0-4c06-a13c-d0a1c4447736> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/dupont-learns-by-doing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115861027.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161101-00018-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965205 | 691 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Safety tips take the sting out of summer
BY KAREN HUELSMAN - For Sun-Times Media
A few precautions can limit your risk of insect bites and stings and other hazards of summer.
Now that summer is here, nobody wants to be stuck indoors nursing an injury that could have been prevented or treated quickly at the hospital. James Fedinec, MD, who is the medical director of the Emergency Room at Valley West Community Hospital in Sandwich, shares tips for treating some of the top summer hazards and how to recognize when you need to make the trip to the hospital.
Bee and wasp stings: As there is no sure-fire way to avoid getting stung, Dr. Fedinec recommends treating stings and bites at home by washing the site, using a topical antibiotic and applying ice to minimize swelling. Even people who don't have allergic reactions to stings face the risk of a sting becoming infected. "If your skin becomes red and tender, if you see any red streaks or if you run a fever, you've got the signs of an infection. If you develop any shortness of breath, develop any chest or neck tightness or your face or lip begins to swell then these are signs of an allergic reaction," he said. "That needs to be treated by a doctor."
Swimming: The buddy system and adult supervision for all children are hallmarks of safe swimming. "I don't like to hear about pre-teens swimming without an adult around,'' he said. And he pointed out that older adults, who may have weaker muscles or have balance issues, need to be sure they are swimming with other people around who can call for help.
Extreme Heat: "There are a lot of levels of heat-related injuries," Dr. Fedinec said. At the "treat at home" level, heat sufferers develop cramps that can be treated with rest, fluids and sports drinks. But heat exhaustion and heat stroke are different matters that involve fevers. "Any elevated fever may indicate heat exhaustion, and if the body temperature nears 104 degrees, then the patient may be confused, have balance problems and can develop seizures. These people need to be seen in an emergency department."
When the outdoor temperatures and humidity really soar, Dr. Fedinec also advised families and neighbors "keep an eye on the elders in their communities. Check that older people have their air-conditioning turned on," he said. "They don't always realize how warm they are."
Lacerations: Of course you can get a deep cut any time of the year, but there is no need to suffer a lasting injury preparing steaks for the grill. "If a cut bleeds for 15 minutes or longer or you can see a fat layer of tissue under a cut, these are clues that you may need stitches," he said.
And the subject of cuts points up the need to stay current on tetanus immunizations, he added. The shots do have to be repeated every five to 10 years.
Mowing: "If you are cutting grass near gravel or any other kind of debris, you are at risk for an eye injury. The way to avoid that is to wear some kind of eye protection." Although in general lawn mowers are getting safer, the blades are still very sharp and get very hot. "So you have to wait for them to cool off if you need to remove a clog," he added.
Fireworks: "We want everybody to stay away from them," he said. "This is a case where truly only the professionals should be involved." Dr. Fedinec said that every emergency department sees burns, eye and hand injuries in the summer from fireworks, and that all of those amateur injuries are avoidable.
"When in doubt about any kind of injury, we will check it out," urged the doctor who has been in emergency medicine since 1996. "We are always happy to say 'hi' and 'bye' if that's all that's needed, so patients should feel comfortable stopping by at any time," Dr. Fedinec said.
The emergency department at Valley West Community Hospital is open 24 hours a day, seven days a week. It is staffed by doctors certified by the American Board of Emergency Medicine, as well as specially trained nurses. | <urn:uuid:9d51f006-5862-49ce-913c-fa5d311accba> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://specialsections.suntimes.com/health/valleywest/13281563-759/safety-tips-take-the-sting-out-of-summer.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704666482/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114426-00059-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969512 | 882 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The story of ‘Animal Farm’ follows a cyclical structure as the animals rebel against their human master but soon find themselves once again ruled by a different tyrant. The story follows the events of the Russian revolution in the early twentieth century; key events are indicated in the bold context boxes.
Old Major calls a meeting to tell the animals about his dream. First, he outlines in a passionate speech all that is wrong with the animals’ lives. He blames humans for abusing the animals and taking the products of their hard work.
He encourages the animals to rebel and overthrow their human masters, and sets out a series of rules or advice about how to organise society after the rebellion.
He ends with recounting his dream of a wonderful England where all of the animals enjoy happy lives of freedom.
Karl Marx was the founder of communism. His ideas were used by Lenin and other communists to inspire the Russian workers to riot against their rulers.
Even though Major dies soon after, his words have inspired the animals to become active in preparing for a rebellion. The pigs take the lead in organising the other animals, and turn Major’s words into a school of thought called Animalism.
Mr Jones is so drunk that he forgets to feed the animals. Hungry and angry, the animals launch an attack against their masters and chase Jones and the other humans off the farm.
The animals are now in charge of themselves and the farm. They agree to keep Jones’ farmhouse as a museum.
The pigs tell the animals that they have learnt to read and have condensed Major’s advice into seven commandments which they write on the barn’s wall.
The pigs milk the cows. Later, the animals find out that the milk has disappeared.
In 1917, the Russian people rioted against their ruler Tsar Nicholas II. The Tsar abdicated and the people, led by the Bolsheviks, took charge of Russia.
The animals successfully bring in the harvest.
Weekly meetings are set up at which the pigs take a lead. Napoleon and Snowball are constantly at odds with one another.
Snowball organises many committees to improve the animals’ lives. The reading and writing classes are most successful.
Napoleon takes the puppies in order to educate them. It is discovered that the milk has been taken by the pigs. The pigs then take the apples for themselves.
Animal Farm becomes famous throughout the country, and animals in other farms show signs of rebellion against their masters.
The humans feel under threat and help Jones attack the farm.
Snowball leads the animals in driving the humans off the farm in what becomes known as the Battle of the Cowshed.
Between 1917 and 1922, armies loyal to the Tsar tried to take back control of Russia.
Mollie leaves the farm to live with humans.
Divisions deepen between Snowball and Napoleon, especially over the plans for the windmill.
At a meeting, Napoleon sets his dogs on Snowball. Snowball is chased off the farm.
Work starts on the windmill.
In 1928, Stalin forced Trotsky to leave the Soviet Union.
Work continues slowly on the windmill.
Napoleon announces the decision to trade with the local farmers. The pigs move into the farmhouse.
The windmill falls down in a storm. Snowball is blamed for this.
Stalin moved Russia away from an agrarian (farming) society to an industrialised one.
Conditions on the farm are hard.
The hens refuse to give their eggs to be sold at market but Napoleon starves them until they agree.
Stalin forced the farms in the Soviet Union to come under state control and hand over their crops, materials and animal produce. The peasants opposed this.
Snowball is accused of vandalising the farm.
There is a meeting at which various animals confess to being in partnership with Snowball and of committing different crimes. They are executed by the dogs.
Between 1936-1938, Stalin used Trotsky as a scapegoat, with show trials and executions of those accused of being in league with him.
The animals work ever harder.
Napoleon creates a ‘cult of personality’ which means the animals are expected to idolise him.
Stalin created a cult of personality which encouraged the Russian people to worship him.
Napoleon strikes a deal with the farmer Mr Frederick to sell him timber. However, the bank notes that Frederick uses are fakes.
Frederick and his men attack the farm and destroy the windmill. They are fought off but the animals have many casualties.
Stalin negotiated a treaty with Germany which Hitler betrayed when he invaded the Soviet Union in 1941.
Napoleon and the pigs start to drink alcohol.
Life on the farm becomes ever harder.
Boxer grows old and weak. He is taken away by the horse slaughterer to be killed.
The windmill is built but the animals do not see any of the benefits that they were promised.
Napoleon stands on two trotters and carries a whip.
The humans visit the pigs but the friendly atmosphere soon becomes aggressive.
They seem to be bonding but then there is an argument over cheating at cards.
Stalin became allies with Britain and the United States but this alliance fell apart with the start of the Cold War. | <urn:uuid:84c7f715-0190-44d3-b917-cefbd9f931f5> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://lightbulbrevision.com/animal-farm-timeline | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522309.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518183254-20220518213254-00313.warc.gz | en | 0.967346 | 1,140 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Protist and fungi can live in a wide variety of environments such as lakes, oceans, rivers, and forrest. fungi can be found about anywhere at any time. many fungi in our world are decomposers which means that they break down and eat dead things such as plants and animals. fungi live in most forrest and they can live on trees and and ground. they are mostly found in tropical rainforrest because they need water and rain to survive. fungi are also heterotrophs. fungi are also helpful and hurtful to humans. one way they are helpful is that they produce some of the foods we eat today such as yeast(bread). they are also hurtful because in the wild if someone were to eat a poisinous mushroom they could end up in a bad situation. fungi can reproduce asexually and sexually meaning that they can reproduce with one or two fungi. many to all fungi's are muticelled meaning the ave more than one cell.Protist come in all different shapes and sizes. protist are not classified as plant or animals either. | <urn:uuid:84a3dcab-3b80-4bb4-a1c5-8627e78fea4d> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://simplebooklet.com/publish.php?wpKey=9gpvs2Fbyjc7ImxtLEyLHb | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948515165.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212041010-20171212061010-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.984036 | 219 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Abstract: 38-year-old man with history of tick bite and expanding annular lesion
Lyme disease is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Erythema migrans is the most common clinical manifestation of Lyme disease. It typically develops 7-14 days after tick detachment and is characterized by a rapidly expanding, erythematous annular patch or plaque.
The diagnosis of erythema migrans is based on the clinical presentation and history of recent exposure in the endemic regions. Although the skin lesion cannot be considered pathognomonic of Lyme disease, erythema migrans is so distinctive that serologic testing for antibodies against B.burgdorferi is generally unnecessary. These serologic tests have high false negative results in as many as 60% of cases.
Treatment for Lyme disease depends on the stage. If there is only a tick bite, single dosage of doxycycline 200 mg is considered adequate if administered within 2 - 3 days. However, if a patient presents with erythema migrans, doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 14 days (range, 10 to 21 days) is currently advised. (Amoxicillin is an alternate treatment). For secondary and tertiary Lyme disease the treatment can be more complex.
The references below give much more detailed information. Post-Lyme Disease syndrome is controversial and has generated a lot of ink. See Michael Spector's fine New Yorker piece referenced below.
1. Early Lyme Disease
Gary P. Wormser, M.D.
N Engl J Med 2006; 354:2794-2801
(This is an extremely helpful article. Although it is seven years old, little has changed re garding hte literature on chronic Lyme disease. If you can't get access to the full text of this article, we will send you a pdf.)
2. Annals of Medicine
This is in the current New Yorker as we prepare this post. It is a level-headed review of Lyme disease from a top science writer. This article will help the public as well as physicians.
3. Patient Friendly Material. | <urn:uuid:13a3e10d-363d-4870-b436-0f74134e6484> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://vgrd.blogspot.com/2013/06/erythema-chronicum-migrans.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676588972.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180715203335-20180715223335-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.925548 | 445 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Del Ray was furious. The Alexandria City Council was dominated by members from Old Town, and they took action in the interest of Old Town. People in Del Ray felt neglected and unheard. The elected members of council did not include one single solitary member from their neighborhood, and so people there were demanding the city abandon its at-large system of representation on the City Council and adopt a ward system similar to the one the city had before adopting the city manager form of government.
The year was 1932. Del Ray had only been annexed from Arlington two years earlier, and people who lived in the former town of Potomac were still mad about it. They fought annexation and lost. According to local legend, residents of Potomac were so angry about being annexed into the city of Alexandria they retaliated by throwing all the town records into a giant bonfire instead of heading them over to city officials. The years that followed weren’t easy on Del Ray, which struggled to find its place alongside their new neighbors in Old Town.
“Even though officially incorporated into Alexandria by 1930, there was still a strong sense of being something separate,” wrote Melissa Butler, a historic researcher who was hired by the Del Ray Citizens Association to examine the history of the town after its annexation into Alexandria.
“They apparently saw no irony in being progressive and racist.”
— Del Ray historian Leland Ness
As the crow flies, the two neighborhoods were only a few blocks away. Culturally, though, they were on the other side of the planet. Old Town was metropolitan and racially diverse, a place with 57 bars and comparatively loose morals. The culture in Del Ray, on the other hand, was heavily influenced by the crusade led by Commonwealth’s Attorney Crandal Mackey to shut down a corrupt race track that was once located there. It was a neighborhood that prided itself on a strict code, with slaughterhouses and drinking saloons expressly forbidden. It was a racist brand of progressivism, excluding anyone who wasn’t white from living in the newly created town.
“They apparently saw no irony in being progressive and racist,” explained Del Ray historian Leland Ness during the 100 year anniversary of the town’s creation.
The conflict between Old Town and Del Ray was intractable. One was racially diverse and libertine. The other was austere and racist. Fortunately for Del Ray, leaders there were able to persuade Del. Fred Birrell (D-Alexandria), a former City Council member, to introduce legislation in Richmond allowing wards in Alexandria. The charter change expanded the City Council from five members to nine members, one from six wards and three at-large members. The bill had support from Del Ray and Rosemont. It also had lots of opposition, including the Chamber of Commerce, the Alexandria City Council and Mayor Edmund Ticer.
The election took place on March 29, 1932, and the vote was overwhelmingly in favor of council by wards. The vote was almost two to one: 1,819 votes for the ward plan, and 927 votes to retain the at-large plan. Unsurprisingly, the most decisive victory was in Del Ray, where the margin of victory was five to one.
THE HISTORY OF WARDS in Alexandria dates back to the creation of the District of Columbia, when the city was incorporated into the new federal city. With the exception of the Civil War and its aftermath, the city had wards for all of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th century. Then Alexandria ditched its outdated system in favor of a more modern city manager form of government in 1921. That seemed to work pretty well until 1930, when the city annexed a hostile part of Arlington that was deeply skeptical of City Hall.
Alexandria’s second experience with wards did not go well. The city’s new council members believed they had power to administer the city along with the city manager. This led to city officials receiving conflicting orders, one set of demands from the appointed city manager and another set of demands from the ward heelers. Not only did they disagree on which candidates should be appointed to key jobs at City Hall, they also had their hands in the treasury.
It wasn’t long before half a million dollars was misappropriated to unauthorized projects. The chairman of the City Council’s finance committee spent it on building and maintaining streets when the city manager already had those funds earmarked for other things. Inevitably the jumbled finances led to higher taxes, which created a movement to get rid of the ward system once and for all.
The movement to return Alexandria to a City Council of at-large members was a slow burn. They were able to get a referendum on the ballot in 1944, but voters rejected it. Then conflicts at City Hall erupted in a series of high profile resignations. That led to a petition with 1,000 signatures asking the Circuit Court to order a referendum.
“The at-large plan is the only means of realizing the citywide planning so vitally needed.”
— Albert Smoot
The court didn’t even have a chance to consider the petition because Del. Armistead Boothe (D-Alexandria) beat the judges to the punch, introduced legislation in the General Assembly calling for a referendum on ditching the ward system. The bill apparently came as a surprise to city officials, who had no knowledge he intended to introduce it. Gov. Bill Tuck signed the bill, and an election was scheduled for March 2, 1948.
“The at-large plan is the only means of realizing the citywide planning so vitally needed,” said Albert Smoot, a businessman who would later be elected to the City Council.
Voters had two options. One was to retain the existing City Council system, which had nine members — six elected from wards and three chosen at large. The other option was seven members, all of whom would be elected at-large. Supporters of the at-large system argued removing sectional interests would attract better candidates to lead the city. Advocates for the existing ward system warned the City Council would have the ability to overlook the interests of part of the city without facing consequences.
“The ward plan gives the most direct representation,” said Vice Mayor George Bender.
Voters went with the at-large choice, putting in place a system the city still has to this day. The vote was clear repudiation of the ward system, although the results were not as decisive as the 1932 election: 2,757 votes in favor of returning to an at-large City Council and 1,710 votes for keeping the ward system. | <urn:uuid:d15054aa-0dd3-445b-94ce-6562c62c2a55> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://www.connectionnewspapers.com/news/2020/oct/01/alexandrias-failed-experiment-wards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519600.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119170058-20210119200058-00655.warc.gz | en | 0.983294 | 1,378 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Economic Prosperity or Pandemic Protection: Why Not Both?
United States government officials previously estimated the COVID-19 virus would infect between 70 million and 150 million Americans, causing between 100,000 and 240,000 fatalities. Both estimates made the coronavirus the most devastating pandemic since the Spanish Flu (which some consider the deadliest pandemic ever).
But after re-examining the data, these estimates have been dramatically scaled back.
Epidemiology models using the University of Washington’s Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation data now estimates total COVID-19 deaths at about 60,000. The models also predict the virus will “peak” sooner. Although a variety of other complicating factors make it difficult to determine how the pandemic will unfold, many agree that previously formed predictions were far too pessimistic.
Many are outraged by the overestimation. Political commentator and TV persona Tucker Carlson called on the American public to “ask the experts how they screwed up the coronavirus models so badly.” President Trump has sent mixed messages on whether he intends to fire Dr. Anthony Fauci, who has played a key advisory role in developing policy responses to the pandemic.
Although the estimated losses of human life are now considerably lower, many political figures haven’t expressed a willingness to rollback or end severe restrictions enacted to combat COVID-19. Between travel restrictions, stay-at-home ordinances, and mandated shutdowns of “non-essential” businesses, governmental policies have severely undercut the U.S. economy.
The data finds a sudden turn for the worst for many Americans. Approximately 6.6 million U.S. citizens submitted claims for unemployment benefits the week of March 21. Estimates for the impact of COVID-19 regulatory measures on GDP range from a 13 percent decrease to a 24 percent decrease for the next quarter. Even after the pandemic ends, the economy might not recover for an extensive period.
There are many other harms caused by economic downturns beyond unemployment and business bankruptcies. Research published in the American Journal of Public Health finds unemployment for older demographics strongly increases their risk of mortality. Another study published in The Lancet found that economic downturns contributed to more than 263,000 preventable cancer-related deaths because access to healthcare is severely restricted during periods of high unemployment, with 40,000 of these deaths occurring in the United States. An article in the British Journal of Psychiatry finds the 2008 financial crisis sparked at least 10,000 suicides across the United States, Canada, and Europe.
One thing is clear: economic downturns are incredibly harmful, and even deadly. But can the United States sufficiently protect against COVID-19 and maintain economic prosperity?
Absolutely. Several countries have successfully maintained a strong economy while flattening the curve.
South Korea once rivaled Italy and China as one of the countries most affected by COVID-19. On March 14, South Korea reported more recoveries than new confirmed cases. And it was able to mitigate the spread of the coronavirus without enacting citywide lockdowns and other heavy-handed restrictions.
Instead, much of South Korea’s success is owed to private enterprises developing adequate testing. Four days before the first confirmed case of coronavirus was reported in South Korea, a biotechnology company named Seegene began its rush to create and produce test kits. As Chief Executive and founder Chun Jong-yoon noted, “Even if nobody is asking us to, we are a molecular diagnosis company. We have to prepare in advance.” Seegene’s test kits were developed in three weeks and helped test over 230,000 patients.
Sweden has also refused to shut down much of its economy, only recommending social distancing and prohibiting gatherings of more than 50 people. After receiving its first confirmed COVID-19 case on January 31, the country had only 11,927 cases and 1,203 deaths as of April 15. As Sweden’s Prime Minister Stefan Löfven remarked, “We have chosen a strategy of trying to flatten the curve and not get too dramatic a process because then the healthcare system probably will not cope.”
Acknowledging this approach is not perfect, the Prime Minister also noted, “we [Sweden] will have more seriously ill people who need intensive care. We will have significantly more deaths. We will count the dead in thousands.”
Although “significantly more deaths” is a concerning admission, it is important to place the Prime Minister’s comments in context. Sweden’s population is slightly less than 9 million, making thousands of deaths a minor fraction. More importantly, countries which have severely restricted their economic activity and the freedoms of their citizens (such as Spain, Italy, and France) have experienced over ten thousand deaths and counting. This is the worst of both approaches.
Economist Thomas Sowell has often said that complex problems often do not have solutions, they only have tradeoffs. Pandemics, including COVID-19, are a clear example. Restrictive rules placed on our economy can prevent the virus from spreading but by how much? And at what cost? These factors are often overlooked. This oversight is making an already critical situation worse. | <urn:uuid:feea2348-6c6c-4bc7-9e99-f4d95d91ea26> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://blog.independent.org/2020/04/15/economy-prosperity-or-pandemic-protection-why-not-both/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648322.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602040003-20230602070003-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.959432 | 1,082 | 2.5625 | 3 |
ERIC Number: EJ449520
Record Type: CIJE
Publication Date: 1992
Reference Count: 0
Educational Technology: A Broader Vision.
Education and Urban Society, v24 n4 p454-65 Aug 1992
Considers educational technology's role in designing effective instruction. Instructional design that supports systematic determination of instructional goals and methods for accomplishing those goals and for assessing success requires consideration of four variables associated with instruction: (1) learner characteristics; (2) learning task; (3) instructional context; and (4) content. (RLC)
Descriptors: Cognitive Ability, Computer Assisted Instruction, Curriculum Development, Educational Improvement, Educational Technology, Elementary Secondary Education, Instructional Design, Instructional Effectiveness, Learning Strategies, Prior Learning, School Restructuring, Socialization, Student Attitudes, Student Characteristics, Student Motivation, Technological Advancement
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Evaluative
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Note: Theme issue with title "Media Culture/School Culture: Technology in Education." | <urn:uuid:484ff847-13c6-40cf-b7bd-bd4a0606add7> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ449520 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583514708.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022050544-20181022072044-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.8027 | 237 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Thousand Oaks, CA (PressExposure) March 10, 2011 -- A video conference or life size video conference (also known as a video teleconference) is a set of interactive telecommunication technologies which enable two or much more locations to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions simultaneously.
The core technologies used in a life size video conference program is digital compression of audio and video streams in real time. The hardware or software that performs compression is referred to as a codec (coder/decoder). Compression rates of up to 1:500 can be achieved. The resulting digital stream of 1s and 0s is subdivided into labeled packets, which are then transmitted via a digital network of some type (usually ISDN or IP). The use of audio modems in the transmission line permit for the use of POTS, or the Plain Old Telephone System, in some low-speed applications, such as video telephony, because they convert the digital pulses to/from analog waves in the audio spectrum range.
Simultaneous videoconferencing among three or much more remote points is achievable by means of a Multipoint Control Unit (MCU). This is a bridge that interconnects calls from several sources (in a comparable way to the audio conference call). All parties call the MCU unit, or the MCU unit can also call the parties which are going to participate, in sequence. There are MCU bridges for IP and ISDN-based videoconferencing. There are MCUs which are pure software program, and other people which are a combination of hardware and software program. An MCU is characterized according to the number of simultaneous calls it can deal with, its ability to conduct transposing of data rates and protocols, and features such as Continuous Presence, in which several parties can be seen onscreen at as soon as. MCUs can be stand-alone hardware devices, or they can be embedded into dedicated videoconferencing units.
Some systems are capable of multipoint conferencing with no MCU, stand-alone, embedded or otherwise. These use a standards-based H.323 method identified as "decentralized multipoint", where every station in a multipoint call exchanges video and audio directly with the other stations with no central "manager" or other bottleneck. The advantages of this method are that the video and audio will typically be of greater quality simply because they don't have to be relayed through a central point. Also, users can make ad-hoc multipoint calls without any concern for the availability or control of an MCU. This added convenience and high quality comes at the expense of some increased network bandwidth, simply because each and every station must transmit to every other station directly.
High speed Internet connectivity has become more widely accessible at a reasonable price and the price of video capture and display technology has decreased. Consequently, personal videoconferencing systems based on a web cam, personal personal computer program, software program compression and broadband Internet connectivity have become cost-effective to the general public. Also, the hardware utilized for this technologies has continued to enhance in high quality, and prices have dropped significantly. The availability of freeware (frequently as part of chat programs) has produced software based videoconferencing accessible to numerous.
Life Size Video Conferencing is now becoming introduced to online networking web sites, in order to assist companies form profitable relationships swiftly and efficiently without having leaving their place of work. This has been leveraged by banks to connect busy banking experts with clients in different locations using video banking technologies.
Even though it already has proven its prospective value, research has shown that numerous employees do not use the video conference equipment since they are afraid that they will appear to be wasting time or searching for the easiest way if they use videoconferencing to improve customer and supplier relationships. This anxiety can be avoided if managers use the technology in front of their employees.
Researchers discover that attendees of company and medical video conferences should work harder to interpret info delivered during a conference than they would if they attended face-to-face. They recommend that those coordinating video conferences make adjustments to procedures and equipment. | <urn:uuid:f508ea45-ab4c-4ccb-a932-88dc81532407> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://pressexposure.com/Learn_A_Lot_More_About_LifeSize_Video_Conferencing_Technologies-244570.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218199514.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212959-00547-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944769 | 849 | 2.765625 | 3 |
1. Diet and Nutrition
While treatments prescribed by doctors are determined to manage a chronic disease such as multiple sclerosis (MS), there are other factors that contribute to overall wellbeing. Diet and nutrition are among them. There is no special diet designed just for patients with MS, but food can impact energy levels, overall healthfulness, and bladder and bowel function. So, maintaining a healthy, balanced, and planned diet is important. Specialists recommend a low-fat and high-fiber diet. There is also evidence that diets low in saturated fats and supplemented by omega-3 and omega-6 can benefit MS patients. Some people may also be advised to take supplements such as vitamin D or vitamin B. | <urn:uuid:d93ec676-2bf6-4322-982a-3ded37360c51> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://multiplesclerosisnewstoday.com/social-clips/2016/07/27/7-tips-for-a-healthier-multiple-sclerosis-life/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512836.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020142647-20181020164147-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.965347 | 141 | 2.890625 | 3 |
In the 19th century railwaymen found it difficult to organize into trade unions. In 1865 men working on the Great Western Railway attempted to form a Railway Working Men's Provident Benefit Society but it was quickly destroyed when its leaders were sacked by the company. In the next thirty five years there were ten new railway unions were started but many of these failed to survive more than a couple of years. The most successful of these was the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants (ASRS) that was established in 1871 and the Amalgamated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen (ASLEF) in 1880.
By 1890 the total number of trade unionists on the railways was about 48,000 out of a total work force of 381,000. Numbers continued to grow and by 1910 it had increased to 116,000, two-thirds of whom were in the ASRS and about one-sixth in ASLEF. In 1913 the National Union of Railwaymen (NUR) was formed by the amalgamation of the ASRS, the United Pointsmen and Signalmen's Society and the General Railway Workers Union.
The most important figure in these negotiations was Jimmy Thomas, the Labour MP for Derby. Although still a member of the House of Commons, Thomas was elected General Secretary of the NUR in 1917 and two years later led a successful railway strike. When Ramsay MacDonald became Prime Minister after the 1924 General Election, he appointed Thomas as Secretary of State for the Colonies. He was expelled from the Labour Party after he joined MacDonald's National Government in 1931. | <urn:uuid:02b16126-85b6-4931-9681-81533c291649> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://spartacus-educational.com/TUrailwaymen.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828189.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024071819-20171024091819-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.989428 | 323 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Science is a fun and interesting topic for kids as a result of it is all round us. Some folks do not realize that science is involved when in nearly all the pieces you do reminiscent of cooking, cleaning, and taking part in. The littlest bits of food are now digested sufficiently small to be squeezed out by the tiny holes in the wall of the small gut, into the blood after which sent around your physique to offer you power. Study programmes within the Faculty of Science span the mathematical , bodily , biological and earth sciences and range from the fundamental to the more utilized, and from the theoretical to the experimental.
I all the time wanted to know tips on how to make a twig for my bottle and science experiments utilizing straws are teaching me so much. Due to advancements in this area, we’re dwelling life rather more comfortably than individuals hundreds of years in the past did.
Human Physique Unit Research Shows and Discipline Journey Ideas – That is the culminating activity for the 7 half hands-on unit examine on anatomy of the human body. Not only will children enjoy making these pizzas, but they should study some stable science on the identical time.
Studies and observations are fun, however not for a science fair experiment. Get a fast start and a few great ideas with these a hundred science fair tasks. These experiments are nice for youths and entertaining for adults as nicely. However the objections to it by individuals who discuss in regards to the science delusion are only doing to counter Dawkins guide the god delusionâ€.
Construct an aluminum foil barge that can hold probably the most pennies, experiment with what floats and sinks and why, create working fashions of various ships and a submarine, design and construct a wide range of airplane and parachute fashions, and more throughout this 5 half arms-on unit research on floating and flying. | <urn:uuid:617fad1b-78f5-4699-8785-e6b3e84c9f22> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://www.iankleinfeld.com/graphology.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574265.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921043014-20190921065014-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.930048 | 377 | 2.671875 | 3 |
I would like to outline some of the background to the Amino project and perhaps explain better what the project is about.
The Amino project isn’t a single product or board but rather an evolving series of designs made available for opensource and distributed production. Each basic design release will be versioned and or named. The basic design may be produced as is or in a customised format by anyone.
Amino came to be in order to fulfill a series of opensource production goals, hardware unlike software poses some obstacles for opensource production.
Amino groups together a number of concepts that we are working on around opensource hardware production. As outlined in an earlier Folknology post, opensource hardware poses a number of obstacles compared to opensource software.We can help reduce the friction of such hardware production, working around such hurdles and that is really what Amino is aiming to achieve, by putting some of these basic principles into action :
- Modularisation – A modular topology enables common components to be snapped together using composition, allowing focus on just the custom features of a given project or task, it also reduces complexity and leads to faster project turnaround.
- Standardisation – In order to have modulisation and composition as well as reuse, standardisation is required via opensoource implementations made available for testing, production, modification and experimentation.
- Digitisation – Opensource software is perfectly digital it’s reproduction is as simply as copying bits, hardware isn’t so simple, but the more of it that can be digitally expressed and rendered the easier its reproduction and the more accessible it becomes to a larger audience.
- Reuse – Being able to reuse as much hardware and software as possible reduces consumption and is more environmentally friendly. Common modules or components can be assembled at reduced cost minimising overlap, they can be reused time and time again for experimentation and prototyping. Hacking culture often seeks to reuse, mashup and redefine items for use elsewhere, design should embrace this modern form of cultural reuse.
Lets tackle these one at a time..
Modularisation, we have been working on a bus suitable for use in small devices and embedded designs, this bus allows for modular peripheral cards to be slotted into a small microcontroller motherboard (microboard/µboard/uboard ?) to achieve the required functionality. The bus therefore enables a limited form of hardware modularisation to occur by design. Common peripheral card modules may be designed and reused as can the µboard itself. Composition of these modules can achieve more complex designs without lengthy construction. In essence construction is reduced to the bare minimum, just those parts that differentiate the project or task. Where bespoke build is required it should be possible by accessible technologies such as through hole rather than more complex smd. This allows a greater number of participants to innovate on top of the project.
Standaradisation is of course what enables the modularisation. By standardisation we mean standard opensource implementations with documented constraints, that is led by example and open for anyone to use, reuse or extend within the community. Standardisation by opensource implementation and constraint is led by problem solution rather than top down standard bodies or industry vendors stacking cards in there favor. Standardisation in this manor is designed to optimise open replication, essential for efficient distributed production.
Digitisation has been shown to be very successful in opensource hardware projects like Arduino with its standard shields/interface and opensource development based around wiring. Much of the innovation on Arduino is produced by its founders and community writing opensource software ideal for reproduction as it is again just digits with near zero replication costs. With Amino we intend building on this by offering (where possible) backward compatability with the Arduino Wiring and IDE. But we also intend to extend beyond this to a full build and debug chain based around GCC, OCD, Eclispe/Emacs to provide even higehr end functions such as inline debugging using the onboard JTAG and its powerful boundary scanning. In later Amino versions we will extend this further still using FPGA technologies to expand modularisation deep into the core of the designs. The first Amino design will be focussed around ARM Cortex M3 microcontrollers but we intend extending this range for even greater efficiencies and value across this category. Initially we will produce designs around the STM32 family of Cortex M3 microcontrollers as it provides a powerful and efficient base to begin with. I should restate here that the bus design is controller agnostic and as such could be implemented by any microcontroller with enough GPIO/SPI pins, from a software compatability point of view however there is a great deal more work involved in porting. Where possible we are trying to minimise this by leveraging work already existing in the opensource community.
Reuse is important to maximise use of any given component, it is also crucial to reducing the environmental impact of any hardware produced. If modules can be used in more than one situation it will save production of another. It also prolongs the life of any hardware and thus reduces disposal risks. modularisation also encourages reuse as does programability whether thats microcode,opcode or flashed logic in its various forms. Reuse is also a benefit to rapid prototyping and a move to more agile hardware production will require as much reuse as is feasible. Designing for mashup and hacking cultural norms is part of Amino’s makeup, its form isn’t final it has merely begun expressing itself, it is for others to take it further as far as they can imagine.
What is different about Amino from say the Adruino? First of all we are not interested in just making Yet Another Arduino With kNobs on (YAAWN) there are plenty of those already 😉 Beyond the principle goals 1 to 4 set out above, the Amino is biased toward production as well as prototyping and academia. The designs should be robust enough for both prototyping and small scale distributed production by dealing with build issues like replication, cabling, housing, cost reductions for small quantities, removal of connectors and direct soldering of modules as wells as modular PCB and schematic layouts promoting decomposition/recomposition.
What do we hope Amino will provide? well we would love it to enable more and more folks getting into Opensource Hardware to innovate and to do so openly and in a more rapid fashion. Great agility emerged from opensource software, we believe that opensource hardware will benefit in similar ways. We would like to see these designs and tools in the hands of the creative opensource communities producing innovative new hardware. We are imagining that folks will customise, change, mould and hack Amino designs into things that free their imagination, we sincerely hope a thousand hardware flowers will bloom.
We are also using Amino to experiment with Opensource distributed production and hope to provide further innovation and tools in this space and perhaps just help folks break out of the older vendor driven market places and prohibitive costs associated with its production, who knows maybe we can all reinvent a new hardware economy together, watch this space.. | <urn:uuid:ef8d69f6-115e-4592-9d1d-4256f4376e3d> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://folknologylabs.wordpress.com/2009/09/13/amino/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104634.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818102246-20170818122246-00483.warc.gz | en | 0.940965 | 1,461 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The Health Effects of Sweeteners Consumption
San Antonio, TX, The general and metabolic impact of using alternative sweeteners, mainly added to food and drinks, can affect the quality of the end product, especially the nutritional and organoleptic properties, as well as energy consumption and body weight. According to the article A current and global review of sweeteners; regulatory aspects, before choosing an alternative sweetener for its supposed metabolic effects it should be compared with sugar as a reference standard.
Recent studies show that artificial sweeteners, especially in drinks, may be useful in reducing energy intake as well as body weight and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, compared with sugar consumption.
Stevia extract is one of these alternative sweeteners. It is a zero calorie sweetener of natural origin, extracted from the leaves of the plant species Stevia rebaudiana. The Global Stevia Institute (GSI) says that “the safety of stevia extract for human consumption has been established through rigorous peer-reviewed research.” Most global regulatory organizations, including the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization’s Joint Expert Committee on Food Additive (JECFA), the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ), have determined stevia extract to be safe for consumption.
The GSI says that the safety assessment for food ingredients by regulatory agencies is an extensively detailed and lengthy process, designed to ensure that a new food ingredient, such as a non-caloric sweetener as stevia extract, does not pose a risk for any consumers. The results from toxicology or safety studies are used to establish the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI), which is defined as the amount of a food ingredient that people can consume on a daily basis during their lifetime without any appreciable risk to health. Nowadays, stevia extract has been rigorously tested and given the stamp of approval by multiple regulatory organizations around the globe.
The GSI states that only high purity stevia leaf extract has been evaluated and approved for use as an ingredient in food and beverages by multiple regulatory agencies throughout the world. Crude stevia extracts or the whole stevia plant leaves are not approved by regulatory authorities for human consumption.
- García Almeida, J.M. Gracia M.ª Casado Fdez. and J. García Alemán: A current and global review of sweeteners; regulatory aspects. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 2013.
SVETIA® Calorie – Free Sweetener is made with cane sugar and stevia extract. One packet of SVETIA® contains only one gram of carbohydrates. People with diabetes are advised to check with their registered dietitian or physician. | <urn:uuid:140fbc9b-5a4c-441e-a601-227f1ed8e1da> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.svetia.us/2016/03/25/the-health-effects-of-sweeteners-consumption/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496227.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329201741-20200329231741-00167.warc.gz | en | 0.931292 | 575 | 3.109375 | 3 |
noun, plural: caeca
(anatomy) A blind pouch-like commencement of the colon in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen at the end of the small intestine
The caecum refers to the large blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestine. It is found in between the ileum and the colon. The ileocecal valve separates the ileum from the caecum whereas the cecocolic junction separates the ceacum from the colon. The caecum receives chyme from the ileum. The appendix is a diverticulum that extends off the caecum.
In humans, the caecum serves only as a blind pouch of the large intestine. The carnivores have a relatively smaller caecum compared with the herbivores. This is probably due to the nature of their diet. Animals that feed mainly on meat tend to have a smaller caecum whereas herbivores that feed on plants tend to have larger caecum. It could be because in herbivores the caecum is involved in storing food and it is from where bacteria can act on the cellulose of the ingested plant material. As for other animals such as reptiles, the caecum arises from the dorsal of the large intestine. In birds, the caecum occurs as paired pouches. Amphibians do not have caecum. Certain mammalian species also lack caecum, such as raccoons, red panda, and bears.
Word origin: Latin caecum (“blind gut”), Ancient Greek tuphlòn (énteron) | <urn:uuid:56eda789-0f5f-47d9-a2e1-1954938cd28f> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/caecum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738351.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200808194923-20200808224923-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.899433 | 340 | 3.625 | 4 |
An American research study has revealed that adolescents attending schools with high suspension rates reported lower levels of feeling “connected” at school, according to a recent study by the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research.
Previous research has shown that feeling “connected” at school and volunteering relates to a positive school climate. Researchers also found that connectedness and volunteerism varied by race and income.
The study used 2015 to 2017 California Health Interview Survey data from adolescents ages 12 to 17 and suspension rates from the California Department of Education.
“School connectedness” is defined as the feeling that adults at school care about students and their education. The study found that lower levels of school connectedness were associated with lower attendance at schools. Lower levels of connectedness were also linked to lower rates of volunteerism and more sick days. Latino teens and teens from low-income families reported lower levels of school connectedness, had lower rates of volunteerism and were more likely to attend a school with high suspension rates.
“Teens attending schools with high suspension rates say they feel less connected to their schools and fewer of them participate in volunteer activities,” said Susan Babey, a senior research scientist at the health policy research centre and lead author of the study. “Our research showed teens who feel more connected to school report fewer sick days and feel their schools are safe.”
Some key findings from the study are:
- 53 percent of teens attending schools with low suspension rates report high levels of school connectedness, compared to 44 percent of teens attending schools with high suspension rates
- 51 percent of teens attending schools with low suspension rates volunteered in the past year, compared to 34 percent of teens at schools with high suspension rates
- 46 percent of Latino teens indicate high levels of school connectedness, compared to 64 percent of white teens. Latino teens were also less likely than white teens to have volunteered in the past year (34 percent versus 66 percent)
- 48 percent of teens from low-income families report high levels of connectedness, compared to 62 percent from higher income families
- 53 percent of teens with high levels of school connectedness volunteered in the past year compared to 40 percent of those with low levels of connectedness
Based on these findings and previous research, the authors propose strategies to increase school connectedness and participation in civic activities, particularly for low-income youth and youth of color.
“We recommend providing opportunities that allow students, families, school staff and communities to work together to improve the school climate,” said Joelle Wolstein, centre research scientist and co-author of the study.
“For example, we would encourage schools to move away from exclusionary discipline practices such as out-of-school suspensions in favour of restorative justice practices such as community service to restore harm that was done or peer mediation to resolve conflict,” she said.
“Schools can expand learning beyond the classroom by encouraging and connecting youth to opportunities to support and improve their communities,” said Dr Robert Ross, president and CEO of The California Endowment. “Not only does this strengthen their connection to their communities, each other and their teachers, but it also helps build healthy school environments.”
More information: School Discipline Practices Associated with Adolescent School Connectedness and Engagement. healthpolicy.ucla.edu/publicat … tail.aspx?PubID=1843 | <urn:uuid:42c6387b-253c-47d5-b480-fe597c2c7f58> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://ukedchat.com/2019/09/10/school-connected-suspension/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880014.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022170349-20201022200349-00633.warc.gz | en | 0.965596 | 699 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Synonyms and Antonyms of equivalence
the state or fact of being exactly the same in number, amount, status, or quality <moviegoers who mistakenly believe that there is an equivalence between the personality of an actor and that of his character> Synonyms coequality, coordinateness, equality, equivalency, par, parity, sameness Related Words comparability, compatibility, correlation, correspondence; alikeness, community, likeness, parallelism, resemblance, similarity, similitude; exchangeability, interchangeability; identicalness, identity Near Antonyms difference, disagreement, discrepancy, disparateness, disparity, distinction, distinctiveness, distinctness, divergence, diverseness, diversity; incompatibility; dissimilarity, unlikeness Antonyms imparity, inequality, nonequivalence
Learn More about equivalence
Dictionary: Definition of equivalence Medical Dictionary: Definition of equivalence Spanish Central: Translation of equivalence Nglish: Translation of equivalence for Spanish speakers Britannica English: Translation of equivalence for Arabic speakers Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about equivalence
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up equivalence? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:6a5d4090-8180-4578-a416-a30a20f4dca5> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/equivalence | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542714.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00262-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.848386 | 254 | 2.953125 | 3 |
full resolution images:
color coded shaded relief (1.6 MB)
3D anaglyph (1.8 MB)
The Kamchatka Peninsula in eastern Russia is shown in this scene created from a preliminary elevation model derived from the first data collected during the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) on February 12, 2000. Sredinnyy Khrebet, the mountain range that makes up the spine of the peninsula, is a chain of active volcanic peaks. Pleistocene and recent glaciers have carved the broad valleys and jagged ridges that are common here. The relative youth of the volcanism is revealed by the topography as infilling and smoothing of the otherwise rugged terrain by lava, ash, and pyroclastic flows, particularly surrounding the high peaks in the south central part of the image. Elevations here range from near sea level up to 2,618 meters (8,590 feet).
Two visualization methods were combined to produce this image: shading and color coding of topographic height. The shade image was derived by computing topographic slope in the north-south direction. Northern slopes appear bright and southern slopes appear dark. Color coding is directly related to topographic height, with green at the lower elevations, rising through yellow, red, and magenta, to white at the highest elevations.
Elevation data used in this image were acquired by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour, launched on February 11, 2000. SRTM used the same radar instrument that comprised the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) that flew twice on Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1994. SRTM was designed to collect three-dimensional measurements of Earth's surface. To collect the 3-D data, engineers added a 60-meter-long (200-foot) mast, installed additional C-band and X-band antennas, and improved tracking and navigation devices. The mission is a cooperative project between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) of the U.S. Department of Defense, and the German and Italian space agencies. It is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, for NASA's Earth Science Enterprise, Washington, DC.
Size: 93.0 x 105.7 kilometers ( 57.7 x 65.6 miles)
Location: 58.3 deg. North lat., 160.9 deg. East lon.
Orientation: North toward the top
Image Data: Shaded and colored SRTM elevation model
Date Acquired: February 12, 2000
Image courtesy NASA/JPL/NIMA | <urn:uuid:de5cc776-1c39-455e-a7c8-d947ef9d3bcb> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/1565/sredinnyy-khrebet-kamchatka-peninsula-russia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943809.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322114226-20230322144226-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.913537 | 576 | 3.125 | 3 |
Argonne National Labs Using AI To Predict Battery Cycles
By Allison Proffitt, Editorial Director, AI Trends
Thanks to the cost reductions that have come from global electric vehicle adoption, lithium ion batteries now have an important role to play in grid storage, Susan Babinec, Argonne National Laboratory, told audiences last week at the International Battery Virtual Seminar and Exhibit . But making full use of them is going to require a bit of help from artificial intelligence.
While EVs prize high energy density, and only need to last about eight years, grid applications require more cycles, more calendar life—20 to 30 years—and more safety at a lower cost.
“Grid economics requires precise life data, which is very time and resource intensive to generate,” Babinec said. “We are using approximations that create risk, limit our design creativity, and increase cost.” The solution? Of course, in today’s day and age the solution is always artificial intelligence, Babinec quipped. “In this case, we’re going to use AI to massively reduced time to cycle life prediction.”
Sue Babinec, Program Lead, Grid Storage at Argonne National Laboratory Babinec’s team categorized the variables impacting lithium ion batteries for grid applications—acknowledging that adjusting any one variable will always mean changes in others. “For grid storage, first and foremost, low cost is always the most important,” Babinec said. But others include state-of-charge swing, C-rate, average state-of-charge, and temperature.
“Today we handle this variability by estimating the cycle life, but those estimates do not really allow us to push these cells to the limits of what they can really do,” Babinec said. “We just simply don’t have enough information on the cycle life and we are limited by the information that is provided by the cell manufacturer, which is really all about them making sure they can live up to their warranty.”
Babinec is prioritizing overall cost per cycle (levelized cost of storage, LCOS). This is a better metric than capital cost because grid storage batteries are durable goods, she explained. The Department of Energy’s target for LCOS is $0.02/kWh, a target for which we currently fall far short.
“No matter how you look at it, we are not there today with any combination of capital and cycles,” Babinec said. “We need to bring the capital down, but right here and now we need to bring the number of cycles up.”
Looking to AI to Decrease Testing Time from Two Years to Two Weeks
Argonne is applying artificial intelligence to the problem. Babinec’s group is developing rapid cycle life evaluations using AI to decrease testing from the current two years to a goal of two weeks. Argonne is the right spot for this research, Babinec argues. As the DOE’s battery hub, Argonne has plenty of data, a team of AI experts, and a new supercomputer up to the task. Aurora, created in partnership with Argonne, Cray and the DOE, will be the first... | <urn:uuid:a0a3df0b-b248-4da1-9d82-90e7dd92afa3> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://next.gr/news/news/23953/argonne-national-labs-using-ai-to-predict-battery-cycles | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107887810.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025041701-20201025071701-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.92611 | 682 | 2.59375 | 3 |
So the other day I was replaying The Princess Bride film in its entirety in my head, as per my civic duty, and I got to the part where Robin Wright is sucked instantly down into a pit of quicksand. Our hero Cary Elwes grabs a vine and dives in, and for a moment of suspense both are completely submerged. …BUT then his arm thrusts out of the sand and he pulls her out with Herculean strength up the vine and all is well.
Pausing my filmstrip at this point, I asked myself – could that really happen? Dear God, what IS that thing we call quicksand? Kitu and I decided to investigate. Turns out there’s three ways this movie incorrectly portrays death by sand:
#1 In the movie, the sand is completely dry and it falls off their faces like beach sand. In For Real, quicksand is made of, yes, sand, but the whole essence of it is water. If you take a bucket half filled with loose sand, you could stand on it. Ground is solid because of friction, the friction of the various grains holding each other in place which in turn supports weight. Seen here.
If you poured water into the rest of the half and agitated the mixture so it is totally homogenized, the water will lubricate the particles and they loose their friction. Seen here.
In quicksand, there must be an underground water source. Flowing water from below is pushed upwards, agitating and liquifying the sand above. The particles are forcibly separated and not only can’t support weight, but anything pulled out of it creates a vacuum from below. Pulling your foot from quicksand at one centimeter per second requires the same amount of force you would need TO LIFT A CAR. (#2 thing wrong in Princess Bride, you would dislocate your shoulders before getting out that fast. Never tie someone to a truck to pull them out of quicksand, you would rip their body in half—i know, almost still worth it)
The thing is, quicksand is a non-Newtonian fluid, which is a fluid that openly hates Newton and all he stood for and so defies the way fluids, by his definition, are suppose to act. Patriotic, God-fearing Newtonian fluids don’t act differently when pressure is applied. Water for example, will flow the same way whether you slowly dip your finger in it or slap it. Anarchist, non-Newtonian bitch fluids change their viscosity (measure of resistance, “thickness” basically) when pressure is applied. Slowly dip
your finger in and it will act like thick water and let you. Slap it, and it will act like a solid and you will break your hand.
Ever made ublick at camp? Half corn starch, half water, = a liquid if you’re gentle, a solid if you push. If you made a pool of ublick (which I want for my birthday) you could run across it, but if you just stood in it, you would sink (though you’d float eventually, bein all less dense n stuff). Quicksand is like a really heavy ublick, only sucking you from below.
So it is hopeless? No. First of all, it’s very rare for quicksand to be very deep. Usually not beyond your knees. But even if it is, the key is not to focus on the lifting a car thing, but the centimeter per second thing. Go SLOWLY, remember, solid if you’re fast, liquid if you’re slow. First of all, don’t panic, panic makes you flail and that just helps the vacuum. Have faith in physics, technically you can’t sink all the way under, you’re half as dense (#3 thing wrong in Princess Bride, you can’t get sucked in all the way, and never instantaneously) (though if you’re not buoyant, kiss this world goodbye, like the 1878 train that crashed into quicksand in Kansas, the engine was never found again!!)
Try to move slowly to reduce viscosity, change the angle, making yourself more horizontal and closer to the surface. Here’s that guy on Man vs Wild demonstrating for us.
So even though you now have a sort of Up Up Down Down Left Right Left Right B A Start to escaping quicksand, that doesn’t make it less deadly. So let me reintroduce the reason you might choose to panic in such a situation.
Quicksand won’t suck you under, but it can keep you there, exhausted and stuck. Unless there’s a rising tide (Alaska, 1988), it’s unlikely that you will drown, it’s exposure that kills people. Which is the most uneventful death ever and therefore probably the most frighteningly lonely and defeating. The sun, the cold, or thirst whittles away at you. Or you’re mauled by animals! Which would instantly put you in the cool group of the afterlife.
So, it’s still awesome, just not in the old fashioned wrong ways. In the 1960s, quicksand was shown in 3% of movies. Unfortunately, poaching and loss of habitat has pushed this brilliant adventure gimmick to the brink of extinction (0.5%). Donations welcome.
But please, step carefully. | <urn:uuid:c2487965-0688-4c89-88dc-97802c0f2816> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://thechelseascrolls.com/tag/ublick/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835505.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00471-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952545 | 1,152 | 2.5625 | 3 |
February 28, 2007
GCRIO Program Overview
Our extensive collection of documents.
Archives of the
Global Climate Change Digest
A Guide to Information on Greenhouse Gases and Ozone Depletion
Published July 1988 through June 1999
FROM VOLUME 7, NUMBER 6, JUNE 1994
PERIODICALS... GENERAL INTEREST AND POLICY
Aerosol and Climatic Change," R.J. Charlson, T.M.L. Wigley, Scientific
American, 270(2), 48-57, Feb. 1994.
Sulfur compounds counteract global warming by reflecting
sunlight to space. However, distribution of anthropogenic sulfate
aerosols is uneven. Because they are found in specific parts of
the Northern Hemisphere, global warming will proceed unabated in
the Southern Hemisphere and in rural parts of the Northern
We Stand, Divided We Fall," H. Sharan,New Scientist,
39-40, Apr. 2, 1994.
Looks at the parameters of sustainability: time, consumption
and population. The world has 40-50 years to stabilize greenhouse
gases before risking irreversible climate change;
over-consumption will cause serious instabilities over the next
100 years; population growth is advancing to a point beyond its
carrying capacity. The northern and southern nations must take
simultaneous actions on all three fronts.
The Final Frontier," S. Nadis, ibid., 28-31, Feb. 5,
Introduces "terraforming," changing a planet's
atmosphere to make it fit for humans. On Mars the process would
involve factories to produce greenhouse gases, spreading Martian
soil over polar caps to reduce reflectance of sunlight, and
orbital mirrors to direct sunlight towards the poles. Initial
warming would allow release of trapped CO2, creating a positive
issue: Coal Voice (Natl. Coal Assoc., 1130 17th St.
NW, Washington DC 20036), 17(1), Winter 1994:
"Earth Worship," C. Adamec, 19-22. Traces the growth
of religious environmentalism.
"Understanding the Global Decisionmaker," R.
Reinstein, 23-27. Discusses the role of the United Nations in
debating and implementing policies regarding climate change.
"A Free Lunch," A. Gerson, 28-29. Explains why
international climate treaties could hurt the coal industry.
"The Global Compromise," C. Holmes, 30-33. Reports
on the status of the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change.
"The Cold Facts on Global Warming," S. Baliunas,
34-35. Points out discrepancies in global warming theory and
problems with using the theory as a basis for policy.
items in Our Planet (UNEP, POB 30552, Nairobi, Kenya), 6(1),
1994, regarding problems faced by small island nations.
"Power to the Small," G. Lean, 4-5. Reports on the
formation of the 36-member Alliance of Small Island States,
launched at the Second World Climate Conference in Geneva,
and some of its successes.
"Danger in 'Paradise'," S. Ramphal, 6-7. Among the
dangers are climate change and sea level rise. Calls on all
nations to share the responsibility of moving towards
"Insuring Against Disaster," J. Leggatt, 22-23.
Small island nations could utilize the insurance-pool scheme
proposed by the Alliance of Small Island States. The main
greenhouse-gas emitters would pay into an insurance pool, from
which claims would be drawn once sea level rise reaches a certain
Climate Review, Winter 1994. (Available at no charge from
Dept. Environ. Sci., Univ. Virginia, Charlottesville VA 22903.)
Includes "Voluntary Cooling" (pp. 14-16), on the
Climate Change Action Plan released by President Clinton and Vice
President Gore in October, and "Science by Press
Release" (pp. 23-24), on biased and erroneous science
reporting by the media .
Fathers' Toxic Sins," W. Stigliani, W. Salomons, New
Scientist, 38-42, Dec. 11, 1993.
Changes in temperature and rainfall would affect elemental
cycles linked to soil properties. This in turn would alter the
way soils and sediments adsorb and release toxic materials.
on the Coast: Coastal Erosion's Influencing Factors Include
Development, Dams, Wells, and Climate Change," D.G. Aubrey, Oceans,
5-9, Summer 1993.
Looks at potential global-change effects on coastal erosion:
sea level rise, coastal storms, altered sediment delivery, and
destruction of coral reefs. Suggests that guidelines for
mitigation be developed by an international body such as the U.N.
Guide to Publishers
Index of Abbreviations | <urn:uuid:42ea4a89-73b6-45aa-9ba8-b240cc20d004> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.gcrio.org/gccd/gcc-digest/1994/d94jun23.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999656144/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060736-00080-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.844643 | 1,059 | 3.078125 | 3 |
There are various views as regards the adoption of a digital asset in a country’s economy. And from these views, benefits and disadvantages have been cited. Just as some countries do not give in to the idea of creating a centralized ledger whereby illicit transaction occurs as a result of the technology. Some would argue the fact that digital is beneficial to their countries economy and contributes to their financial stability.
Digital asset poses no threat to the stability of a countries finance. Instead, it has been said to be a positive impact on an economy, serving as a hedge against bad government policies, and useful economic functions.
What are Digital Assets
A digital asset is a media or text that is formatted into a binary source and includes right-to-use features. The right-to-use feature is what makes the digital file a digital asset. So when a digital file doesn’t come with a right to use, it’s not a digital asset. A digital asset is majorly categorized into media assets and textual content.
A digital asset is increasingly becoming more important in the world of asset management. It’s no news that corporations like Microsoft and Apple are providing management features of a digital asset. These assets keep on existing notwithstanding where or when it was created, even as technology continues to progress.
A digital asset can be owned by individuals and can be used as a currency for transaction purposes and storing intangible contents, like videos or documents. Examples of digital assets are Cryptocurrencies such as non-fungible tokens(NFTs) which is a certificate of ownership for original digital content, bitcoins, and the likes.
Digital assets are securely held in a decentralized database or a centralized ledger called the blockchain. This decentralized database allows for the transfer of digital assets without the need for bank, broker, third party involvement, hence scraping the intermediaries to transactions.
Digital asset has significantly grown in importance over the years, but there is an argument as to their effect on the financial stability of a country and causing economic issues. The majority of individuals believe investment in digital assets and adopting payment methods is an innovation that shifts the financial sector of an economy and facilitates the smooth transaction between businesses and individuals.
So what are the effects digital assets have on the financial stability of countries economies;
Digital assets possess importance to the improvement of a nation's economy, increasing the financial stability of the country through reducing the cost of transfers, making transactions faster, creating new market opportunities between countries, offering high security for financial transactions.
With the rapid advancement in technology across the financial sector, digital assets have majorly hacked the benefits of this innovation, entering into the mainstream of finance, thereby contributing to the stability of countries economies.
Low transfer fees, high security, rapid transactions, and new market opportunities are among the main benefits of using digital assets for businesses. Bitcoin brought about some major positive growth in the digital asset ecosystem since its creation in 2009 and has enabled a wide range of tokens.
Although digital assets aren't regulated as a result of their decentralized database, it still maintains as a highly secure method of payment. Using digital assets as a means of payment is generally becoming a major method among individuals. There are many benefits digital asset offers to business and countries.
Most businesses and countries undergo transactions in their hundreds and thousands weekly and some daily. A digital asset can aid countries in minimizing transactions costs during intra country trade and international trade. Saving the government lot of costs incurred during transactions. It is paramount to know that cost of transactions can be as low as possible when using a digital asset for transactions. Amount saved while using a digital asset for a transaction depends on a variety of factors that occurs, some of which are processing fee, which must be checked regularly.
Processing fees are costs incurred when you send and receive digital assets through third-party platforms like Binance, Coinbase, and others. It's part of their terms of the agreement, one has no option but to accept the processing cost. So it's important to check the processing fee, so you can select a party that suits your needs. When Countries involve themselves in international trade with another country using a digital asset as a means of payment, it helps the economy by reducing unnecessary fees that are incurred when the traditional method is being used.
A major effect the use of digital assets has on the financial stability of a country is its feature of security. Instead of paying a high fee to perform a secured transaction. The transparent public ledger the digital asset is recorded in makes it possible for easy tracking of transactions and to perform audit trails.
Transaction performed using digital asset are irreversible once it has been done, and it can not be tampered with or hacked. This saves countries from the high occurrence of stolen funds. These assets are majorly controlled by the owner and are securely protected by the technology called Blockchain, shielding your asset from stealings and hackers.
Rapid Transaction Process
Delay in the transaction process can be quite devastating, especially when it is inter-country transactions. Sometimes most governments incur more costs just to put forth their trade. Digital asset transactions are very fast and still offer you control over the process. You can get any transaction approved and choose what transaction to initiate. This helps to reduce waiting time during transactions between businesses and countries.
New Market Opportunities
When a digital asset is introduced into a country or business, it enables the establishment of a new market. Using digital assets helps get in business with individuals who are also owners of digital assets, thereby widening the market opportunities. This gives a competitive advantage over other countries and businesses. And increases the financial capacity of the country.
Before venturing into the use of digital assets for transactions, it's important to take into consideration the volatility of a digital asset. This means that the price of the digital asset can rise and fall. That aside, the effect of digital assets on the financial stability of most countries is advantageous. It gives a competitive advantage to countries and increases their financial capacity. | <urn:uuid:386ef177-d6f4-4890-9bcc-395105c639dd> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://coin.space/the-effect-of-digital-assets-on-the-financial-stability-of-most-countries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100972.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209202131-20231209232131-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.946833 | 1,212 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The concept of using heart rate in the physical education setting is far from new. The earliest reference that I found to utilizing pulse counting in physical education within the research literature was from the early 1930s. Floyd and Van Horn (1932) wrote of physical education teachers being responsible for calculating the pulse rates of sick students during various physical achievement tests in order to help their doctors make a more informed diagnosis of their condition as well as if/when they could return to full activity within class. Using pulse rate to calculate exercise intensity continued to be practiced within physical education during the 1940s. Dawson (1942) writes of different physical fitness tests that were used in conjunction with calculating pulse rates before, during and after the tests to help determine levels of students’ cardiovascular fitness. This trend of utilizing pulse rate mainly for the purpose of fitness testing within physical education continued into the next few decades.
With technological advancements being made during the mid twentieth century in all aspects of life, technological solutions to measure heart rate were no exception. Faulkner, Greey and Hunsicker (1963) mention that they used a portable twin-electrode Sanborn Visette Model 300 to calculate the heart rates of all students in a physical education class, one a time, at different periods throughout class in order to conduct their research (click here if you want to see what that machine looked like). This was a significant development in heart rate technology because researchers were now able to take laboratory-grade measurement equipment out into the field due to its portability. In the 1970s, the first patent worldwide was filed by Polar Electro for a battery operated fingertip heart rate monitoring device, which was another step forward in terms of making heart rate monitoring a measurement option for physical education programs across the country.
However, the real game changer for heart rate within the physical education setting came in the early to mid 1980s with the addition of a wireless heart rate monitor capable of collecting data as well as being able to download that data onto a computer for the first time in history. It was then that a woman teaching middle school physical education in Vinton, Iowa who wanted to do things a little differently in her program would start a journey that has since changed our profession forever (click here for a video to get a better grasp on the importance of this step forward).
Her name is Beth Kirkpatrick. Beth got her hands on these wireless heart rate monitors simply by contacting the company that made them (Polar Electro) and asking if she could have some to use within her classes. They obliged. Using these wireless heart rate monitors, Beth was able to completely restructure how she did everything within her teaching. No longer was the focus of her program on sports, but now thanks to the addition of the heart rate monitors, it was on individual achievement/fitness for life. Since these monitors had the capability of collecting the students’ data, and in turn, the ability to download said data onto the computer within individual student folders, Beth had created the first data-driven physical education program in the country. She has become known as the pioneer of heart rate monitoring in physical education for good reason.
From the mid 1980s to about 2010 Polar continued to have a monopoly on heart rate monitoring technology. However, during this time frame, heart rate monitors as a group solution for physical education kind of stagnated a bit. Sure, there were some advances made such as increasing the amount of data storage present on the wrist receivers themselves, faster methods of data transmission to computers as well as more advanced programs to analyze the data, but these changes were not enough to keep up with the pace of how fast the needs of students, teachers, PE programs and schools themselves were changing. Whether this stagnation was a result of Polar having a monopoly on the market, a lack of future-thinking or something else, I am not sure.
This stagnation led to frustration and made it less and less practical for PE teachers to incorporate group heart rate monitoring platforms into their teaching for a variety of reasons. The standard chest strap transmitters that existed during this time frame were difficult to manage from a teacher standpoint. Chest straps were also seen as a very invasive way to collect data and some schools/districts wanted no part of them. PE Manager, Polar’s data management program, wasn’t the least bit user friendly and it took me a year myself of using it every single day to learn the ins and outs of it. Unfortunately for Polar, this lead to a lot of PE teachers being turned off by their products all together and the shortcomings they brought on themselves opened up opportunities for other companies to move in.
By 2012, the mobile device/app development revolution was in full swing. Tech startups were popping up all over the country and just like in every other market space, sometimes all it takes is a bit of competition to spark innovation and progress. The heart rate monitor industry was no exception. Plenty of new companies specializing in individual wearable heart rate technology as well as group heart rate monitoring solutions were making a name for themselves. Localized data management computer programs went by the wayside as everything has become web/cloud-based in order to be accessed from anywhere, at any time, with any device. Chest straps are now an antiquated relic of the past as these new companies have done the research and development necessary to create sensors that are now able to be worn on the wrist/forearm. These new type of sensors have the ability to transmit heart rate data in real time via Bluetooth/ANT+ to a centralized iPad that the teacher has, allowing them to see exactly how hard each of their students is working during any given moment in class. These changes were needed as our profession continued to evolve, and as such, 21st century methods of data collection were necessary to keep ourselves relevant in the educational landscape. The last few years have been exciting to say the least as the things that were once thought of only as a pipe dream are becoming more and more real.
In my opinion, the one thing that will set one of these companies above the rest is their willingness to listen to the PE teachers that are in the trenches every day. At the end of the day, we as PE teachers know what a heart rate monitoring platform needs to have within it, both on the hardware and software side of things for it to be functional, feasible and valuable to our students and programs. I myself as well as some of my close PE colleagues (who all have extensive knowledge and years of experience of using heart rate monitors in elementary, middle, high school and college settings) have tried to make suggestions to various companies about updates we would like to see made in order to make their heart rate system more of a complete fit in the K-12 space. Most of the time our suggestions got blown off by “the powers that be” at these companies. For whatever reasons, most of these companies think they know better than teachers. I say most because there has been one and only one company that has truly embraced the idea of seeing the heart rate system development process as a partnership between themselves and teachers. That company is Heart Tech Plus (click here for website).
While Heart Tech Plus is rather new on the scene (they were founded in 2015) and may not yet have as much notoriety as some of the bigger companies, they are more than willing to listen to suggestions that educators have to make their products better. Having been stonewalled and shutdown so much with other companies, this to me is worth its weight in gold. In the past 6 months that my colleagues and I have had a relationship with Heart Tech Plus, they have already taken a few our ideas and put them into action. That to me says a lot of about their vision for the future. At the end of the day, it is collaboration that drives progress forward and Heart Tech Plus understands this.
In terms of group solutions for your PE program’s heart rate system needs, I encourage you to do your due diligence and research before making a purchase. A system that works in one school/program may not necessarily be the best fit in another for a variety of reasons. Your best bet? Reach out to other PE teachers that use a variety of different systems and get their thoughts on it. Ask them to be honest and to tell you the pros and the cons that they have come across as they have used the system day in and day out. The more information you have at hand, the better the position you are in to make a decision. Food for thought…
Dawson, P. M. (1942). Studies and measures of physical fitness. The Journal of Health and Physical Education, 13(8), 446-447 & 493-494.
Faulkner, J., Greey, G., & Hunsicker, P. (1963). Heart rate during physical education periods. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 34(1), 95-98.
Floyd, M. B., & Van Horn, M. (1932). Exercise in relation to cardiac cases. Mind and Body: A Monthly Journal Devoted to Physical Education, 39(408), 204-211. | <urn:uuid:7cea9e20-43d3-4be6-aeaa-5975b190b8e5> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.5starphysed.com/blog/archives/05-2017 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525699.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718170249-20190718192249-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.977558 | 1,863 | 3.453125 | 3 |
I will first say a little more about the coils:
so i made the coils by using 20 cables of gauge 24 with a length of 5,6 meters.
Per coils i have 33 turns and 9 coils in total.
When i was looking on the internet, i found that everybody used the star formation for the connection of the coils.
I was wondering why and did some research on the internet.
After a while i came across a site that gave plenty of information about 3-phase circuits. (http://www.windstuffnow.com/main/3_phase_basics)
On the site it says that:
- the star formation has at low rpms a higher voltage and a lower amperage
- the delta formation has at low rpms a lower voltage and a higher amperage
- the resistance of the delta is 1/3 of that of the star
so basically the main reason why people always use star formation is because of the higher voltage at low rpm,
but with the star formation you also lose a lot of energy at higher rpms (1/3 energy loss in comparison with delta, THAT'S A LOT)
So i was wondering if I could use the delta formation in my wind turbine and find a way to solve the low voltage problem.
After some research on the internet, i found that if you double the turns on a coil, the voltage also will multiply by 2.
So i came with an idea:
because my coils consist of 20 cables in parallel, i can divide them in 4 groups of 5 cables.
By doing this i can change the number of turns by connecting the groups with each other. (look at the cable connection diagram)
The only problem is that this will take a lot of time to make. And to automate the change of the turns you will have to set up a complex electronic control board (and I'm not good enough in electronics to do that :( )
An other way, that is easier to make, is to switch between star and delta formation. You can use the star formation at low rpms and the delta formation at high rpms. The only problem is that I again don't know how I should automate it. I could measure the voltage and let it switch when a certain voltage is reached. The voltage an amperage in star and delta have a √3 ratio.
Is this a good idea and can someone help me with this (the automation)? | <urn:uuid:26439368-bd0b-4ef1-85b7-a6e50b0119b3> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.instructables.com/id/More-efficient-wind-turbine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125074.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00547-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95525 | 512 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Arizona's San Pedro Valley is a natural corridor through which generations of native peoples have traveled for more than 12,000 years, and today many tribes consider it to be part of their ancestral homeland. This book explores the multiple cultural meanings, historical interpretations, and cosmological values of this extraordinary region by combining archaeological and historical sources with the ethnographic perspectives of four contemporary tribes: Tohono O’odham, Hopi, Zuni, and San Carlos Apache.
Previous research in the San Pedro Valley has focused on scientific archaeology and documentary history, with a conspicuous absence of indigenous voices, yet Native Americans maintain oral traditions that provide an anthropological context for interpreting the history and archaeology of the valley. The San Pedro Ethnohistory Project was designed to redress this situation by visiting archaeological sites, studying museum collections, and interviewing tribal members to collect traditional histories. The information it gathered is arrayed in this book along with archaeological and documentary data to interpret the histories of Native American occupation of the San Pedro Valley.
This work provides an example of the kind of interdisciplinary and politically conscious work made possible when Native Americans and archaeologists collaborate to study the past. As a methodological case study, it clearly articulates how scholars can work with Native American stakeholders to move beyond confrontations over who “owns” the past, yielding a more nuanced, multilayered, and relevant archaeology.
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Read past newsletters | <urn:uuid:ffc58fd4-04ca-4bca-b183-62d8f2eb1f61> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://www.ubcpress.ca/history-is-in-the-land-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655906214.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710050953-20200710080953-00249.warc.gz | en | 0.902206 | 313 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Let me continue; this is going to go on and on. I call it a holy shakedown in unholy places, and the loosing of the bands of wickedness. Our fastings and prayers with target-specific repentance in each State, did accomplish this—–powerful!
We have no reason to lose hope just because we didn’t “see” what we expected to “see.” This one is being felt more than seen.
Here is a little bit of information on Tsunamis and a picture or two to help:
So what triggers a tsunami?
Some people still call these “Tidal waves” but they have nothing to do with tides.
- The series of waves generated by a tsunami is called a wave train.
- The first wave of a tsunami may not be the biggest. There may be bigger and stronger waves to come.
- The word “tsunami” means “harbor wave” in Japanese.
- The warning system in the Pacific Ocean is called the DART system which stands for Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis.
What happens during a tsunami?
- Once the water is moved by an earthquake or other event, large waves like ripples spread out from the point where the water first moved.
- These waves can move quickly and for very long distances. Some tsunamis have been known to travel for thousands of miles across the ocean and travel at speeds of up to 500 miles per hour.
- As the waves travel through the deep parts of the ocean, their crest is usually short, only a few feet tall. This makes it difficult to detect a tsunami as they are not necessarily visible in the deep ocean.
- When the waves approach land and shallow water, they pile up and grow in height.
- At the coastline, a trough of the wave may appear. This will cause drawback to occur on the shoreline. The water may recede for some distance. This can be dangerous as people may be tempted to walk out into the open area.
- When the wave arrives on the shore, it will usually be a tall wall of water. The water will rush inland, sometimes for some distance and with great speed and power. The height of the tsunami wave will depend on the topography of the shoreline. Some tsunamis have been known to reach heights of 100 feet.
- More waves may arrive. The time period between waves may be several minutes.
These are just a few of the known facts about these dangerous waves. You can do your own research if you want more…..credit here on this article….
Earth Science for Kids Tsunamis
So what does this have to do with what I’m seeing?
God is all wise and He knows what He’s doing. I trust Him! I have many reasons for my trust, too many to put down. Of course we “will” see some very powerful things as well because our world is being impacted, but trust the plan; better yet, trust the Planner. Does this mean we stop praying, decreeing, proclaiming and making our declarations? No!!! We keep it up because we not only take territory but we must keep it! We must occupy and never let loose! The battle is the Lord’s but we wrestle with the enemy with His Word and partner with God as He leads us forward into victory after victory after victory! We hold our posts and stay vigilant and we do all this from our position “of” victory–seated in heavenly places IN CHRIST JESUS and staying there.
Isn’t this exciting? I am so encouraged!!! I see principles and similarities all over the place. I welcome your thoughts and comments as we journey together in “Joyful Contemplation.” | <urn:uuid:bbf8c51e-ba58-462e-a6fe-d122720339db> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://fromcoaltodiamond.com/2018/11/15/11-06-18-part-2-tsunami/?like_comment=22&_wpnonce=d6fc68ae42 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370528224.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405022138-20200405052138-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.955395 | 797 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Heat exchangers are defined as devices that transfer heat from one liquid or gaseous substance to another in order to change the temperature of the substance for another process. Heat exchangers are constructed with thermally conducted tubes or plates. Heat exchangers are commonly used to transfer heat from air to air, water to water, or air to water to steam or a variety of other liquids.
There are numerous processes that require heat exchangers. Heat exchangers play a vital role in the operations and design of numerous machines such as air conditioning systems, heating systems, power generators, vehicles, refrigerators, oil rigs, and various engineering and chemical processing systems. The processes of waste heat recovery within industrial settings also utilize heat exchangers.
Depending on the overall function and location, heat exchangers come in a variety of configurations. Generally, they are built with a flat plate design or a shell and tube design. Air, liquids, or steam flow through a network of heat conducting tubes or cavities lined with heat conducting plates.
Plate heat exchangers come in two basic configurations—flat plate heat exchangers or plate and frame heat exchangers. Air to air and water to air heat exchangers are made with this configuration. Shell and tube heat exchangers are available in configurations such as finned tube heat exchangers, tube heat exchangers, spiral heat exchangers, or oil coolers. Marine and other water-to-water heat exchangers usually are equipped with this design.Read More…
Plate and tubular heat exchangers vary in terms of structure, but both of these types utilize the same concepts of thermodynamics. The conductive metal plates or tube walls act are partitions, and they act as conductors between the two gases or fluids and at the same time keep the two substances separate.
These plates and walls are commonly made from stainless steel, due to the metal’s high durability and its ability to act as a conductor while at the same time enduring high pressures and extreme temperatures. On one side of the barrier, a heated substance transfers its heat to the cooler solution on the other side, which temporarily creates thermal stress inside the wall or tube.
In order to eliminate the thermal stress and achieve equilibrium, the thermal energy gravitates toward the cooler solution. The efficiency and speed of the process depends greatly on the size of the surface area of the partition. The larger the partition’s surface area, the more quickly and efficiently the heat will transfer.
For this reason, plate heat exchangers are used primarily to transfer heat between gases and air, since gases do not transfer heat as easily as liquids. Heat exchangers are typically constructed from materials that are corrosion resistant and durable, such as cast iron, aluminum, steel, stainless steel, bronze, copper, and titanium.
Heat exchangers are usually depended on by power generation facilities to recycle heat and to prevent processes from overheating. Industries that use heat exchangers for their processes and equipment include automotive, electronic, chemical, petrochemical, semiconductor, marine, and aerospace.
Heat exchangers are also commonly used for waste heat recovery. In this process, excess heat from one process is captured and used in another process that requires heat. This process is environmentally conscious, and in addition to heating different substances, can also be used to cool air for air conditioning and refrigeration.
Because the waste heat recovery utilizes a pre-existing heat source, the process eliminates the need for fossil fuels or electricity to generate heat, thus saving both energy and money. Processes that benefit from waste heat recovery include steel manufacturing, pulp and paper, textile manufacturing, water treatment, food processing, and pharmaceutical.
Heat exchangers have many advantages such as lower maintenance costs, improved performance, and saving time and energy. However, there are a few disadvantages. The materials used to build heat exchangers must be high quality and durable, as the process involves high levels of pressure and stress.
Corrosion is the most prominent issue in heat exchangers, and is highly difficult to avoid due to the constant high levels of humidity and constant flow of liquids. Fortunately, corrosion-related system running problems can be minimized. This can be done by using walling and tubing made that is resistant to leaching, cracking, pitting, and corrosion.
There are also liquids that can cause residue to build up over a period of time. The residue can be cleaned, and the cleaning process can be done without too much delay. Heat exchangers are common in a large number of machines, and are not always called heat exchangers. In addition to industrial process, heat exchangers can be used in energy, chemical, and mechanical systems for processes that require the transferring of heat to some degree. For example, the radiator of a car is responsible for transferring heat to the air from the vehicle’s engine.
Heat exchangers are used for other commercial purposes including include hot tub and swimming pool heaters, hot water radiators, air conditioners, and home radiators. Heat exchangers are important in making all of these applications more efficient in cost and energy, regardless of whether they are used for commercial or industrial purposes. | <urn:uuid:1c68780e-abbc-4047-be38-7142ce98a0da> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.heatexchangers.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890582.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121120038-20180121140038-00638.warc.gz | en | 0.948898 | 1,047 | 3.828125 | 4 |
[ sweyj ]
/ sweɪdʒ /
a tool for bending cold metal to a required shape.
a tool, die, or stamp for giving a particular shape to metal on an anvil, in a stamping press, etc.
verb (used with object), swaged, swag·ing.
to bend or shape by means of a swage.
to reduce or taper (an object), as by forging or squeezing.
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Question 1 of 10
Origin of swage
1325–75; Middle English souage<Middle French
OTHER WORDS FROM swageswager, noun
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2020
British Dictionary definitions for swage
/ (sweɪdʒ) /
a shaped tool or die used in forming cold metal by hammering, pressing, etc
a decorative moulding
(tr) to form (metal) with a swage
Derived forms of swageswager, noun
Word Origin for swage
C19: from French souage, of unknown origin
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 | <urn:uuid:b814884f-a178-480a-a482-3fca8445c28d> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.dictionary.com/browse/swager | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439736972.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806151047-20200806181047-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.812527 | 338 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Did you know that more than 50% of Americans own pets? Whether they have cats, dogs, horses, birds, or tropical fish – Americans are pet lovers. And while ThinkGenetic focuses on genetic conditions in humans, I wanted to take a moment and remind you that our furry (and scaly!) friends also have genes and therefore, can also have changes in their genes. Like humans, these gene changes can cause differences that make us unique or perhaps cause disease. Learning more about genetic conditions in animals can help us better understand how they occur in people.
For example, polydactyly is a condition in which an individual is born with extra fingers or toes. Polydactyly can also be seen in dogs and, even more commonly, in cats. Sailors believed that the larger paws on these cats made them better “mousers” and considered them good luck. In fact, it’s because of this that cats with polydactyly are so widespread!
Nobel Prize-winning author Ernest Hemingway famously admired cats with polydactyly after being given a six-toed kitten from a ship’s captain. Upon his death, the author’s home in Key West, Florida was converted to a museum where more than 20 cats with polydactyly currently roam. Hemingway’s immense love for these special cats has resulted in them sometimes being referred to as “Hemingway cats.” Regardless of the species, polydactyly is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. This means that approximately 50% of the children of a human or animal with polydactyly will also have extra fingers or toes, so it can run in families.
Discovering how a genetic condition works in humans often happens after learning how it works in other organisms, like plants and animals (remember Gregor Mendel and Thomas Hunt Morgan and their genetics research with pea plants and fruit flies?). Due to similarities in genetic sequences, genetic diseases can overlap between humans and other species. Animals can also be used to enhance our understanding of the cause and progression of human genetic diseases, and have proved to be helpful in discovering targets for drugs and medications.
A 2012 article described gene mutations in sheep, cattle, and goats known to cause 14 genetic diseases similar to those found in humans, such as Gaucher disease, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Batten disease (or neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses). Several of the sheep models studied have made a significant impact on our understanding of particular genetic diseases.
For example, the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of genetic diseases that affect the neurological system. The main symptoms include seizures, loss of mental abilities, loss of physical abilities, and vision loss. As of 2017, changes in 13 different genes are known to cause NCLs. Mutations in two of these genes (CLN5 and CLN6) have been found in sheep originating from New Zealand and Australia. Interestingly, sheep with mutations in these genes experience similar symptoms to humans with NCLs. Over the last 40 years, research on these animals has led to many advances in our understanding of NCLs. Some of these include discovering the “lipofuscin-like” material that builds up in the body of those with NCLs, which is a major cause of the impact on the brain and learning. More recently, these animal models have been guiding new drug and gene therapy approaches that might one day help people with NCLs.
Learning more how these genetic conditions happen in animals can shed light on many aspects of how they occur in humans, not only for the development of new therapies for rare human diseases, but also to better understand the conditions in general. If you’re interested in learning more about the genetic diseases mentioned in this article, visit ThinkGenetic for more information, answers to common questions, and more. | <urn:uuid:c8832ba7-975d-4e7a-a9a1-fe536593bcd4> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://news.thinkgenetic.com/2017/08/02/genetic-mutations-in-your-furry-or-scaly-family-members/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864387.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622084714-20180622104714-00249.warc.gz | en | 0.955543 | 818 | 3.1875 | 3 |
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