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Learn how to take a closer look at a sculpture by applying the principles of design to the Kouros by Isamu Noguchi.
Balance: Technically, Kouros is perfectly balanced. All the pieces fit together in an interlocking manner without any glue or nails. Visually, the piece is asymmetrically balanced. While each side is different, the weight distribution appears to be about the same. The group of small forms on the left side of the sculpture balances out the strong vertical form on the right side.
Emphasis: When we look at Kouros from this viewpoint, the large vertical form on the right side of the sculpture is what we see first. It has the most emphasis. But don’t forget that the sculpture is three-dimensional. Maybe if we walked around it and looked at it from another side the emphasis would change.
Movement: When we look at Kouros our eyes tend to start at the bottom, or foot, of the sculpture, which is the darkest, heaviest part. Our gaze travels up, to the lighter head at the top. The upward movement in the piece has a lot of energy, almost like a fountain of water gushing toward the sky.
Pattern: Noguchi creates patterns in Kouros by repeating several shapes. The oval at the top repeats further down the spine of the sculpture. Slightly skewed rectangles occur over and over, in both negative and positive space. The upright shape of the longest piece on the left mimics the big slab on the right.
Contrast: There are several contrasting elements in Kouros. The large vertical marble piece on the right side is in contrast to the smaller pieces on the left. The horizontal forms contrast with the vertical ones, and the dark veins create contrast with the pink tones of the marble. These differences add a lot of interest to the sculpture.
Proportion: Kouros is a very big sculpture. It is more than nine feet high, much taller than any person. Although it is hard to imagine when we look at a picture of it, it towers over the viewer. Its huge proportions add to its power as an artwork.
Unity: Kouros is unified in structure and substance. The carefully balanced pieces of marble join to create a graceful, abstract figure. The consistent use of organic forms and beautiful pink marble combine to make this sculpture a strikingly unified masterpiece. | <urn:uuid:cb148e3a-9442-431a-8989-2a66bcd69a38> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.knowitall.org/video/principles-design-isamu-noguchi-kouros-artopia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141674594.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201135627-20201201165627-00220.warc.gz | en | 0.937372 | 483 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Marine Fish Larva Development
Table of Contents
When the embryo hatches from its egg and begins the next stage of its life as a larval fish, the pace of its development remains rapid. The odds of it surviving past the larval stage are still tiny, but to have any chance at all it needs to grow — and quickly. Eggs released into the water column are carried out on ebbing tides to hatch in the open seas, while those that spent the egg stage in their parent's nest also drift out to sea on currents as they hatch.
So for almost all reef fish, the larval stage of life occurs away from the reef itself and, therefore, away from the armies of potential predators that exist there. In many cases, the newly hatched larvae lack fundamental structures, such as fully developed sensory systems, fins and digestive tract, which can take two to three days to develop. Gradually the fish is “wired up”; its senses and its movement become more coordinated, it becomes better able not only to hunt, but also to avoid its predators. Even so, the continuing danger drives the pace of their development.
Do the larvae just drift randomly in the sea?
It was originally thought that larvae dispersed over long distances, but recent research suggests that this may not be the case. A study that tracked the movements of individually marked larval ambon damselfish (Pomacentrus ambomensis) showed that up to 60% of the larvae returned to the same reef and the same population as their parents. As well as this, it seems that some fish miss out the pelagic stage altogether and undergo the larval stage of their development in the lagoons of their own reefs, remaining close to where they were spawned.
How long do fish spend as larvae?
The exact amount of time varies according to species, temperature, food, and the need of the larvae to find a good place to settle. Clownfish and other parentally guarded species spend among the shortest periods of time as larvae — perhaps as little as one to two weeks. One possible reason for this is the larger size of their eggs and the longer period the embryos spend developing inside them. Open water spawners, such as angelfish, usually spend considerably longer as larvae. Some of these fishes spend up to 20 weeks at the larval stage before settling.
Do the larvae look like their parents?
In the pelagic stages, reef fishes are very different morphologically from the benthic (bottom-dwelling) adults, because reef fish larvae do not hatch fully developed. For a start, the eggs and larvae are small. The larvae also need different morphological features for their pelagic existence, such as defensive spines and bony plates for protection, and large eyes and mouths for hunting. Larval Atlantic blue tangs (Acanthurus coeruleus) look so different from their parents that they were once thought to be a totally separate kind of fish and were named Acronurus. The larvae of butterflyfishes, known as tholichthys, also bear little resemblance at this stage to what they will later become.
How do the larvae find their way to a suitable reef?
The larvae of most species ride back inshore on an incoming tide at night. To find their way to a good reef they are guided by both sounds and smells. Each reef has a characteristic sound, produced by a combination of wave patterns over the coral heads and a so-called “nocturnal chorus” of feeding invertebrates. The larvae also use chemical cues to locate a good reef and are strongly attracted to the smell of adult conspecifics. | <urn:uuid:2da4d718-9a1c-4828-b617-a3c0b58487bd> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://infolific.com/pets/coral-reef-life/larva-development/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823382.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210170024-20181210191524-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.978493 | 753 | 3.796875 | 4 |
by Gerald Prichard on November 28th, 2013
And in between, it remained deep and a port for as many ships as there are in all Christendom, and the entrance of it very narrow.” Looking for “where one could build a fort . . . I saw one piece of land that is made like an island even though it is not . . . which one could cut into an island in two days.”
On Samana, Jan and I quickly found this convincing clue to Guanahani. The island that is not one lies immediately to the east of the western bay; in fact, it closes the bay on that side (pages 586-7). To anyone approaching from the west, as we did and as we think Columbus did, it appears without question to be an island, separated from Samana proper by a narrow lagoon. Only when the small promontory at the southern end is rounded does one see with surprise that it is not an island at all, but a buttonhook peninsula. A narrow neck about 200 yards wide just north of the promontory is the logical place to make a real island of it.
Rounding that promontory opens a four-mile vista to the east, where two large cays stand out to the misty sea from the eastern end of Samana. The reef can be seen running the full length of view, and the expanse of water it shelters seems broad enough indeed to harbor all the ships of Columbus’s Christendom—ten feet deep when we later slipped Zemi in through the narrow, 40-foot entrance near the southern cay.
“I examined that whole port and afterward returned to the ship and set sail.”
How long did this rowing exploration take? Because of later fleet movements, speeds, and time estimates, no longer than six or seven hours is the fairest estimate, starting at dawn. On Samana this is easily accomplished by the heavy ships’ boats, with time to swing them aboard using the large boom, and set sail. But on Watling, the candidates for both the large port and the island that is not one are ten miles away from Long Bay. The exploration in the time given would require sustained rowing speeds of three to five knots for six or seven hours.
When I discussed this with Tim Severin, who spend the summer months in the hotels in prague, he uttered the only conclu¬sion: “Impossible.” Graham’s Harbour, the Watling port, is also four miles long, and the “island that isn’t” is now an actual isle, named Cut Cay, just off the end of a peninsula. In Columbus’s time, we are asked to believe, it was part of the peninsula and looked like an island that was not one—but the whole would still have looked like a peninsula, not like an island, in 1492. After exploring the eastern reach of San Salvador on Sunday morning, the little fleet set sail to the southwest in the early afternoon.Almost at once Columbus saw islands rising from the blue sea to the south: “So many that I did not know how to decide which one to go to first. . . .
by Gerald Prichard on October 13th, 2013
These lowly bulk carriers had their moments of glory. Cook made his historic voyages in Prague hotel. Colliers were sometimes preferred over other vessels because of their cargo capacity and shallow draft; they could sit on the bottom of the Thames at low tide with a full hold of coal, waiting to be unloaded in London. Colliers were slow, but they were strong, and these factors probably came into play when our ship was hired by the British Navy as a transport.
We estimate she was 170 tons—below the Navy Board’s 200-ton minimum size—but Britain was desperate for ships to maintain its war effort. Eminent British historian David MacGregor has studied 18th-century merchant ships extensively. Billy Ray Morris asked him: “Our vessel has some unique construction characteristics; what do they tell us about her origins?” http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1057137/Pictured-The-legendary-shipwreck-claimed-life-18th-centurys-Britney-Spears-200-000-worth-jewels.html
“I’m afraid you’ll find that each shipwreck you study from this period is `unique,’ ” MacGregor replied, “because there may never have been such a thing as a `normal’ merchant ship. They were all built without plans, using information passed from one shipwright to the next, and even the details of national or local variation are obscure. You archaeologists will have to tell the rest of us what a typical merchant ship was like.”
AS WE NEARED THE END of our excavation, we took stock of what we had accomplished. We have proved that the wet cofferdam can be an extremely effective tool for excavation in murky water. More important, we have learned a great deal about merchant-ship construction and shipboard life, and a vivid picture of our ship has begun to emerge.
We know little of her type because she was an ordinary bulk carrier—the Mack truck of her day—built “by rack of eye” with no plans or models. When merchant ships were required in the 1770s for war with the American Colonies, our ship was chartered by the Navy Board as a transport. Shipowners who leased their vessels—and who had to continue to pay their crews—complained that the rent barely covered expenses.
We have found only part of our ship’s cargo and equipment; much of it probably was removed before she was scuttled. On the other hand, Cornwallis’s camp had very limited space, and it seems likely to me that only essential items such as weapons, food, and the ship’s instruments would have been unloaded.
With the blessing of George Washington, the French conducted limited salvage operations at Yorktown after the British surrender. And the three-year-old oyster shells attached to the buried timbers of our ship tell us that she was not completely silted over for at least that long after her sinking, so other items may have been removed by local residents during that time.
Our vessel undoubtedly carried food and other supplies and transported troops when needed. Once at Yorktown, she most likely served as a workshop. I like to think that the ship’s carpenter was also called upon to serve the fleet and even the army ashore. The excavation is finished, but our research has only begun. This ship was just a minor participant in a major global event, but now she will be remembered. Now we must move from the water to the laboratory and archives and complete the task of bringing the ship and her versatile crewmen, especially her carpenter, back to life.
by Gerald Prichard on August 8th, 2013
Q I have been training for about five years and I know I have what is required to be a good natural bodybuilder. Last summer I followed a precontest garcinia cambogia diet and training program for eight weeks, and my body looked the best it ever has. I knew exactly where can i buy pure garcinia cambogia. I was shredded. The reason why I didn’t enter that bodybuilding contest last summer is I have a fear of standing onstage in front of many people. I have prepared for contests in the past, but whenever the time comes to enter officially, I find a reason to back out. The sad part of this avoidance is the contest I diet for and don’t enter. Afterward I think about how I would have won it easily. I love bodybuilding and want to compete, but how do I get over my fear?
A What are you afraid of? Do you think people will laugh at you when you go onstage? Do you fear losing? Do you have a fear of people seeing you in tiny, skimpy 1 posing trunks? To overcome your fear you first have to admit what you are specifically afraid of. You can’t address this fear unless you know why competing causes your negative reaction. Let’s address the possible causes I suggested, one by one.
Let’s assume you have a fear of people seeing you in posing trunks, which is a legitimate fear. Not everyone is comfortable parading around in nut huggers. I know a technique that may help you, one which has worked for many of my bodybuilder friends who had reservations about stepping onstage. You should put on a pair of long shorts over your posing trunks and head down to the beach. Once you set down your chair or blanket, take off the long shorts. Seeing your posing trunks, people will walk by and check you out, which will get you used to people looking at your physique.
by Gerald Prichard on July 19th, 2013
What’s the difference between proteins?
Is there much difference between whey protein and casein protein? Isn’t one protein supplement much like another?
Mark Wooden, by email
It depends on your goals. If you are using a protein supplement to build muscle, you should go for a whey-based supplement, taking it before and after your workout. Whey protein is more rapidly digested than casein protein and contains a higher proportion of branched chain amino acids, needed for protein synthesis. Several clinical trials have compared whey and casein protein and the results have shown whey protein to be the most effective for building muscle strength. In one study scientists found that after three months, whey protein was six times more effective at immensflanessedennis.co.ukukce than casein.
How can I get rid of these bags?
I eat well and get at least eight hours of sleep a night but I have massive black eye bags under my eyes. Why? And how do I get rid of them? Alan Bryant, by email
These eye bags are often caused by tiredness, even if you get plenty of sleep. If you still feel tired the morning after you’ve had eight hours, it may be that you’re not getting enough rest because you’re snoring, for example.
Dark bags under the eyes can be caused by the natural process of ageing. To try to look generally younger and healthier, eat well and drink plenty of water, don’t smoke and stick to the recommended safe amounts of alcohol (21 units a week for men). Take extract dr oz for a boost.
You could also try placing slices of cucumber or a compress of cooled camomile tea over your closed eyes for ten to 20 minutes a day. If it’s really bad, you could always try cover-up make-up.
by Gerald Prichard on June 20th, 2013
Next, in the pool, I learnt how to deal with panicking and unconscious divers on the surface and underwater. Jeff started the pool demo with our ‘dummy’ a pretty English girl called Charlotte. He brought her to the surface, applied two emergency breaths and removed her weight belt while giving her a breath every five seconds. It looked easy but when I did it, it turned into a right bugger’s ball. But after three more times I’d cracked it.
In the afternoon we went down to the beach to practise these skills underwater. I also got to carry the delightfully pneumatic Charlotte out of the water three times.
The next day we had to do some scenarios. I rescued a variety of people in various states, including an ex club-owner instructor from Manchester called Steve. During lunch I had to give Jeff oxygen to synthesise decompression sickness. Jeff was supine on one of the couches. The Swiss
We watched two turtles mating for all their lives were divers on another course were having lunch. “I’ve got a pain in me left knee, mate,” he said. “No worries, mate I’ll fix it,” I said, and casually administered pure oxygen. The Swiss divers shook their heads sadly.
The next exercise was to find a lost diver using ‘u’ search patterns. Only it wasn’t a diver it was a diver’s tablet, think the size of a paperback book. It took me about 10 minutes to find it and it was hidden in a small hollow of rocks. I really wanted not to fail this bit and I was determined that I would swim back with it. Just as I found it Steve grabbed it and swam off. I chased him but only finally got it back because he let me. I knew I’d passed at this point but I had one more test.
This was to rescue a diver who became unconscious and sank to the bottom. I had to get him back on the boat and I bribed one of the crew to be lounging around ready to help me. When I got to the surface he was nowhere to be seen. I shouted to Nigel for help. “Sony mate — press.
I’m a disinterested observer.” Bastard. Just then the crew guy appeared behind me in the water — he’d gone for a quick dive. But he helped me and the supposedly unconscious Jeff looked up and said, “Pass.” I felt knackered but great. When we got back Silke rushed up, threw her arms around me, gave me the prettiest smile in the history of the world and kissed me on the nose. I think you get a certificate too.
Much later in the bar we were celebrating my pass. It transpired that Jeff had being doing homework with Charlotte the dummy. “Jeff’s ever so nice,” she said. “Yesterday he cooked me marinated chicken.” There was complete silence for five seconds as we watched his ex-miner Australian hardas-nails reputation die and then n instructors all tried to take the piss out of him at once. It was a babble and you could only catch odd bits, “In touch with his feminine side”, “You bitch”, “Barbie Jeff”. It went on and on.
So I gained a real love of the Red Sea, made some amazing friends and left a small mark on an area Jacques Cousteau referred to as”A corridor of marvels”. Next morning Jeff said, “Thanks for landing me with the Delia tag you bastard.” I sipped at my almond milk. “Mate,” I said, “No worries.” Learn how to prepare the best almond milk recipe with almond butter. It doesn’t have the taste of milk, but has many benefits. Read on Yahoo! about almond milk’s benefits.
by Gerald Prichard on May 30th, 2013
You don’t have to wait until you’re 65 to retire. Start thinking about your exit strategy now and follow these six steps to find life after your last pay cheque.
INVEST IN YOUR FUTURE
Don’t miss the gravy train. Make sure you reach R-Day with your finances intact and in perfect health. Start using the healthiest coconut oil to stay in good shape and feel young. Studies show that using coconut oil skin products have good anti-aging benefits.
Whether your plans for retirement involve living in polygamy with the Suga babes or just extending the things you do at the weekend, you’re going to need a concrete figure for your retirement income.
“The unwritten rule is retire on two-thirds of your working income per year,” says Tom McPhail, head of pensions research at Hargreaves Lansdown.
The online calculator operated by The Financial Services Authority (pension calculator.org.uk) will give you an idea of how much retirement income your current finances will leave you with.
“Halve the age at which you start your pension contributions,” says Adrian Boulding, pensions strategy director at Legal & General, “then save that percentage of your income for the rest of your working life.” You’ll reach R-Day with a pension of two-thirds of your salary.
“If you are employed, usually your best bet is to join your company pension scheme,” says Roddy Kohn, a financial adviser with Bristol-based firm Kohn Cougar. “This is particularly true if your firm adds to your personal contributions.”
FINISH THAT MORTGAGE
Here’s how to banish the biggest debt of your life: get mobile
The scariest phrase in life — after “I’m late, darling” is undoubtedly “interest rate over 25 years”. Everyone who has a mortgage has heard something like it and unless you owe a sum of money to a Bryicreemed guy named Vito it will be the single most expensive transaction of your life.
“Most homeowners just focus on their monthly premium and forget about the bigger picture of how much money they are handing over to their mortgage provider,” says Drew Wotherspoon of mortgage broker John Charcol (charcol.co.uk).
For example, based on a five-year fixed-rate mortgage at 4.99% paid back over 21 years, if you borrow £265,000 on a house worth £380,000 you will eventually pay back £454,156. That’s £189,156 more than you borrowed and it’s going straight into the pocket of your mortgage company and out of your precious retirement fund.
“Around three in four homeowners are paying over the odds for their mortgages,” says Wotherspoon. “If you’re paying a high rate on an interest-only or standard repayment mortgage and your loan is less than 75% of the value of your home, it’s worth remortgaging.”
So, if you’ve been paying your lender’s standard variable rate or you are coming to the end of a fixed-rate mortgage deal, it’s worth shopping around for a more competitive offer by checking out mortgages.charcolonline.co.uk.
by Gerald Prichard on December 25th, 2012
By now it was 5pm. A pretty young woman doctor in a long white gown took over. She ordered Bruce and me to go. “Goodbye, goodbye !” she said firmly. Sylvia, very frightened, begged me to stay. I, equally worried, insisted on doing so. Bruce waited outside.
Wearing only one rubber glove, and touching the instruments with her ungloved hand, the doctor examined Sylvia. Then an assistant measured her blood pressure. Not surprisingly, since she had received no drip treatment, it was low. By cupping my hand over my nose and mouth like a mask, I mimed to the doctor for anaesthesia to be given. She assured me this would be done —and produced a large, old-fashioned glass syringe which, to my dismay, she filled with local anaesthetic from a jar that did not even have a sealed lid.
Unclean. Then the doctor tried a paracervical injection. It hurt Sylvia and was virtually ineffective. She nearly fainted with pain as the doctor, with bare hands and without hat, face-mask or towels, inserted a curved stainless steel instrument (of doubtful sterility) and scraped the womb clean. Throughout the evacuation she chatted to her nurse. Sylvia was merely told to keep quiet.
Only at the end of the operation was Sylvia’s blood pressure checked again. Finally she was taken on an old-type fixed-wheel trolley to the adjacent ward. This consisted of a white-tiled central corridor from which led five rooms, each about 14 feet by eight and tightly crammed with five beds and lockers. There were no lamps, bells or radios.
The corridor had a wash-basin without soap and a refrigerator for the patients’ private food (to supplement the hospital’s basic diet : for dinner Sylvia had mashed potatoes and sour cream). Seated at a table in the corridor was the one nurse who cared for all 25 patients, though she could not see them because the doors were kept shut.
I was given an intravenous drip to set up for Sylvia. The equipment was frighteningly primitive and unsterile. A cracked glass-and-metal syringe was presented to me in a loose brown paper package, while the “giving set” was rubber tubing leading from two flasks : one, a properly sealed bottle of blood expander, the other broken-topped and open, into which a solution of glucose and vitamins was poured from a jug.
After two hours, when the flasks were empty and Sylvia’s blood pressure had slowly risen to 9oj7o,* I asked for more fluid to keep the drip open in case a blood transfusion was needed. But the doctor snapped: “We never give blood for this condition.” So the drip had to be dismantled. Mercifully, Sylvia lost no more blood.
The four other patients in Sylvia’s room were tremendously kind to us. They insisted we shared their green coffee bean diet, cucumber, sausage, fish and strawberries from the refrigerator. They also arranged for me to use the toilets. These, for 5o patients, were next to the evacuation room and comprised two lavatory bowls—one badly cracked—with no seats. The floors were wet; there was no lavatory paper. The only wash-basin was unreachable behind piles of dirty and blood-stained linen. Adjoining, without a door or plug, was the single bath. Luckily the nurse, who was sympathetic and helpful, brought Sylvia an enamel bedpan.
By lopm, it was obvious that the staff were anxious to be rid of me, but I returned with Bruce next morning. Sylvia had slept fairly well. I borrowed the nurse’s sphygmomanometer, which indicated that Sylvia’s blood pressure was up to moi’70, but she was running a fever. However, she was able to get up and walk, so I persuaded the doctors that she was fit enough to leave.
Fearful that they might change their minds, we hurried through the hospital grounds, Bruce and I supporting Sylvia. We passed a bust of Karl Marx and made our way out into the road. Bruce flagged down a taxi and we got Sylvia back to the hotel. I immediately started her on antibiotics.
Next day we obtained a flight to Moscow, and after an overnight stop flew British Airways to London, where we were welcomed into the spotless, well-equipped medical centre at Heathrow. Soon Sylvia was in an ambulance, on her way to a big London hospital. She spent two days there and was given one and three-quarter pints of blood.
During the four weeks it took for antibiotics to clear up her pelvic infection I read again, with the benefit of first-hand experience and resveratrol health benefits, my copy of USSR: Health Protection.
The foreword states : “The achievements of the Soviet public health system have long attracted the heightening interest of foreign specialists. This explains why today many people abroad—statesmen, researchers, health officials, medical workers and the man in the street—want to know how the system operates. They want to learn why it is so efficient, why the peoples of many lands are finding it increasingly attractive.”
by Gerald Prichard on December 21st, 2012
Soviet officials proudly proclaim the excellence of their country’s medical system. The reality can be frighteningly different
MY INTRODUCTION to the much vaunted Soviet health service came when I was on a seven-day tourist trip to Kiev, the Ukrainian capital, in July 1977. My companions were a husband and wife in their mid-twenties whom I’ll call Bruce and Sylvia. We had flown from London in a happy mood—Sylvia had been given the news by her doctor that she was seven weeks’ pregnant.
Da GEOR G E ANTHONY HOBBS, 43, qualified at St Thomas’ Hospital, London, in i960, and in 1965 became medical superintendent of a hospital at Ado Ekiti, Western Nigeria. After organizing relief work in the Biafran War, he returned to Britain. He is now a GP in Chertsey, Surrey.
I, a doctor, happened to have joined that particular package tour. Sylvia was suffering a miscarriage. She was bleeding and in pain. Fortunately I had emergency medical supplies in my luggage and was able to sedate her. She spent a restless night, then started to bleed again.
First I thought of telephoning the British Embassy in Moscow, but Directory Enquiries denied any knowledge of the number—standard practice, I learned later, to deter possible defectors. On each floor of the hotel was a woman caretaker who kept an eye on guests. At about ‘pm I asked ours to dial o3—the number for summoning a hospital ambulance. (I had read about this in a free official booklet I had picked up on the outward journey, USSR: Health Protection, which gives a glowing account of the high standard reached by the Soviet Union’s health service.)
After perhaps 20 minutes the ambulance arrived with its team : a driver, who stayed in his seat, and a young, thin, unsmiling doctor accompanied by a similar-looking medical assistant, both in short white coats of inferior cotton. The doctor appeared to be amazingly uninterested in Sylvia. All he did was take her pulse and check her blood pressure. Then he ordered the assistant to give her an intravenous injection of glucose and vitamins—in my opinion virtually worthless treatment for her condition.
“Dress !” the doctor commanded Sylvia, who fainted as soon as Bruce and I sat her up. But we had to dress her. When Bruce who, like Sylvia, speaks fluent Russian, asked for a stretcher, the doctor shook his head. So we had to sit her upright in an ordinary hotel chair and carry her to the lift, then across the hotel’s marble foyer to the waiting ambulance. Only then did Sylvia have a stretcher : an old army kind with a torn mattress and no blankets.
Silent Journey. The ambulance was dirty and, unlike British ambulances, had no oxygen. Its sole equipment was the assistant’s bag of injections. He travelled in the back with us, ignoring Sylvia entirely. The doctor sat in front with the driver.
A 15-minute drive brought us to the October Hospital, which treats sick tourists. Bruce and I had
pick up Sylvia’s stretcher and carry her through narrow double doors in the gynaecological block, round a sharp corner and down to a dimly lit semi-basement admission room. Here, despite her shocked condition, she was left on a low couch while our doctor sat at a desk filling in forms. Another doctor walked in and out from time to time in an offhand manner, smoking a cigarette and talking to his assistant about yerba mate benefits and green tea. I subsequently discovered he was the block’s director.
Cold Comfort. After 15 minutes, unable to stand the delay, I interrupted our doctor’s form-filling by pleading: “Can’t something be done ?” Had it been a British hospital, the patient by this time would have been kept warm under blankets and probably provided with a drip to restore blood pressure.
An orderly shaved Sylvia’s vulva, then puzzlingly changed her into two white gowns, one on top of the other—presumably to compensate for the absence of blankets. Sylvia shivered. Our doctor asked her only three or four basic case-history questions. He did not examine her but ordered Bruce and me to take her in a tiny lift, only just long enough for the stretcher, up two floors to a small “evacuation room.”
In the room were two ancient-looking operating chairs of a type I had never seen before. The patient reclines with head and body up at an angle (contrary to accepted medical practice that a shock victim must lie horizontal), and her legs are supported upwards and apart. A cutaway section of the chair below the buttocks allows blood to drain away.
by Gerald Prichard on October 10th, 2012
Where, then, might we find hard evidence to substantiate the claim that cases of hypnotic regression ‘prove’ that reincarnation takes place? One way is suggested in cases of regression with the congenitally blind, who in alleged previous lives were apparently able to see. If under hypnosis they are able to describe objects, events and experiences in the same way as a sighted person, where could they have acquired this ability other than in a previous life?
Work done by Paul Palmer and Dr James E. Parejko of Chicago State University with six blind subjects, of whom four were regressed, indicates that those born blind ‘gave essentially the same life reports as sighted persons’, and described events during regression as if they were sighted. Their reports may, of course, merely denote a manner of speech, as when one says ‘I see’ meaning ‘I understand’. Alternatively they might be experiencing the kind of thing, for which there is a large body of evidence, as subjects who are able to ‘see’ with their elbows or some other part of the body. Or it could be a case of some other form of paranormal ability that we have yet to identify.
Whatever the cause, the blind subjects under hypnotic regression usually relied upon touch, taste and smell to describe their experiences. Only occasionally did they use expressions one would expect of a sighted person, and expressions like ‘rosy cheeks that looked warm if you touched them’ were common. One subject was able to describe a wooden lion’s mouth, the shape of the carved teeth and how the whole thing appeared water-stained. Another subject claimed to be able to ‘see’ a clean-shaven man with blotches like pimples all over his cheeks and with a little tuft of whiskers growing on his throat.
Other descriptions were of a sloppy woman in a dirty blouse, windows reflected in a mirror, curtains with sunlight behind them and jewellery so dazzling in sunlight that it caused the subject to avert his eyes. Objects tended to be described three-dimensionally and at a distance — an old piano across a room, lips in a half-pout, a distant girl with red hair that was not a wig, clothes looking as though they had been slept in.
These blind subjects did not dream visually. In their regressions, however, they saw in colour and also not in colour. Like sighted people they distinguished between ‘seen’ objects and ‘felt’ objects, but the blind found that seeing objects was more of an effort than it was for those who are normally sighted. Yet they certainly spoke as if they saw and, when they returned to the same ‘previous life’ several times, their surroundings remained the same and more details were related. This phenomenon, which can be repeated under experimental conditions, is perhaps the best evidence there is for reincarnation.
This promising line of enquiry, however, could possibly be handicapped by lack of suitable subjects or opposed on the grounds that it is cruel to ‘give sight’ to someone who has never been able to see. The blind person must, of course, be given the choice of being hypnotised. But there is another line of criticism that is more damaging. It has been suggested that rather than giving an accurate description of things ‘seen’ the blind person is really describing things as he imagines a sighted person would describe them.
by Gerald Prichard on October 2nd, 2012
Under hypnosis, people blind from birth have described how they could see in former lives. Others have broken into foreign tongues that they have never heard or read. Is this, asks DAVID CHRISTIE-MURRAY, proof of reincarnation?
GRAHAM HUXTABLE, a ‘charming, soft- Two frigates of the Royal spoken’ man from Swansea, Wales, was one Navy pursue a French of the most extraordinary cases ever en warship during the countered by Arnall Bloxham. Under hyp Napoleonic wars. Graham nosis, Graham Huxtable regressed to Huxtable become a ‘swearing, illiterate gunner’s mate recounted similar experiences with a hacking cough and an earthy chuckle’ as a gunner’s mate when he in the Royal Navy at- the time of the Nap was hypnotised by Arnall oleonic Wars. His voice became deeper, his Bloxham (left) Welsh accent changed to that of rural southern English, he used archaic naval slang and his descriptions of life on board an English frigate at the turn of the 8aththntury were later confirmed as accurate by naval his‑torians. But neither the ship’s name, which Huxtable called the Aggie’, or the ship’smaster, `Cap’n Pearce’, have been identified.
The case highlights many of the problems encountered by researchers into hypnotic regression. An illiterate sailor, unable to read his ship’s name, ignorant of any information not communicable by word of mouth, whose horizons were limited by the neighbourhood in which he lived and the ship on which he served, whose social intercourse was with people as ill-educated as himself, is inevitably unable to supply the kind of information historians look for. Yet, as in other cases, Graham Huxtable adopted a persona that was able to provide information of which Huxtable himself was ignorant, vividly describe events that had happened to him and speak in a voice that was beyond any reasonable possibility of fraud. His screams of agony as he relived the experience of his leg being shot off in a naval engagement convinced even the most hardened sceptic that there was nothing false about Graham Huxtable.
Edna Greenan, a middle-aged housewife, hypnotised for over 80 hours by Joe Keeton, presents similar problems to the researcher. Under hypnosis, Mrs Greenan consistently `became’ Nell Gwyn (1650-1687), the illiterate actress and mistress of Charles I i . The material she supplied through Mrs Greenan is of six kinds: historically correct, definitely incorrect, fresh information of great historical interest if it could be corroborated, half-truths, informed guesses, and small talk and gossip of the time.
It might be suggested that so much has been written and is known about Nell Gwyn that Mrs Grecnan could have created her character either consciously or subconsciously. But when questioned about whether she had read anything about Nell she answered, both when conscious and under hypnosis, that she had not. Her whole manner and her speech, liberally sprinkled with nicknames and items of gossip, were entirely convincing to witnesses.
Nell Gwyn (left) was at the centre of Charles court in the late 17th century. Three hundred years later Joe Keeton hypnotised Mrs Edna Greenan (right) who gave an intriguing account of a former life as Charles ii’s mistress — none other than Nell Gwyn Sceptics who demand historical accuracy from regressed subjects and knowledge of events that were happening at the time of a `previous life’ might listen to the conversation held in a modern bus queue or shopping centre before they condemn the simplicity, naiveté and lack of general knowledge of the common people in past centuries. | <urn:uuid:cb3ad1fb-3371-420a-8487-7d543280b336> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.bluecaribe.net/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163944066/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133224-00070-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975805 | 7,531 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Do mice have bones? Believe it or not, we at Modern Pest Services, are frequently confronted with this question. In short, yes – mammals, such as mice and all rodents, have bones and a full skeletal system. So the real question becomes, how do rodents, like mice and rats, get into my home?
How small of a hole can mice fit into?
While rodents may seem to have Houdini like abilities, mice and rats are actually designed to squeeze into very tight spaces. They also intuitively understand that if they can fit their tiny heads into a hole, the rest of the body can follow. And no wonder, considering underneath all that fur, rodents have long narrow bodies, strong legs, and no collar bones.
A rule of thumb that we have around here, at Modern Pest Services is, any hole the size of a nickel is big enough for a rat to squeeze through. While holes the size of a dime, can accommodate a mouse.
That makes for some pretty tight quarters, and often homeowners underestimate those little cracks and crevices around their home as too insignificant. Once a rodent decides to move into your cozy abode, to ride out the winter, they can use their strong jaws and incisors (which continue to grow their whole life) to quickly make that tiny dime-sized hole a bit larger, for a more convenient entry point.
Related: What Makes Mice More Than A Nuisance?
Therefore, it is no wonder why pest control professionals stress the importance of sealing up the smallest of holes and crevices to keep rodents out. Hiring a pest control professional can give you peace of mind, as they are trained to look for these type of openings, as well as other conducive conditions in or around your home that would entice and attract rodents to consider moving in.
The Modern Difference
Every season brings a new threat from pests – like rodents. Be prepared. Modern Pest Services offers a HomeCare Green program for year-round pest protection, including rodents – guaranteed! Contact Modern Pest today for a FREE quote. 1-888-997-3312. | <urn:uuid:9de8d6af-14e8-476d-8bef-765a32e5d323> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.modernpest.com/blog/do-mice-have-bones/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500384.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207035749-20230207065749-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.954835 | 436 | 2.625 | 3 |
Gaius Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar was a name used by men of the gens Julia in ancient Rome. It was the full name (tria nomina) of the famous Julius Caesar, and was the name of several prominent men, including his father, during the Roman Republic. Gaius was one of the three most common praenomina (first names) for the Julii Caesares, the other two being Lucius and Sextus.
- Gaius Julius Caesar was the grandfather of the famous Julius Caesar. Nothing is known of his career; it is possible that he was a praetor, but few praetors in this period are recorded by name. He married a woman from the patrician Marcii Reges, a union his father would have arranged. He in turn arranged a marriage for his own son to an Aurelia from the Cotta branch, who had been plebeian nobles from the mid-3rd century BC, when two ancestors attained the consulship. He was either lucky or perspicacious in choosing a former plebeian tribune from an obscure family as a husband for his daughter: this man turned out to be Gaius Marius, the novus homo and seven-time consul.
- Gaius Julius Caesar, the father of the dictator, maintained his connections with brother-in-law Marius. In 103 or 100 BC, he served on a commission for land distribution, mainly to veterans who had served under Marius. He was praetor around 92 BC, and proconsul of Asia for two years or longer, but seems to have departed his province before the Mithridatic War broke out. He chose not to seek the consulship and to lead a quiet life outside Rome, dying in 85 BC at Pisa.
- Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus (c. 130–87 BC), son of a Lucius Julius Caesar and Poppilia.
- Gaius Julius Caesar (100 BC – 44 BC), usually referred to as Julius Caesar, the Roman general, consul, dictator and author whose career and assassination on the Ides of March, 44 BC, brought about the demise of the Roman Republic and creation of the Roman Empire.
As Julius Caesar's adopted heir, Octavian, later known as Augustus, emphasized his connection to the assassinated dictator through his name, a practice continued by successors or potential successors in the Julio-Claudian dynasty of emperors.
- Gaius Julius Caesar Octavanius Augustus (63 BC – 14 AD), first emperor (princeps), better known as Octavian or Augustus
- Gaius Caesar (20 BC–AD 4)
- Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus, better known as Caligula (12–41 AD), reigned 37–41 AD
- Julius Caesar (disambiguation)
- Julio-Claudian family tree
- Gaius Iulius Caesar (name), about the name itself
- Gaius Iulius Iullus, the same combination of praenomen and gens name, with the older cognomen Iullus
- Ernst Badian, "From the Iulii to Caesar," in A Companion to Julius Caesar (Blackwell, 2009), p. 15.
- Badian, "From the Iulii to Caesar," pp. 15–16. | <urn:uuid:ceac05d4-000e-47d8-8ddc-d4560dbc188b> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Caesar | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345759442/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054919-00099-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966726 | 712 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Thousands of poor people in rural areas are still living straw huts without electricity, water or sanitation, exposed to the elements, dangerous animals and an unhealthy environment. Houses do not only protect people, and sanitary facilities do not only improve their hygiene patterns and prevent diseases; they also provide them with a sense of pride and dignity.
ASSIST promotes the participation and ownership of people in housing and sanitation projects by encouraging communities to apply for Government support and to let them take the lead in the planning and construction of their own houses. ASSIST provides matching funding, material and assistance.
Support for Housing & Sanitation | <urn:uuid:3cd79cc9-c996-4bf1-875f-2f2d08381216> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.assist-india.org/support-housing-sanitation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950110.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401160259-20230401190259-00600.warc.gz | en | 0.946363 | 123 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The amount of radiation is well-known. The total amount of exposure expected for a 2.5 years manned mission is equivalent of about few hundred years here on Earth. It's the effect on human body that is not well-known i.e. how much is the increase in the risk of dying from cancer. The estimates vary widely and there is no good way to test it. In the end some sort of radiation protection will have to devised before any manned mission to account for the potential severe solar storm which we already know is lethal within the magnitude of hours. I admit NASA is very much conservative on this front. Actually they are very conservative on most fronts. But the risk is real and not some figment of imagination.
As for a type of protection, you'd be correct in that lead would be right out, due to mass.
Would it perhaps be possible for a ship to carry a device to replicate the effect of a planet's magnetosphere? I'll admit right off that I don't know enough geology to know how the Earth create's it's mangentosphere or if it's possible to replicate on a small scale, but something like that could reduce the amount of radiation absorbed by the craft and crew... | <urn:uuid:c53746e7-0d2a-4a2e-b7b2-ac8601e8a110> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.trekbbs.com/showpost.php?p=3122199&postcount=26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400372851.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123252-00137-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972383 | 249 | 3.421875 | 3 |
What's going on with the Polar Vortex?
PMEL's Dr. Jim Overland explains how the warm Arctic relates to the extreme cold experienced by the U.S. in January 2014
What is the Polar Vortex?
Colder temperatures to the north and warmer temperatures to the south create winds that generally blow from west to east around the northern hemisphere. This atmospheric river of strong winds can vary from a straight west-to-east pattern, to a more wavy pattern. With the wavy pattern, cold air from the north can be carried south.
Is there a connection between the polar vortex that is occurring across parts of the country and climate change?
In the last five years, we’ve seen the jet stream take on more a wavy shape (left hand map below) instead of the more typical nice oval around the North Pole (right hand map below). This waviness is leading to colder weather down in the eastern U.S. and eastern Asia. Whether this is normal randomness or related to the significant climate changes occurring in the Arctic is not entirely clear, especially when considering individual events, but less sea ice and snow cover in the Arctic and relatively warmer Arctic air temperatures at the end of autumn suggest a more wavy pattern to the jet stream and more variability between the straight and wavy pattern.
This previous fall and the major cold event in early January show such variability. The connection between the Arctic warming trend and more severe weather in the mid-latitudes is an active area of research.
What is going on now?
The jet stream for January 6, 2014 (pale blue in left hand map) follows a wavy pattern over the whole Northern Hemisphere, and the path of the jet stream is out of the north over the central U.S., bringing cold air southward from the Arctic and producing record cold temperatures for the eastern half of the U.S..
- New! Polar vortex brings cold here and there, but not everywhere
- Wobbly polar vortex triggers extreme cold air outbreak (posted Jan 8, 2014 on Climate.gov)
- Arctic Mid-latitude Linkages: A bibliography
- Washington Post (2014, December 31) Sudden stratospheric warming: could it lead to a very cold January in D.C.?
- Arctic Oscillation index - current conditions & outlooks
- NOAA Arctic Theme Page
- Overland, J.E., M. Wang, J.E. Walsch, J.C. Stroeve (2013): Future Arctic Climate Changes: Adaptation and Mitigation Timescales. Earth's Future, doi:10.1002/2013EF000162, in press.
- Francis, J. A. and S. J. Vavrus, 2012: Evidence Linking Arctic Amplification to Extreme Weather in Mid-Latitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 39, L06801, doi:10.1029/2012GL051000
- Overland, J.E., K.R. Wood, and M. Wang (2011): Warm Arctic–cold continents: Impacts of the newly open Arctic Sea. Polar Res., 30, 15787, doi: 10.3402/polar.v30i0.15787.
Wavy Jet Stream
January 6, 2014
Light blue colors show the "wavy" counter-clockwise path of the jet stream. The U.S. is at the bottom center. Credit ESRL/PSD.
Circular Jet Stream
December 15-17, 2013
Light blue colors show a more circular flow for the jet stream. Credit ESRL/PSD. | <urn:uuid:d28510f7-697f-4b07-bec4-716daf104f2c> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/arctic/whats-going-polar-vortex | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178360293.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228054509-20210228084509-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.866726 | 758 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Scotland's most famous dish may not be so Scottish after all.
Haggis is made from offal -- the viscera that many Americans toss out. Haggis consists of the heart, the liver and the lungs all boiled up with oatmeal and seasonings in a sheep's stomach. Not everyone's idea of dinner.
Haggis is strongly identified with Scotland but a food historian says that haggis may first have been eaten in England. She's found a reference to haggis being prepared there in 1615, whereas the earliest mention she could find of Scottish haggis was from 1747.
James MacSween heads MacSween of Scotland, one of the best-known makers of haggis, and he says he's not at all shocked by the news.
"Haggis per se didn't originate in even England. The funny thing is, the Romans or the Vikings are alledged to have brought haggis to Britain," said MacSween.
While contending that haggis didn't originate in Scotland, MacSween stands by his country's -- and his business' -- claim to it. "I feel that we are trying to keep the recipe as authentic as possible. We are still manufacturing it and using techniques that have been, you know, in our family for a few generations. We're still using the natural casing where a lot of producers have now moved to plastic casing because it’s cheaper and easier to optimate, and we go to great lengths to try to preserve its origin and make the product as authentic as it once was."
Unfortunately, haggis can't be exported to the US.
MacSween explained why: "The USDA -- I think is what they're called -- don't recognize lamb lung as a meat that's fit for human consumption, and I've had a letter from them that in their opinion you are liable to contract tuberculosis. Which is quite incredible seeing that offal, you know, in some countries in the world is still considered a great delicacy."
Americans will simply have to travel overseas to get their haggis. MacSween says his business does well with the summer tourists.
MacSween of Scotland also offers a vegetarian haggis.
"We invented the first commercially available vegetarian haggis," said MacSween. "Twenty-five years ago actually, and it now makes up for about a quarter of our haggis sales.
"I think it's as good. There's quite a lot to it, and it's quite meaty if you know what I mean ... it's got some really good earthy tones and it's equally as tasty. And it's as versatile -- because over here, you know, we use haggis for lots of things. We put it into cannelloni or sprinkle it over our tortilla chips. There's a variety of things you can actually do with it. It's a great component."
PRI's "The World" is a one-hour, weekday radio news magazine offering a mix of news, features, interviews, and music from around the globe. "The World" is a co-production of the BBC World Service, PRI and WGBH Boston. | <urn:uuid:9c823ce1-2e7b-4871-9a7d-1f549b421b0f> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.pri.org/stories/2009-09-11/haggis-may-not-be-so-scottish-after-all?qt-latest_content=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549436321.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728022449-20170728042449-00602.warc.gz | en | 0.982016 | 668 | 2.65625 | 3 |
- A mythical continent or island believed to have existed in ancient times,
stretching from Central America and Mexico far into the Atlantic Ocean.
Before recorded history this island is supposed to have sunk into the ocean;
the Canaries, Madeiras, and Azores being the only parts which did not disappear.
Those who hold to the theory of Atlantis claim the American Indians were
among those who survived when Atlantis sank. The Atlantic Ocean was
not named for the lost continent of Atlantis, but for the Atlas Mountains
in North Africa. | <urn:uuid:1415072c-35d8-4af4-b134-5f68fd4f6097> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://pambies.tripod.com/atlantis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320873.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626235612-20170627015612-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.933365 | 112 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Most of population which they do not have electricity are living in remote rural areas or off grid, to provide electricity for remote areas is a challenging task which require a huge investment and infrastructure, it is therefore convenient to provide them with decentralized energy system like distributed generation or hybrid system etc. utilizing the available renewable energy. This paper presents study results about the dynamic analysis of self-excited induction generator for micro-hydro power plant in which generation is carried out by the use of self-excited induction generator (SEIG). It can be a very effective solution to the power shortage in the hilly regions of developing countries, like Nepal, Bhutan etc. It is more economical than other possible electric power sources, because it requires simple design and semi-skilled persons; local manufacturers can manufacture the components. SEIG is becoming more and more popular, mainly due to its low cost, simple construction, robustness of its rotor design and low maintenance requirements. When Induction motor is used as a generator, the major problem is its terminal voltage fluctuation at varying load and varying speeds. To predict the dynamic behavior of SEIG driven by a constant torque from micro-hydro turbine is carried out by using MATLAB/SIMULINK under different loading conditions. The model has been developed using “SimPowerSystem” library from MATLAB to perform the simulation. | <urn:uuid:c4056e15-d760-425a-8aa0-2a34b844726e> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.neliti.com/id/publications/287632/analysis-of-self-excited-induction-generator-for-standalone-micro-hydro-scheme | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178361723.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228175250-20210228205250-00165.warc.gz | en | 0.937709 | 274 | 2.984375 | 3 |
(Received 29 September 2008; accepted 1 June 2009)
Published Online: 2009
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Cite this document
Dioxins are a group of 210 chemicals with similar properties and structures that are usually found as a “mixture” in the environment. Dioxins are found at low levels in air, soil, water, and sediment as well in foods such meat, dairy, fish, and shellfish. The highest levels are usually found in sediments soil and animal fats. The most toxic chemical in the group is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin, which is the “standard” to which other dioxins are compared. This paper examines the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) assessment and remediation efforts in the Tittabawassee River (Michigan, USA) flood plain. Soil and sediment samples indicate higher than “normal” (background) levels of dioxins for soil and sediment, which exceed the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry (ATSDR) action level of 1000 parts per trillion. Data presented indicates the difficulties associated with assessing historical dioxin levels in environments such as soil and sediments. Activities associated with these efforts such as dioxin and furan exposure studies, animal toxicology assessments, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) enforcement, MDEQ efforts to expedite remediation, as well as future directions for this on-going project are discussed.
VanHouten, J. W.
Associate Professor of Environmental Science, Science Division, Delta College, University Center, MI
Stock #: JAI102158 | <urn:uuid:fd22d6c1-f1a8-417d-9ce6-266dc7a9828b> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.astm.org/DIGITAL_LIBRARY/JOURNALS/JAI/PAGES/JAI102158.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726162158-20170726182158-00685.warc.gz | en | 0.915843 | 385 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Saint Nicholas of BariNicholas of Bari is a popular saint about whom very little is known with any certainty. He is thought to have been a bishop at Myra in Asia Minor in the 4th century. Seven hundred years later his remains are said to have been taken to Bari in Italy, hence his name. The saint is usually depicted as a bishop with a crozier.
Nicholas is the patron of travellers, sailors, children and nubile maidens, because of various miracles and charitable acts he is alleged to have performed for such people. He is also one of the prototypes for Father Christmas.
The three gold balls which can clearly be seen in Raphael's depiction of him in 'The Ansidei Madonna', in the Collection, represent gifts he secretly gave as dowries to three maidens from an impoverished family who without them would have had to turn to prostitution.
The National Gallery, Trafalgar Square, London WC2N 5DN | <urn:uuid:69f195dd-7a5c-4e3e-9013-5941f407d0a0> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/glossary/saint-nicholas-of-bari/*/chooseLetter/S | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537754.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00579-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.989388 | 198 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Beta Pictoris Edge-On
This Hubble Space Telescope image of a portion of a vast dust disk around the star Beta Pictoris shows that the disk is thinner than thought previously.
Estimates based on the Hubble image place the disk's thickness as no more than one billion miles (600 million kilometers), or about 1/4 previous estimates from ground-based observations.
About the Image
|Release date:||10 October 1995, 05:00|
|Size:||448 x 282 px|
About the Object
|Name:||Beta Pictoris, IRAS 05460-5104|
|Type:||• Milky Way : Star : Circumstellar Material : Planetary System|
• X - Stars Images/Videos
• X - Miscellaneous Images/Videos
|Distance:||70 light years|
Colours & filters
|555 nm||Hubble Space Telescope| | <urn:uuid:f12d8c90-c801-4109-9d9c-ad012d0d90a7> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo9538b/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500824990.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021344-00164-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.681277 | 186 | 2.9375 | 3 |
In this article
What is lactose intolerance?Lactose intolerance means your body can't produce enough lactase, the enzyme needed to digest lactose. Lactose is the main sugar in animal milk and other dairy products. When one is lactose intolerant, the undigested lactose stays in the intestine and causes gastrointestinal problems. Although lactose intolerance is uncomfortable it isn't dangerous.
Do bear in mind that cow's milk intolerance and lactose intolerance are not the same thing. Although their symptoms are similar, cow milk allergy is when your body reacts to the proteins in milk. It is an allergy triggered by the immune system.
What are the symptoms of lactose intolerance?People who are lactose intolerant will find that dairy products give them wind. If you're highly intolerant you may already be aware of this before pregnancy. But if you're only somewhat intolerant (and thus not aware of it) you may start to feel some distress during pregnancy.
Other common symptoms are:
How can I know for sure I'm lactose intolerant?In all likelihood, your doctor will be able to tell you if you're lactose intolerant by asking about your symptoms. She may ask you to cut out all dairy products for a short period to see if your health improves.
Sometimes normal pregnancy symptoms can be confused with those of lactose intolerance. Nausea, vomiting heartburn are common problems for many pregnant women. In such cases doctors may suggest taking a blood sugar test or a hydrogen breath test to get the right diagnosis.
How can I get enough calcium if I'm lactose intolerant?Your best food sources of calcium are milk and other dairy products. However, if you are lactose intolerant, you may need calcium supplements and a specific non-dairy, calcium rich diet. This will help to make up for the loss of calcium from milk and dairy products. Non-dairy sources of calcium include:
- leafy greens such as spinach (paalak)
- soya milk
- Indian shad fish (hilsa)
- sesame seeds (til)
Lactose-free milk and other dairy products are now available in some grocery stores. They have all the nutrients of regular milk without the lactose.
Keep in mind that vitamin D is essential for maximum absorption of calcium in your body. Good sources of vitamin D are eggs, fish and regular exposure to sunlight. If you do not eat eggs and fish speak to you doctor, she may prescribe a suitable vitamin D supplement.
Can lactose intolerance be treated or prevented?There is no specific treatment for lactose intolerance. But there are things you could do to help you with this condition:
- Reduce or cut out milk and milk products from your diet. This approach works for most people.
- Keep a food diary and note down the foods you eat. This can help you to easily pinpoint which ones are causing or aggravating your symptoms.
- Check food labels. Look out for milk based ingredients such as whey, cheese, curds, dry milk solids, non-fat dry milk powder and dairy creamer.
- If you're eating out, ask out about the recipe and ingredients used. Dishes such as shahi paneer, kadhi, butter chicken, malai koftas, dal makhani are made with milk and milk products.
- Check the composition of any over-the-counter medication, or gas and acidity pills you may be taking. They may contain lactose. If you aren't sure, consult your doctor and only take medicine prescribed by her.
Despite your best efforts, if symptoms continue to persist, speak to your doctor. She may want to review your case and suggest you meet a dietitian to rule out any hidden lactose triggers in your diet.
Find out more about:
- Can I have milk and milk products if I'm lactose intolerant?
- Do I need to include full cream milk and a katori of ghee in my daily diet?
- Diet for a healthy pregnancy.
Last reviewed October 2012 | <urn:uuid:c8310ee3-31c3-4725-a510-58de6bb6982b> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.babycenter.in/a1015427/lactose-intolerance-in-pregnancy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298871.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00215-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935397 | 849 | 3.25 | 3 |
Great Grammar Practice: Grade 4, by Beech, Linda
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9780545794244 | 0545794242
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 6/1/2015
This resource features ready-to-go reproducible pages that target key grade-level grammar topics—parts of speech, verb tenses, capitalization, punctuation, types of sentences, and more! Each activity includes quick teacher tips, but because most students will be able to complete these exercises independently, they are perfect for seat work or homework. Solid practice that helps reinforce the grammar skills students need to succeed—and meet higher standards. For use with Grade 4. | <urn:uuid:c39c7c00-262d-4886-b2b6-1004e62a7430> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.biggerbooks.com/great-grammar-practice-grade-4-beech/bk/9780545794244 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423681.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721022216-20170721042216-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.886542 | 153 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Browse our complete selection of Bulk Pistachios
MORE ON PISTACHIO NUTS
How long have pistachio nuts been around?
There is plenty of evidence suggesting that pistachio nuts were popular thousands of years ago. The pistachio tree probably originated in western Asia and Asia Minor, but it is found growing wild as far eastward as Pakistan and India. In Iran and Afghanistan, the nuts from wild pistachio trees are smaller than cultivated varieties, and they have an unusual, rather sharp, taste. This appeals to the nomadic tribes that live in these remote, inhospitable regions. Historically, the wild pistachio has been to the Asian nomad what the pine nut once was to the Indian in the American Southwest.
Where do pistachio nuts grow?
Most of the world?s pistachios are produced in Iran, Turkey and California. Some pistachio nuts are also grown in Syria, Afghanistan, Italy, India, Greece, Pakistan and Tunisia.
For hundreds of years pistachios have mostly been harvested from wild or semi-wild trees in the Middle East and Central Asia. However, around 1900, it became apparent that pistachios could be marketed profitably in the U.S. and Europe. Therefore, attention was devoted to developing formal, cultivated pistachio orchards, mainly in Iran and Turkey. In Afghanistan, small nuts that have the perfect green color are still harvested from wild trees. Unfortunately many wild pistachio trees have been eliminated due to forest clearance, destructive grazing by goats and the use of pistachio wood for making charcoal.
In Iran several excellent cultivars have recently been developed. In fact, Iran was the top supplier of pistachio nuts to the U.S. in 1979, providing 20 million pounds of nuts. When American hostages were seized in Iran and imports were cut back, the total of pistachios imported in the U.S. from Iran fell to 1 million pounds. As of now, there is so much political turmoil in Iran that the pistachio trade has been disrupted entirely, and prices have skyrocketed.
Another large supplier of pistachios to the U.S. is Turkey. Turkey has also selected and developed some promising cultivars. Most of the Turkish pistachio nuts come from the dry, barren foothills in western and southeastern Turkey.
What is the pistachio?
The pistachio is a member of the same botanic family (Anacardiaceae) as cashew, mango, sumac and poison oak. There are about a dozen or so species of Pistacia. Some, such as P. terebinthus, the ?turpentine tree? of Cyprus, exude turpentine. In fact, the turpentine of this species is so superior in quality to the common turpentine from the Scotch Pine, that it sells for a much higher price. Others, especially the mastic tree (P. lentiscus), are a source of a high-grade resin from which transparent varnishes are made, and of mastic, the main ingredient used in the Orient in the manufacture of chewing gum. In Turkey mastic is also used in the production of liquor. A few Pistacia trees produce small nuts. In the Middle East, an excellent edible oil is made from the very small, crushed nuts of P. terebinthus and P. atlantica. P. terebinthus, is the terebinth tree of the Bible, whose spreading branches provided shade for nomadic wanderers of patriarchal age.
The edible nuts of commerce that we are familiar with are produced only by P. vera, though seedlings of the aforementioned two species are used as rootstocks for budding and grafting P. vera.
How does the pistachio grow?
The pistachio tree grows slowly, eventually reaching a height and spread of 25 to 30 feet. It has no problem growing in poor soil and adverse climate conditions, such as low annual rainfall and stony terrain. It can grow quite well on steep, rocky slopes suitable only for goats. Though it can endure drought, it cannot survive in wet earth, thus it is very important to ensure the soil is well-drained. It grows best where winters are cool enough to break bud dormancy and where summers are long and hot enough for proper ripening of the nuts. The tree can handle cold and wind but not dampness and high humidity. Some of the areas in Iran where pistachios flourish have temperatures ranging from 15°F in the winter to over 110°F in the summer. The pistachio is a good candidate for developing some arid regions throughout the third world, where it is almost impossible to grow any other crop because of low rainfall.
A major difference between the pistachio and other popular dessert nuts is the characteristic green of its kernel. The entire kernel, not just its surface, has this coloration. Generally, nuts of a deeper green shade are more valued. The fruit grows in clusters, resembling grapes. The oblong kernel is covered with a thin, ivory-colored bony shell. When conditions are favorable, the shells split longitudinally prior to harvest, having the appearance of a laughing face. This is a desirable characteristic since the nuts are usually marketed in-shell, and when the shell is split it is easier to extract with the fingers. In unfavorable weather or other adverse conditions during nut growth and development, the shells remain closed. Turkish growers have a sorrowful expression to describe this unfortunate turn of events: ?Too bad, the pistachios are not laughing.? Unsplit nuts are not popular with the consumer and sell for a lower price.
How are pistachios cultivated?
The pistachio is usually propagated in California by budding or grafting selected scions of P. vera onto seedling rootstocks of P. atlantica, P. terebinthus and P. integerimma, These rootstock species are used because of their vigor and resistance to nematodes and soil borne fungi.
The pistachio is dioecious: male and female flowers, both of which are small and without petals, are borne on separate trees. The pollen is carried from male to female flowers by the wind. In California, Kerman is the most common female cultivar, while Peters is a prolific pollen producer. One male Peters tree can easily pollinate 8 or 10 female Kerman trees. When male trees are planted in an orchard, they are placed in locations where they will take advantage of prevailing winds.
The orchard should be established in deep, friable, well-drained soils to obtain maximum growth and productivity. Young pistachio trees are generally spaced 11 to 15 feet between trees in the row, and 22 to 30 feet between rows, depending upon soil conditions. Years later, when the trees become crowded, every other tree in the row may be removed to leave the remaining trees on a square.
Pruning is important during the early years of an orchard. High-headed trees permit easy maintenance with mechanical orchard equipment. Strong crotches should be developed to withstand the stress later on of power-driven shakers during the harvest.
Pistachio trees begin producing nuts in about 6 or 7 years. However, it is usually in the 15th to 20th year that full bearing is attained. 50 pounds of dry, hulled nuts per tree is a considered a good harvest. The trees do tend to bear a heavy crop one year, followed by little or none the following year, in a system of ?biennial bearing?. A pistachio tree can live and produce for centuries if conditions are right. In the Kerman region of Iran, there is a pistachio tree that is seven-hundred years old.
Although the pistachio tree can produce some nuts in poor growing conditions, its highest yields occur, of course, in an optimum agricultural environment. Like other fruit and nut trees, it responds very well to proper irrigation and application of fertilizer.
The most serious plant disease threatening the growth of pistachio trees in California is Verticillium wilt, a soil-borne fungus. It can quickly kill the trees. Since this fungus is frequently found in cotton, it is not a good idea to plant pistachio trees on land that was previously used for cultivating cotton, unless the soil is fumigated prior to planting.
Where do pistachios grow in the U.S.?
The only state which produces pistachios on a commercial scale is California, with approximately forty thousand acres planted. Trial plantings have also been attempted in Arizona and New Mexico. According to the California Pistachio Association, founded in 1972 and located in Fresno, the total crop is around 80 million pounds. About one-third is exported.
A pistachio boom in California in 1928 failed in the 1930?s because American growers depended on hand labor in those days. Despite the Depression, manual labor was comparatively expensive, and could not compete with cheap foreign labor in growing, harvesting and processing the nuts. Times have changed; foreign pistachio picking and processing still depends almost entirely on hand labor, while the California industry has become thoroughly mechanized.
Foreign vs. home-grown pistachios
Outside the United States, methods of harvesting pistachios are primitive. Women do most of the work. In Iran the ripened nuts are picked by hand or knocked off the trees with poles onto burlap spread on the ground. Some are hulled as soon as possible following the harvest, but the majority is dried in the hull to be hulled at a later convenient time. At that time, the nuts are soaked in water, which enables them to be easily removed by squeezing between the fingers.
Then the nuts are usually spread out in the sun to dry on stone, concrete or earth floors. Because of these crude harvesting and hulling methods, nutshells may be blemished and stained, appearing unappetizing. Importers in the U.S. use a non-toxic, red, food-grade dye to give the nuts visual appeal. Pistachio nuts may be coated with a thin layer of cornstarch and salt.
The relative merits of home-grown vs. foreign-grown pistachios is a controversial subject. American importers of Iranian and Turkish pistachios describe California pistachios as beautiful but tasteless. The California producers, on the other hand, claim their pistachios taste about the same as the imported nuts but are larger, fresher and easier to open.
When was the pistachio introduced into the U.S.?
In 1854 the Commissioner of Patents distributed seed for experimental plantings of pistachio in California, Texas and other southern states. In 1875 a few small pistachio trees, imported from France, were planted in Sonoma, California.
During the late nineteenth century, imported pistachios were popular among American immigrants from the Middle East. They were found in ethnic food shops, especially in New York City. In the 1920?s and 1930?s the colorful red- and white-coated nuts became available to the general public. They cost 5¢ per dozen nuts in vending machines located in subway stations and other public places. In those days these small-bulk nut-vending machines accounted for most pistachio nut sales.
In the early twentieth century the U.S. Department of Agriculture assembled a collection of Pistacia species and pistachio nut varieties at the Plant Introduction Station in California. In 1929 a U.S.D.A. plant explorer visited Iran and Turkestan to study pistachios. He brought back seed selected from about 90 different sources. One of these was later named Kerman, from the district of that name in Iran. Kerman eventually developed into a most important plant cultivar because of its large nut size and high percentage of split shells.
Under normal conditions the nuts hang well and may be left on the tree until most are ripe. At that time a single shaking will bring down the bulk of the mature nuts. Sometimes, trees that have just started to bear nuts are harvested by shaking the nuts from the trees onto canvas. Otherwise most are harvested mechanically by prune- or soft fruit-type harvesting equipment which consists of a shaker and a catching frame. A conveyor belt is positioned on both sides of the tree, carrying the nuts past a primary cleaner and deleafer, then dumping them into movable bins to be hauled to the processing plant. Two skilled machine operators can harvest about 1 acre of pistachios per hour.
Soon after being harvested, pistachio nuts must be hulled and dried. In fact, this has to be accomplished within 24 hours for the nuts to maintain their high quality and unblemished appearance. There are 3 types of machines that are useful in hulling pistachios. Abrasive vegetable peeling machines produce an attractive product but are limited to a batch of no more than 50 or 60 pounds at a time. Currently the harvest in California is so large that these machines are not suitable for this purpose. Then there are modified walnut dehulling machines that are quite satisfactory. But the bulk of the crop is hulled in machines consisting of 2 parallel rubberized belts rotating in the same direction, at different speeds. The nuts are fed continuously between the adjustable belts and emerge without hulls at the other end. Then they are washed and separated from stray blanks (empty shells) and immature nuts in a float/sink mechanism, where the empty blanks will float, while the mature, filled nuts will sink.
The nuts are dried with forced air at 150°-160°, reducing the moisture content, which may have been up to 45% in the freshly harvested nuts, to 5% in about ten hours. ?Electric eye? sorters remove blemished nuts, which can be dyed red or white and sold as dyed nuts, or shelled to be sold as nutmeats. Good quality splits are graded to four sizes, roasted, salted and packaged. About 90% of California pistachios are sold roasted and salted in their shell for snacking. Shelled pistachios are used commercially in confectionery, ice cream candies, sausages, bakery goods and flavoring for puddings.
The size of pistachio nuts is expressed by the number of nuts per ounce. Iranian pistachios range from 18 to 40 nuts per ounce, while California nuts are larger ? sometimes as few as 14 to the ounce. Since pistachio kernels are rather small and expensive they are, as a rule, not included in salt mixes with other larger tree nuts. Pistachios nuts are rich in oil, but due to the high price of the nuts, it does not pay to produce pistachio oil commercially.
Tree nuts are usually marketed ?in-shell? or ?shelled?. Pistachios and filberts are usually sold ?in-shell? to the retail trade, while almonds and pecans are generally sold shelled to the industry, which consists primarily of salters, confectioners, bakers and ice cream manufacturers. The pistachio nut is unique in the nut trade due to its semi-split shells. This enables the processor to roast and salt the kernel without removing the shell, while it also serves as a convenient form of natural packaging.
At Oh! Nuts We pride ourselves by bringing you high quality Bulk Pistachios
at reasonable prices.
Our Bulk Pistachios are kosher as well all our Nuts, Candy, Chocolates and all other items are kosher under rabbinical supervision. Buy Bulk Pistachios at cheap prices and great quality.
We also offer a large variety of Kosher gift baskets like Purim Basket & Mishloach Manot and Hanukkah Gift Baskets and chocolte Chanukah Gelt party and wedding favors including a large selection of jordan almonds in a variety of colors Silver Jordan Almonds , white Jordan Almonds, Pink, Blue and many more.
You will also find our Passover Food selection including Passover Cake & Cookies, Passover candy, Passover Chocolates and Passover Nuts. | <urn:uuid:37c7f764-1e83-4b8e-8f5a-6f5bb9bc3108> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.ohnuts.com/buy.cfm/bulk-nuts-seeds/pistachio-nuts?filter=&nomax=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637901687.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025821-00013-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950427 | 3,359 | 2.625 | 3 |
What is a Patent Agent?
The follows is a description of differences between a Patent Agent and a Patent Attorney. You are welcome to read DIVIDE & EXPLOIT, which is a guide to help you determine if you need a Patent Agent or a Patent Attorney.
What is a Patent Agent?
- The United States Patent Agents and Patent Attorneys are licensed by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and are registered to practice in patent cases before the USPTO.
- The United States Patent Agents and Patent Attorneys are considered equally qualified to provide U.S. patent procurement services on behalf of their clients before the USPTO.
- The United States Patent Agents and Patent Attorneys are considered equally qualified to provide international patent procurement services for international patent applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT).
- The United States Patent Agents and Patent Attorneys must make the same solemn oath to uphold the laws and rules of practice of the USPTO, including a strict Canon of Ethics.
- The United States Patent Agents and Patent Attorneys must have passed the United States Patent Bar Examination, which is a very rigorous examination that tests their knowledge of patent laws and rules.
- The United States Patent Agents and Patent Attorneys must have a university degree in an approved technical field (e.g., Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, etc.) in order to qualify to take the United States Patent Bar Exam.
- One of the differences between a United States Patent Agent and a Patent Attorney is that a Patent Agent does not represent clients outside the jurisdiction of the USPTO.
To make matters a bit more confusing, different countries or regions of the world have different standards of what really qualifies as a “patent attorney.”
For example, did you know a qualified European patent attorney practicing in patent cases before the European Patent Office (EPO) may not qualify as an “attorney” in the United States?
The general requirements to become a European Patent Attorney are generally the same as those who wish to practice in patent case before the USPTO, similar to a United States Patent Agent. The European Patent Attorney must have a technical degree and must pass the European Patent Bar Exam.
This means that in terms of education and expertise, most European Patent Attorneys are in general equal to the United States Patent Agents. It is just that the European Patent Office calls them “Patent Attorneys” instead of Patent Agents.
Of course, in order to be called an “attorney” in the United States, a person must attended law school and pass a regular State bar exam.
However, in general, there is usually nothing taught in most U.S. law schools about patent practice that would help law students to pass the Patent Bar Exam or to help them prepare and prosecute a patent application. Therefore, there really is no advantage to using a United States Patent Attorney for representations in patent cases before the USPTO.
To make matters even more confusing, some United States Patent Attorneys practice patent law before the USPTO only, and do not represent clients outside the USPTO.
This is just like the practice of a United States Patent Agent, but of course, with a much higher fee structure. (Patent Attorney charges are generally almost double or triple the cost of a Patent Agent).
There are also United States Patent Attorneys who only represent clients before a court of law, but do not represent clients before the USPTO.
In fact, some United States attorneys practicing litigation or contract law may or may not even have passed the United States Patent Bar Exam. Therefore, some of these attorneys may not even be able to represent a client before the USPTO.
Patent Law Agency, LLC addresses patent agents or patent attorneys as “patent practitioners” in order to reduce confusion for our Japanese, European, South American, Chinese, and other non-U.S. clients who visit Patent Law Agency, LLC web site.
Regardless of the confusion however, the good news is that inventors can use both Patent Agents and Attorneys to reduce overall intellectual property protection costs using what we call DIVIDE & EXPLOIT.
Contact Patent Law Agency, LLC today at 1.818.248.1465 for a free, no obligation initial consultation. | <urn:uuid:d0533e51-4ea0-452d-9c3a-a6c2e6a4c457> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.patentlawagency.com/patent-agent/what-is-a-patent-agent | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637899124.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025819-00016-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934563 | 895 | 2.75 | 3 |
United States is one of the largest countries in the world. It's strategic highway network called National Highway System has a total length of 160,955 miles. The National Highway System includes the Interstate Highway System, which had a length of 46,876 miles as of 2006. This map contains al this road networks with road numbers. The speed limits of Interstate Highways are determined by individual states. The maintenance costs of highways are covered mainly through fuel taxes.
Order printed version of this map at maps.com. | <urn:uuid:b639b3f5-fc7e-4133-9ff3-35eab0b249ab> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://usa.zoom-maps.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00501-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959806 | 104 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Geoweb system stability test over soft subgrades, Assn of American Railroads, Transportation Technology Center, Pueblo, Colorado - Case Study
The Association of American Railroads (AAR) maintains a very special research facility near Pueblo, Colorado, the Transportation Technology Center (TTC). Within the TTC is the Facility for Accelerated Service Testing (with the apt acronym “FAST”) where years of extreme stress conditions can be applied in a few months. On FAST’s High Tonnage Loop, a 2.7 mile “loop of track” dedicated to High Axle Loads (called HALs, denoting 35-tons or more), some remarkable testing has been performed on the GEOWEB Cellular Confinement System.
The goal of the testing at FAST was to evaluate the effects of repeated heavy loads on the Perforated GEOWEB System installed over a soft subgrade. The soft subgrade was constructed from highly expansive Vicksburg Buckshot Clay, an ASTM “Reference Soil” imported from Mississippi for this purpose. The clay was placed at 30% moisture content in a five foot deep, 700 foot long trench along a section of the High Tonnage Loop, known as the Low Track Modulus (LTM) test zone. The test train operations are designed to accumulate approximately 1 million gross tons (MGT) per day, running on a continuous basis at no more than 40 mph speed. Numerous geosythetic materials had previously been tested under the track in the LTM zone, but ballast tamping was still required on an average every 15 MGT of loading. This time, however, the Perforated GEOWEB System was placed in the sub-ballast layer in readiness for the repeated application of 39 ton axle loads. To ensure that the testing would capture the “worst case” condition for clay subgrades, fire hoses were used to simulate two 500 year rainfall events, saturating the highly expansive clay subgrade during a dry mid-winter period between snow storms and snow melt conditions. Researchers found that the support offered by the Perforated GEOWEB System was not affected by the added water. | <urn:uuid:ca57ca42-ca36-4440-86d8-a70da75a8509> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/geoweb-system-stability-test-over-soft-subgrades-assn-of-american-railroads-transportation-technolog-51867 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668712.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115195132-20191115223132-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.952966 | 454 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Normans Invade Ireland
The 1st of May 1169 AD
The arrival of a force of Norman knights in Ireland in May 1169 was ostensibly a private enterprise, though sanctioned by Henry II , to help the exiled King of Leinster regain his kingdom. It proved a significant moment in Irish history, and English. Three years later Henry II himself invaded, securing English control of Dublin .
In 1155 the English Pope Adrian IV , only elected to the papacy the previous December, had issued a Papal Bull that promoted the conquest of Ireland with a view to increasing Rome’s reach, but the newly crowned king was in no position to act on what amounted to an invitation to invade. Nor could he when Dermot MacMurrough, the ousted King of Leinster, requested his help. But Henry was happy for Norman knights to fight for the exile, so on May 1 1169 a small force arrived on Irish shores to begin the campaign to reinstate the ousted monarch.
The Earl of Pembroke, Richard de Clare (known to history as Strongbow), in return for his support negotiated a marriage with Dermot’s daughter and the succession to Leinster for himself, arriving in the country in August 1170. Dublin, Wexford and Waterford fell to the invaders, but the death of Dermot in 1171 complicated matters, Strongbow’s succession contested by the late king’s son. Henry II recalled his knights, fearing a potential independent Norman state would be established, then in 1172 led another invasion force himself, with great success. The English, or at least Norman, presence in Ireland was cemented.
More famous dates here
6073 views since 17th January 2011 | <urn:uuid:ae9bfe2b-3138-4525-b1c7-507d51106fc4> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://information-britain.co.uk/famdates.php?id=1282 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812873.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220030745-20180220050745-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.965843 | 359 | 3.65625 | 4 |
You may have seen recent news on Friday 12th May 2017 about the large scale “Ransomware Attack” that affected many computer systems across the world.
Firstly, if you are unclear about what ransomware is – essentially it is a type of malicious software that encrypts all files on computer systems and demands payment to decrypt these and resolve the issue. This process would lead to potentially being unable to open any of your organisations files unless you follow through with the attackers advice. The Friday ransomware was a new variant that also attacked systems like a virus so therefore affected all computers within a network. This type of virus attack is on the rise unfortunately so we all need to be aware of the ways it can affect systems as the ramifications are potentially very serious.
The guidance below is designed to be sensible and often free steps that we can all take to ensure we are better protected. In terms of security there is always more we can do, we can invest in hardware firewalls, better security software, better setups to ensure we are protected etc but lets start somewhere!
It is believed that the delivery method for this ransomware/virus was via email and someone within an organisation clicking on an attachment or link. Ultimately stopping it at the source with good internal staff discipline is the best means. Our general advice for ALL emails with links or attachments in them is to proceed with caution when opening these. We would advise all staff following these steps.
….Use common sense – check in your own mind whether you know the person or are expecting the email. If you don’t know the person or organisation and they are sending you a link or attachment (especially Word Documents or Zip Files) then proceed with extreme caution.
…Check the way that words are being used in emails – if it strikes you that the email contains odd ways of phrasing of words and it contains links or attachments then it could be spam or it could contain a virus
…Is the person who they say they are? Modern spamming/virus techniques involve people sending an email reporting to be another person in your organisation or a person who you are familiar with. If an email does report to come from somebody but the phrasing of the email is odd or the request is odd then check the “From” address in the email. You can also hover over the email address listed in the “From” address field and this will tell you whether the person is who they say they are.
…Is the website link they are listing dangerous? Again hover over the link (don’t click!) and see if it is from the same “domain name” as their company name. Often spammers or virus attacks will include links in the email that are listed as different from their organisation name i.e. you may get an email reporting to be from Microsoft but when you hover over the link it will appear to be from a random website address not affiliated with Microsoft at all. If this is the case, we recommend NOT to open these. We recommend to be generally cautious when people are requesting you to click on website links. Attackers these days are often posing as genuine companies such as Apple, Microsoft, Amazon or major banks and trying to get you to click on links to change passwords or look at orders etc – be very wary around these.
…Proceed with extreme caution around any email attachments that include Word Documents or Zip Files. These are a popular virus delivery methods.
Websites & Pop Up Messages
Whilst the delivery method for this particular piece of malicious software was probably not a suspect website, it is still important to proceed with caution around websites or pop up messages you get on your computer. Proceed with caution when you are navigating around new websites or sites that wouldn’t be considered “mainstream”. Also be very wary when sites propose to install new software on your computer (if you have not requested it) – generally we recommend to stop this process immediately and close any Internet browsers you have open as this can contain malicious, or at best, problematic software. Websites with heavy advertising and lots of pop up boxes can often include malicious software.
One of the most important methods of stopping this particular attack any attacks in the future is to ensure your systems are up to date with Windows updates. See our guide in our help section on Turning on Windows Updates – http://www.suffolkonline.net/help/other/
Our advice now is that where at all possible Windows XP machines should be removed from day to day service. The risks associated with ransomware and machines that Microsoft no longer supports is now too great. If you have Windows XP machines that you still use then it is critical that you download and install the special patch Microsoft has released to protect you against Friday’s ransomware attack. You can find it here – http://www.catalog.update.microsoft.com/Search.aspx?q=KB4012598. Click on the download link (second one on the list) and install the Security Update for Windows XP SP3 (KB4012598) item listed on this site. The same advice applies to Windows Vista which since April is now no longer being supported by Microsoft so no new Windows updates are available on this system. The Windows Vista update is also available from the same source as above. If you have no other option but to continue to use a Windows XP computer then please use extreme caution around emails and website addresses and where possible try and plan to remove these from service.
Backup & Anti-virus
Unfortunately even paid anti-virus software is mostly ineffective against these types of attacks, however our advice is to still have the best anti-virus you can afford and to ensure that it is up to date. Anti-virus software generally will update itself but if you are unsure then you can hover over the icon for your anti-virus system and check whether it is up to date or not.
Backup wise. It is important to have some sort of “offsite” system in operation, if you haven’t already. Whether it’s backing up to the cloud, another server, via tape which is then taken off site via disk and taken off site or by a simple memory stick – simply have a complete backup and taking this off site will ensure you are protected should the worst happen.
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- Profits made from the service are put back into local community projects | <urn:uuid:da80d59b-ee13-422c-ac14-5a4b9c9eb965> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.suffolkonline.net/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948567785.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215075536-20171215095536-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.941357 | 1,435 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Hina Matsuri is a thousand year old festival that basically celebrates the development and happiness of younger girls. It can be called several different things: Girl’s day, Peach Festival (momo no sekku), Doll Festival, Pink Day and most likely many other things I’m sure I’m unaware of.
On March 3rd every year Japan celebrates a tradition called Hina Matsuri and/or the Doll Festival. It’s when families celebrate the development of their young girls. This is also called the peach festival. It usually starts around Feb 14th to March 3rd, during these days dolls will be decorated and it’s popular to eat a sushi called chirashi sushi which is a vinegar rice with mixed ingredients, it’s also normal to drink clam soup on the actual day of the festival.
During the period of the festival there is praying for better and good health. People will pray to the gods and offer goods and human shaped dolls which are created from paper and bamboo, these are created to symbolize their misfortunes and are then tossed into the river or oceans. Since the dolls are/were substitutes to bear misfortune, they were a luxury during the beginning of the Edo period which then transformed into the traditions that the Japanese celebrate today.
Families now days will have stands to show off these effigies (dolls) to purge evil and promote health and good luck, but it’s custom to keep them up from Mid February till the end of Hina Matsuri, but it’s said that if they keep them up after Hina Matsuri that the young girls will marry or give birth later in life. So it’s custom to keep them up for only until the end of Hina Matsuri.
These customs come from ancient Chinese belief using these dolls. The Chinese belief is said that you can transfer misfortune to these dolls and in order to remove it from your body, you simply throw the doll into a river or ocean. For those families who can not afford real ‘luxury’ dolls that’s where the paper dolls came from, which were usually made with scraps from kimono which were then connected to by strings so as to decorate bamboo rings. These dolls can cost upwards to a million yen ($10,000), and unless they are passed down from generation to generation these handcrafted paper dolls will have to do for most. In the Edo period these dolls were decorated in accordance of certain regions. These hanging dolls were created by families who could not purchase the ridiculous priced dolls, instead they would use the scraps of cloth to make cheaper versions. These paper dolls would then be proper equivalence to throw into the river. But as time went on, everyone saw it as a waste to toss these hand crafted dolls into the river, and thus the reason the stand is now the popular way to display the dolls and celebrate Hinamatsuri.
The popular song during Hina Matsuri is called “Ureshii Hinamatsuri” (Happy Hinamatsuri).
Akari o tsukemashou bonbori ni
Ohana o agemashou momo no hana
Go-nin bayashi no fue taiko
Kyo wa tanoshii Hinamatsuri
Let’s light the lanterns
Let’s set peach flowers
Five court musicians are playing flutes and drums
Today is a joyful Dolls’ Festival
There are TONS of definitions about the platforms of the stands for these dolls, and honestly. I’d say you can simply check this post out here if you want to learn more about that or watch the video above. Because I honestly don’t care that much about all the reasons of the platforms (I know, bad gaijin right?). What I personally care about is the basic reasoning behind this festival, and perhaps over time I’ll naturally just remember some of the customs with this festival with the platforms. So lets move on to the food during Hina Matsuri.
The food that was offered and eaten is a lot of different foods which are said to purge evil from the body when eaten and drank. Many of these foods and drink are white, green and pink/red, such as white sake and clams and Sakuramochi.
So now, you know a bit about Hinamatsuri and you can totally empress your gaijin otaku friends with your epic knowledge of Japanese festival traditions! Good for you 😛 | <urn:uuid:8f6c98a9-e91f-4147-996e-550f60a4cdf3> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://nihonscope.com/holidays-and-festivals/what-is-hinamatsuri-in-japan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424889.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724162257-20170724182257-00502.warc.gz | en | 0.959243 | 939 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Very abundant along the coast of MA currently, Porcelain Berry’s origins are in eastern Asia. Despite its invasive status it is still promoted as a bedding or landscape plant. This has contributed to its distribution in much of the eastern United States south to Virginia. It is a woody vine, similar in appearance to grape vine, that climbs up to 20 feet up trees and shrubs. Unlike grape vine, small bumps (lenticels) are present on porcelain berry; also unlike grape vine, the bark does not peel. The leaves of the plant are toothed with 3-5 lobes; the flowers are a green-white and occur in clusters. The berries, that gave the plant its name, are speckled and colorful, ranging from a light blue, to lilac or pink.
This plant is a problem because it climbs over trees and shrubs, and can eventually shade them out. They will then begin to weaken or die due to a lack of sunlight. It spreads by seed, with birds often eating the colorful berries and depositing the seeds elsewhere. Uprooting is an option for removal as long as the full root base is dug up. If uprooting is not an option it is recommended that cutting and application of herbicides be used. Pulling the vines down off shrubs and trees will help to undo damage done by this plant. | <urn:uuid:21293327-3d86-4b0a-a023-c7876ff713d1> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://orleansconservationtrust.org/porcelain-berry-ampelopsis-brevipedunculata/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505366.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401034127-20200401064127-00380.warc.gz | en | 0.976482 | 285 | 3.09375 | 3 |
As I commented under my post "Was Jesus executed on a cross or a stake? #1: Introduction":
"This series `Was Jesus executed on a cross or a stake?' is proving too `long-winded' (my last post in this series was in 2009)! I hope to summarise it in one post in the near future."
But I later realised that a one-page summary would be too brief to adequately cover the seven topics, as well as the Introduction and Conclusion.
[Above: Jesus as consistently depicted by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of Jehovah's Witnesses since least 1958 (over a half-century), hanging on a single-beamed stake with his hands above his head and affixed by one nail through both hands (WB&TS, 1958, "From Paradise Lost to Paradise Regained," p.141]
So here is the beginning of my new nine-part series (of no more than one post per topic), proving that Jesus was crucified on a two-beamed cross, not a one-beamed stake as the Watchtower Society claims. I will use the same headings, but put "Biblical" second after "Introduction."
1. INTRODUCTION [See my Was Jesus executed on a cross or a stake? #1: Introduction]
The Watchtower Bible & Tract Society (WB&TS) teaches that "Jesus Christ did not die on a cross" but on "an upright pale or stake":
"Nevertheless, true Christians do not use the cross in worship. Why not? An important reason is that Jesus Christ did not die on a cross. The Greek word generally translated `cross' is stau-ros'. It basically means `an upright pale or stake." (WB&TS, "What Does the Bible Really Teach?," 2005, p.205).
"Pontius Pilate then sentenced him to death on a torture stake. He was nailed to a wooden pole and hung there upright." (WB&TS, "Knowledge That Leads to Everlasting Life," 1995, p.66).
"Jesus did not die on a cross. He died on a pole, or a stake. The Greek word translated `cross' in many Bibles meant just one piece of timber. ... " (WB&TS, "What Does God Require of Us?," 1996, p.23).
"The Bible shows that Jesus was not executed on a conventional cross at all but, rather, on a simple stake, or stau-ros'. This Greek word ... basically means a simple upright beam or pole ..." ("The Cross-Symbol of Christianity?," The Watchtower, November 15, 1992, p.7).
"Thus the weight of the evidence indicates that Jesus died on an upright stake and not on the traditional cross." (WB&TS, "Reasoning from the Scriptures," 1989, p.90).
"No Biblical evidence even intimates that Jesus died on a cross." (Awake!, 8 November, 1972, p.28).
"... there is nothing in the Bible that indicates that the stake on which Jesus was executed had a crossbar. In fact, the evidence is to the contrary." ("It Is Not in the Bible!," The Watchtower, November, 1, 1970, pp.645-646).
"As to the cross, the Bible indicates that Jesus was put to death on a simple upright stake or crux simplex." ("When You First Go to a Kingdom Hall," The Watchtower, October 15, 1969, p.632).
"Jesus Christ was killed on an upright stake that had no crosspiece." ("The Cross in Worship," The Watchtower, February, 15, 1960, p.126).
"Thus we see the Scriptures, the facts of history and reason uniting to testify that Christ did not die on a cross but upon an upright pole or stake ..." ("Did Christ Die on a Cross?," The Watchtower, March 15, 1957, p.168).
Moreover the Society has been teaching that Jesus was executed on a single upright stake, not a two-beamed cross, since at least 1950, i.e. over sixty years:
"Matthew 10:38 - `torture stake' ... stau-ros', Greek ... This is the expression used in connection with the execution of Jesus at Calvary. There is no evidence that the Greek word stau-ros' meant here a `cross' ... the word stau-ros' meant merely an upright stake or pale ... The evidence is, therefore, completely lacking that Jesus Christ was crucified on two pieces of timber placed at a right angle." (WB&TS, 1950, "New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures," pp.768,771).
So if the Watchtower Society has been wrong on this, for over sixty years, and `apostate' Christianity has been right all along, that Jesus was crucified on a two-beamed cross, then the Watchtower Bible & Tract Society is unmasked (yet again!) as a false teacher (2Pet 2:1 NWT):
However, there also came to be false prophets among the people, as there will also be false teachers among YOU. These very ones will quietly bring in destructive sects and will disown even the owner that bought them, bringing speedy destruction upon themselves.
and cannot be trusted in anything, let alone in JWs' eternal destiny.
And as we shall see, the Watchtower is wrong on this, and Jesus was executed on a two-beamed cross, not a one-beamed stake!
Continued in part #2: Biblical. | <urn:uuid:4bdeff93-24e6-4220-b237-9ae244fba4ba> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://jesusisyhwh.blogspot.com/2011/01/re-jesus-was-executed-on-cross-not.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223211700.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032011-00458-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961935 | 1,174 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Australian Bass (Macquaria novemaculeata)
From The Aquarium Wiki
567,811.767 mL 567.8 Litres (150 US G.)
23.622 in 50-60 cm (19.7-23.6")
1 - 1.015
6.5 - 8.0
519.67 °R 297.039 K
534.67 °R15.6-23.9°C (60 -75 °F)
- Australian Bass, Freshwater Perch
Additional scientific names
- Dules novemaculeatus, Dules reinhardti, Lates similis
- The Australian Bass has been recorded in coastal rivers, lakes and estuaries of eastern and southern Australia. It can also migrate far upstream.
- Males tend to be smaller than females, topping out at around 1 kg maximum. Females on the other hand regularly exceed this and can reach up to 3 kg. Additionally, males reach sexual maturity earlier at around 3–4 years of age while females may reach it at 5–6 years of age.
- Potential predator of smaller fish and inverts, even as a fingerling. Bass adapt well to aquarium life but should be kept in species tanks as an individual or group or with other large fish.
- A powerful predator of beetles, moths and other insects, worms, freshwater shrimp, small yabbies and any fish that will fit into the bass' mouth.
- Australian Bass should be fed a varied diet including live insects like crickets from the water's surface. Good quality Cichlid pellets or Australian native pellets would be an adequate staple for the diet. In salt water they feed on various crustaceans including prawns and small crabs, worms and fish and as such these are suitable for larger bass specimens.
- Piscivory (eating fish) is common in wild specimens as small as 67 mm, but is not common until the fish exceed 100 mm. Natural prey at this size include Australian smelt and flathead gudgeons. The most important food species in wild specimens includes insects, fish and large crustaceans such as freshwater shrimp and yabby. Suitable alternatives for the aquarium would include frequent feeding of live invertebrates such as crickets, moths and other insects, shrimp and yabbies. Occasional live fish may also be fed with caution.
- Feed twice daily when water temperatures are warm over 20°C (68°F) , less often in cooler weather as the fish's activity levels reduce significantly in winter. Supplement the diet with plenty of live foods, particularly insects.
- Native to cool fresh water rivers of south east Australia. Try to imitate native waterways in the aquarium using rocks, river sand or gravel and driftwood. Adaptable enough for aquariums but also suited to large ponds or dams.
- Australian Bass are full of personality and become very interactive with their owner, showing great curiosity and confidence even as juveniles. Australian Bass can be somewhat aggressive and territorial fish to their own kind and others. They are also messy fish with a large appetite and as such superb filtration is recommended. They are very hardy fish that can tolerate a range of water conditions.
- The Australian Bass is an iconic angling species and can be easily confused with fellow Australian native, the estuary perch. Both share their native region and have a similar body shape, being small to medium fish, but the estuary perch has a longer snout. Australian bass have a somewhat deep body that is laterally compressed. They exhibit a forked caudal fin with strong, sharp spines at the front of their dorsal fins as well as sharp spines on their gill covers. They have a medium sized mouth with a protruding lower jaw and large eyes.
- Australian Bass vary in colour from mustard or gold to bronze or bronze-green colouration. The fish is often a mottled dark olive-green or grey colour on the back and sides. The underside can be silver or cream, and the fins washed out brown or black. Juvenile fish are often banded and have a dark olive-green spot on the gill cover.
- Fishbase (Mirrors: ) | <urn:uuid:dbbe867a-e7d9-47ea-b69d-4d92f063f144> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://theaquariumwiki.com/Macquaria_novemaculeata | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709101476/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125821-00043-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950467 | 876 | 2.890625 | 3 |
An item may be language biased if it uses terms that are not commonly used statewide or if it uses. Box 2- Sample Bias Questions Content Bias. Item bias: Dutch. SAT 9 GRE 9 Word list 6 Group 1 Notes Antiquated outdated; old fashioned. Choleric easily angered. Partisan biased; one-sided. The SAT and Admission: Racial Bias and Economic. relationship with family income strongly implies that the SAT is biased. the questions are racially biased. Types of test bias reflect biases in the. If the SAT is more strongly. total test score might also be biased. Remember that test bias concerns the. Level 9 Dirreeccttiioonnss: Choose the pair of words that best express a relationship similar to that of the original pair. biased D) legend: credible B. The Impact of Poverty, Race and Cultural Bias on Educational Opportunity Part 2: The Real Problem U.S. Poverty For the first time in at least 50 years, a majority - 51. AP Statistics Projects Ideas. Males and females score equally badly on gender biased questions. The mean SAT and ACT scores are related to the economic status. PURE FACT SHEET Decades of research. Here are just a few examples: Discriminatory item selection. reported in 2003 that …. A bipolar junction transistor is formed by joining three sections of. So while the BC junction is reversed biased. Our model speci es vCE ˇ vsat. Standardized Admission Tests, College Performance. most recent examples of four-year institutions. the belief that SAT or ACT tests are biased against. The Legal Implications of Gender Bias in. tests in this regard are the Scholastic Aptitude Test. analyzing claims of gender bias in standardized testing. PURE Facts Racial Bias in Standardized Testing. Here are just a few examples from PURE's. reported in 2003 that potential SAT questions which are answered. 2004 Free-Response Questions. Among its best-known programs are the SAT. that I am not a little biased by selfish considerations. Online Journal of Cultural Competence in Nursing. English is not their first language, but also that their cultural and. examples of cultural bias include. We know that depending on how questions are. you will research and bring examples of bad/biased. Do you think using drugs has an affect on SAT scores? a. Standardized Achievement Tests and English Language Learners. ture of test questions. Stanford Achievement Test, 9th edition (Stanford 9. As this section will show, questions of sex bias in the design. because of the accessibility of SAT/GRE data. Biased tests, those that favor one sex. Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) Lecture notes: Sec. 3. BC junction is reverse biased!) In this picture, i c. sat C B S v V B v. V i i e I i BE. T. Test Bias In J. Worell. Test bias: Tests are biased when irrelevant or systematic factors skew performance or. Tests such as the GRE, SAT. IN ENGLISH 30 READING DIPLOMA EXAMINATIONS GLENN SECRETAN. Vocabulary and Question Difficulty in English 30. that such tests are biased in favour of white. Use specific reasons and examples to support your position. ACT writing prompts for practice. 5. results in a biased view of the world. | <urn:uuid:d789aa31-68a8-4247-a888-930c6d6feffb> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://socks-proxy.info/?xz=Biased+sat+questions+examples&xq=68046 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818691977.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925145232-20170925165232-00705.warc.gz | en | 0.907692 | 695 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Alexander Solzhenitsyn died on Sunday August 3rd 2008, aged 89 years.
This Russian writer exposed Soviet labour camps (gulags) and faced the might of the old Soviet Union authorities because he had dared to do this. It was for his writing on this subject and related ones that he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1970.
Receiving this honour for his writing made him more powerful as a writer and the Soviet Government feared that this gave him respectability and that people would take notice of what he wrote because of it. KGB Chief, Yuri Andropov noted in a secret memorandum, that if Solzhenitsyn was allowed to remain in Russia, his propaganda would have too much effect. So, they declared that the awarding of a Nobel Prize to a Russian writer was a politically hostile act and exiled him. This was similar to what had happened to Boris Pasternak, writer of Dr. Zhivago, who was exiled to a writers' colony because he too achieved world recognition.
Solzhenitsyn was the founder of Russia's nationalist patriotic front and endured more than twenty years of his life as an exile from his homeland because of his writing. Much of this time was spent in Cavendish, Vermont. He chose to live there because the wooded hills and cold winters reminded him of his native Russia.
He suffered an extended period of exile within his own country from 1945-1954 for the crime of writing a letter which criticised Joseph Stalin and he was eventually reprieved and allowed to return to European Russia to work as a teacher. Solzhenitsyn then started to record his experiences and what he had witnessed in the labour camps.
When he was forced to leave his own country he went first to Switzerland and then on to Vermont where the people protected his identity until, in 1994 he returned to Russia where he struggled to become reacquainted with the country of his birth that had removed his right to citizenship in 1974. However, after a month he had to concede that Russia had changed completely. The Russian people had changed in nature and the country had become a 'moral ruin'.
During his lifetime he was a very prolific writer and produced twenty five books, commentaries, poems, film scripts and even plays. This achievement won back his Russian citizenship after the collapse of the old Soviet Union. In the same year as he returned to Russia, he was elected as a member of the Serbian Academy of Science and Arts in the Department of Language and Literature.
His works included a comprehensive history of 20th century Russia called 'August 1914' and a memoir called 'The Oak and the Calf'. The book that caused him so much trouble was called 'The Gulag Archipelago', which revealed the truth about Stalin's labour camps where millions of men, women and children died. | <urn:uuid:6a049093-90e8-4ddc-9ddc-2f98468e58c3> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.bellaonline.com/ArticlesP/art16120.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929978.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00151-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.994038 | 570 | 2.875 | 3 |
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Jerusalem stone is a type of building material that is used in a number of applications, including the creation of tiles for use on walls and floors. The name is applied to several different types of limestone, including dolomitic limestone, that are found in relative proximity to the ancient city of Jerusalem. Along with the use of Jerusalem stone in various types of building designs, the material is also sometimes used in the manufacturing of religious art and ceremonial pieces, including menorahs and Seder plates. The stone is mandated for use in the city of Jerusalem for a number of exteriors of commercial buildings in the newer sections of the city.
Depending on the particular type of dolomite or limestone involved, the color of the Jerusalem stone may range from a pure white to a vibrant pink. Some examples have a distinctly yellow appearance. While relatively inexpensive, the stone has been used in many different ways over the years. While Jerusalem stone flooring is one of the more common applications, the material has also been used as a veneer for interior and exterior walls, as a durable and attractive option for countertops, and even as tiles that are used to line walls in kitchens and bathrooms. In some cases, the design will call for mixing and matching different colors or hues of the stone to create something of a mosaic effect.
Along with the more durable types of Jerusalem stone that are frequently used as part of floor designs and similar applications, there are also softer limestone types included in this family. These have the benefit of being less expensive than the harder types of limestone and dolomite used in building materials, as well as being somewhat more malleable. These softer examples can also be used to create materials used in building designs, albeit in applications that do not require constant exposure or foot traffic.
It is not unusual for religious art and icons common to several different religions to also make use of this type of Jerusalem stone, including crosses for Christians and menorahs for members of the Jewish faith. The prominent place of the city of Jerusalem in various religious traditions often makes jewelry and religious symbols formed with local materials of great value to adherents of those religions. There are also houses of worship around the world that include at least some Jerusalem stone in the design of worship spaces, including walls that are finished with a stone veneer or special rooms within the facility that make use of the stone for the floors.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:d81f5bcc-e2e3-4089-aa34-065f5987d2be> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-jerusalem-stone.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121981339.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175301-00191-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963321 | 548 | 2.96875 | 3 |
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Food provides energy for physical activity. As you get more
active and more fit, and/or as you lose weight, your energy needs (how many
calories you need) may change. To get the energy you require, you need to get
the proper amount of:
Eating a diet that is varied, balanced, and
moderate can provide you with all the nutrients the body needs without getting
too much or too little of any one nutrient.
Those who are very active or who are athletes may have
special nutritional needs. They usually don't need more protein than other
people, but they do need more carbohydrate (grains, vegetables, fruits) than
the amount recommended for the average person. Carbohydrate is stored as ready
energy in the liver and muscles, and this supply is used up very quickly during
exercise. Endurance athletes (such as runners and cyclists) need a particularly
large amount of carbohydrate. The carbohydrate needs to be eaten right before
and during exercise, because the body cannot store a lot of carbohydrate.
For a better understanding of your own nutritional requirements, talk to
sports doctor or
ByHealthwise StaffPrimary Medical ReviewerE. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal MedicineAdam Husney, MD - Family MedicineSpecialist Medical ReviewerHeather Chambliss, PhD - Exercise Science
Current as ofMay 27, 2016
Current as of:
May 27, 2016
E. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal Medicine & Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine & Heather Chambliss, PhD - Exercise Science
To learn more about Healthwise, visit Healthwise.org.
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© Copyright 2016 Rush-Copley Medical Center • 2000 Ogden Avenue; Aurora, IL 60504
Main: 630-978-6200 • Physician Referral & Information: 630-978-6700 or 866-4COPLEY (866-426-7539) | <urn:uuid:d13e2d9e-a5f6-4457-b292-f1607b9cbb37> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.rushcopley.com/app/healthwise/document.aspx?navigationNode=/1/32/8/1/&id=ta1294 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661833.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00097-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.885005 | 434 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Anna North, BuzzFeed, August 2012
"Stories of parents pushing kids to succeed in school above all else have been making headlines lately, but new research has found that social relationships are a much better predictor of adult well-being than a kid's grades.
"They found that social connectedness was highly correlated with adult well-being. Academic achievement, however, was not. The authors noted that they might have seen more of a connection if they'd included factors like job satisfaction in their measure of well-being, but they left these out on purpose. Their goal was to study not the traditional markers of success, but instead to look at peoples' "positive emotional functioning, sense of coherence, social engagement and character values." And as it turns out, kids' social lives seem to have a greater effect on the development of those qualities than their test scores do.
"This came as no surprise to John Stanrock, psychologist and author of the textbook Adolescence. He says there's a general feeling among some child development experts that in an age of No Child Left Behind and constant standardized testing, "the social world of adolescence has totally been neglected." He adds that schools don't spend enough money on counseling services, which can help kids with difficulties fit in better. | <urn:uuid:9cc63bcf-b027-4ab0-bc40-32eeaeb53d6c> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | http://www.joyfullearningnetwork.com/news/category/friendship | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060803.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928122846-20210928152846-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.979911 | 258 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The number of people suffering from heart disease is quite high, mainly due to the lifestyle that is followed here. However, there is a lot that can be done to keep heart disease at bay. Here are 8 days to lower down the risk of heart disease:
1. Improving the cholesterol level
It is advisable that you should improve the levels of cholesterol in your body. The chances of getting a heart disease increase in the case of:
- Total cholesterol level going above 200
- Good (HDL) cholesterol level being under 40
- Bad (LDL) cholesterol level being more than 160
- Triglycerides going over 150
Cholesterol is not just the one thing which is important as the doctor considers everything in order to check all the potential risks apart from your cholesterol levels. In order to main lower levels of cholesterol, it is better that one should consume a diet that is low in refined sugars, cholesterol and saturated fats.
2. Shun smoking
Smoking has several ill-effects and it is bad for your heart too. It is better that you should quit smoking. Smokers double the chances of suffering from a heart attack in comparison to non-smokers. Even the chances of dying from a heart attack increase.
3. Control Hypertension
We know that high blood pressure is bad for us and so it is for the heart too. Due to high levels of tension and stress in today’s life, a lot of us suffer from this problem even at a young age, this controlling high blood pressure is extremely important for lowering the risk of a heart disease. One must eat healthy and maintain an exercise regimen. Eating prescribed medicines is also important.
4. Consume a heart-healthy diet
By eating spicy, oily and junk food, we put pressure on our heart and thus it is necessary that we consume a heart-healthy diet. Food items low in fat and cholesterol must be eaten. Foods like vegetables, beans, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts and other kinds of plant-based items must be eaten and are good for people of all ages.
Fiber and vitamins that are good for cholesterol some naturally from the food we eat. Consuming poultry, fish (especially tuna and salmon) and meat in moderation is also advisable, if you are a non-vegetarian. Setting limits for the consumption of sugar and salt is also necessary as access of both is harmful.
5. Follow an active lifestyle
‘All work no play makes Jack a dull boy’, it is not said without any reason. Exercising and being active is important for our hearts. In comparison to those who are not active, people who do not exercise have more chances of suffering from heart disease. You can consult your doctor regarding charting out an exercise program for you as in the starting, it is not advisable to do difficult exercises.
6. Maintain a healthy weight
When we eat right and maintain an exercise routine, we can maintain a healthy weight. Extra weight puts pressure on our hearts and thus losing weight is good for our hearts. Correct weight also meals lower high blood pressure and managing diabetes.
7. Handle your anger and stress
From the stressful and hectic lives that we lead today, anger and tension comes along, but managing stress and anger is extremely for not only health but for our overall health. Getting stressed and angry is normal but if it happens a lot, it only harms the health of heart. Handle your anger and stress to keep your heart in a good condition.
8. Control your diabetes
Being diabetes is a bug problem. If your sugar levels go haywire, you can face a lot of health issue, thus controlling diabetes is an extremely important thing. Along with a number of problems, diabetes lead to higher risk of heart disease. Get yourself checked from time to time and take the right medication.
[ You may also read about Cardiology Treatments in India ] | <urn:uuid:0ff0730d-eab0-49d6-84ed-c9d96388236a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.medicalindiatourism.com/blog/heart-treatments/ways-risk-heart-disease.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506320.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922002008-20230922032008-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.944191 | 806 | 2.828125 | 3 |
President Obama declared January "Human Trafficking Prevention Month." Human trafficking, the modern version of slavery, might seem like one of those things that only happens overseas in desperate, lawless places where people cannot protect themselves.
Sadly, this isn't the case. Instead, human trafficking is the fastest growing illegal activity in the U.S. Across the country men, women and children are trapped in involuntary servitude. Sometimes the victims are runaways, but more typically they are foreigners desperate for a better life. They are lured here with the promise of a decent job or an education. What they find when they arrive is something totally different: they are forced to work brutally long hours, perform menial or backbreaking labor or prostitute themselves for someone's else's profit.
Just last month police in Newark, New Jersey, arrested a woman for trafficking in young. African women and girls Promising her victims a U.S. education, the trafficker brought girls as young as 10 from Ghana into the country and then forced them to work in her salon braiding hair from early morning until late at night six or seven days a week. Thankfully, someone finally recognized that these girls were the modern day slaves and alerted authorities.
Unfortunately, stories like this abound. Human trafficking affects millions of people around the world. In its most recent annual report on this issue, the State Department says that over 12 million people live in some form of bondage. The majority are women and children.
According to the International Labor Organization, the vast majority of people who are trafficked are like the young girls from Ghana; they are illegally forced to work under abusive conditions, some as domestic servants, others in fields as agricultural laborers, still others in factories. Some are sexually trafficked and some are taken to pay off family debts with their labor. All suffer in countless ways.
This illegal activity exists because some people benefit from the abuse of others. Not only do victims provide cheap labor, trade in their labor generates revenue that traffickers use for a variety of purposes: to purchase arms, to buy supplies for rebel groups or to support activities in the drug trade. The State Department report says that in 2010 this illegal trade was worth over $32 billion.
What can be done to prevent these kinds of terrible abuses? A first step in some countries would be to enforce legislation that criminalizes human trafficking. In 2003 a United Nations Protocol outlawing human trafficking came into effect. Over 170 countries have signed this protocol but this has not necessarily translated into meaningful protection for people. In too many countries governments are unable or unwilling to enforce anti-trafficking laws and prosecute offenders
Ultimately, however, human trafficking is an economic issue. Expanding economic opportunity for people around the world will help relieve the financial and family pressures that lead many, against their will, into servitude.
On this front, vastly more can be done to promote job growth, reduce corruption and improve local economies. Governments can continue the work of improving the local climate for doing business. Government officials can make it easier for entrepreneurs to open and effectively run businesses. They can enact policies that encourage trade and reduce regulatory barriers that make trade costly. Providing people with more economic opportunity should make it harder for human traffickers to victimize the poor and the vulnerable.
Prosecuting wrongdoers is surely an important component of the fight against human trafficking. But prosecutions alone won't solve this problem. Abolishing modern slavery will require economic emancipation.
Karol C. Boudreaux is a senior research fellow at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University and lead researcher for Enterprise Africa!, an international initiative to promote successful business development in Africa. She is an internationally recognized expert on the role played by private institutions to alleviate poverty and promote prosperity. | <urn:uuid:e8ecef04-0b77-43f5-a332-e4b42f6e8fe7> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700109218/Human-trafficking-preys-on-the-poor-The-need-for-economic-emancipation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661780.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00061-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954474 | 759 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Allen J Hynek (Dr. Josef Allen Hynek , May 1, 1910-April 27, 1986) was an American astronomer and ufologist. He is famous all over the world for his research on UFOs. Hynek worked in three private UFO research projects led by the US Air Force : Project Sign (1947-1949), Project Grudg (1949-1952), and the Blue Book Project (1952-1969). Afterwards, he concluded that his research on UFOs proposed different degrees of contact between humans and aliens , so he is considered to be the founder of scientific research on UFOs.
Hynek was born in Chicago, and his parents are Czech Americans . Hynek received a bachelor’s degree from the University of Chicago in 1931, and a doctorate from the Yekes Observatory in 1935 . In 1936, he entered the Ohio State University Department of Physics and Astronomy as a teacher. His main research was stellar evolution and the confirmation of spectral binary stars.
During the Second World War , Hynek entered the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory to conduct research on proximity signal management for the US Navy .
After World War II, Hynek returned to teach at Ohio State University and was promoted to full professor in 1950.
In 1956 he went to Harvard College Observatory and was already merged Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory added Fred Lawrence Whipple ‘s research team. Hynek’s mission was to track American satellites during and after the International Geophysical Year in 1956 . In addition to more than 200 amateur scientists have joined the world’s satellite surveillance operations (Operation Moonwatch), there are 12 sets of Baker – Nunn camera star instrument in the observation. A special camera was built for testing and as a prototype camera, and was disassembled on October 4, 1957; at this time the Soviet Union’s first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, was launched.
After the satellite tracking project was completed, Hynek joined the Astronomy Department of Northwestern University in 1960 and served as the head of the department.
Because of the increasing number of sighting reports of UFOs such as “flying saucers”, the US Air Force established the Signals Program in 1948 to start related research, and then changed it to the Resentment Project in 1949 and the Blue Book Project in 1952. Hynek approached the people of the Signal Project and became a scientific advisor for investigating UFOs. His task at that time was to confirm whether the so-called UFO was misidentified by known celestial bodies.
When the Signal Project hired Hynek, he was initially skeptical of UFO sighting reports. Hynek suspects that most UFO sighting reports are unreliable witnesses or man-made or natural things are misidentified. In 1948, Hynek said that “the whole subject seems completely absurd”, and believed that this craze would soon subside .
In the first few years when Allen J Hynek studied UFOs, he could steadily reveal the truth. He believes that most UFO sighting reports can be explained by misidentification of general phenomena. But in cases that could not be explained by common sense, Hynek tried to explain the many sightings with his insufficient logic, and as close as possible to the breakthrough point. In his book published in 1977, he stated that he liked the role of the U.S. Air Force in revealing the truth, and also expressed the U.S. Air Force’s expectations of him.
Later, Hynek’s view of UFOs changed slowly and gradually. After reviewing hundreds of sighting reports (including some credible witnesses, such as astronomers, pilots, police, and soldiers), Hynek concluded that some reports are credible.
After Allen J Hynek’s views on UFOs turned, his astronomer colleagues conducted an informal survey in the early 1950s, and one of the investigators was Clyde Tombaugh, the discoverer of Pluto .Five of the 44 astronomers surveyed (more than 11%) have seen objects in the sky that cannot be explained by mainstream science. Most astronomers have not publicly stated that they have seen such a situation because they are afraid of being considered absurd or damaging their reputation and career (Tombo is an exception, who has publicly stated that he has seen UFOs). Hynek also pointed out that this 11% ratio is higher than the proportion of ordinary people who claim to have seen UFOs.[Source request] . In addition, astronomers have more knowledge about observing and understanding celestial bodies than ordinary people, so their sightings are more impressive. Hynek is distressed by mainstream scientists’ disdain or arrogance about UFO sightings and witnesses.
In 1953, early UFO-related evidence gradually changed Hynek’s concept of UFOs. His article “Unusual Aerial Phenomena” published in the Journal of the Optical Society of America in April 1953 contained Hynek’s most famous A passage:
Laughing is not part of the scientific method, and people should not be taught that way. Witness reports made mainly by trusted witnesses are still increasing steadily, thus increasing the issue of scientific responsibility and obligation. Are there any residues worthy of scientific attention? Or if not, there is no obligation to speak in public-not to ridicule publicly, but to be serious in order to maintain the public’s faith and trust in science and scientists?
The wording of this article is quite careful: Allen J Hynek never considered UFOs to be extraordinary phenomena. But apparently no matter what he thinks, Hynek is quite worried about the superficial view of UFOs by most scientists. In 1953, Hynek became an affiliated member of the Robertson investigation team , and the team believed that UFOs were nothing special, and the public relations campaign must be able to expose the truth about the issue and reduce the public interest. Hynek later lamented that the Robertson investigation team had overshadowed the UFO research.
When the number of sighting reports of UFOs gradually increased, Hynek devoted part of the time to studying sighting reports, and pointed out that some reports were still puzzling after many studies. Hynek once said: “As a scientist, we must keep in mind that events that have great scientific value but are often overlooked in the past. Because new phenomena cannot meet the scientifically recognized viewpoints at the time”
In an interview in 1985, the reporter asked what caused the change in his attitude. Hynek replied, “Because of two things, really. The total denial and unyielding attitude towards the U.S. Air Force. They will not admit it. The existence of UFOs, even when UFOs take off and land on the street in broad daylight. All reports must have an explanation. I start to hate it, although basically I feel the same because I still think Their approach is not correct. You can’t assume that everything is black for granted. Second, the quality of the witnesses makes me quite troublesome. For example, it is reported by military pilots in rare cases, and I know they are well-trained. Yes, so when I first thought about this, maybe it was all this.”
Regardless of his personal opinion,In general Heinicke always reply with Project Blue Book in Edward J. Ruppelt comments period after (Edward J. Ruppelt): no UFO, most sightings are misidentification[Source request] .
Hynek maintained the relationship after the signal plan was changed to the resentment plan, although the level of investment was far less than in the signal plan era. The Resentment Project was replaced by the Blue Book Project in early 1952 , and Hynek still serves as a scientific consultant in the Blue Book Project. The first host of the Blue Book Project, U.S. Air Force Captain Edward Rupert, once spoke highly of Hynek: “Dr. Hynek is one of the many scientists I encountered while studying UFOs that impressed me the most. He was. There are no two things that some people will do: give you the answer before he knows the question; or immediately tell you his achievements in science.”
Although Allen J Hynek believed that Rupert was a competent host and led the Blue Book Project in the right direction, he only served as the host of the plan for several years. Hynek believes that Rupert’s Blue Book project after his departure focused more on public relations, with little or no scientific research on UFOs.
Hynek himself admits that his soft-spokenness is due to his cautious and conservative personality. He speculated that his personality was due to the factor of serving as a scientific consultant in the US Air Force for more than two decades.
Several UFO experts believe that Allen J Hynek’s turn represents his hypocrisy and even double-sidedness. For example , in a passage written by the physicist James Edward McDonald in 1970, he rebuked Hynek and said that he had misunderstood the person, and implied that everything would be evaluated by future generations. MacDonald believes that the retired U.S. Marine Corps Major Donald E. Keyhoe (Donald E. Keyhoe) is a more objective, honest and scientific view of UFOs.
In the late 1960s of the Blue Book Project, Allen J Hynek began to talk publicly about his differences and disappointments with the US Air Force. He publicly publicized the UFO chase in Portage County (a UFO was chased by several police for half an hour) while blatantly disagreeing with the U.S. Air Force , and claimed to have witnessed a metal appearance near Socorro , New Mexico Meet with police officer Lonnie Zamora of the egg-shaped flying object . Zamora witnessed two humanoid lifeforms in the egg-shaped flying object, and the object left immediately, leaving physical evidence that it had landed. As of 2007, there was still not enough explanation to conflict with Zamora’s claims. In fact, in a secret memo from the CIA, Major Quintanilla, the host of the Blue Book at the time, was confused about Zamora’s sightings. Hynek said that the case may be the ” Rosetta Stone ” that solved the mystery of the UFO .
On April 27, 1986, Hynek died of a brain tumor in a hospital in Scottsdale, Arizona . | <urn:uuid:534e4cff-c70f-414e-a1e1-0542b8165e2c> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://area51aliens.org/allen-j-hynek-professor-of-ufo-phenomenon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154175.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801092716-20210801122716-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.970406 | 2,124 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Readers of this blog probably know that early-modern book bindings contain hidden treasure: fragments cut from medieval manuscripts, ranging from small snippets to full pages. The fragments were placed inside bindings to reinforce the bookblock and to provide support for the boards (see this post I wrote about it, and this one as well). This recycling process – plain-old slicing and dicing, really – was common practice, old-fashioned as handwritten books had become after the invention of print. In fact, medieval pages are found in as many as one in five bindings of printed books from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. While the stowaways are normally hidden from our eyes, we sometimes get to meet them face to face when a binding is damaged (Fig. 1).
But what to do with the thousands of fragments that are hidden from us in bindings that are still in pristine condition? This simple question became the drive behind the development of a method to examine fragments without removing or damaging the bindings. The method, which was presented this week, encompasses medieval book history (executed by me) and Macro X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (developed by Joris Dik, Delft University).This post gives you an exclusive look behind-the-scenes at how we managed to digitally leaf through invisible pages and gain access to a hidden library.
In the spring of 2014 I was asked to write a short piece about ideas or approaches that could potentially change a scholarly discipline, even if they were not yet feasible. I wrote about how we might be able to access a hidden medieval “library” if we were able to gain access to the thousands of manuscript fragments hidden in bindings (Fig. 2). Take their carriers– printed books whose bindings are enforced with the fragments – and give them a ride on the luggage belt at Schiphol Airport in Amsterdam. Let’s give them a bit of x-ray love, I suggested, half jokingly (here is the piece I wrote).
Then I remembered that a fellow member of The Young Academy, Joris Dik, developed an x-ray technology that enables researchers to look through paintings, in search of the earlier stages of the composition. Joris and I secured funding through The Young Academy to transport his Macro X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (or MA-XRF) scanner to Leiden University Library, an institution that greatly supported the unusual kind of research we were planning to undertake. We dubbed our endeavour the “Hidden Library” project and on October 4th, 2015 we started firing away at early-modern bindings in Leiden University Library.
The Macro X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (MA-XRF) technology was developed by Joris Dik and his team at Delft University, in collaboration with industrial, academic and museum partners. The machine was designed in such a way that it could be transported to a museum in a few crates. There it would be used to show hidden paint layers in paintings by Rembrandt and other old masters. For example, in collaboration with partners in Antwerp Joris Dik successfully showed an unfinished self-portrait by Rembrandt, which was hidden underneath a painting of an old man (Fig. 3) – here is a more recent Rembrandt discovery. A thin beam of X-rays is used to scan the object, charting the presence and abundance of various elements below the surface. Theoretically, the technology ought to make it possible to show medieval inks as well, even when they are covered by a layer of parchment, paper or leather – the most common materials that hide medieval binding fragments from our eyes. But would it?
The answer to this question came very quickly after we hit the switch: yes. However, interdisciplinary research often comes with complications. Yes, we see text, but no, we could not read it. And so a series of experiments were undertaken by the team (which also included two research assistants, Anna Käyhkö and Jorien Duivenvoorden). For one thing, we learned that the distance between the head that released the x-ray beam and the fragment in the binding was key to our success (Fig. 5). A device was built that allowed us to adjust this distance between head and fragment with half a millimeter (the image was taken before it was completed).
Another variable we had to master was the length of time needed to scan the fragment. The head was moving back and forth in front of the scanner (Fig. 4), but how slow did this movement need to be? How long should the scanner scan before moving on to the next bit? When was it clear enough for me to read? Ultimately these nuts were cracked, meaning we were able to see a fragment through a binding. In fact, we managed to do it in such a way that the text was clear, legible and datable, as the following examples show (Figs. 6-8).
We ultimately scanned around twenty different early printed books. This seems a modest amount, but the main aim of the Hidden Library project was to discover if we could indeed expose bindings to x-rays and reveal the medieval fragments inside. In that respect the project was a success.
Challenges for the future
Before we start thinking that this method will enable us, starting right now, to trace thousands of new fragments, we are forced to take a reality check. First of all, the second variable – of how long a binding needed to be scanned in order to reveal its hidden treasure – remains a practical road block between science and unveiling a medieval source that has never been tapped into systematically. The images you see in Fig. 6-8 were each produced with over 24 hours of scanning time. A shorter period makes fragments visible, but not legible, as seen in Fig. 9 (which shows the same fragment as in Fig. 6, yet exposed significantly shorter).
Secondly, another problem is to distinguish between the text on the front and back of the fragment. Depending on the composition of the ink, it may or may not be possible to separate the two sides of a leaf. Iron, for example, will be returned from both sides of a leaf, producing a peculiar image like the one seen in Fig. 10. One has to look for elements that only show the side closest to the beam, which in this case is calcium. Consequently, this particular fragment is seen in its most optimal form when only calcium is shown, as is the case in Fig. 6.
So yes, the new technique is amazing in that it shows us fragments – medieval text – that we could otherwise never see because they are hidden behind a layer of parchment or paper. However, the method is not yet perfect in that it comes with challenges that need to be overcome, of which the long exposure time is the most significant. To stay within the analogy of this post, while the door to a virtual medieval library has been opened by the MA-XRF technique, we need to find a way to enter and take a look around as quickly and efficiently as we would in a real library.
The interdisciplinary research introduced here was executed by Joris Dik (Delft University) and Erik Kwakkel (Leiden University) in close collaboration with the University Library Leiden. Fundamental in our research was the help of the library’s conservator, Karin Scheper (who is, by the way, a guest blogger for medievalbooks). Two research assistants worked with us for the duration of the project: Anna Käyhkö and Jorien Duivenvoorden. The project was financed by De Jonge Akademie (The Young Academy), a branch of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie van Wetenschappen (The Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences). Two formal publications, providing a more detailed description of the research and its results, are planned. Various national Dutch news outlets have paid attention to the project (newspaper, radio [start at 9.50 min] and television [start at 20 sec.]). | <urn:uuid:c4b9b506-aa19-4877-b484-7381217f8f9e> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://medievalbooks.nl/tag/technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646952.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319140246-20180319160246-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.967052 | 1,656 | 2.890625 | 3 |
A recent survey by the Naandi Foundation found that 42% of all Indian children younger than five are underweight, defined as having low weight for their age. Another 59% were found to be stunted, defined as having low height for age. The study surveyed 109,093 children in 3,360 villages in 9 states. The report also notes that 58% of mothers do not exclusively breastfeed for the first 6 months, which is important for preventing childhood malnutrition. Key factors in child malnutrition were family socioeconomic status and the educational status of mothers.
With recent droughts leading to famine in East Africa, child hunger is increasingly gaining international attention. Doctors Without Borders/Médicins Sans Frontières estimates that 146 million children under the age of five are underweight, with sixty million children considered wasted, meaning below the normal weight for height. Most of these children live in the Sahel, South Asia and the Horn of Africa. UNICEF notes that malnutrition is implicated in 40% of all child deaths under the age of five in developing countries. In addition to deaths from starvation, malnutrition can stunt children’s growth, reduce their immunity, and damage intellectual achievement.
In 2010, MSF launched the Starved for Attention campaign to draw attention to the issue of widespread child malnutrition and the importance of providing malnourished children with nutritionally adequate foods. According to MSF most food aid provided to malnourished people in crises is a corn-soy blend that does not adequately meet the nutritional needs of growing children. | <urn:uuid:2932a263-8e06-45be-b7ad-46824d4b1c72> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://schubert.case.edu/2012/01/malnourishment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647322.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320072255-20180320092255-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.959428 | 317 | 3.390625 | 3 |
The idea of celebrating a Father's Day is not quite so popular, across the world, as perhaps that of a Mother's Day. However, in Nepal, the father's day in the sun is taken very seriously; in fact, it is almost a religious occasion.
On 17 August, hundreds of Hindu devotees turned up at the Gokarna Temple on the banks of the Bagmati River, to celebrate Kuse Aunsi - the Nepalese ode to a father - and to pray for those fathers who have passed away.
Sons and daughters, as well as other devotees, gather every year near the temple, to celebrate the teachings and guidance they received from their fathers. Kuse Aunsi falls on the dark fortnight of a month in the Hindu calendar, which varies between August and September. The devotees take turns dipping in the waters of the river, believed to be holy. They also worship at the temple, offer sweets to various deities and also perform a number of religious rituals. In addition, those devotees whose fathers are still alive partake of a special Father's Day celebration and visit the temple in the company of their fathers.
"Gokarna Aunsi is the most auspicious day to honour ones father for his guidance and teachings in life. It is the day when sons and daughters, near or far, come with presents and confections to spend the day with their father. People perform rituals and offer grains, vegetables and fruits to priests present for the occasion," the country's Tourism Board writes on its official Web site.
The Gokarna Temple, located some five miles east of the capital city of Kathmandu, is dedicated to Lord Shiva - one of the trinity of Supreme Gods in Hindu mythology known for his affinity to the souls of the dead. It is believed that offering prayers to and worshipping the deity on Kuse Aunis affords the souls of departed fathers a measure of peace. The festival, also known as Gokarna Aunsi, is one of those festivals that attracts a number of tourists, who come to witness this unique celebration of family bonds.
Scroll down to view the photographs of the festival | <urn:uuid:fc8f1c5a-90c9-48ee-b91c-b5dca11e9d0e> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/fathers-day-2012-kuse-aunsi-nepal-celebration-374797 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746171.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119233342-20181120015342-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.977263 | 445 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Study aims to track long-term effects of traumatic brain injury on service members
Biologist Rebecca Jimenez infuses gel samples with fluorescent properties in order to discover technology solutions to protect soldiers. (Photo by David McNally)
By Rindi White
Traumatic Brain Injury, or TBI, is significant concern of the U.S. military. Nearly 20 percent of the 2.5 million service members and veterans who deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan are known to have sustained at least one TBI; most of those injuries have been classified as mild.
However, a mild TBI can still have long-term consequences. Many mild TBIs go undocumented. Most resolve themselves within a few weeks or months, but some people with even mild TBIs report long-term effects on their thinking ability, memory, mood and focus. Other symptoms include headaches and vision and hearing problems.
A new federal study is enrolling at least 1,100 service members and veterans who fought in Iraq or Afghanistan to learn more about mild traumatic brain injury and how it can be best evaluated and perhaps prevented and treated, according to a story in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’ VA Research Currents blog.
Researchers hope to follow the study participants for 20 years or more to gain a better understanding of the long-term neurological effects of mild TBI and other deployment-related conditions. One significant concern is whether mild TBI increases the risk for early dementia.
The study is being done through the Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium, or CENC, funded through the National Research Action Plan in 2013. A second consortium will focus on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, also a “signature” injury of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The two studies received $107 million in funding total and involve broad collaborations between researchers from the VA, the Department of Defense, other federal agencies and academia.
Leading the study is Dr. William Walker, a TBI expert at the Richmond VA Medical Center and Virginia Commonwealth University, where the CENC is based. According to the VA, Walker said the long-term study is one of the most comprehensive TBI projects to date. At the center of the study is a comprehensive interview that study volunteers undergo when they begin their participation. The team asks not only about any mild TBI events that may have happened in combat zones but also those that might have happened earlier in their life or after military service.
“The cornerstone of this study is that we’re doing a very intensive standardized interview to get at all of the lifetime potential concussive events,” Walker said. “Many of these individuals have had multiple concussions throughout their lifetimes. We’re looking at it from an epidemiologic standpoint of lifetime exposures.”
Walker explained that participants will be asked about whatever head impacts they can recall, whether from falling off a swing set as a child and hitting their head or an automobile accident with a whiplash injury or a blast that went off nearby while on military deployment. Each event is being catalogued and investigated to find out whether it was a TBI.
Participants will also undertake a variety of exams, including: brain scans, eye-movement tracking, computerized balance tests, neurophysical tests, blood tests and more. Volunteers will come to the clinic about once every five years for the array of tests, which will take about eight hours. On the non-testing years, participants will have a 45-minute phone assessment with a study team member to test for memory and concentration, along with other measures.
Eight sites are enrolling study participants: the National Center for the Intrepid at Fort Belvoir, Virginia; and VA centers in Boston; Minneapolis; San Antonio; Houston; Portland, Oregon; Richmond, Virginia; and Tampa, Florida.
Researchers hope to learn how the circumstances of an injury make a difference in long-term outcomes. For example, are blast-related injuries more harmful than blunt injuries? Are the effects of multiple TBIs more harmful than a single one?
Genetics will also be examined. If a veteran has the AOP E4 gene variant, which heightens Alzheimer’s risk, will that person have more harmful long-term consequences from a TBI? Do changes in the thickness in the brain’s cortex or abnormalities in the brain’s white matter spell different outcomes for individuals with TBI?
And perhaps most importantly, Walker said, is the long-term focus, which should help researchers understand more clearly the link between TBI and late-in-life neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or CTE. CTE has recently been in the news because of its link to concussions among athletes in sports such as football, boxing and hockey.
“One of the main impetuses for the study is the risk of, and the fear of, CTE,” Walker said. “To fully capture that incidence, we feel we need at least 20 years. But we would like to continue the study as long as we have resources available to do so and as long as a significant number of the individuals we enroll remain living.”
Other studies at work
At Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, U.S. Army researchers are studying the physiological effects of blast pressure on the brain to discover technology solutions to better protect soldiers.
Scientists at the Army Research Laboratory, or ARL, are developing nanomaterials aimed at helping understand how the brain responds when soldiers are exposed to a blast.
The scientists, in cooperation with the DOD Blast Injury Research Program Coordinating Office and U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, have developed a fluorescent, gel substance that mimics the texture and mass of the human brain. According to a story from the ARL, the goal is to show the scale of damage to the brain under pressure conditions that soldiers encounter in combat or training.
“We develop materials solutions that enable us to understand the mechanisms of damage at the cellular level,” said Dr. Shashi P. Karna, ARL nanofunctional materials senior research scientist. “What are the mechanisms by which the blast pressure waves travel to the brain?”
The lab is also creating materials that will enable researchers to see details that have never been recorded before. Using nanotechnology, scientists will see what happens to the brain at a cellular level during an explosion.
“We have nanomaterials that are highly robust so that in real time, when the blast occurs, it will be possible to image the effects like an MRI, but with fluorescence,” Karna said. “Colors will show the motion of the cells.”
The laboratory has built a partnership with the Japanese Ministry of Defense, which is working on the same problem. In December 2016, Japanese medical researchers visited Maryland for an update.
“The Japanese are addressing this through a medical technique … to look at the oxygen level, for example in the tissue,” Karna said. “They also look at the cortical depressant. When the blast waves hit the brain, there is fluctuation in the blood circulation level. So they look at these physiological systems to assess what is affected by the blast.” | <urn:uuid:61e49f9a-c82a-4041-bd99-d9175637eec6> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://mybaseguide.com/study-aims-to-track-long-term-effects-of-traumatic-brain-injury-on-service-members/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710909.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202150823-20221202180823-00583.warc.gz | en | 0.947157 | 1,515 | 2.921875 | 3 |
While most researchers and scholars around the globe agree that human civilization as we know it only has only existed for some 12,000 years on our planet, there are countless discoveries that point towards a much different past. There are many findings ranging from temples, structures and artifacts that are evidence of advanced civilizations that inhabited Earth much sooner than mainstream scholars suggest. However, many of these incredible findings have been considered as impossible due to the fact that they alter our written history in every possible way.
In recent years, many researchers have started looking at the history of the civilization on Earth with an open mind. One of those researchers is without a doubt, Dr. Alexander Koltypin, a geologist and director of the Natural Science Research Center at Moscow’s International Independent University of Ecology and Politology.
During his long career Dr. Koltypin has studied numerous ancient underground structures mainly in the Mediterranean and has identified numerous similarities which have led him to believe that may sites were interconnected. But most incredibly, the weathering of the structures together with their material composition and extreme geological features has led him to believe these mega-structures were built by advanced civilizations that inhabited Earth millions of years ago.
Dr. Koltypin argues that mainstream archeologists who work in the region are used to dating sites by looking at the settlement of rock, debris and the strata of earth located on them or in their vicinity however, some dates were applied when, in fact, the actual sites were much older prehistoric structures.
Writing on his website Dr. Koltypin states: “When we examined the constructions… none of us never for a moment had a doubt that they are much older than the ruins of the Canaanite, Philistine, Hebraic, Roman, Byzantine and other cities and settlements that are placed on it and around.”
During his travel to the Mediterranean Dr. Koltypin was able to accurately record the features present in different ancient sites, something that allowed him to compare, afterward, their incredible similarities and details which tell an incredible alternative history; one that has been firmly rejected by mainstream scholars.
While traveling near the Hurvat Burgin ruins in Adullam Grove Nature Reserve, central Israel, Dr. Koltypin recalled a similar feeling when he climbed on the top of the rock city Cavusin in Turkey. Almost a Deja vu feeling, Dr. Koltypin said: “I was personally convinced once again (in the first time the same feeling came to me after I climbed to the top of the rock city Cavusin in Turkey) that all these rectangular indentations, man-made underground structures and scattered debris of megaliths were one underground-terrestrial megalithic complex which was opened by erosion to a depth of several hundred meters”.
In his work, Dr. Koltypin argues that not all parts of the giant complex are located underground. There are some parts that have come above ground due to geological shifts that have occurred throughout the history of our planet where Dr. Koltypin includes the incredibly rocky towns of Cappadocia in modern-day Turkey.
“On the basis of this we can conclude that the underground cities of Cappadocia (including Tatlarin rock city) intended for the accommodation of the ordinary population and the rock city of Cavusin (or its part) was the residence of the kings of underground. Though almost nothing is known about subterranean, nevertheless we can assume that the people who built the underground cities (if they even were men) were sun-worshipers professed religion of sun gods (harmony and life by the Divine principles – nature laws). After many thousand or millions years this religion had become a basis of the Christian religion.” — Dr. Alexander Koltypin.
Dr. Koltypin continues explaining that certain sites in central and Northern Israel, and central Turkey were exposed after cutting into the ground some one hundred meters. “According to my estimates, such depth of erosion … could hardly be formed in less time than 500,000 to 1 million years,” he wrote on his website.
Dr. Koltypin suggests that certain parts of the complex surfaced as a result of mountain formation processes. According to his estimates, there is evidence to support that the composition of building material found on a site in Antalya Turkey, referred to by Dr. Koltypin as “Jernokleev site,” are up to One Million years old even though mainstream scholars refuse to accept that age proposing instead that the site dates back to the Middle Ages.
Dr. Koltypin further adds that as a result of Earth’s crust moving throughout the centuries, parts of the underground complex were plunged into the sea. “Practically in all the studied underground constructions of Israel and in the majority of underground constructions of Turkey, sediments of lithified (hard) and calcareous clay deposits are widely developed on their floor,” Dr. Koltypin writes on his website.
Similar accounts can be seen if we look at the Yonaguni Monument near Japan.
Returning to the subject, Dr. Koltypin suggests that the similarity seen in numerous megalithic ruins is evidence of a profound connection present in ancient sites which were connected as one giant prehistoric complex.
According to Dr. Koltypin, numerous megalithic blocks weighing tens of tons could have been directly attached to underground complexes in the distant past.
“This circumstance gave me a reason to call the underground structures and geographically related ruins of cyclopean walls and buildings as a single underground-terrestrial megalithic complex,” writes Dr. Koltypin in his website.
He further adds that the megalithic construction which is seen in all corners of the world, seem to surpass, by far, the technological capabilities of ancient civilizations who, according to mainstream scholars, built them.
Making reference to the technological capabilities of the ancients, Dr. Koltypin states the stones fit together perfectly in some parts without cement and the ceilings, columns, arches, gates and other elements seem beyond the work of men with chisels.
Adding to the mystery of these incredible sites, Dr. Koltypin notes that structures built on top of, or near sites by the Romans or other civilizations are completely primitive.
Dr. Alexander Koltypin believes that the mysterious markings that extend along the Phrygian Valley, in central Turkey, were made by an intelligent race between 12 and 14 million years ago.
“We can assume that ancient vehicles with “wheels” were driven into the soft ground, perhaps a wet surface,” said the geologist. “Because of the great weight of these vehicles, they left behind very deep grooves which eventually petrified and turned into evidence.”
Geologists are familiar with such phenomena as they have found petrified footprints of dinosaurs that were preserved in the same way.
Together with three colleagues, Dr. Koltypin, director of the Natural Science Scientific Research Centre at Moscow’s International Independent Ecological-Political University, traveled to the site in Anatolia, Turkey where these markings can be found. Upon returning from his trip, he described the observed as ‘petrified tracking ruts in rocky tuffaceous [made from compacted volcanic ash] deposits’. | <urn:uuid:af7531d7-af0d-4131-9886-71ca0ded24cf> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://undergroundscience.net/other/rewriting-history-a-huge-million-year-old-man-made-underground-complex/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301063.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118213028-20220119003028-00124.warc.gz | en | 0.972268 | 1,519 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The ACP supports pioneering programs to protect and conserve marine and terrestrial environments of our shared U.S., Bermuda and Caribbean environment. In collaboration with other leading environmental initiatives, the ACP is firmly committed to conservation efforts and the urgent action needed to halt the loss of biodiversity, in particular, by addressing the survival of species that depend on quality oceanic environments. Central to our mission, the projects we support also provide opportunities for education and training of the next generation of leaders in conservation.
- The ACP and our sister charity BZS are driving forces behind a union of environmental groups to help save the Sargasso Sea. The BASS is supporting efforts by the Bermuda government and its international partners to establish the Sargasso Sea as a high-seas protected area through research, education and community awareness.
- The Bermuda Turtle Project supports a network for sea turtle biologists, environmentalists, students, and resource managers in the Western Atlantic-Caribbean region to promote the conservation of marine turtles through research and education.
- The Bermuda Shark Project conducts research focusing on the satellite tagging of tiger sharks around the Bermuda Platform.
- A priority of the Cahow Recovery Project is to establish Nonsuch Island as a new colony by translocating near-fledged chicks from their natal nest sites to a new group of artificial nests built at the new colony site.
- The Humpback Whale Project, Bermuda was started in 2007 by Andrew Stevenson to study the humpbacks as they migrate past Bermuda and to document their lives underwater.
- The Bermuda Amphibian Project examines the health impact of environmental contaminants on frogs and toads and its meaning for the health of other species, including our own.
- Ocean Vet is a 12 part action packed documentary series following Dr. Neil Burnie as he explores the marine species around Bermuda.
- The Bermuda Reef Ecosystem Assessment and Mapping (BREAM) Programme studies threats to coral reefs, which are some of the most biodiverse ecosystems in the world.
- REEF Watch is a community environmental monitoring fundraising project that supports on-going management of the Bermuda Reef Platform by mobilizing and training volunteers. | <urn:uuid:07d0521a-26ce-484a-b8ce-7a9902fa7796> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | http://www.atlanticconservationpartnership.com/conservation-research | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487598213.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210613012009-20210613042009-00038.warc.gz | en | 0.935809 | 435 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The world in the latter part of the 20th century is worshiping at the shrine of democracy. And leading the pack are the American politicians. Now that the nations of Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, and Nicaragua have moved toward democratic elections, the hostile attitude of United States politicians toward these regimes is coming to an end. As long as the political rulers in these countries are popularly elected, they will now find favor with the American rulers.
Contrary to popular opinion, and what American school children are taught in their government schools, democracy and freedom are not the same thing. A democratic system enables people to vote for their public officials. But the real issue involving freedom is not how public officials are put into office but rather the extent of their power, after election, to interfere with the lives and property of the citizenry. A friend of mine from Latin America drew the distinction well when he described to me the situation in his country: “We have the freedom to elect our dictators every four years.”
The great tragedy in our time is that Americans have been taught to believe that they are living under the economic freedom under which their American ancestors lived. Americans constantly proclaim the superiority of the American “capitalist system” over the systems found in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Each Fourth of July, the speeches are filled with oratory about how fortunate Americans are to live under “free enterprise.” And now that the 200th anniversary of the Bill of Rights is approaching, the platitudes of freedom will inevitably increase.
There are already signs of this in the press. For many weeks, the Philip Morris Company has been running advertisements in national magazines and newspapers to commemorate the bicentennial of the Bill of Rights. The ads quote Franklin D. Roosevelt: “Those who have long enjoyed such privileges as we enjoy forget in time that men died to win them.” The ad recalls Roosevelt’s designation of Bill of Rights Day as “a day of remembrance of the democratic and peaceful action by which these rights were gained.”
The Philip Morris ads reflect how far Americans have strayed from the original vision of the American Founding Fathers. In order that that vision never be forgotten, it is important for those of us who still believe in it to restate it and re-emphasize it at every opportunity.
Contrary to FDR’s and Philip Morris’ claim, rights such as life, liberty, and property are not privileges which have been bestowed on us by our government officials. They are not even rights which have been “democratically and peacefully gained.” Life, liberty, and property are rights which have been endowed in people by God. They are inherent in the individual. They are inalienable. They pre-exist government. In fact, the only reason government is called into existence is to protect these fundamental, God-given rights.
The problem, of course, is that Americans have been taught by their governmental officials that their rights have been granted by the American Constitution rather than by their Creator. How many times have we heard from our government officials the phrase “your Constitutional rights”? How many times have we heard that if a right is not listed in the Constitution, then the people simply do not have it?
After the disasters associated with the Articles of Confederation, the Founding Fathers recognized the necessity of a national government. The government was brought into existence through the Constitution. The president and members of Congress were to be popularly elected a representative democracy. But the American people at that time did not have the illusions about democracy which Americans today have.
Although American public officials were to be elected, their powers over the American people were severely restricted to those listed in the Constitution.
And even this was not sufficient for most Americans of the late 1700s. Unlike their counterparts in the 20th century, they did not trust politicians, democracies, or governments and especially not their own! They required the passage of the first ten amendments to further expressly restrict the powers of their democratically elected authorities. “Congress shall pass no law … [T]he right of the people … shall not be infringed. . .Me right of the people … shall not be violated….”
The Bill of Rights did not grant rights to the American people. Instead, these amendments prohibited political interference with rights which the people already had before the government came into existence. In fact, it would have been more appropriate to have called the Bill of Rights a “Bill of Prohibitions.”
And lest American politicians get the impression that a right did not exist if it was not listed in the Constitution itself, the American people ensured the passage of the forgotten (until recently) Ninth Amendment: “The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.”
What was the result of these severe restrictions on the powers of democratically elected public officials? The most unusual society in the history of man! No income tax, welfare, social security, licensing, passports, immigration controls, federal reserve system, legal tender laws, or virtually any other law or regulation which interfered with how the American people peacefully lived their lives. Why? Not because the politicians did not want these laws but rather because the American people, through their Constitution, had prohibited the politicians from passing them.
So, what happened? Why is the way of life of 20th-century Americans so radically different? Well, that is what makes the Philip Morris ads so pathetic. After all, it was President Franklin D. Roosevelt who was directly responsible for the abandonment of most of the principles of economic liberty on which this nation was founded. With the nationalization of gold; the illegality of gold clauses in private contracts; the imposition of legal tender laws; the cartelization of business under the National Recovery Act; the regulation of securities under the Securities Exchange Act; the allocation of crops and the granting of subsidies under the Agriculture Adjustment Act; the redistribution of wealth from young to old under the Social Security Act; and all of the other redistributive and regulatory schemes of the New Deal; capped by Roosevelt’s infamous and disgraceful scheme to pack the U.S. Supreme Court when it was declaring much of his nonsense unconstitutional Franklin D. Roosevelt did more to destroy the liberty and property of Americans than any other individual in American history.
Companies like Philip Morris, as well as many American politicians, would Me Americans to believe that their lives and earnings are mere privileges granted by their democratically elected officials which these officials can monitor and regulate at will. And, further, that the political subsidies given to tobacco and other companies are rights which cannot be taken away from them.
They prefer that Americans continue believing that they are living under the same type of economic system under which Americans have always lived a system of “free enterprise” system of “capitalism.” After all, if Americans begin discovering that such things as tobacco subsidies were not part of the original American heritage, but instead part of the socialist heritage that gripped the world in the 20th century, Americans might begin asking some very uncomfortable questions about the moral legitimacy of such subsidies.
The American Founding Fathers knew and understood that the only real advantage which democracy had over non-democratically elected governments is that it provides for a peaceful transition of power when public opinion changes. But they also knew and understood that, historically, democracies whose officials had unlimited political power over people’s lives and earnings had been among the most tyrannical and oppressive of all governments.
The Founding Fathers recognized that there were certain fundamental rights, such as life, liberty, property, and conscience, with which no government, not even a democratically elected one, could legitimately interfere.
They instituted government to protect the American people from trespassers and marauders, both domestic and foreign. They provided that public officials would be democratically elected. But, at the same time, they shackled these public officials with the Constitution in order to protect themselves and their rights from their democratically elected representatives. They chose constitutionally limited government over democracy. After all, unlike so many today, they worshipped at the shrine of God, not that of Caesar. | <urn:uuid:4b9edf9d-edb4-4437-96b9-a085e492f40f> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://fff.org/explore-freedom/article/democracy-constitutionally-limited-government/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111396.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00163-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974397 | 1,676 | 2.828125 | 3 |
I learned of this story about Asians in Western Oregon while researching the life of Opal Whiteley. She was a best-selling Oregon writer and lived in the Mohawk Valley as a child. It is important to understand the events around her family that shaped her life.
There is no doubt that Opal Whiteley’s family was somewhat familiar with Asian dress and culture. Opal Whiteley’s 1905 diary in Chapter 38 mentions how a woman is making for her baby a “little cream kimono with a blue ribbon bow on it”. Opal had a life long interest the Far East and India.
Also, here is a photograph of Elizabeth Whiteley dressed in a kimono. She was well educated for her time and loved classic folk tales and music. Opal’s mother is said to have had delusions when she was near death that she was from the “South Seas”. This has never been explained. A photo of Opal at age nine shows her dark olive complexion.
A Personal Reason
A personal, reason I am interested in these Asians is because they worked on the railroads. The photo to the left is me in 1976. I was a “gandy dancer” – a worker on a track crew. Railroad construction was some of the hardest and most dangerous work a man could do.
Having done that backbreaking work myself, I would like to see these forgotten workers recognize. The Chinese and Japanese and other immigrants who built our nation’s railways deserve much more credit than they have gotten. | <urn:uuid:9e457208-5e7f-404b-aa1d-ade5322b2909> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.storiesbysteve.com/asian-culture-in-the-life-and-diaries-of-opal-whiteley/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647810.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601110845-20230601140845-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.98434 | 322 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Have you ever thought why catastrophes caused by natural events are more destructive in developing countries? An example? See the table below that compares the human impact (i.e., people killed or requiring immediate assistance during a period of emergency, that is requiring basic survival needs such as food, water, shelter, sanitation and immediate medical assistance) of natural disasters between the 10 richest and 10 poorest countries.
Source: the International Emergency Disasters Database (2004)
Another one: deaths associated to natural disasters and development status.
Sources: The UNDP (2004) with data from the International Emergency Disasters Database
It seems like an unfair situation and, yet, an expected outcome (a vicious cycle?). Specially, if we agree that risk to natural disaster is a function of vulnerability (determined by socioeconomic and demographic factors, and the environmental context) and hazards’ frequency, duration and magnitude, then we’ll understand better the differences in impact of natural disasters between poor and rich countries. Furthermore, the abilities and, mainly, the capabilities of a country to avoid, mitigate, cope with and recover from the effects of a natural event is determinant for the transformation of that event into a disaster. The following maps built with data from the International Emergency Disaster Database illustrate this assertion. Compare for example United States and Mexico, the former was affected by 23 natural disasters in 2007; whilst Mexico, by seven. However, the number of victims (people reported killed or affected by the event) in Mexico was three times the number in the US. India had 60 times the victims of the US, although it suffered from less number of disasters (not taking into account the characteristics of the event). | <urn:uuid:09652d89-7ef9-4771-912f-d9c0cccbbcf3> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://luisballesteros.wordpress.com/2008/10/04/who%e2%80%99s-getting-the-worst-of-natural-disasters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542323.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00226-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953205 | 341 | 3.671875 | 4 |
British scientists say simple, cost-effective hydrogen biofuel cells could be developed from electrodes coated with a bacterial enzyme to oxidize hydrogen.
Traditional hydrogen fuel cells generate energy through chemical reactions involving oxygen and hydrogen, often using precious metals as catalysts for the reactions.
Now University of Oxford scientists say they've developed fuel cells using catalysts from biological organisms, or enzymes.
The researchers note most microbes utilizing hydrogen live in oxygen-poor environments, and their enzymes cannot tolerate oxygen. Carbon monoxide is harmful to the enzymes and conventional fuel cells.
Using a bacterial enzyme somewhat tolerant to oxygen, Fraser Armstrong and colleagues tested its catalytic activity in the presence of oxygen and carbon monoxide. The scientists created a simple fuel cell using that enzyme as a catalyst, and the resulting biofuel cell produced electricity, even without a membrane to separate hydrogen and oxygen and in the presence of high levels of carbon monoxide.
The results suggest the potential of developing simple hydrogen biofuel cells unaffected by carbon monoxide and able to run on highly contaminated hydrogen.
The research appears in the online early edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Copyright 2005 by United Press International
Explore further: Surveys may assess language more than attitudes, study says | <urn:uuid:784d6119-fc79-4917-9674-e72f68bb354c> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://phys.org/news7523.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657141651.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011221-00255-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922489 | 251 | 3.984375 | 4 |
Karl Marx 1848
Source: MECW Volume 7, p. 11;
Written: at the end of May 1848;
First published: in L'Alba, June 29, 1848.
A new daily newspaper will be published in Cologne from the first of June; it will be called Neue Rheinische Zeitung and will be edited by Herr Karl Marx. This paper will advocate in these latitudes the same democratic principles that L'Alba represents in Italy. There can therefore be no doubt about the line we shall take on the questions now pending between Italy and Austria. We shall defend the cause of Italian independence, we shall fight to the death Austrian despotism in Italy as in Germany and Poland. We extend a fraternal hand to the Italian people and want to prove to them that the German nation entirely repudiates the policy of oppression which in your country is carried through by the same men who in our country too have always combated freedom. We shall do our utmost to promote the union of, and good understanding between, two great and free nations which have, until now, been led to believe by a nefarious system of government that they were each other’s enemy. We shall therefore demand the immediate withdrawal from Italy of the brutal Austrian soldiery, and that the Italian people be placed in a position to express its sovereign will in the question of the form of government which it wants to choose.
In order to enable us to follow Italian affairs, and in order to give you the opportunity of judging the sincerity of our promises, we suggest an exchange of papers. Thus we propose to send you the Neue Rheinische Zeitung every day and to receive from you L'Alba regularly. We hope that you will accept this proposal and ask you to start sending us L'Alba as soon as possible so that already in our first issues we can make use of it.
If you wish to send us other information as well we should be pleased to receive it, and assure you that anything likely to serve the cause of democracy in any country will be given our most careful consideration.
For the editorial board of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
Dr. Karl Marx, Editor | <urn:uuid:e6962643-e14b-4a42-95e0-966ed46e80dd> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | http://hiaw.org/defcon6/works/1848/05/31a.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510334.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927235044-20230928025044-00612.warc.gz | en | 0.958453 | 466 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Date: 12th–14th century
Medium: Gold, whale tooth
Dimensions: H. 4 1/8 x W. 3 1/4 x D. 2 in. (10.5 x 8.3 x 5.1 cm)
Credit Line: The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Bequest of Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1979
Accession Number: 1979.206.1155
The powerful Prehispanic rulers of present-day Panama and Costa Rica expressed their authority and status by the ostentatious display of gold ornaments in both life and death. Pendants that combine human form with those of various animals selected for specific behavioral characteristics were suspended from the neck by a thong or cord. The ability of a bat to move in the dark might have led to the use of abstractions of its features in the goldwork of the region, particularly the loop nose and eyes on stalklike projections. In present-day Central American lore, bats are associated with sacrifice, agriculture, and vegetation.
At his sides, the bat-headed human torso holds two paddles with flared tops that repeat the shape of his headdress. The open mouth of the figure reveals bared teeth, and catfishlike barbels extend from above its corners. The unclothed torso features prominent knoblike breasts and is flanked by two spiraling flares suggestive of crocodilians. A whale tooth emerges from the hollow base of the torso with a curved shape that continues the line of the upper body. | <urn:uuid:71a36be2-7a9b-4440-8ff9-b36b88fd0c19> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1979.206.1155/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189198.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00081-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930398 | 309 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Prima principia linguae Bohemicae – stručná mluvnička češtiny ze 17. století
PRIMA PRINCIPIA LINGUAE BOHEMICAE - A CONCISE CZECH GRAMMAR FROM THE 17TH CENTURY
Languages of publication
In addition to the Jesuit grammars of Czech by J. Drachovius (Olomouc, 1660), J. Konstanc (Prague, 1667) and M. V. Steyer (Prague, 1668), the anonymous concise grammar book Prima principia linguae Bohemicae (approx. 1678) was also published at the Jesuit printing office in Prague. On 48 pages, it contains the basic rules of Czech orthography and the nominal and verbal paradigms. The majority of the paradigms and the orthography rules correspond to those in the handbook by M. V. Steyer, who probably is also the author of Prima principia. The book's description of the main traits of what was at that time the higher standard bears witness to its stabilized form and continuity not only up until the end of the 18th century, which is reflected by its reprint in 1783, but also in the long term. If we compare the phonological formation and the paradigms of this higher variety of Middle Czech with the forms of the present-day standard, we do not find any essential differences.
Publication order reference
CEJSH db identifier | <urn:uuid:6a0ee190-feff-4932-8684-63895a4d70ec> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.29404059-40f0-30b6-b885-0d573490bdb7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891811352.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218023321-20180218043321-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.820277 | 318 | 2.765625 | 3 |
No doubt, a strongest banking industry is important in every country and definitely has a significant effect in supporting economic development through efficient financial services. One of the most important services of banks is having an account in a bank, it is a mutual interest of both parties banks and individuals. As for individuals, they have an interest on their money if it was in the form of savings deposits and if it is a current account, it allows clients to perform many traditional banking operations such as deposit and withdrawal by using debit cards so you can pay for any purchases or paying by cheeks. On the other hand, the bank also benefit from this service as these deposits represent its tools to perform its role in our life as individuals and in economy as it is an important channel to fund so, banks play a vital role in the country economy which in turn return to the citizens of the same benefit.
How to open a new account
Opening a bank account isn’t a difficult task, it takes only seven easy steps to open a bank account as following;
decide the type of bank account you want to open
There are various types of bank accounts such as saving account, recurring account, fixed deposit account and current account, so a decision regarding the type of account to be opened must be taken.
approach any bank of choice &meet its bank officer
After choosing the type you should approach a convenient bank as you have to meet the bank officer regarding the opening of the account, he will give you a proposal form (account opening form) to open a bank account.
fill up bank account opening form-proposal form
You must fill the form in all respect, necessary details regarding name, address, occupation and other details must be filled in wherever required | <urn:uuid:6c4a0902-61d8-4039-8087-4e55f2f52122> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://guns-stl.com/opening-a-new-account/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317847.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190823041746-20190823063746-00283.warc.gz | en | 0.957142 | 352 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Here’s a cool story from the National Geographic Society that I found in my email this morning. It’s about how National Geographic grantees are using satellite technology to protect lions in Botswana.
Placing satellite, radio, or GPS collars on elusive animals like lions (Panthera leo) is a common way to study them. The collars allow scientists to monitor the creatures’ movements remotely, which generates all kinds of spatial data that helps researchers learn more about the species. These collars can also help reduce human-wildlife conflict.
Human-wildlife conflict is a major threat to animals like lions. When the big cats attack livestock, it can engender hostility towards them amongst local people – who may then be more likely to kill lions and other predators. Thus, protecting domestic animals can also benefit wild carnivores.
What National Geographic grantee Dr. Andrew Stein and his team have done is develop a set of coordinates called a “geofence.” When a collared lion crosses this fence, it sends a warning to local people. That means that participating herders have a chance to take action to protect their livestock, thus preventing human-wildlife conflict.
This “lion alert system” can be quite effective. The National Geographic story says, “Villagers that heeded the warnings saw a 50 percent reduction in their livestock losses.”
Dr. Stein also just co-authored an academic paper on the lion alert system, in which Dr. Florian J. Weise was the lead author. Click here to read it. As always, the original article contains more information as well.
As a bonus, here’s a neat video of Dr. Stein and his team collaring a male lion: | <urn:uuid:6e87d6f7-e516-4fa4-bb35-ec15bff13dbf> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://thejaguarandallies.com/2019/03/21/how-satellite-technology-is-saving-lions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039554437.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421222632-20210422012632-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.930839 | 366 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Climate Action Plan 2015-2030
Norðurál’s Climate Action Plan consists of 10 specific actions which will guide the way to reach the goal of a 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and general wastes by 2030. The plan identifies the main types of emissions generated by the company’s activities that are outside the scope of the EU’s emission trading system.
A significant success has already been achieved. Greenhouse gas emissions within the scope of the Action Plan have decreased by 27% and the amount of waste by 8%. This achievement inspires Norðurál’s employees to continue their diligent work in reducing the environmental impact of the company’s activities.
In accordance with Iceland’s Paris Agreement commitments Norðurál has set the aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GGE) that do not fall under the scope of EU’s emission trading system by at least 40% by 2030 as compared to the 2015 level. At the same time the burial of general waste must have been reduced by at least 40% by 2030 compared to the 2015 level.
The Greenhouse Gas Protocol
Greenhouse gas emissions directly linked to the production processes fall under the scope of EU’s emission trading system. Its aim is to reduce emissions from the production processes of major industrial concerns in Europe.
The trading system functions as an economic incentive for industrial concerns to reduce emissions in that the concerns must pay for all excess emissions beyond the allocated allowances. Norðurál has achieved considerable success in limiting greenhouse gas emissions that fall under the EU’s emission trading system. Thus localized emissions generated by Norðurál’s aluminum production amounted to 2.1 tonnes of CO2 equivalents per produced ton in 2006 compared to 1.6 tonnes per produced tonne in 2018. In comparison, the estimated global average emissions per produced tonne amount to ca 12 tonnes. As these emissions are controlled via the EU’s emission trading system they do not fall under the scope of this Action Plan.
The Action Plan for reducing emissions from production processes outside the scope of the EU’s emission trading system was done with The Greenhouse Gas Protocol methods for detecting emissions, an international system designed to standardize carbon accounting. The main focus is on assessing direct emissions from Norðurál’s operations, i.e. by mobile equipment and refrigerants while emissions from the employees’ work related plane trips and their carpooling in Norðurál’s cars as well as emissions from the disposal of general waste were also assessed. While the Action Plan thus calculates emissions from five elements of Norðurál’s operation, the actions put forward also cover other elements.
Goal: Reduction by 940 tonnes of CO2 equivalents.
The oil consumption of mobile equipment is the largest share of the whole. The biggest reduction opportunities therefore pertain to energy conversion of mobile equipment. During this period mobile equipment have generated ca 68% of the emissions on average, refrigerants ca 13%, employees’ cars and carpooling ca 10%, general waste ca 8% and international air travel by employees ca 1%. Since 2015 emissions have dropped in all categories. The biggest emission reduction has been in mobile equipment, ca 279 tonnes of CO2 equivalents (19%).
The goal of a 40% total emission reduction involves cutting emissions by ca 940 tonnes of CO2 equivalents by 2030 compared to the base year of 2015. The total emissions in 2030 therefore should be below 1,412 tonnes of CO2 equivalents.
In recent years fifteen electric towing cars and forklifts have been put into operation. The success of these actions is already visible, with further replacements being planned. Between 2015 and 2021, oil and gas consumption of mobile equipment dropped by a total of 103,776 liters, which is equivalent to cutting emissions by 279 tonnes of carbon dioxide.
Action 1: Planning for conversion of mobile equipment to electric propulsion.
Goal: Improved data registration, revising refrigerant agents and 40% reduction.
The most commonly used refrigerants today are strong greenhouse gases that therefore contribute to climate change. At Norðurál, such refrigerants are used for service cranes and tapping cranes in the potrooms, refrigeration systems of vehicles and electrical equipment.
Action 2: Improved data registration for refrigerant consumption.
Action 3: Revising refrigerant agents.
Goal: Reduce emissions by 40%.
A large proportion of Norðurál’s employees travel to and from work in company cars. The carpooling significantly reduces the total number of employees’ car trips to and from work, thereby reducing indirect emissions from Norðurál’s operations. Emissions from carpooling have decreased year on year, due to the introduction of nine electric cars. Additionally, emphasis has been placed on fuel efficiency of cars and improved passenger utilization. These measures have resulted in a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of 40 tonnes or nearly 16,000 liters of oil.
The emission decrease in this category from 2015 through 2021 amounted to approximately 40 tonnes of CO2 equivalents, a 19% decrease. Norðurál’s goal is to reduce emissions in this category by 40% by 2030. For the long-term Norðurál aims to electrify all of the company’s cars or use other renewable fuels.
Action 4: Planning for the conversion of all of Norðurál’s cars
International Air Travel
Goal: 40% reduction
Norðurál is an international company with partners and customers all over the world. While work-related travels by its employees abroad for Norðurál are inevitable, the company emphasizes keeping air travels at a minimum, for instance by improving its teleconference facilities. In 2020 and 2021, air travels declined sharply due to the pandemic.
Action 5: Revisions of the process of air travel approval. Employees must provide adequate reasoning for the need for overseas travel.
Recycling and Waste Disposal
Goal: Reduce disposal of general waste by 40%.
Norðurál is resolute in reducing waste generation and in increasing the recycling ratio. Norðurál’s waste can be roughly divided into recycled waste, waste for burial in shore repositories, solid waste for burial, drainage material and hazardous waste.
80% of waste generated in 2021 by Norðurál’s activities was recycled. A major part of that is production waste such as anode waste and coal dust. It is difficult to increase the recycling ratio of production waste based on the current aluminum production technology as most of the buried waste contains hazardous chemicals. Norðurál therefore has increasingly focused on reducing general waste from sources other than the production process and improving the recycling of that waste. For instance, in 2016 the sorting of organic waste from the canteen was launched. The switch from disposable plastic drinking cups to paper cups together with an emphasis on using reusable drinking containers is another example of a successful improvement project. In October 2019 a big step was taken when plastic bags for distributing meals from the cafeteria to lunchrooms within the factory were replaced with reusable trays. The idea prompting these improvements was born among the employees participating in project work in Norðurál’s School of Heavy Industry. They figured out that introducing reusable trays could replace 12,500 plastic bags per year.
Since 2015 carbon dioxide emissions from the disposal of general waste have dropped by 14 tonnes of CO2 equivalents, a 8% decrease.
Action 6: Reducing the use of plastic.
Action 7: Mapping out the opportunities in recycling production waste bound for shore repositories.
Action 8: Coordinating the sorting of waste.
Action 9: Education on waste and environmental issues.
Norðurál employees possess valuable knowledge and extensive knowledge of everything pertaining to the production of aluminum. Norðurál considers sharing such resources with the academic community as well as the tech and innovation industry to be a part of its social responsibility. By contributing to a dynamic cooperation in this field Norðurál can support the adaption of new technologies or methods in aluminum production that result in a more efficient operation and possibly in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | <urn:uuid:27d5c636-0182-4f4d-99ac-2440956b6837> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://nordural.is/en/climate-action-plan-2015-2030/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337723.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006025949-20221006055949-00738.warc.gz | en | 0.930725 | 1,710 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A museum that provides knowledge about the Shiretoko Peninsula, a World Heritage site
The Shiretoko Museum was established in a municipal park in 1978 to mark the centennial anniversary of Shari Town’s foundation. Shiretoko is a famous national park situated in one of Japan’s richest natural settings. In 2003, an area of approximately 56,000 hectares of land covering the Shiretoko National Park and adjacent areas was designated as a World Natural Heritage site.
This municipal museum highlights a wide range of themes, including the precious natural surroundings of the Shiretoko Peninsula, the history of local industries, and the area’s cultural evolution involving Jomon, Epi-Jomon (unique to Hokkaido), Okhotsk, Ainu and other cultures. The facility also houses fascinating special exhibitions featuring local themes. Since its foundation, the museum has published a number of publications, which are sold both at the museum shop and online through the Shiretoko Museum Cooperation Association website (in Japanese).
Exhibits covering the nature, history and culture of Shiretoko
The first floor of the museum showcases the development of the Shiretoko Peninsula and the Shari Plain as well as the cultures that thrived in this region (i.e., Jomon, Epi-Jomon, Okhotsk, Tobinitai, Satsumon and Ainu cultures), based on the theme of history and folk customs. Detailed information on the history of the fishery, railway and other industries is also provided through tools and other artifacts that were used in those days.
The second floor highlights local marine and terrestrial animals, birds, insects and plants based on the theme of the nature and animals in Shiretoko. The museum also has outdoor field
observation facilities, including a rescue facility for injured birds, and an alpine plant garden.
A chance to see a number of animals inhabiting Shiretoko’s rich natural environment
Shiretoko is home to a pristine natural environment that was designated as a World Heritage site, and is the natural habitat of a number of species. The Shiretoko Museum showcases many animal specimens, including skeletal specimens and a stuffed Blakiston’s fish owl (an endangered bird found on the Shiretoko Peninsula). The Shiretoko Peninsula is a fascinating place, both in terms of nature and history. In particular, miniature bear and seal artifacts produced by Okhotsk people who came from the north approximately 1,200 years ago to live in this region demonstrate their sense of awe toward the animals. | <urn:uuid:81b1260f-b4bc-4814-81f6-a79f09e50451> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://go-musee.com/archives/general/228/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141748276.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20201205165649-20201205195649-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.936795 | 540 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Japan is to resume whaling in the Southern Ocean this summer, a move that may make Australia consider court action again at the International Court of Justice in The Hague. While Japan claims its so-called ‘scientific whaling’ does not affect whales’ survival status, the Turnbull Government, and many other across the world, think differently.
Australia and New Zealand have joined thirty-two other countries in formally registering a protest after Japan’s whaling fleet set off on a hunt for 330 Minke whales.
The International Court of Justice ruled against Japan in 2014, describing its ‘scientific whaling’ claim as a ‘sham’. Following the court’s recommendation, Japan ceased killing whales in the Southern Ocean.
Sea Shepherd activists have frequently rammed Japanese whaling vessels, thrown butyric acid onto their decks and occasionally even climbed on board. In the summer of last year, a crew member aboard a Japanese whaling ship shot at Captain Watson, hitting his bulletproof vest. The incident was highlighted on the Animal Planet series Whale Wars.
Last week, however, the Japanese Fisheries Agencies notified the International Whaling Commission that under a revised plan, it had decided to resume whaling.
Further legal action possible
Julie Bishop, Australia’s Foreign Minister, and Greg Hunt its Environment Minister, said in a joint statement:
“There is no scientific basis to include lethal methods in Japan’s whaling program. We are working with other like-minded nations to build international consensus against Japanese whaling. We are also exploring options for further legal action.”
The two ministries jointly described Japan’s decision to resume whaling as ‘deeply disappointing’, and insisted the Australian Government would “continue to raise our concerns at the highest level of the Japanese Government.”
Australia may send a Customs patrol ship to the Southern Ocean to supervise Japan’s whale kill, George Brandis, the Attorney-General, said last week.
Japan’s commissioner to the International Whaling Commission, Joji Morishita, said in a press conference in Tokyo on Monday that his country had met the international court’s new requirements. He insisted that Japan just wants to make whaling sustainable and promote healthy whale populations.
What kind of scientific study requires the slaughter of 4,000 minke whales in 12 years?
Sea Shepherd has no plans to chase Japanese ships
The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, a not-for-profit marine conservation society, says its activities are currently focused on the northern hemisphere and has no plans to chase whaling vessels in the Southern Ocean this year.
Last week, New Zealand’s acting Foreign Minister Todd McClay expressed:
“New Zealand’s deep disappointment at the Japanese Government’s decision. New Zealand is strongly opposed to whaling in the Southern Ocean. We call on Japan to take heed of the 2014 International Court of Justice decision and international scientific advice concerning their whaling activities.”
“In early 2015, the International Whaling Commission’s Expert Panel issued very clear and unambiguous recommendations that Japan postpone the lethal components of its research proposal.”
Japan’s Fisheries Agency, says its new hunting plan – which calls for cutting minke whale catches to 333, a two-thirds reduction – is ‘scientifically reasonable’.
Sea Shepherd says this new plan could mean almost 4,000 whales slaughtered over the next 12 years from east of the Ross Sea in Antarctica to the South Atlantic.
Australia’s Minister for Foreign Affairs, The Hon Julie Bishop MP, said “The science is clear: all information necessary for management and conservation of whales can be obtained through non-lethal methods.” (Image: foreignminister.gov.au)
Japan a ‘pirate whaling nation’
Michael Lawry, Sea Shepherd’s New Zealand Director, was quoted by STUFF.co.nz, who said regarding Japan’s whaling decision:
“We did anticipate that this may happen. They are breaking a bunch of rules here … they’re going against world opinion … and they’re shooting themselves in the foot diplomatically. The Government are going to have to step up … and start looking at sanctions. But I don’t think they’re going to.”
Mr. Lawry added that Japan will become a ‘pirate whaling nation’ if it continues killing whales despite the recommendation by the international court.
According to Japan, eating whale meat is part of its culture. It also insists that the majority of whale species are not endangered. The country began its ‘scientific whaling’ in 1987, soon after an international whaling moratorium came into effect.
Japanese authorities announced in April 2013 that the country’s whaling haul from the Southern Ocean hit a record low – they blamed ‘unforgivable sabotage’ by Sea Shepherd activists.
Video – Japan’s whaling fleet sets sail
Japan’s whaling fleet sets sail for the Antarctic on a 3-month voyage, which the Japanese government claims is “in the name of scientific research”. | <urn:uuid:09566b12-2aa5-4fc2-b84b-236698c6b525> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://marketbusinessnews.com/japan-to-resume-whaling-while-australia-considers-court-action-again/114862/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232262600.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527125825-20190527151825-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.939897 | 1,085 | 2.578125 | 3 |
- This event has passed.
Annular Solar Eclipse
September 1, 2016
Be on the look out for the annular solar eclipse which occurs when the Moon is too far away from the Earth to completely cover the Sun. You’ll have the opportunity to observe a right of light around the darkened Moon and the Sun’s corona is not visible during an annular eclipse.
This eclipse will begin off the eastern coast of central Africa and travel through Gabon, Congo, Tanzania, and Madagascar before ending in the Indian Ocean.A partial eclipse will be visible throughout most of Africa and the Indian Ocean.
Our astronomy calendar was created to keep our fans posted on current and upcoming events in the night sky. This is a great resource for astronomy clubs, telescope hobbyists, and outdoor enthusiasts.
We hope that you find the information useful and are always open to feedback on how we can make this resource better. Join the conversation over on our Scientifics Online Facebook page!
We also invite you to shop thousands of science related products for kids, teens, and adults on our website. Scientifics Online is your one-stop science shop for telescopes, robotics, STEM toys, science kits, and more. | <urn:uuid:ceca7387-92bd-43f0-8d0c-7fc8989c5842> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://blog.scientificsonline.com/event/annular-solar-eclipse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612008.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529014619-20170529034619-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.910908 | 247 | 3.234375 | 3 |
What is a Vascular Malformation?
A Vascular Malformation is an abnormal collection of blood vessels. In everyday life they may be called “birthmarks” or “growths”, although there are many different types of vascular malformation.
They are most likely to have formed in the womb, although they may only become noticeable and symptomatic later in life during periods of increased hormonal activity such as puberty or pregnancy. At these times the slow blood flow through the vessels causes blook clots, which in turn can cause swelling.
Vascular Malformations may also be associated with trauma or exercise. They are not cancerous. However they have similar symptoms to more sinister conditions such as sarcoma and therefore should be investigated to rule out the latter.
Methods of investigation
Vascular Malformations can be identified using ultrasound or MRI scans. A specialist radiologist may be called upon to interpret the results of these scans if required.
Treatment and Management
There are many different categories of vascular malformations, and so treatments and management techniques will vary accordingly.
To manage the pain associated with vascular malformations a simple pain relief drug (an “analgesic” in medical parlance) may be administered.
Sclerotherapy is another option. This is a minimally invasive procedure that involves the insertion of a small needle into the vascular malformation and injection of a medication (sclerosant) into the malformation. This sclerosant will damage the lining of the abnormal vessels and cause them to reduce in size. Once reduced in size, it will lead to symptomatic relief.
A third option is surgery to remove the lesion. As with any surgery, this can have risks such as bleeding and recurrence of the problem.
Most patients are referred for an opinion by a vascular interventional radiologist for consideration of sclerotherapy. The benefit of sclerotherapy is that it provides symptomatic relief after a course of treatment sessions. Several treatments are sometimes required.
At the Manchester Lumps Clinic, Consultant radiologist Dr Ananthan Krishnan reviews and manages such vascular lumps. For more information on making an appointment or getting a referral from your GP please contact us. | <urn:uuid:58aaf69f-f2d3-4641-90ae-b870038e0023> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.manchesterlumpsclinic.com/lump/vascular-malformation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950363.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401221921-20230402011921-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.933625 | 459 | 2.78125 | 3 |
10 Historical Figures Who Changed Their Names
It’s hard to dissociate historical figure from his or her name. Yet in many cases, famous people received totally different names at birth. In fact, many of these names were changed for somewhat dubious reasons: clerical errors, fear of being treated unfairly, or pleas for saintly intervention.
Nelson Mandela was known by many names throughout his life, but most of those names were given to him out of reverence or respect to acknowledge a characteristic clear in the South African leader’s personality. Some of these names included Dalibhunga (“creator or founder of the council” or “convener of the dialogue”), Madiba (his clan name), Tata (“father”), and Khulu (a shortened form of “grandfather” that can also mean “great, paramount, grand”). Mandela’s birth name—Rolihlahla—means “pulling the branch of a tree” but was more commonly understood to mean “troublemaker” and was bestowed upon him by his father.
The name most commonly used for Mandela—Nelson—was applied when the future South African leader began attending school, as it was a common practice for teachers to assign Christian names to students. This was because many of the teachers either could not or would not pronounce the African children’s real names. Nelson Mandela got his name due to the simple whim of his teacher, Miss Mdingane, who wished to make the future leader’s name easier to pronounce for the British colonials.
9Ulysses S. Grant
As a youth, Hiram Ulysses Grant went by his middle name. This was somewhat unfortunate since many local boys referred to him as “useless,” partly because he was small and rather quiet. Grant was ambitious, however, and with a little fatherly prodding decided to attend the US Military Academy at West Point. A small issue arose when a congressman applied for appointment on Grant’s behalf, and this mistake would change the way the world would refer to the future president.
The congressman, thinking Ulysses was Grant’s first name, assumed that Grant’s middle name was the same as his mother’s maiden name—Simpson. So Hiram Ulysses Grant was accepted to West Point as Ulysses Simpson Grant due to a clerical error, and when Grant arrived at West Point, there was little he could do about it. He did not wish to be rejected from the academy due to the error, so rather than attempt to rectify the incorrect name, he simply adopted it and signed his name as Ulysses S. Grant in perpetuity.
The man who came to be known as Leon Trotsky found much of his beliefs shaped by an arrest and conviction that sentenced him to four years of exile in Siberia. While in exile, Trotsky, who had been arrested for his involvement in revolutionary activities, married and had two children with Aleksandra Sokolovskaya, also a Marxist. He studied philosophy and came to understand the disagreements within the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party to which he belonged. While some within the party believed they should focus their efforts on improving industrial workers’ quality of life, soon-to-be-Trotsky’s faction believed it was more important to work toward overthrowing the monarchy while creating a disciplined revolutionary party.
Trotsky was born Lev Davidovich Bronstein, and though he used multiple pen names in his literature, not until after his escape from exile did he use the name that would become his nom de guerre: Leon Trotsky. He took on this particular name because he had stolen the passport of a jailer named Leon Trotsky in Odessa, and he had to therefore adopt the name to continue to use the falsified documents.
Haile Selassie’s full name as Emperor of Ethiopia was “Haile Selassie I, King of Kings, Lord of Lords, Lion of the tribe of Judah.” He was believed by many Jamaicans to be the fulfillment of two promises, one made in the Bible and another made by Marcus Garvey. Garvey had been preaching to Jamaicans throughout the early 1900s while espousing Ethiopianism and urging a movement in which Jamaicans would return to their native land in Africa.
The first promise, made in Revelations 19:16, says: “And he hath on his vesture and on his thigh a name written: King of Kings and Lord of Lords.” Further supporting the notion that Selassie was God Incarnate was that “Haile Selassie” means “the power of the Trinity.” The second promise, which was made by Garvey, directed his followers in Jamaica to “Look to Africa for the crowning of a black king; he shall be the Redeemer.”
Those who believed that Selassie was God Incarnate came to call themselves Rastafarians, a word taken from Selassie’s name before he became the emperor of Ethiopia: Ras Tafari Makonnen
Before attacking and slaughtering the Mexican soldiers who had killed his family, the Apache warrior Geronimo was known as Goyahlka, which means “the one who yawns.” After learning of the deadly attack and seeing his loved ones slaughtered, Goyahlka’s disposition changed. According to Mark Megehee, a museum specialist at Fort Sill Museum and a member of the Sac and Fox nation, Goyahlka’s “friends noticed he was no longer mild and pleasant to deal with. He was unexpectedly violent and had a temper. He became very grieving, but he was going to settle the score.”
The attack on his family caused him to hold great hatred for the Mexican soldiers, and he would often lead violent assaults against them. During one of these attacks, the legendary Apache ignored the hail of bullets while slaying man after man using only a knife. So why did Goyahlka come to be known as Geronimo? According to one story, those attacked by the “yawning warrior” called for help from the patron saint of death, St. Jerome, which translates to Geronimo in Spanish.
Invoking the name of Caligula immediately brings to mind the tales of excess attributed to the Roman emperor, as many seemingly outlandish stories have been told with Caligula as the central character. Though his name has now become synonymous with lunacy, lust, and violent behavior, the name Caligula was a nickname acquired in youth, and its meaning—“little boots“—was far from befitting one of Rome’s most unstable leaders.
Caligula was actually named Gaius, the son of a respected general named Germanicus. When Germanicus brought his young son along during his campaigns, he dressed young Gaius in a miniature soldier’s outfit, right down to the footwear, referred to as caliagae. So Gaius was nicknamed Caligula as a young boy by his father’s soldiers, and the name stayed with him through adulthood, though he hated it.
Tiberius, Caligula’s stepfather and the presumed murderer of his father, knew that he may have created a monster in the young Gaius, saying, “I am nursing a viper for the Roman people.”
4Ho Chi Minh
The Vietnamese communist revolutionary is so closely associated with the Ho Chi Minh name that the city once known as Saigon is now Ho Chi Minh City. Yet Ho Chi Minh was born as Nguyen Sinh Con and used several other names during his lifetime, including Nguyen Tat Thanh and Nguyen Ai Quoc, along with as many as 10 other aliases.
How Ho Chi Minh came to be known as such is somewhat disputed. The name itself means “bringer of light,” which would make sense given that the future revolutionary leader saw himself as doing work necessary to enlighten his people. The name and its meaning, however, may have been nothing more than a happy coincidence, as there is some thought that the name and identity was stolen from a recently deceased beggar. This was a popular practice among outlaws, so when arrested by the Chinese Kuomintang, Ho Chi Minh supplied his recently stolen name to officials.
3Amor De Cosmos
The second premier of British Columbia and founder of British Columbia’s oldest newspaper came to adopt his name from a simple matter of utility. Born William Alexander Smith, he found it difficult to separate himself from the countless other Smiths in the area. So the soon-to-be Amor de Cosmos petitioned for a name change to keep his mail from being opened by some other Bill Smith.
The name Amor de Cosmos, however, would not be so easily adopted. Due to a bit of confusion, the bill proposing the name change was forwarded to the department of military affairs because one of the senators heard “armor” instead of “amor.” The confusion did not end there, as the new name was misunderstood in various reports to have been “Armor Debosmos,” “Amor de Bosmas,” “Amor de Cashmos,” and “Amos de Cosmos.”
The bill proposing the name change then went on to the assembly, where legislators decided to have a bit of fun. One suggested that “de” implied aristocracy and should therefore be replaced with “Muggins,” while another believed that the name should include an addition so that the former Smith could be referred to as “Amor de Cosmos Caesar.”
The name change finally passed but only after a letter from Amor de Cosmos explaining why he wished to adopt his chosen name: “I desire not to adopt the name of Amor de Cosmos because it smacks of a foreign title, but because it is an unusual name and its meaning tells what I love most, viz: Love of order, beauty, the world, the universe.”
Born Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov, the founder of the Russian Communist Party adopted the pseudonym Lenin after being exiled to Siberia. While both Trotsky and Lenin changed their name during Siberian exiles, Lenin’s choice had nothing to do with stolen papers. Instead, it has been widely speculated that Lenin took his pseudonym from the nearby Lena River. A pseudonym was necessary for Lenin, whose revolutionary writings made him a frequent target of the tsarist secret police.
Lenin’s revolutionary bent began with other members of his family long before he ever adopted the name. His older brother was closely involved in a planned assassination attempt of Alexander III, and this involvement led to his arrest and eventual execution. With his father and brother dead, Lenin would have to both take care of his family and take up the cause for which his brother had died.
Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa came to be known as something of a modern-day version of Robin Hood. He spent several years as an outlaw who stole from the wealthy to support himself, but he also gave some of what he stole to the many Mexicans impoverished under the leadership of president Porfirio Diaz. But Villa did not set out to become an outlaw. He was forced into hiding due to an incident while working as a sharecropper for the Lopez Negretes, a well-known and powerful family.
At just 16 years of age and still known as Doroteo Arango, the man who would come to be known as Pancho Villa found a member of the Lopez Negrete family attempting to rape his younger sister, who was 12 years old at the time. Villa shot the man but had to flee to the mountains and change his name to avoid capture. He adopted the name Pancho Villa, which was the name of his fraternal grandfather.
His time on the run led him to gain acclaim as an outlaw and to form the beginnings of the army that would eventually force the corrupt dictator Diaz from Mexico. Villa controlled the northern part of Mexico during this time, and the forces assembled by Emiliano Zapato in the south ensured that Diaz could no longer remain in power.
J. Francis Wolfe is a freelance writer and a noted dreamer of dreams. When he’s not writing, he is most likely waiting for “just one more wave” or quietly reading under a shady tree. | <urn:uuid:0cb1bde3-375a-4d12-b28f-5326ea2e48f2> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://listverse.com/2015/03/13/10-historical-figures-who-changed-their-names/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937045.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419204415-20180419224415-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.986032 | 2,604 | 3.4375 | 3 |
physics for scientists and engineerings 8th edition
0 pts endedThis question is
closed. No points were awarded.
Chp 4 number 50
A basketball player is standing on the floor 10.0 m from the basket. The height of the basket is 3.05 m, and he shoots the ball at a 40.0 degree angle with
horizontal height 2.00 m. (a) what is the acceleration of the basketball at the highest point in its trajectory? (b) At what speed must the player throw the
basketball so that the ball goes through the hoop without striking the backboard? | <urn:uuid:03bafdb5-9687-43f4-8f51-d1faa04cc825> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/chp-4-number-50a-basketball-player-standing-floor-100-m-basket-height-basket-305-m-shoots--q1130677 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345762590/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054922-00070-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949397 | 126 | 3.03125 | 3 |
What is a pituitary tumour?
A pituitary tumour, also known as an adenoma, are benign (non-cancerous) growths that develop from the tissue of the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland controls many bodily functions by making and regulating the release of hormones into the bloodstream. For this reason, pituitary tumours can cause an over or under production of certain hormones which gives way to specific symptoms. Pituitary tumours are tumours of the endocrine system therefore they do not fall in the same category as tumours of the brain and central nervous system.
Where is the pituitary gland?
The pituitary gland lies in a small hollow, just behind the eyes where it is attached to the base of the brain. It works with parts of the brain, such as the hypothalamus, affecting their functions. Due to the positioning of the pituitary gland, as a pituitary tumour grows, it may go upwards which means it can press on other parts of the brain and its nerves. For example, the optic nerve which could lead headaches and vision problems.
As previously mentioned, there are two ways that a pituitary tumour can produce symptoms, either due to the over or under production of hormones.
Symptoms of over-production:
Loss of menstrual periods in women
Lowering of testosterone in men leading to loss of sexual appetite
Acromegaly in adults and gigantism in children
Unexpected weight gain
Easy bruising of the skin and muscle weakness
Symptoms of under-production:
Loss of sex drive in men and women, and infertility
Hypothyroidism, which can cause appetite loss, weight gain, fatigue and decreased mental function
Adrenal insufficiency which can cause fatigue, low blood pressure and electrolyte abnormalities
Growth hormone insufficiency which can cause delayed puberty and in adults tiredness and loss of muscle mass
To diagnose a pituitary tumour the patient will be examined by their consultant and may require all or some of the following tests:
Brain scans – MRI and CT scans will show detailed images of the brain
Eye tests – to check the patient’s field of vision which may be impaired by a pituitary tumour
Blood tests – high levels of pituitary hormones may indicate a pituitary tumour.
There are two surgical approaches to removing a pituitary tumour. The consultant will discuss the treatments options with you and take into consideration the size and growth rate of the tumour:
Through the nose, this is called trans-sphenoidal surgery. This is achievable as the pituitary gland is located just above the back of the nose, which gives the surgeon access to the tumour without making an incision.
Through the skull, this is a trans-cranial approach. If the tumour is growing into the brain this method might be suggested, although this is not common now.
This article is intended to inform and give insight but not treat, diagnose or replace the advice of a doctor. Always seek medical advice with any questions regarding a medical condition. | <urn:uuid:cdaf51ac-2c90-4eca-bec3-69bae9ffd7e5> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.lnpuk.com/blog-1/2019/9/15/pituitary-tumours | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987763641.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021070341-20191021093841-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.93586 | 650 | 3.109375 | 3 |
World Sleep Day is a day that highlights the importance of good sleep and the benefits that can bring to an individual. This is especially challenging within policing, where the very nature of the role is not conducive to allowing a good routine, having a regular pattern and enabling yourself to have good quality relaxation time.
Poor sleep hygiene is common within policing due to the nature of incidents and the challenges of shift working. A chronic lack of sleep can contribute to a decline in both physical and mental health with research showing effects such as
- Weakened immunity
- Increased anxiety
- Irritability and mood changes
- Mood swings
- Elevated blood pressure
- Weight gain
Getting enough sleep can reduce your levels of stress, improve your memory and help you to maintain good health overall.
Our volunteers have a background in policing and know the challenges it can bring to your lifestyle. We asked them for advice and tips to share!
- Don’t sleep in a room that is too hot or too cold. Manage your room temperature accordingly and you might find your sleep is less disturbed.
- Avoid stimulants, such as caffeine and alcohol before bed as it can keep you awake.
- If your mind is racing and you have lot’s of thoughts, why not jot them down on a notepad and offload
- Exercise can help, so why not take a walk before you sleep.
- Relaxation techniques can help you to unwind before sleep. Breathing exercises, meditation or a warm bath can help you to wind down after a busy day. You can also try pillow sprays and other essential oils.
- Don’t eat a heavy meal before bed as this can unsettle your sleep. | <urn:uuid:5072ac04-0e6b-4035-b90e-fdb5b208e823> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.policecare.org.uk/worldsleepday/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738950.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812225607-20200813015607-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.9467 | 354 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Somers Middle School supports the development of the whole child with an emphasis on respect of self and others, learning responsibility for one’s actions, and developing acceptance and appreciation for the differences of others. We are mindful of the importance of a schedule that provides both students and teachers time to reflect on the content taught. The faculty and staff recognize the importance of connecting with students on a regular basis. Curriculum is designed to prepare students for a global society, the challenges of today, and the challenges of the future while making real world connections. We believe all students have the right to learn at a pace that reflects their abilities. In doing so, our educators design instruction that is authentic and differentiated to challenge the spectrum of learners. Teachers model life-long learning and collaborate with colleagues to ensure our students are presented with a rigorous curriculum.
Click this link to browse and view our District’s Curriculum Maps. | <urn:uuid:62b69115-37e3-47b5-a98d-bfa4700a0c73> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.somersschools.org/domain/1406 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585270.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019140046-20211019170046-00686.warc.gz | en | 0.941089 | 186 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Details about The Oxford Anthology of African-American Poetry:
For over two centuries, black poets have created verse that captures the sorrows, joys, and triumphs of the African-American experience. Reflecting their variety of visions and styles, The Oxford Anthology of African-American Poetry aims to offer nothing less than a definitive literary portrait of a people. Here are poems by writers as different as Paul Laurence Dunbar and W.E.B. Du Bois; Countee Cullen and Langston Hughes; Gwendolyn Brooks and Amiri Baraka; Rita Dove and Harryette Mullen; Yusef Komunyakaa and Nathaniel Mackey. Acclaimed as a biographer and editor, Arnold Rampersad groups these poems as meditations on key issues in black culture, including the idea of Africa; the South; slavery; protest and resistance; the black man, woman, and child; sexuality and love; music and religion; spirituality; death and transcendence. With their often starkly contrasting visions and styles, these poets illuminate some of the more controversial and intimate aspects of the black American experience. Poetry here is not only or mainly a vehicle of protest but also an exploration of the complex and tender subtleties of black culture. One section offers tributes to celebrated leaders such as Sojourner Truth and Malcolm X, but many more reflect the heroism compelled by everyday black life. The variety of poetic forms and language captures the brilliant essence of English as mastered by black Americans dedicated to the art of poetry. Loving and yet also honest and unsparing, The Oxford Anthology of African-American Poetry is for readers who treasure both poetry and the genius of black America. | <urn:uuid:63ee2e8a-ddc0-4c09-bf2e-5379163db4c9> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.chegg.com/textbooks/the-oxford-anthology-of-african-american-poetry-1st-edition-9780195125634-0195125630?ii=6&trackid=b979583a&omre_ir=1&omre_sp= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430458866468.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501054106-00010-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938683 | 350 | 2.875 | 3 |
Energy & Water in Malawi
The country heavily relies on hydropower, which is projected to be increasingly exposed to large climate fluctuations. Électricité de France (EDF), our end-user seeks to better characterise the impacts of climate variability and future change on hydropower generation in Lake Malawi and the Shire river basin by addressing the following questions:
- Can past data help understand and attribute events which have a significant impact on river flow & water availability (like the recent years droughts)?
- Will future hydrological cycle of Lake Malawi and River Shire be changed due to climate change, and how?
- Can seasonal forecasts help anticipate such events a season ahead to better inform hydro-power plants and water resource management?
These issues related to the Lake Malawi and the Shire river catchment are shared by other river catchments in Southern Africa, and thus are relevant to the private energy sector but also to climate policy development in Southern Africa. This service is relevant to better assess the impacts of climate variability and change on energy production, on country-specific energy mix strategy (mainly hydropower, but an outlook extended for wind and solar will also be included) and on the design of renewable energy infrastructures. | <urn:uuid:4ec22245-2c6b-45af-a9d3-af1ff506fe8a> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://focus-africaproject.eu/nproject/energy-water-in-malawi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039544239.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421130234-20210421160234-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.924823 | 259 | 3.03125 | 3 |
More than half of all U.S. federal R&D investment is spent in support of defense, although investment in space research and in general sciences has grown more recently.
Mouse over legend to highlight data points.
Why is this indicator important?
Budget authority is the initial budget parameter for congressional action on the President's proposed budget and imposes a ceiling on obligations and outlays.
The large majority of Federal R&D investment is mission oriented, that is, spending to achieve government goals. Increases in Federal R&D funding in recent years reflect, initially, increased spending on health related research and, since 9/11, on development in national security areas.
Largely as a result of increased defense spending following 9/11, expenditures for R&D conducted by federal agencies and
grew at the rapid rate of almost 6.6% per year in real terms between 2000 and 2003.
Space R&D includes increased investments in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Vision for Space Exploration to return humans to the Moon and Mars.
Note that in FY 1998 many Department of Energy (DOE) programs were reclassified from energy to general science. | <urn:uuid:20d53588-3abb-432c-95cf-84d147f1ca57> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://nsf.gov/statistics/digest08/pages/figure5.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500824970.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021344-00273-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936669 | 252 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The Reverend Mr. Opitz is a member of the staff of the Foundation for Economic Education, a seminar lecturer, and author of the book, Religion and Capitalism: Allies Not Enemies.
John Sholto Douglas was the 8th Marquess of Queensbury, and a noted sportsman as well. "Marquess of Queensbury" has a familiar ring, because in 1867 the Marquess gave his name to a newly devised set of rules to govern prize fighting, rules which are still in force. Prize fighting before the present era — under the old London Rules — was a combination of wrestling and boxing; it was bare knuckle, and a round was called each time a contestant was knocked or thrown to the ground. Under the new Marquess of Queensbury rules the boxers wore padded gloves, and rounds lasted three minutes with a one minute rest between rounds.
Now, it is obvious that these new rules changed the nature of prize fighting, and these changes had a good deal to do with determining the outcome of any particular contest; the old London rules favored the brawler, whereas the athlete who relied on speed and skill had a better chance under the new arrangement. A few, like John L. Sullivan, could win either way! Until Sullivan met Jim Corbett!
Lovers of the manly art used to debate the respective merits of Jack Dempsey versus Joe Louis; who was the greater fighter? The best one can do with a question of this sort is to consult an expert. The expert in this case was Jack Sharkey of Boston, a man who had faced both Dempsey and Louis in the ring, being beaten each time. A sportswriter buttonholed Sharkey and asked, "How about it, Jack; who’s the better man, Dempsey or Louis?" "It all depends," Sharkey replied. "If the two men fought in the ring, Louis would win. But if the two men fought in a telephone booth, only Dempsey would walk away."
The rules of a game define its nature, they lay down the conditions for winning, and they go a long way toward determining the outcome of a contest.
The Rules of Life
Life is not a mere game. Living is a lot more complex than any sport, but life and games are analogous in at least one respect: Neither is possible without an appropriate set of rules to be followed. It’s the rule book which determines the character of a game, and no game is even conceivable without one. To throw out the rule book is to forsake the game. By the same token, if we ignore, or deny, or break, or improperly identify, the ethical ground rules for flourishing human life, then the quality of life — individual and social —will decline.
Hoyle’s Games, the rule book for various pastimes, has not changed radically within memory. Which means that you and your opponent may devote your full attention to enjoying the game; none of your energy need be diverted into wondering what the rules are and how they should be applied or altered. Life is different. In life, the rules are always at issue; never more so than at this particular juncture in human affairs, during the final third of the 20th century. It is in the nature of the human condition as such that each generation must test things for itself; no people can passively accept the rule book handed down by its forebears. "What from your father’s heritage is lent," wrote Goethe, "Earn it anew to really possess it."
We’re here to think about our lives in society, about the optimum social conditions for bringing out the best in individual potential, about the rules which define economic competition. Peoples of every age in every culture have engaged in similar pursuits, searching for the rules leading to the good life. The rules have been discovered and they’ve been lost; they have been affirmed and they’ve been denied. Rules for the good life, when found, have been systemized as the traditional moral code, whose prescriptions are remarkably alike no matter where on the globe you take a sampling.
Customs and conventions vary widely; but every moral code affirms that it is wrong to betray your friends, wrong to break your word, wrong to injure your neighbor, and so on. Men and women have lived by this code off and on, violating its precepts from time to time, then climbing back on the wagon. Every culture has founded its legal system on the moral code; ethical injunctions against stealing and murder give rise to laws against theft and homicide; rules for personal living beget the rules for living together in society. Thus, such moral and legal guidelines for human action as: injure no man, respect a man’s property, don’t covet his goods, fulfill your contracts, and the like.
If we look within, we discover that we are motivated into action on two distinct levels; individual and social. There’s no way to reduce the complexities of human behavior to one simple motivating force. There are at least two sets of such forces.
Achieving One’s Purpose
On the first level, each of us has his own life to live, his own ends to achieve. The human being is a goal seeking creature, a purposive being. Personal life has a hierarchy of meanings, and each of us finds significance in his own living to the degree that he succeeds in discovering and realizing some of life’s larger purposes. One such large purpose is to find a sense of achievement in a chosen occupation or profession; if genuine satisfaction is lacking here the deficiency can hardly be made up elsewhere. There’s a profound truth in H. L. Mencken’s observation that the great division among mankind is between those who enjoy their work and those who don’t.
Now, in addition to this major thrust in individual life most people have some hobby which stimulates a sense of accomplishment — like tennis, or bridge, or music, or woodworking. And then there are the lesser goals, of the New Year’s resolution variety; like learning a new skill, acquiring a second language, losing five pounds by Labor Day, and so on.
It is obvious that some societies give you more scope and elbow room for the realization of your assorted goals than do other societies; you have a better chance to express the various facets of your nature in New York than in Moscow. The freer the society the more opportunity for individual self-expression; by definition this is the case. Your freedom increases as more and more of your life is self-directed rather than other-directed. If your life is at the disposal of other people you are not free — even if these other people are organized as government and even if you voted for them; you are not free if they are managing or directing your affairs!
It is a deeply rooted set of motivations which impels each one of us to take charge of his own life, the better to realize our personal goals. The relevant considerations here, at this level, have to do with human nature and destiny, that is, with psychology and philosophy. People who do not know what to do with their lives should seek out a spiritual advisor; or a psychiatrist, if they are ill.
Most people are moderately successful at this business of living their lives, and those who reflect on the matter realize that they cannot live their personal lives in isolation. We cannot function fully as persons unless we interact with some society. Even Robinson Crusoe had the language and culture of England with him on his island, plus some tools and a Bible. And here we come to a second set of motivations, a spin-off from the first. Your primary incentive is to achieve your personal goals, but a related incentive is work for those social conditions which maximize the opportunities for you —and everyone else — to achieve personal goals. The relevant considerations at this level are in the domain of political and economic philosophy.
You have certain basic instincts, and these primordial drives will see to it that you live your own life; but the assumption of personal responsibility for strengthening and enlarging the structures of freedom in our society is a voluntary action undertaken by a comparative few. Those who do act at this level are prompted by a sense of moral obligation. But moral obligation is weak in our society, so there are lots of dropouts at this level; there are people who demand all the advantages a free society has to offer, but who make no contribution to freedom in return. When Ortega y Gasset wrote his book, The Revolt of the Masses, in 1932, he put these dropouts in the category of mass man.
Ortega’s Mass Man
Ortega used the term "mass man," or "the masses" in a very special sense; he did not mean the poor, the illiterate, the uneducated, those who work with their hands. I suspect Ortega would say that there are more mass men per square inch on the faculties of our great universities than exist in any typical farming community of Middle America. Mass man is the rootless intellectual, detached from his community and out of step with his country’s history. Such a man is unable to trace the connection between effort and reward in society, and, convinced of his own superiority he’s bitter because lesser folk refuse to give him his due.
Mass men "are only concerned with their own well-being," Ortega writes, "and at the same time they remain alien to the cause of that well-being. As they do not see, behind the benefits of civilization, marvels of invention and construction which can only be maintained by great effort and foresight, they imagine that their role is limited to demanding these benefits peremptorily as if they were natural rights." Mass man, "finding himself in a world so excellent, technically and socially, believes that it has been produced by nature, and never thinks of the personal efforts of highly endowed individuals which the creation of this new world presupposed." (Revolt, pp. 65 and 63)
A culture — as the name tells us — is something cultivated; it is inspired by human imagination and vision, it demands hard work and sacrifice to bring it into being and to sustain it. No society or civilization "just is" — as nature "just is." Societies come and go; civilizations rise and fall. Arnold Toynbee counts some 21 powerful empires which once held sway over portions of the earth and millions of people but which are no more. It is obvious, therefore, that barbarism, or a dull and vegetative existence, is the rule of mankind; whereas civilization — a society where there is maximum opportunity for achieving the human potential — is the exception.
The good society, where people enjoy liberty and order and are stimulated to pursue their personal goals, doesn’t just happen —it is a contingent thing, that is, it depends on preceding events or situations. Good health is likewise a contingent thing; you cannot enjoy optimum physical well-being on just any old terms. Assuming normal heredity, good health is contingent upon proper diet, rest and exercise — and the good luck to avoid accidents and noxious foreign bodies. Are there analogous rules for a good society, that is, conditions which must be met if we are to retain present liberties, and use them to expand the areas of life where people ought to be freer than now to pursue their peaceful goals?
The Good Society
Many of our contemporaries believe that there is a simple answer to this question. You want the society to move in the direction of greater freedom? Extend the franchise, lower the voting age, get people interested in the electoral process; and then make sure they cast their ballots. This is the meaning of democracy, and democracy means freedom. A truly democratic society, they would continue, is one where the government is totally responsive to the popular will. Government, in this view, belongs to The People, and The People is entitled to get from the government whatever a majority of them demand from it. If there are troubles in society these days — which nobody denies — the cause is not democracy, it is too little democracy; government is not responsive enough to The People. Therefore, such persons conclude, the cure for the ills of democracy is more democracy! I’ll insert here a sage comment of Hegel: "The People is that part of the nation which knows what it wants!"
Now, it is not difficult to see how this 20th century democratic dogma came to have the hold it has on people of our time. Go back a few hundred years. In the early 1600′s, James the First of England proclaimed that he ruled by divine right. There was mounting rebellion against this idea, and by 1689 Parliament had gained ascendancy; it issued a Declaration of Rights and offered the crown of England to William and Mary. From that time on, the kings of England were no longer its rulers. By the 20th century, kingship had been phased out in nearly every country, to be replaced by presidents and parliaments. Power seemed to be exercised more and more by The People, and so this political movement which toppled the kings has been described as the march of democracy.
Take careful note of the fact that the democratic movement—in both theory and practice — has to do with the sanctions undergirding political action, with the authority back of whatever government does. Rulers of an earlier period when asked to justify a particular course of political action might say that they were exercising God’s will, or that the moral law mandated their actions, or the law of the land, or custom. The justification, or the excuse, for any governmental action under a democratic regime, is that The People demand it — the rulers are merely carrying out the popular will. The People are sovereign under a democracy; that’s where the buck stops. God or The Law would be acknowledged as sovereign under the early theory.
The Nature of Government
Now governmental action is what it is, no matter what sanction might be offered to justify what it does. The nature of government remains the same even though its sponsorship be changed. Government always acts with power; in the last resort government uses force to back up its decrees. Government is unique among all the organizations and institutions of a society; the government of a society is its police power, and the nature of government remains the same, regardless of the auspices under which a government acts.
Americans are justly proud of our nation, but this pride sometimes blinds us to reality. How often have you heard someone declare, "In America, ‘We’ are the government." This assertion is demonstrably untrue; "We" are the society, all 210 million of us; but society and government are not at all the same entity. Society is all-of-us, whereas government is only some-of-us. The some-of-us who comprise government would begin with the President, Vice-President, and Cabinet; it would include Congress and the bureaucracy; it would descend through governors, mayors and lesser officials, down to sheriffs and the cop on the beat.
Now, what is the distinguishing characteristic of the people in the categories I have just enumerated, the people who comprise government? Are they more wicked than other men? Well, to hear some people talk one would think so —people whose idea of political science is to faithfully collect instances of venality and stupidity in public office. These have their counterpart among the liberals, whose idea of high level economic discussion is to tell tales about venal and stupid businessmen. There are many able and high minded men in public life, just as there are good people in business. The distribution of good and bad is pretty much the same in every walk of life. There may be room for debate here, but little is gained by sitting in moral judgment on whole classes of people.
A Monopoly of Force
Government is unique among the institutions of society, in that society has bestowed upon this one agency a legal monopoly of the weaponry, from clubs to H bombs. Governments do use persuasion, and they do rely on authority, legitimacy and tradition — but so do other institutions like the Church and the School. But only one agency has the power to tax, the authority to operate the system of courts and jails, and a warrant for mobilizing the machinery for making war; that is government, the power structure.
Machiavelli used to say that only the usurper can understand the realities of power. The eldest son on whom the king’s mantle falls peacefully thinks of his power in terms of pomp and display; but power to the usurper means plotting, intrigue, bribery, poison and the dagger.
The point to be stressed is that the essential nature of government — its license to resort to force at some point — is not changed by merely altering the warrant under which it acts. Divine right or popular sovereignty — it makes no difference to this point. Government is as government does.
The march of democracy which we have been discussing was paralleled by the freedom movement in England and America during the same period. The idea of individual liberty was given a tremendous boost by the Reformation and the Renaissance. The earliest manifestation of this new-found liberty was in the area of religion, issuing in the conviction that a person should be allowed to worship God in his own way. This religious ferment in England gave us Puritanism, and early in the 17th century Puritanism projected a political movement whose members were contemptuously called Whiggamores — a word roughly equivalent to "cattle thieves." The king’s men were called Tories —"highway robbers." The Whigs worked for individual liberty and progress; the Tories defended the old orders of the king, the landed aristocracy, and the established church.
Early Step to Freedom
One of the great writers and thinkers in the Puritan and Whig tradition was John Milton, who wrote his celebrated plea for the abolition of Parliamentary censorship of printed material in 1644, Areopagitica. Many skirmishes had to be fought before Freedom of the Press was finally accepted as one of the earmarks of a free society. Free Speech is a corollary of press freedom, and I need do no more than remind you of the statement attributed to Voltaire: "I disagree with everything you say, but I will defend with my life your right to say it."
Adam Smith extended freedom to the economic order, with The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776 and warmly received in the thirteen colonies. Our population numbered about 3 million at this time; roughly one third of these were Loyalists, that is, Tory in outlook, and besides, there was a war on. Despite these circumstances 2500 sets of The Wealth of Nations were sold in the colonies within five years of its publication. The colonists had been practicing economic liberty for a long time, simply because their governments were too busy with other things to interfere — or too inefficient. Adam Smith simply provided a rational and a philosophical justification for what the colonists were already doing. These people knew in their bones, as Jefferson put it, that "If government should tell us when to sow and when to reap, we’d all want for bread."
Ten amendments to the Constitution were adopted in 1791. Article the First reads: "Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof…" America has never had a heresy law, and the First Amendment promises that we will not have a national church — the implication being that a man’s deepest convictions are too important a matter to be entrusted to politicians. The separation of Church and State enunciated in the First Amendment was a momentous first step in world history. That step is implicit in Christianity and has been foreshadowed as far back as 494 in a letter of Pope Gelasius to the Byzantine Emperior Anastasius, in which the sacred and the secular were sharply delineated, but circumstances decreed that the final implementation should wait till the 18th century.
I have called your attention to two paralled movements; the march of Democracy which deposed the kings and gave "power to the people," and the movement to expand individual liberty which gave us freedom of religion, freedom of economic enterprise, freedom of the press, and free speech. This second movement was rooted in the religious reforms of Queen Elizabeth’s day and led to political reforms designed to expand individual liberty. This was the major thrust of Whiggery.
The men we refer to as the Founding Fathers would have called themselves Whigs. Edmund Burke was the chief spokesman for a group in Parliament known as The Rockingham Whigs. In 1832 the Whig Party changed its name to one which more aptly described its emphasis on liberty. It became the Liberal Party, standing for free trade, religious liberty, the abolition of slavery, extension of the franchise, and other reforms. This development of ideas on liberty from Queen Elizabeth to Queen Victoria might properly be called the movement of Liberalism — Classical Liberalism.
Democracy and Liberalism have had a parallel history of development since the 17th Century, and some thinkers have ably championed both — one as means, the other as end. They are sufficiently close historically so that it is easy to confuse the two; but they are sufficiently different so that such confusion breeds dangerous consequences. Liberalism and Democracy are related as end and means. The end is a free society where people have the opportunity for the fullest expression of their lives. This is Liberalism. A suitable mechanics for the attainment of this end is to abandon the heredity principle which gave us kings and allow the multitudes to vote for officeholders. This is Democracy, a means, whose end is the free society of Liberalism, Classical Liberalism.
We need to remind ourselves that there are two major political questions, not just one. Everyone who thinks about the philosophy of government must first thrash out the question: "What shall be the extent of rule?" That’s the old way of putting it; we’d phrase the question somewhat differently today. We’d ask: "What is the role of a government in our society?" or "What activities belong in the public sector?" or "In the light of government’s nature, what is its competence? What tasks should we assign to it?" Men who wrestled with these questions, or questions like them, gave us the philosophy of Classical Liberalism, which — I scarcely need remind you — is the exact opposite of what today parades as liberalism.
We are familiar today with the division of society into a public sector and a private sector. The former might be called the political or coercive sector, and the latter, the voluntary or free choice sector. To the public or political sector we assign those things which we believe cannot operate without coercion, things which need to be managed, controlled, regulated, quarterbacked, commanded. To this sector our ancestors consigned religion, publishing, public discourse, and economic action. But the ideas of Liberalism, gaining a hold on public opinion, released these four major human activities from bondage to the state.
There is a second political question, of much less consequence than the first. It has to do with choice of personnel: how do you select people for public office? This is the question to which democratic theorists addressed themselves, and the answer that Democracy gives to this question of choosing people for political position is: Vote! Democratic theorists, having examined the arguments for monarchy, for aristocracy, and for drawing lots, come out in favor of balloting. Lay down a few requirements for the privilege of holding public office, and for the privilege of voting, then — on a given day and place —let the qualified voters mark their X or pull the lever, and the person who gets the highest number of votes gets the job.
If these words were used in their proper and original sense, I would call myself a Liberal Democrat. I am a Liberal in wanting government to act only as such action expands the domain of liberty for all persons alike; and I am a Democrat in wanting the franchise wisely extended — provided that the vote is simply to choose this person or that to occupy public office in a properly limited government.
Some of our forebears in the 18th century entertained what they called the "stake-in-government" theory. This was the notion that voting should be limited to property holders; otherwise, those without property would use their power at the polls to loot the treasury of money that had first been taxed away from those who earned it. These fears were groundless at the time; in the first place, because almost everyone in the new nation was a property holder and, in the second place, the public treasury did not have enough in it to make looting worth while.
But the very existence of this theory indicates that some people of the period rejected the idea that government should be an agency for the transfer of funds from one set of pockets to another. This was a rejection of the principle of "redistributionism," on which all modern governments operate. Repudiation of the idea, that the state exists to advantage some at the expense of others, is the major thrust of Classical Liberalism. "Justice is the end of government," wrote James Madison in the 51st Federalist Paper. "It is the end of civil society."
The unforgivable sin — so far as Classical Liberal theory is concerned — is the use of public power for private ends. Present-day liberalism, by contrast, invariably boils down to: Somebody’s program at everyone’s expense. These two aphorisms are more than mere slogans, and in order to bring out their meaning let’s take an imaginary trip to Berlin.
Forms of Collectivism
The year is 1927. You are strolling around the streets on a pleasant evening in May. You spy a small group of people gathered around a soapboxer wearing a red shirt. You listen awhile, but your German is not quite good enough to pick up the details of the excited harangue. So when the speaker has finished and the crowd has dispersed, you buttonhole the man and ask him what he’s up to. "I’m a member of the Communist Party," he tells you, "and as soon as we obtain power, this is the program we are going to impose on Germany." And he proceeds to spell out for you the social pattern he wants to enforce.
You continue your stroll and encounter a similar group of people listening to a spell-binder in a brown shirt. After the speech is over you ask this man to identify himself and he tells you he is a spokesman for the German National Socialist Workers’ Party —Nazi for short. He outlines the program his party will impose on Germany once they come to power, and you note that the Nazi program is almost indistinguishable from the Communist program; both eliminate individual liberty, both centralize power in the hands of a monolithic party, both oppose the market economy, both politicalize education, and both seek to eliminate or domesticate religion. The fact that Communists and Nazis fought each other in the streets does not mean that they opposed each other philosophically. In the Wars of Religion, Christians fought Christians, although the matters on which they agreed seem to us today, looking back, far more extensive than the points on which they differed.
You continue your stroll and finally come across a speaker dressed rather quaintly and addressing his tiny audience in measured, academic tones. When the man finishes his discourse you fall into conversation with him and learn that he and several friends in Berlin have a study group which reads and discusses the works of Adam Smith, Edmund Burke, and — to your utter amazement — The Federalist Papers! You are so fascinated that you can hardly wait to hear this man’s program for Germany. "We have no program for the nation," he tells you. "It is our belief that people, either individually, or working through voluntary associations, can plan their actions better than these can be planned for them by the centralized power structure. Like your Mr. Madison, in the 39th Federalist Paper, we rest all our political experiments on the capacity of mankind for self-government."
Classical Liberalism is unlike any other political theory. Every other political philosophy contemplates a National Plan, a program to put people through their paces. Your choice at the polls, then, is between this set of people with their XYZ Plan for the nation; versus that set of people with their ABC Plan for the nation. What choice does this offer for the ordinary citizen who’s injuring no one, who just wants to live his own life in peace with his neighbors, and who does not want to plan other people’s lives? The answer is: No choice at all!
I have described the movement of Liberalism from the 17th to the 19th centuries as an effort to expand the boundaries of individual liberty. How? By curbing the power of governments to diminish the efficacy of personal choice in the major areas of life. "The history of liberty," said Woodrow Wilson in 1912, "is the history of the limitations placed upon governmental power."
Now, when you address yourself to the question of the proper role of a government within a society you are dealing with an issue loaded with intellectual and moral content. "What is the competence of government?" and "What circumstances in society render it necessary to bring legal coercion to bear?" are questions you have to wrestle with, argue about, debate, write books on. They are of the same nature as disputed and difficult questions in history, psychology, archeology, or any other discipline. Most certainly, they are questions of a different nature than "Do you prefer ice cream to apple pie?"
The Limits for Voting
In simple matters of personal preference the opinion poll is a means of getting statistics. Some people find such figures valuable, and so we keep poll takers in business. Professional samplers of public opinion keep a running profile of changing voter preference for the presidential race of 1976. The balloting which will take place next year is the same kind of a thing as a Gallup poll; it will be a measure of popular preference for Mr. Ford over Mr. Jackson —or whoever. Voting is little more than a popularity contest, and the most popular man is not necessarily the best man, nor is the most popular idea the soundest idea. Balloting, then, is a means for dealing with the second, and much less important of the two political questions: "Who shall hold public office?"
It is obvious, now, that balloting is not a way to get at the fundamental question of the proper function of government in a society. We have to think hard about this one, which means we have to assemble evidence; weigh, sift, and criticize it; compare notes with colleagues, and so on. Which means that this is an educational endeavor; a matter for the classroom, the library, the study, the podium, the pulpit, the forum, the press. Mr. Gallup has no place here; to count noses at this point is a cop out. Furthermore, it is obvious that we cannot possibly arrive at sound conclusions about the role a government should play in a society unless we base our political speculations upon a solid understanding of our own nature, and the place of man in the total scheme of things.
If man is "little more than a chance deposit on the surface of the world, carelessly thrown up between two ice ages by the same forces that rust iron and ripen corn," as the famous historian Carl Becker put it, then it’s a matter of almost total indifference what kind of social and political arrangements we have — so long as we are comfortable and well fed, and no one steals our security blanket. But if we truly assess the greatness of the human spirit — as witnessed by man’s aspirations and his achievements in religion, art, philosophy, music, literature, law, as well as in the building of great civilizations — then we know that our three-score-years-and-ten are a moment in eternity, whose opportunities are offered us once and never repeated. So what we do with our earthly pilgrimage is a thing of utmost importance; and one thing we must do in life is work on the institutions of our society so as to widen the scope for individual persons to fulfill their potential.
Body and Mind
Human nature has several facets; every one of us is compounded of at least three elements. Biological factors are evident in our make-up; we are mammals and we are bipeds. This aspect of our nature is so obvious that some have been led to believe, erroneously, that this is all we are. The visible part of us is material, the physical body, which is stamped with our uniqueness. No one can grow fingerprints like yours. Body type — whether tall and slim or short and wide — has something to do with the shaping of our total personality and our greater susceptibility to certain diseases; but this is not what makes us distinctively human, Our anatomy by itself does not produce our language, and without a language we’d have no words to express our thoughts and our thoughts would be exceedingly primitive.
Language and thought are the marks of the second component in our nature, the mind. The body can be trained but only the mind can be educated. Mind and body interact, but their relations are so subtle as to puzzle the greatest of philosophers. Your mind, too, is uniquely your own. Mind and body together form your "psychosome," and when the two are out of phase you have a psychosomatic illness.
Now, in addition to your mind and body combination, there is a third essential ingredient that goes into making up the Self you are. Your psychosome receives an infusion of cultural components. If your particular psychosome had been born in Calcutta, say, or Peking, you would be a different person than the Self you actually are, despite the fact that your psychosome would be identical in each case. Your genes are undeniably important in the shaping of your nature; they make you a clever animal with enormous latent learning ability. But in addition to your genetic endowment you have a cultural heredity; there’s a little bit of some society in every Self. And the society which is in each one of us is compounded of the language, the traditions, the customs, conventions and laws of the West — not of the Orient, or Africa, or Oceana. To acknowledge that we are nurtured in the world vision of the West is not to pass an adverse judgment on other cultures; it’s simply to say that theirs is not ours. Incidentally, only those who are securely rooted in their own heritage can sense the true inwardness of other cultures.
In short, you would not be you if your Self were the product of another culture. Subtract the products of this culture from your make-up and you would be a clever anthropoid — nothing more. This is point one.
Every living organism proclaims by its continuing existence that life is to be preferred over death. Schopenhauer professed to believe otherwise; he declared for pessimism and preached that life is not worth living — until he died of natural causes at 72! Some do give up on life, too many; others cling to a wretched existence. A few discover real zest and joy in living. But anything this side of the despairing gesture of suicide constitutes an affirmation that it is better to be alive than dead. Point two.
Point three merely voices the obvious; the only life you have to live is the one you are living now in this place — this town, this state, this nation — at this time in history. Your citizenship is a thing of great value which people of other nations are willing to pay a high price to obtain. Living here you receive a greater economic reward for less effort than your counterpart in other parts of the globe; your rights are less in jeopardy than his, you have more latitude than he in pursuing your personal goals, you are freer in your hourly and daily rounds.
The human aim is not simply to live, it is to live well. The Self you want to preserve is ineluctably linked to the culture which went into its formation — our culture. Transplant your Self to an alien culture, and while it might survive it surely would not flourish. Stimulating interaction with your native habitat — with twentieth century America — provides optimal conditions for a flourishing life for yourself. Self-preservation — the first law — implies, therefore, an alert concern for the health of the values embodied in our culture. To the extent that a person respects the life that is in him, to that extent will he seek to preserve and strengthen the social matrix in which he was cast. If the nation as a whole appears to be beyond redemption or turns hostile, then the people who cherish sound values will produce a subculture within it; they’ll become a Remnant. The Amish are an example of such a culture within a culture, and so are the Mormons.
Respect for one’s Self and its values develops solicitude for the institutions which support them, and generates a willingness to defend those institutions. Self-rejection, on the other hand, alienates a person from his native culture and leads to antagonism toward the society which produced that Self. Disorder within is projected as strife without.
Two Aspects of Culture
There are two things to be said about a culture. In the first place, a culture is something cultivated; it’s not nature, but it might be called our second nature, for what we absorb from our social environment transforms a clever animal into a human being. We are humanized by what we learn in the educational process — by what we get from our parents, from our peers, from books, and from the prevailing intellectual climate by a sort of osmosis. In the second place, our culture is a transmission belt linking the generations, connecting those long dead with those not yet born. We acquired our values from our ancestors and, in a sense, made them our own; and we will pass these values along to our children, and they, in turn, to their descendents.
There are individuals and organizations in our midst whose announced aim is to destroy our society. They profess to hate the values of Western civilization, so they want to burn it down, blow it up — or talk it to death! Now, there is a large measure of self-hatred in these people who turn against civilized values; their dislike of themselves is externalized as a lust to tear down the culture which has shaped — or misshaped — them into what they are. Instead of destroying that which they hate — themselves — directly, by suicide, they seek to subvert the society responsible for making them misfits.
But if we accept ourselves, with all our shortcomings, as the Selves we really are — body and mind plus cultural components — then we have an obligation to defend body and mind and also the society whose values are selectively in our very being, with every resource of reason, persuasion, example and — in desperate last resort situations — by force.
Western civilization is grounded in the elements of civilization itself, to which it adds things unique to the West. The fundamental social value in Western civilization is individual liberty. The human person is looked upon as God’s creature who must be free if he is to fulfill his duty toward his Maker. This is the theological conviction which, on the political plane, spills out into the free economy and limited government. When the law preserves freedom of personal action, within the rules for maximizing liberty and opportunity for everyone, then government — so conceived — is the necessary prop to the free society.
I began this paper with some references to prize fighting, often referred to as "the manly art of self-defense." Now, we do not expect teachers of boxing, or judo, or karate to use language with due regard to semantic accuracy. When they say "self-defense" they really mean "body defense." They do not teach you how to defend your mind from invasion by logical fallacies, nor are they concerned with the protection of the cultural elements in our make-up. Self-defense, literally, must operate at these three levels: body, mind, and culture.
We expect more precision in the use of language from social scientists and philosophers, but we seldom get it. For the past century and a half political theorists have talked about man’s right of self-defense when they meant no more than a presumed right to protect his material body and his property— his property being merely an extension of his body. It is altogether right that a person defend his body from injury and his property from invasion, but a careful use of language demands that we label this "body-defense" and "defense of property"; it is grossly inaccurate to speak of defending one-third of our Self as "self-defense." We admit as much in the word "bodyguard."
The Bodyguard’s Role
You hire some burly and aggressive young man to see to it that unwelcome hands are kept off your carcass; he also sees to it that no one steals your car or breaks into your house. He guards your body and its material extension as property, but what about the other two parts of your Self — your mind and the cultural components in your make-up? It is not a function of your bodyguard to fortify your mind against falsehoods and specious reasoning, nor do we expect a bodyguard to buttress the values which undergird the free society. Concern for things of the mind and for cultural values are not part of his job as a bodyguard. But a genuine understanding of the Self leads to a realization that the defense of the Self demands more than any mere bodyguard can supply. It demands a proper concern for the requirements of liberty and justice in society.
The bodyguard offers his protective service on the market; he has a price tag. The market is perfectly competent to handle anything to which a price tag may appropriately be affixed. A synonym for "the market economy" is, in fact, "the price system." The price system covers that sector of life where things are offered for exchange and sale, where a quid pro quo is expected; 69¢ for a loaf of bread, a hundred dollars for a suit, ten thousand dollars for a year’s work, and so on.
The price system or the market economy is the only sensible way to handle matters in the sector of life where things and services are offered in exchange; this is the realm of economic calculation, where things can be reduced to monetary units. But there is a realm beyond the realm of monetary computation, where things do not have a price tag. Justice belongs to this realm, and so do such moral goods as liberty, honor, love and friendship.
If justice is for sale it is not justice; as we acknowledge in such old gags as "Hizzoner is the best judge money can buy." Honor is beyond price; if you can buy it it’s not honor. "What shall a man give in exchange for his soul?" Or freedom. Can you put a price tag on it? Could you take the 1975 national budget and use it to buy us a free society? Could we use our gold and buy packages of freedom in carload lots until the free economy is established? Take love. If it’s for sale it’s not love. You may be able to earn love, but you cannot buy it. A man who throws money around may acquire a group of so-called friends, but no one believes this to be the way to achieve real friendship.
Beyond Monetary Computation
There is a realm of life beyond the realm of monetary computation, where we find such goods as justice, liberty, honor, love and friendship. Two of these several goods are of immediate concern to political philosophy: justice and liberty. Justice is giving every man his due; justice provides "a free field and no favor." Justice is equal treatment before the law; one law for all men alike because all are one in their essential human nature. A just society is one which offers maximum liberty for all persons. Justice cannot be measured in monetary terms, and the same is true of liberty; no price tag may appropriately be affixed to either justice or liberty. This takes them out of the economic realm, for the market is incompetent to handle those things which cannot be priced.
It is obvious that honor, love and friendship are likewise without price — which takes them out of the economic realm. But neither can they be enforced — which takes them out of the political realm. But justice can be enforced. It is right that an act of violence against person or property be repelled or redressed forcibly. The rules which maximize individual liberty in society are occasionally infracted, and these aggressive or criminal actions must be counteracted by force, in last-resort situations.
This legal employment of force to rectify violence is the task of justice, and the only agency competent in the circumstances is government — for two primary reasons. I’ve already touched upon one, the fact that justice has no price tag, which takes it out beyond the market place. In the second place, the market is wholly peaceful; there is no force involved in producing economic goods, nor is there force in the network of voluntary exchanges which follows. Obviously, then, a wholly peaceful institution is incompetent to allocate acts of force. Only the political agency is competent to perform this necessary function in society, and when government performs competently within the limits imposed by the nature of its tasks, then individual liberty is maximized.
Liberalism Means Freedom
Liberalism used to mean freedom. Classical liberalism performed mightily and achieved major breakthroughs in the area of worship, free speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of economic enterprise. Then despotism returned and liberalism betrayed itself. We have been losing our liberties under the delusion that the democratic and majoritarian political process would automatically secure them! Several generations were misled into believing that once The People were in power, society would be free. The result is twentieth century totalitarianism masquerading as The People’s Republic of this or that Communist nation, where power is wielded arbitrarily and with utter ruthlessness.
We now know that people do propel themselves along the road to serfdom by majority vote, and we see that those who have voted themselves into slavery are just as much slaves as those who have been put in bondage by a conqueror. Power is power, whether sanctioned by divine right or authorized by the popular will. Power is not liberty; liberty operates in another dimension and has other requirements. As soon as a significant number of people become aware of these requirements, Liberalism will again mean freedom. | <urn:uuid:53d26cc4-a71b-462d-aec2-8c7a2079e487> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://fee.org/articles/liberalism-used-to-mean-freedom/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257100.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20190523043611-20190523065611-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.967095 | 9,663 | 2.796875 | 3 |
In the latest round of anti-Maori opinion, Dr Elizabeth Rata* argues that “tribalism” – meaning the Maori political system pre-1840 – is incompatible with democracy. Rata presents a more sober argument than David Round, but it is based on a false premise – that Maori operated under a system of tribalism and that Maori want to recreate said system.
Rata misrepresents the Maori political system. Maori did not operate under her invented definition of tribalism – the Maori political system was governed by tikanga. Maori society was grouped in three units; whanau, hapu and iwi. The hapu was the main political body led by a central rangatira and several lesser rangatira. Rangatira governed without force and relied on consensus politics to ensure compliance with tikanga. The consensus model was, arguably, as democratic as anything in industrial Europe. Tikanga developed as a result of centuries of practice and was informed by core principles (comparisons can be made with the common law). Tikanga regulated Maori political, legal, social and spiritual behaviour. According to Timoti Gallagher it was “flexible, adaptable and could be interconnected to fit with the demands of the moment or as new circumstances arose”**. This conception of Maori society is at odds with Rata’s make-believe notion of “tribalism”. As a result, Rata’s conclusions cannot stand. With this in mind, let’s pick the article apart piece by piece:
Kin status is what matters in the tribe; citizenship is the democratic status… Tribalism is exclusive. To belong you must have ancestors who were themselves born into the system.
Untrue. Whakapapa regulated belonging, but it was possible to join a hapu through marriage or immigration. Indeed, it was not uncommon for one hapu to subsume another.
Yet how can a traditional tribal system be revived when it was destroyed by democracy? Tribalism and democracy are incompatible - they cannot exist together as political systems in the one nation.
The Maori political system was not destroyed by the introduction of western democracy. Hapu transferred their sovereignty to the Crown in exchange for the protection of rangatiratanga. Crown sovereignty and Maori rangatiratanga have always co-existed, but one is subordinate to the other. Rangatiratanga was never destroyed (despite the Crown's efforts). Rangatiratanga is still exercised within our own "spheres", for example on the Marae or in Iwi governance.
Those wanting to place the Treaty into New Zealand's Constitution must address the implications of the fundamental incompatibility between democracy and tribalism if the constitutional review is to have any real purpose.
Well, that’s not right. Even if, and it’s a huge if, the Treaty were included in a written constitution that doesn’t alter New Zealand democracy. Constitutions remain subject to democratic amendment or destruction and neither the Treaty itself nor its principles diminish Crown sovereignty. The principles of the Treaty demand that Maori recognise and accept the sovereignty of the Crown in exchange for the protection of rangatiratanga and so on. The Treaty does not demand an end to liberal democracy and a return to the Maori political system pre-1840, if anything the Treaty with its reference to citizenship endorses Dr Rata’s definition of democracy.
The place of religion in New Zealand is a good example of the division between political status and identity. Many New Zealanders have a religion but their religious identity is not part of the political arrangements, although the right to exercise their religion is. Race and culture are like religion - an identity but not a political status. We meet in the political sphere as equal citizens not as members of a religion, a race, or a tribe.
An opponent of identity politics – fair enough – but this argument is working against 21st century trends. Former colonial societies are moving towards forms of multicultural or bicultural pluralism. New Zealand is no different. Racial politics is an entrenched part of New Zealand democracy. In 1908 the then Prime Minister Sir Joseph Ward rebuked Rua Kenana’s request to enrol on the Pakeha electoral role saying that Maori have “special representation of their own”.*** The representation the Prime Minister was referring to were the Maori seats, established in 1867 by the Maori Representation Act. The seats have and continue to affirm racial politics in New Zealand and are “an institutional endorsement that Maori are a distinct people with a unique place in New Zealand’s constitutional framework."**** Viewed in this light, the Maori seats have meant that the Maori democratic identity has been defined, for over a century and a half, by virtue of our whakapapa Maori. Rata’s argument does not hold water in the New Zealand context. The Select Committee reporting on the then proposed MMP legislation recommended that the Maori seats be retained despite the Royal Commission's recommendation to abolish the seats. Maori feel that the seats are an inalienable right – further entrenching racial politics as a part of our democracy.
Race or cultural identity cannot be included as a political status in a constitution.
Well, that’s wrong. Racial identity is already included in New Zealand’s constitution – in the Treaty and the Electoral Act - and it works perfectly well.
This takes me back to the question of chieftainship. Can chieftainship be exercised in a democracy? The comparison with religion holds the answer. Just as bishops and priests lost their considerable political power to democracy's system of accountable leadership, so too must today's iwi leaders accept the same limitations. Their influence on the political system should be that of any other social organisation or business corporation.
Rubbish. Of course rangatiratanga can be exercised in a democracy. After all, rangatiratanga is subordinate to the Crown’s sovereignty and only binding on those who submit to it. The Crown’s sovereignty – empowered by our democratic system – is binding whether you recognise it or not. Rangatiratanga is no different to any other form of devolved authority – confined and inferior. As for the argument that iwi leaders influence should be equivalent to an ordinary organisation, that ignores the New Zealand context. The Treaty guarantees Maori the right to citizenship (i.e. the right to participate in democracy and the acceptance of the sovereignty of the Crown) and the right to retain and exercise their Maoritanga. Successive governments and courts have recognised this right. The Treaty, various pieces of legislation and the attendant jurisprudence acknowledges that Maori have a special place in New Zealand society. The role of iwi reflects this.
At best, Rata’s piece is faulty because it relies on a false premise. At worst, it’s intellectually dishonest. Rata misrepresents the nature of tikanga and rangatiratanga and displays an impressive ability to think in binary. Unsurprisingly, Rata also demonstrates a poor grip on how democracy evolves to meet different conditions. New Zealand democracy, for example, has evolved to accomodate rangatiratanga and our cultural identity. Canadian democracy is also evolving to meet the special place of First Nations' people. The same is true across other Commonwealth countries and some parts of Asia and South America. Democracy does not have to confine itself to Rata's perfunctory and ostensible definition of the democratic state.
It's a shame that Rata is given a prominent platform to parrot her faulty views. Her regressive pieces go a long way towards justifying anti-Maori and anti-Treaty feeling and undermining sympathy for tino rangatiratanga. The three certainties in New Zealand are no Maoris, no Treaty and no sympathy.
Post-Script: Arihia at Te tau okioki writes: "a Pakeha woman with a massive chip on her shoulder, Rata is well known at home for raving on endlessly in a fact-free kind of way about biculturalism, Maori education, and Maori language. She is highly critical of what she calls 'culturalism' and the 'elite' in Maoridom, and the problems of Maori language education... the evidence she uses to support her claims is decontextualised, inaccurate or a fabrication most of the time and this is made possible partly by her refusal to follow the basic rules of any research... I am angry at Elizabeth Rata because she is an Associate Professor at the University of Auckland on the basis of such poor scholarship, and because she refuses to engage with a range of scholarship or to conduct her own research in ethical or even methodologically robust ways." This somewhat reflects my thinking on Rata's scholarship. Much of Rata's writing is concerned with the intersection of race and politics. Some of her ideas hold true, I think, but most of what I have read is rubbish.
*I suspect Dr Rata is a graduate of the John Ansell School of Law and Social Sciences. I used to have some time for her despite never agreeing with her arguments and conclusions. She was willing to push into some controversial territory, but the piece in question is intellectually dishonest. It's worth mentioning that Dr Rata is a member of Muriel Newman’s hate group. Check out some of her anti-Maori academic and media writing. Says it all really.
**See Te Kahui Kura Maori, Volume 0, Issue 1 Tikanga Maori Pre-1840. Very accessible and draws on the likes of Justices Durie and Williams and other writers of celebrity.
***See Mihaia, Oxford University Press, Auckland, 1979, pg 38. It’s a masterful history book from Professor Dame Judith Binney.
****See Electoral Law in New Zealand by Professor Andrew Geddis (starting at pg 93). Prof. Geddies writes a brief and easily read discussion of the Maori seats. | <urn:uuid:d0bbccc7-9632-4463-8800-8ab80e7d09a0> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://mauistreet.blogspot.com/2013/01/fisking-elizabeth-rata.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662529658.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519172853-20220519202853-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.948575 | 2,104 | 2.890625 | 3 |
BRAHMS THE PROGRESSIVE;
SCHUMANN THE VISIONARY
Tonight is the last part in the series of concerts that have explored the music of Brahms and Schumann, and also have taken a look at the music of Joseph Joachim and Clara Schumann, Robert Schumann's wife. Tonight's talk is a little bit about their legacy, but before we look at the different ways they have actually influenced the musical world, we need to look a little bit at the personalities of these two very famous and, in different ways, very great composers.
Robert Schumann, by all accounts, was a highly strung, very neurotic individual; deeply insecure and quite volatile, but highly inspired. He had great creative bursts of energy where he would write lots of music, then he would get very depressed, and was not able to write anything, but then he would have another one of these creative urges and he would write a whole series of songs or a symphony. He was very volatile, which is the opposite of Brahms, who was a master craftsman and very consistent; someone who was very unflappable as a person and a great pianist. So the personalities of these two individuals were very different.
Clara Schumann was a great source of strength to Robert Schumann, and in fact the start of their relationship was one of the things that really instigated a lot of Schumann's finest music.
I was looking through some correspondence of Schumann this morning, and Robert Schumann was actually quite a late developer, whereas Brahms was a very talented young man. He was a fantastic pianist and a very talented composer at a very young age. Robert Schumann was a much later developer. When he was a young man, he was actually considering being a poet or a musician. His family thought both careers were totally inadvisable, and so he studied law at university and qualified as a lawyer. It was only after these studies that he began to consider whether he should either go into music as a composer and a performer or whether he should write poetry. One of the insights I think we can take from the correspondence with his mother about this dual interest in both music and poetry is that it is poetry that really inspires a lot of his music. Schumann was a very prolific writer of art song and the poetry that he chose - Heine, Goethe, Schiller, all these great German poets, very much inspired his style of music.
Robert Schumann's legacy to the musical world is an interesting one. The idea that music could actually be poetry was a highly romantic concept, and perhaps Robert Schumann's greatest innovation was the creation of the miniature; the short one-minute piece, like his famous piano piece 'Dreaming'. As you know, it is two minutes long and it is very famous, partly because lots of people can play it, and in fact, in the 19th Century, people would have played that kind of music at home. One of the reasons why Robert Schumann's legacy was assured in the 19th Century was that by the middle to late 1800s, many people, middle class people, had pianos in their homes, and a lot of Robert Schumann's music was written for children or for amateurs to play in the comfort of their home. It is this type of piano miniatures that kept his name alive after he had died despite dying young, only in his early forties.
This idea that music could be poetry is a very romantic concept, and it was one that Robert Schumann championed with these small pieces. Perhaps because he was a great miniaturist and great at writing songs and chamber music, people have misunderstood his symphonic contribution. Many people have considered his symphonies to be badly orchestrated. However, having said that, one of the most successful of his pieces, in fact the most famous piece, that was widely performed in the 19th Century was the Piano Concerto, which Clara Schumann championed long after his death. Clara Schumann indeed did very much to keep Robert Schumann's name alive, by performing his music across Europe well into the 1880s, long after Robert Schumann died, in the 1850s. So there were high profile people that were out there promoting his music, both the public forms like the Piano Concerto, and the more intimate world of the piano music. In many ways, the 19th Century saw the emergence of the great romantic piano virtuoso, and so Robert Schumann's piano music was taken up by this new wave of people. With the emergence of a new middle class due to the industrial revolution, you saw many more public concerts rather than concerts in private homes or royal palaces, and you begin to see music by Schumann, things like the great piano pieces, becoming part of the mainstream of what we now consider to be popular public concert-going. Robert Schumann was one of the first composers to be championed in that kind of way, but he was very lucky really that his wife was such a great pianist, because otherwise, his fortunes could have been quite different.
Robert Schumann, during his life, was more famous and influential as a critic and writer about music rather than as a composer. During the 1830s and '40s, his writings about music in the Neue Zeitschrift for Music were very widely read in Germany and highly influential on the new music of that time. His judgement was absolutely impeccable as he was able to spot real talent. He was also fairly accurate about composers that people no longer play anymore. His opinions were quite extreme. If you are a composer or a performing musician, you are going to have strong opinions about what you like and what you do not like, and that comes across in his writings. But perhaps the biggest contribution his writing made was spotting the talent that Brahms had and publicly endorsing that in an article in 1853. He actually wrote in this article that 'the music of Brahms was to give expression to his age in an ideal fashion.' He really thought that Brahms' music encapsulated that particular period of time in 1853. In fact, during 1853, the syphilis that Schumann had began to take its toll and he attempted to commit suicide by throwing himself into the Rhine. After this point, he was basically in a mental institution until he died a few years later. But it was Clara Schumann and Brahms, who he had recently met, who put together all his music. They actually destroyed some of the music that they did not think was so worthy, particularly the things that he had written while he was in an asylum. There was a complete edition of Robert Schumann's music that Clara Schumann and Brahms worked on which was published by Breitkopf & Härtel, the famous German publishers, in the 1860s, and this did very much to establish the Robert Schumann cannon. So he obviously owed a great debt to Brahms for this, but likewise, Brahms owed a great debt to Robert Schumann for pointing out that his music was a way forward to a new type of German music. What is easy to forget is the fact that in the 1850s and 1860s, Germany was politically moving from a series of principalities and small nation states into a unified country which came in 1871, under Bismarck.
So one of the problems that Brahms had at the time, was he was seen to be the leading hope for German music - this is what Schumann was saying - but he was also associated with the idea of a German composer. What does German-ness mean? What does a national composer encapsulate? In Brahms, you have a composer that is really looking back all the time and creating something new out of previous Germanic music. The two biggest influences on Brahms' style are Beethoven and Bach, and indeed, music even earlier, like Buxtehude who was a composer before Bach, but it is all German music. What Brahms is doing is taking some of the ideas and concepts in this music and moulding it into something that is quintessentially German by being linked to the great history of Germanic music. It is something new and fresh that has credibility given to is by sounding like it is coming from the past. Unlike Wagner who was trying to create something that was completely new and bold and was making a splash. You could never say that of any of Brahms' pieces. He was not trying to create something that is new and on a completely different metaphysical and philosophical level, but this is what Wagner was doing. Brahms was deliberately writing music that was very much linked to a much earlier tradition of music making.
What is interesting about Brahms himself as a person was he was one of the first composers to avidly collect manuscripts of previous composers. I recently found out that he actually owned the manuscript score of Mozart's G Minor Symphony. He also was given as a present by a rich patron the manuscript score to Haydn's Sun Quartet, and he had very many of Beethoven's sketches that were given to him. So he was not just a composer and musician; he was very interested in the tradition and heritage of music, and particularly German music.
But this is where the problem has lies, because he is very much seen as a classicist and someone that is trying to re-invent the Germanic classical tradition. It was later on, in 1890 when Brahms was a very old man, that he began to become acutely aware of his place in posterity, and he destroyed a lot of his sketches and indeed actually destroyed a lot of pieces that he did not think were worth publishing or might damage his reputation. So he was very much concerned with making sure that what he left behind was what he wanted people to hear. But if you look at pieces like the finale of the First Symphony, rather like the finale on the Violin Sonata I am playing today, they actually sound a little bit like the tune from Beethoven 9, so you can actually hear that link directly.
But why was Brahms called a progressive, and what is the connection between Brahms and the music that was to follow? Schoenberg, who was the arch-contemporary composer of the 20th Century along with Stravinsky, wrote a very influential article called 'Brahms the Progressive', and in it he talks about Brahms as if he was someone who was trying to break boundaries with music. It is an interesting article because Schoenberg says that what Brahms does with his form and the way that he uses musical motifs is actually highly original.
This sounds quite general, but if you take the Violin Sonata that I am going to play, the amount of material that he uses in the first movement is very little. The opening four bars of the piano introduction basically contains all the material for the whole of the first movement. So what Brahms does is he takes an opening theme or melody and he continuously extends it by continuous variation. So after you have heard the piano play the introductory melody and the violin comments, there is a role reversal, and the violin has the melody and the piano comments, but already, the music is starting to be varied and it is different. Every time you hear the same material, it is different. This is something that enables Brahms to create formal structures, that are incredibly innovative and they are not dictated to you by some kind of mould in which he can put the music. If you take the music of Mendelssohn, the formal structure is very classical so you know that you are going to have two subjects in the exposition, development, and re-capitulation and coda, but in Brahms, this is much more a complex relationship because he was continuously spinning one idea and generating new material from it. This is one of the aspects that Schoenberg was commenting on, that this was the kind of new way of writing classical music. It is all in classical music composers which as Haydn, Beethoven and Mozart, but Brahms is taking it a step further, because the harmonic language and the orchestration of the music is romantic and not classical.
The other thing that Brahms did, and Schoenberg talks about, is his treatment of rhythm. If you listen to baroque music, particularly Bach, it is actually incredibly funky. There are lots of syncopations, there is lots of dissonance, and this dissonance is often used in an asymmetrical way. In Brahms, he does exactly the same thing. In the A Major Sonata, going back to this piece that I am going to play later, it is in three-four time, so the possibilities are fairly limited about where the main emphasis is in the beat. Obviously the first beat in a baroque piece would be the most important. If it was a sarabande in the baroque style, the second beat would be the most important. But what Brahms does is he will have elements of sarabande, so you will have some bars where the second bar is stronger, and he will have elements of waltz, so you have the first beat strong and the second and third beats weak, and then to add to this, he also creates asymmetrical phrasing by adding two bars together and turning that into a three-two bar. So instead of having 1, 2, 3 - 1, 2, 3, you have 1... 2... 3. If you combine this, and make it much more complicated, you have a rhythmical web which, combined with harmony, makes this music incredibly intricate and actually very interesting to listen to, because it's not just about melody and accompaniment. It is not just about harmony - it is also about harmonic rhythm and the actual interplay between the two things. Schoenberg points out that this is actually a new way forward for music.
Brahms' legacy is an interesting one, and I think Clara Schumann has to take a lot of credit for this. She was obviously a rock for Robert Schumann and helped him to compose, but she was also a rock to Brahms as well. Every piece that Brahms wrote, from 1853 onwards, until Clara Schumann died in 1896, he sent to her for approval before he would have it published. Every idea he had about a new project, he would write about to her and get her feedback. So she obviously profoundly influenced the way he wrote and also the way he thought about his music, and was obviously his confidant about musical matters for a very long time. Clara Schumann, once Robert Schumann had died, played a lots of Brahms' music abroad. She visited London I think 17 or 18 times, which was a lot for those days when there was not Ryanair or British Airways.
So his legacy is an interesting one. On the one hand, he is seen by some German and foreign composers as a conservative classicist. Tchaikovsky said, 'This music sounds like mud.' He absolutely hated Brahms' music. He thought he was a shambolic orchestrator and he did not like any of his melodic material. The contemporary composers that Brahms knew that really appreciated his music were people like Dvorak and Grieg. In Britain, he was hugely influential in Britain, on composers like Stanford, Parry, Elgar, and Vaughan Williams. In Finland, he was a huge influence on Sibelius as well. The reason for this is he was a great symphonic writer - he wrote four marvellous symphonies - and the symphony is the ultimate public form for absolute music, because you can play a symphony in the Albert Hall and 6,000 people can turn up. You cannot play a Brahms' Violin Sonata in the Albert Hall, because no one will be able to hear you. So Brahms' public reputation rests chiefly on his public music - i.e. the symphonies, the German Requiem and the two marvellous piano concertos. Some of his critics said that he was a glorified writer of chamber music and the symphonies and larger scale works reflect his great passion for chamber music, but I think really his public reputation, and enduring popularity has rested on these big public works. Although that is not to say that there are not huge riches in the other music he wrote, because some of the finest music he wrote was chamber music.
Going onto contemporary composers, people from the 20th Century, he was a huge influence on the Second Viennese School, but not so much because he was symphonist. People like Vaughan Williams and Elgar were inspired by Brahms' symphonies and so wrote symphonies. If you listen to Elgar's First Symphony, it sounds like Brahms' First Symphony. The orchestration is quite similar, and some of the melodic material sounds like Brahms could have written it. But what Schoenberg, Webern and Berg were interested in was the kind of processes that Brahms was using in his music, rather than the idea of writing a symphony, which obviously Brahms kept alive. Wagner just wrote operas. He wrote one symphony and I can tell you that it is not worth listening to - it is a terrible piece - but his operas are fantastic, and that was considered to be one way forward, to write a total artwork. Wagner's legacy, I think, very much rests with Hollywood: the idea of the total artwork is exactly what a feature film is, where you have acting, music, and the whole spectacle of it in one place. That is one of Wagner's many legacies. But Brahms' legacy was to keep the symphony alive, so that is one aspect, and also to create new possibilities for continuous variation in music, and this is something that you find particularly in the music of Schoenberg and Webern. Webern's music is very spare and very minimalist in a way - there are hardly any notes, and most of his pieces are very short. Brahms was the inspiration for being able to have very economical means to develop a form, and it could be any length. So that perhaps is one of Brahms' contributions to 20th Century music. Also, composers like Ligeti, he's written a horn trio which is highly inspired by Brahms' music, and even Milton Babbitt, who's a very mathematical composer, says that Brahms was a huge influence, but this is about process rather than the actual form of the music.
I think the greatest thing that you could say about any composer would be that their music is being played now, and a lot. Brahms' music, by the 1890s when the time he was an old man, was being played everywhere, which was a huge achievement. If you look a hundred years earlier, the only music that was actually performed was contemporary music. By the time Brahms was an old man, people had begun to revisit earlier music. In Germany this began with Mendelssohn when he revived Bach's Matthew Passion, and composers and performers began to revive music from the past. Someone like Bach, as soon as he was dead, people forgot about his music, and it was kept alive basically in people's education because they had to learn the preludes and fugues and the inventions to learn how to play the piano or the harpsichord, but a lot of his greatest music was completely forgotten about. For instance, some of the manuscripts for the Violin Partitas and Sonatas of Bach were actually found in a cheese shop in Poland - people were wrapping up food in them. So that was the attitude of people towards old music. But Brahms really represents one of the first composers who was able to benefit from this historicism and also Schumann as well - they both benefited a lot from the emergence of a new type of audience for music, and this new audience was interested in music that was coming from a tradition, whereas a hundred years before, there was not a tradition, because what was played was what was written for that particular occasion. This is one of the monumental shifts that occurred in the 19th Century.
The other one that is worth talking about is the emergence of conservatoires, because up until the first conservatoires emerged around the 1780s and 1790s - the Royal Academy of Music in London was in 1821 - there was no formal training for musicians. Orchestras were just a bunch of people that rolled up on the day, did not rehearse anything properly, and just read through whatever was put in front of them. When Paganini came to London on his famous tours, he literally put the music out on the stand before the concert and everyone had to sight read, and then he had take the music off the stand and disappear. But Brahms represents one of the first composers whose music was properly rehearsed, and he insisted on proper rehearsals and proper standards. One of the reasons why there is such a rich orchestral tradition in Germany today is partly because of the 19th Century, the emergence of conservatoires - the professionalisation of music, if you like - and this benefited Brahms' and Schumann's music a lot, because people were able to hear it en mass for the first time. People were able to play it in their homes - Schumann's piano music was played a lot in the home. Brahms' music is more complex, but was performed very widely.
Also, just before we finish, Brahms was actually the first musician to be recorded by Thomas Edison. I think it was the fifth or sixth ever recording ever made. You cannot hear very much as it is incredibly scratchy, but one thing that is preserved on this very early recording is his voice, which was very high-pitched, but his piano playing, unfortunately, you cannot hear very much.
So during the course of his long life, he had basically seen the emergence of a different type of music that has developed such a lot from Beethoven's day, but he had also seen the emergence of a new way of professional music making and a new audience for music. He had also participated and seen the future of music with recordings, which obviously made all of this romantic repertoire so popular in the 20th Century, and that is probably the greatest legacy to us all, is the fact that this music is so widely played now. So I very much hope you enjoy the concert.
©Thomas Kemp, Gresham College, 24 April 2007 | <urn:uuid:4b99301c-72ee-477b-ba5d-658ad7561984> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/brahms-the-progressive-schumann-the-visionary | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425144.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725102459-20170725122459-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.992061 | 4,652 | 2.59375 | 3 |
By Michael Podgurney
EDMONTON – Bonnie Patton was inspired to create 1984 Cranes, a visual arts piece, by two stories that have more in common than you might initially think: George Orwell’s seminal novel 1984 and the story of Sadako Sasaki as a historical figure represented in Elenor Coerr’s 1977 novel Sadako and the Thousand Paper Cranes. War and oppression might be the obvious connection but both narratives have parallel aspects of defeat and grit which are the themes that pervade Patton’s work.
The piece will include 984 paper cranes fashioned from the pages of Orwell’s book hung from the ceiling and spaced evenly throughout the exhibit. Sadako’s story revolves around these cranes. She was diagnosed with leukaemia as a 12 year old girl, ten years after she survived the Hiroshima massacre, and embarked on a mission to fold 1000 paper cranes, a Japanese tradition known as Senbazuru. The idea is if you fold the 1000 cranes, within a year the gods will grant you one wish. Sadako’s wish was to live. 1984 is the story of Winston Smith, a citizen of a totalitarian regime who yearns for freedom from the oppression of his society. He inhabits a world where nothing can be taken for truth, life has no meaning or enjoyment and Big Brother watches your every move. But, where’s the connection? The answer lies in the interplay of the themes of failure and resilience in the stories.
“The cranes are fragile and delicate,” explains Patton, noting Orwell’s story will not be completely discernible within the exhibit.
“The proliferation of words like ‘Winston,’ ‘Goldstein,’ ‘Julia,’ ‘Big Brother,’ ‘newspeak,’ and ‘doublethink’ make it clear what book the cranes are from.”
As the cranes hang from the ceiling and flutter to the unpredictable whims of the atmosphere, Patton hopes that people will get a sense of vulnerability, but recognize the strength of people when they come together.
“While an individual may fail, many individuals together have power and opportunity.”
It is important to have an understanding of both Sadako’s story, as well as the Orwell novel to pick up on one of the major themes within the piece. The exhibit is framed by the content of the stories and the character’s struggles. Winston and Sadako face similar conflicts but their physical circumstances are drastically different. Winston inhabits an imaginary totalitarian dystopia, forged in the imagination of a visionary writer, while Sadako faced a horrifying reality, created by the good intentions of a world superpower.
While Sadako is defined by the legacy she left behind, Winston is defined by neatly ordered words on the surface of precisely cut pages.
These pages, which contain the story of unrealized resolution to suffering, are the perfect vehicle for the concept that the cranes symbolize in relation to Coerr’s story of Sadako. Sadako and Winston wish for escape from circumstance; both fail to reach this freedom despite achieving their goals, and Patton plays on this angle. Sadako made the requisite 1000 paper cranes she needed to fulfill her life’s wish but was not granted the realization of this wish; in the novel she falls short of her goal.
Though Patton “freed Winston from the confines of the book, his wish still didn’t come true;” the wish to find freedom from the box in which he is forced to live. Whether or not these stories and the resulting art piece are about hope or hopelessness is entirely up to the one beholding them.
1984 Cranes will debut on December 7th, and will run to January 20th at the Art Incubator Gallery at Hartcourt House (Edmonton).1948 Paper Cranes, Art, Art Incubator Gallery, Hartcourt House, Visual Art | <urn:uuid:ab5eec4b-28fc-43b5-9978-8860ad7717c6> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://beatroute.ca/2017/12/05/1948-paper-cranes-visual-art-tells-two-seemingly-different-tales/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828318.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217042727-20181217064727-00558.warc.gz | en | 0.949683 | 831 | 2.59375 | 3 |
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Being homeless can make it harder to succeed in school. But City Schools can help.
What does it mean to be homeless?
Under U.S. federal law, students who have no fixed, adequate nighttime residence are considered “homeless.” This includes
Is doubling up or couch-surfing the same as being homeless?
When students — with or without other family members, parents, or guardians — stay with extended family or friends because of a loss of housing and lack of resources to obtain new, permanent housing, they are considered homeless under the law. This means that they are entitled to and eligible for services provided all other students and families experiencing homelessness.
What will schools do to support homeless youth and families?
Once a school knows a student is experiencing homelessness, staff will
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If a student or family disagrees with City Schools’ determination of eligibility or type of services provided, they may appeal the decision. To start the appeal, the student or family should ask for a formal conference with the school principal. If the student or family still disagree with the decision, they may request a grievance hearing.
During the appeals process, students have the right to enroll immediately in the closest school that they are eligible to attend or to remain enrolled at the school of origin. | <urn:uuid:de94a37c-31d7-4f9f-b770-72f4336300c7> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.baltimorecityschools.org/homeless-services | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154805.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804111738-20210804141738-00702.warc.gz | en | 0.960972 | 293 | 2.953125 | 3 |
VFW 614 / ATTAS
28 May 2010
Flying quick-change artist
The DLR VFW 614/ATTAS research aircraft
For more than twenty years, ATTAS (Advanced Technologies Testing Aircraft System) has been the large flying test bed of the German Aerospace Center (DLR). ATTAS was primarily designed as a 'flying simulator', to simulate the flying behaviour of other - real (existing) or virtual - aircraft.
The application portfolio of ATTAS is very wide-ranging. With its measurement and test equipment, ATTAS is used for numerous test duties, such as testing future air traffic control procedures and low-noise approaches, for example. Research into wake vortices is also carried out with ATTAS; these are air turbulences that occur as a result of the lift produced on the wings.
ATTAS is based on the 44-seater, twin-engine VFW 614 short-haul jet developed in the 1970s by Bremen-based VFW Fokker (now Airbus).
One of the core modifications was the integration of an electrohydraulic fly-by-wire flight control system (FBW), in addition to the usual mechanical controls. The changeover from mechanical to electronic control can be made as required during the test flight. This enables scientists and engineers to investigate anything and everything that is possible with a computer in terms of flight control.
ATTAS was converted to a research aircraft at the end of the 1980s and since then has been used for aviation research for an average of 130 flying hours per year. Today, however, ATTAS is the last example in the world of the VFW 614 still flying. As a result, the supply of spares is limited to those currently held in stock, and the aircraft is inevitably approaching the end of its operating life. The youngest member of the fleet, the Airbus A320 ATRA (Advanced Technology Research Aircraft) will succeed ATTAS from the end of 2008.
The following modifications differentiate ATTAS from the standard VFW 614:
General view of the electrohydraulic, fly-by-wire flight control system
- Electrohydraulic, digital fly-by-wire flight control system. It intervenes in the standard mechanical-hydraulic steering via electrohydraulically-operated linkages, which are connected to the control units of the safety pilot sitting on the right. The safety pilot can disconnect the fly-by-wire linkages at any time and take over control with the mechanical system. The fly-by-wire flight control system covers aileron, elevator, rudder, trimmable stabiliser, engines, landing flaps and the direct lift control flaps in the rear section of the landing flaps. The fast-moving flaps enable a direct change to the wing lift and so provide an additional degree of freedom in the longitudinal motion of the aircraft, which, amongst other things, is necessary for the in-flight simulation used in assessing the flight characteristics.
- Computer system for controlling the electronic fly-by-wire flight control system, with freely programmable, powerful experimental computer. The installed simulation software can simulate the flight behaviour of other (even virtual) aircraft. Because of the safety concept with the mechanical back-up control system, the software used does not need to be certified. The experimental system can be expanded with additional computer modules.
- Test pilot cockpit with freely programmable displays, fitted with both a sidestick and a control column.
- Measurement system for recording and displaying the data from the flow and acceleration sensors, avionics and air data, data from the FBW flight control system, and additional data from the computer system.
High-frequency data link (downlink and uplink) for online data transfer between aircraft and ground station.
Cockpit of the ATTAS research platform
- Electrical and hydraulic power supplies for the experimental systems, independent of the systems of the basic aircraft.
Missions - research focus
Research into the life and decay of wake vortices
The aim of the experiments is to reduce the possible separation distance between aircraft coming in to land or taking off behind one another, by means of a more accurate computation of the evolution and decay of wake vortices. For this, the wake vortex produced by ATTAS is measured by LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) systems either stationed on the ground or installed in an aircraft. At the same time, there was also the attempt to accelerate the breakdown of the wake vortex by periodic aileron movements.
Simulation of flying through wake vortices
Visualisation of a wake vortex
Using a simulation programme, and with the help of the fly-by-wire flight control system, flying into wake vortices is simulated without risk; and then, based on the pilot's subsequent assessment, criteria are developed for possible, acceptable vorticities. Strategies for automatic countersteering will be tested too.
Testing future air traffic control procedures
Thanks to satellite navigation, aircraft today are able to navigate very precisely, independently of ground-based support systems. Over and above this, to enable optimal planning and control of air traffic, individual airspace users need to be managed with the timings as accurate as possible in that airspace. The solution lies in trajectories - so-called 4D trajectories - which describe the route of an aircraft precisely in both the time and space domains, and enable each individual leg of the flight to be strategically planned. This way, conflicts in the airspace can be detected and avoided more effectively. Finally, this capability will lead to higher airspace and airport capacities.
The DLR Institute of Flight Guidance (DLR-Institut für Flugführung) has already developed and tested an Advanced Flight Management System (AFMS) back in the 1990s, a system that makes precisely this 4D planning and management possible. Since then the system has been continuously improved. Additions include communication elements that link the traffic planning modules on the ground to the flight route planning modules in the aircraft by data link.
The AFMS has already demonstrated its highly promising capabilities in numerous test flights with ATTAS, the DLR research aircraft.
Testing new low-noise approach procedures
With the Experimental Flight Management System, the approach profile is worked out accurately - depending on the wind and other factors - whilst the aircraft is still at cruising altitude, and then flown along fully automatically and with accurate timing. This enables, for example, low-noise steep approaches with the engines idling, and approaches to the ILS glide path from above that would not be possible with a conventional flight management system.
||20.60 metres (24.39 metres with nose boom) |
||64 square metres |
||2.66 metres |
||1.92 metres |
For DLR research: three seats for crew members and up to seven seats for scientists. The basic model VFW 614 had up to 44 seats.
||14.9 tonnes (with permanent test equipment) |
||20.8 tonnes max. |
||Two Rolls-Royce M45 H engines |
||2 x 32 kilonewton (no reverse thrust) |
||Approximately 1 800 kilometres |
||7,600 metres max. (25.000 feet) |
||700 kilometres per hour max. |
|Fuel tank capacity:
||Short-haul commercial aircraft |
|DLR flight facility:
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The shame was ours not His.
The cross was a thing of shame, meant by ancient authorities to punish the evil doer with a slow and painful death and also to shame the guilty one and all who were his. Shame is a punishment all its own. It is as heavy as a cross and bites as deep as a Roman whip. The deeds at Calvary completed a three decade+ process of humiliation for the Son of God.
- He emptied Himself of divine qualities to become a helpless infant.
- He learned as child learns, this One Who at one time knew everything.
- He worked with wood, doing business with the villagers, this One Who created everything.
- He suffered the rejection of the children of Joseph and Mary, bitter preparation for a nation soon to reject Him, this second person of the Godhead.
- Life flowed through Him so that the dead lived again, the crippled walked again, the deaf and dumb sang again, and all manner of sick and oppressed folk laughed again.
- They crowned Him King crying “Hosanna!” and then cried “Crucify Him,” when public opinion changed.
- His closest followers, except for the women, listened to Him but did not hear Him. They watched and prayed with Him in the Garden and then they slept.
- The Soldiers came to begin the final act of this theatre of shame: trials, scourging, and a cross.
He deserved none of this, this deep, deep shame. Yet He bore it all. In the Garden while His friends slept, He drained the cup of shame to the dregs and called it God’s will. Our shame was laid upon Him to the full.
Why should we bear our shame still?
This divine obliteration of shame is a proven historical event. It is appropriated by faith by anyone who will simply repent, confess, and believe. Why then, do so many trudge through this life with a cross of shame on their shoulders? I see two types of shame; let’s call shame by other biblical terms like “sorrow.” Paul speaks of a “godly sorrow that leads to repentance” and of a worldly sorrow that leads to death.
- There is a godly shame that leads to repentance, forgiveness, and regeneration—a new life free from the record of the past.
- There is a pathological shame that grips the soul and never lets go until life is choked out completely.
The difference is Jesus and His cross and His empty tomb. He carried our well-deserved shame with Him into that tomb and he left it there! He came out in resurrection power holding in his nail-scarred hands the touch of healing and forgiveness and redemption for us. Today those strong carpenter’s hands can cut away our binding fetters of guilt and shame.
Believe it. Accept it. Live in it. Just as the shame He endured was ours, not His, the acceptance and innocence that replaces our shame is His not ours—but it is His gift to us.
Believe it. Accept it. Live in it
Proverbs 3:11-12 NKJV
My son, do not despise the chastening of the Lord, Nor detest His correction; For whom the Lord loves He corrects, Just as a father the son in whom he delights.
2 Corinthians 7:8-11 NKJV
For even if I made you sorry with my letter, I do not regret it; though I did regret it. For I perceive that the same epistle made you sorry, though only for a while. Now I rejoice, not that you were made sorry, but that your sorrow led to repentance. For you were made sorry in a godly manner, that you might suffer loss from us in nothing. For godly sorrow produces repentance leading to salvation, not to be regretted; but the sorrow of the world produces death.
Romans 9:33 NKJV
As it is written: “Behold, I lay in Zion a stumbling stone and rock of offense, And whoever believes on Him will not be put to shame.”
Who has believed our report? And to whom has the arm of the Lord been revealed? For He shall grow up before Him as a tender plant, And as a root out of dry ground. He has no form or comeliness; And when we see Him, There is no beauty that we should desire Him. He is despised and rejected by men, A Man of sorrows and acquainted with grief. And we hid, as it were, our faces from Him; He was despised, and we did not esteem Him. Surely He has borne our griefs And carried our sorrows; Yet we esteemed Him stricken, Smitten by God, and afflicted. But He was wounded for our transgressions, He was bruised for our iniquities; The chastisement for our peace was upon Him, And by His stripes we are healed. All we like sheep have gone astray; We have turned, every one, to his own way; And the Lord has laid on Him the iniquity of us all. He was oppressed and He was afflicted, Yet He opened not His mouth; He was led as a lamb to the slaughter, And as a sheep before its shearers is silent, So He opened not His mouth. He was taken from prison and from judgment, And who will declare His generation? For He was cut off from the land of the living; For the transgressions of My people He was stricken. And they made His grave with the wicked — But with the rich at His death, Because He had done no violence, Nor was any deceit in His mouth. Yet it pleased the Lord to bruise Him; He has put Him to grief. When You make His soul an offering for sin, He shall see His seed, He shall prolong His days, And the pleasure of the Lord shall prosper in His hand. He shall see the labor of His soul, and be satisfied By His knowledge My righteous Servant shall justify many, For He shall bear their iniquities. Therefore I will divide Him a portion with the great, And He shall divide the spoil with the strong, Because He poured out His soul unto death, And He was numbered with the transgressors, And He bore the sin of many, And made intercession for the transgressors.
Psalm 69:8-9; 17-21
Surely, for your sake have I suffered reproach, and shame has covered my face. I have become a stranger to my own kindred, an alien to my mother’s children. Let not the torrent of waters wash over me, neither let the deep swallow me up; do not let the Pit shut its mouth upon me. Answer me, O Lord, for your love is kind; in your great compassion, turn to me.” “Hide not your face from your servant; be swift and answer me, for I am in distress. Draw near to me and redeem me; because of my enemies deliver me. You know my reproach, my shame, and my dishonor; my adversaries are all in your sight.”
Hebrews 12:1-3 NKJV
Therefore we also, since we are surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which so easily ensnares us, and let us run with endurance the race that is set before us, looking unto Jesus, the author and finisher of our faith, who for the joy that was set before Him endured the cross, despising the shame, and has sat down at the right hand of the throne of God. For consider Him who endured such hostility from sinners against Himself, lest you become weary and discouraged in your souls.
Lord Jesus, help me to never forget the shame that You endured. It was mine, not Yours, yet You bared Your back to the soldiers and their whips, You shouldered the cross and carried it up the hill. You endured the violence of the words and nails of Golgotha. From the cross You quoted the psalms You learned as a child, yield Your abandoned spirit to the Father. Let me never forget the three-day silence of the Tomb as You raided hell’s headquarters, wresting the keys of death, hell and the grave from Satan’s grip. When You stepped from that tomb, you left my shame inside. Help me never to pick it up again. Thank You, Lord Jesus!
At the Cross
Words: Isaac Watts; Music: Scottish Folk Tune
1. Alas! and did my Savior bleed, and did my Sovereign die!
Would he devote that sacred head for sinners such as I?
At the Cross, at the Cross where I first saw the light
And the burdens of my heart rolled away,
It was there by faith I received my sight
And now I am happy all the day.
2. Was it for crimes that I have done, he groaned upon the tree?
Amazing pity! Grace unknown! And love beyond degree!
3. Well might the sun in darkness hide, and shut its glories in,
when God, the mighty maker, died for his own creature’s sin.
4. Thus might I hide my blushing face while his dear cross appears;
dissolve my heart in thankfulness, and melt mine eyes to tears.
5. But drops of tears can ne’er repay the debt of love I owe.
Here, Lord, I give myself away; ’tis all that I can do.
© 2017 Stephen R. Phifer All Rights Reserved | <urn:uuid:ec6dd5c8-0a63-4365-9d31-70aca4311147> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://pathoflifedevotions.com/2017/11/10/november-10-2017-shame/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159193.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923095108-20180923115508-00260.warc.gz | en | 0.964516 | 2,008 | 2.984375 | 3 |
It’s only (as well as an excruciating) 92 days until the next big election. Early voting starts in Minnesota in half that time–on Friday, September 26th. There are still primaries in many states shaping up down-ballot races, including those critical local and state races that have a huge impact on people’s day to day.
At the risk of jumping in like Captain Obvious, it’s important to remember that women–you know a little bit more than half of the U.S. population–weren’t able to cast a vote in the U.S. until 1920.
So, for those 114,642,000 U.S. citizens of voting age who are women, per the Census, as you contemplate casting your ballot, contemplate what it took to gain your right to vote.
Things You Maybe Didn’t Know About Women’s Suffrage
Worldwide, women weren’t always included in voters rolls.
- Switzerland was the last Western republic to grant women’s suffrage in 1971. I guess their neutrality wasn’t all that neutral. Other late adopters of women’s rights to vote in Europe were Spain 1931, France 1944, Italy in 1946, and Greece in 1952.
- Some countries were early to the table regarding women’s vote. Their idea was that people vote, and that women were people, ipso facto women voted. Crazy, no? Examples include Austria and Estonia and Poland. While these countries were not early democracies, at least when they let people vote, they included women.
Back to the U.S., there were pockets of women’s suffrage before the 19th Amendment.
- New Jersey got it right. At first, anyway. The New Jersey constitution of 1776 enfranchised all adult inhabitants who were property owners. Laws from 1790 and 1797 referred to voters as “he or she,” and women regularly voted. But in 1807 they passed a law that took that right away from women. Why??!?
- In December of 1869, the Wyoming Territory approved the first law in United States explicitly granting women the right to vote. Yay!
- Another western state, Colorado, did it in 1893. This was super awesome because the change came via referendum. This means that the men in Colorado were excellent early allies and voted for their sisters, mothers, wives and friends to join them in political decision-making. The referendum passed with 55% of the vote. Double yay!!
Wanted: Constitutional Amendment for all U.S. Citizens (where ALL includes women)
- The push for universal women’s suffrage had it’s birth in 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention in upstate New York. Activists–primarily women–began a seven decades effort to secure the right to vote.
- The 19th Amendment was first introduced in Congress in 1878 and the language was modeled after the 15th Amendment. It was pretty simple.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
- Hard to think that it was controversial, right? You’d be incorrect there. It took forty-one years to get Congress to approve the amendment and send it to the states for ratification.
- It was ratified by the requisite number of states one year later, with Tennessee’s ratification being the final vote needed to amend the Constitution and provide women a voice in government.
- Here’s a scary one. Florida, South Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana and North Carolina did not ratify the 19th Amendment until 1969-1971. Mississippi was the laggard, finally voting “Yes” in 1984. You read that right. Women could still vote, mind you. They just didn’t approve.
The Struggle Was (and is) Real
- Suffragists adopted a “feminine” dress to appear less threatening. They frequently wore white to symbolize their purity. No reason to scare people off. I guess.
- Women have been helping each other all along the way. Susan B. Anthony would babysit Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s children while Stanton wrote suffrage speeches and petitions for Anthony. Sisterhood teamwork!
- Mom’s rule. The story goes that a Tennessee legislator was pressured by his mom to change his No vote to Yes. His was the last vote needed. She told him to do the right thing. That’s lobbying from the heart. Everyone, go thank your mother, just on general principle.
- The Census estimates there’s 302,800 women in the U.S. who were born before the 19th Amendment was ratified. Bless them, one and all!
- Many African American women were active in the woman suffrage movement–even though they were not always welcomed by some white activists. Look up Ida B. Wells. Let me help you. Her work on women’s suffrage, and her brave anti-lynching activism, made her a hero to social justice. And white women need to take heed of sisters of color, they are there fighting the good fight on many fronts!
Folks, and especially women, who think that voting isn’t important, just think about the women and men who helped ensure the right to vote. It was important then, and it’s still important now.
Make sure you register to vote. Then make sure your voice is heard. Cast your ballot. | <urn:uuid:5cd7e049-8ec0-4405-aced-8d659f2e78d6> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://doctorofthinkology.com/2016/08/08/women-have-the-right-to-vote/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742968.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116004432-20181116030432-00494.warc.gz | en | 0.978066 | 1,167 | 3.234375 | 3 |
One of the most common knee problems that I see in clinic is Patella Femoral syndrome; also sometimes know as runner’s knee.
The problem causes pain in the front central portion of the knee usually worse when running or walking up or down hill or going up and down stairs (down particularly). Often there can be pain when sitting with knees bent, which is why the condition is also known as theatre goers knee. Pain comes from behind the kneecap (Patella) where it contacts with the thigh bone (femur).
Prolonged excessive shearing forces between the back of the patella and the front of the femur as the patella no longer tracks nicely between the groves formed by the bottom of the femur.
The problem is usually caused by biomechanical dysfunction, over pull of the lateral quadriceps, excessive pronation or supnation (rolling in or rolling out) of the foot. Overuse in sports or activities which are tough on the knee can also lead to patella femoral syndrome, running, jumping, cycling often exacerbated by biomechanical problems.
This results in inflammation, pain and eventually thinning and softening (Chondromalacia) of the articular cartilage behind the patella and on the femur. The condition can also be secondary to fractures, Osteoarthritis and bony tumours, i.e. changes in the bony structure of the knee.
The problem is usually diagnosed on examination and history, although X-ray and MRI can be useful if the diagnosis is not straightforward.
Treatment can involve any or all of the following, controlling excessive biomechanical dysfunction (pronation or supination) of the feet and legs with either strapping or orthotics, quadriceps strengthening, stretching of posterior muscles of the leg and thigh, and sometimes direct treatment to the knee, laser, icing and anti-inflammatory drugs.
Treatment will depend on the severity and duration of the problem and identification of the underlying causes. Prognosis is full recovery, and a return to normal activities once underlying causes are identified and addressed. I think podiatrists are in a unique position the treat this problem as we are able to address the underlying biomechanical problems to resolve the condition. But then I am a bit biased!
Philip Mann Podiatrist/Chiropodist tel: 686 912 307 or www.footpodiatrist.com | <urn:uuid:b4fd20c1-8d63-4521-b5f3-dfd9aa784e45> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://www.footpodiatrist.com/knee-pain-and-feet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178377821.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307135518-20210307165518-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.923491 | 510 | 2.71875 | 3 |
If one does not measure the student’s cognitive (perceptual) strengths and weaknesses, and determine an estimate of IQ or overall cognitive ability, one misses a large amount of extremely helpful information regarding the student’s strengths and weaknesses, skills and abilities, and expected level of performance.
This is why, at Cumberland Education, we believe that a comprehensive assessment of literacy skills, cognitive (perceptual) skills, in addition to forming an estimate of a student’s learning potential, is essential for understanding student’s difficulties in learning generally, and difficulties such as Dyslexia more specifically.
There has been a relatively recent change in Australia regarding the way some professionals diagnose and treat students who experience difficulties in learning. Specifically this trend has focussed on the identification and the provision of services for one such condition- Dyslexia.
This trend has meant that some professionals have moved away from measuring and evaluating intelligence (IQ) or cognitive ability in students who experience Dyslexia, and instead, now focus on just measuring the core deficits in areas associated with reading and writing difficulties such as phonological processing, rapid automatic naming, and orthographic processing. As will be explained later in this paper, such skills may, or may not, be classified as subtests of IQ.
It is the author’s belief that this recent trend, comes at a cost to many individuals with learning difficulties more broadly, and Dyslexia more specifically. The aim of this discussion paper is to outline the nature of this changing trend in education, and the costs to many of our students.
Ultimately, it is the author’s aim to convey the importance of IQ assessment in the identification and treatment of all learning difficulties (LD), including dyslexia.
Firstly, what is an Intelligence Quotient (IQ)?
Cognitive theorists claim that intelligence can be measured and reported in the form of an Intelligence Quotient (IQ) or a score that represents cognitive performance in various aspects of intelligence. There are various theorists who provide different models for how to conceptualise intelligence. For example, the Wechsler theorists, who are responsible for the WISC-V test of intelligence, conceptualise IQ as being composed of 5 areas of cognitive ability, which then combine to form a Full Scale (overall) IQ score. A differing model of intelligence is the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory, which forms the theoretical basis for the Woodcock Johnson tests of intelligence. This model conceptualises intelligence as being composed of at least 8 different broad abilities (factors of intelligence), over 70 narrow abilities, as well as one overall general intelligence measure.
Secondly, what is Dyslexia?
This is a vexed question. Since its initial conceptual development, the definition of Dyslexia has been changing over time. In fact, as our understanding of how we learn develops, and our knowledge of neurological structures and brain functions grows, our conceptualisation of Dyslexia changes. As it rightly should.
However, these changing definitions mean that parents and educators are often confused as to what conditions such as dyslexia are, and what they are not.
It is a widely held belief that Dyslexia is a specific type of learning difficulty/disability, which manifests in people having difficulties in areas of literacy such as reading, spelling and writing. It’s a relatively common condition (affecting 5-20% of the population) that affects the way the brain processes written and spoken language.
Its causes are unknown, but believed to be neurological in nature. Specifically dyslexia is believed to be related to an individual’s genetic make-up and differences in his/her brain anatomy and activity. Underlying “cognitive” or as other theorists would say “processing” deficits related to Dyslexia are often found in phonological processing, auditory processing, and specific types of visual processing (often referred to as orthographic processing).
Dyslexia is also defined as an unexpected difficulty in reading in those who otherwise have the intelligence to learn to read.
It makes sense then, that a diagnosis of dyslexia should contain some measures of literacy, cognitive (or perceptual processing) strengths and weaknesses, AND a broader based overall measure of general intelligence in order to estimate a student’s overall intellectual potential.
Issues of using IQ assessment in Dyslexia Identification
One has to be careful when discussing the advantages or disadvantages of intelligence assessments in Dyslexia identification, because of the different conceptualisations of intelligence, held by the various theorists previously mentioned. That is, before the use of IQ assessment in dyslexia identification can be rejected, the concept and construct of intelligence must first be clearly defined.
There must be an understanding of what theory of intelligence is being used, which type of IQ or cognitive areas is being referred to generally, and what precise skills and sub skills are being referred to specifically. For example, if a Dyslexia specialist rejects the need for the use of IQ assessment in the identification of such a condition, exactly which types of intellectual areas or specific subtests are being rejected? Additionally, which (if any) perceptual processing tests are being used instead?
Issues may arise when different definitions of the skills being assessed are used interchangeably. For example, some literacy professionals choose to only examine and measure specific skills often associated with different types of Dyslexia such as auditory processing, phonological processing, and visual (orthographic) processing. Some cognitive theorists argue that such skills are best described as perceptual processing skills and are conceptually different to IQ. Others argue that such skills are in fact just different areas of intelligence.
Cumberland Education asserts that if a comprehensive test of intelligence is administered, then many different types of learning strengths and weaknesses can be captured – including skills such as auditory processing, phonological processing, and visual (orthographic) processing. If the IQ test of choice does not measure such skills, and/or if the assessor considers these skills to be separate processing skills (as opposed to cognitive skills) then these skills still need to be evaluated, but done under the auspices of an evaluation of perceptual processing.
Whilst IQ tests can be used to examine and measure both broad patterns of cognitive strengths and weaknesses, otherwise known as a learning profile, they can also be used to provide an estimate of a student’s overall level of intellectual ability and academic potential.
The concept of measuring intellectual potential is a controversial one (mostly concerning the relationship between IQ and reading achievement), and beyond the scope of this discussion. However, it can be said that whilst a student’s IQ scores can be underestimated for a variety of reasons (such as a lack of motivation, attention difficulties, Learning Difficulties, environmental depravation, mental health issues such as anxiety etc) an IQ score does provide an estimate of the minimum level a student is able to achieve. Hence, a minimum estimate of academic potential.
NOTE: From this point forward, the term “cognitive (perceptual)” will be used to acknowledge that skills such as phonological processing, auditory processing, and visual (orthographic) processing are viewed by some professionals as cognitive skills, and by others as perceptual skills.
What are the main costs to this method of diagnosis?
The recent trend of some educators is to ignore the role and value of comprehensive cognitive (perceptual) measurement in the identification of dyslexia, and instead focus on the functional aspects of literacy difficulties such as measuring reading, spelling and writing skills, in addition to only limited measures of cognitive (perceptual) skills related to literacy achievement such as phonological processing, rapid automatic naming, and orthographic processing.
It is my belief that there are costs involved with this new way of diagnosing and treating students with Dyslexia. These include:
- Missing important information about a student’s broader cognitive or perceptual processing strengths and weaknesses.
- Not differentiating between students who have significantly different levels of overall intellectual ability.
Missing important information about a student’s cognitive (perceptual) strengths and weaknesses
This new approach means an identification of Dyslexia has become more precise and refined. This in itself is not a bad thing. However, the issue with this change of focus is that it can come at the expense of a full evaluation of a student’s broader cognitive (perceptual) skills. Whilst these other unmeasured cognitive (perceptual) skills may not be directly related to Dyslexia, they may be related to other areas of learning or Learning Difficulties (LD), that impact more broadly upon a student’s performance.
Individuals who have LD are idiosyncratic. That is, they have unique patterns of cognitive (perceptual) strengths and weaknesses that underpin their various skills and difficulties, not only in specific learning tasks such as literacy, but in other areas of learning more generally. By only measuring skills such as phonological processing, rapid automatic naming, and orthographic processing, it is likely that other cognitive (perceptual) strengths and weaknesses will be overlooked or unaccounted for.
Literacy is only one aspect of learning, albeit a critical one. However, performing comprehensive cognitive (perceptual) assessments can explain student performance beyond literacy, to include information about ALL aspects of their learning.
In summary, by eliminating full cognitive (perceptual) assessment in the identification of one narrow type of LD- Dyslexia, you run the risk of “throwing the baby out with the bathwater”.
Not differentiating between students who have significantly different levels of overall intellectual ability
Some literacy specialists who do not perform comprehensive tests of intelligence as part of dyslexia identification, view that a student’s overall level of intellectual ability or potential is irrelevant or unimportant.
However, as stated above, individuals who have LD, including those with Dyslexia, are idiosyncratic. This applies as much to their individual and unique patterns of cognitive (perceptual) strengths and weaknesses, as it does to their overall level of intellectual ability (or IQ).
Cumberland Education asserts that having an estimate of overall IQ is both relevant and important, for not only educators, but for the students themselves.
For example, some students who experience difficulties in learning can have relatively low scores of intelligence, and others can have relatively high scores. For example, it is assumed that a child, who has an overall general level of ability e.g. IQ 140, is very different not only cognitively, but is also likely to be different emotionally and socially to a child of IQ 85. Such children are also often very different students to teach, because the causes of their poor reading are different.
Having this information on overall general ability is powerful for teachers and educators, but often more powerful for students themselves. Students have the right to know their level of intellectual potential, in order to contextualise why they may be having literacy difficulties. That is, especially true for students who have dyslexia, so they can attribute their difficulties to their specific LD, rather than being ‘stupid’ or ‘dumb’ as they so often feel.
The author has seen far too often, very bright students who perform at an average or slightly below average level, go unidentified as having any LD (including dyslexia). Instead they have gone through school, typically being told they were lazy or not trying hard enough. Often their self esteem is significantly affected, because they have not been able to attribute their difficulties in learning to the appropriate source. That is, often blaming their difficulties on inaccurate beliefs (i.e. being ‘stupid’ or ‘dumb’) instead of their specific LD.
Currently, a disadvantaged group of students in Australian schools are those who have high IQ, perhaps even meeting criteria for giftedness, but yet who only perform to an average or even lower level in different school subjects such as reading. This group of students are often left unidentified as having any underlying difficulties, such as LD (including dyslexia), and their gifts/talents often unrecognised. In turn they are unable to access any/relevant available support within the school system.
Under identification, of such students, occurs because of a lack of focus on students’ cognitive potential, measured via cognitive assessments. Instead, of educators being concerned with ‘below cognitive expectation’ or below ‘cognitive potential’, they are typically now concerned with student performance if seen as below average. This ‘below average’ approach will typically under identify this particular cohort of students mentioned above.
The reason for the change of focus to ‘below average’ rather than ‘below cognitive potential’, given by some theorists, is a claim that there is no, or little, relationship between IQ (overall cognitive/perceptual scores) and reading performance. Therefore, there is no need to measure IQ at all.
Whilst this argument is somewhat valid, in that you can be a poor reader even if you have a high IQ, an IQ score alone should not be used as a tool for LD diagnosis. Rather, a profile of cognitive (perceptual) strengths and weaknesses should be used, in addition to the IQ score being used as a useful tool in estimating a student’s learning potential.
For example, with all other learning conditions being equal, a student who has an above average level of overall intellectual ability (IQ) should be able to read to an above average level. If that student cannot- this should be investigated. The cause of this ‘below expectation’ performance may be due to various reasons such as lack of educational opportunity, emotional difficulties, lack of motivation or interest, a medical condition, or LD etc.
Similarly, if you are confident that you have a valid and reliable measure of IQ, and have accounted for all of the possible situations mentioned above, and a student has an Extremely Low IQ, one would not expect this student to be able to read to an Average or Above Average level. In fact, a student who has a high IQ but low reading score, requires different teaching methods to those provided for a student who has a low IQ but is reading to their expected/estimated level of potential.
In summary, the overall IQ scores can give the examiner an estimate of a student’s potential to achieve.
If one does not measure the student’s cognitive (perceptual) strengths and weaknesses, and determine an estimate of IQ, one misses a large amount of extremely helpful information regarding the student’s strengths and weaknesses, skills and abilities, and expected level of performance.
This is why, at Cumberland Education, we believe that a comprehensive assessment of literacy skills, cognitive (perceptual) skills, in addition to forming an estimate of a student’s learning potential, is essential for fully understanding student’s difficulties in learning generally, and difficulties such as Dyslexia more specifically.
If such assessment is not conducted, your run the risk of “throwing the baby out with the bathwater”. | <urn:uuid:354cc14a-2e19-45eb-a899-c94caf18cd66> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://cumberlandeducation.com.au/rejecting-intelligence-iq-assessment-in-the-identification-of-learning-difficulties-such-as-dyslexia-is-it-throwing-the-baby-out-with-the-bathwater-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038064520.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411144457-20210411174457-00369.warc.gz | en | 0.958238 | 3,115 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Tooth discolouration is perhaps one of the most common reasons people go for cosmetic dentistry. Notably, there are different causes for tooth discolouration, including diet, old age, lifestyle and genetics. Therefore, a cosmetic dentist must evaluate a case before determining appropriate treatment. That said, most people think teeth bleaching is the only solution for discoloured pearly whites, which is not the case. This article highlights alternative teeth whitening procedures.
Enamel Microabrasion — It is a relatively common cosmetic dental procedure for removing teeth stains. From its name, the procedure can seem a bit aggressive and dangerous to the teeth, but nothing could be further from the truth. Enamel microabrasion refers to the removal of teeth stains from the surface using a pumice machine. The procedure is gentle and safe since dentists avoid getting too close to the gums. Unlike tooth bleaching, which uses chemicals, enamel microabrasion is a mechanical procedure, and the results are instant. The dental cosmetic procedure is only suitable for surface (extrinsic) stains caused by dietary or lifestyle factors. A common but temporary issue with enamel microabrasion is tooth sensitivity. Fortunately, all you have to do is avoid cold/hot drinks and foods for a few days.
Tooth Scraping — Plaque and tart build-up on teeth attract bacteria, accelerating tooth decay and discolouration. However, most patients associate tooth scraping with the prevention of gum disease and fresh breath. They do not know that cosmetic dentists scrape away accumulated tart and plaque to brighten a patient's smile. The reason is that teeth are not as smooth as most people believe, making it easy for food particles to accumulate inside the micro-ridges. From afar, tartar and plaque might appear like stains, which is why cosmetic dentists examine teeth closely before choosing a treatment option. In this case, accumulated food particles can be scraped off with a tool to restore the enamel's natural colour. Afterward, a dentist smoothens the enamel to eliminate micro-ridges and prevent future tartar or plaque build-up.
Enameloplasty — Sometimes, tooth stains can appear on the chewing surface alone. In such cases, dentists prefer enameloplasty to eliminate discolouration. Enameloplasty removes tiny amounts of enamel and is commonly referred to as tooth recontouring. Notably, a dentist uses a burr or sanding disc to sand away discoloured sections during the procedure gently. Although enameloplasty is not a painful procedure, dentists are very careful not to rub away too much enamel since it would leave you with uneven teeth sizes. It is why the discolouration procedure is only suitable for stains that have not spread from the tip of a tooth.
For more information on cosmetic dentistry, contact a professional near you.
Hello, my name is Jack. I am now 79 years old. As you can imagine, my teeth have taken something of a battering over the years. I lost a couple of teeth in a bar fight, four more decayed and one had to be extracted when it became infected. After losing so many teeth, my dentist suggested that I have dentures fitted. I was worried about this but my dentist was really great. He helped explain the procedure and then did an excellent job. I love my new dentures and I wanted to start this blog to offer help to others. | <urn:uuid:0760738a-82b0-4de9-b95d-10f7ebc01e68> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://brightertomorrowsbetterfuture.com/2022/02/03/alternative-dental-stain-removal-procedures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711042.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205164659-20221205194659-00249.warc.gz | en | 0.957213 | 716 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Cockroaches are not known to sting or bite. If there is a case that a cockroach does bite, it does not cause any pain. The only issue with cockroach bite would be if the bite got infected. So why are cockroaches harmful? The answer is they carry bacteria on their bodies. Since some roaches live in areas that contain harmful bacteria, such as bathrooms, drains and trash cans, with these bacteria all over their bodies, the cockroach can contaminate food. Such contamination can cause fever, diarrhea and vomiting. In some cases, this contamination can also spread Salmonella. Contamination spread by the cockroach is not good for you or your family, so call on us to help eradicate cockroaches from your home.
This Is How To Deal With Cockroaches
Most sprays and traps that you can buy from a local store will not get rid of a cockroach nest. They are useful as a temporary deterrent, but will not eliminate a cockroach infestation. Remember if you see one roach, there is a high probability that there are many more that you cannot see. Hiring professionals like Pest Proof Pest Management can help you find the centralized location of the nest and eliminate them. We are here to help protect you and your family from cockroaches and keep their contaminated bodies away from your family. Call us now.
Cockroaches also referred to as "roaches", are from the Blattodea family and are closely related to termites. Cockroaches have been around for a very, very long time. Some have said that their origins date back about 320 million years, making them an ancient group of insect. There are about four species of cockroaches that live in human habitats, are considered pests, and some can fly. Cockroaches range in sizes depending on their environment. They do not have sucking tubes like other insects; cockroaches have chewing mouths.
Cockroaches are no strangers to us, humans. Unfortunately, they are all over the world, and most folks have seen them. They can live in the coldest of areas to the most tropical, that, being said, a cockroach can tolerate different temperatures and climates. Cockroaches can live in a variety of places. If there is a dark spot, there could be cockroaches. They hide under foliage, rotting wood and dark corners. That does not cover half of the areas cockroaches like to inhabit. They want to stay in the regions that make it easy for them to go out and forage for food. Cockroaches love to gather in areas where other cockroaches deemed it safe to collect and in dark areas. Cockroaches will usually signal other cockroaches of areas by spraying a pheromone on the face of the area; this indicates to other cockroaches that there may be a good source of food and it is worth sticking around for a while. If you kill one cockroach, that is only part of the battle, hundreds or thousands are probably hiding nearby.
Cockroaches are usually active at night. They come out when they feel it is safe to look for food. During the day cockroaches will hide in the cracks of walls, in dark cupboards and drawers, and under other cool dark areas. Want to avoid cockroaches from vouching for your home as a place for residence, do not leave food out for long periods and clean up any crumbs. Want a better defense, give us a call, and we will be more than happy to help you battle these pests.
Cockroaches are commonly the size of a thumbtack; of course, they can be much bigger depending on the species. A cockroach has three primary parts, the head, thorax and abdomen. Most common cockroaches that you can find in most households are flat, long and quick; their color is mostly a dark brown or a light, yellowish brown. Cockroaches have a set of antennae on their head and three pairs of legs. The mouth of the cockroach can is under the head of the cockroach along with its salivary glands and taste and touch receptors. Like the ant, the cockroach has a tough exterior called an exoskeleton. This exoskeleton helps the cockroach withstand different types of temperatures and helps protect it from predators. The exoskeleton, covered in wax, helps it repel water. It is easy to tell if you have a roach problem. If you see one cockroach, it is very likely that there is a nest nearby and there are many, many more around. | <urn:uuid:645b267e-658e-460b-b164-3501adcccb51> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://pestproofva.com/cockroaches/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540523790.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209201914-20191209225914-00543.warc.gz | en | 0.958415 | 953 | 3.234375 | 3 |
“When people talk about the interior in a Victorian style, at once a vast expanse of the room with dark oak paneling, a strict ceiling moldings, striped wallpaper on the walls, a corner fireplace with burning coals, solid oak table with clock time of Queen Anne “- writes Forum Bank. And be sure the doors and windows trimmed with Sandrikov. Pediment – a decorative architectural detail in the form of a small ledge above the opening windows or doors. Pediment is sometimes based on console and end gable. Read additional details here: Lakshman Achuthan. This detail – an essential accessory doorway, decorated in Victorian style. As befits a genuine constituent of the Victorian style, who ruled for nearly three Ages and revived, like a doorway should be made of oak, and to complete the image have the effect of aging. By law regardless of the founder of many subsequent branches of architectural styles and interiors, victorian style came to us in its original form.
But in the mid to late 20 th century, in pursuit of a fashionable and modern ideas, he was somewhat relegated to the back rows. And now the elements of Victorian re- enter into our interiors, including the pediment. A general pediment reliable as deposits Savings Bank, and has a rich history. His “father” is Filippo Brunelleschi – the founder of the Renaissance in architecture, who lived in the middle fourteenth century in Italy (Florence). The famous Michelangelo – a contemporary of the late Renaissance – also contributed to the development of history pediment. From the fact that Filippo Brunelleschi created 100 years before his appearance on Light, Michelangelo just “fun stuff”.
As a result, many architectural and decorative elements inherent in the Renaissance – as pilasters, columns, capitals, sandriks and others – have gained popularity in many European countries. In the early 18 th century were borrowed Victorian architectural style – the style of the times of Queen Victoria. In those days, was not taken to change the interior, in obedience to fashion trends. Conversely, premises issued for ten years and sometimes for centuries. Therefore, in the design to use only heavy-duty materials: oak, stone, etc. Over time, some of the decorative elements have lost their original appearance: dark, faded, began crumble. But this effect of aging or just did not spoil the interior, and even vice versa, to transform it, making a solid, respectable, creating an atmosphere of calm and balance. Unfortunately, the Victorian style the interior is rarely seen nowadays, except that in the design of closed clubs for high-wealthy people, but to him again and again returned to modern designers. | <urn:uuid:5fa245a1-6a78-4474-8676-8d8fbc9b96f7> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.gridcapitalcorp.com/integral-accessory-victorian-style | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583656530.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190115225438-20190116011438-00591.warc.gz | en | 0.94875 | 557 | 2.90625 | 3 |
In 2015, when scientists, for the first time ever, directly detected gravitational waves—ripples in spacetime—from colliding black holes, the result came as a shock to some astronomers. Based on previous studies of black holes using x-rays, many experts expected each member of a merging pair would typically weigh about 10 times the sun’s mass, but the 2015 merger featured twin giants three times that heavy. And the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), which enabled the discovery, has been spotting bizarrely big pairs ever since.
Black holes can certainly get supermassive—leviathans weighing billions of suns lurk at the hearts of most large galaxies. The question is: How could they grow so huge? Much of their bulk must be acquired after birth as they feast on gas and stars, but some theories suggest that mergers or chains of mergers may form a supermassive black hole’s initial seed. Black hole matchmaking in the loneliness of space is not easy, though, so astrophysicists still puzzle over what circumstances could bring the objects together.
An emerging theory holds that LIGO’s heavyweights arise near the cores of colossal galaxies, where violently incandescent disks of gas whirl around central supermassive black holes. Thanks to that omnipresent gas, these so-called active galactic nuclei (AGNs) could be factories for building big black holes out of smaller ones. If so, gravitational-wave detectors such as LIGO should be able to tease out signs of the hierarchical assembly of these swollen giants. Although the overall number of detections remains too low for conclusive classifications, some researchers have recently pointed to two hefty mergers as tantalizing hints of what AGN-facilitated black hole fusions might look like—a step toward using gravitational waves to study not only black holes but also the stars and galaxies that birthed them.
Figuring out how black hole pairs form “tells us a lot about stars,” says Maya Fishbach, a LIGO member, who was not involved in the recent research. “Stars are the building blocks of galaxies. They’re the atoms of astronomy.”
Run-of-the-mill black holes, born from the remnants of an exploded star, would typically start off in orbits skewed against the plane of an AGN’s disk of gas. Each time they would dip into that disk, however, friction would slow them and tip their paths in line with the disk. Once embedded, uneven pressures may shepherd those black holes from their initially scattered locations into special rings around the galaxy’s central black hole—a trapping process analogous to the one that forms the seeds of planets in dusty disks around a single star but with black holes instead of microscopic piles of dust.
Imre Bartos, a LIGO collaboration member at the University of Florida, estimates that these galactic “migration traps” can quickly collect tens of thousands of black holes, many of which will get close enough to pair off. Then friction from the lingering gas would drive them to collide 1,000 times earlier than they otherwise would in empty space. “They will be forced to merge together,” he says. It’s like “a black hole assembly line, where we are adding black holes one after another.”
Most of the universe’s black hole mergers are thought to be one-off finales between stellar binaries—star couplets that were born, lived and died together—of moderate mass. But if AGN disks really are cranking out large black holes made from small ones, that population should eventually stand out in two ways from gravitational-wave observations.
Now in its third observing run, LIGO announced dozens of preliminary gravitational-wave candidates for astronomical observation this year. But only 10 black hole mergers appear in the published catalogue from its first two observing runs, and nine of them seem to have come from pairs that spun slowly or not at all. A twirling crash—as would happen in an AGN disk—would, however, spin merging black holes up, typically causing subsequent generational mergers to spin even faster. Specifically, two black holes of even mass should spin at 70 percent of a theoretical top speed after colliding, so Bartos and his colleagues are on the lookout for collisions between already whirling dervishes.
They are also watching for mammoth mergers. Stars above a certain size are thought to undergo supernovae so savage that they blow their core to smithereens, preventing them from collapsing to form black holes. Theorists are unsure where the limit lies, but many expect the mass of stellar black holes to top out around that of 50 suns. “If you see a single event with 80 solar masses,” says Davide Gerosa, an astrophysicist at the University of Birmingham in England, “that’s a strong signature of some exotic formation channel.” Black hole nurseries would be one explanation for heavy outliers.
Recent data, however, may complicate that simple picture. Last week astronomers announced the discovery of what seems to be a huge black hole born together with a partner star. If the current controversial estimate of the former’s mass—roughly 70 suns—stands, then the 50-sun limit may be a less clear-cut line for generational mergers. “I don’t think we’ve been hitting this problem hard enough,” Gerosa says.
Globular clusters, small clumps of stars within a galaxy, are another possible cosmic construction site for abnormally heavy, quickly spinning black holes. In these star-rich regions, black holes presumably could form dense crowds in which they would occasionally bump into one another. But recent research by Gerosa and one of his colleagues found that the recoil from such collisions would likely eject most pairs from the globular cluster, preventing them from finding future companions to merge with. Larger groups of stars, such as those within AGN disks, are more likely locations for strings of mergers, Gerosa says, because black holes there require much more recoil to escape.
After years of theoretical speculation, some researchers are starting to see hints of what may be an extra heavy population beginning to reveal itself. LIGO’s heaviest catalogued merger, GW170729, is exactly the kind an AGN disk would produce, Bartos and his colleagues proposed in Physical Review Letters in November. In that event, one of the black holes weighed roughly 50 suns, and a measure of the pair’s collective spin clocked them turning at about 40 percent of top speed before the merger—a hint that that an earlier collision could have spun them up.
Another candidate AGN-driven event appeared in October, when researchers at the Institute for Advanced Study posted a preprint paper announcing two possible mergers from LIGO’s data that, while not meeting LIGO’s criteria for publication, may well be genuine. Called GW170817A, and with a mass of roughly 56 suns and a combined premerger spin of 50 percent the maximal value, this candidate merger matches predictions for an AGN collision even more closely than GW170729, according to a not yet peer-reviewed preprint study posted on arXiv.org in late November. “This is exactly the same kind of event,” Bartos says.
Neither candidate is a smoking gun for an AGN black hole assembly line, however. GW170817A only registered in one of LIGO’s two detectors—a potential sign that it was a false alarm arising from contaminating noise on Earth rather than some far-off celestial cataclysm. Moreover because only a small fraction of the universe’s stars reside in AGNs, Bartos’s group concluded that the suggestive properties of these two mergers are just as likely to reflect normal binary black holes that just happened to be extra heavy and to spin extra fast as they are AGN black holes.
Other researchers agree that AGN disks could occasionally smack black holes together but stress that the community will need more data, as well as better predictions, to conclusively prove the reality of this rare collision type or others. “I don’t think there’s anyone who would be able to pick one side, because they’ll know that if they’re proven wrong, it will be in, like, a year,” Fishbach says.
Regardless the ability to distinguish one-off stellar binaries from AGN assembly lines and other putative production mechanisms for black hole mergers is coming. As LIGO’s catalogue swells, categories based on spin and mass should become much clearer. Bartos suggests that traditional astronomy based on light rather than gravitational waves could help, too. Gravitational crashes that align in the sky with known AGNs will supply further hints. And if astronomers can use their telescopes to rapidly observe gravitational-wave sources with AGN signatures as they are detected, a recent publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters proposes, they may glimpse flashes of light hypothesized to come from postcollision shock waves in the gas.
In the midst of building this new black hole taxonomy, astrophysicists are already brainstorming what they will be able to do with it. Light reveals what a galaxy is made of, says Katelyn Breivik, an astrophysicist at the Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, but gravitational waves may unmask its more subtle dynamics. “If you have black holes that are embedded in these disks,” she says, “they are like literal gravitational probes into the shape of these disks,” revealing mass and motion.
While those probes have yet to materialize, LIGO’s big, spinning black holes encourage Bartos that they are not far off. “I was used to predicting the far future,” he says. “Coming from there to having these black holes that basically reproduce what you’re predicting is super exciting.” | <urn:uuid:34d6343c-ab56-44ff-a470-00838702e1e1> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/black-hole-factories-may-hide-at-cores-of-giant-galaxies/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+ScientificAmerican-News+%28Content%3A+News%29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.948647 | 2,099 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Signing Exact English (a.k.a. SEE1 or SEE sign) is a sign language that follows the structure of the English language exactly as opposed to American Sign Language which has its own unique syntax. SEE sign was developed in response to the problems that many deaf people had learning and reading English: important skills for interacting with mainstream society. Another reason for the development of SEE sign was that hearing parents of deaf children had many difficulties teaching communication skills to their children. Learning an entirely new language fluently prior to a child reaching the optimal language acquisition ages is generally not an easy task. Although SEE sign utilizes approximately 75% of the same vocabulary as American Sign Language, it is also composed of signs that are unique to it. In addition to utilization by the deaf community, developmentally disabled individuals who lack or have inhibited speech capabilities also use Signing Exact English. | <urn:uuid:08a00c17-dbed-4b81-b0b8-1046538a42d7> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://everything2.com/user/Rentasmo/writeups/Signing+Exact+English | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814140.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222160706-20180222180706-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.982595 | 176 | 3.96875 | 4 |
Year One and Year Two: What Do You Do in Comprehensive School Improvement?
During the summer of 1998, the Southwest Educational Development Laboratory (SEDL) began a partnership project entitled Facilitating Implementation of Reform Strategies and Tactics (FIRST). A two-year initiative, FIRST partnered staff from SEDL's Strategies for Increasing School Success (SISS) program with staff at five schools - one in each of the five states defining SEDL's service region - Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. These initiatives would differ from former models of school improvement. FIRST partnerships would be long-term, broad scale, in-depth, "joined at the hip" partnerships focusing on the identified needs of the schools and including all relevant staff. Identified needs were not limited to a particular program or organizational aspect of the school, but could encompass curriculum, instruction, assessment, classroom management, professional development, parental and community involvement, school management, and a consideration of how these parts functioned as a whole to create a particular school culture.
For two years, SEDL staff provided information, guidance, and technical support for improvement efforts determined by the school personnel. FIRST schools collaborated with SEDL in conducting interviews, surveys, and observations about the course these improvement efforts took, including major accomplishments and stumbling blocks. The entire school program was examined and prioritized; specific academic areas and/or organizational structures were chosen as the focus of improvement work at each of the FIRST schools. The intent of the FIRST project was to develop the capacity of school personnel to plan, monitor, and continue improvement efforts. To that end, technical assistance providers were enlisted and coordinated with SEDL staff's work to assist the schools during the FIRST initiative.
FIRST schools represented the region's diversity on many levels; three high schools (Banner, Community, and Pelican), one middle school (Tall Pines), and one K-8 school (San Fernando) were chosen. These schools, whose names are pseudonyms, served students across a range of ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds, and struggled with issues both specific to their schools and common to many schools (e.g. low student achievement, lack of parent involvement).
In the course of the research into school improvement strategies and particularly through the first year of experience in partner schools, SEDL staff identified and confirmed the primacy of five core issues for school improvement efforts. The staff's analysis of school issues and strategies for advancing school improvement was framed within these areas: focus of the improvement work, organizational structures that support school change, personal and social dynamics of the individuals and organizations involved, the widening circles of contexts that influence school work, and leadership that can influence all of the preceding.
Much of the first year of SEDL staff's work was devoted to becoming familiar with the school culture and context, and building relationships with school personnel. First year efforts tended to identify the issues that impeded school improvement. As these issues had often been hidden by routine and low expectations prior to the partnership, many participants became discouraged as improvement efforts caused these issues to emerge or re-emerge.
Major tasks facing the SEDL staff in the second year thus included maintaining momentum in ongoing change efforts, continuing relationship-building, and celebrating accomplishments as they occurred. SEDL partners had built trust with school staff in their roles as external change facilitators - neutral parties in district, school, and interpersonal politics. In order to advance change efforts and maintain this trust, SEDL personnel focused their efforts on each school's identified needs, with particular attention to the five core school change issues.
Next Page: Focus of the Improvement Work | <urn:uuid:19bd146f-ffb6-489e-b3ed-47f08a73d661> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://sedl.org/change/issues/issues92/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107875980.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021035155-20201021065155-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.970505 | 742 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The words of Chief of Staff Hulmuth von Moltke from 1914 rang in the Kaiser's ears, “Your Majesty, this war cannot be won.”
Wilhelm II had initially rejected the view of Moltke and fired him, but as 1915 dragged on, it became possible that the German fate was sealed. There were new developments such as air warfare and poison gas, leading to whole new aspects of battle. A further innovation was mass-propaganda, and the Kaiser decided this may be the method to come out ahead in an unwinnable war.
In 1914, the soldiers in the field began what was to be known as the Christmas Truce. On Christmas Eve, the German troops decorated their trenches and sang carols. The English troops, who recognized many of the tunes from their own carols, joined in singing. The artillery bombardments on both sides ended for the night, allowing soldiers to collect their dead, and joint services were held honoring the fallen on both sides. Once-enemies approached each other across the “No Man's Land”, exchanging gifts, sharing food, and engaging in games of football. Commanders on both ends reacted with disgust at the fraternization, but the unofficial truce lasted until after New Years' Eve in many places along the lines.
The cases of fraternization had continued despite the horrors of war by attrition. A German unit attempted a truce over Easter, but were warned away by their British opponents. Later that November, units from Saxony and Liverpool successfully fraternized. The soldiers in the trenches obviously did not care for the war; the Kaiser merely had to convince them to take a stand against it. While the Allied command issued orders against fraternization that upcoming Christmas, German orders encouraged the possibility and handed out gifts to exchange (including reasons for the war to be ended). Despite the orders, the soldiers in the trenches met and joined again in their small feasts and games of football. The Allied commanders erupted at the news and began court martial proceedings for hundreds, possibly thousands. Rebellion broke out among the ranks. Wilhelm was urged to attack while the Allies were weak, but he intended to win the war rather than a few battles before the Allies had propaganda material to regroup.
Seizing the diplomatic initiative and ensuring that word of the Christmas Truce spread past censorship, Wilhelm capitalized on the friendly spirits among the common soldiers. He demanded an armistice in the West, which the Allies agreed only along with an armistice in the East. Talks began, and the politicians finally conceded under pressure from the soldiers and their families. Lists of demands were drawn up, and, for each point, games of football and other athletic events would decide the victor. While troops remained in station during an armistice, Germany hosted the 1916 Olympics in Berlin that summer as it had planned to do before the war. Fighting for honor as well as diplomatic success, athletes built value with gold, silver, and bronze medals to be used in agreements during what would be a precursor to the League of Nations.
The notion was considered ludicrous by many, but war weariness kept naysayers from the majority opinion. Germany did not fair as well as the Allied nations, and most of the world expected the Kaiser to turn against his own idea and restart the war. To their surprise, he did not and ordered the removal of troops from France and Belgium as part of the agreement, though he kept Alsace-Lorraine. Reparations were traded, and war was formally outlawed in 1918.
Europe celebrated the War to End All Wars, though the name was hardly apt. Wars went underground, constantly fed by international espionage, support for uprisings (such as the Russian Civil War that would eventually stomp out notions of communism), and sabotage of other nations' teams. Tempers flared over each scandal, but war did not come back to the world stage until Ireland's fight for independence in 1928 was found to be supported overtly by the Germans. The Irish Revolt exploded outside of British borders with a Royal Navy blockade of Germany to cease supplies. The Germans countered with an invasion of Belgium to secure new ports, and Europe was swallowed up in the Second World War.
In reality, the Christmas Truces were suppressed. Following the 1914 truce, orders were followed for the most part opposing informal truces in 1915. A few examples were seen in 1916, but continual artillery fire ended most chances for fraternization. World War I would drag on until Armistice Day, November 11, 1918, after the deaths of some ten million and twenty million more wounded. | <urn:uuid:19aeb6e1-e613-40e8-bc4d-290fe480f1b7> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://thisdayinalternatehistory.blogspot.com/2010/12/december-25-1915-second-christmas-truce.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009292.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00243-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983043 | 941 | 4 | 4 |
**Large grid for math or science are great options for elementary grades**
The math journal is a 26 page notebook insert of grid paper that fits perfectly in the Juniper Journal. Graph paper is a sheet of paper that is printed with a grid of fine lines. It is used for plotting mathematical functions, plotting experimental data, as well as drawing designs and diagrams. Perfect for math, and engineering applications. The large grid is perfect for younger kids to be able to write out their equations.
A note about the company: Juniper Grove Journals is a very small family business. Brad and Micah and their children Kate (13), Olivia (11), Maggie (10) and Jonah (7) all pitch in to make the journals from scratch. Micah designs and manufactures the journals, while Brad designs and prints the notebook inserts, and the kids bind the inserts at the kitchen table. (True story - The only rule is that everything has to be cleared away before dinner. =) | <urn:uuid:2488cec6-8203-4cd3-bfd6-d60387e604f6> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.junipergrovejournals.com/products/math-journal-inserts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735906.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805010001-20200805040001-00597.warc.gz | en | 0.939452 | 198 | 2.875 | 3 |
23 May 2014
The hidden educational benefits of free-to-play computer games will be revealed in a student project at the Abertay Digital Graduate Show, which opened Friday 23 May.
Laurel Gattenby, Computer Arts student, has taken the real money out of ‘freemium’ games, which have caused controversy through highly priced in-app purchases.
She wanted to show that it wasn’t the game itself that was the problem – and that children’s learning could be boosted by mixing the successful elements of free-to-play games with educational design.
Laurel’s work will be on show at the Abertay Digital Graduate Show from Friday 23-Monday 26 May. The show is free and open to everyone.
Laurel said: “I kept seeing articles and hearing fellow developers complain about freemium design. I noticed that especially in the articles, the problem wasn't the game – it was the money-leeching aspect of the design.
“People don't like to feel like they're being taken advantage of, but they usually genuinely seemed to like and want to play the game. The frustration comes from being blocked from progression within a game by expensive premium purchases.
“Educational game design has been an interest of mine for a while, so I decided to replace the aspect of freemium games that people hate with something more positive – learning.”
She added: “I've tried to highlight the best aspects of freemium design with this project: freemium games are accessible to a wide audience and draw in a lot of people who don't consider themselves 'gamers', they're addictive and fun, and they're easy to pick up and play in situations where they couldn't play games that involve more time commitment.”
In the testing of her game, Laurel found players enjoyed the educational side and were very positive about the potential to develop this approach commercially. She is now considering developing her project further after graduation.
The opening times of the Abertay Digital Graduate Show are:
Friday 23 May, 4-8pm
Saturday 24 and Sunday 25 May, 12-4pm
Monday 26 May, 9am-12pm
A video showreel of student work is available to watch online here. | <urn:uuid:b318e354-08e7-4f15-8b19-2a9c812e5128> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.millionplus.ac.uk/news/in-the-news/educational-play-revealed-at-abertay-digital-graduate-show | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153897.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729203133-20210729233133-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.972159 | 479 | 2.546875 | 3 |
With just as many teenage girls as boys being top consumers of technology, it’s a wonder more young women are not pursuing careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM)-based professions.
A 2015 Pew report on “Teens, Social Media & Technology” revealed that tech consumption rates of young girls surpass boys in areas of social media, while gaming rates are higher for young boys.
Why, then, are there far fewer female graduates of STEM-based programs? And even fewer young women entering STEM-based careers?
Marie Wolbach, a retired medical sociologist, has been working to respond to that problem for decades.
A member of the American Association of University Women (AAUW) since the mid ’70s, Wolbach worked to create Tech Trek—a weeklong summer science camp for young girls entering eighth grade.
As a mother of seven, Wolbach first discovered the disparity between STEM-based programs for girls when she sought out science-based programs for her own children. While she had no problem finding science camps for her sons, the Palo Alto-based Wolbach was at a loss when it came to equitable learning options for her daughters.
In 1998 Wolbach and AAUW of California pioneered the first Tech Trek experience—inviting 100 young women to participate in the weeklong campus experience at Stanford University. The idea for the program fell right into the mission of the AAUW, which, for more than 100 years, has worked to address social, educational, political and economic issues affecting women.
Tech Trek teacher and Gilroy resident Nancy Fohner, Ph.D., says it all began when the AAUW came out with a report (“Shortchanging Girls, Shortchanging America,” January, 1991) indicating girls lose interest in tech and science-based learning after seventh grade.
“Marie’s idea was to do three things.” says Fohner “To bring the girls to a college campus; To meet other girls who are interested in math and science and form lifelong friendships; To be exposed to science a career.”
Fohner says she views the campus experience as one of the most effective parts of Tech Trek.
Fohner, a seventh grade science teacher at Peterson Middle School in Santa Clara with a Ph.D. from Cornell in biochemistry and nutrition says that although she has only 15 contact hours with the girls during their weeklong stay, they are plugged into many different experiences during their stay. “The rest of the time they are having classes on personal budgeting, astronomy, talks from Pixar, women chemists and women engineers.” says Fohner. “It’s a mix of lecture and hands-on. They even have a women’s professional evening, where they talk to women about all different types of fields the girls get incredible exposure.”
Fohner’s own daughter, Alison, was part of the first group to attend Tech Trek in 1998.
Alison, who holds a Ph.D. in public health genetics from the University of Washington says that while she was earning her bachelor’s and master’s degrees in biology at Stanford there were at least four other girls from her Tech Trek.
“I hadn’t seen them in years and we still remember each other from that one week,” says Alison.
Alison acknowledges she had experiences other kids may not have and says she was lucky to have parents who prioritized science and creativity.
“I had a lot of exposure to that type of thing when I was a kid,” she says.
Today, the program selects 80 underserved students to attend each session—girls who may not have had this experience otherwise. Each year the local AAUW branches raise funds for the program and work with local school counselors and teachers to nominate the high-achieving participants. Three girls are chosen from Gilroy and eight are chosen from Morgan Hill.
“The Wildflower run really helps Morgan Hill bring in $25,000 a year for [Tech Trek],” says Nancy Fohner.
Gilroy’s branch, which is older and smaller, says Fohner, holds an annual fall membership luncheon to raise funds to send the girls to camp. “It’s all they can do to raise that $3,000—they feel very strongly about being able to support those girls,” says Fohner.
Connie Rogers, Gilroy’s AAUW publicity chair, says the luncheon always helps to get new members and raise funds, but she says this year it’s special.
“We always have a really good speaker at this lunch,” says Rogers. “It just happens that this year it is the woman who founded the Tech Trek program.”
Director of Stanford’s Tech Trek for seven years and co-director for two, Wolbach supervised Tech Trek as it grew from 10 camps in California to 12 camps around the country. Wolbach has received various accolades for her tireless social work, earning the Classic Woman by Meredith Publishing Corporation in 2013 and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Medal for Public Service, part of the Jefferson Awards Foundation, in 2015.
In addition to these two national awards, Wolbach will be honored in October with the annual Angel Award given by the Kiwanis Club of Palo Alto.
Now, nearly 20 years later, the volunteer-driven program continues to inspire. Former attendees often find themselves participating as junior counselors, dorm mothers or camp directors.
“We were hoping it would expand to more states,” says Fohner. “It’s expensive and I think Marie’s estimated she’s reached over 12,000 girls since 1998. It would be great to reach more.”
Of the more than 12,000 that have passed through the program, there are some standouts, including one local Gilroy student named Rebecca.
“In Gilroy we try to choose girls who would really benefit from the program,” says Fohner. “One year I recall a daughter of a migrant laborers who worked with B&T Farms in Gilroy—she ended up attending Stanford”.
Longtime Tech Trek chair, Margie Enger also remembers Rebecca and says they do try to follow the young women and see where they end up—recalling that when Rebecca returned from her summer program at Stanford she said that was the school she was going to attend.
“And she did go to Stanford and she graduated,” says Enger.
“They also seem to have gained a sense of confidence,” says Enger. “One mother said she was so worried about her [daughter]. She was so bashful and shy and when she came back she was the liaison between the city and school for a community service project and a master of ceremony a talent show at Rutger school. She says her daughter realized, ‘You met other women and you meet other girls. All of a sudden it hit me that these people are as smart as me or smarter. A lot of people feel it’s ok to be a nerd. I’m not such a nerd. There are other people like me.’”
When asked why the divide continues to persist, Fohner says she’s not sure.
“I just don’t know,” she says. “The girls are capable they are super in mat. Their problem solving skills are great. It’s a puzzle.”
A December 2016 article in the Economist.com suggests there remain unconscious biases around careers in tech.
Perhaps it’s that young women are not readily recognizing the correlation between popular apps and services they make use of and STEM-related fields.
Even something as wildly interesting to young teens and preteens as design or makeup. From the chemistry involved in makeup or perfume to engineering the perfect brushes or developing the next big app—the options for STEM-based careers are endless.
Doctors, scientist, engineers and designers do interesting things to make our lives easier every day.
Both Fohner and her daughter Alison are still passionate about the program and its benefits. “At this camp you get seven days of immersive exposure to the breadth of things that people are doing with scientific concepts and how much it relates to life,” says Alison.
Fohner highlights certain classes like a CSI class and a biology class—two she’s particularly passionate about.
“I think they come home with an interest and a love for science,” says Fohner. “And, a definite interest in going to college and they’ve been exposed to a ton of very capable women.”
Young women who are interested in being nominated for Tech Trek should see their counselor or science teacher. The American Association of University Women invites branch members, guests and Tech Trek students to join the fall membership luncheon with special guest speaker Marie Wolbach on Saturday, Sept. 23 at 11:30am at the Westside Grill. For details contact Thelma Raby at [email protected] or 408.427.7439 or Suzanne Barrett at [email protected] or 408.683.2400. | <urn:uuid:7398fdcc-92c4-4c11-9632-ccace958b814> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://southvalley.com/science-tech-trek-aauw-gilroy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249434065.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223021219-20190223043219-00494.warc.gz | en | 0.966828 | 1,942 | 3.28125 | 3 |
The Role of Physical Education in Cognitive Development
Financial considerations have always held a prominent position when decisions about formal education are being made. This is understandable as budgets must be used to their full advantage, and no public education system can be expected to provide programs in every conceivable area, no matter how desirable they may be. Budgets demand that essential programs be serviced first, and then those that are desirable, but not essential, can be considered later.
Difficulties arise, however, when governments, school boards, and educators begin to consider what is essential and what is merely desirable. Politicians and others who have not studied theories of learning can all too easily fall into the trap of believing that art and music, for example, are simply desirable frills. They are frequently not aware of the mental processes involved in studying the arts, and they do not understand the benefits to learning in general that the arts can offer.
When such programs are cancelled in an attempt to save money, students are the losers because they are denied a valuable component in their intellectual development. But important as the arts are in the learning process, the role of physical education is even more pronounced. The cancellation of physical education programs by certain school jurisdictions in recent times is not only misguided and ill-advised, but it is also detrimental to the normal cognitive development of students.
Many studies over the past half century have shown time and time again that physical activity provides a powerful stimulus to the brain. This is not surprising as brain cells require an adequate flow of blood to ensure correct functioning and healthy development, especially in children. Physical education cannot be viewed as merely a desirable option in a school system. It is an absolute necessity, and it must be built into the curriculum to ensure that all students participate fully in a program that will challenge them close to their limits.
Most students look forward to time spent in the gym or on the playing fields. This is helpful, and their enthusiasm must be encouraged. However, some students are not inclined toward sports, and it is important that educators find appropriate ways of involving them in a suitable program of physical activity. Some schools have found that individual exercise programs, as opposed to team events, can be of great benefit to such students, and they have introduced such programs as alternate choices for those who need them.
The relation between regular physical activity and intellectual development is so clearly established that in today’s educational world, most school jurisdictions have made physical education mandatory for all students. This seems to be the case in both elementary schools and high schools, which is appropriate and encouraging because it recognizes the critical need for physical activity at an early age.
Those school boards and educational authorities that have not yet recognized the undeniable link between physical activity and cognitive development must take their cue from others. Physical education is not an optional frill and it must be established in the curriculum as a mandatory subject. | <urn:uuid:3b031ac8-6597-4e34-82f8-ee9b28811d9b> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.instructorweb.com/doc/physicalcog.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111392.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00158-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97228 | 583 | 3.421875 | 3 |
I read this for Bruce Holsinger’s historical fiction course on Coursera. It’s based on the true story of the village of Eyam, during the 1665 epidemic of plague in Britain, though Geraldine Brooks doesn’t stick too closely to the names and details of exactly what happened there, but rather tries to recreate the sense of it. For her own comfort, I think, even where she’s based her characters on real people, she’s taken them a step or so away from them so that William Mompesson becomes Michael Mompellion, allowing her to take greater liberties.
At times, it seems pretty melodramatic, to me. The whole situation between Michael and Elinor, for example, seemed completely unnecessary (and barely even seemed to make sense to me); sometimes it just seemed to pile too much into the story that on its own would’ve seemed to make sense. The ending was worse; it felt like a complete flight of fantasy beside the historically grounded, patiently explored situation in the village.
So… overall, parts of this are a very powerful exploration of the tensions and also the support in Eyam at the time, and of the faith and fear and superstition of the time. But other parts of it work against the simple, touching aspect that those things give the story. I know it’s fiction and flights of fantasy are all a part of it, but it didn’t feel right to me. | <urn:uuid:7a301757-5cde-468b-a351-ec8f5aeefe61> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://breathesbooks.com/2013/12/15/review-year-of-wonders/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496667262.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113140725-20191113164725-00003.warc.gz | en | 0.973318 | 309 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Introduction: The need to be computer literate is very essential with the exponential growth of information technology in every aspect of human life. To cope up with the rapid integration of information technology in day to day life, the competencies to computer literacy and efficient usage of computers is much more needed. The purpose of the study was to assess the computer literacy among the Below Poverty Line (BPL) community of Malda district for their compliance to IFLA information literacy model and its need.
Methodology: Survey research method was adopted for this study enquiring through structured questionnaire which contained 20 numbers of questions in 5 sections including demographic and computer literacy skills and aspects related to role of library in their life. Some questions comprising the computer literacy skills with relevance to IFLA E8 model test area as the E8 model is developed distinctively for Asia and Pacific region. The population of the study comprised of Below Poverty Line (BPL) community of Malda district within its 15 blocks. 385 respondents were selected through random sampling. Likert Scale has been used to transform qualitative data to quantitative data and mean score is used. Data analysis was done by using frequency counts and simple percentages.
Originality/ Value: The study is the community survey conducted in Malda district that needed to test the computer literacy skills of the Below Poverty Line (BPL) community. The findings are useful in assessing the effectiveness of computer literacy and the demand for the more effective approaches toward computer literacy and also the training and skill development for computer literacy in Malda district. | <urn:uuid:833585db-9cb7-412b-a07a-68eac47134e0> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/5996/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103341778.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627195131-20220627225131-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.956849 | 314 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Is usually carried out when the crown is dying back. Dead wood needs to be removed and cut back to live wood to promote new growth.
However, this is not generally recommended practice on a healthy tree, as it will create future problems.
Crown reduction is NOT tree topping or tree lopping. Instead, when crown reduction is complete, there is still plenty structure left in the tree crown.
Crown reduction is for the purpose of reducing weight off the tops of trees and does not always mean reducing the height, although height is often reduced too but it’s a case by case basis.
The crown of a tree is what catches the force of storms.
When wind catches the crown it can cause limbs to fail and break off or the tree itself to uproot.
Crown reduction can reduce the possibility of such damage. The top of a tree acts as a sail especially when in leaf, and when the wind blows the crown catches the wind.
Crown reduction reduces the size of the sail so that the wind has less of an impact on the tree .
The crown reduction of a healthy tree can have the opposite effect, it can create vigor which in return can congest the crown and create more problems later, crown reduction on healthy trees will only be short term solution and long term will involve more expense on further crown reductions.
The most common problem is a case of the wrong tree wrong place.
Crown reduction work is generally carried out on trees that are diseased or in declined, leaders and lateral branches should be pruned back to a suitable side branch which has a diameter not less than 30% of the diameter of the part being removed. Think about what to plant and where!
Before any reduction work is carried out on mature trees the site is inspected for risks and wildlife, bats nesting birds etc all of which are protected by law.
Tree reductions can be carried out by a MEWP (Mobile Elevated Work Platform) or be tree surgeons climbing the tree.
Norfolk Trees was established in 2002 by Ashley Barnes, we operate throughout Norfolk and East Anglia. Our tree surgeons are all fully qualified for the work which they undertake and have over years experience in all aspects of tree care, which include dismantling, felling, crown lifting and reductions, dead wood removal, formative pruning, tree surveys to BS5837, tree hazard reports, pest and disease diagnosis, bat inspections, stump grinding or treating and tree planting.
Our staff allow clients to be confident and assured of the quality of our work and a £10,000,000 public liability insurance offers peace of mind. All work is carried out to BS3998 2010. In addition to domestic work we undertake commercial work for Local Authorities, Parish Councils and contract to the Borough Council of Kings Lynn and West Norfolk, Breckland Council and Serco, South Norfolk Council, Broadland Council, NCC Highways, KierMG and Anglian Water along with numerous other clients.
We are also approved by the Arboricultural Association and Norfolk County Council and are CHAS Accredited
Contractors Health & Safety Assessment Scheme. | <urn:uuid:f487d601-7c27-43f7-8135-196a27fb90c5> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.norfolk-trees.co.uk/tree-surgeons/crown-reduction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866938.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525024404-20180525044404-00055.warc.gz | en | 0.948494 | 637 | 2.578125 | 3 |
We explain what qualitative research is and what quantitative research is, its differences and main characteristics.
Qualitative and Quantitative Research
An investigation is an exploration of the information available on a subject , in order to obtain some type of conclusions once the information is obtained and analyzed. But there are various types of research . By classifying them according to their work methodology , there are two main ways: qualitative research and quantitative research.
A quantitative investigation is one that uses numerical quantities to express its work, by means of experimental or statistical techniques, whose results are then mathematically representable. Its name comes from quantity or quantification , that is, numbering.
They are the type of research focused on the cause and effect of things , as in most natural sciences . They show descriptive results that can then be generalized.
A qualitative research is one that collects the existing discourses around the subject and then performs a rigorous interpretation. It does not require numerical, statistical or mathematical procedures, but it obtains descriptive data through a possible diversity of methods.
It is the research method used in the social sciences . It does not raise a priori hypothesis , but uses induction to get answers to its own questions asked on the fly. Its name comes from quality , that is, from the attributes of something.
Differences between qualitative and quantitative
The main differences between these two ways of investigating have to do with the approach. Although both obtain descriptive results, the quantitative uses experimental methods in which chance intervenes to a large extent, as a guarantee of objectivity of the results. In addition, to represent them requires formal numbers and languages .
In contrast, the qualitative methods are analytical, inductive . Its objective is to obtain conclusions from the perspective with which the problem is addressed. Their results are expressed through an interpretive verbal discourse , an explanation that takes into account the context.
In that sense, a qualitative investigation is multimethodic and not part of a hypothesis to be tested, but of the approach of a problem. It could be said that the quantitative values the objectivity (the object), while the qualitative values the subjectivity (the subject).
Other differences are:
- In its methods of obtaining information , the quantitative uses statistics, mathematical descriptions and formulas; The qualitative one uses stories, narrations , explanations and questionnaires.
- The quantitative uses large random samples, while the quantitative selected and representative. Their sampling methods also differ: the first uses standardized and numerical methods, the second flexible and narrative.
- The conclusions obtained in a quantitative investigation are definitive, formal and appear at the end of the study; in a qualitative one they are provisional, changeable, and are being reviewed continuously throughout the work.
- With regard to the type of science in which they are used , quantitative ones are commonly used for exact sciences, while qualitative ones are commonly used for social sciences and humanities.
Types of qualitative and quantitative research
There are various types of research of each type, such as:
Quantitative Research :
- Descriptive . Often equivalent to the initial stage of scientific research , in which the results obtained from the direct observation of reality are ordered , based on a hypothesis.
- Analytical . It establishes comparisons between the numerical data ( variables , statistics, etc.) of the different groups studied, as they occurred during the sampling stages.
- Experimental . Those that depend on the repetition and verification of natural events in a controlled environment, in order to obtain generalizable conclusions.
Qualitative Research :
- Ethnographical . Based on the participant observation, that is, on a kind of objective testimony (regardless of contradiction), try to obtain conclusions regarding the different human groups of interest. It is usually used in human sciences such as anthropology .
- Participatory research . Try to connect a series of specific events with the participation that various human groups have in their field, to find the objective or subjective link between them.
- Action research . It goes one step ahead of the description , proposing ways to act or participate in the problem studied and often solve it, considering the researcher as an actor and not a spectator.
Example of quantitative research
A common example of quantitative research is a drug test . A study population is taken, different concentrations of the drug are given in determined, controlled and regulated doses, in order to objectively measure the result, and thus determine a margin of product effectiveness.
This result has nothing to do with the perspectives of the subjects , or with what they think, or with who they are, but with the response obtained after the administration of the drug. Then, the results will be expressed in percentages (%) and will be referred to based on the amount of tests done in a randomly chosen population.
Example of qualitative research
A common example of qualitative research, on the other hand, is a political opinion poll . While it also employs a random population (in the sense that it interviews people on the street), it does choose what questions to ask based on the issues they want to address.
These questions will be answered subjectively by each interviewee, accumulating a database of answers that must then be interpreted by the researcher , who can obtain certain conclusions regarding the voting intentions of the population by extrapolating the sample at all.
The results also allow you to conclude certain trends, whether or not they are then deprived at the time of voting. The result will be partial, subjective, and will influence its own compliance, since the publication of the survey can orient the vote of the total electoral population in some way. | <urn:uuid:d50c4f9f-af9b-4278-8976-87e839d1bfc1> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://whatmaster.com/qualitative-and-quantitative-research/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487610196.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210613161945-20210613191945-00572.warc.gz | en | 0.934943 | 1,124 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Where AI Could Fall Short In Software Testing?
We have written earlier how Artificial Intelligence can increase the efficiency and speed of software product development. Now that AI in software development is gaining acceptance, let’s look at how AI can play out in software testing- its potential as well as shortcomings.
After test automation, AI-based testing looks like the obvious next step. Here’s how things have rolled out in the software testing space:
- Traditionally, manual testing has always had a role to play, because no software is produced sans bugs. Even with all the tools available, a key part of the process is handled manually by specialized testers.
- Over time, test automation took root. In several cases, test automation is the only feasible approach when you need to run a large number of test cases, fast and with high efficiency.
- AI-enabled testing is making test automation smarter by using quantities of data. QA engineers can feed historical data into algorithms to increase detection rates, implement automated code reviews, and automatically generate test cases.
Let’s take an overview of what AI can do in Software Testing.
The Potential of AI in Software Testing:
As organizations aim for continuous delivery and faster software development cycles, AI-led testing will become a more established part of quality assurance. When considering only software testing tasks, there are several tasks that quality Assurance engineers perform multiple times. Automating them can drive huge increases in productivity and efficiency.
In addition to the repetitive tasks, there are also several tasks that are similar in nature, which, if automated, will make the life of a software tester easier. And AI can help identify such fit cases for automation. For instance, the automated UI test cases that fail every time we make a change in a UI element’s name can be fixed by changing the name of an element in the test automation tool.
Artificial Intelligence has several use cases in software testing, including test case execution, test planning, automation of workflows, and maintenance of test cases when there are changes in the code.
But what are the limitations?
Why AI will not take over entire QA phases?
Even though Artificial Intelligence holds strong promise for testing, it will be hard for mere technology to completely take over.
- Humans need to oversee AI:
- AI is not as sophisticated as human logic:While there have been significant advancements in Artificial Intelligence, it does not beat the logic, intuitiveness, and empathy inherent in humans. AI will bring about more impactful change in the way it assists software testers to help them perform their tasks with more accuracy, precision, and efficiency. But for all tasks that need more creativity, intuitive decision making, and user-focused assessments, it may have to be human software testers who hold the fort. For a while at least!
- AI can’t, and never will, eliminate the need for humans in Testing:
- Functions in Software Testing that can’t be entirely trusted to AI:
Artificial Intelligence can’t (yet) function on its own without human interference. Until then, organizations need human specialists to create the AI and to oversee operational aspects that are automated with AI. In short manual testers will always be a part of the testing strategy to ensure bug-free software.
Organizations can use AI-based testing tools to cover the basics of software testing, and easily uncover defects by auto-generating test cases and executing them for desktop or mobile. However, such an approach isn’t feasible when you need to assess a complex software product with various functions and features to test. Experienced software QA engineers bring a wealth of insights to the table that goes beyond the data. They can make the decisions that must be made even when data doesn’t exist. When a new feature is being implemented, AI may struggle to find enough solid data to define the way forward. Experienced software testers may be better suited to such situations where they can make intuitive leaps based on nothing more than their judgment.
AI can seamlessly help with tasks that are repetitive in nature and have been done before. But, even if we leverage AI to its full potential, there are jobs within QA that demand human assistance.
- Documentation Review – Comprehensively learning about the ins and outs of a software system and determining the length and breadth of testing required in it is something better trusted to a human.
- Creating Tests for Complex Scenarios – Complex test cases that span several features within a software solution may be better done by a QA tester.
- UX Testing – User experience can be tested and assured only when a user navigates the software or application. How something looks to the users and, more importantly, how it feels to them, is a task beyond the likely capabilities of AI.
Just like automation aims at reducing manual labor by addressing monotonous tasks, AI-led QA minimizes repetitive work with added intelligence by taking it up a notch up.
This means QA engineers should keep doing what they do best. However, it will help QA testers to familiarize themselves with technologies AI to advance their career when these tools become commonplace. The truth is that AI is making a stand, but we still need diligent, creative, and expert QA engineers on our product development teams. | <urn:uuid:4b17ecf4-9b2e-4a48-9511-d6ce022fd3d4> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.thinksys.com/ai/where-ai-could-fall-short-in-software-testing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153739.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728154442-20210728184442-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.939202 | 1,091 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Pathogen pollution in Michigan’s lakes and rivers – caused by human and animal waste draining into surface waters – is far more widespread than previously documented, according to new state data.
The identification of rivers impaired by potentially harmful pathogens has more than doubled in recent years – from 3,359 miles in 2008 to 7,232 miles in 2012, according to a draft of the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality’s 2014 impaired waters report http://1.usa.gov/1aTHlZz obtained by Bridge.
Kevin Goodwin, a DEQ senior aquatic biologist, attributed the increase in pathogen pollution to local and state agencies testing more rivers for fecal matter.
“The changes we are seeing reflect better monitoring by the department, not a big change in water quality,” Goodwin said. “The more you look, the more you find.”
Pathogens in surface water can cause a variety of health problems in people who come in contact with contaminated water: stomach ailments, rashes and, in extreme cases, organ failure or death.
Most of the rivers impaired by pathogen pollution are in southern lower Michigan, where there is a greater concentration of people, sewers, leaky septic tanks and farms, according to the report and DEQ officials.
The DEQ report is a biennial inventory of lakes and rivers that have been degraded by chemical or biological pollutants, excessive sedimentation or man-made alterations.
Overall, the report concluded, water quality is good to excellent in most of Michigan’s 872,109 acres of inland lakes, 76,425 miles of rivers and the 41,267 square miles of Great Lakes waters within the state’s borders.
But pathogen pollution has become more widespread. And a lingering problem – airborne mercury and PCBs from sources around the world raining down on surface waters and contaminating some species of fish – continues to haunt most of the state’s lakes and rivers, the report said. A statewide advisory urging people to limit consumption of certain fish, due to widespread mercury contamination, has been in place for years.
“When you look at the whole state, (water quality) looks pretty bleak, but things look better when you remove the mercury and PCB listings,” said Goodwin, who managed the state’s impaired waters report.
State officials said many sources contribute to pathogens in surface waters: Municipal sewer overflows, polluted stormwater runoff, leaky septic tanks and manure draining off farm fields.
James Clift, policy director for the Michigan Environmental Council, said the state Legislature should use some of the current budget surplus to better protect lakes and rivers that are pillars of the state’s $17-billion tourism industry.
“We should invest some of this money into protecting Pure Michigan and maintaining our edge in the tourism industry – and that requires keeping our lakes and rivers clean,” Clift said. “If the product we are selling is Pure Michigan, what are we doing to protect the product?”
Reducing pathogen pollution in surface waters will require reductions in municipal sewer overflow, cracking down on leaky septic tanks across the state and reducing manure runoff from farm fields, according to state officials and environmental groups.
Once the state report is finalized, it will guide state efforts to clean up and restore damaged rivers and lakes, said Shannon Briggs, a DEQ toxicologist. There is much work ahead.
According to the report:
Of the 7,733 river miles assessed for pathogen pollution, 98.4 percent were deemed periodically unfit for swimming. Local health departments are responsible for posting advisories at polluted lakes and rivers, but most agencies only have funds to routinely monitor water quality at the most popular beaches.
The DEQ added 11 Great Lakes beaches to the list of impaired waters. Each of those beaches – scattered across lakes Michigan, Huron and Superior – had potentially unsafe levels of pathogens in the water on multiple occasions in 2011-2012. In each case, health officials posted multiple advisories urging swimmers to stay out of the water when bacteria levels spiked. Because it takes roughly 24 hours to analyze water samples, health officials have said that some people end up swimming in polluted waters before the tests results come back and health advisories are posted.
95 percent of rivers assessed also failed to meet water-quality standards for PCBs or mercury in fish.
84 percent of inland lakes and reservoirs that were assessed failed to meet water quality standards for PCBS or mercury in fish.
None of the 42,167 square miles of Great Lakes waters within Michigan’s boundaries met water quality standards for persistent toxic chemicals in fish.
There were, however, some bright spots in the 2014 report:
More than 85 percent of all beaches on inland lakes and reservoirs that were assessed were safe for swimming.
The vast majority of rivers had healthy populations of macroinvertebrates, an indicator of biological health.
PCB concentrations in fish have decreased in some rivers.Farms, septic tanks under the spotlight
Previous studies showed leaky septic tanks are polluting Michigan rivers and that farm runoff contributes to a resurgence of algae blooms in western Lake Erie. The algae blooms, which are large enough to be photographed from space, have prompted calls for tighter regulations on farms.
The International Joint Commission, a U.S.-Canada panel that monitors Great Lakes issues, recently urged all Great Lakes states to ban winter application of manure and municipal sewer sludge on frozen fields.
Farmers who spread manure on frozen and snow-covered fields say the practice fertilizes the soil. But manure spread on frozen fields can drain into nearby waterways during rain showers and when soils thaw.
New York already bans manure application on frozen ground and Indiana only allows it in emergencies. Michigan, Ohio and Pennsylvania allow winter manure applications under certain conditions, the IJC noted.
Jamie Clover Adams, director of the Michigan Department of Agriculture, said Michigan opposes a ban on winter manure application because the practice is tightly regulated in the state.
She said the largest livestock farms – so-called CAFOs (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations, which house thousands of animals) – rarely spread manure in the winter because their operating permits require six months capacity in manure storage lagoons. “CAFOs aren’t spreading manure in the winter because they’ve got enough storage to hold it until the spring comes,” Clover Adams said.
But Lynn Henning, a Lenawee County farmer and anti-CAFO activist who has documented what she portrays as numerous environmental violations by the massive livestock operations, said CAFOs routinely spread liquid manure on frozen and snow-covered fields.
“I had people calling me (in early January) saying that CAFO operators in Clinton County were spreading manure on snow covered fields, at night,” Henning said. “It’s widespread in Michigan and all across the country.”
Clover Adams said it’s unfair to single out agriculture as a major source of water pollution in Michigan.
“We’re not perfect and I would never say we’re not part of the problem,” she said of farmers. “But everyone is contributing – septic systems, municipal sewer overflows and things like that.”Septic tanks failing, polluting
Michigan has about 1.3 million septic tanks that serve nearly one-third of all homes. On an average day, state residents and businesses flush 264 million gallons of wastewater into septic tanks, according to government data.
At any given time, about 10 percent of septic tanks in Michigan – 130,000 in all – fail and cause pollution, according to state estimates. An unknown quantity of raw sewage from those failed septic systems ends up in lakes, streams and underground aquifers that supply drinking water wells.
Studies show leaky septic tanks are polluting rivers, but little has been done to address the problem because Michigan’s septic tank regulations have gaping holes, according to industry and government officials.
Michigan is the only state without a uniform septic code governing the design, installation and maintenance of the devices. Unlike many states, Michigan doesn’t require septic tank inspections after they are installed.
Eleven Michigan counties have taken the initiative to require septic tank inspections when properties change hands. County officials said the programs have identified thousands of failed septic tanks and kept more than 100 million gallons of raw sewage from seeping into surface waters.
Legislative efforts to strengthen Michigan’s septic tank regulations have repeatedly failed. The Legislature has considered six proposals since 2004 to enact a statewide septic system code, but all died in committee.
Groups representing local units of government, real estate agents and the septic tank industry have all expressed support for a statewide septic code. But concerns about turning real estate agents into septic tank police, or interfering with the authority of local governments to control land use has derailed legislative attempts to address the issue statewide.
“We’ve known about this issue of failing septic tanks for a decade,” said Clift, of the Michigan Environmental Council, “but the Legislature refuses to do anything about it.”
While Michigan lacks a statewide code, local governments cannot ignore leaky septic tanks threatening water quality. In a 2012 case that pitted the DEQ against Worth Township in Sanilac County, the Michigan Supreme Court ruled that municipalities are obliged to address sewage spills that cause water pollution. | <urn:uuid:ade1e227-0bcb-404f-9e61-999dea6e9db0> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.mlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2014/01/michigan_rivers_polluted_by_hu.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500823169.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021343-00271-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9408 | 1,963 | 2.78125 | 3 |
1848. Lowell is one of the group of authors sometimes called the Fireside Poets, or the Schoolroom Poets, a group which also included Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, and Oliver Wendell Holmes. Because of their conservative approach to verse and the often blatant morality in their poetry, the very qualities that made them popular in their day, have put them out of favor for much of the twentieth century. However, given that Lowell was an ardent abolitionist he may not have been considered conservative in his day. This volume contains a biographical sketch, earlier poems, miscellaneous poems, memorial verses, The Biglow Papers; Under the Willows and other poems; Poems of the War; Heartsease and Rue and Last Poems. | <urn:uuid:1d912193-8b25-410c-a5e1-00211da149f3> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.moluna.de/buch/4152254-the+complete+poetical+works+of+james+russell+lowell/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501169769.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104609-00291-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976351 | 159 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Magnetism is a phenomenon by which materials assert an attractive or repulsive force on other materials. Some well known materials that exhibit magnetic properties are iron, some steels, and the naturally occurring mineral lodestone. In reality all materials are influenced to one degree or another by the presence of a magnetic field, although in some cases the influence is too small to detect without special equipment.
For the case of electric current moving through a wire, the resulting force is directed acording to the "right hand rule". If the thumb of the right hand points along the wire from positive towards the negative side, the magnetic forces will wrap around the wire in the direction indicated by the fingers of the right hand. If a loop is formed, such that the charged particles are traveling in a circle then all of the forces in the center of the loop are directed in the same direction. The result is called a magenetic dipole. When placed in a magnetic field, a magnetic dipole will tend to align itself with that field. For the case of a loop, if the fingers of the right hand are directed in the direction of current flow, the thumb will point in the direction corresponding to the North pole of the dipole. In the earth's magnetic field the North pole of the dipole will tend to point north.
Magnetic dipoles or magnetic moments can often result on the atomic scale due to the movements of electrons. Each electron has magnetic moments that originate from two sources. The first is the orbital motion of the electron around the nucleus. In a sense this motion can be considered as a current loop, resulting in a magnetic moment along its axis of rotation. The second source of electronic magnetic moment is due to a Quantum Mechanical property called "spin", this property is in some ways analogous to the picture of an electron spinning about an axis and is related to the electron's angular momentum. However, it should be remembered that the Quantum Mechanical "spin" is actually a unique phenomenon from spinning in a macroscopic sense, so the analogy doesn't always hold. The spin magnetic moments may be in one of two directions, either the "up" direction or the "down" direction.
In an atom the orbital magnetic moments of some electron pairs cancel each other. The same is true for the spin magnetic moments. The overall magnetic moment of the atom is thus the sum of all of the magnetic moments of the individual electrons, accounting for moment cancellation between properly paired electrons. For the case of a completely filled electron shell or subshell, the magnetic moments completely cancel each other out. Thus only atoms with partially filled electron shells have a magnetic moment. The magnetic properties of materials are in large part determined by the nature and magnitude of the atomic magnetic moments.
Several forms of magnetic behavior have been observed including: | <urn:uuid:3fe55447-fa77-4056-b3f7-1467ae5d5e84> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://nostalgia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662564830.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524045003-20220524075003-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.9261 | 564 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Once in a while, you come across an American town or county that has long been virtually all-white, even though surrounding communities have black populations. It may not be an accident. Between the Civil War and the 1920s, in more than a few rural communities, white mobs violently expelled virtually all of their black neighbors. One of the places living with this uneasy history is Corbin, Kentucky, a small railroad town in the Appalachian foothills.
The CDS documentary "Racial Cleansing in America" is part of a multimedia project at the Center for Investigative Reporting (CIR) exploring the hidden history and lasting impact of this chapter in America's racial history. CIR also co-produced the film "Banished," which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and will air later this year on PBS, about three towns being forced to face their racist pasts; and provided assistance to Elliot Jaspin for his book on the topic, Buried in the Bitter Waters: The Hidden History of Racial Cleansing in America. | <urn:uuid:b9b5368e-6068-4bd2-a698-9adeda44d274> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://documentarystudies.duke.edu/production/scene-on-radio/past-radio/racial-cleansing-america | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607726.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524001106-20170524021106-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.958953 | 211 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Ship’s stability calculations not only rely on the ship’s geometry but also on the knowledge of where the ship’s centre of gravity (G) is positioned. Although the distance of G from the keel can be ascertained for various conditions that the ship may be in, it is essential that it is accurately known for one specified ship condition.
To this end, the need to carry out an inclining experiment becomes necessary and from this, two facts should become known:
- the displacement; and
- the position of G in a known ship’s condition.
The inclining test is carried out to find the lightship KG at the lightship displacement. It is sometimes known as a ‘controlled list experiment’. By conducting the experiment by means of a series of weight shifts, the GM of the vessel can be ascertained under the test condition. This GM value can then be compared with the ship’s KM to obtain the vessel’s KG value: KM – GM = KG
The environment of the dry dock is ideal for performing such a stability check. While the vessel is in the dock, it is usually in its light condition, the water is still and the facilities for moving known weights are readily on hand.
Conditions for Carrying Out the Inclining Experiment
- The vessel should be upright.
- The moorings should be slack, allowing the vessel to be inclined without restraint.
- The vessel should be in still water conditions.
- The density of the water should be known.
- There should be no free surface action inside the ship’s tanks.
- The contents and weights of all the ship’s compartments should be known.
- Calm weather conditions should prevail.
- The vessel should be clear of all unnecessary personnel.
- The light condition displacement should be known from the builders.
- The fore and aft draughts and the mean draught should be noted.
The ship in an upright position, in its light condition, is fitted with a wire plumb line suspended from a high point on the transverse centre line. The ‘plumb bob’ on the end of the line is set into a horizontal trough of light oil or other viscous substance to dampen the movement of the plumb bob, once the vessel is inclined. Fastened to the edge of the trough is a graduated scale batten, measured in millimetres.
The inclining weights are then placed on board, preferably by the dockside cranes. These weights are usually fitted with a wheeled platform to assist movement on board the vessel, throughout the period of the experiment. Finally, all non-essential persons are sent ashore and the gangway is landed.
Conduct of the Experiment
The vessel is then caused to be listed over, by moving the weights of the ship’s centre line, to a measured, accurate distance in a horizontal direction.
Because the exact weight and the exact distance are known, a set of listing moments can be obtained.
List Moments + Displacement = GG1 (namely the horizontal shift in the ship’s C of G)
Unless the displacement value is known, it would be usual practice to carry out a draught survey prior to conducting the experiment in order to obtain the exact displacement figure.
Graphic Presentation (vessel floating freely)
- Consider the two similar triangles ABC and GMG1
- In triangle ABC: AB represents the length of the plumb line.
- BC represents the deflection when the ship is heeled.
- In triangle GMG1: GM represents the ship’s metacentric height in this condition.
- GG1 is the shift of ‘G’ due to the moving weight.
As the triangles are similar:
Then Tan Ø = GG1 + GM but Tan Ø = BC ÷ AB
Therefore: GM = GG1 × AB + BC
But GG1 = (w × d ) ÷ Displacement
Therefore: GM = (w × d × AB) ÷ (Displ. × BC)
Where: w × d = list moments (in tonne metres)
AB = Length of the plumb line (in metres)
BC = Deflection of plumb line (in metres)
Displ. (W) = Ship’s weight in this condition
Inclining Test – Example
A vessel is to undergo an inclining test in the following condition:
Displacement = 9,400 tonnes KM = 8.5 metres
Ballast on board =680 tonnes at a KG of 2.8 metres (FSMs = 166 tm)
Fuel on board =160 tonnes at a KG of 1.4 metres (FSMs = 200 tm)
Freshwater on board =80 tonnes at a KG of 3.0 metres (tank full)
The inclining weight on board = 60 tonnes at a KG of 9.0 metres. The plumb line has a length of 7.6 metres. The weight is shifted 6 metres horizontally and gave a deflection of 850 mm
Calculate the lightship displacement?
GM = (w × d × Plumb line length) ÷ (displacement × deflction)
GM = (60 × 6 7.6) ÷ ( 9400 × 0.85)
GM = 2736 ÷ 7990
GM = 0.3424 m
KG = 8.5 m – 0.3424 = 8.1576 m
Take moments about the keel:
Comm Weight x KG of Distance = Moment
Displ 9400t x KG of 8.1576m = 76681 tm
Ballast – 680 t x KG of 2.8m = – 1904 tm
Fuel – 160 t x KG of 1.4m = – 224 tm
F.W. – 80 t x KG of 3.0m = – 240 tm
Incl Wt – 60 t x KG of 9.0m = – 540 tm
FSMs – 360 tm
8420 t 73407 tm
Lt. Ship KG = 73407 ÷ 8420
KG = 8.7182 metres | <urn:uuid:4fd3f408-c591-447f-b47d-8198f432af33> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://cultofsea.com/ship-stability/the-inclining-experiment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363515.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208144647-20211208174647-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.898792 | 1,332 | 3.484375 | 3 |
If you like to record beats at home using computer software or an external workstation, you can add vocals by importing acapella (voice-only) tracks. Acapella tracks are available online from websites that specialise in audio samples and loops, and they can make great additions to instrumental pieces. The process of sycing the voice to the melody can prove tricky, however, if the two recordings do not play at the same speed.
- Skill level:
- Moderately Challenging
Other People Are Reading
Things you need
- Audio-editing software
Open a digital music recording program. If you don't already have a recording program like ACID, Reason, Logic, GarageBand or Pro Tools, you can download a free program from the Internet such as Audacity, Ardour or Qtractor. If you choose an alternative program, you must choose one that allows multi-tracking (the process of separating layers of a song into separate sections, or "tracks").
Calcuate the tempo of your acapella track. The tempo refers to the speed, measured in beats per minute. To calculate tempo on your own, listen to the acapella track and clap your hands (or tap your foot) in time with the beat. Count the number of claps in 15 seconds and multiply that number by 4. This gives you the total beats per minute.
Import your music beat track into your recording software, unless you already have the beat saved as a recording project. To import an audio file, click your "File" menu and select "Import." The "Import" option is almost universally found beneath the "File" menu, but if you do not see it, check the other menus on your menu bar.
Adjust your software tempo. If you created the beat using your software, locate the "Tempo" box on your main window and change the tempo to the number that you determined in Step 2. If you did not create the beat using your software, calculate the current tempo of the beat and adjust the project window so it matches the tempo of your acapella. For example, if your beat tempo is 120 BPM and your acapella tempo is 105 BPM, you will need to subtract the tempo indicator on your screen by 15, regardless of the default tempo.
Import your acapella file. It will appear on a separate track on the project window (resembling a horizontal series of waves), directly beneath the beat file. Drag the waveform image along the time line until it lines up with the beat. Use your software's "Cut" tool (usually resembling a pair of scissors) to divide your file into multiple regions and move them to different spots along the beat. For example, this is useful if you want to use different parts of the vocal track for a verse and chorus.
- 20 of the funniest online reviews ever
- 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites
- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for | <urn:uuid:eee16e53-493f-4cbe-ae3b-60a656f966ac> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ehow.co.uk/how_8415181_sync-acapella-beat.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00471-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.881361 | 616 | 2.5625 | 3 |
You’ve heard the phrase “the Greenhouse Effect” a thousand times, but did you know the term is completely inaccurate when applied to the earth’s atmosphere? The earth’s atmosphere is a non-linear, dynamic system that simultaneously absorbs and emits energy that it receives from the sun. There is no roof on the earth, so the term makes no sense when describing the atmosphere. This incorrect analogy has helped to fuel climate change hysteria.
You’ve heard it a thousand times… the “Greenhouse Effect”. But did you know the term is completely wrong when applied to the earth’s atmosphere? The idea of the atmosphere is a false analogy that has helped fuel climate change hysteria.
I know, some of you will immediately accuse me of climate change heresy. Even so, hang with me for a moment. I assure you, no reputable scientist will disagree with the technical side of this explanation.
Greenhouses work because they trap heat inside them. They prevent convection of air outside the greenhouse. The earth’s atmosphere works in the opposite way. There’s no roof on the planet. The earth’s atmosphere is a non-linear, dynamic system that simultaneously absorbs and emits energy that it receives from the sun. The relative balance between energy gained and lost is what makes life on earth possible.
It’s really quite amazing and it’s infinitely more complex than this dopey analogy of a greenhouse, which gives people the wrong impression of trapped heat. Climatologists are currently trying to figure out if man’s burning of fossil fuels is substantially inhibiting the earth’s ability to emit excess energy. However, the addition of carbon dioxide and other gasses to the atmosphere is but one small factor in an extraordinarily complex system.
Here’s something else many people don’t know about our incredible planet. They have no idea that we live in a slender habitable zone that is sandwiched between two very cold places. As any pilot can tell you, once a plane begins gaining altitude the temperature outside drops shockingly fast. If it’s 59 degrees on the ground, the air at just 7,500 feet is freezing. At 14,000 feet it’s only 9 degrees. By the time the plane hits a cruising altitude of 40,000 feet the air temperature outside is 70 degrees below zero. That’s a 129-degree difference.
We see the same type of temperature variance in our oceans. The water is relatively warm near the surface, but the temperature drops rapidly on descent. The average temperature of the oceans is a frigid 39 degrees.
The cold deep water of the oceans turns over at varying rates with warmer waters near the surface. It has a powerful impact on the earth’s climate. Slower or faster turnover in the Pacific Ocean creates the El Nino and La Nina effects that impact the entire planet’s climate system. According to climatologist Roy Spencer, the turnover of warmer and colder ocean waters across centuries or longer may have something to do with unusually warm eras as well as ice ages.
The broader point is this: The earth’s atmosphere and oceans are dynamic systems that behave nothing like a greenhouse. The atmosphere is constantly emitting excess energy into the freezing air that’s not all that far above us. And, the oceans are continually transferring heat energy into the depths.
These scientific truths are part of what led the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to report in 2001 that, “The climate system is a coupled non-linear chaotic system, and therefore the long-term prediction of future climate states is not possible.”
Since the IPCC has become an agenda-driven, political institution, this truth has been ignored, all the while they keep using the highly deceptive term, “Greenhouse gas emissions.” It’s a handy false analogy that serves many interests.
For the Clear Energy Alliance, I’m Mark Mathis. Power On.
Meteorology Training – Standard Atmosphere Heights and Temperatures
NASA Aquarius Mission – Ocean Temperature Profile graphic
NASA – Earth’s Energy Balance
Thermohaline Global Ocean Conveyor Circulation
Thin Habitable Zone of Warmth between Ocean and Atmosphere – Global Warming Skepticism for Busy People, Roy Spencer, page 43
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Get notified when we release a new video by subscribing to our YouTube Channel. | <urn:uuid:25fc645f-8162-4963-8b1c-5f600de0214f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://clearenergyalliance.com/project/greenhouse-deception/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00056.warc.gz | en | 0.84728 | 927 | 3.6875 | 4 |
1. For probable cause
purposes, information provided by identified, ordinary citizen eyewitnesses, or other police officers:
A. is usually presumed reliable.
B. must satisfy only the Aguilar reliability of informant prong.
C. must satisfy only the Aguilar reliability of the information prong.
D. must satisfy both Aguilar prongs.
2. An officer receives an anonymous tip that controlled substances are being transferred in a particular vehicle to a particular place. This is the only information the officer has on the matter. The best course of action would be for the officer to immediately:
A. find and stop the vehicle and ask permission to search.
B. find and stop the vehicle and search it.
C. draw up an affidavit and attempt to get a magistrate to issue a search warrant.
D. attempt to corroborate as much of the tip as possible.
3. What level of proof is required for an officer to conduct a stop and frisk?
A. A mere suspicion or hunch
B. A reasonable suspicion
C. Probable cause
4. Information from an informant which does not establish probable cause can be supplemented by:
A. evidence found after a warrant was issued.
B. the officer’s promise that it is true.
D. a strong feeling or hunch.
have held that when an ordinary citizen who is a victim or eyewitness provides information:
A. officers can assume the citizen is a reliable informant.
B. the reliability of the citizen must be established.
C. the reliability of the citizen is tested by the same rules as for confidential informants engaged in criminal
D. the information must be in a sworn statement before the officer can legally rely on it.
6. Which of the following sources of information is valued most highly by courts when they review an officer’s or magistrate’s determination of probable cause?
A. An anonymous tip given to an ordinary citizen and relayed to the officer
B. A tip based on personal observation by an informant involved in criminal activity
C. Information from another police officer based on that officer’s personal observations
D. A tip given by one citizen to another citizen and then passed on to the officer
7.Which of the following is NOT currently an exception to the exclusionary rule
A. Good faith B. Inevitable discovery
C. Independent source D. Silver platter
8.The primary procedural mechanism for invoking the exclusionary rule is a motion to:
A. quash information. B. exclude information.
C. suppress evidence. D. repress evidence.
9.Historically, the exclusionary rule:
A. originated in England. B. originated in the United States.
C. originated in France. D. originated in Germany.
10.The rule stating evidence that is obtained even as an indirect result of police misconduct
is inadmissible is called:
A. the independent source doctrine. B. the inevitable discovery doctrine.
C. the “fruit of the poisonous tree” doctrine. D. the good faith doctrine.
11.If the police make an honest and reasonable error or mistake that violates the Fourth Amendment, the evidence may still be admissible under application of the __________ exception.
A. “fruit of the poisonous tree” B. good faith
C. valid warrant D. independent source
12.Assume that the police search Mr. X’s home without a warrant and in violation of the Fourth Amendment. At his home they find a key that they recognize as a key to a locker at the local bus station. They go to the bus station, find the locker, and open it, discovering a substantial amount of cocaine inside. Which of the following rules states that this evidence is not admissible?
A. Purged or dissipated taint B. Fruit of the poisonous tree
C. Inevitable discovery D. Independent source
13. Proponents of the __________ argue that it deters violations of constitutional rights by police officers.
A. exclusionary rule B. good faith exception
C. inevitable discovery exception D. silver platter doctrine
14. In order for a person to invoke the exclusionary rule, he or she must have:
A. standing. B. jurisdiction. C. venue. D. comity.
I will pay additional if satisfied. Thank you. :) | <urn:uuid:d305a9d1-eeb0-4332-9a59-c73c80214d09> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.justanswer.com/criminal-law/6ca9h-1-probable-cause-purposes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257826908.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071026-00092-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917744 | 916 | 3 | 3 |
Functional Nanomaterials for Optoelectric Conversion and Energy StorageView this Special Issue
Editorial | Open Access
Functional Nanomaterials for Optoelectric Conversion and Energy Storage
The rapid increase in industrialization, urbanization, and population growth has led to a pronounced rise in the global energy demands [1–4]. With depleting fossil fuels and growing concern on environmental protection, urgent research efforts are needed to find alternative energy resources that are efficient and economically and ecologically friendly. Since energy resources such as solar power are intermittent, but the usage is increasing in numerous portable electronic devices, efficient means have to be found for energy storage and transportation. A number of electronic, photonic, and optoelectronic devices have been proposed for this purpose, such as photovoltaic solar cells, batteries, supercapacitors, field effect transistors, fuel cells, thermoelectric, thermal-photo catalysts, and luminescence display devices.
The main purpose of this special issue is to use advanced nanomaterials and nanotechnologies in designing systems for an efficient interconversion of different energy forms among thermal, photonics, and electrical energy. Graphene, carbon nanotube, and conducting polymer may represent the most studied materials where the nanoscale design permits their more efficient performance in a number of energy conversion and storage devices. All devices dealing with conversion of energy forms and storage were considered for this special issue.
The energy crisis is evident from the fact that the global energy consumption has been accelerating at an alarming rate due to the rapid economic expansion worldwide, increase in world population, and ever-increasing human reliance on energy-based appliances. By 2050, advanced technologies for both optoelectric conversion (e.g., solar cells) and energy storage (e.g., supercapacitors and batteries) are being extensively studied around the world. Functional nanomaterials have opened up new fields in materials science and engineering to meet this challenge. In particular, nanomaterials and nanotechnologies have been demonstrated to be an enabling technology for creating high-performance optoelectric conversion and energy storage devices. Like all other devices, performance of the energy-related devices depends strongly on the properties of the materials they employ. Recent development in materials science, particularly carbon nanomaterials, has facilitated the research and development of energy technologies as (shown in the works by Y. Luo et al. and L. Li et al.). Comparing to conventional energy materials, carbon nanomaterials possess some unusual size-surface-dependent (e.g., morphological, electrical, optical, and mechanical) properties useful in enhancing energy conversion and storage performance. Specifically, considerable efforts have been made to utilize the unique properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene as optoelectric conversion materials. Tremendous progress has been achieved in developing carbon nanomaterials for high-performance optoelectric-conversion and energy storage devices. The special issue was focused on the progress in the research and development of carbon nanomaterials during the past twenty years or so. The advanced energy conversion (i.e., solar cells) and storage (i.e., supercapacitors and batteries) was also discussed along with some challenges and perspectives in this exciting field.
The other functional nanomaterials are also published in this special issue besides graphene, carbon nanotube, and conducting polymer. It mainly focuses on preparations, characterizations, functionalizations, and properties of nanoparticles, nanostructured coatings, films, membranes, nanoporous materials, and nanocomposites. The fundamental understanding of the mechanisms on materials and processes at nanoscale was highlighted.
- K. Kalyanasundaram and M. Grätzel, “Themed issue: nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage,” Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 22, no. 46, pp. 24190–24194, 2012.
- X. Wan, Y. Huang, and Y. Chen, “Focusing on energy and optoelectronic applications: a journey for graphene and graphene oxide at large scale,” Accounts of Chemical Research, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 598–607, 2012.
- G. Centi and S. Perathoner, “The role of nanostructure in improving the performance of electrodes for energy storage and conversion,” European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, no. 26, pp. 3851–3878, 2009.
- L. Dai, “Functionalization of graphene for efficient energy conversion and storage,” Accounts of Chemical Research, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 31–42, 2013.
Copyright © 2013 Yongfeng Luo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. | <urn:uuid:b8dfcc30-24f0-4019-9689-ca114ff7e2d9> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnm/2013/414193/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.9005 | 1,031 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The first step to solving proportions is cross multiplying. For example, we are told to solve the proportion 13/3 = x/9. We cross multiply 13 •9 and 3 • x. Remember, the equal sign does not go away, so don't forget about it! The equation is now 3x = 117. We need to isolate the variable so we do 3x ÷ 3, which is x, and 117 ÷ 3, which equals 39. We now know that x = 39.
Practice solving proportions by playing fun games | <urn:uuid:5008cb3c-6a64-46bb-9b75-f69d0ec68178> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://math-semester-final.wonderhowto.com/how-to/solve-proportions-0147108/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998558.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617183209-20190617205209-00159.warc.gz | en | 0.955812 | 111 | 4.0625 | 4 |
With this being an economics course one of my favorite examples of a principle comes from the financial sector. A stock broker or any other type of asset manager is a principle with two agents the client and the firm.
The asset manager's job is to increase profits for the firm and increase the return on investment for the client. More often than not these two goals can be accomplished together but there are specific times when the two aims will conflict. Usually when there is a conflict the goal to increase profits for the firm supersedes the needs of the client.
For example, in many brokerage firms the firm makes a profit from the volume of trades brokers are able to produce. This may lead to conflict because the client will lose money for each trade and unlike the firm there are no guarantees that there will be a return. On top of that the broker can justify his actions by claiming that he had the best interest of the client in mind. the broker would fail one agent by focusing too much on the other.
A possible resolution for this conflict is to have the same measure of performance for both principles, and bring any competing incentives inline. So, instead of the firm earning profit from trade volume and the client earning profit from returns, the client and the firm could split the returns and eliminate the fee for each trade. If the firm was only give a percentage of the clients return the goals of the brokers would simply be to increase the return on investment and there would be no conflicting incentives to favor one principle over the other.
I am confident that many brokerage firms would not be willing to have a performance scheme quite like this but there may also be other paths to resolving conflicts. The firm could set limits on trade volume to reduce risks for the clients or provide incentives to its brokers for maximizing client returns and not just trades. | <urn:uuid:1876c111-9dae-4319-a0f6-d4029730d333> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://robertgiffenecon490fall2012.blogspot.com/2012/11/triangle-trading-2-principles-1-agent.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806842.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123142513-20171123162513-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.964014 | 365 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Harlem Renaissance intro Cultivation of African American culture in the 1920’s- 1940’s WWI created many new jobs in industrial areas many African Americans migrated to northern cities, which was called the Great Migration… Archibald Motley Jr. Nightlife. 1943. 36” x 47.8 “ Oil on Canvas. The Art Institute of Chicago.
Harlem, New York City Harlem is a borough in New York City and was the epicenter of the Renaissance. During the 1910’s the Great Migration saw thousands of African American’s moving to New York City. Many African Americans were unable to find work in the south, and with WWI thousands of jobs were available to anyone seeking them. Harlem was an area affordable to most and was poverty stricken throughout the 1920’s and hit hard during the Great Depression. Looking from Harlem to the rest of Lower Manhattan
Harlem Renaissance Many artists during the Renaissance rejected European and White American views on art and sought to express themselves in there own way. All mediums of artistic expression were used, visual arts, dancing, literature, music, theatre, journalism, and politics. Jacob Lawrence. Migration of the Negro. 1940-41. Tempera on Hardboard. 18” x 12”. The Phillips Collection, Washington D.C.
Harlem Renaissance Was a time of great changed and laid the ground work for the Civil Rights movement in the 1950’s and 1960’s. There was not one distinct style of artwork made but several different individual styles emerged and influenced 20th century art for decades to come. After WWI the Great Depression occurred which slowly ended the Harlem Renaissance in the late 30’s and early 40’s but its impact on African American Culture and art history lives on to this day.
Harlem Renaissance Artists Aaron Douglas Archibald Motley Henry Bannarn Augusta Savage Jacob Lawrence Charles Alston
Aaron Douglas Painter Worked was influenced by modern European, ancient Egyptian and West African Art. Paintings are semi-abstract, feature flat forms, hard edges and repetitive geometric shapes. Called the Dean of African American Painters. Illustrations were found in The New Negro by Alain Locke and The Crisis magazine which was popular among African Americans during the Harlem Renaissance. B. May 26, 1899 -February 3, 1979
Aaron Douglas Works Aaron Douglas. Study for Aspects of Negro Life: The Negro in an African Setting. 1934 Gouache, with touches of graphite, on illustration board. Art Institute of Chicago.
Aaron Douglas Aaron Douglas, An Idyll of the Deep South, Aspects of Negro LifeSeries. 5’ x 11’ 7” Oil on Canvas. Schomburg Center, New York Public Library, 1934
Aaron Douglas Aaron Douglas, Aspects of Negro Life #62: Song of the Towers, 1934, Oil on Canvas.
Aaron Douglas Aaron Douglas. Into Bondage. 1936. Oil on canvas. 60 3/8” x 60 ½”.
Archibald Motley Famous for his colorful works chronicling of African American experiences during 1920’s and 1930’s. Highly interested in skin tone, and did many paintings of women with different African American Skin tones. Married a white woman and he and his wife were outcaste by their families, and this sparked his interest in color. Night scenes heavily influenced by jazz culture. Born in New Orleans, Louisiana. October 7, 1891- January 16, 1981
Archibald Motley Archibald Motley. The Octoroon Girl. 1925. Oil on canvas.
Archibald Motley Archibald Motley. Blues. Oil on canvas. 1925
Archibald Motley Archibald Motley. Portrait of Mrs. A. J. Motley, Jr. 1930. Oil on canvas.
Archibald Motley Archibald Motley. Octoroon. 1922. Oil on canvas.
Archibald Motley Archibald Motley. Nightlife. 1943. Oil on canvas. 36” x 47 ¾”.
Jacob Lawrence Referred to his work as “dynamic cubism.” Primary influence was the shapes and colors of Harlem. The migration series in Fortune magazine brought him into the spotlight. Dropped out of high school at 16, and was mentored by Charles Alston. Worked with other Harlem Renaissance artists such as Charles Alston, Henry Bannarn. Worked depicts the struggles and history of African Americans. Works are in permanent collections at The Metropolitan Museum of Art The Museum of Modern art The Whitney Museum Brooklyn Museum. All of these are in NYC.
Jacob Lawrence Jacob Lawrence. The Migration of the Negro, panel 1, 1940-41. Casein tempera on hardboard, 12 x 18 in. (30.5 x 45.7 cm). The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C
Jacob Lawrence Jacob Lawrence. The Migration of the Negro, panel 3, 1940-41. Casein tempera on hardboard, 12 x 18 in. (30.5 x 45.7 cm). The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.
Jacob Lawrence Jacob Lawrence. The Migration of the Negro, panel 14, 1940-41. Casein tempera on hardboard, 18 x 12 in. (45.7 x 30.5 cm). The Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Jacob Lawrence Jacob Lawrence. The Migration of the Negro, panel 49, 1940-41. Casein tempera on hardboard, 18 x 12 in. (45.7 x 30.5 cm). The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.
Jacob Lawrence Jacob Lawrence. The Migration of the Negro, panel 50, 1940-41. Casein tempera on hardboard 18 x 12 in. (45.7 x 30.5 cm), The Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Jacob Lawrence Jacob Lawrence. Tombstones, 1942. Gouache on paper, 28 3/4 x 22 1/2 in. (73 x 57.2 cm). Whitney Museum of American Art, New York
Jacob Lawrence Jacob Lawrence. Self-Portrait, 1977. Gouache and tempera on paper, 23 x 31 in. (58.4 x 78.7 cm). National Academy of Design, New YorkArtwork
Augusta Savage Sculptor Teacher & worked for equal rights for African Americans in the arts. Father use to beat her because he thought her sculptures were sinful, he later changed his mind. Opened her own studio in a basement and taught future nationally known artists Jacob Lawrence, Norman Lewis, and Gwendolyn Knight. She had few funds and could not bronze her sculptures so many were destroyed. She opened two galleries that failed which made her stop working as an artist and she moved to a farm outside NYC, and never made another piece of art. February 29, 1892 – March 26, 1962
Augusta Savage Augusta Savage. The Harp. Cast Plaster. For the New York Worlds Fair. Destroyed when the fair closed because there was not a facility to hold the work
Augusta Savage Augusta Savage. Gamin. 1930. 9 1/4 x 4 1/2 x 3 1/2 in. Painted Plaster.
Henry Bannarn Primarily known for his work with sculpture. Equally skilled as a figurist and character artists in various mediums. Taught art at the Harlem community art center. July 17, 1910 – September 20, 1965
Henry Bannarn Henry Bannarn. Landscape. Watercolor on paper.
Henry Bannarn Henry Bannarn. Unknown sculpture title.
Charles Alston American artist, muralist, and teacher. Illustrated album covers for Duke Ellington Painted murals all over Harlem, including depression era murals as part of the Works Progress Administration. Directed the Harlem art Workshop with Henry Bannarn.
Charles Alston Charles Alston. “Again The Springboard Of Civilization.” 1943.
Charles Alston Charles Alston. Family. 1950. Oil on canvas. 28.7” x 37”.
Charles Alston Charles Alston. Blues Singer. 1955. Oil on canvas. 40” x 30”. | <urn:uuid:14a30236-d867-45bd-8e84-6945a020fa80> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.slideshare.net/tmdunn1214/harlem-renaissance-2598417 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164754111/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134554-00026-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919887 | 1,703 | 3.84375 | 4 |
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