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Snowcover Increasing Since 1950s, But Newsweek’s Reality Is That Christmas Snow May Soon Be History
Snowcover Increasing Since 1950s, But Newsweek’s Reality Is That Christmas Snow May Soon Be History
Image Source: 22 December 2017 Newsweek Christmas Day has arrived. With the advent of this cheery holiday comes a somber warning from Newsweek, purveyor of climate doom. “[A]s global temperatures rise due to climate change, snow on Christmas Day could increasingly become a rarity—even a distant memory.” Contrary to Newsweek‘s claims, however, snow cover across the Northern Hemisphere has been increasing in recent decades. In the Southern Hemisphere, snow and ice have been expanding in the Antarctic region for centuries (since 1800). Apparently the journalists penning climate alarm scenarios that warn readers white Christmases are on the way out haven’t been keeping up with the latest scientific publications. Changnon, 2017 Heavy 30-day snowfall amounts were evaluated to identify spatial and temporal characteristics east of the Rockies in the United States during the period 1900-2016. An extensive data assessment identified 507 stations for use in this long-term climate study. The top 30-day heavy snowfall amount and the average of the top five 30-day heavy snowfall amounts were examined. … The northern Great Plains, Great Lakes, Midwest, and Northeast experienced more top five periods [more snow] in the second half of the 117-year period [1958-2016], where most of the southern states experienced top five periods throughout the study period. Examining extremes at periods beyond the daily event and less than the season contributes to our knowledge of climate and provides useful information to snow-sensitive sectors. Andrews et al., 2016 Long-term observations of increasing snow cover in the western Cairngorms [Scotland] … For 13 consecutive winters between 2002 and 2015, the date for the onset of continuous winter snow cover, and subsequent melt, was recorded on slopes of north and north-easterly aspect at altitudes between 450m and 1111m amsl. Results show that the period of time during which snow is continuously present in the catchment has increased significantly by 81 (±21.01) days over the 13-year period, and that this is largely driven by a significantly later melt date, rather than earlier onset of winter snow cover. Coleman and Schwartz, 2017 Data revealed 713 blizzards over the 55 years, with a mean of 13 events per season. Seasonal blizzard frequency ranged from one blizzard in 1980/81 to 32 blizzards in 2007/08. Federal disaster declarations resulting from blizzards totaled 57, with more than one-half of them occurring in the twenty-first century. Storm Data attributed 711 fatalities during the 55-yr study period, with an average of one individual per event; 2044 injuries were reported, with a mean of nearly three per blizzard. Property damage totaled approximately $9.11 billion in unadjusted dollars, with an approximate mean of $12.6 million per storm. Seasonal blizzard frequencies displayed a distinct upward trend, with a more substantial rise over the past two decades. … The modeled increase in blizzard activity showed a nearly fourfold upsurge between the start and end of the study period at 5.9 and 21.6 blizzards, respectively. On the basis of current model trends, the expected blizzard total for a season is 32 blizzards by 2050; uncertainty s on whether the linear trend will continue or stabilize in the near future. Wang et al. 2017 No evidence of widespread decline of snow cover on the Tibetan Plateau over 2000–2015 … Our results show no widespread decline in snow cover over the past fifteen years and the trends of snow cover phenology over the TP has high spatial heterogeneity. Ice Stable, Thickening, Growing In Recent Years Goel et al., 2017 Ice rises are a useful resource to investigate evolution and past climate of the DML coastal region. We investigate Blåskimen Island ice rise, one of the larger isle-type ice rises at the calving front of the intersection of Fimbul and Jelbart Ice Shelves, using geophysical methods. … Using the Input-Output method for a range of parameters and column setups, we conclude that Blåskimen Island has been thickening over the past nine years [2005-2014]. Thickening rates cannot be determined precisely, but ensemble results show that thickening rate averaged over the ice rise varies between 0.07 m a−1 and 0.35 m a−1 [per year]. On longer timescales, we speculate that the summit of Blåskimen Island has been stable within several kilometers at least in the past ∼600 years but no longer than several millennia. Oliva et al., 2017 However, a recent analysis (Turner et al., 2016) has shown that the regionally stacked temperature record for the last three decades has shifted from a warming trend of 0.32 °C/decade during 1979–1997 to a cooling trend of − 0.47 °C/decade during 1999–2014. … This recent cooling has already impacted the cryosphere in the northern AP [Antarctic Peninsula], including slow-down of glacier recession, a shift to surface mass gains of the peripheral glacier and layer of permafrost in northern AP islands. Wang et al., 2016 “Pamir–Karakoram–Western-Kunlun-Mountain (northwestern Tibetan Plateau) Glacier Anomaly” has been a topic of debate due to the balanced, or even slightly positive glacier mass budgets in the early 21st century. Here we focus on the evolution of glaciers on the western Kunlun Mountain and its comparison with those from other regions of the Tibetan Plateau. The possible driver for the glacier evolution is also discussed. Western Kunlun Mountain glaciers reduce in area by 0.12 % yr−1 from 1970s to 2007–2011. However, there is no significant area change after 1999. Averaged glacier thickness loss is 0.08 ± 0.09 m yr−1 from 1970s to 2000, which is in accordance with elevation change during the period 2003–2008 estimated by the ICESat laser altimetry measurements. These further confirm the anomaly of glaciers in this region. Slight glacier reduction over the northwestern Tibetan Plateau may result from more accumulation from increased precipitation in winter which to great extent protects it from mass reductions under climate warming during 1961–2000. Warming slowdown since 2000 happening at this region may further mitigate glacier mass reduction, especially for the early 21st century. Zhang et al., 2016 Our results indicated that the glacier area of MAKT [Muztag Ata and Kongur Tagh] decreased from 1018.3 ± 12.99 km2 in 1971/ 76 to 999.2 ± 31.22 km2 in 2014 (–1.9 ± 0.2%). Weak area shrinkage of glaciers by 2.5 ± 0.5 km2 (0.2 ± 0.1%) happened after 2000 and the period 2009–2014 even saw a slight expansion by 0.5 ± 0.1 km2 (0.1 ± 0.0%). The glaciers in this region have experienced an overall loss of –6.99 ± 0.80 km3 in ice volume or –0.15 ± 0.12 m water equivalent (w.e.) a–1 from 1971/76 to 2013/14. The mass budget of MAKT was –0.19 ± 0.19 m w.e. a−1 for the period ~1971/76–1999 and –0.14 ± 0.24 m w.e. a−1 during 1999–2013/2014. Similar to previous studies, there has been little mass change in the Pamir over recent decades despite such uncertainties. Glacier mass change showed spatial and temporal heterogeneity, with strong mass loss on debris-covered glaciers with an average of –0.32 ± 0.12 m w.e. a−1 from the 1970s to 2013/14. Sobota et al., 2016 This study investigated the surge dynamics of Aavatsmarkbreen, a glacier in Svalbard and its geomorphological impact based on remote sensing data and field observations. The main objective was to analyse and classify subglacial and supraglacial landforms in the context of glacial deformation and basal sliding over a thin layer of thawed, water-saturated deposits. The study also focused on the geomorphological evidence of surge-related sub- and supraglacial crevassing and glacier front fracturing. From 2006 to 2013, the average recession of Aavatsmarkbreen was 363 m (52 m a−1). A subsequent surge during 2013–2015 resulted in a substantial advance of the glacier front of over 1 km and an increase in its surface area of more than 2 km2. Antarctica Ice Sheet Will Continue Gaining Mass Lenaerts et al., 2016 We present climate and surface mass balance (SMB) of the Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) as simulated by the global, coupled ocean–atmosphere–land Community Earth System Model (CESM) with a horizontal resolution of ∼1∘ in the past, present and future (1850–2100). CESM correctly simulates present-day Antarctic sea ice extent, large-scale atmospheric circulation and near-surface climate, but fails to simulate the recent expansion of Antarctic sea ice. The present-day Antarctic ice sheet SMB equals 2280±131 Gtyear−1, which concurs with existing independent estimates of AIS SMB. When forced by two CMIP5 climate change scenarios (high mitigation scenario RCP2.6 and high-emission scenario RCP8.5), CESM projects an increase of Antarctic ice sheet SMB [surface mass balance] of about +70 Gt year−1 per degree warming. This increase is driven by enhanced snowfall, which is partially counteracted by more surface melt and runoff along the ice sheet’s edges. This intensifying hydrological cycle is predominantly driven by atmospheric warming, which increases (1) the moisture-carrying capacity of the atmosphere, (2) oceanic source region evaporation, and (3) summer AIS cloud liquid water content. Thomas et al., 2017 Our results show that SMB [surface mass balance] for the total Antarctic Ice Sheet (including ice shelves) has increased at a rate of 7 ± 0.13 Gt decade−1 since 1800 AD representing a net reduction in sea level of ∼ 0.02 mm decade−1 since 1800 and ∼ 0.04 mm decade−1 since 1900 AD. The largest contribution is from the Antarctic Peninsula (∼ 75 %) where the annual average SMB during the most recent decade (2001–2010) is 123 ± 44 Gt yr−1 higher than the annual average during the first decade of the 19th century. Pittard et al., 2017 We suggest the Lambert-Amery [Antarctica] glacial system will remain stable, or gain ice mass and mitigate a portion of potential future sea level rise over the next 500 years, with a range of +3.6 to -117.5 mm GMSL-equivalent.
— gReader Pro | <urn:uuid:7e05e071-5be7-4ab8-acab-52bef68da56c> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.climatedepot.com/2017/12/26/snowcover-increasing-since-1950s-but-newsweeks-reality-is-that-christmas-snow-may-soon-be-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413624.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531182830-20200531212830-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.924972 | 2,326 | 2.984375 | 3 |
A study of the development and doctrines of that movement given initial impetus by Alexander Campbell [et. all] at the inception of the 19th century, and today identified with the body known as the Church of Christ or Christian Church.
- Instructor: Kate Blakely
Should be taken concurrently with LI 140. An historical survey and cultural examination of the early civilizations that once flourished in ancient Mesopotamia, Palestine, Egypt, Greece, and Rome - terminating with the traditional date for the fall of the Roman Empire (i.e. A.D. 476).
HI 140 and LI 140 will survey the history, culture, and literature of the "ancient" period of Western Civilization, focusing on those city-states and "empires" which had the greatest influence in forming the basis of what is now known as "Western Civilization." | <urn:uuid:a30667ec-3728-4f3e-baa5-6f7869a72fbe> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://moodle.glcc.edu/course/index.php?categoryid=9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370493818.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329045008-20200329075008-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.934969 | 170 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The FROM clause is required in every SELECT statement involving data from tables, views, or stored procedures.
The FROM clause can include JOIN conditions linking two or more tables, and can include joins to other queries (derived tables). For information on these features, see Joins: Retrieving Data from Several Tables.
In the FROM clause, the full naming syntax for tables and views is always permitted, such as:
SELECT select-list FROM owner.table-name;
Qualifying table, view, and procedure names is necessary only when the object is owned by a user ID that is not the same as the user ID of the current connection, or is not the name of a group to which the user ID of the current connection belongs.
You can give a table name a correlation name to save improve readability and save entering the full table name each place it is referenced. You assign the correlation name in the FROM clause by entering it after the table name, like this:
SELECT d.DepartmentID, d.DepartmentName FROM Departments d;
When a correlation name is used, all other references to the table, for example in a WHERE clause, must use the correlation name, rather than the table name. Correlation names must conform to the rules for valid identifiers.
For more information about the FROM clause, see FROM clause.
The most common elements in a FROM clause are table names. It is also possible to query rows from other database objects that have a table-like structure—that is, a well-defined set of rows and columns. In addition to querying from tables and views, you can use derived tables (which are SELECT statements) or stored procedures that return result sets.
For example, the following query operates on the result set of a stored procedure.
SELECT * FROM ShowCustomerProducts( 149 );
For more information, see FROM clause. | <urn:uuid:abc56c12-4fe1-4f2f-a231-0102ba0cca24> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://dcx.sap.com/1001/en/dbugen10/ug-from-clause-queries.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887224.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118091548-20180118111548-00233.warc.gz | en | 0.860269 | 384 | 2.875 | 3 |
Stress and pain diminish quality of life for millions of Americans and cost billions in healthcare expenses and lost wages.
Surveys suggest most Americans feel they’re experiencing unhealthy levels of stress, and nearly 80% of adults say they’ve endured more stress in the past 5 years. About one-third of adults surveyed reported physical and mental complications from too much stress (APA 2013). Meanwhile, 1 in 3 Americans suffers from chronic pain—most commonly back pain and osteoarthritis—more than the number affected by heart disease, cancer and diabetes combined (IOM 2011). For many people, chronic stress and pain occur together.
What can diet do about a problem this large? As tempting as “comfort foods” may be, they are full of fat and sugar and counterproductive for dealing with stress and pain. Fortunately, researchers are finding that a few key nutrition habits may reduce the effects of stress and pain on the body.
Stress triggers a series of reactions in the human body:
- When the brain detects stress, it secretes a substance called corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus, a part of the brain responsible for linking the nervous
system with the endocrine system.
- This signal tells the pituitary gland, a pea-sized part of the brain just below the hypothalamus, to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
- ACTH travels to the adrenal glands, which release the “stress hormones”—cortisol, noradrenaline and adrenaline.
- Stress hormones cause heart rate, breathing and blood pressure to rise. The hormones also help to increase blood flow to the large muscle groups, dilate the pupils to increase vision and release stored glucose into the bloodstream.
During acute stress, these hormones assist the body in mounting the critical fight-or-flight response. The larger problem for most people is chronic stress, which can keep cortisol levels elevated and cause considerable harm to the body, including disruption of serotonin balance and chronic inflammation, which contributes to chronic pain.
The following foods may not make the stress go away, but they may reduce the negative health effects that are highly associated with chronic stress, including depression, anxiety, insomnia and cardiovascular disease.
- Turkey, shrimp, dairy, soy and pumpkin
seeds contain high amounts of the amino acid tryptophan, which is associated with a boost in the “happiness hormone” serotonin, which in turn may lessen depression and anxiety.
- Broccoli, Brussels sprouts and asparagus are loaded with folic acid, a vitamin associated with serotonin production.
- Dairy products, sunshine and other sources of vitamin D may boost serotonin levels through an increase in the enzyme that converts tryptophan to serotonin.
- Oatmeal and other complex carbohydrates can stimulate the brain to produce serotonin. Carbohydrates that are absorbed more slowly help to ensure a steadier supply of serotonin.
- Oranges, grapefruits, red and green peppers, and many other fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamin C, which can aid in lowering blood levels of stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline and ease the subjective feeling of being stressed.
- Crunchy veggies like carrots and celery sticks don’t possess any special nutritional content for fighting stress per se, but the crunchy sensation that comes from eating them provides mechanical stress relief.
To read more about how food can counteract the effects of stress, please see “Nutrition Strategies for Stress and Pain Management” in the online IDEA Library or in the April 2015 print issue of IDEA Fitness Journal. If you cannot access the full article and would like to, please contact the IDEA Inspired Service Team at (800) 999-4332, ext. 7. | <urn:uuid:0dfbb1dd-3188-480d-83ee-051095577e31> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.ideafit.com/personal-training/the-stress-response-and-nutrition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363301.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206133552-20211206163552-00557.warc.gz | en | 0.893957 | 782 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The 802.11 standard has changed significantly through the years. In this video, you’ll learn the fundamentals of the 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n standards.
<< Previous Video: Common Network ProtocolsNext: Wireless Encryption Standards >>
In this video, we’re going to look at a lot of different IEEE 802.11 wireless standards. These standards are maintained by the IEEE Committee for the LAN/MAN Standards, and that is the IEEE 802 section. There are a number of wireless standards they’re changing all the time. And if you want to see what the latest one happens to be, you can always check the IEEE website.
The Wi-Fi trademark you’ll see on Wi-Fi devices. Devices have to go through interoperability testing. There are standards that are set aside just for those devices. And as long as those devices match those standards, they get that Wi-Fi stamp of that logo right on the box or right on the device.
Way back in October of 1999, we received one of the first wireless standards called IEEE 802.11a. 802.11a works in the 5 GHz range and you can also get special licensing to use it over 3.7 GHz at higher power so you can use that particular protocol over very, very large distances. But the vast majority of implementations, especially non-government implementations, are done in the 5 GHz range.
802.11a uses 54 Mbit/s per second as its theoretical maximum speed. And when this first came out, it was very attractive to large organizations that needed that kind of speed in their wireless networks. Unfortunately, it has a smaller range than 802.11b which came out effectively at the same time.
This higher frequency of 5 GHz is absorbed by other objects. And what we found is 802.11a was really best used in environments where it was wide open. Especially warehouses where you needed a lot of high speed networking and there was not much in the way to be able to absorb those signals. If you’re seeing 802.11a today, then it’s probably a very specific use case. These days there are newer standards in wireless networking that tend to make more sense to use than the old legacy 802.11a.
802.11b came out at the same time as 802.11a, but it used a different set of frequencies to communicate. It uses 2.4 GHz frequencies to be able to send that 802.11b signal. It also was much slower when compared to 802.11a, with a theoretical maximum throughput of 11 Mbit/s per second.
That’s obviously much different than the 54 Mbit/s per second that we saw in 802.11a. This had better range, however, than 802.11a. You could have it in a room with a lot of cubes and a lot of offices because the signal bounced around. It wasn’t so easily absorbed by the other devices that happened to be in the building.
But the negative to 802.11b is that there were other devices that use these frequencies. Things like cordless phones and baby monitors are already in place and use those. So you had to be very careful which frequencies you were using with 802.11b, or you would get a lot of interference from existing devices.
In June 2003, IEEE’s 802.11 group came out with a new standard called 802.11g. This is effectively an upgrade to 802.11b, still working in that 2.4 GHz range for devices. So still using those same ranges that 802.11b used, but you were able to go faster. You were able to go up to 54 Mbit/s per second, so it was really about the same as 802.11a. There was actually a little bit less throughput with the g, but effectively about the same throughput for both of those.
One nice part about 802.11g is that it was backwards compatible with 802.11b. So your old 802.11b devices could still communicate to 802.11g access points. You didn’t have to swap out everybody’s wireless adapters all the same time. You could install an 802.11g access point and slowly migrate people to the faster speeds.
Of course, because you’re using the same frequencies, you have the same problems with frequency conflicts that you saw on the 802.11b side. There’s laws of physics that can’t be changed there. If something else is sending out signals in that 2.4 GHz range, it could potentially conflict with the signals that you’re sending on your 802.11g network.
802.11n is one of the newer standards of the 802.11 wireless communication and it was released and made available in October of 2009. One of the advantages of 802.11n is that you have the option to use two different types of frequency ranges or both at the same time. There is a 5 GHz range and a 2.4 GHz range available for 802.11n.
You also get a lot of throughput. There is a maximum theoretical throughput of 802.11n of 600 Mbit/s per second. So that’s a significant improvement over any of the previous 802.11 standards.
This also uses something called MIMO, which stands for Multiple Input and Multiple Output. You could effectively have multiple antennas in your access point all working at the same time. That’s how we’re able to get some of these very, very high throughput speeds, is through the use of MIMO.
Here’s a good summary of these wireless networking types. 802.11a normally runs at 5 GHz. If you get special licensing, you can run at 3.7 GHz. This runs at 54 Mbit/s per second over a single stream and if you’re outdoors, you can run about 120 meters. If you’re using that special license 3.7 GHz range, you can go up to 5,000 meters. That’s why that is a specially licensed range.
802.11b, a 2.5 GHz technology, ran at 11 Mbit/s and also a single stream of traffic and about 140 meters if you’re outside. These are relative distances and your difference may be based on the type of antenna you’re using and the strength of the signal. But it’s something we can use on this slide to help compare the differences between all of these standards.
802.11g– an upgrade to b, so using the same 2.4 GHz range. The speed, of course, now different at 54 Mbit/s per second with that single allowable stream, but about the same distances as 802.11b. And the latest standard of 802.11n runs at 5 GHz and/or 2.4 GHz.
Notice that a single stream runs at 150 Mbit/s per second, but the standard allows you to have up to four streams. That’s how we’re able to get a maximum theoretical throughput of 600 Mbit/s per second. And as you can see, the distance is also a bit farther at 250 meters. | <urn:uuid:4221f457-8776-45f3-9ebf-1405fd5cb8d5> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.professormesser.com/free-a-plus-training/220-801/an-overview-of-wireless-networking-standards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039536858.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421100029-20210421130029-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.954881 | 1,516 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Flash memory is an electronic (solid-state) non-volatile computer storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.
Toshiba developed flash memory from EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) in the early 1980s and introduced it to the market in 1984.
Multi-level cell (MLC) devices, including triple-level cell (TLC) devices, can store more than one bit per cell.
The floating gate may be conductive (typically polysilicon in most kinds of flash memory) or non-conductive (as in SONOS flash memory).
Once the FG is charged, the electrons in it screen (partially cancel) the electric field from the CG, thus, increasing the threshold voltage (V), and hence, a logical "1" is stored in the gate.
In single-level cell (SLC) devices, each cell stores only one bit of information.
In flash memory, each memory cell resembles a standard MOSFET, except that the transistor has two gates instead of one.
On top is the control gate (CG), as in other MOS transistors, but below this there is a floating gate (FG) insulated all around by an oxide layer.
The NAND type operates primarily in memory cards, USB flash drives, solid-state drives (those produced in 2009 or later), and similar products, for general storage and transfer of data.
NAND or NOR flash memory is also often used to store configuration data in numerous digital products, a task previously made possible by EEPROM or battery-powered static RAM. | <urn:uuid:74eee72a-9d95-4869-8189-6472f6d0a404> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://blogdzer.ru/draiver-sd-needs-updating-plase-use-bus-tupe-methods-159 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948512584.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211071340-20171211091340-00571.warc.gz | en | 0.922136 | 338 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Today was Constitutional Day. Our U. S. Constitution was signed on this date, September 17, 1787.
The link lists 10 interesting facts about the Constitution. In recent years, I read one book on the Constitutional Convention in Philadephia in the summer of 1787 and another on the long difficult political battle for ratification.
There were three members of the Constitutional Convention who refused to sign and some were absent. Several of the members were absent for long periods during the summer. The delegates were men with considerable business and government responsibilities and at times needed to ride horseback several days home and back.
The Constitutional Convention was closed to the press and public. James Madison took some notes and members wrote many letters to people which have survived. From these sources we know a lot about what took place.
The reasons for forming the Constitutional convention were rather mundane, the complex and differing rules among the states for conducting business. Leaders like Washington wanted to make it easier to move products between jurisdictions.
A recent book, The Summer of 1787, concluded the really big issue discussed over that long hot summer was not lofty ideals. It was slavery. Slavery had to be continued to keep the South in the deal.
According to the records, religion was only brought up once during the entire summer. A motion to open each session with a prayer was voted down.
That should have decided the issue of prayers at government meetings, but it didn’t. | <urn:uuid:32bfa536-ba73-4907-b397-9a81c468aac8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://redriverfreethinkers.areavoices.com/2013/09/18/constitutional-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00087-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.989423 | 296 | 3.421875 | 3 |
This article originally appeared in our Circularity Weekly newsletter. Subscribe here.
In the waning months of 2020, the European Union took ambitious steps to address the more than 12 million tons of electronic waste the bloc produces annually. Acknowledging that "Europe is living well beyond planetary boundaries," a European Parliament vote called for mandatory repairability scores for consumer electronics, amongst a host of other initiatives intended to extend products’ life spans.
Wasting no time, several European nations jumped in on the (repair) action — the U.K. agreed to enforce EU repair rules, France launched a repairability index for select electronics and Austria reduced taxes on small repairs.
While some feel these efforts don’t go far enough, they’re all seen as a huge win for the right to repair movement — an activist-led fight to give consumers (or third-party repair shops of their choosing) the legally protected freedom to fix and modify the products they own.
What’s in a movement
From tractors to TVs, when everyday products break they are difficult, if not impossible, to fix. Replacement parts and repair manuals are hard to come by; complex designs make disassembly unmanageable; and legal hurdles have been erected in the name of IP and consumer data protection, amongst other arguments. In many cases, it is easier to replace than it is to repair, and the activists behind the right to repair movement want this to change.
Beyond enshrining consumer rights, the right to repair could combat planned obsolescence and a throwaway culture that has turned e-waste into the fastest growing waste stream around the globe.
All things considered, their arguments are pretty compelling. Beyond enshrining consumer rights, the right to repair could combat planned obsolescence and a throwaway culture that has turned e-waste into the fastest growing waste stream around the globe — weighing in at more than 50 million metric tons annually.
Within that stream — of which less than 20 percent is recycled — it’s estimated that we’re tossing $57 billion in precious metals and raw materials annually, not to mention the emissions that went towards material extraction, manufacturing and shipping. In a PC’s lifespan, upwards of 70 percent of the associated carbon emissions occur during manufacturing — and it’s estimated that by 2025, 8 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions will come from manufacturing smartphones, computers and TVs alone.
With all that embedded value and emissions, it makes good sense to keep products in use as long as possible. Extending the lifespan of American cell phones by just one year would be the carbon-reducing equivalent to taking 636,000 cars off the road.
Additionally, repair could collectively save American households $40 billion annually, and fixing easily repairable electronics could create 345,000 stable, local jobs. Most important — and perhaps most top of mind — repair can save lives. When the pandemic struck and the need for ventilators skyrocketed, financial, legal and training limitations set forth by manufacturers were restricting the repair of these devices, thus delaying life-saving treatment.
Movement in America
Perhaps we can thank COVID-19 for shining a light on the lifesaving magic of the right to repair — according to recent coverage, the movement is "poised to explode." While this momentum is evident in recent European legislation, across the pond the U.S. is experiencing traction of its own.
In August, the Critical Medical Infrastructure Right-to-Repair Act of 2020 marked the first time in U.S. history that a right to repair bill was proposed on the national level. Another notable moment was the inclusion of the right to repair agriculture equipment in the Democratic Party platform.
Since then, more than half the states in the union have introduced right to repair bills that call for equal access to things such as replacement parts, training manuals and tools. While these bills are often limited to a specific industry — targeting electronics, appliances, automobiles, farming or medical equipment — the passage of just one could have ripple effects across the nation.
In November, Massachusetts passed a resolution to bolster its 2012 automotive right to repair law — the first and only right to repair law on the books in the U.S. The resolution expands the data and diagnostic information automakers are required to provide, thus enabling third-party repairs. Despite its limited scope, the 2012 law led to a national standard for automakers and the recent resolution is expected to have similar effects.
"I feel excited about the level of momentum that is growing for right to repair," Gay Gordon-Byrne, executive director of the Repair Association, recently shared with me. "It's hard to predict which of the many bills that are being considered will clear all the hurdles — but with more bills the odds are better than ever." Kyle Wiens, CEO of iFixit and another vocal repair proponent, also shared feeling hopeful: "The growing number [of bills] shows an increasing groundswell. People want this to happen."
So, what’s the holdup?
According to Gordon-Byrne and Wiens, the biggest barrier to sweeping right to repair legislation is clear: manufacturer opposition.
With arguments ranging from consumer protection to safety concerns to quality control and beyond, manufacturers from diverse industries have fought right to repair bills, in some cases aggressively. "In New York state, there is $2.5 trillion in market cap registered to lobby against the right to repair bill," Wiens noted. According to Gordon-Byrne, their motivations are somewhat singular: "Manufacturers are enjoying the benefits of monopolized repair."
There's a huge opportunity to build a thriving ecosystem around your products, and monetize them over the long run.
In spite of opposition, there’s a huge opportunity for manufacturers to throw their hat into a more inclusive repair ring. Robust repair offerings can generate new revenue streams, strengthen customer relationships, and revamp traditional business models, not to mention bolster a company’s sustainability chops.
"There's a huge opportunity to build a thriving ecosystem around your products, and monetize them over the long run. Build a model making money selling parts, or licensing models for 3D printed parts," Wiens suggested. "Manufacturer service networks can be hugely lucrative, as we see in the medical device arena."
A call to action
From where I’m sitting, the value (and need) to scale repair is evident. So I’ll leave you readers with a few requests.
For manufacturers: Reap the financial, reputational and environmental benefits of repair by researching and investing in repairability programs. Not sure where to start? Fret not, GreenBiz has a framework for you.
For employees: "Work inside your companies to get them to take a public stance on this issue … [If policy teams within the most vocal opponents] drop their opposition, then these bills would pass quickly," prompted Wiens.
For the rest of us: Visit the Repair Association's Stand Up page to contact your legislator and voice your support. As Gordon-Byrne’s noted, "[It’s] free, super easy and — believe me — powerful. Every individual can make a difference." | <urn:uuid:58197bab-7e4c-49df-881f-f5fe1aab1b9e> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.greenbiz.com/article/right-repair-way | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653608.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607042751-20230607072751-00638.warc.gz | en | 0.947709 | 1,486 | 2.578125 | 3 |
What Martin Luther King Jr. said about the filibuster: ‘A minority of misguided senators’
"On Monday, Senate Majority Leader Charles E. Schumer (D-N.Y.) said that if Republicans continue to block a voting rights bill, the chamber would vote on changes to filibuster rules. Then he set a deadline for the vote: Martin Luther King Jr. Day.
The quote-a-thon has gotten to the point where King’s daughter Bernice King has told people to “enact policies that reflect your birthday sentiments,” and at least a dozen times, she has urged them to learn another quote and/or stop taking that one out of context. So has King’s son Martin Luther King III.
But the context in which King shared his views on the filibuster is the same one in which the Senate now finds itself: amid battles over voting rights legislation.
In July 1963, King was in Washington when he gave a few interviews about a potential civil rights act. President John F. Kennedy had pitched it a month earlier in a speech to the American people, saying he wanted to end racial segregation in public accommodations and to strengthen voting rights.
One interview was with “Press Conference U.S.A.,” a government-funded television show distributed internationally. By law, each broadcast could not air domestically until 12 years after it was recorded, according to C-SPAN. King was questioned for 30 minutes by a panel.
Toward the end, William Workman of the State, a Columbia, S.C., newspaper, brought up Kennedy’s civil rights bill. Would King, he asked, be amenable to bringing Kennedy’s proposals to a national referendum?
“Well, this would certainly be all right with me, because I think the vast majority of people in the United States would vote favorably for such a bill,” he said.
King then moved from the journalist’s hypothetical to the real world, continuing: “I think the tragedy is that we have a Congress with a Senate that has a minority of misguided senators who will use the filibuster to keep the majority of people from even voting. They won’t let the majority senators vote. And certainly they wouldn’t want the majority of people to vote, because they know they do not represent the majority of the American people. In fact, they represent, in their own states, a very small minority.”
It was that way “all throughout the South,” he said.
So: not a filibuster fan.
For decades, a coalition of Southern Democrats and some Republicans had successfully used the “talking filibuster,” cloture rules and other delay tactics to block civil rights legislation, including bills that would have ended poll taxes and literacy tests at the ballot box. In 1946, five senators spoke long enough to kill a bill that would have cracked down on workplace discrimination. The longest speech in Senate history — 24 hours and 18 minutes by South Carolina Sen. Strom Thurmond in 1957 — was a failed attempt to stop another civil rights bill.
So, in 1963, everyone assumed that the greatest challenge Kennedy would face with his “omnibus” bill would be the dreaded filibuster.
Kennedy, of course, did not live to see his bill put to the vote, but his successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, did, pushing through the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Johnson, a former Senate majority leader who had once tweaked filibuster rules, still endured record-breaking filibusters on his way to victory.
The Supreme Court struck down key sections of that Voting Rights Act in 2013. Senate Democrats are trying to restore some of the protections it provided. Martin Luther King III announced in December that he would spend his father’s birthday campaigning in Arizona for voting rights and an end to the Senate filibuster.
In the late 1980s, Senate rules changed, making it easier for lawmakers to filibuster; an extended floor speech was no longer necessary. One of the last of the old “talking filibusters” went down in 1983, when Sen. Jesse Helms (R-N.C.) led an unsuccessful 16-day effort to block King’s birthday from being made a federal holiday." | <urn:uuid:15f6dba8-8c3d-422c-9a00-e62fecdbedce> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.armwoodlaw.com/2022/01/martin-luther-king-jr-was-no-fan-of.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662558030.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523132100-20220523162100-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.968619 | 886 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Building the architecture for green growth
In the following one and a half years, the government set up the institutional framework to implement President Lee’s declaration of the green growth strategy. It consists of four key pillars:
The Presidential Committee on Green Growth
This is an advisory institution for the president, consisting of 14 ministers and 36 appointed members from the private sector with professional backgrounds relevant to green growth, which is co-chaired by the prime minister and an appointed chairman. It serves as the highest level venue for inter-ministerial coordination of policies, as well as for public-private sector consultation on those policies.
The Green Growth Strategy and the Five-Year Plan
The Strategy, prepared by the Presidential Committee, envisages the Republic of Korea (hereafter, Korea) becoming one of the top seven ranked green economies by 2020 and one of the top five by 2050. It has three parts: first, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while adapting to climate change; second, to create new growth engines from green technologies; and third, to improve the quality of life by greening lifestyles, while becoming an international role model as a green growth country.
The Strategy should show that Korea’s green growth is indeed a new development model. It is far broader in scope than energy or environmental policies, though it does not go far enough to also address social policy goals.
The Five-Year Plan assigns 2% of annual GDP to green investment by the government – double the level recommended to governments by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
As President Lee has indicated, the key to sustained green growth will be a pervasive and continuing process of innovation, in both the technological and the institutional sense. The role of this innovation will be to de-link economic growth and environmental degradation, most crucially by stimulating investment in the de-carbonization of energies, as well as in saving and recycling natural resources.
The National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Target
Given the country’s highly energy-intensive industrial structure, which makes its economy vulnerable to international energy crises and possible carbon regulations, the main focus of green innovation is on cutting down CO2 emissions. The determination to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is the major driver of the green innovation that Korea needs.
In November 2009, after several months of national debate, the government adopted a medium-term emissions reduction target of 30%, relative to ‘business-as-usual’, by 2020. The following month, at COP15, in Copenhagen, President Lee made this an international political commitment by declaring that Korea would pursue this target unilaterally and voluntarily, in what he called the ‘me-first’ spirit.
The country’s business community expressed a strong objection to this target, considering it overly ambitious and fearing its impact on the competitiveness of industry. However, the Presidential Committee considered an ambitious target necessary in order to stimulate a broad range of clean technology innovation for greater energy efficiency across the economy, as well as for the deployment of renewable energies.
The unilateral adoption of the emissions reduction target has allowed Korea to become an ‘early mover’ for green growth, without having to wait for others to do the same.
The government has been playing a critical role in triggering, facilitating and sustaining the green innovation process with regulatory and supportive measures, especially in regard to research and development and creating the initial market. Among measures being implemented to achieve the emissions reduction target are the so-called sectoral emissions target management system, and the planned introduction of the emissions rights trading system in 2015.
The Framework Act for Low-Carbon Green Growth
This legislation, enacted in April 2010, permits the government to intervene in the market in order to address market failures in promoting green growth. Among other things, it makes provisions for the emissions rights trading system.
Green business boom
Since the formal launching of green growth policies in Korea in 2008, there has been a green business boom. All major business groups have made green business a high priority for investment in their short and long-term plans. Between 2008 and 2010, the combined total of such investment by the 30 largest business groups recorded an annual growth rate of 75% and amounted to 15.1 trillion won (about US$13bn).
Investment is focused on new and renewable energy equipment, high-efficiency electric equipment, green cars, and climate change adaptation.
Small and medium-size enterprises, too, have been joining in the green rush. For example, some of them are already emerging as champions in the global market for parts and components for solar and wind power systems.
The government itself has been a leading investor in green growth, especially in green infrastructure. Two leading examples are a major construction project to restore four major rivers and a project to create a nationwide network of high-speed railways in order to induce a modal shift of people from road to the rail.
By any measure, green growth policies in Korea have been a success. Businesses are actively exploring opportunities in green growth, and local governments are pursuing visions of green communities. There is enthusiastic support for green lifestyles and green growth among the public.
Secrets of green growth success thus far
The success of Korea’s green growth can be attributed to at least three factors, including the visionary leadership of a political leader firmly committed to a new green growth strategy; the ‘me-first’ approach to carbon emissions reduction and environmental protection; and an effective coordination among all the relevant ministries.
The challenge now is to sustain progress toward the realization of the emissions reduction target and environmental protection goals. This is no small challenge, considering industry’s constant concern with its international competitiveness and the political uncertainties, which will heighten as the presidential election of December 2012 approaches.
Towards a global architecture for green growth
One of the objectives of Korea’s green growth policies is to promote the adoption of a green growth strategy in all countries, especially the developing ones. A global architecture for green growth will enhance the effectiveness of national green growth policies, offer a foundation for global sustainable development, and facilitate international cooperation for the mitigation of climate change.
To this end, the government has taken a number of international initiatives:
- In 2008, annual work programmes were launched to help developing countries in Asia undertake green growth projects under the East Asian Climate Partnership (EACP) Initiative.
- In 2010, Korea formally acceded to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s Development Assistance Committee and declared that the country would continue to increase its Official Development Assistance (ODA) commitment, with focus on green ODA, including the EACP Initiative, to meet the level of the OECD average ratio of ODA to GNI by 2020.
- In June 2010, the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) was launched as an international think tank to advise developing countries on their green growth policies, as well as to help them with specific green growth projects. The GGGI is run by an international board of directors, and draws financial resources from Korea and other advanced partner countries. As of October 2011, eleven countries, including six developing countries, have joined GGGI as partner countries. It also partners with many international organizations and institutions.
- – In 2009, the OECD accepted Korea’s proposal to conduct a study of the green growth strategy, and a two-year project was begun. When the final report was released in May 2010, the OECD declared its intention to push the green growth strategy with its member countries, as well as with non-member countries. The OECD has begun to collaborate on green growth with other international organizations and institutions such as UNEP and the World Bank. Korea will continue to work closely with all these institutions to promote global green growth.
- The government is preparing to launch a Green Technology Centre, which will promote international green technology cooperation in general, and for developing countries, in particular.
All these efforts will contribute to the creation of a global architecture for green growth for the benefit of all countries, and help facilitate sustainable development and climate change cooperation.
Dr. Soogil Young is a Korean economist, who has been serving as Chairman of the Presidential Committee on Green Growth since July 2010. He is also the founding Chairman of the Green Investment Korea Forum.
This post originally appeared in "Making It Magazine", the official magazine of the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation.
Other Posts by Charles Arthur
Sustainable Cities Collective
- Julie Alexander
- Green Buildings Alive
- The Dirt ASLA
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- This Big City
- Evan Bromfield
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- Centre for Cities
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- Escuela Delengua
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- Project for Public Spaces
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- Fiona Woo | <urn:uuid:31dcbb74-e55c-401f-abce-b8e0fb6faf74> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://sustainablecitiescollective.com/charles-arthur/38580/building-architecture-green-growth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298177.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00204-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933862 | 1,999 | 2.53125 | 3 |
In the next five to ten years, Dot wants to run the whole farm with renewable energy by installing solar panels and wind turbines. “It’s something I’m very passionate about. I want to do anything I can to mitigate climate change by encouraging people to come to the farm to learn about food and farming. I want to make it easier for them to go on holiday in the UK or charge their car if they have an electric one.”
Energy and automotive company Tesla have donated three charging points for electric cars for those who visit the farm. “We want to encourage people to think about their impact on the environment on a wider scale - electric cars are part of that,” says Dot.
Climate change is one of the many topics covered at the farm’s study centre. “You can feed more people with a field of crops than you can with grass fed animals,” she explains.
Dot welcomes everyone to the farm, from toddlers to university students. As part of her mini farm explorers group for children under four, the toddlers come and collect the eggs and feed the chickens. “Sometimes the eggs get smashed but it’s worth it,” she says.
She also arranges weekly visits for children from primary schools across Lancashire; there are 4,000 schoolchildren who visit the farm annually. “We’ve seen such a difference not only in the children but in the staff.” The older students are often on placements for veterinary or agriculture courses. “They learn about dietary requirements, how to worm sheep and goats, lambing and the best practice for managing grassland for bees and insects.”
Learning on the job
Dot knows better than anyone that the best way to learn is on the job. She grew up on the farm with her two sisters and brother and helped her mum look after the sheep and collect eggs. She also spent a lot of time training their sheepdogs, something she continues to do today. But as the youngest of four, she never imagined she would one day run the whole farm. “Normally the oldest takes over the farm,” she says. But, as it turned out, Dot was the only one of her siblings in a position to take it on.
When her mum had a hip replacement, she called Dot to ask her if she would consider running the farm. “I wasn’t 100% sure but I thought I could always have a go and then change my mind,” she says.
To begin with, she ran the farm part-time while she finished her course at Manchester University in Satellite Data Analysis, the study of mapping data. “It was very busy and slightly crazy and I got hardly any sleep.”
She did her undergraduate course in Geography at Aberystwyth University. After graduating, she spent some time working abroad in Norway and Finland training the huskies that pull the sleds. “It was very cool - minus 45 cool,” she says. She was in the Arctic, mid-husky run when her mum asked her to come back to the farm - a phone call that marked a new chapter in her career. | <urn:uuid:31725da1-f792-4d4a-9b52-2fd574eb5623> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.starlingbank.com/blog/building-sustainable-business/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668534.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114182304-20191114210304-00354.warc.gz | en | 0.982897 | 666 | 2.578125 | 3 |
If you’re a fan of indoor plants, you’ve likely come across the Manjula Pothos. This beautiful plant, Epipremnum Aureum ‘Manjula’, is known for its striking variegated leaves. However, if you’re considering adding a Manjula Pothos to your collection, you may wonder about its light requirements.
Like most houseplants, the Manjula Pothos requires a certain amount of light to thrive. However, the exact amount can vary depending on a few factors. In this article, we’ll look at Manjula Pothos light requirements and what you need to know to keep your plant healthy and happy.
Understanding Manjula Pothos
To grow a Manjula Pothos, you must understand its light requirements. This Devil’s Ivy is a popular choice for indoor gardening due to its low maintenance needs and attractive variegated foliage.
With this beautiful foliage comes the need for high, bright light. This pothos is known to revert and start growing green leaves again. So it is essential to give it high light.
Manjula Pothos Light Requirements
If you want your Manjula Pothos to thrive, you must provide it with the right amount of light. Here are some things to keep in mind:
- Your Manjula Pothos needs bright, indirect light to grow properly.
- Avoid direct sunlight, as it can burn the leaves.
- If your plant is not getting enough light, the leaves will turn yellow and drop off.
- On the other hand, too much light can cause the leaves to become pale and lose their variegation.
So, what does “bright, indirect light” mean? It means placing your Manjula Pothos in a spot where it can receive bright light, not direct sunlight. A south or west-facing window is a good option, as it provides a high amount of light.
If you don’t have a south or west-facing window, you can also place your plant near an east-facing window. Protect it from direct sunlight by using a sheer curtain or placing it a few feet away from the window.
Find the Best Lighting In Your Home
Proper lighting is crucial for Manjula Pothos care. Here are some tips to help you find the best lighting in your home:
Direction of Your Windows
The direction of your windows plays a significant role in the light your plants receive. East-facing windows provide bright, indirect light in the morning, while west-facing windows offer strong light in the afternoon. South-facing windows provide the most intense light and are ideal for Manjula Pothos. North-facing windows offer the least light, making them unsuitable for this plant.
Use Grow Lights
You can use artificial lighting if you don’t have access to natural light or your home doesn’t have suitable windows. LED grow lights are a popular choice because they are energy-efficient and provide the right spectrum of light for plant growth. Place the lights 6-12 inches above your plants and keep them on for 12-14 hours a day.
Avoid Direct Sunlight
Direct sunlight can cause the leaves to burn or scorch. If you place your plant near a window, use a sheer curtain or shade to filter the light.
Monitor the Light Levels
It’s essential to monitor the light levels your plant receives regularly. If you see leaves turning brown or yellow, it could be a sign that Manjula is getting too much or too little sunlight. Adjust the placement of your plant or lighting accordingly.
Rotate Your Plant
To ensure your Manjula Pothos receives even light, rotate it every few weeks. This will help prevent one side of the plant from receiving more light than the other.
Measure the Lighting In Your Home
To determine the light requirements of your Manjula Pothos, you need to measure the lighting in your home. Here are the steps to follow:
- Identify the location where you want to keep your Manjula Pothos.
- Place a light meter in the exact location where you want to keep your plant.
- Take a reading of the light intensity in the location where you want to keep your plant. Aim for 200-400 foot candles.
- Repeat the process in different locations in your home to find the brightest spot.
Once you have measured the lighting in your home, you can determine if the location you have chosen for your Manjula Pothos is suitable. Remember, Manjula Pothos requires bright, indirect light to thrive, so choose a location that provides the right amount of light. | <urn:uuid:6d1f05a9-5ca5-4f9d-97cd-a9e9a9c3637d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://plantinformer.com/manjula-pothos-light-requirements/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100276.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201053039-20231201083039-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.927123 | 988 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Did you know that our Grand Rapids dentist may be able to predict heart disease or diabetes during your next teeth cleaning?
Your oral health is connected to your overall health. That’s why dentists look for bleeding gums, loose teeth, and other signs of more serious health issues.
Let’s take a look at the types of conditions that may show warning signs in your teeth and gums.
1. Heart Disease
Many patients with heart disease are also diagnosed with gum disease (also known as periodontal disease). If you have been diagnosed with gum disease, you are at a higher risk for gum-borne bacteria entering your bloodstream and flowing to your heart.
If you have a family history of cardiovascular disease, let our dentist know. Dr. Piotrowski will use this information to better monitor the condition of your teeth and gums. If you have coronary artery disease, the last thing you need is dental plaque traveling through your arteries.
People with diabetes are often vulnerable to infection, which is why they may have gum disease.
Gum disease is caused by untreated plaque buildup on your teeth and gums and can develop into the more serious periodontitis. While gingivitis can be reversed by adopting a healthy oral hygiene routine and heaving teeth professionally cleaned, periodontitis is a life-long condition.
If you have a family history of diabetes, you will want to let our dentist know so he can easily spot gum disease symptoms like:
- Bleeding gums
- Receding gums
- Swollen gums
- Bad breath
- Loose teeth
As we get older, the bones in our body may weaken from a condition called . Osteoporosis causes your bones to get brittle, which is why many elderly people may break a bone after a slip and fall.
Our dentist can spot signs of osteoporosis in your smile, including loose teeth and receding gums caused by tissue loss.
4. Oral Cancer
The estimates more than 50,000 Americans will get oral or throat cancer by the end of the year. Thankfully, oral cancer screenings are designed to catch the disease in its early stages so you have the best chance of survival.
You are at a higher risk for getting mouth cancer if you have a history of using tobacco products or abusing alcohol, which is why it’s important that you fill out an accurate medical history for our dentist. During your routine dental exam, Dr. Piotrowski will perform an oral cancer screening and check the inside of your mouth for suspicious patches or lumps.
5. Eating Disorders
People struggling with eating disorders may hide their symptoms from family members and medical professionals. Unfortunately, this means they may not get the help they need.
During a dentist appointment, our dentist can catch signs of an eating disorder by the loss of tooth enamel on the insides of front teeth. A person with an eating disorder may also experience sensitive teeth, bleeding gums, and dry mouth.
If you recognize any of the above symptoms, you’ll need to schedule an appointment with our dentist or your primary care physician as soon as possible, or access the National Eating Disorder Hotline for support. This blog post is in no way a substitute for seeking professional medical treatment.
One of the early signs of dementia is poor oral hygiene, as patients often forget whether or not they’ve brushed their teeth. It turns out that poor dental hygiene may also increase your risk for dementia to begin with: scientists now think that the bacteria that causes gum disease may be able to travel to the brain and cause cognitive impairments in elderly patients.
7. Kidney Disease
When your kidneys aren’t working properly, the effects can be felt throughout the body. One of the symptoms of kidney disease is foul or sweet-smelling breath, sometimes accompanied by dry mouth. If you notice any of these symptoms, it’s important to speak with your doctor or our dentist about a possible diagnosis.
Protect Your Oral Health and Overall Health
Our Grand Rapids, MI, family dentist offers both holistic dentistry and preventive dentistry to protect patients’ oral health and overall health. Call Precision Family Dental today at (616) 949-1570, or contact us online to request an appointment.
This blog post has been updated. | <urn:uuid:7755dd0c-44bd-4ec6-a610-48d9031f60ca> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.pfdgr.com/7-health-issues-your-teeth-can-predict/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474663.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226194006-20240226224006-00848.warc.gz | en | 0.940867 | 891 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Atheism is a system where a person does not believe a God or Gods exist. A person who practices this is called an Atheist. The word comes from the Greek word a which means no with the word theism which means god. Which pretty much defines as its following. A belief that there is no (Palmer 1). When someone identifies themselves as an atheist, it’s usually considered look upon because people might assume they are bad people because they think they lack morals, they hate God, are just angry people, worship the devil, ignorant about religion, they think that they find life meaningless and so on. Those are the few things that a person might see an atheist as. The topic of Atheism is often misunderstood because of the lack of knowledge that some people don’t know much about and just assume by what they have heard. Although not considered a religion, Atheism also has its history of how it started, often compared with agnosticism.
The form of Atheism was developed by Ancient India, China, and Greece. Ancient India atheism started back in 2600 years at the Cavanka School (Cooke 23). Siddartha Gautama known as the Buddha was known to be an atheist (23). But the first known atheist was Diagoras of Melos from Ancient Greece as well as the Pre-Socratic philosophers and the Epicureans who followed them (24). In the book “Reasonable Atheism: A Moral Case for Respectful Belief” by Scott F. Aikin and Robert B. Talisse, atheism is a specific philosophical claim saying that there is no god or that denying religious claims. Aikin and Talisse also say that some see atheism as some part of skepticism or they see them as they are apart of a humanist moral vision. There can be a bad atheist or a good atheist. There are two types of atheist which are the negative and positive atheism (1). A negative atheist just lacks religion altogether (1). They don’t provide any of the evidence why they think that God doesn’t exist and just would be clueless about the topic. Another way negative atheism is explained is that it’s the weak variant of the type of atheist, it said that the faith of God or Gods is not justified (Cooke 24). But it “stresses the impossibility rather than the possibility of God” (24). A positive atheist is the opposite, Someone who is a positive atheist know something about religion and have claims on why they think that God does not exist(1,2)They present arguments for the rejection of religious beliefs, they do so by showing theistic arguments that are invalid in themselves or incompatible with other arguments they have shown to be invalid (2) The positive atheist is known as the stronger variant of atheism (24). It justifies not to believe in Gods or gods, and also it argues the impossibility of God, not God’s improbability (24). The concept of atheism is that it’s a denial of theism (Corlett 30). A person is considered an atheist if he/she rejects the theistic positions which are the “metaphysical God, infinite anthropomorphic god and a finite anthropomorphic god (Corlett 30). There are many reasons why a person might be atheists. Probably one of the most common someone might be an atheist is because they are raised as one or they might have had an early traumatic experience with religion (Bainbridge). Another one can be is that they might have talked to someone in their adulthood to antireligious professional ideologies like sociology, anthropology, and psychology (Bainbridge 6). It’s also said that people who are atheist adopt to atheism during their youth which is said to be logical because they said that during that age, they don’t really sense about the realities of death as much as older people do (Bainbridge 6).
Atheism is known to be rare in the population (Bainsbridge 2). In George Smith’s book, He argued that children should be labeled as atheist because of their ignorance of religion. But the term atheist is more for adults who either never showed interest if whether god exist or not because of lack of education or just indifference (1). In the Survey2001, it showed that men are 1.3 times more likely to be atheist and admit identifying themselves as atheist, agnostics or non-religious than women with a percent of 5.0% of them with men being 6.4% (Bainsbridge 14). Other statistics showed that people who speak German are more likely to be atheist with that being 11.7% and the second one being Italian which is 8.8%, Spanish being 5.2% and English with being the lowest with 5.1% (Bainsbridge 13). Atheism is also common for someone who are single than someone who is married, single being 6.1%, people who are married being 5.0% , and those who are divorced about a 3.8% of them (Bainsbridge 13). People who have no children are more likely to be atheist than someone who has children. The table shows that all of the 6.2% of those who are atheist have no children, but those who has one child is about 5.8% while those who have two or more children are around 3.9% of them (Bainsbridge 16).
Agnosticism is often associated with atheism. Some may think they might have the same meaning. But those two are actually two different things. Thomas Huxley, a Victorian intellectual coined the word agnosticism, he combined the Greek word a meaning ‘not’ and gnosis meaning ‘knowledge’ (Palmer 2). In an article “Atheism” by J. Cooke, it stated that Huxley coined the word in 1869 because it was seen that it’s more redundant than atheism. It is more popular than Atheist because agnostic it said that it sounds less of a dogmatic attitude. Someone who is an agnostic is usually suspend the judgement whether god exist or not because they have some limit on what is possible, “claiming that all we can ever know is limited to the real world, the world of sense and experience (Palmer 2). They make it clear that they don’t know whether God exist or not. But it is not the same saying that God does not exist. It’s more saying that there isn’t much to say whether to say one way or another to tell whether if a God exist or not.
Although Atheism is looked frowned upon because of myths being heard such as they are Satanists, they don’t see a purpose in life and such. Atheism is just like religion, even though it is not considered a religion at all. But it’s also a choice about what people want to believe. Everyone has their own morals, but just because one doesn’t believe in God does not mean they are bad people. People have the right to choose to believe something or not. Atheism also has it origin like how it started, who are the followers and is often mistaken for Agnosticism.
Aikin, Scott F., and Robert B. Talisse. Reasonable Atheism: a Moral Case for Respectful
Disbelief. Prometheus Books, 2011 pp. 45-47.
This source explains some details about atheism. It talks about how atheists are different. I’ll be using this source to explain atheism and how some are different. This source is reliable because Aikin and Talisse are both philisophers who present facts and information.
Bainbridge, Williams Sims. “Atheism.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion ,
vol. 1, ser. 2005. 2005.
In this source, Bainsbridge explains atheism by showing the demographics. It also talks about how atheist are rare and how one becomes an atheist. I’ll be using this source to show the demographics of people who are atheists and how one becomes an atheist. I’ll also be using this source to show demographics of people who are agnositic to compare atheism and agnositicsm. This is a reliable source because Bainsbridge is an American sociologist presenting facts, statstics and is giving credit to the information he is getting from.
Cooke, W. “Atheism.” Value Inquiry Book Series, vol. 276, Aug. 2014, pp. 23-25. EBSCOhost, chaffey.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=97490170&site=ehost-live.
This source explains more about positive and negative atheism and gives a little brief history of atheism. This one explains what agnosticism is. I’ll be using this source to have a more detail explaination of negative and positive atheism. I’ll use this source to explain agnosticism. This source is a scholary.
Corlett, J. Angelo. The Errors of Atheism. Continuum, 2010. Pp.30-31 EBSCOhost, chaffey.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=344075&site=ehost-live.
This source talks about atheism and explains some things that will understand what atheism is. This explains what atheism really is. I’m using a little information so I can talk about what exactly atheism is. This is a scholary source because Corlett is a professor and a philosopher so therefore is not stating any facts or bias.
Palmer, Michael. Atheism for Beginners : A Coursebook for Schools and Colleges. The Lutterworth Press, 2013. pp.1-2 EBSCOhost,
This source explains about the definition of atheism and what it really is. This also explains the two types of atheists. I’m using this source to explain the definition of atheism and the two types of atheism. This source is a scholary resource. | <urn:uuid:1988170a-33ce-4ac7-806d-99af0f1f8802> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://professorramos.net/2018/03/08/atheism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575515.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922135356-20190922161356-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.956357 | 2,148 | 3.203125 | 3 |
In the past few decades it has been determined that signs of aging like wrinkles and diminished skin elasticity are enhanced by oxidation, a process in which damaging free radicals begin to break down DNA. Research is showing that we can slow the aging process with the consumption of antioxidant-rich foods. Studies also show that the amount of antioxidants consumed is directly proportional to longevity.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends eight to ten servings of fruits and vegetables per day, but not all of these have the same effect. The effects of antioxidants are measured by a food’s oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC).
Check out these ORAC-rich fruits and vegetables, and implement them into your daily diet to generate a youthful appearance.
- Red Grapes
Here are a few other superfoods that have shown great potential for enhancing a youthful appearance.
Acai Berries – These tiny, purple berries can be found in the Amazon rainforest of Brazil. In addition to boosting energy, this antioxidant-laden superfood is said to promote healthy hair, nails and skin. Acai is available in supplement form in various powders and caplets.
Red Ginseng – A study published in the December, 2009 edition of the Journal of Medicinal Foods showed that red ginseng reverses wrinkles. The study examined a group of female volunteers over the age of 40. The subjects took three grams of red ginseng extract daily for 24 weeks, and it was found that facial wrinkles were significantly reduced and collagen levels were increased. Collagen is a product made from proteins in the body which is necessary for healthy skin. Further, a gene that destroys collagen was inhibited and elastin, a protein that enhances skin elasticity, was increased.
Resveratrol - This important nutrient can be found in the skin of red grapes and in blueberries, cranberries and pomegranates. Besides supporting cardiovascular health, resveratrol is said to promote a youthful appearance. In addition to the fruits mentioned above, resveratrol supplements are available in whole foods stores and through natural supplement websites.
Sea Buckthorn Berries – This small, sour berry is found in harsh environments of Eastern Asia and is packed with vitamin C, providing 12 times more than an orange. It is said to provide weight loss and immune system support and to foster good hair, nail and skin health. Typically the fruit cannot be found in your local grocery store, but liquid and caplet supplements are available in stores and online.
Soy – Research that is soon-to-be-published in the British Journal of Pharmacology has concluded that soy can have positive effects on age-related skin changes in post-menopausal women.
As adequate estrogen levels are required for youthful skin in women, an ovariectomy can accelerate aging of the skin. This study examined the effects of soy on the skin of ovariectomized rats. Researchers began treating rats six months after ovariectomy with genistein, a soy-derived isoflavone, for a period of 12 weeks. At the end of treatment, the thickness of collagen and skin strength was significantly improved, which suggests that soy therapy might be a reliable alternative for age-related skin changes in post-menopausal women.
Everyone wants to look young for as long as possible and adequate nutrition is an easy fix. In addition to a daily vitamin and mineral supplement, it might be worth a try to incorporate some of the foods above into your daily diet for a more youthful appearance.
Cho, S. et al. Red ginseng root extract mixed with Torilus fructus and Corni fructus improves facial wrinkles and increases type I procollagen synthesis in human skin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Medicinal Food, 2009 Dec;12(6):1252-9.
Polito, F. et al. Genistein Aglycone, a Soy-derived Isoflavone, Improves Skin Changes Induced by Ovariectomy in Rats. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2011 Aug 9. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01619.x. [Epub ahead of print] | <urn:uuid:9c4f0fb5-57ae-4f8c-a5ed-a088ae2a7eec> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://healthblog.ivlproducts.com/blog/natural-supplement-for-weight-loss | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131296383.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172136-00105-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938026 | 867 | 2.65625 | 3 |
NUITEQ Snowflake is an award-winning educational technology software platform that supports remote and in-class learning while also fostering student engagement and collaboration. Snowflake lesson activities are standards-aligned, can be sent as personalized homework to allow students to revise their knowledge and are also designed following the Universal Design for Learning guidelines.
Curious to learn more about how digital tools are used in education, NUITEQ spoke to Anders Skog, a Technology, Math and Physical Education teacher in an upper secondary school in Skellefteå, Sweden.
Q: How often do you use digital tools in your existing curriculum and for what purpose?
A : I use them daily, several times per day. It makes both my and my students’ work easier. They often get feedback more quickly because of digital tools. Digital tools make it more fun for students and offer more variation.
Q: Do you have any experience with NUITEQ Snowflake? In that case, which benefits do you think it offers your instruction?
A: Yes, variation and practicing collaboration. It gives students the opportunity to review their knowledge. I know that knowledge “sticks” better when students have variation in their learning and when they think that it is interesting and fun.
Q: How would you rate your comfort level using digital tools?
A: I think I am quite competent, but one can always get better, both for my own sake and my students’.
Q: How did your students react to using technology and what effects did you notice in them long-term?
A: We have worked a lot with digital tools, so they used it immediately and without problems, and they thought it was meaningful.
Q: Do you have students who hesitate before using digital tools? How do you deal with it in that case?
A: It rarely happens, but it has happened. When they have worked with a pen and paper, they almost always go back to using digital tools. Unfortunately, there is a lot of work done on paper.
Q: Which methods do you use to ensure that all students get what they need to learn based on their unique situations? In what way do you think digital tools can help you personalize or differentiate instruction?
A: I use everything from digital documentation to students’ self-assessment, evaluations, test results and more. It would place much greater demands on me to personalize instruction without digital tools.
Q: Describe the perfect digital tool / a tool that maybe doesn’t exist yet but which you would like to be able to use in the future.
A: It would scan the student and be so simple that they understand immediately what they have to work with but still grow in their learning process. That way, they would keep getting challenged and retain their interest, working both with their brain and their body (activity challenges, for instance). Of course, that would mean challenges both when they work alone in certain situations, but even when it is required of them to work together and interact with other people.
Q: What are you struggling with the most right now as a teacher?
A: There are many digital possibilities, but it can be difficult to find time to apply them and investigate properly if the tool is so good that its benefits are greater than the initial effort you put into it. Usually, you need less time later when both you and your students can use the tool comfortably.
Q: Which benefits do you think digital tools can bring to remote learning?
A: In many ways, communication becomes much easier, students can work in real-time while you observe it, and students’ work is often saved and can be used as the basis for continued learning. Students can even become much more independent.
Q: How has COVID-19 affected you and your teaching?
A: I have worked much more on getting students to keep their distance and been careful when it comes to them using screens one after another without cleaning them first. I have reduced the number of group chats, collaboration work and such, and I use digital tools more. I have even increased the use of digital tools among students.
Looking to use technology to improve student engagement in both classrooms and remote settings? Try NUITEQ Snowflake and gain access to the NUITEQ Snowflake lesson activities for FREE on Snowflake.live.
Not yet a Snowflake.live member? Sign up for the 60-day free trial! | <urn:uuid:74c88855-96ac-4d1c-a6c0-f83dc61fdc38> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.nuiteq.com/company/blog/teacher-spotlight-variation-in-teaching-using-digital-tools | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104672585.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706121103-20220706151103-00771.warc.gz | en | 0.975454 | 918 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Intrigued by her experience in a math class, Megan Menth '14 thought it would be fun to apply what she was learning to a real-life problem.
Menth, Hutchinson, Minn., used a mathematical discipline known as operations research to drastically cut the amount of time used to schedule student managers working in Dining Services.
By utilizing a computer model designed by Menth, Dining Services supervisors can now schedule 35 student managers into some 80 shifts in mere minutes, rather than several hours of laborious work by hand.
“Megan took an abstract idea from class and used it to solve a specific problem,” says Dr. Daniel Biebighauser, associate professor of math. “She saw a need where mathematics could provide a useful solution.”
Operations research uses mathematical modeling and statistical analysis to help make the best possible solutions to complex decision-making problems. It is often used to determine maximum performance and yield, or minimum loss and risk.
Last year, Menth and two other students helped Biebighauser solve a routing problem for a landscaping company in Houston. The company employs two crews of workers that serve 160 clients.
It asked for help to design a more efficient system to route its crews by neighborhoods in order to cut costs and travel time. The Concordia team developed a schedule that saved the crews 60 hours per week.
Fresh from that experience, Menth worked with Biebighauser to design a computer program to help Dining Services assemble schedules for student workers.
“It developed into a giant list of equations, with over a thousand constraints and more than 500 variables of people, class schedules and shifts,” says Menth.
The problem proved too big for computers on campus to solve, so Menth turned to the Internet and discovered that a super computer at Arizona State University was available.
“After many days of waiting for a solution here, we got our answer back in minutes from the super computer,” says Menth, who is majoring in mathematics and art. “We were getting desperate because we were scheduled to make our presentation to DS the next day.”
Once the appropriate data is entered, the computer program Menth designed can now do in 20 minutes what took DS managers more than six hours to do by hand.
“DS managers can easily update their scheduling every semester as students and class schedules change,” says Biebighauser. | <urn:uuid:96d91e3d-1af5-4b5a-93f9-f55f99b2f830> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.concordiacollege.edu/news-media/detail/practical-problem-solving/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863100.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619154023-20180619174023-00435.warc.gz | en | 0.961535 | 508 | 2.765625 | 3 |
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Receding gums is the commonest stage of periodontitis. Gingivitis is a gum disease that affects only the gum. When gingivitis is not treated the disease progresses, affecting the tissues supporting the teeth and bone, occurring periodontitis. Gingivitis takes place through the red gums, swollen, which bleed easily when brushing is done, and sometimes sore gums appear. Periodontitis occurs when gum disease
progresses. Gums detach from tooth, leaving deep space between teeth, cavities and plaque are forming and the bone in which tooth is fixed destroys itself. The main cause of gum receding is bacterial growth on teeth and gums.
When gums are swollen, sensitive and are bleeding easily after brushing it means that there is a periodontal disease, and you may suffer from receding gums. Tooth sensitivity, discomfort, dental pain can occur, and proper dental hygiene can prevent this disease. Some research has revealed that fluoride beads may stop tooth sensitivity. However, some people might not sense any effect.
Receding gums causes
Gum receding can be caused by:
- poor oral hygiene
- misuse of dental flossing
- incorrect positioning of the teeth
- bruxism-the action of clenching the teeth
Normally, gum recession happens
like a natural cause as age, but may be a cause of periodontal disease. If gum receding is not reversed, then the tooth loss is possible. However, a preventive dental check may find this gum disease and treat it. There are other risk factors that affect gum health and lead to gum recession: existence of family history who had periodontal diseases, women who undergo hormonal changes like menopause and pregnancy, contraceptives, antidepressants, smokers, stress, diabetes, AIDS, leukemia.
Tobacco is considered one of the leading risk factors; decreases the ability to fight against infections and induces problems when a tooth is extracted. Receding gums causes are multiplied when there is a low diet with vitamins and minerals. Their absence weakens the imm
une system and food high in carbohydrates determine decay deposit.
Symptoms of the gum recession
- the teeth are moved increasingly more
- bad breath
- teeth become sensitive to hot or cold
- the space between tooth seems to grow
- the tooth looks longer than normal
Untreated gingivitis can lead to periodontitis, gum receding on your teeth, is creating deep space between the tooth and forms cavities affecting gums and bone. In this case, teeth become mobile, and a tooth extraction is needed. It is necessary for the treatment to be done in advance in order to prevent gum recession, to keep teeth clean by brushing and professional cleaning. Early treatment, especially for sore gums is done by teeth brushing in the morning, the use of dental floss and mouthwash, as we discussed in “How to brush your teeth properly“. If necessary, antibiotics could be prescribed. The medicine is applied directly to the gum, swallow or rinse your gums and an antibacterial toothpaste is recommended.
Gums receding treatment is done by regular tooth cleaning, scaling, dental cleanings or surgery. A dentist can remove plaque and tartar around the tooth gingival insertion. Dental check and professional cleaning can lead to receding gums reversal and prevents future gum disease. Untreated gingivitis leads to periodontitis. A dental check is recommended in order to avoid dental surgery. After treatment, dental health is maintained by preventing plaque and tartar.
Important! – Antibiotics as the only method of treatment cannot cure severe gum disease and sometimes you may need dental surgery.
|Oral Hygiene for Periodontal Disease|
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Do you have sore gums?
When induced or spontaneous gums bleeding appears there is a periodontal pain. If gingivitis has not been treated from the beginning, this disease develops slowly, without visible symptoms. You will more often observe the receding of gums, tooth will start to sheer and change their initial place. Sore gums treatment is made with specific products which can destroy bacteria and eliminate them entirely. Proper use of toothbrush, dental floss and mouthwash can lead to sore gum disappearance and of course to gums receding.
Important! – bacteria that cause periodontal disease can be spread by physical contact.
To reduce sore gum effect, rinse mouth for half a minute with sea salt water. Also, rinse mouth with tea leaves of basil in order to cure receding gum disease. Change your toothbrush every month to avoid infections. More information about gingivitis and receding gums treatment here.
“Enjoy your smile!” | <urn:uuid:25fd8c95-054d-4140-b58d-67b3c8386bc3> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.brighteningteeth.com/teeth-bleaching-2/receding-gums-can-lead-to-periodontal-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163049967/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131729-00061-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92706 | 987 | 3.46875 | 3 |
The Way Movies Looked Before the 1950s
Way back at the beginning of motion picture history, movies all looked roughly the same shape when projected in a theater. The relationship between the width of a film image and its height is known as its aspect ratio, and from the early days of film (starting in the late-1890s) until the early-1950s, almost all films had a standard aspect ratio of 1.33:1 (technically, it was actually 1.37:1, but 1.33:1 is the recognized standard). In other words, the film image was 1.33 times as wide as it was tall (another way to denote this is 4x3, meaning 4 units of width for every 3 of height).
This eventually became known as Academy Standard (when it was recognized formally by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in the 1930s). Almost every classic film you can think of from this period of time appeared in this ratio. The examples you see below are actual screen shots (taken from DVD) of 4 films in their original Academy Standard aspect ratio.
Universal's Dracula (1931)
MGM's Gone With the Wind (1939)
Warner's The Wizard of Oz (1939)
Republic's It's a Wonderful Life (1946)
When it comes to transferring to home video films shot in the Academy Standard aspect ratio, there's no problem at all. Why? Well, you may have noticed that Academy Standard is shaped an awful lot like your current TV set. That's because when it came time for the television industry to decide what shape TV would take (in the early 1950s), the National Television Standards Committee (NTSC) selected Academy Standard as the official aspect ratio for TV broadcasting here in the United States (the current TV standard here in the U.S. is also called NTSC, after the organization that set the standard). You'll remember that we mentioned "4x3" a few minutes ago - that's how many people in the industry refer to current TVs.
But once TV began capturing the imagination of American consumers, the Hollywood film industry was faced with a problem: so many people were buying TVs and staying at home to watch them, that theater attendance began to decline dramatically. So the studios began making some changes to the look of their movies.
The Way Movies Looked After the 1950s... and Still Do Today
What Hollywood began to do, was to experiment with making films in three-dimension (3D) and widescreen aspect ratios. Some of you may remember 3D films, which required that you wear a pair of rather silly looking stereoscopic glasses (one of the plastic filters the glasses used for "lenses" was blue and one was red). Experiments with both 3D and widescreen in films had been occurring since the early 1920s, but it was the 50s that they really took off. Sadly (and thankfully!), 3D was nothing more than a passing fad, but widescreen was here to stay. In 1953, 20th Century Fox introduced the world to the CinemaScope, which was used by many studios between 1953 and 1967 (it eventually gave way to Panavision, which is the most used widescreen process today). In 1953, there were some 5 films released in a widescreen aspect ratio. By the following year, there were nearly 40. And by 1955, the number had exploded to more than 100. Today, widescreen dominates American filmmaking in a variety of aspect ratios. But there are two "standardized" ratios that are by far the most common: Academy Flat (1.85:1) and Anamorphic Scope (2.35:1). Other less used ratios include 1.66:1 and 2.20:1 (70mm), but we'll stick to 1.85:1 and 2.35:1 for the purposes of our discussion.
In the case of Academy Flat, the film is 1.85 times as wide as it is tall (it's often referred to today as simply "Flat"). Anamorphic Scope is even wider, 2.35 times as wide as it is tall (it's usually called "Scope"). Some familiar films shot in the Flat aspect ratio include The English Patient, All the President's Men and The Birds. Scope films include Star Wars, Apocalypse Now and Blade Runner. Note the examples below.
Miramax's The English Patient (1996) in Academy Flat (1.85:1)
Fox's The Thin Red Line (1998) in Anamorphic Scope (2.35:1)
There can be no doubt that widescreen films convey much more dynamic imagery, with the wider aspect ratio working to enhance the dramatic impact of the film upon the viewer. But when it comes time to transfer such films to home video, there's a problem with those wider aspect ratios - they're too wide to fill the TV screen vertically if you're seeing the whole image horizontally. As you've learned if you've been reading our Ultimate Guide to Anamorphic Widescreen DVD, there have been two primary ways to deal with this problem: pan & scan and letterbox transfers. The pan & scan process has the video camera scanning back and forth during the transfer to keep the most important action centered on your TV screen (on DVD packaging, this is rarely referred to as pan & scan. More often you see the words "full frame", which often - but not always - indicates a pan & scan transfer. Basically, it means that the film has been "modified" in some way to fit you TV screen completely). The problem with this, is that you may lose as much as 50% of the original film image and the widescreen-oriented composition is lost completely. Most serious film enthusiasts prefer the letterbox format, in which the ENTIRE film image is presented, and black bars fill the unused screen area at the top and bottom of the frame (see examples below).
Examples of the letterbox presentation of a 1.85:1 film (Good Will Hunting - left) and a
2.35:1 film (Rushmore - right) on a Standard 4x3 TV. Both films are from Miramax.
While some vertical picture resolution is sacrificed, the director's original widescreen composition is preserved - you're seeing the WHOLE film, as you were meant to. Why would you want to see the film in any other way?
But as we all know, there are still some folks who prefer the picture to fill their TV screen completely. You know the ones - the folks who see letterboxed video and say, "Why are those black bars there? Something must be wrong with the TV." Personally, I maintain that if these people really knew what they were missing by watching a "full frame" version of a widescreen film, they would change their minds in a hurry. I've converted lots of people to letterbox, simply by showing them the difference between the full frame and widescreen versions on a DVD that includes both formats.
Let's take a look at some comparisons between full frame and widescreen film presentation. As you'll soon see, being able to see the whole widescreen image makes a HUGE difference. There's just no comparison.
Widescreen vs. Full Frame (2.35:1 Ratio Films)
Let's take a look at some comparisons between widescreen and full frame presentation of Scope films (aspect ratio 2.35:1). Since this ratio is the wider of the two common ratios in use today, it only stands to reason that you'll be missing out on the most picture area when watching a full frame version. All of the examples shown on this page are freeze frames of actual DVD video, taken from discs which include both full frame and widescreen versions. The widescreen version will always be on the left.
Above is an example of a shot taken from Warner's Blade Runner. Deckard (played by Harrison Ford - center) is talking with Rachel (Sean Young). Note director Ridley Scott's striking composition and the imagery in the background on the widescreen version. But in the full frame version, we lose much of the visual impact of the background and fully half of the conversation.
Here's another example from Buena Vista's The Black Hole . The whole point of this shot is to show off the vast scale of the setting, in this case, the bridge of the spaceship Cygnus. The set is sweeping and alive with color, but look how much of it you miss in the full frame version.
No one used the widescreen ratio more dynamically than director Sergio Leone, as seen in the widescreen version of MGM's A Fistful of Dollars (above left). Clint Eastwood's legendary "Man with No Name" has just arrived in town, only to be challenged by a group of outlaws. Notice how Leone spreads his action across the entire frame to enhance the tension and the visual impact of the scene. But in the full frame version, we're missing one of the bandits completely and the action is crowded into the frame, resulting in a much less dramatic image.
Above is an example of how full frame actually changes the editing in Columbia TriStar's A Few Good Men . Kaffee and Weinberg (Tom Cruise and Kevin Pollak - on the left in the widescreen image) are talking with Barnes and Galloway (Noah Wyle and Demi Moore) during a jeep ride in Cuba. They're all there in the widescreen version, but in they don't all fit into the full frame, so the film has actually been re-edited. In the full frame version, the film cuts back and forth from one side of the screen to the other to show the whole conversation.
Here's another example from A Few Good Men . In this scene, Kaffee (center) is pressing his case against Colonel Jessep (Jack Nicholson - right). The widescreen image provides a fine example of how a film technique called "deep space" has been used to increase the dramatic tension in the scene. Notice that Kaffee (in the midground) is locked in a staring match with Jessep (foreground). Meanwhile, Ross (played by Kevin Bacon - background left) is objecting to Kaffee's argument. But in the full frame version, we lose Jessep completely, along with much of the tension.
And here's Universal's October Sky (above). The "rocket boys" are watching the launch of their latest homemade rocket, but we don't even see them at all in the full frame version.
Widescreen vs. Full Frame (1.85:1 Ratio Films)
Scope (2.35:1) films aren't the only ones to suffer from full frame presentation. Here are some examples of films in Academy Flat (1.85:1) aspect ratio, in both widescreen and full frame versions. While the problem isn't quite as severe here as it can be with wider aspect ratios, the result is just as bad in most cases. Once again, all images are actual DVD snapshots (widescreen is on the left).
Here's Carol (Helen Hunt) and Melvin (Jack Nicholson) in Columbia TriStar's As Good As It Gets. Since Carol's doing the talking in this shot, the camera angle naturally favors her. But at this angle, we almost completely lose Melvin from the shot in the full frame version.
And here's another Columbia TriStar title - Jason and the Argonauts. A giant metal statue has come to life to threaten Jason and his crew (cowering on the right), as we can plainly see in the widescreen version. But in the full frame version, we lose the crew completely. Once again, the dramatic tension is completely undermined.
These are just a few of the examples we could have shown you - there are literally thousands. Now that you've seen what a difference there is between widescreen and full frame presentation, we should note that there are a couple of techniques that can be used to get around the problem of bringing widescreen films to home video. The first is a film/camera lens format that some directors use (including James Cameron), called Super 35.
Above are the widescreen and full frame versions of Columbia TriStar's Air Force One, starring Harrison Ford and Gary Oldman. Here, director Wolfgang Peterson has shot the film in Super 35. The film was presented in the 2.35:1 aspect ratio in theaters (left), but we WEREN'T seeing the whole filmed image - just a portion of it. When it was time to transfer this film to home video, Peterson simply let us see more of the frame as filmed (on the right). I've added the white box outline on the full frame image to show you exactly what portion of the picture was seen theatrically in widescreen. This can be an effective technique, which has been used on such films as Terminator 2: Judgement Day, Titanic and The Abyss. But it also confuses many, and leads to some controversy. For example, director James Cameron has gone on record as saying that he actually prefers the full frame versions of several of his movies (much to the consternation of widescreen fans).
There is one other very new process that can be used to create more effective full frame presentations for home video, but it only applies to films that are generated entirely by computer (like Disney and Pixar's recent A Bug's Life). But we'll mention it here, because it will probably become more common as more computer animated films are released in the future. The process involves re-composing and re-rendering the image for both widescreen and full frame formats.
In this example from A Bug's Life, we can see the differences in the composition of the frame in the original theatrical widescreen presentation (on the left) and the re-composed full frame (on the right). For the full frame version, Pixar's animators have actually re-positioned characters within the frame. I've added arrows to the full frame image, so that you can see how the ant on the right has been moved to the left, and the entire leaf both ants are standing on has been moved slightly to the right. The result is an effective image, regardless of which version you're watching. But once again, this is very rare (this is the only film to have been so modified as of the time of this publication).
So who's job is it to educate the public about the benefits of widescreen presentation on home video? Well, we think the studios should make greater efforts to do so (below is an example of a note that MGM includes in the booklets of many their widescreen DVDs - this one from Stigmata). We also think that major retailers and "rentailers" like Best Buy and Blockbuster should post signs on the subject to help educate their customers.
In any case, I hope by now you can see the difference between widescreen and full frame... and that widescreen is almost ALWAYS preferable. But once again, widescreen presentation on home video has always meant letterboxing, which some people find objectionable. Thankfully, DVD's anamorphic widescreen feature provides a nifty solution to this problem on new widescreen TVs. So let's jump back to our Anamorphic Guide to find out more about it... | <urn:uuid:9f3dc0c5-9705-49e4-b2c2-7d14aefc11bb> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.thedigitalbits.com/featured/guides/widescreen-o-rama-all-about-aspect-ratios-and-why-widescreen-really-is-better | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701148834.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193908-00048-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966807 | 3,195 | 3.203125 | 3 |
- Filed Under
Unfortunately, for some children the only fully nutritious meal of the day comes during lunch at school. Parents either can't afford to feed their children balanced meals at home or are too bogged down with the busy aspects of life to cook such meals.
Schools are first and foremost in the business of preparing our children for adulthood. But over the years, an additional task has been feeding kids so they are in the right frame of mind to learn later in the day. In the Washington County School District, for only $1.60 per day, elementary school kids can eat lunch. An additional 80 cents allows them to eat breakfast. For children in intermediate, middle and high schools, the cost is $2.25 per day for lunch and 80 cents for breakfast.
Those are extremely economical rates, with more assistance available for families who can't afford those amounts. And school lunch workers do a good job each day of providing nutritious, tasty meals.
Unfortunately, the process isn't very friendly for parents. If a child goes to the lunch line in high school and discovers he or she doesn't have lunch money in his or her account, a quick call to a parent will allow mom or dad to go to a website and pay the fee. Students in middle, intermediate or elementary school - kids who can't fend as well for themselves and who often forget that they need lunch money - can't be helped in that way. Parents can call in and give debit card information for middle school students. But parents of children in intermediate or elementary school must write a check or go directly to the school to pay the fee, a process that could leave the child without the opportunity to get lunch that day.
This isn't a rebuke of the Washington County School District for requiring kids to pay for their meals. After all, families that can pay should do so. But in today's technical world, it seems that there should be a mechanism for paying online.
There may be an additional cost involved. And it's only fair that the school district not get stuck paying processing fees. But that fee could get passed on as part of the cost for paying online.
Many parents would be willing to pay for convenience, particularly if it allows their kids to satisfy their hunger at lunchtime. | <urn:uuid:4a6d0348-3b5e-408c-a02e-5a84de9bf301> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.thespectrum.com/article/20121204/OPINION/312040005 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737875203.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221755-00206-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977237 | 463 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Flash and the five-minute rule
NAND then there was disruption
Comment "Flash is a better disk ... and disk is a better tape." So said distinguished Microsoft engineer Jim Gray in 2006.
A few years before then he had formulated his famous five-minute rule of thumb, which said that it is better to cache disk-held data in DRAM if it was going to be re-used in five minutes or less. The idea was that, given the relative costs of DRAM, disk capacity, I/Os and data page sizes, it would cost less to cache such data in DRAM than keep it on disk.
This proved to be an enduring rule and the coming of affordable flash now means that it can be used to say when data should be stored in NAND or disk or DRAM. Given the steep price declines of flash, the predictions from it are that flash will become the place to store active data, not disk.
This picture of flash's prospects was presented by David Dale of NetApp at an SNIA data centre event in London on Tuesday. His session was called The Benefits of Solid State in Enterprise Storage Systems, and he set aside NetApp partiality to present an industry picture. That's the value of SNIA sessions like this - vendor reps don't sell or market their products, they educate.
Dale's pitch was fascinating and gave a glimpse of the turmoil that lies in wait for storage and server vendors that don't embrace flash, turmoil that can be predicted by Gray's five-minute rule.
Five-minute rule formula
The rule is worked out like this: you calculate the break-even relative interval (RI), and if it's less than five minutes you cache the data. The formula is:
RI = (Data pages per MB / IOPS per disk) x (price of disk / price per MB of RAM)
According to this article 1MB of RAM cost $5,000 in 1987, a 15 IOPS disk cost $15,000 and the data page size was 1KB. The RI formula, using these figures, works out at 205 secs. Data used more often than that should be kept in RAM with the rest on disk.
By 1997 prices and IOPS had changed. The MB of RAM cost $15, a 64 IOPS disk cost $2,000 and the page size was 8KB. The RI works out to pretty much the same: 267secs.
Fast forward to 2008, and the MB of RAM now costs 10 cents, the disk plus controller costs $650 and spurts out 183 IOPS - this is a 15K, 2.5-inch enterprise drive - and the RI is 2,273 secs, or 38 minutes. Oops. You can't feasibly hold all the data that will be re-used in 38 minutes in RAM or you can increase the page size. A 64KB one gives an RI of 568 seconds (nine minutes) which is better but still too high. | <urn:uuid:59ef32fb-26de-461a-9429-cde534b2e86b> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/05/19/flash_5_minute_rule/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065318.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00167-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95575 | 613 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Christmas is definitely one of the most eagerly awaited holidays in the world – it’s both a sacred holiday as well as a cultural phenomenon. Because of its huge popularity and significance, it is part of our curriculum for yet another year.
In the last school week of 2018, the English House students learned some interesting facts about Christmas in English-speaking countries such as the UK and the USA. Where do families hang their stockings? What do they leave out for Father Christmas? What are their New Year’s Resolutions? We sang Christmas carols, created unique snowflakes, made lots of various decorations and presents. And while the students were using their imagination and creative skills, they were also enriching their vocabulary. | <urn:uuid:4c24c9a1-8fcf-41c2-9b92-45d3e8925856> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://englishhouse-edu.com/en/christmas-thrills-at-english-house/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668585.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115042541-20191115070541-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.977141 | 148 | 2.671875 | 3 |
How can I get a good night’s sleep?
We spend approximately one-third of our lives asleep, but sometimes sleep can be elusive.
Almost everyone has experienced transient insomnia–the occasional inability to fall asleep, or waking up feeling unrefreshed. Thankfully, it’s usually short-lived, lasting only a few days.
Chronic insomnia, however, lasts much longer. A common condition, it may be brought on by medical or psychiatric causes, such as colds, pain, or depression. But 10 percent of all insomnia occurs in the absence of any medical or psychiatric disorder and is called primary insomnia.
Primary insomnia seems to have a life of its own and often begins after someone has experienced a significant stressful event that may disrupt his or her sleeping pattern. To make up for lost sleep during this stressful period, the individual may develop poor sleep habits that perpetuate the insomnia long after the problem has passed.
Sticking to the following good sleep habits help most people sleep well:
- Keep a regular schedule. Regular times for getting up, eating meals, taking medicines, doing chores, or other activities help to keep your inner clock running smoothly.
- Establish a relaxing pre-sleep ritual. Activities such as taking a warm bath, reading for ten minutes, or having a light snack let your body know that bedtime is near.
- Go to bed only when sleepy and get out of bed if you’re not sleeping. By spending long periods awake in bed, your body learns that it’s OK to be awake in bed.
- Exercise regularly. It’s best to exercise in the late afternoon about six hours before bedtime.
- Avoid caffeine, alcohol, and smoking around bedtime. In fact, don’t drink caffeinated beverages within six hours of bedtime.
- In general, don’t nap. If you must, it’s best to take naps during the mid-afternoon.
If establishing these habits is either difficult for you or doesn’t seem to be working, let your doctor know. Further assessment and treatment may be required.
If you have any more questions just Ask Hanna, our health advisors are here to help.
Image: ©Shutterstock / New Africa | <urn:uuid:7ae25121-a3c2-4469-96a4-526f84f900cb> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://allhealthtv.com/how-can-i-get-a-good-nights-sleep | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337473.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004023206-20221004053206-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.948801 | 468 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Recently, my middle school daughter has been learning about the use of the scientific method in science class. In her school laboratory, she and the other sixth graders learn how to ask a question, perform background research, formulate a hypothesis, design and execute an experiment to test the hypothesis, and ultimately synthesize conclusions. She is being taught to accurately record and interpret data; the concept of manipulating data to suit one’s own needs is not even a plausible option for her and her classmates. This week in the Wall Street Journal, many of us read about the unethical and sloppy science conducted by Medtronic, Inc and independent physicians on their payroll. Medtronic produced data relating to a specific bone growth product used in spine surgery called Infuse. In a report released by the Senate Finance Committee last week, it appears that Medtronic was closely involved in the writing of medical journal articles touting the efficacy of the Infuse product. The physicians responsible for the work were paid millions of dollars by Medtronic to conduct the study. This week, the Finance Committee released information that suggested that Medtronic had ignored data that suggested significant side effects from Infuse and instead published only the data that suggested that the Infuse product was superior to other alternative treatments. Outraged, Senate Finance Committee Chairman Max Baucus (D., Mont.) was quoted as saying “Medtronic’s actions violate the trust patients have in their medical care.”
Medicine relies on novel research to evolve and produce new and better therapies for treating patients. Scientists who ask important questions and then design clinical trials or bench research projects to answer these questions are the most important aspect of the advancement of scientific knowledge. Were it not for visionaries such as Alexander Fleming (penicillin), Watson and Crick (structure of DNA), and many others, many current life saving therapies would be unavailable today. These early discoveries most likely did produce fame but did not always produce large personal financial rewards. In the US today, research and development is costly but may lead to big leaps forward in the way in which we treat patients. When industry is able to produce a new product with superior efficacy, minimal side effects, and better outcomes it can mean billions of dollars in profits. Today, big industry and medical researchers are intimately linked. Industry plays a very large role in funding medical research. Certainly, physician scientists are a key part of the research process. However, no matter how noble the intentions of industry may be, the bottom line is the company must answer to shareholders and ultimately produce a profit. The mix of science and profit generation can create temptation and moral dilemmas. Guidelines and codes of conduct must be in place and strictly enforced, otherwise more sloppy science will produce products that may not perform as billed.
Certainly, Medtronic is not alone in the production of questionable study results. Many of us remember the controversy surrounding cancer researcher Dr Anil Potti formerly of Duke University Medical Center. Dr Potti, who is now no longer practicing medicine, falsified results and published hundreds of papers that were considered to be groundbreaking science in the genomics and oncology literature. Numerous Potti authored articles have since been retracted from the medical literature and the Duke University School of Medicine as well as many other prestigious institutions have revamped their medical research oversight processes and procedures. The Institute of Medicine has made recommendations for oversight in order to ensure that there are no more incidents of fraud like seen in the Potti case. This week in the Lancet, a new global effort to prevent fraud and promote research integrity has been announced. The Global network of Science Academies and the Interacademy Council has created a report that “defines the global standards of behavior that reflect the universal values of research”. These are important steps to ensuring the research will continue to produce new and promising results that are accurately reported–even if the results do not support the use of a new product or technology.
Research and development is critical to the advancement of medical science. Unfortunately, situations like those currently being uncovered at Medtronic and the Dr Potti story continue to occur. The poor choices and unethical behavior by a few have now called into question both the financial and scientific relationships between investigators and industry. Federal funding for research from the NIH and other agencies has become severely limited due to the current economic environment in our country. Relationships between the private sector and scientists at prestigious academic institutions are necessary now more than ever in order to fund important medical research and provide cures and improved outcomes for once incurable diseases. However, we must strive to protect the integrity of the work that is done. As a medical and scientific community we must begin to regulate medical research and ensure its scientific validity and reproducibility. Medtronic and others who have committed similar missteps should be ashamed for putting profit ahead of patients. Medical research is a noble and often time consuming endeavor. Maybe industry executives should spend a day or to in my daughter’s sixth grade science class in order to be reminded of the purity and sanctity of the scientific method. Learning how to ask important, relevant questions and reporting results accurately (not altering data to meet your own predetermined outcome) is the key to producing new life changing discoveries for our patients. Patients depend on innovation. Innovation in medicine is the key to finding future cures.
(Image courtesy of screen shot from Ravenscroft School website) | <urn:uuid:61c0a2b0-b5f1-425e-818d-4fa39d551375> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://drkevincampbellmd.wordpress.com/tag/scientific-misconduct/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189092.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00270-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958741 | 1,092 | 2.625 | 3 |
Normally, when one plots a function or file, the command has the following structure
plot 'foo' using 1:2 with line, f(x) with line
That was the old syntax. In the new version of gnuplot, we can insert arithmetic expressions in the plot command as follows
f(x) = a*sin(x) plot a = 1.0, f(x), a = 2.0, f(x)
Now, this has some implications. First, one has to be a bit careful, because the arithmetic expressions are separated from the actual function by a comma. However, the 'for' loop that we discussed a week ago, reads statements up to the comma, and then returns to the beginning of the statement. In other words,
plot for [i=1:10] a = i, f(x)will evaluate the expression a = i ten times, and then plots f(x). At that point, the value of 'a' will be 10, therefore, we have only one plot, and that will be 10*sin(x).
The second implication is that the notion of a function has completely changed. What we do in a plot command now is no longer a mapping of the form
x -> f(x)but rather, the evaluation of a set of instructions, one of which is the above-mentioned mapping. But the crucial point here is that the mapping is not the only allowed statement. The upshot is that "functions" have become a set of operations, and the following statement is completely legal
f(x) = (a = a+1.0, a*sin(x)) a = 0.0 plot for [i=1:10] f(x)
(It is a complete different question whether this plot makes any sense...)
What we should notice is the fact that now a function can have the form of
f(x) = (statement1, statement2, statement3, return value)and when the function is called, statement1, statement2, statement3 are evaluated, and 'return value' is returned. We should not underestimate the significance of this! Many things can be done with this. I will show a few of them below.
The first thing I would like to dive into is calculating some statistics of a file. Let us see how this works!
reset set table 'inline.dat' plot sin(x) unset table num = 0 sum = 0.0 sumsq = 0.0 f(x) = (num = num+1, sum = sum+x, sumsq = x*x, x) plot 'inline.dat' using 1:(f($2)) print num, sum, sumsqwhich will print out
100 -1.77635683940025e-15 0.295958848441We expected this, for the number of samples is 100 by default, and the sum should be 0 in this case.
So, what about finding the minimum and its position in a data file? This is quite easy. All we have to do is to modify our function definition, and insert a statement that determines whether a value is minimal or not.
reset set table 'inline.dat' plot sin(x) unset table num = 0 min = 1000.0 min_pos = 0 min_pos_x = 0 f(x,y) = ((min > y ? (min = y, min_pos_x = x, min_pos = num) : 1), num = num+1, y) plot 'inline.dat' using 1:(f($1, $2)) print num, min, min_pos_x, min_poswhich prints
100 -0.999385 4.74747 73i.e., the minimum is at the 73rd record (we count from 0), at x = 4.74747, and its value is -0.999385. Note that instead of an 'if' statement, we use the ternary operator to decide whether min, min_pos_x, and min_pos should be updated.
The implementation of calculating the standard deviation, e.g., should be trivial:
sum = 0.0 sumsq = 0.0 f(x) = (num = num+1, sum = sum + x, sumsq = sumsq + x*x, x) plot 'inline.dat' using 1:(f($1)) print num, sqrt(sumsq/num - (sum/num)*(sum/num))We have thus seen how the "inline" arithmetic can be used for calculating quantities, e.g., various moments, minima/maxima and their respective positions. These involve the sequential summing or inspection of the data set. But this trick with the function definition can be used for back-referencing, too. This is what we will discuss next.
The trick is to use a construct similar to this
backshift(x) = (prev = pres, pres = x, prev)
which will store the last but one value in the variable 'prev', and return it. That is, the following code shift the whole curve to the right by one
reset set table 'inline.dat' plot sin(x) unset table pres = 0.0 backshift(x) = (prev = pres, pres = x, ($0 > 0 ? prev : pres)) plot 'inline.dat' using 1:(backshift($2)) with line, '' u 1:2 with line(In cases like this, we always have to decide what to do with the first/last data record. In this particular case, I opted for duplicating the first record, - this is what happens in the ternary operator - but this is not the only possibility.) If, for some reason, you have to shift the curve by more, you do the same thing, but multiple times. E.g., the following code shifts by 3 places.
backshift(x) = (prev1 = prev2, prev2 = prev3, prev3 = x, prev1)
Once we have this option of back-referencing, we should ask the question what it can be used for. I show two examples for this.
The first example is drawing arrows along a line given by the data set. Drawing arrows one by one is done by using
set arrow from x1,y1 to x2,y2but we have to use a different method, if we want to plot the arrows from a file. Incidentally, there is a plotting style, 'with vectors', that works as
plot 'foo' using 1:2:3:4 with vectorswhere the first two columns specify the coordinates of the beginning, and the second two columns specify the relative coordinates of the vectors. So, it works on four columns. What should we do, if we want to plot vectors from the points in a file. Well, we use the back shift that we defined above. Our script is as follows:
reset unset key set sample 30 set table 'arrowplot.dat' plot [0:3] sin(x)+0.2*rand(0) unset table px = NaN py = NaN dx(x) = (xd = x-px, px = ($0 > 0 ? x : 1/0), xd) dy(y) = (yd = y-py, py = ($0 > 0 ? y : 1/0), yd) plot 'arrowplot.dat' using (px):(py):(dx($1)):(dy($2)) with vectorwhich results in the following figure:
In the second example, we will turn this around. In my post in last August, plotting the recession, I showed how the background of a plot can be changed, based on whether the the curve is dropping, or increasing. Let us take the following script
reset set sample 20 set table 'inline.dat' plot [0:10] exp(-x)+1.0+rand(0) unset table unset key px = 0 py = 1000 dx(x) = (xd = x-px, px = x, xd) dyn(y) = (yd = y-py, py = y, (yd < 0 ? yd : 1/0)) dyp(y) = (yd = y-py, py = y, (yd >= 0 ? yd : 1/0)) plot 'inline.dat' using (px):(py):(dx($1)):(dyp($2)) with vector nohead lt 1 lw 3, \ px = 0, py = 0, '' using (px):(py):(dx($1)):(dyn($2)) with vector nohead lt 3 lw 3which creates the following graph
Another utilisation of the back reference can be found on gnuplot's web site, under running averages.
Next time I will try to go a bit further, and demonstrate some other uses of the inline data processing. | <urn:uuid:08986887-b780-4f9d-84dc-00a7a6bfc065> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://gnuplot-tricks.blogspot.com/2010/01/further-new-features-in-gnuplot-44.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510270577.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011750-00149-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.851663 | 1,913 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Did you know that your golf course is environmentally friendly? There are many practices that we do to both protect the environment and also enhance it. While many of these practices cost more to do, they are the right things to do. Some of our practices are as follows:
- HFCC uses slow-release fertilizers on all of the turf on the course. The use of slow release fertilizers regulates the release of nitrogen so that the plant only gets what it needs at that time, therefore very little is wasted or washed through the soil. We also use natural organic fertilizers that are composted from the poultry industry.
|Chicken manure being composted into organic fertilizer for use on golf courses|
- The chemicals that we use on the course are of the highest quality and the most environmentally friendly to do the job at hand. The products that we have at our disposal are highly regulated for safety and application. Most products are broken down in the soil, by soil microbes within a week or two after application. Additionally, we choose products that chemically bind to the soil or the plant therefore reducing any chances of runoff or leaching
|Otter on the bank of one the lakes at HFCC|
- All of our lakes are monitored monthly by Aquascapes Environmental. Their job is to sample all of the water entering the property, on the property, and leaving the property. They sample for fertilizers and pesticides so that we can better manage our practices throughout the course. To this date, we have never failed a test, in fact sometimes we tend to be too clean. What this means is that all the fish caught at HFCC is safe to eat and your pets are safe to enter the water.
- As we have been replacing aging drainpipe, some areas have been converted back to natural streams. This has provided habitat for fish, salamanders, crayfish, etc. which supports larger wildlife. Additionally, these streams are far better at controlling erosion than pipe as the streams slow the velocity of water whereas the pipe tends to increase the velocity which leads to more aggressive erosion.
- Since most of our equipment is run by hydraulics, leaks and broken hoses are a fact of life. While the hoses are inspected daily, breaks still happen unexpectedly. Since regular hydraulic fluid is petroleum based, it will kill the turf and contaminate the soil should a leak occur. As a result, we use a “vegetable based” hydraulic oil in all of our hydraulic equipment. It costs almost 3 times more than standard hydraulic fluid but does not contaminate the soil and does not kill the turf.
- Speaking of equipment, we have been some of the earliest adopters of electric mowers. We mow the greens with a hybrid walk mower that uses a small gas engine to run a generator. The generator produces the electricity needed for both the reels and the "wheels". This type of set up is very efficient and uses half the fuel as traditional all gas mowers. Better yet, the quality of the cut is superior to traditional mowers.
|Electric hybrid walking greens mower|
These are just a few of the things we do at HFCC to protect our environment. The G&G committee and the maintenance staff understand the value of our wonderful environment here at HFCC, its one of those features that make HFCC such a special place.
|Flower bed at HFCC which provides food (seeds) for birds in the winter| | <urn:uuid:a2f4f79b-6917-415e-bd17-2d1cfde2aaa9> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://highlandsfalls.blogspot.com/2014/07/hfcc-environmental-practices.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813691.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221163021-20180221183021-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.959127 | 711 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Table of Contents
What is Structuring?
Structuring, or colloquially known as smurfing, refers to a white-collar crime in which a criminal looks to avoid scrutiny and investigation by dividing large transactions into sets of smaller transactions all below the reporting threshold. In short, structuring is a money laundering technique that allows criminals to hide their black money from regulators.
The term “smurfing” reportedly comes from Smurfs, the famous comic book characters. The connection to structuring is that small figures live in a big community.Lawyer Gregory Baldwin coined the term in the 1980s
Money laundering occurs across a global network of financial criminals. The United Nations estimates that the money laundering transactions account for $800 million to $2 trillion annually. In this article, the Zero Theft Movement will take a look at how structuring works in money laundering schemes and discuss current protections against this white-collar crime.
The Zero Theft Movement is a crowdfunded effort to fight against the rigged economy and crony capitalism with hard proof gathered through citizen-led investigation. As a distributed organization, we firmly adhere to our policy of one-citizen-one vote. Regardless of who you are, how much you donate, or what company you work for or represent, you get one vote per investigation.
Understanding the Money Laundering Process
Money laundering has three stages: placement, layering, and integration. Structuring can take place throughout the process, and can be combined with other laundering strategies. Furthermore, in reality, there is often an overlap in these three stages of money laundering. Sometimes criminals can bypass the placement stage to enter the black money into the financial system.
After the criminal has illegally profited through theft, bribery, corruption, or other means, they need to start laundering the money. The black money first goes through the placement stage, wherein financial criminals inject the funds into legitimate financial systems.
Criminals might set up an offshore bank account in countries with secrecy laws, for example. Some nations have banking provisions on privacy, which ensure customers (and criminals) have a high degree of secrecy. Financial criminals would likely start the smurfing scheme here, spreading the illegal profits across multiple accounts.
During the layering stage, financial criminals distance the funds from their source by sending them electronically to shell companies and/or banks around the world. Complex schemes will involve money going through multiple ‘layers’ or filters to ‘clean’ the money. The audit trail can become so byzantine and obscure that investigators/regulators cannot track these funds to the original source.
The final stage of money laundering is called integration. This process enables financial criminals to use the black money to purchase major investments (e.g., property, jewelry, automobiles, etc.). Of course, anyone who integrates the cleaned money must have a plausible explanation for its source. You could, for example, cook the books of one of your shell companies to account for the funds.
By the time the funds reach this point, it has become extremely difficult to differentiate between the criminal’s legal and illegal wealth. They can use the money with little fear of detection. Any trail or evidence cannot really be followed due to the many layers of obfuscation.
How Structuring Works
To get a bit more into the weeds, let’s take a look at a hypothetical example of how structuring works.
Company X has approximately made $100 million net profits through legal activity. Nevertheless, its executives do not want to reduce the amount of taxes they have to pay. They devise a plan to split up a portion of the money and deposit it into different banks.
But the executives want to take extra precautions with their structuring scheme. They decide to add another layer to obscure the money further by filtering sub-$10,000 deposits through a bunch of shell companies and offshore accounts. The money goes through numerous electronic transfers, obscuring the trail and source. Eventually, the executives decide to integrate the money back into the system by purchasing expensive gifts to be shared among themselves.
An Alleged Case Involving Smurfing
The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) reported on a 2008 court case allegedly involving structuring. The Agency states:
“Over the course of multiple years, the defendant and co-defendants submitted millions of dollars worth of false and fraudulent claims to Medicare on behalf of Medicare recipients, resulting in their actual receipt of more than $2 million from the Medicare program.
The defendant bribed physicians, who were charged as co-defendants in the federal indictment, to verify that Medicare beneficiaries needed the medical equipment. The physicians have admitted that at least half of those claims were fraudulent…The jury also found the defendant guilty of more than a dozen counts of structuring currency transactions to evade the federal reporting requirements. The defendant made a series of cash withdrawals of $10,000 or less, in order to evade the federal requirement for filing a CTR [currency transaction report].”
As it stands, the U.S. government cannot negotiate drug prices for Medicare Part D due to a non-interference clause. If the government were allowed to negotiate, would that reduce drug prices? Join the debate on the Zero Theft voting platform…
Protections against Structuring & Money Laundering
While structuring allows financial criminals to launder their dirty money, governments around the world have established regulations and other security measures to combat money launderers. Nations have even collaborated to collectively prevent these schemes. For example, the Group of Seven (G-7) formed the international authority known as the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in 1989, to eradicate global money laundering networks.
Domestically speaking, the U.S. has three major legislation to prevent money laundering:
The BSA mandates that banks must report any deposits, withdrawals, or currency exchanges exceeding $10,000. In general, financial institutions must also document any dubious dealings on a suspicious activity report (SAR), regardless of the amount involved.
It wasn’t until 1986, however, that money laundering was criminalized. Congress passed the Money Laundering Control Act, which prohibits individuals from financial transactions with profits generated from “specified unlawful activities” (SUAs).
Lastly, the Patriot Act came about in the wake of 9/11 and expanded the investigative tools used to prevent terrorism (often funded by laundered money).
Smurfing, or structuring, can lead to considerable issues that end up hurting citizens across the globe. These financial crimes fund profiteering and kleptocracies, leaving innocent people with pennies. Nationally speaking, we’ve had significant issues properly regulating the use of shell companies. It was, at one point, supposedly harder to get a library card than to set up a shell company.
Congress has recently shaped up and passed a provision to ban anonymous shell companies in the 2020 National Defense Authorization Act. For Americans, the main concern we should continue to have with money laundering is ‘missing’ tax money. The nation is already deep in debt, and those lost billions could be going towards improving the quality of and access to federal programs and support to underserved communities.
While the problem might appear much bigger than you can handle, the Zero Theft Movement provides the powerful tools for you to help your fellow citizens. We have created the only platform where you and your fellow citizens can systematically and democratically determine the rigged areas of the U.S. economy. Many of us could be losing money every year because of broken legislation, corrupt lawmakers, and predatory corporations. It’s up to us to protect ourselves.
Through our software, you decide whether (1) theft is or isn’t occurring in a specific area of the economy, and (2) how much is being stolen or possibly saved. Through direct democracy, we can collectively decide where the problem areas are and start working on addressing them systematically.
The Zero Theft Movement does not have any interest in partisan politics/competition or attacking/defending one side. We seek to eradicate theft from the U.S economy. In other words, how the wealthy and powerful rig the system to steal money from us, the everyday citizen. We need to collectively fight against crony capitalism in order for us to all profit from an ethical economy.
Terms like ‘steal,’ ‘theft,’ and ‘crime’ will frequently appear throughout the article. Zero Theft will NOT adhere strictly to the legal definitions of these terms (since congress sells out). We have broadly and openly defined terms like ‘steal’ and ‘theft’ to refer to the rigged economy and other debated unethical acts that can cause citizens to lose out on money they deserve to keep. | <urn:uuid:00a43dce-248b-499d-928e-1dbfe5859717> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://zerotheft.net/structuring-a-huge-problem-in-smurf-sized-schemes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654016.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607211505-20230608001505-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.941352 | 1,814 | 2.6875 | 3 |
How much salt does it really take to harm your heart?
Table salt, which we commonly use to season our food, contains sodium.
Sodium, if often ingested in large quantities, can lead to a range of cardiovascular problems, including hypertension.
The World Health Organization (WHO) say that a person should not consume more than 2 grams of sodium per day, which is about 5 grams of salt per day.
The American Heart Association (AHA) recommend no more than 2.5 grams of sodium per day, though they state that the ideal intake is of no more than 1.5 grams per day for an adult.
However, researchers from a range of international institutions — including McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, both in Hamilton, Canada, as well institutions from 21 other countries — suggest that these limits are unnecessarily low.
Researcher Andrew Mente and colleagues conducted a study of 94,000 people aged 35–70, aiming to establish how much sodium really is too much for heart health.
Current guidelines, the team notes, push for standards that are unrealistic for many, seeing as salt is often an almost invisible ingredient contained by numerous packaged foods.
“The [WHO recommend] consumption of less than 2 grams of sodium — that’s one teaspoon of salt — a day as a preventative measure against cardiovascular disease,” says Mente.
He also adds, however, that “there is little evidence in terms of improved health outcomes that individuals ever achieve at such a low level.”
The new study, whose results are now featured in The Lancet, now suggests that we can be more lenient about our salt consumption without fearing that it will harm our cardiovascular health.
Slightly higher sodium intake is safe
The study followed the participants — who were based in communities across 18 different countries — for an average period of 8 years.
Mente and his colleagues revealed that a high intake of sodium did lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke — but only in communities where the average intake for an adult was greater than 5 grams per day.
This amounts to about 2.5 teaspoons of table salt, the researchers explain.
Encouragingly, the researchers also noticed that under 5 percent of the participants coming from developed countries exceeded the 5-gram cutoff point for sodium intake.
In most of the countries, the majority of the communities that the researchers observed had an average sodium intake of 3–5 grams of sodium — or 1.5 to 2.5 teaspoons of salt — per day.
In fact, of all the populations in the study, only those from China showed a consistently high intake of sodium. Specifically, 80 percent of the communities from China had a sodium intake that was higher than 5 grams per day.
“Only in the communities with the most sodium intake — those over 5 grams [per] day of sodium — which is mainly in China, did we find a direct link between sodium intake and major cardiovascular events like heart attack and stroke,” Mente explains.
On the other hand, he adds, “In communities that consumed less than 5 grams of sodium a day, the opposite was the case. Sodium consumption was inversely associated with myocardial infarction or heart attacks and total mortality, and [there was] no increase in stroke.”
Community interventions can help
Even in the case of individuals who do consume too much table salt, however, the situation is not unsalvageable, the researchers say.
Mente notes that people can easily redress the balance and protect their heart health by making a few simple adjustments to their diets, such as adding more fruits, vegetables, and foods naturally rich in potassium.
“We found all major cardiovascular problems, including death, decreased in communities and countries where there is an increased consumption of potassium which is found in foods such as fruits, vegetables, dairy foods, potatoes, and nuts and beans,” says the study author.
Another one of the researches involved with the current study, Martin O’Donnell, notes that most of the studies looking at the relationship between sodium intake and cardiovascular risk so far have focused on individual data, rather than information collected from larger cohorts.
This, he suggests, may have skewed the best practice guidelines into a direction that is both unrealistic and perhaps too cautious.
“Public health strategies should be based on best evidence. Our findings demonstrate that community-level interventions to reduce sodium intake should target communities with high sodium consumption, and should be embedded within approaches to improve overall dietary quality.”
“There is no convincing evidence that people with moderate or average sodium intake need to reduce their sodium intake for prevention of heart disease and stroke,” O’Donnell adds.
Source: Read Full Article | <urn:uuid:e6182223-a115-4afe-892c-4f0d2f15081f> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://nohealthproblemsnews.com/health-news/how-much-salt-does-it-really-take-to-harm-your-heart/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103917192.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701004112-20220701034112-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.957642 | 986 | 3.25 | 3 |
With its many uses for drinking, recreation, sanitation, hygiene, and industry, water is our most precious global resource. Clean and safe drinking water is critical to sustain human life and without it waterborne illness can be a serious problem. Water, which is necessary for recreational water activities like swimming, also helps promote healthy living. Often, water’s vital role is most apparent during an emergency or disaster.
Partnership With DentaQuest
DentaQuest is honored to be the administrator of the TennCare Medicaid dental benefits program. DentaQuest was selected for this role after a competitive bidding process and began administering dental benefits for approximately 750,000 TennCare members on October 1, 2013.
DentaQuest is committed to ensuring patients have appropriate access to high-quality, efficient dental care. It’s our goal to make it easy for patients to visit the dentist and keep their smiles healthy.
See DentaQuest's Dental Health Guide for Children, here.
National Children's Dental Health Month
National Children's Dental Health Month is promoted annually in support of oral health from birth - youth age during the entire month of February. This 2021's theme "Water: Nature's Drink" highlighted the positive effects of water on oral health.
The American Dental Association hosted campaigns, and National Children's Dental Health Month activities and information were available on the National Children's Dental Health Month website, ADA.org/ncdhm.
Dental health is everyday, so it's never too late to get involved; track your child's progress by following the ADA daily brushing recommendations, send us a video that captures creative ways you get your child excited about their oral health, or send a copy of their completed weekly teeth cleaning log to Sharon Seibert at email@example.com.
How To Teach Your Child To Brush Their Teeth?
Parents teach their children many things, brushing their teeth is one of the first lessons taught. Hear about the American Dental Association recommends for when and how long adults and children brush their teeth.
COVID-19 And Water Health
Prevent The Spread Of COVID-19| Five Things To Know About Properly Washing Your Hands
Washing your hands is one of the best ways to help stop the spread of #COVID19. U.S. Surgeon General Jerome Adams explains the five key steps you should take to ensure you are washing your hands properly.
COVID-19 Prevention Messages for Front Line Long-Term Care Staff
Learn what personal protective equipment (PPE) should be used in Long-Term Care facilities and Nursing Homes, when, and how to use it correctly to help protect yourself and residents from COVID-19. | <urn:uuid:5eb4f879-952e-4c23-a66f-0f41bf149b7b> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://murfreesborotn.gov/1770/Water-And-Health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488536512.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623073050-20210623103050-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.933289 | 563 | 3.140625 | 3 |
EMBARGOED UNTIL: Sept. 30, 2016, at 4 p.m. EDT
Newswise — Washington, D.C., Sept. 30, 2016 – A new supplement of the American Journal of Public Health out today explores the impacts of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of Adolescent Health’s Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program. This Journal issue contains expert commentary, research and recommendations based on outcomes from the program’s implementation.
The Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program is a national, evidence-based program that funds diverse organizations nationwide working to prevent adolescent pregnancy and associated risky behavior.
This issue compiles papers on the findings from a total of 41 program evaluations. The evaluations assessed the effectiveness of each program in at least one of the following areas: reducing adolescent pregnancy and births, delaying sexual initiation, improving contraceptive use and reducing sexually transmitted infections.
One set of research articles in the issue examines the outcomes from replications of programs that were previously identified as being effective. These programs focused on topics including curriculum to prevent pregnancy, HIV and STIs. The other set of research articles present findings from new and innovative programs that were evaluated for the first time, including a positive youth development program, sexual health and relationship education curriculum and a text-messaging program enhancement.
While several of the evaluations did show positive outcomes, most of the programs had small or insignificant impacts on adolescent behavior. Despite the mixed results, sharing these program evaluations is vital to increasing the knowledge base for adolescent pregnancy prevention research.
“The goal of OAH-funded adolescent pregnancy prevention evaluations is to build our empirical understanding of what works in youth risk reduction,” said Eric Jenner, PhD, of the Policy and Research Group in the article “Impact of an Intervention Designed to Reduce Sexual Health Risk Behaviors of African American Adolescents: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. “These results should provide more opportunity or incentive to learn why the intervention works in some cases and not in others and what conditions are necessary for the desired causal impacts.”
“Most importantly, the results from these evaluations provide information about where, when and with whom programs are effective, which is critical for communities to make informed decisions about which programs are the best fit for them,” said Amy Feldman Farb, PhD, and Amy L. Margolis, MPH, in the editorial “The Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program (2010-2015): Synthesis of Impact Findings.”
Funding for this issue was provided by U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of Adolescent Health.
A full listing of papers included in this supplement of the American Journal of Public Health can be found below. • Impact of an Intervention Designed to Reduce Sexual Health Risk Behaviors of African American Adolescents: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial• Scalability of an Evidence-Based Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program: New Evidence From 5 Cluster-Randomized Evaluations of the Teen Outreach Program• Text Messaging, Teen Outreach Program, and Sexual Health Behavior: A Cluster Randomized Trial• Replicating ¡Cuídate!: 6-Month Impact Findings of a Randomized Controlled Trial• Replicating the Safer Sex Intervention: 9-Month Impact Findings of a Randomized Controlled Trial• Preventing Pregnancy in High School Students: Observations From a 3-Year Longitudinal, Quasi-Experimental Study• Healthy Futures Program and Adolescent Sexual Behaviors in 3 Massachusetts Cities: A Randomized Controlled Trial• Impacts of an Enhanced Family Health and Sexuality Module of the HealthTeacher Middle School Curriculum: A Cluster Randomized Trial• Culturally Responsive Adolescent Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention Program for Middle School Students in Hawai‘i• Randomized Trials of the Teen Outreach Program in Louisiana and Rochester, New York• Replicating Reducing the Risk: 12-Month Impacts of a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial• A Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial of the Positive Prevention PLUS Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program• It’s Your Game...Keep It Real in South Carolina: A Group Randomized Trial Evaluating the Replication of an Evidence-Based Adolescent Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention Program• Impact of Two Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Interventions on Risky Sexual Behavior: A Three-Arm Cluster Randomized Control Trial• Evaluation of the Be the Exception Sixth-Grade Program in Rural Communities to Delay the Onset of Sexual Behavior
These articles will be published online Sept. 30, 2016, at 4 p.m. EDT by the American Journal of Public Health. This issue is online-only and all articles are open access. The American Journal of Public Health is published by the American Public Health Association, and is available at www.ajph.org.
Complimentary online access to the Journal is available to credentialed members of the media. Address inquiries to Mandi Yohn at APHA, 202-777-2509, or email her. A single print issue of the Journal is available for $35 from the Journal’s Subscriptions department. If you are not a member of the press, a member of APHA or a subscriber, online single issue access is $30 and online single article access is $22 at www.ajph.org. For direct customer service, call 202-777-2516, or email us.
To stay up-to-date on the latest in public health research, sign up for new content e-mail alerts.
The American Journal of Public Health is the monthly journal of the American Public Health Association. APHA champions the health of all people and all communities by strengthening the profession of public health, sharing the latest research and information, promoting best practices and advocating for public health issues and policies grounded in research. More information is available at www.apha.org. | <urn:uuid:3b22fc60-e7ce-4937-954d-20cd653eeb42> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.newswise.com/articles/special-issue-of-american-journal-of-public-health-addresses-teen-pregnancy-prevention | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402130531.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930235415-20201001025415-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.892656 | 1,222 | 2.609375 | 3 |
On July 1, 1867, Canada became a self-governing dominion of Great Britain and a federation of four provinces: Nova Scotia; New Brunswick; Ontario; and Quebec. The anniversary of this date was called Dominion Day until 1982. Since 1983, July 1 has been officially known as Canada Day.
On July 1, 1867, the British North Americas Act created the Dominion of Canada as a federation of four provinces. This event is known as the confederation of Canada. The four original provinces were created from the former British colonies of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and the Province of Canada, which was divided into the provinces of Quebec and Ontario. Canada's boundaries have been extended since 1867. The country now consists of 10 provinces and three territories. | <urn:uuid:3e37ff78-4f43-4450-922f-f29115d0b549> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://rickhudgens.blogspot.com/2016/07/happy-canada-day-2016.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891808539.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180217224905-20180218004905-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.983994 | 152 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Economist’s Corner- Water
Lynn Reaser, Ph.D.
Chief Economist, Point Loma Nazarene University
Indulging in free or cheap water is not an inalienable right. While some might believe that long showers are essential to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, that view is truly a stretch. Water is a good like any other. It is a scarce resource and should be treated as such.
Solving the Problem
Three approaches exist to meet our water challenge: regulation, moral suasion, and pricing. Regulation involves rationing or limiting water consumption by restricting lawn watering, car washing, or other activities either in terms of time of day or amount. Its enforcement is often spotty, frequently putting the onus on neighbors to report violators. This is clearly an inefficient means of reducing water usage. Moral suasion relies on peoples’ belief that they “should do the right thing.” While laudable, results can often by uneven and not enduring. Much of the reduction in water consumption recently experienced in San Diego reflects the impact of the recession. Once recovery resumes, habits may revert largely to their prior ways.
Pricing water to reflect its cost is a simple and straightforward solution. Households and businesses will adjust their behavior and reduce their consumption because it is in their own best interest. No policing is necessary either from neighbors or city officials. Water conservation no longer relies on people searching their social and moral conscience each time they turn on the tap.
Pricing a Scarce Resource
Economics 101 teaches that a good priced too low encourages wasteful consumption and inadequate investment in infrastructure. Water has clearly been priced this way. Is it any surprise that we have a “crisis” developing?
An optimal solution would be to price water at its marginal cost. That would clearly cost buyers of large properties with extensive lawns or agricultural interests dearly since they had made their purchases on very different assumptions. The proposal of setting “base” usage amounts related to property size and number of residents represents a compromise solution. Basic water rates would be applied to those usage rates, with progressively higher rates charged for water consumption exceeding those levels.
These tiered rates would induce major shifts in behavior, with homeowners transitioning to smaller lawns or landscapes more appropriate to San Diego’s indigenous climate. This would be an important step since about half of all domestic water consumption is used for outdoor landscaping. More efficient pricing can prevent a water “crisis.” | <urn:uuid:7434e159-3947-4f62-a374-4b8681386ce1> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://fbei.wordpress.com/2009/11/17/water-meeting-our-destiny/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323807.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628222452-20170629002452-00711.warc.gz | en | 0.958697 | 518 | 2.90625 | 3 |
February 5, 2013
Note: Dr. Sergio Rocchi, an associate professor at the University of Pisa in Italy, presented a talk, “Intravolcanic sills, lava flows, and lava-fed deltas (Victoria Land, Antarctica): Paleoenvironmental Significance” at the LASI V workshop in Port Elizabeth, South Africa in October 2012. The article below is based on this talk and also an interview with Dr. Rocchi. Over a few weeks, I am highlighting some of the research that was presented at the LASI V workshop. This is the third post in that series.
When volcanoes erupt underneath and in the vicinity of glaciers and ice sheets, a unique geological record is created that provides information about both the volcanism and the snow and ice which interacted with the lava as it was being erupted. “Glaciovolcanism” is the term used to describe the interaction of lava with ice, snow (in all its forms, such as “firn” or compacted snow), and meltwater.
Glaciovolcanism includes study of modern examples in places such as Iceland and Antarctica as well as study of ancient examples. For the ancient examples, the ice and snow have generally long since melted away as a result of changing climate over the ages. Furthermore, the sediments and sedimentary rocks—tills and moraines and diamicts— associated with the glaciers and ice sheets have also often long since eroded away. However, volcanic rocks which interacted with the ice and snow are harder and slower to erode, and they often remain long after ice and sediment have disappeared.
Glaciovolcanic rocks can provide much valuable information about ancient glaciers and ice sheets. For example, study of glaciovolcanic rocks can help geologists identify if ice was present and, if so, can help geologists learn about the thickness of the ice, the elevation where the ice was present, the temperature conditions at the base of the ice, and the structure of the ice. A limitation is that volcanic eruptions do not occur continuously. Depending on the circumstances, they may occur at intervals of 10s—or even of 100s or 1000s— of years. Also, over time even hard glaciovolcanic rocks can erode away. Nevertheless, study of glaciovolcanic rocks is a powerful tool for reconstructing past ice cover and conditions, which in turn provides much information about past climate that can complement other paleoclimate studies—for example, study of sedimentary and coral records. Volcanic rocks are also fairly easy to date using isotopic techniques, so they can provide clear age constraints to help with paleoclimatic reconstructions.
Dr. Sergio Rocchi is a volcanologist who has studied glaciovolcanic rocks in Antarctica along with his colleague Dr. John Smellie and other co-workers. Dr. Rocchi explains, “Volcanic eruptions in subglacial environments generate some glacial volcanic lithofacies [units of rocks with certain characteristics] which can tell us the thickness and also the type of ice that was present at the time of the eruption. Additionally, the volcanic rocks can be dated by isotopic means, so the combination of the age and thickness of the ice can be a very useful source of paleoenvironmental information.”
As an example, Dr. Rocchi and his co-workers have studied Late Miocene glaciovolcanic rocks of Victoria Land, Antarctica. There, hyaloclastite-rich glaciovolcanic rocks, including some “lava-fed deltas” (features which form when lava enters water either in a marine/lacustrine or a glacial meltwater environment), have enabled reconstruction of Late Miocene glacial cover over Victoria Land. The glaciovolcanic rocks indicate that at this time Victoria Land was covered by a thin (<300 m thick) cover of ice. This ice sheet is much thinner than that predicted by some modeling studies and implies a more complex climatic transition in the Miocene than previously thought.
While most work regarding glaciovolcanism to date has been carried out in Antarctica, study of glaciovolcanism can also be done in many other places. “Similar work can obviously been done wherever there are or were volcanoes and ice,” says Dr. Rocchi. “The main places where volcano-ice interaction can be studied are Antarctica, Iceland, and British Columbia in the northern Cascades. A future project for which we are raising funding is making a comparison of the glaciovolcanic record in Antarctica with that in Iceland.”
In the future, study of glaciovolcanism will no doubt continue to help geologists and climate scientists unravel the history and nature of past glaciers and ice sheets. Combined with other paleoclimate records, study of glaciovolcanism will help scientists to better understand how Earth’s climate used to be and how climate changes over time. This information is invaluable in a time when humans are experiencing the effects of anthropogenic climate change and when scientists need as much information as possible in order to evaluate what may happen to Earth’s climate in the coming years.
Smellie, J., Wilch, T., and Rocchi, S., 2013. ‘A‘ā lava-fed deltas: A new reference tool in paleoenvironmental studies. Geology. (to be published in the April issue).
Smellie, J., Rocchi, S., and Armienti, P. 2011. Late Miocene volcanic sequences in northern Victoria Land, Antarctica: products of glaciovolcanic eruptions under different thermal regimes. Bulletin of Volcanology, Vol. 73: 1-25.
Smellie, J., Rocchi, S., Gemelli, M., Di Vincenzo, G., and Armienti, P. 2011. A thin predominantly cold-based Late Miocene East Antarctic ice sheet inferred from glaciovolcanic sequences in northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Vol. 307: 129-149.
Smellie, J., Johnson, J., McIntosh, W., Esser, R., Gudmundsson, M., Hambrey, M., van Wyk de Vries, B. 2008. Six million years of glacial history recorded in volcanic lithofacies of the James Ross Island Volcanic Group, Antarctica Peninsula. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Vol. 260: 122-148. | <urn:uuid:2ec173b0-dfbb-4cc6-aff9-b347ab48b5bf> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://blogs.agu.org/georneys/2013/02/05/fire-and-ice-antarctic-glaciovolcanism-provides-clues-to-past-climate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446997.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00216-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935174 | 1,391 | 3.8125 | 4 |
- Language: English
- Duration: 60 minutes
Respiratory Protection Programs have become increasingly popular and necessary in occupational health and safety due to the ongoing risks of exposure to chemical, biological and/or infections agents in the workplace. Respiratory Protection Programs apply to numerous workplace industries, such as police services, healthcare, manufacturing and construction. In fact, any worker who may be exposed to a hazardous airborne contaminant measuring above an allowable occupational exposure limit is required to wear respiratory protection.
This one-hour course outlines the suggested elements for a Respiratory Protection Program and the appropriate strategies to implement a successful program. Workers will learn how to properly select, use and care for respirators to help ensure their safety against biological, chemical or infectious agents. | <urn:uuid:eedae400-cf9a-4f0c-b331-9b203a0458b0> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://thesafetybus.com/product/respiratory-protection-program/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522270.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518115411-20220518145411-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.899581 | 154 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Too many families struggle with complaints from school counselors and teachers about their child’s attention deficit disorder (ADD) or the catch-all attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). From experience, parents are often asked to treat their child with prescription drugs for their “own good” and many parents are looking for alternatives. Perhaps much of the solution may be right in front of us on our kitchen table.
The nutrition link between focused attention, memory and learning in children is fairly clear. Similarly, the nutritional link with attention deficit is clear as well. The nutrient values of the foods we eat have declined substantially over the past 20, 30 and 40 years; as processed, prepackaged and GMO foods, and fast food restaurants have replaced nutrient-rich, made-from-scratch meals to accommodate our busy lifestyles.
We know that we should “eat better” but how does one determine what foods, vitamins and minerals are deficient or in excess, as too much and too little are both bad? The BioCorrect Nutrition™ Analysis (BNA) is a medically-proven, clinical laboratory test that measures 36 minerals and toxic metals in a person’s hair. The levels of these 36 key elements are directly related to the proper function of vitamins and enzymes; and once measured can be balanced to increase metabolic rates and energy production.
In other words, the BNA provides a mineral profile of how a person digests, absorbs, retains and utilizes food, and eliminates toxins and wastes. It also provides a blueprint of their geno-metabolic activity or the body’s genetic ability to adapt to improper nutrition, toxins, stress and their environment.
Iron, Magnesium and Zinc
Kids with attention deficit disorders benefit most from “mental-focus-synergizing foods” which have Iron as their most active nutrient. These foods have the highest correlation with attention span, mental awareness and intellectual performance. Nine high Iron foods are:
Pumpkin Seeds* ● Sunflower Seeds* ● Turkey ● Lean Beef ● Scallops ● Egg Yolks ● Lake Trout ● Prunes ● Liver
*raw unsalted seeds are best as opposed to roasted
Magnesium is a psycho-active nutrient which has been shown to improve memory. Some foods containing higher levels of magnesium include:
Broiled Bass ● Corn ● Cashews ● Wild Rice ● Garbanzo Beans ● Bananas
Zinc is a nutrient that has been shown to help slow learners. Foods that are known to contain higher zinc levels include:
Lean Beef ● Crab ● Whole Eggs ● Wheat Bran and Germ (if not allergic to glutens) ● Sunflower Seeds*
Effects of Lead
While other toxic metals will also interfere with minerals such as iron and zinc; Lead is well known to causes severe memory impairment, hyperactivity and attention deficit disorders, and is often overlooked by conventional medicine and parents. The toxic metal may be found in drinking water, may leach into water from lead-based solders in the plumbing of older homes or even from imported toys or dishes using lead-based paints.
It’s now fairly easy to determine if a child with memory/mental/attention deficits may benefit from these foods or removal of toxic metals from direct nutrition measurement. The BioCorrect Nutrition™ Analysis checks a child’s body for nutrient and 7 toxic metal levels before considering the benefits of mediation for attention deficit. A simple change in diet and nutrient levels may be all that’s needed to eliminate the need for pharmaceutical stimulants according to orthomolecular science.
1. Tefft, GH. Your Personal Life. Westlake Village, CA: Angel Mind, 2006
2. Tefft, GH. For Your Body Only: Discover the Diet You Were Born to Eat. Dragon Door Publications, 2003
3. Watt, D.L. “Commonly Asked Questions About Hair Mineral Analysis.” US: Trace Elements, 1999
4. Watts, D.L. Trace Elements and Other Essential Nutrients. T.E.I., 1995
These statements have not been directly evaluated by the FDA. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease as a substitution for standard medical care. | <urn:uuid:049f8b7e-c7c7-4e89-808b-43f50541eb7c> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://biocorrectnutrition.com/foods-for-kids-with-attention-deficit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314130.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818205919-20190818231919-00397.warc.gz | en | 0.924945 | 867 | 3.109375 | 3 |
According to the census2
of 2000, there were 160,307 people, 68,183 households, and 41,591 families residing
in the county. The population density was 311/km² (806/mi²). There
were 79,616 housing units at an average density of 155/km² (400/mi²).
The racial makeup of the county was 79.91% White, 16.97% Black or African American,
0.39% Native American, 0.83% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.79% from other
races, and 1.05% from two or more races. 2.04% of the population were Hispanic
or Latino of any race.
The median income for a
household in the county was $40,172, and the median income for a family was
$50,861. Males had a median income of $35,801 versus $25,305 for females. The
per capita income for the county was $23,123. 13.10% of the population and 8.30%
of families were below the poverty line. 15.70% of those under the age of 18
and 9.00% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
New Hanover County neighboring
areas are Pender County, and
Brunswick County. Its cities and towns are Carolina Beach, Kure Beach, Wilmington,
and Wrightsville Beach. | <urn:uuid:821cc2e7-0a62-4f96-8aa4-08c8f5463f9d> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://newhanovercounty.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584203540.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123064911-20190123090911-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.966274 | 308 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Chemicals & Materials Now!
From basic to specialty, and everything in between
Clean Energy: What about Nuclear Power Plants?
Posted on April 24th, 2017 by Dr. Sina Ebnesajjad in New Materials & Applications
It has been nearly 75 years since the creation the world’s first artificial fission reactor by Enrico Fermi and his team. Fermi’s reactor led to the development and construction of civilian nuclear power plants that supply electricity to the public in dozens of countries. The first commercial plant in the United States was opened on May 26, 1958. From the beginning there has been controversy about nuclear generated power. Radiation-related risks, terrorist attack and disposal (storage) of the radioactive waste are some of the main societal concerns. Long lasting effects of radiation are paramount among the objections to nuclear power generation. Memories of the accidents at Three-mile Island, Chernobyl and especially Fukushima Daiichi have elevated public fears of nuclear technologies and until early 2000’s brought construction of new plants to a halt.
Commercial Nuclear Power Plants
Nuclear power offers advantages over fossil fuels, including minor carbon footprint, low cost electricity and independence from the chaos of fossil fuel markets. These are significant benefits considering demand for inexpensive electricity and critical necessity of reducing carbon dioxide emission. Almost 100 reactors operate in 61 US nuclear power plants; the number of reactors for the world is 480 supplying over 10% of global electricity production.
Nuclear construction all but disappeared in the United States, particularly after the partial meltdown at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania in 1979. Concerns over climate change led to renewed interest in building new plants under the administration of George W. Bush. The Bush-era energy policy acts authorized $18.5 billion in loan guarantees, plus tax credits like those available for wind and solar. Often-conflicting forces – the desire for greater safety, and the need to contain costs — while bringing to life complex new designs have blocked or delayed nearly all of the projects planned in the United States (Source: D. Cardwell, The Murky Future of Nuclear Power in the United States, New York Times, www.NYT.com, Feb 18, 2017).
Existing plants have outlived their licensed lives. Research efforts have focused on extending the life of nuclear power plants, which have been paid off during decades of operation and are thus highly profitable. Those efforts have paid off, the oldest commercial plants in the United States reached their 48th anniversary this year, and the average plant has operated for 30 years. More than half of the nation’s 100 reactors have seen their initial operation licenses extended for an additional two decades.
A nuclear reactor produces and controls the release of energy from splitting the atoms of certain elements. In a reactor, the energy released is used as heat to make steam to generate electricity. The principles of using nuclear power to produce electricity are the same for most types of reactor. The energy released from continuous fission of the atoms of the fuel is harnessed as heat in either a gas or water, and is used to produce steam. The steam is used to drive the turbines, which produce electricity as in fossil fuel plants (Source: Nuclear Power Reactors, World Nuclear Organization, www.world-nuclear.org, Feb 2017).
There are six main nuclear reactor types in use around the world. The various designs use different concentrations of uranium for fuel, different moderators to slow down the fission process, and different coolants to transfer heat. The most common reactor type is the pressurized water reactor (PWR), representing 282 of the world’s 441 reactors operating in 2017 (Source: Nuclear Power Reactors, World Nuclear Organization, www.world-nuclear.org, Feb 2017).
An atom’s nucleus will spontaneously transform into a different nucleus if the final state nucleus is more stable and if the laws of physics allow the transformation. This process is usually accompanied by the release of ionizing radiation and is called “radio-active decay”. Nuclei that exhibit this behavior are said to be “unstable” or “radioactive”. Nuclear Fission energy is released when a very heavy atomic nucleus absorbs a neutron and splits into two lighter fragments. The energy release in this process is enormous. It is 10 million times greater than the energy released when one atom of carbon from a fossil fuel is burned. As this process happens, heat is produced and converted into electricity via conventional steam and gas turbines like those at fossil fuel power plants.
Neutrons are effectively the trigger for nuclear power. Each time uranium splits in a nuclear reactor neutrons are shot out at high energies. These neutrons in turn cause more uranium splits, resulting in a self-sustaining reaction. But while causing these divides, the neutrons also relentlessly pummel the steel and other metals that enfold the nuclear reactor, known as the pressure vessel. “There are millions of millions of millions of neutron impacts per year. At some point, it begins to impact the reactor vessel,” said Gary Was, the director of the University of Michigan’s Phoenix Energy Institute and an expert in aging materials. (Source: How Long Can a Nuclear Reactor Last? Scientific American: www.ScientificAmerican.com, Nov 2009).
Physical ageing issues include those affecting the reactor pressure vessel (including embrittlement, vessel head penetration cracking, and deterioration of internals) and the containment and the reactor building, cable deterioration, and ageing of transformers. Conceptual and technological ageing issues include the inability to withstand a large aircraft impact, along with inadequate earthquake and flooding resistance.
Exposed to decades of radiation, some metal parts harden and grow brittle thus more likely to crack under stress. One potential source of stress is the emergency core cooling system; if the system sensed a leak in the piping, it could start up and dump huge volumes of cold water into a reactor, keeping it at operating pressure but at a far lower temperature. Engineers say that could lead to a condition called pressurized thermal shock in which a reactor vessel would crack open.
Fortunately, nearly every part of a nuclear reactor can be replaced and retrofitted. If the cost of modifications is relatively low, life-extended nuclear power plants can be highly profitable because the capital cost of the plant (making up most of the cost of a unit of nuclear-generated electricity) will already have been paid off, leaving only the operations and maintenance cost to-be-paid. Other advantages to the owner include the fact that the plant is a known quantity.
Very few nuclear reactors have been retired because they have reached the end of their licensed or designed lifetime. Much more probable life-determining factors are: the economics of the plant; the existence of national phase-out policies; serious and unexpected equipment failures; and, for older designs in particular, existence of design issues that make continued operation unacceptable. However, during the time since lifetime extension began to occur, the perception of the risk of granting a reactor a significantly longer life has increased. Permission for a reactor to operate for 60 years appears to be far from a guarantee that it will actually complete a 60-year life. A longer permitted lifetime has given utilities a reason to justify upgrades aimed at improving the economics of a plant (Source: Lifetime extension of ageing nuclear power plants: Entering a new era of risk, Report commissioned by Greenpeace, www.out-of-age.eu, March 2014).
What does the future look like considering the strong push to build nuclear power plants to reduce CO2 emissions, the pressure to build safer plants and the need to control cost? An article in February 18, 2017, issue of New York Times describes the complex circumstances surrounding the building of nuclear power plants. “A remarkable confluence of events is bringing that [renewed interest in early 2000’s] to an end, capped by Toshiba’s decision to take a $6 billion loss and pull Westinghouse, its American nuclear power subsidiary, out of the construction business.” Among other reasons, in addition to safety considerations and cost, is the unexpected slow-down in demand for electricity. Natural gas prices have also tumbled, eroding nuclear power’s economic rationale. Alternative-energy sources like wind and solar power have come into their own.” (Source: D. Cardwell, The Murky Future of Nuclear Power in the United States, New York Times, www.NYT.com, Feb 18, 2017)
The main stage for nuclear development will move overseas to places like China, Russia, India, Korea and a handful of countries in the Middle East, where Westinghouse will have to find partners to build its designs. In China, plants using earlier model reactors are moving toward completion. If they are successful, that may stir up more interest in the technology, and future installations may go more smoothly. “But Toshiba’s ambitions of installing 45 new reactors worldwide by 2030 no longer look feasible.”
“In the process, the United States could lose considerable influence over standards governing safety and waste management, nuclear experts say. And the world may show less willingness to move toward potentially safer designs.” (Source: D. Cardwell, The Murky Future of Nuclear Power in the United States, New York Times, www.NYT.com, Feb 18, 2017)
All opinions shared in this post are the author’s own.
R&D Solutions for Chemicals & MaterialsWe're happy to discuss your needs and show you how Elsevier's Solution can help.
Dr. Sina Ebnesajjad
President at FluoroConsultants Group, LLC | <urn:uuid:944ceac4-7f2c-4781-a1bc-40f5cad21bbc> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://chemical-materials.elsevier.com/new-materials-applications/clean-energy-nuclear-power-plants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424559.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723122722-20170723142722-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.937737 | 1,988 | 3.3125 | 3 |
An initial estimated date is 2020 and the effort would apparently be rewarded as all Earth layers until our planet’s outer-core can hold valuable information regarding our Earth’s origins.
The drill process would require workers to drill in around 4 miles of sea floor. This will be done in one of the deepest parts from our Pacific Ocean from above a huge ship. The hole that will be drilled all the way down to our planet’s mantle will be very tiny and will measure around 30 centimeters in diameter.
This ambitious project will cost around $1 Billion. There is no money yet but without a doubt enough money will be raised in due time.
A geologist from UK’s University of Southampton told CNN in an interview that such a project involves a lot of work in unbelievable conditions: “It will be the equivalent of dangling a steel string the width of a human hair in the deep end of a swimming pool and inserting it into a thimble 1/10 mm wide,” he said. | <urn:uuid:40dff9e4-dd88-4251-8f55-9a375d4d6156> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.roundnews.com/science/earth-and-the-environment/592-tiny-hole-will-be-drilled-all-the-way-to-earths-rocky-shell.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499710.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129080341-20230129110341-00729.warc.gz | en | 0.939768 | 208 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Considered the most meticulous and thorough anatomist of his time, physician and anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachi (d.1574) not only had a career embellished with anatomical discoveries and pioneering practices, but was author to one of the discipline’s most influential texts; Tabulae Anatomicae.
Thought to have studied medicine in Rome and Padua, Italy, Eustachi served as physician to the Duke of Urbino and Cadinal Giulio Della Rovere in Rome where, as a lecturer in anatomy, he is said to have introduced the practice of hospital post-mortem examinations. He is credited with many significant findings of the human body including the discovery of the thoracic duct and adrenal glands as well as providing the first accurate descriptions of the uterus, laryngeal muscles and origin of the optic nerve. Perhaps most famously, he is celebrated for the discovery of the passage linking the middle ear to the nasopharynx; the Eustachian tube.
Copyright: Tangient LLC
Eustachi published Opuscula Anatomica in 1564 which featured eight anatomical plates, mainly detailing the kidneys and vascular system. There were an additional thirty eight copperplates that he had prepared with illustrator Pietro Matteo Pini and engraver Giulio de’ Musi which went unused up until Eustachi’s death in 1574. These remaining plates were forgotten until they were discovered in the Vatican Library by the Pope’s physicist Giovanni Maria Lancisi who published the plates in 1714 under the title Tabulae Anatomicae (Anatomical Tables). It illustrated the human body in a way that had rarely been seen before. The use of copper-plates provided greater detail and precision than the wooden-plates of previous works such as Versalius’ De Humunai Corporis Fabrica, 1543 could produce. Omitting the numbered and lettered labelling which were the favoured annotation methods of the time, Eustachi had used an inventive coordinate system created by rulers that bordered his images. He had pioneered an uncluttered and clear representation of the human form which, coupled with immaculate hand colouring, created the most vivid, vibrant and rousing anatomical illustrations up unto their time. | <urn:uuid:b775ac1f-0a35-407a-bad7-72305e163824> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://theirregularanatomist.com/tag/diagram/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589757.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717164437-20180717184437-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.964105 | 471 | 3.625 | 4 |
Making sure you see your doctor and have tests run on a regular basis can prevent serious complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD), according to a study appearing in an upcoming issue of the Journal of the American Society Nephrology (JASN). The results suggest that patients who follow preventive measures are more likely to stay healthy.
CKD affects more than 1 in 10 adults in the United States and can lead to serious cardiovascular complications and premature death. The National Kidney Foundation has published guidelines on preventive care measures that may help slow disease progression. But how effective are these measures?
Jon Snyder, PhD (United States Renal Data System, Minneapolis), and his colleagues tested their effectiveness by analyzing Medicare data from recent years (approximately 1.2 million patients per year). They classified CKD and diabetes during year one, assessed preventive care during year two, and evaluated heart disease incidence during year three.
The researchers found that increasing preventive measures correlated with lower rates of heart disease. CKD patients who received influenza vaccines and had their lipids, calcium-phosphorus levels, and parathyroid hormone levels (and blood glucose levels if they were diabetic) monitored had lower rates of heart disease and heart-related deaths during the following year.
"Patients using preventive measures had lower cardiovascular disease event rates in the subsequent year, leading us to hypothesize that more diligent care of these patients and evidence-based treatment recommendations are successful at preventing morbid events in the subsequent year," said Dr. Snyder.
Changes in heart disease rates in the following year ranged from 10% lower for those who received influenza vaccinations and two or more blood glucose tests to 43% lower for those who had their calcium-phosphorus levels assessed.
More information: The article, entitled "Association of Preventive Health Care with Atherosclerotic Heart Disease and Mortality in CKD," will appear online at jasn.asnjournals.org/ on May 7, 2009, doi 10.1681/ASN.2008090954.
Source: American Society of Nephrology (news : web)
Explore further: High prevalence of HCV in baby boomers presenting to ER | <urn:uuid:840bd523-0d2e-4a07-8418-c9d371dfa05d> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://phys.org/news160941605.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463104.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00078-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956156 | 442 | 2.890625 | 3 |
An advice to commit poems to memory before bedtime got rationale. Rest benefits brain memory function considerably as has been shared by a new research.
A study was conducted that examined the brain before, during, and after a task. Exciting levels of activity in brain’s certain areas were observed. Brain showed better performance during the rest phase.
Lila Davachi, an assistant professor of psychology and neural science at New York University, and senior author of the paper published this week in the journal Neuron, scanned about 16 people in a functional MRI. Participants were made to look at images of faces, objects and scenes.
"Over a 20-minute period they performed an active task where we were showing them pictures of faces and objects and they were actively having to incorporate the two visual stimuli in each trial and make a response. After that we simply told them to lay awake and rest in the scanner for another eight minutes, and that was our critical scan,” Davachi said.
It was found that the hippocampus interacted more closely than it did before the task, which means brain remembered better during the rest phase.
Davachi added that as memories get older, they become stronger.
TopNews United States has contributed to the report.
Following the summit in Riga on November 30, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg explained how the alliance could respond to Russia's 'new aggression against Ukraine.' | <urn:uuid:05cd1d2a-feb5-4bf4-b269-74da1e88ec0b> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://english.pravda.ru/news/health/111968-resting_brain_information/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964361064.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201234046-20211202024046-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.980365 | 289 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Let's create two tables. The capitals table contains state capitals which are also cities. Naturally, the capitals table should inherit from cities.
CREATE TABLE cities ( name text, population float, altitude int -- (in ft) ); CREATE TABLE capitals ( state char(2) ) INHERITS (cities);
In this case, a row of capitals inherits all attributes (name, population, and altitude) from its parent, cities. State capitals have an extra attribute, state, that shows their state. In PostgreSQL, a table can inherit from zero or more other tables, and a query can reference either all rows of a table or all rows of a table plus all of its descendants.
Note: The inheritance hierarchy is actually a directed acyclic graph.
For example, the following query finds the names of all cities, including state capitals, that are located at an altitude over 500ft:
SELECT name, altitude FROM cities WHERE altitude > 500;
name | altitude -----------+---------- Las Vegas | 2174 Mariposa | 1953 Madison | 845
On the other hand, the following query finds all the cities that are not state capitals and are situated at an altitude over 500ft:
SELECT name, altitude FROM ONLY cities WHERE altitude > 500; name | altitude -----------+---------- Las Vegas | 2174 Mariposa | 1953
Here the "ONLY" before cities indicates that the query should be run over only cities and not tables below cities in the inheritance hierarchy. Many of the commands that we have already discussed -- SELECT, UPDATE and DELETE -- support this "ONLY" notation.
Deprecated: In previous versions of PostgreSQL, the default behavior was not to include child tables in queries. This was found to be error prone and is also in violation of the SQL:1999 standard. Under the old syntax, to get the sub-tables you append * to the table name. For exampleSELECT * from cities*;
You can still explicitly specify scanning child tables by appending *, as well as explicitly specify not scanning child tables by writing "ONLY". But beginning in version 7.1, the default behavior for an undecorated table name is to scan its child tables too, whereas before the default was not to do so. To get the old default behavior, set the configuration option SQL_Inheritance to off, e.g.,SET SQL_Inheritance TO OFF;
or add a line in your postgresql.conf file.
In some cases you may wish to know which table a particular row originated from. There is a system column called tableoid in each table which can tell you the originating table:
SELECT c.tableoid, c.name, c.altitude FROM cities c WHERE c.altitude > 500;
tableoid | name | altitude ----------+-----------+---------- 139793 | Las Vegas | 2174 139793 | Mariposa | 1953 139798 | Madison | 845
(If you try to reproduce this example, you will probably get different numeric OIDs.) By doing a join with pg_class you can see the actual table names:
SELECT p.relname, c.name, c.altitude FROM cities c, pg_class p WHERE c.altitude > 500 and c.tableoid = p.oid;
relname | name | altitude ----------+-----------+---------- cities | Las Vegas | 2174 cities | Mariposa | 1953 capitals | Madison | 845
A table can inherit from more than one parent table, in which case it has the union of the columns defined by the parent tables (plus any columns declared specifically for the child table).
A serious limitation of the inheritance feature is that indexes (including unique constraints) and foreign key constraints only apply to single tables, not to their inheritance children. This is true on both the referencing and referenced sides of a foreign key constraint. Thus, in the terms of the above example:
If we declared cities.name to be UNIQUE or a PRIMARY KEY, this would not stop the capitals table from having rows with names duplicating rows in cities. And those duplicate rows would by default show up in queries from cities. In fact, by default capitals would have no unique constraint at all, and so could contain multiple rows with the same name. You could add a unique constraint to capitals, but this would not prevent duplication compared to cities.
Similarly, if we were to specify that cities.name REFERENCES some other table, this constraint would not automatically propagate to capitals. In this case you could work around it by manually adding the same REFERENCES constraint to capitals.
Specifying that another table's column REFERENCES cities(name) would allow the other table to contain city names, but not capital names. There is no good workaround for this case.
These deficiencies will probably be fixed in some future release, but in the meantime considerable care is needed in deciding whether inheritance is useful for your problem. | <urn:uuid:0c5cddf5-68bb-44cd-87c5-bce664410f14> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.0/ddl-inherit.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621699.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210616001810-20210616031810-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.855406 | 1,032 | 2.828125 | 3 |
EXTRA! EXTRA! EXTRA!
SPECIAL REPORT HIGH SCHOOL EDITION
Giving Teens Informative Insight for their Brains and their Futures
THE COGNITIVE TIMES!
WHAT MAKES A PHYSICIST’S JOB AND A PRESCHOOL TEACHER’S JOB MORE ALIKE THAN ANY OTHER TWO PROFESSIONS?
Does this title sound like the beginning of a tricky little riddle, perhaps with an uncanny and intriguing answer that is stranger than fiction?
The truest measure of a society’s success is equivalent to the education it provides for its nation’s children, because children are the future of every society. Having said that, should the standard quality of a nation’s whole education system be defined by its version of preschool, specifically, the 3 – 5 year old stage of preschool brain development? We universally accept the wisdom, that the early years are the “foundation for everything in life”, but are we doing all we can to implement its significance and effectiveness?
“Educational reform” has all the necessary appearances of emphasizing how we ought to reformulate the K-12 years of education. But this approach is so wildly incoherent, and analogous to believing that a half-baked cake can still be mixed with an ingredient that was missed during the original mixing process. Yet, in America, this is how we mix and re-mix strategies to aid our ailing education system. The debates and tactics rage on and on, without ever identifying what should be the most obvious solution.
In most western industrialized societies, we believe “a,b,c & 1,2,3” to be the fundamentals of education. It is a staunch belief, and staunch beliefs often dismiss us from doing some very needed critical thinking – the very thing our nation’s young adults are missing the chance to get a firm grip on. In parallel fashion, a,b,c & 1,2,3 are the basic parameters that recent, current and upcoming generations of young adults were cultivated upon when “nursery school” became the fashion. What does that have to do with anything? Well technically speaking it means that we’ve cheated our nation’s children out of receiving a true education.
“Education” and “Brain Development” ought to be completely synonymous in every sense, they should be homogenous, they should be pasteurized together … you get the picture. We are discovering way too much about brain development for these two processes to continue masquerading as separate entities. So what do we do to synthesize and amalgamate them? First, we define the connecting roots for both of these traits, and then we actually connect them – at their root.
Seeking knowledge and seeking out the origins of knowledge are essential to the properties and elements of human brain development – that’s why we do it. Natural Science and Physics are our greatest venues for discovering the roots of knowledge. These fields define the laws, energy and matter of the universe, and are therefore the building blocks for every field of knowledge, including the elements that construct every star, moon, planet and living thing.
Now to state what should be the obvious, these natural laws existed long before we discovered ways of collecting and recording their properties with formal Literacy, or “a,b,c’s” and Numeracy, or “1,2,3’s”. The first stories of humanity and early observations of our world and universe were handed down by word of mouth and pictures – but you already knew that. By the same token, the human brain existed long before alphabets and numbers were discovered. It is at least rumored that the human brain is the most complex thing in the universe, and that it even is a representation, or microcosm of the universe. It seems fitting then, or parallel that our brains’ greatest potential require the same basic elements of knowledge that the universe has required for its structure and development. But we are using far less of our brains’ potentials than we are naturally destined to use, and the peculiar tendency common to that condition is an inadvertent belief that we are exempt from these elemental processes.
It’s time to get back to basics and realize what those elements are. Why is the field of Physics put on such a pedestal? Because it is a field that best answers some of the fundamental and key questions about the universe, which is the source of our existence. These key elements are known in Physics as the “Language of the Universe”, they are one and the same as the fundamental Principles of Mathematics. These fundamental math principles are the description and definition for everything in the universe, including us. Math is everything, and everything is fundamentally mathematical, and whatever you do in life, Math really is your very best friend, even if you dislike Arithmetic. Yes, it’s time we understood the difference.
So, to get back to our riddle, that is, to settle the meaning of this article’s title; “Why are Physicists and Preschool Teachers’ job more alike than any other two professions”? It is very simple. Physicists uncover the Fundamental Principles of Math – or basic laws of the universe, and Preschool Teachers (are supposed) to provide and administer the basics of knowledge – the Fundamental Principles of Math – to every young child. The question is; are Preschool Teachers being trained to do their jobs, and are they allowed to do what their genuine job descriptions actually entail? Sounds like both jobs are equally significant, but maybe it also explains why Physicists win Nobel Prizes, while Preschool Teachers are never even given that consideration.
The bottom line is, as long as we refuse to surrender the belief that a,b,c & 1,2,3 constitute the basics of formal education, we are inadvertently engaging in a futile battle against the fundamental laws and mechanics of universal knowledge. However, if we insist on upholding a,b,c & 1,2,3 as the cornerstones of learning, then they must, at least, be administered by all of the Fundamental Principles of Mathematics, and this is where we falter.
Until we cognitively reconcile with the basic knowledge properties of the universe, as defined by the Fundamental Principles of Math, we can propose and promote every kind of remedial method for reforming our K-12 years of formal schooling. Even when, and if K-12 become, homogenized with genuine brain development, it will eventually point us toward refurbishing the roots of early education, that is specifically, preschool brain development. Whether we choose to imitate the Chinese school standards, or strike a pose with the Finnish system of education, one thing is for sure, and that is that both of these countries must have a more exquisite understanding of the concept that “preschool is the foundation for everything in life”. If “math is everything” and if “preschool is the foundation for everything” – and everything means everything – then preschool is the solution for fixing everything within a nation and its societal progress.
Early Education is officially and formally described as “cognitive development”. What most folks are unaware of is that this term is merely the formal title of “math” for preschoolers. Everything is math and preschoolers are learning the basics of everything. This is all the scientific and Neuro-scientific proof we need to emphasize preschool as the strategy for reforming everything in America – especially our education system.
Of course, there’s one more important ‘P’ in this pod, and it’s “Parenting”. It has everything to do with brain development, because that’s what parenting actually is. When this tripod of Parenting, Preschool teaching, and a Physicist’s job work together in unison for human progress, then the cornerstones for intelligent, compassionate and optimistic societies can be established and built – in conjunction with the authentic traits of intuitive intelligence – ultimately fulfilling the purpose and full potential of humankind. The brain is the answer to human harmony.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, read the Cognitivology® blog at www.cognitivology.wordpress.com
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ASK ALL THE QUESTIONS YOU WANT – WE’LL GIVE THE COGNITIVELY CORRECT
AND INTUITIVELY CORRECT ANSWERS FULL BRAIN POTENTIAL – It is your destiny! | <urn:uuid:23d3988c-d028-447e-b663-d5cc1931b757> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://cognitivology.wordpress.com/category/prefrontal-cortex/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120694.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00049-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940682 | 1,796 | 2.59375 | 3 |
New York University
Program in Dramatic Literature
(Spring 2018, Fall 2017, Spring 2017, Fall 2016)
New York University
“How does performance (re)frame the environment in which it takes place? How does the city (re)frame the performances that take place within it? And how does theater as a specifically urban form intersect with the broader theatricality of urban life?”
— Stanton B. Garner Jr.
This course focuses on the dynamic relationships between theater, performance, and the city of New York. We will enhance our understanding of theater and performance by exploring critical approaches to thinking about both in relation to the city. Moreover, we will consider what we can learn about the city by studying its varied performances – addressing how the city itself is constituted through different kinds of performances (even our own), and how performance serves as a mode of understanding urban processes. Our conversations in this course will center on weekly visits to a wide array of performances, as well as theoretical, historical, and contextual readings that accompany each visit. The course is divided into four units. Unit #1, “Cultural Materialism as Method,” will help us to understand how the material conditions of performance – spaces, architectures, institutional structures, economics, working conditions, etc. – bear upon the theater’s social and political effects (or lack thereof) within an urban landscape. Unit #2, “City and Performativity: Performing Identity,” concentrates on how the identities of the city’s many inhabitants are constituted and refashioned by the ways we engage, move through, participate in life, perform in the city in various ways. In Unit #3, “Developing New Work,” we will take a break from our “regularly scheduled programming” and make use of our weekly performance visits as inspiration to develop our own original performance pieces devised in groups. Finally, in Unit #4, “Performing Community (or Not?) in the Boroughs,” we head into the “outer” borough of Brooklyn to witness and participate in performances that question the relationship between theater and community. By focusing on both the material conditions of performance as well as the performative practices of living, working, studying in New York, this course will help us to better understand the complex and exciting imbrications of art and society, of theater and civic life. | <urn:uuid:36978c81-cd77-4e1b-95e5-3c93717ffa3b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | http://www.brandonwoolfperformance.com/?portfolio=drama-in-performance-theater-the-city | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510387.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928095004-20230928125004-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.950793 | 498 | 2.53125 | 3 |
There have been near-miraculous advances in the science of anesthesia. A recent study by The American Society of Anesthesiologists found that deaths from anesthesia in relatively healthy patients have dropped from 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 250,000 over the last 20 years. But the modern practice of anesthesia requires the use of many different powerful drugs and special techniques. And in part because of this, tragic yet preventable mistakes with often deadly consequences continue to occur.
Such mistakes are not limited to hospitals, since they also occur in dentist offices, cosmetic surgery clinics, and elsewhere. And they are also not limited to the administration of anesthesia. They include:
- Improper diagnosis or examination by the anesthesiologist, including failure to check for possible allergies or medical conditions
- Improper pre-operative care
- Mistake(s) in the administration of anesthesia, including wrong medications or incorrect amounts
- Failure to monitor and observe the patient while under anesthesia, including heart and respiration rates, blood pressure and other vital signs
- Improper postoperative care
Although most anesthesia mistakes are made by the anesthesiologist, doctors, surgeons, nurses, the hospital or clinic, dentists, and other medical staff can make anesthesia-related errors. And anesthesiologists are not the only ones that administer anesthesia. In certain procedures, certified registered nurse anesthetists and other nurse practitioners may also do so.
Anesthesia-related mistakes tend to have serious consequences, and may include:
- Nerve damage
- Brain damage, including memory loss
Fortunately, anesthesia-related injuries are rare. Most of them, however, are also preventable. If you or a loved one is the victim of a mistake relating to anesthesia, it is advisable to consult with a qualified and experienced medical malpractice attorney. Medical malpractice cases tend to be very complex, requiring a dedicated professional to help secure a resolution favorable to the victim. | <urn:uuid:86529e81-5f40-47b2-a773-0aeb82c56391> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.personalinjury.com/anesthesia-malpractice.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590199.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718135047-20180718155047-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.950243 | 393 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Through the centuries, Ireland has been known by many names. According to Foras Feasa ar Eireinn (the History of Ireland), written by Geoffrey Keating in 1629,the first names by which Ireland was known were Inis na Fidbadh (Inish naFveevah), meaning “The Isle of Woods”, and Crioch na fuinedach (Creeagh na Fwinnayagh), which translated “The Remote Country”. These names were given by early explorers. The first name associated with settlers was Inis Elga (Inish Alga) or “The Noble Island” by which it was known during the time of the FirBolg.
The next designation came from the people who displaced the Fir Bolg. They were the Tuatha deDanann or the people of the goddess Dana, and they called the island Inis Fail (Inish Fawl), after Lia Fail, the Stone of Fate which they brought with them to Ireland. It was the stone on which they elected their kings, for it was enchanted and could roar, but only under the rightful ruler of the land. It was last reported to have roared under Conchobar (Conor Mac Nessa), for when Christ was born, all the idols of the world were struck dumb.
The ancient Greeks and Romans also had names for Ireland. They called it Ierna and Hibernia; the latter, being the oldest name by which it was known to the world at large, was the name adopted by the Ancient Order of Hibernians to illustrate the antiquity of their race. The next to name the island were a branch of the Celts (Gaels). They were descendants of the clan of Niul and his wife Scota, who had wandered south out of Scythia centuries before. A nomadic society, they migrated to Galatia (ref: St Pauls letters to the Galatians) in Greece, through Egypt, and up to the Iberian peninsula near present day Portugal (Porta Galli – port of the Gaels). While there, their great druid, Amergin, prophesied that the land of destiny foretold in their legends was just across the western ocean.
The Clan Chieftain, Milesius, ordered the journey, but died before it could be made. His wife, a warrior queen who was also named Scota, led the Gaels to Ireland, and it is either for her or for the matriarch of the clan that the people were called Scoti (the sons of Scota) by the Romans of the day. Later Roman writers even gave the island another of its names, Scotia, although it never stuck. However, the “Scoti” of Ireland who migrated to Alba caused the Romans to also refer to that land mass as Scoti Land, and this time the name did stick. Years later, the remnants of those Celtic people who fled English tyranny in Scotland to come to the new world brought the name with them to Nova Scotia (New Scotland).
The Celts were responsible for three other names by which the country was known. When the Milesians first came to Ireland, the druid Amergin learned that there were three Kings of the Country, Mac Keact, MacCoill, and MacGreni, each of whom ruled in rotation. He sought out their three queens, and promised each that her name would be on the island forever if she would convince the De Danann to submit. Each promised to try, but failed; nevertheless, in their memory, Amergin promised that the country would everafter be called Fodla in song; Banba in poetry; and, since Eiru was the queen ofthe ruling King Mac Greni, hers would be the main name of the country forever. That name, given by the last of the ancient settlers, has lasted to the present day. Eire (the Gaelicized version of Eiru), in the Gaelic language conjugates: Eire(nom); Eireann (gen); and Erinn (abl); and although it is correct to write Eire go Braugh, rather than Eireann go Braugh, the latter (and its anglicized version Erin go Bra) has become accepted through colloquial usage.
Another name also came from those Celtic invaders. When the sons of Milesius divided up the land, Heremon took the north, Eber took the south, and the northeast corner was given to the sons of their brother, Ir, who died in taking the land. He was the first of the Milesians to be buried in Irish soil and the modern English name of the country actually came from him, for the Northmen and Saxons whose first contact was with the tribe of Ir, came to call it the land of the tribe of Ir or Irlanda.
As with many modern nations, politics also provided designations such as the Irish Free State which came frm the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921; and the Republic of Ireland which was confirmed by the Republic of Ireland Act in 1948. Several other minor appellations are recorded in text such as Ogygia (the Ancient Isle) used by Plutocrat, and Muich Inis (the Isle of Mist or Fog) as it was called by the Milesians before they landed. There are also spelling variations of early names such as Juvernia according to Ptolmey, Juverna according to Solinus, Ierna according to Claudian, and even Irin as it is mentioned in the Argonautics, a Greek poem written in 500 BC. There were titles too, such as the Lamp of the West, the University of Europe, and The Isle of Saints and Scholars which were bestowed on the land in recognition of the scholastic achievements of her people.
Only an ancient and venerable nation could have warranted so many diverse names in her history, and the names by which she is known today still reflect that mystical past: Eire or Erin conjures up the magical Queen of the Tuatha de Danann; and Ireland reminds us of the first of the heroic Celts to give his life for the land.
But there are yet other names; not the names by which she is known today, nor the names she has been called since the dawn of time, but names of the heart; names by which she was known during the dark night of persecution; names given during the Penal times, when the bards of Eire were forbidden, under penalty of dungeon and death, to write in praise of their native land. They who could not conceal their passion for their land chose to cloak her identity with such metaphoric names such as Kathleen in Houlihan, the Proud Old Woman, the Old Woman of Beare, and Roisin Dubh, and these are perhaps Ireland’s proudest names.
*This article was taken from the Rhode Island AOH State Board website | <urn:uuid:c9492dd5-59c0-4d0d-8256-6f83e44e38e0> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.stpatricksday.com/spdc_content/ireland-history-facts/the-origin-of-the-name-ireland-in-english-or-eire-in-irish/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097473.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00188-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987189 | 1,429 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Civilization of Li River– Guilin's History and Culture
"While the Five Ridges scorch, Guilin pleases you."
As early as 30,000 years ago, Baojiyan Cave Man were found dwelling in the caves of Guilin. Around 10,000 years ago, Zengpiyan Cave Man and Miaoyan Cave Man created splendid prehistorical culture. Around 6,000 years ago, carbonized rice specimen was unearthed in Xiaojin relics, which is believed to be the earliest in Guangdong and Guangxi areas.
With the construction of Lingqu Canal in Qin Dynasty(256~206B.C.) and Lingling Mountain Road in Eastern Han dynasty(A.D.25~220), Guilin became the transit hub that connected the Central Plains in the north and the sea areas in the south. In the 6 th year of Yuanding era of the reign of Emperor Wu of Han(111 B.C.), Emperor Wu conquered Nanyue Kingdom and established Shi An County; in the first year of Ganlu era during Eastern Wu period(A.D.265), Guilin became the administrative seat of the prefecture and maintained the position for 1,600 years; in Liang dynasty (A.D.502~587), Guilin was renamed Guizhou(Gui Prefecture); in Tang dynasty(A.D.618~907), Guilin became the administrative seat of Guizhou General Governing Office and Guizhou Military Commissioner. Since then, Guilin was called Gui. In Song dynasty(A.D.960~1279), Guilin became " the core city of the southwest "; in Ming dynasty(A.D.1368~1644), Jingjiang Prince set up his vassal state in Guilin and the governance was kept till Qing dynasty(A.D.1644~1912). In the long history of feudal society, Guilin had always been the center of politics, military, economy and culture of Guangxi.
During the Xinhai Revolution, Guangxi Provincial Governor declared the independence of Guangxi in Guilin. The new Guangxi Clique united the province, implemented new policy, and helped Guangxi obtain the fame "National Model Province". After the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War (July 7, 1937), the political environment of Guilin was relatively loose, so that thousands of renowned writers, artists, scholars gathered here, rendering Guilin the famous "Cultural City for the Second Sino-Japanese War ". In the later Civil War, Northern Guangxi People's Liberation Troop was set up, heading the Northern Guangxi Guerrilla to fight. After the liberation on November 22, 1949, Guilin, the "unshakable iron city" that stood amid the chaos, turbulence, warfare, opened a new chapter under the banner of new China.
Prehistory of Guilin (about 30,000 ~ 2070 B.C.)
Guilin is a significant birthplace of the early civilization of South China.
Up to 2014, there had been 117 confirmed prehistorical relics in Guilin, including cave relics, rock shelter relics, platform relics, hillside relics, etc. The ages vary from Paleolithic Age to later Neolithic Age. All of these illustrate the historical process of the sparks of early civilization of Guilin spreading from mountain caves to mountain lands and plains.
Labor breeds wisdom. The primitive forefathers made labor tools with stones and animal bones and used fire to keep warm, cook, fire pottery. They also made attempts such as cultivating livestock and planting rice. In the hard time, they overcome the countless obstacles with strong will and created a unique prehistorical culture .
Ancient Guilin (2070 B.C. ~ A.D. 1840)
In the early Qin dynasty, Guilin belonged to the territory of Baiyue ethnic groups. In the 33rd year during the reign of Qin Shi Huang (214 B.C.), government supervising censor Lu was sent to build Lingqu Canal to connect Xiang River and Li River. Meanwhile, Lingnan area was conquered and the three commanderies—Guilin, Nanhai and Xiang Commanderies were set up. Since then, Lingnan area was officially included into the territory of the ruling dynasties in the Central Plains. In the 6th year of Yuanding era of the reign of Emperor Wu of Han (111 B.C.), Nanyue Kingdom was conquered and divided into 9 counties and Shi An county was set in Guilin, subject to Lingling Prefecture. During the period of Three Kingdoms and Western and Eastern Jin dynasties(A.D.220~420), Guilin was the county town of Shi An. In the 4th year of Wude era during Tang dynasty (A.D.621), Guizhou (Gui Prefecture) General Governing Office was set,with the district government set in Guilin. In the 3rd year of Shaoxing era of the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Song (A.D.1133), Guizhou was escalated into Jingjiang Prefecture, with the administrative seat set in Guilin. In the 5th year of Hongwu reign of Ming dynasty(A.D.1372), Guilin Prefecture was set with the administrative seat in Guilin. It was just at that time that Guilin got its name. During the period from Tang dynasty to Ming and Qing dynasties, Guilin had been the center of politics, military, economy and culture of Guangxi.
Modern Guilin (A.D. 1840–1949)
During the period of the Republic of China, Guilin was the seat of Guangxi's highest military command organ. Supreme Commander Sun Yat-sen once stationed here; Lu Rongting and Li Zongren set Guilin as the Capital of Guangxi Province (Chief Military and Politics Office). During the period of The Second Sino-Japanese War, the Communist Party of China set the liaison office of the Eighth Route Army in Guilin, responsible for the significant task of helping the Party Central Committee, the Southern Bureau, and the New Fourth Army connect party organizations in southern provinces and Hong Kong. Since the modern times, Guilin, given its susceptibility to southern and northern ethos, had been the place of various new concepts; it was also an "unshakable iron city" that stood amid the chaos, turbulence and warfare. | <urn:uuid:343e682e-41ed-4e26-b6c8-a3caf7106a93> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://guilinmuseum.org.cn/En/Exhibition/Details/ba6a7d9f-76e8-4543-83d1-228e1d53aea9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144058.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219061325-20200219091325-00416.warc.gz | en | 0.946771 | 1,362 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Diabetes and Health Tracking
Diabetes affects over 25.8 million people in the U.S. Each year, nearly 2 million adults are diagnosed with this disease. Diabetes is a major cause for heart disease and stroke, and it is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. 1 in 3 Americans born after 2000 are at risk for developing Type 2 Diabetes. Overall, the risk for death for those with diabetes is twice of those without diabetes.
Diabetes must be stopped. Healthy living is a key step in improving both health outcomes and quality of life when living with this disease. Healthy eating, being active, and tracking symptoms can help you self-manage your diabetes.
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MyNetDiary Maximum includes awesome, comprehensive, and easy to use tools for tracking diabetes. It's all here in one place - everything you need to track Diabetes Type I, Diabetes Type II, Pre-Diabetes, and Gestational Diabetes. | <urn:uuid:fa02cdc6-8df7-4ac7-b172-e04879a495d1> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.mynetdiary.com/diabetes_online_index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887729.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119030106-20180119050106-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.922305 | 210 | 2.609375 | 3 |
curse: a solemn utterance intended to invoke a supernatural power to inflict destruction or punishment on a person or thing
(Oxford English Dictionary)
Ancient curses invoked by tomb-raiders have remained a popular theme in fiction and folklore for centuries. However, belief in cursed objects is not confined to legends surrounding Egyptian relics, or to the subjects of the M.R. James stories. In the modern world there are many who believe they have personally experienced uncanny phenomena as a result of contact with a cursed artefact. Portraits or human likenesses, whether carved or painted, are frequently the focus of this type of legend. In recent years, stories of bad luck and misfortune have grown up around certain artefacts that are presumed to have had ritual or magical functions, some of which are apparently quite recent in origin. (1)
In folk belief, the notion that a picture falling from a wall as an omen of impending death – particularly if it is a portrait – remains one of the most widespread modern superstitions. Similarly, eerie portraits whose eyes ‘seem to follow you wherever you go’ have become a staple scene-setter in numerous horror flicks. Folklore is not static, but active and dynamic especially when it invokes latent beliefs rooted in older superstitions. The subject of this article is the fear and anxiety that continues to surround an eerie portrait that has, quite literally, blazed a trail across the British Isles and the world in the space of two decades.
‘The Curse of the Crying Boy’ appeared out of the blue one morning in 1985. The Sun, at that time the most popular tabloid newspaper in the English-speaking world, published on page 13 of its 4 September edition, a story headlined: ‘Blazing Curse of the Crying Boy.’ It told how Ron and May Hall blamed a cheap painting of toddler with tears rolling down his face for a fire which gutted their terraced council home in Rotherham, a mining town in South Yorkshire. The blaze broke out in a chip-pan in the kitchen of their home of 27 years and spread rapidly. But although the downstairs rooms of the house were badly damaged, the framed print of the crying boy escaped unscathed. It continued to hang there, undamaged, surrounded by a scene of devastation.
Normally a chip-pan blaze would merit nothing more than a couple of paragraphs in a local newspaper. What transformed this story into a page lead in Britain’s leading tabloid was the intervention of Ron Hall’s brother Peter, a fire fighter based in Rotherham. A colleague of Peter’s, station officer Alan Wilkinson, said he knew of numerous other similar cases where prints of the ‘crying boy’ had turned up, undamaged, in the ruins of homes destroyed by fires.
Accompanying the article was a photograph of a ‘crying boy’, with a caption: ‘Tears for fears…the portrait that firemen claim is cursed.’ The firemen concerned had not used the word ‘cursed’, but nevertheless the newspaper report which said they had helped to give the story a certain level of credibility. The paper added that an estimated 50,000 ‘crying boy’ prints, signed ‘G. Bragolin’, had been sold in branches of British department stores, particularly in the working class areas of northern England. Examples could be seen hanging in the front rooms and lounges of family homes across the nation and one story suggested a quarter of a million had been sold.
The mass media plays a crucial role in creating and spreading modern folklore. Stories like the ‘crying boy’ behave much like a virus when they take root in the imagination of the masses. Furthermore, tabloid news values and the priority given to providing a ‘good story’ frequently override accuracy and scepticism, particularly where uncanny or supernatural events are concerned.
Peter Chippindale and Chris Horrie in their warts-and-all history of The Sun, Stick it up your Punter! (1990), credit legendary editor Kelvin MacKenzie as the father of the ‘crying boy’ curse. During the mid-80s The Sun was engaged in a battle for readers with its Fleet Street rival, the Daily Mirror. It was also responsible for publishing a series of horrific and bizarre stories with tenuous origins, of which some – such as ‘Freddie Starr Ate My Hamster’ – earned a permanent place in pop culture. The crying boy arrived at a time when MacKenzie was on the look-out for what journalists call ‘a great splash’. A splash for him was an exclusive story that none of his rivals would dream of publishing first. MacKenzie’s stroke of genius was to spot the potential of the story buried in routine copy from a regional news agency. He announced confidently to his staff: ‘This one’s got legs,’ his phrase for a story that would ‘run and run.’
On 5 September 1985 The Sun ran its follow-up, reporting that scores of ‘horrified readers claiming to be victims of the “Curse of the Crying Boy” had flooded [the paper] with calls…they all feared they were jinxed by having the print of a tot with tears pouring down his face in their homes.’ Readers were left with an overwhelming impression of a supernatural link. Words and phrases used – ‘curse’, ‘jinx’, ‘feared’, ‘horrified’ – were laden with sinister foreboding.
Typical of the new stories was that told by Dora Mann, from Mitcham, Surrey, who claimed her house was gutted just six months after she bought a print of the painting. ‘All my paintings were destroyed – except the one of the crying boy,’ she claimed. Sandra Kaske, of Kilburn, North Yorkshire, said that she, her sister-in-law, and a friend had all suffered disastrous fires since they acquired copies. Another family, from Nottingham, blamed the print for a blaze which had left them homeless. Brian Parks, whose wife and three children needed treatment for smoke inhalation, said he had destroyed his copy after returning from hospital to find it hanging – undamaged – on the blackened wall of his living room.
As the stories accumulated, new details emerged that encouraged the idea that possession of a print put owners at risk of fire or serious injury. One owner, from London, claimed she had seen her print ‘swing from side to side’ on the wall while another from Paignton, said her 11 year-old son had ‘caught his private parts on a hook’ after she bought the picture. Mrs Rose Farrington of Preston, in a letter published by The Sun, wrote that: ‘Since I bought it in 1959 my three sons and my husband have all died. I’ve often wondered if it had a curse.’
Another reader reported an attempt to destroy two of the prints by fire – only to find, to her horror, they would not burn. Her claim was tested by security guard Paul Collier who tossed one of his two prints onto a bonfire. Despite being left in the flames for an hour, it was not even scorched. ‘It was frightening – the fire wouldn’t even touch it,’ he told The Sun. ‘I really believe it is jinxed. We feel doubly at risk with two of these in the house [and] we are determined to get rid of them.’
Collier’s story provided a neat link to comments by the firemen who recalled the aftermath of house fires in Rotherham where the print inexplicably escaped damage. The real mystery, from their perspective, was how the picture had survived fires that were in themselves perfectly explicable. In most cases straightforward explanations of carelessly discarded cigarettes, overheated chip-pans and faulty electric heaters had been found during the subsequent fire service investigation.
Rotherham fire station officer Alan Wilkinson who, it emerged, had personally logged fifty ‘crying boy’ fires dating back to 1973, dismissed any connection with the supernatural. Wilkinson, who had 33 years experience, said he wasn’t superstitious and had satisfied himself that most had been caused by human carelessness. But despite his pragmatism, he could not explain how they had survived the inferno which generated heat sufficient to strip plaster from walls. His wife had her own theory: ‘I always say it’s the tears that put the fire out.’ The Sun was not interested in finding a rational explanation. It ignored Wilkinson’s comments and claimed ‘fire chiefs have admitted they have no logical explanation for a number of recent incidents.’
Soon afterwards it emerged that the ‘cursed’ prints were not all copies of the same painting, nor were all the prints by the same artist. The picture that survived the fire in Rotherham that initially triggered the scare was signed by the artist, G. Bragolin. The Sun claimed the original was ‘by an Italian artist.’ In fact, Giovanni Bragolin was a pseudonym adopted by Spanish painter, Bruno Amadio, who is also known as ‘Franchot Seville’. Attempts to trace him floundered as art historians said he did not appear to have ‘a coherent biography’. To make matters more confusing, other ‘crying boys’ featured in the fires, part of a series of studies called ‘Childhood’, were painted by a Scottish artist, Anna Zinkeisen, who died in 1976. The only common denominator was that all were examples of cheap, mass produced prints sold in great numbers by English department stores during the 60s and 70s. The geographical cluster simply reflected their popularity among working class communities in that part of the north.
Despite being dismissed by art critics as kitsch ‘the crying boy’ remained an extremely popular print, particularly for women owners. Examples existed in at least five different variations. At least two of these had companion studies of ‘crying girls’ and some people owned copies of both. Others in the series included pictures of girls and boys holding flowers, most of them sad in tone. In defiance of the scare headlines, some owners had developed such an emotional bond with the print they refused to dispose of them. ‘I’ve never cared for the picture myself because of its sadness,’ the partner of one proud owner was quoted as saying. He then went on to pose two questions which many anxious Sunreaders wanted answered: ‘Why would you want a picture of a child crying? Why was the child crying?’
Naturally journalists turned to experts in the field of folklore and the occult for an explanation. When a journalist approached Folklore Society member Georgina Boyes the interview floundered when she refused to provide a suitably Satanic explanation. Consequently, the journalist concerned ‘went off in search of “a witch” or “somebody into the occult” who might make a better headline.’ Then Roy Vickery, secretary of the Folklore Society, was quoted to the effect that the original artist might have mistreated the child model in some way, adding: ‘All these fires could be child’s curse, his way of getting revenge.’ (2)
A print of Zinkeisen’s crying boy became the centre of the next ‘mysterious fire’ reported by The Sun. This destroyed a council house in Rotherham, a town that had emerged not only as the geographical location of many of the reported fires, but also as the source of the whole phenomenon. The same story quoted a Fire Brigade spokesman reassuring owners of the print that although there was no ’cause for alarm…these incidents are becoming more frequent.’
The widespread anxiety this story generated led South Yorkshire Fire Service to issue a statement which aimed to debunk the connection between the fires and the prints. It pointed out that the most recent blaze was started by an electric fire left too close to a bed. Chief Divisional Officer Mick Riley said a large number of the prints had been sold and ‘any connection with the fires is purely coincidental…fires are not started by pictures or coincidence, but by careless acts and omissions.’ Riley then revealed the service’s own explanation: ‘The reason why this picture has not always been destroyed in the fire is because it is printed on high density hardboard, which is very difficult to ignite.’
The Fire Service’s statement failed to have much effect in dousing the flames which The Sun was happily stoking. Soon afterwards news came of a crying boy that had survived a fire which gutted an Italian restaurant in Great Yarmouth. ‘Enough is enough, folks,’ announced MacKenzie to his readers: ‘If you are worried about a crying boy picture hanging in YOUR home, send it to us immediately. We will destroy it for you – and that should see the back of any curse.’
According to Chippindale and Horrie’s account: ‘…worried readers rang in to ask if they should get rid of their copy to stop their houses burning down. “Sure,” MacKenzie replied. “Send them in – we’ll do the job for you.” Bouverie Street was swamped…the Crying Boys were soon stacked twelve feet high in the newsroom, spilling out of cupboards, and entirely filling a little-used interview room.’
Up to that point MacKenzie’s staff couldn’t work out how much credence their boss attached to the story. When the paper’s assistant editor took down a picture of Winston Churchill, which had been hanging on the newsroom wall since the Falklands War, and replaced it with a crying boy, the mystery was resolved: ‘MacKenzie, bustling into the newsroom at his normal half-run, stopped dead in his tracks and went white. “Take that down,” he snapped. “I don’t like it. It’s bad luck.”‘
Fireman Alan Wilkinson reacted in a similar fashion when his colleagues presented him with a framed crying boy on his retirement from the brigade. Like Kelvin MacKenzie he denied being superstitious, but nevertheless immediately returned the painting saying: ‘No thanks, you can keep it.’ Similarly, Chief Officer Mick Riley, who was responsible for the statement debunking the ‘curse’ wouldn’t accept a copy of the print as a gift, saying his wife ‘wouldn’t like it, it wouldn’t fit in.’ Interviewed by his local paper, Wilkinson admitted that he had been presented with another crying boy print by worried woman who turned up at his home one night. He took it to work and ‘as a joke’ and mounted it on the office wall of the fire station. Within days he was ordered by his superiors to take it down. Heaping irony upon comedy, the story continued: ‘The same day an oven in the upstairs kitchen overheated and the firemen’s dinners were burned.’
Kelvin MacKenzie faced a similar dilemma. At the end of his six week ‘crying boy’ campaign the editor of The Sun had to dream up a suitable way of disposing of 2,500 copies of the print that readers had sent in. His initial plan to burn them on the roof of the paper’s Bouverie Street offices was vetoed by both the London and Thames Valley fire brigades. Both refused to co-operate and denounced the whole campaign ‘as a cheap publicity stunt.’ The reasons for their reluctance were becoming clear. It emerged that nationally the fire service had been the focus of hundred calls and visits by anxious owners who believed the prints were cursed, or that they were made of a dangerous flammable material.
Eventually reporter Paul Hooper, with photographers and Page Three girls in tow, left the paper’s Bouverie Street HQ with two van loads of prints ready for burning on a makeshift pyre near Reading. The Sun splashed the story appropriately on Hallowe’en, under the headline: ‘Sun nails curse of the weeping boy for good.’ A photograph depicted a scantily-clad ‘red hot Page Three beauty Sandra Jane Moore’ feeding the bonfire as bemused firemen looked on.
The Hallowe’en burning was widely believed to have exorcised the ‘curse of the crying boy’ and the number of tabloid stories began to decrease. But in March the following year a columnist in the Western Morning Newspointed out that the industrial turmoil faced by News International (owners of The Sun), which involved strikes and violent picketing at their new Fort Wapping production plant, began shortly after the paper’s bonfire. Poking fun at its Fleet Street rival, the paper implied the jinx so feared by Kelvin MacKenzie had finally been visited upon its creator.
As tabloid interest waned, ‘crying boy’ stories began to morph into a modern legend. New versions appeared, including one which suggested those who were kind to the print were rewarded with good luck. Another was the idea that placing a picture of the ‘crying girl’ next to that of the crying boy would bring good luck or avert bad luck. What the story lacked in 1985-86 was a satisfying narrative explaining how the crying boy came to be a source of fire. Soon that story would be supplied and the arrival of the internet would provide the legend with a new lease of life independent of the print media which originally set it running.
One web-source claims that during the nineties crying boy fires began to be reported for the first time from other parts of the world. It also reflects how the basic cursed painting motif was being moulded by professional story-tellers and paranormal investigators for a new audience: ‘…A medium claims the spirit of the boy is trapped in the painting and it starts fires in an attempt to burn the painting and free itself. Others claim the painting is haunted or attracts poltergeist activity. Stories of the artist’s and subject’s misfortune had attached themselves to the painting.’ (3)
The notion that the ‘crying boy’ had been badly treated by the artist was gaining popularity. Few cared that there were several different paintings and artists, or that this idea began life as a throwaway remark offered to The Sun a decade earlier. In 2000 Tom Slemen revived the story in book form as part of his series titled Haunted Liverpool. Slemen’s books are presented as non-fiction but are largely un-referenced. Like many others in this genre, the stories they contain are presented in an entertaining, narrative style which appeals to a mass readership. In his entry on ‘The Crying Boy Jinx’ Slemen states as fact that the ‘head of the Yorkshire Fire Brigade’ had told newspapers that the crying boy print had turned up in the rubble of houses that had ‘mysteriously burnt to the ground.’ According to Slemen, when journalists asked him if he believed the picture was evil, ‘the fire chief refused to comment.’
This factually incorrect account introduced the narrative which followed. This finally explained why the picture was evil. The story was uncovered by ‘a well respected researcher into occult matters, a retired schoolmaster from Devon named George Mallory’ in 1995. Mallory traced the artist who had painted the original, ‘an old Spanish portrait artist named Franchot Seville, who lives in Madrid.’ Seville, as astute readers will recognise, was one of the pseudonyms used by Bruno Amadio, otherwise known as ‘G. Bragolin’ whose signature appeared on some of the prints. So far so good.
According to Slemen, Seville/Amadio/Bragolin told Mallory the subject of the paintings was a little street urchin he had found wandering around Madrid in 1969. He never spoke, and had a very sorrowful look in his eyes. Seville painted the boy, and a Catholic priest identified him as Don Bonillo, a child who had run away after seeing his parents die in a blaze. ‘The priest told the artist to have nothing to do with the runaway, because wherever he settled, fires of unknown origin would mysteriously break out; the villagers called him “Diablo” because of this.’
Nevertheless, the painter ignored the priest’s advice and adopted the boy. His portraits sold well but one day his studio was destroyed by fire and the artist was ruined. He accused the little boy of arson and Bonillo ran off, naturally in tears, and was never seen again. The story continued: ‘…from all over Europe came the reports of the unlucky Crying Boy paintings causing blazes. Seville was also regarded as a jinx, and no one commissioned him to paint, or would even look at his paintings. In 1976, a car exploded into a fireball on the outskirts of Barcelona after crashing into a wall. The victim was charred beyond recognition, but part of the victim’s driving licence in the glove compartment was only partly burned. The name on the licence was one 19-year-old Don Bonillo.’ (4)
Could this be the same orphan villagers knew as ‘Diablo’? In Wild Talents Charles Fort referred to such people as fire genii, ‘by genius I mean one who can’t avoid knowledge of fire, because he can’t avoid setting things afire.’ While the existence of some fire starters, such as the telekinetic medium Nina Kulagina, is well documented, this was not the case with Don Bonillo. The source of Slemen’s story is unknown and the mysterious ‘George Mallory’ proves to be as untraceable as ‘Franchot Seville’ or ‘Giovanni Bragolin.’
The appearance of the Don Bonillo story completes the metamorphosis of the ‘curse of the crying boy’ from tabloid obscurity to a fully-fledged urban legend accessible to anyone via the agency of the world wide web. The lack of any factual basis for the Bonillo legend has done nothing to erode its popularity, stoked by ‘supernatural’ discussion boards on the world wide web.
In 2002 I was invited to comment on the story for an episode of the reality TV series, Scream Team. Inspired by the success of Most Haunted, this plucked six young people from hundreds of hopefuls, then sent them out in a large silver bus to travel around the British Isles investigating legends, curses and ‘haunted places.’ The premise was to encourage the sceptics and believers in the group to resolve each puzzle by drawing upon the expertise of assorted ‘experts’.
For the ‘Curse of the Crying Boy’ the team were dispatched to Wigan, Lancashire, where the owners of a transport café, Eddie and Marian Brockley, had recently suffered a disastrous fire. The local media had linked this to what they claimed was ‘one of the last surviving copies’ of the print. It had survived the café blaze and remained hanging on the blackened wall, untouched by smoke or fire. Eddie, it emerged, was a typically bluff northern pragmatist. He believed the link was pure coincidence, but his wife was less certain. She had heard of similar fires associated with the crying boy and refused to allow the offending print – a Zinkeisen – back into the café.
Although the couple were largely ambivalent about the idea of a curse they played along with the TV show’s plan. Then along came the sceptical journalist who did his best to place the story in its true context. My contribution, provided over a hearty full English breakfast, summarised the various stories surrounding the print that were circulating on the internet, including Tom Slemen’s account of the infant fire-starter. There was no factual evidence, I explained, that ‘Don Bonillo’ actually existed; rather the story itself was a classic example of an urban legend created by a newspaper, and spread by the internet.
Inevitably, the next expert introduced to the team was a trance medium whose task was to ‘tune in’ to the painting whose history, viewers were assured, she knew absolutely nothing about. Nevertheless within minutes she was able to divine not only a direct link between the painting and an artist who lived in Spain, but also a sensation of burning and visions of a car crash. She was even able to name the little boy involved in the crash as ‘Din, Don or Dan’. This was enough to convince the more superstitious members of the team that there really was something in ‘the curse’.
The programme ended with the team agreeing to destroy the Brockley’s copy of the Crying Boy outside the café in order to disperse any surviving evil influence it might retain. The print was doused with petrol and attempts were made to ignite it. Three attempts were made before the print finally succumbed to the flames, to the great relief of the Scream Team.
The idea of the curse has so much latent energy that my own interest in the legend has led me to become the unwitting agent for its resurrection. Early last year the Sheffield Starnewspaper carried a leading article on my research into the story of the cursed painting. Soon afterwards, the paper – and my inbox – was inundated with emails and letters from owners of surviving prints, many of whom wanted me to remove them from their property. One reader, who had just cleared his mother’s house in which a crying boy was discovered, wrote to say: ‘My wife will not have the picture in the house. I have had to hang it in the garden shed with fire extinguishers at the ready!’
Then in July The Star announced that the curse had returned. A fire had gutted a house in Rotherham, the town where the legend began. The owner, Stan Jones, claimed this was the latest of three separate house fires, each of which had the picture hanging on a wall. He bought his copy for £2 at a market a decade ago and had become fond of it, but now he was naturally having second thoughts. On the third occasion Stan and partner Michelle Houghton, who was heavily pregnant, narrowly escaped death after falling asleep after leaving their supper cooking on a grill. Stan raised the alarm and fire fighters were able to reach his unconscious partner just in time to revive her.
Meanwhile discussion boards across the world continue to debate the source of the ‘curse’ which animates the portraits. Prints occasionally turn up for sale on Ebay, while a Dutch ‘Crying Boy Fan Club’ website briefly appeared, then disappeared in 2006. A Google search throws up an intriguing posting from Rodrigo Faria, from Brazil, which attributes the painting to the Spanish artist Giovanni Bragolin and adds that ‘feelings of terror and illness are always associated with his paintings.’ Faria says the prints were popular in Brazil during the 1980s. ‘I’ve seen all the 28 and I can assure you all of those paintings are representing DEAD children,’ he writes. ‘[They] are filled with [subliminal] messages.’ (5) Another Brazilian adds that Bargolin appeared on a popular Brazilian TV channel where he admitted making ‘an evil pact with the Devil’ to sell his paintings. His advice was: ‘PLEASE if you have one of these paintings, throw it away right now.’
Like other enduring modern legends, the curse of the crying boy is alive and well and looking for new victims.
Notes & References
(1) See FT 76:19 ‘Stealing the Hopi soul’. For examples of curses associated with carved Celtic stone heads and ‘screaming skulls’ see Fortean Studies 3 (1996), 126-158.
(2) Georgina Boyes, Perspectives on Contemporary Legend vol 4 (Sheffield, 1989).
(4) Slemen’s story , from Haunted Liverpool 4 (2000) is reproduced online at
(5) For this posting and others continuing the discussion see: http://www.quasimondo.com/archives/000104.php
Printed & other resources:
The Sun, Daily Mirror, The Star, Guardian, Rotherham Star, Rotherham Advertiser, September 1985-March 1986
Sheffield Star, 21 February, 5 & 15 March, 7 July 2007
Chippindale, Peter and Horrie, Chris, Stick It Up Your Punter!: The uncut story of the Sun newspaper (London: Simon & Schuster 1990)
Fortean Times 46:22; 47; 36 (1986); 69:17 (1993)
The Scream Team, ‘Curse of the Crying Boy’ (Living TV, 15 October 2002).
Slemen, Tom, Haunted Liverpool 4, Bluecoat Press 2000.
Originally published in Fortean Times 234 (April 2008) – text Copyright David Clarke 2010 | <urn:uuid:89cc78a0-971b-4abb-ba3e-ea369618c6a1> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://drdavidclarke.co.uk/urban-legendary/the-curse-of-the-crying-boy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118950.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00608-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978408 | 6,179 | 2.796875 | 3 |
10 Questions - Developed by: Katie - Developed on: - 14.282 taken - User Rating: 1.83 of 5.0 - 6 Votes
Most of the current nutrition research is pointing to an increased consumption of vegetable foods and decrease of animal foods. Also, natural foods should be on the menu; such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and nuts. Avoidance of junk foods is a must. Fats should be avoided. These changes in diet will certainly decrease the risk of several diseases like diabetes, high cholesterol, heart disease, and cancer. | <urn:uuid:a29c0c0b-c92b-4cb4-914b-e07c807b7ce2> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.allthetests.com/quiz32/quiz/1426105050/Your-Diet-Score | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211933.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817065045-20180817085045-00593.warc.gz | en | 0.936795 | 115 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Few kinds of animals evoke the awe associated with aquatic birds, which are creatures of both air and water. And among them, few species capture as much public attention as Common Loons, a beloved and charismatic presence on summer lakes. Although Maine appears to have a robust and healthy Loon population at this time, there are some concerns, including habitat disruption due to recreational lake activities and shoreline development. Mercury contamination is perhaps the most serious current threat; in some parts of Maine, population viability is already negatively impacted. More immediate anthropogenic factors account for slightly more than half of adult loon mortality in New England, with lead poisoning from ingested fishing weights the leading cause of death. Other human-origin difficulties include internal and external injuries from monofilament and other fishing gear, and unlawful shooting.
These photos show x-rays of birds admitted to Avian Haven in 2011: one with an ingested lead sinker; one with ingested assorted fishing gear; one with two projectiles (and a resultant wing fracture).
Sick or injured individuals are readily noticed by members of the public, who may either contact wildlife agencies for assistance or attempt rescues on their own. Once delivered to a rehabilitation setting, Loons are one of the most challenging species, requiring advanced skills plus specialized dry and wet housing and a ready supply of fish. Pools with a continuous overflow to keep the surface water clean are a must, as is a means of siphoning or vacuuming waste products. Though the heaviest demand is during the warmer months, some pools may be needed year-round, which requires heating of water and/or ambient air in the winter. Avian Haven has met these requirements, but our Loon admissions have increased dramatically in the last year, and we could better serve the birds by upgrading our capacity, in terms of pool size, number, and ease of winter operation.
Although highly visible to the public eye, Common Loons are just one among many aquatic avian species, all of which have similar needs in rehabilitation. As indicated in our 2011 Water Birds Slide Show, our aquatic admissions generally have been on the rise in the last couple years. The closing slides of that show contain our first layout for a new pool facility, but it has evolved since then into the design shown below.
The structure houses four fiberglass pools ranging in surface area from roughly 16 to 72 square feet, and in volume from about 200 to 1,000 gallons. All pools are two feet deep. A utility sink can serve as a washing station or provide an additional swimming area for small bird. Each pool has its own water supply, overflow standpipe, and drain (with all pool outflows feeding into a common drain). Waste is removed by a siphon hose that also feeds into the common drain. Removable heavy-duty pool heaters can bring water temperatures as high as desired for winter or convalescent use. Removable haul-outs can be added to pools to enable birds to leave and re-enter the water on a temporary, as-desired basis. Individuals that need to spend longer periods out of water (e.g., birds with wounds or loss of waterproofing) can be placed in soft-sided, cushioned "dry pen" enclosures. Each pool is surrounded by netted panels that keep individual birds within their own pool areas and provide vision barriers to other parts of the building. The panels feature two or more door sets to facilitate access to all parts of a given pool. The structure has a concrete floor, two windows on each side, and a large skylight. The building's overall dimensions are 24' x 20' (480 square feet). To facilitate winter use, the building is insulated, and a small propane heater can provide higher air temperatures when needed.
The aquatic birds facility is dedicated to the memory of Ken Bailey, who was for many years Camden's Megunticook Lake Warden. Funding for the project has been provided by the American Foundation, the Bangor Savings Bank Foundation, the Hochgraf Foundation, the Island Foundation, the John Sage Foundation, the Maine Outdoor Heritage Fund, the Roy Foundation, and several private donors who prefer to remain anonymous.
The photos below show the development of the project and some of its recent occupants. As of mid-May, the facility is completely operational for the summer season; all of the pools have been in use. Some features (e.g., the utility sink) will be added in the fall, or whenever time and funding permit. | <urn:uuid:d297d561-becc-46ba-99f3-2657e3b4b88a> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.avianhaven.org/aquatic.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115861027.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161101-00011-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957323 | 913 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Teen Births in California: No Time for Complacency
2012 | Download
California’s teen birth rate has dropped below 30 births per thousand for the first time in more than 40 years. Its 2010 rate of 29.0 represents a 59% decrease since its high point of 70.5 births per thousand in 1991. This issue of No Time for Complacency examines the causes and consequences of California’s nation leading teen birth rate reduction.
California’s progress has been unmatched among the other 49 states. The national teen birth rate decreased 45% during this same period, from 61.8 to 34.3 births per thousand. And the teen birth rate in Texas, a state that is demographically similar to California, decreased just 26%, from 78.4 to 58.0. California’s rate now stands at exactly half the Texas rate.
Hispanics continue to drive California’s teen birth rate reduction (see Figure 1). Although still experiencing a higher rate than any other racial/ethnic group, in just four years, the Hispanic teen birth rate decreased by a phenomenal 20 births per thousand, from 65.0 in 2006 to 45.0 in 2010. Smaller decreases occurred among other racial/ethnic groups in California: 7.0 among American Indians, 6.8 among non-Hispanic Blacks, 3.6 among Asian/Pacific Islanders, and 1.9 among non-Hispanic Whites. | <urn:uuid:baa963c9-9916-420f-8c80-5401b17ad1b9> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.phi.org/resources/?resource=teen-births-in-california-no-time-for-complacency | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247496855.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220230820-20190221012820-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.909982 | 292 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Green Streets provide a place for stormwater to soak into the ground providing water for plants and trees to grow and eventually act as natural filters, says Kristina Hausmanis, project manager for the Green Streets program.
“We’re treating stormwater at the source and turning it into a resource.”
The beginning of the program might be traced back to the 2008 Queensway Sustainable Sidewalk Pilot Project. Named after the community it is located in, it involved the installation of two underground bioretention areas with soil cells supporting four trees in a parking lay-by.
Consisting of frames which protect the soil while still supporting vehicle weight, it was the first installation of the silva cell system in the world where stormwater was routed into the cells for the purpose of filtering water and quality control, she says. | <urn:uuid:eb917a2d-8672-4115-80ca-e963876f2184> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://mobility21.cmu.edu/torontos-green-streets-program-a-trailblazer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780055601.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20210917055515-20210917085515-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.948943 | 171 | 3.296875 | 3 |
In the interview with Stephanie Coontz featured earlier this month, we discussed the many changes in American households that have occurred in the 50 years since Betty Friedan published her landmark book, The Feminine Mystique. Friedan’s book was a literary catalyst that helped usher in a family revolution, in which the norm of one-earner households was replaced by the norm of the two-earner households we know today; a change that gave many women more equality in their marriages.
A strong egalitarian tradition has long been a part of black history.
What might surprise some readers is that we could have also discussed the many changes that had occurred already, even as Friedan was still writing her manuscript. Among black Americans, much of what Friedan wrote was not prescient, but dated. As Coontz wrote in A Strange Stirring: The Feminine Mystique and American Women at the Dawn of the 1960s, “Long before Betty Friedan insisted that meaningful work would not only fulfill women as individuals but also strengthen their marriages, many African-American women shared the views of Sadie T. Alexander, an influential political leader in Philadelphia, who argued in 1930 that working for wages gave women the ‘peace and happiness’ essential to a good home life.”
While sorting out the book’s legacy, Coontz wanted to explain what The Feminine Mystique had gotten right and wrong about American families and women’s domestic roles in the 1960s. A particular problem Coontz addressed was how The Feminine Mystique ignored the experiences of black and other minority women — an omission cited by many critics since the book’s publication. A book Coontz found invaluable in addressing that omission was Bart Landry’s Black Working Wives: Pioneers of the American Family Revolution (University of California Press, 2002). Landry did not write his book as a critique of The Feminine Mystique. Rather, it was while looking at historical statistics on wives’ employment that he decided to write in greater detail about an intriguing difference he noticed between black and white wives: “the employment rates of black wives were about ten years ahead of those of white wives.” Continue reading | <urn:uuid:93ddd33d-c6e5-449c-a2fa-9c57b030e7f9> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | http://advocatesaz.org/tag/double-barrelled-name/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710488.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128070816-20221128100816-00718.warc.gz | en | 0.975893 | 455 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Native American Heritage Month: Check Out These Animated Stories on YouTube
One may not think of YouTube as being a place to find information about Native American history, but a number of individuals and tribes have taken to using animation to tell their stories.
So, for Native American Heritage Month, here are a few examples of how animation has been used to tell Native stories:
This animation uses puppets to tell the story of The Owl and the Lemming: An Eskimo Legend, in which the main character is outsmarted by his would-be dinner with flattery.
Some take a more modern approach to tell old tales. This version of Coyote Steals Fire, animated by Daniel Seman with music by John DeBoer, tells the story of how man attained fire with no narrator.
The Haida legend of the creation of the sun, moon and stars called Raven Steals the Light, also gets a modern touch with narration and animation.
The Ramona Band of Cahuilla Indians, a southern California tribe, put together this animated piece, narrated by Cahuilla elder Anne Hamilton, about the history of the tribe.
The Indigenous Language Institute has a number of videos posted with simple animations that illustrate the stories in the native language. This one is Caterpillar Story in Navajo narrated by Susie Store.
This simply animated video includes the narrated story of Earth on Turtle’s Back, which tells the story of how Turtle Island was created, a story of the Onondaga Tribe.
Even a slideshow can be used to tell Native American stories; like this one of The Owl Doctor.
There are plenty more where these came from, so feel free to browse around YouTube on your own as well.
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Please use the log in option at the bottom of this page | <urn:uuid:1d67dee0-fb7b-47eb-83f9-58f6852ca709> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/comment/22056 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398209.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00178-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941404 | 375 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The cost of producing electricity from renewable sources such as solar and wind has dropped significantly over the past five years, narrowing the gap with power generated from fossil fuels and nuclear reactors, according to the International Energy Agency.
“The costs of renewable technologies – in particular solar photovoltaic – have declined significantly over the past five years,” the Paris-based IEA said in a report called Projected Costs of Generating Electricity. “These technologies are no longer cost outliers.”
The median cost of producing so-called baseload power that is available all the time from natural gas, coal and atomic plants was about $100 a megawatt-hour for 2015 compared with about $200 for solar, which dropped from $500 in 2010. Those costs take into account investment, fuel, maintenance and dismantling of the installations over their lifetimes and vary widely between countries and plants. For instance, commercial rooftop solar installations generate power for $311.77 a megawatt-hour in Belgium and $166.70 in sunnier Spain, the findings show.
The IEA findings come as more than 190 nations prepare to broker a new climate agreement in Paris in December to limit carbon emissions from burning fossil fuels. Based on figures from 181 power plants in 22 countries, the study concludes that no single technology is the cheapest under all circumstances and costs depend “highly” on available resources, labor costs and local regulations.
The median costs of power generation from gas and coal rose over the five-year period, the agency said. For atomic energy, the findings indicate that costs are “roughly on par” with those reported in 2010, “thus undermining the growing narrative that nuclear costs continue to increase globally.”
The costs are expected to change considerably in the coming decades as new technologies are deployed. Coal plants will become as much as 70 percent more expensive if they include equipment to capture carbon emissions while offshore wind and solar costs are expected to fall, the IEA study showed. New utility-size solar installations could produce power for less than $100 a megawatt-hour before 2025 in the sunniest regions while panels on rooftops could reach that level five years later.
In Europe, governments have set targets for lowering carbon emissions and producing power from renewables such as solar and wind. The U.K. is in the process of making a final decision on developing costly nuclear plants while Germany has increased generation from coal, the dirtiest fossil fuel, following a phase out of atomic plants after the Japanese disaster at Fukushima in 2011.
©2015 Bloomberg News
Lead image: Low consumption fluorescent bulb with hundred dollars Credit: Shutterstock. | <urn:uuid:0d8617cd-8397-469f-ae2c-4fefe5de0309> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/baseload/fossil-fuels-losing-cost-advantage-over-solar-wind-iea-says/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038066568.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412023359-20210412053359-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.94951 | 545 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Challenge Coins For National Aviation Day And National Airborne Day
Humans have been fascinated by flight for centuries. The ancient Chinese flew kites to investigate the weather. Early inventors such as Leonardo da Vinci developed theories about flying. They created gliders and balloons, but nothing that allowed humans to control the flight.
Physics posed a challenge to early pioneers such as George Cayley and the Montgolfier brothers. From the Montgolfiers' early hot air balloons to the fixed-wing designs of Mr. Cayley, their work would inspire Orville and Wilbur Wright, who invented, built, and flew the world's first successful motor-operated airplane in 1903. Aviation has significantly evolved through the years, thanks to advances in technology and design.
To honor the past and the evolution of flight, National Airborne Day takes place on August 16th, and National Aviation Day takes place on August 19th. National Airborne Day is a celebration of the airborne divisions of the U.S. Armed Forces. National Aviation Day honors the pioneers of human flight. What better way to celebrate flight than with a custom challenge coin?
The History of Aviation
The history of aviation dates back much further than the Wright brothers' first flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. People have dreamed of flying and ways to achieve it for centuries. Technology allowed those dreams to become a reality.
Samuel Langley designed a steam-powered model known as the aerodrome. Langley tested his design without success in 1894. The steam-driven design made an unmanned 90-second flight of slightly more than half a mile. He and his team also built a gasoline-powered uncrewed model that flew successfully twice in 1901.
In 1903, with an improved engine, Langley attempted to take flight yet again. After two failed attempts, he made no further tests. Days later, the Wright brothers conducted their flights in North Carolina.
The Wright brothers began testing their ideas of flight in a bicycle shop in Dayton, Ohio. The brothers tried their designs with gliders first before incorporating an engine. Joined by Charles Edward Taylor, a machinist, they built an engine light enough and powerful enough to fly.
In December 1903, the group tested their machine, which only flew for 3.5 seconds. Their next attempt, on December 17th, 1903, flew for 120 feet, marking the first controlled flight of a powered aircraft. As technology changed, aviation became a valued asset for the military and travel, allowing humans to fly across oceans, worldwide, and into space.
National Airborne Day
President George W. Bush established National Airborne Day in August 2002. The day celebrates the military's airborne troops, their duties, and the military's airborne history. The first official Army parachute jump took place at Fort Benning, Georgia on August 16, 1940.
The 82nd Airborne Division was the first Airborne Division, serving in major battles in World War II. The division fought in Sicily and Italy, as well as participating in the Allied invasion of Normandy on D-Day. The 101st Airborne Division was established in 1942. Like the 82nd, the 101st Division parachuted into Normandy on June 6, 1944, engaging in intense battles with German forces. That same year, the unit was dropped into the Netherlands, capturing the city of Eindhoven. The US Army's Center of Military History and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum recognized the division as a liberating unit in 1998.
These soldiers are some of the most well-trained forces in the United States Army. Airborne troops provide support in combat, peacekeeping, and humanitarian missions. National Airborne Day is the perfect opportunity to celebrate the accomplishments of these brave soldiers.
National Aviation Day
President Franklin D. Roosevelt established National Aviation Day in 1939. The date was chosen to honor the anniversary of Orville Wright's birthday. The day is often marked with activities that encourage an interest in aviation.
There are many ways to observe National Aviation Day and National Airborne Day. Find out more details about the early inventors who dreamed of flying and the great minds behind the first flights. Read memoirs and other books about aviation pioneers. Find the history behind our military's airborne divisions. There are also many great aviation documentaries, both about the past and the modern era of flying.
You can also visit one of the many aviation museums across the country. Book a flight, go skydiving, build a model plane, or find out how you can learn to fly. There is no wrong way to memorialize National Aviation Day or National Airborne Day, but a thoughtful challenge coin is a great way to commemorate the day.
When designing a custom challenge coin, create a coin that represents aviation. Both National Aviation Day and National Airborne Day provide plenty of inspiration to create something memorable, unique, and fun. Include details that have meaning, such as wings, parachutes, your favorite aircraft, or scenes of planes in action. A custom challenge coin can flawlessly honor the past, present, and future.
Include elements that will make your design stand out. Adding color is the perfect way to elevate the look of any coin. Contrasting colors will make logos, images, and text stand out. Include the date, images, logos, and symbols that have meaning. Custom challenge coins come in any shape or size, so get creative. Think about the purpose of your coin and include elements that have meaning and importance to the recipients. They also make a great addition to any merchandise collection.
National Airborne Day and National Aviation Day are right around the corner, and we’re ready to honor everything about aviation. Head to your local airport and watch some take-offs, book a flight somewhere, or learn more about the fascinating history of aviation and the airborne divisions of the armed forces. Celebrate the day with a custom challenge coin. Check out our gallery for inspiration for your design. | <urn:uuid:e0a854c7-9c4e-4cd5-bca5-960173e4d689> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.challengecoins4less.com/blog/challenge-coins-for-national-aviation-day-national-airborne-day | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.946763 | 1,225 | 3.34375 | 3 |
- Functional interaction between two defective viruses permitting replication under conditions inhibitory to the single virus.
- Interaction between two genetic units, one or both of which are defective, permitting the organism containing these units to function normally, whereas it could not do so if either unit were absent.
Disclaimer: This site is designed to offer information for general educational purposes only. The health information furnished on this site and the interactive responses are not intended to be professional advice and are not intended to replace personal consultation with a qualified physician, pharmacist, or other healthcare professional. You must always seek the advice of a professional for questions related to a disease, disease symptoms, and appropriate therapeutic treatments.
Search Stedman's Medical Dictionary
Examples: glitazone, GI cocktail, etc.
© Copyright 2017 Wolters Kluwer. All Rights Reserved. Review Date: Sep 19, 2016. | <urn:uuid:3642acda-aaa3-4f92-9d81-a3cfb4a3c46b> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.drugs.com/dict/complementation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948599549.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218005540-20171218031540-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.913478 | 178 | 2.59375 | 3 |
TABLE OF CONTENT:
Aerial bundled cables are overhead power distribution which is used for transmission. These cables are best as compared to other cables. These cables are made up of many conductors which are tightly bundled up together.
Aerial bundled cables are very safe and reliable cables. These cables are easy to install. There is less loss of power. These cables do not need much maintenance. These cables are available at a very reasonable cost.
These cables are not much affected by different weather conditions like hot, cold or sunlight, etc. Aerial bundled cables are more affected than other overhead cables.
Chapter no 1: What are aerial bundled cables?
Aerial bundled cables are overhead power lines. These are made up of many insulated phase conductors which are tightly bundled up together. Usually, they contain a bare neutral conductor.
These cables work on the same principle of bundled conductors. The aerial bundled cables are tightly packed with each other at the point of touching. In these cables, each conductor is covered by an insulating layer.
These cables are easily installed in areas which do not have large trees as well as in those areas which have large trees as well. Because when large trees do not affect these cables.
Aerial bundled cables that contain low voltage are now installed in many countries across the world.
Aerial bundled cables are more reliable cables as compared to other cables. These cables are safer than other cables. These cables do not require too much maintenance.
There is no need to cut large trees for the installation of aerial bundled cables.
We are providing aerial bundled cables at low cost with the best quality and more reliability.
Chapter no 2: What is the structure of aerial bundled cable design?
The aerial bundled cables are transmission lines. These are overhead power lines. Its structure is simple.
In these cables, many insulated phase conductors are tightly packed with each other. They contain the bare conductor weight of the cables.
These cables are tightly packed with each other at the touching point. In aerial bundled cables all the conductors are covered by insulating layers.
Aerial bundled cables are of two types self-supporting or messenger supported. These are attached to the structure or pole lines.
In self-supporting aerial bundled cables have very high tensile strength. These cables are only good for short distances. They covered a distance of 100 to 150 feet. These cables covered a large distance
In Messenger supported cables are covered by steel bands. These cables can cover up to 1000 feet which depends on the weight of the cables.
The aerial cables which consist of aluminum conductors can cover large distance areas because the aluminum conductor present in these cables helps to reduce the weight of those cables.
Chapter no 3: What type of conductors are used to design aerial bundled cables?
Aerial bundled cables are used for overhead power distribution. They are used as transmitters. Instead of the conventional bare conductor, we use aerial bundled cables.
Aerial bundled cables consist of two of conductors which are an aluminum conductor and round stranded compressed (RM)
The aluminum conductor is steel reinforced cables (ACSR). They have a high capacity. These conductors are high strength conductors. These conductors are commonly used in aerial bundled cables.
Aluminum conductors are used in aerial bundled cables because of their good conductivity. These conductors have a low weight. And they are available at low prices. That’s why these conductors are good and suitable for aerial bundled cables.
Aluminum has 61 percent of conductivity than copper. Aluminum is lighter in weight than copper. Aluminum is more inexpensive than copper.
Aluminum conductors consist of different alloys. Aluminum is commonly used for building wire connections.
Round stranded compressed is around or sector conductor. It’s all stranded layers are in the same direction. Its surface is smooth and it does not contain any air spaces. The result of this conductor is smaller in diameter.
Both conductors are used in aerial bundled cables because these are inexpensive, reliable and more convenient for aerial bundled cables.
Chapter no 4: What are the advantages of aerial bundled cables?
Aerial bundled cables are very useful and they have many advantages.
You can install aerial bundled cables very easily. There is no complex method to install these cables. Labors can easily install these cables.
Aerial bundled cables do not need much maintenance. And there is not much need to inspect these cables.
Aerial bundled cables are available at less price as compared to other cables available in the market.
Aerial bundled cables are very safe cables especially at the time when a person is working with live conductors. These cables are not harmed at that time.
Aerial bundled cables are the perfect option for power distribution in urban areas or areas which are congested or have narrow streets.
Aerial bundled cables are more reliable than other kind of cables. Heat cold and other atmospheric factors can not affect these cables.
Many aerial bundled cables can be installed on one pole.
There is not much need to cut down the trees for the installation of aerial bundled cables.
No one can theft electricity from these cables.
There is less risk of breaking down wires. Breakdown of wires is only possible in case of falling of trees.
These cables are not harmful to the lineman or worker who is installing these cables or working with these cables
Aerial bundled cables have lots of advantages like it is available on a cheap price. These cables are flexible. These cables are more reliable than other cables.
These cables are safer than other cables. These cables can be installed easily. These cables are best for narrow streets and congested areas. There is less power breakdown in these cables.
You can easily install these cables at a low cost.
Chapter no 5: What are the different applications of aerial bundled cables?
There are different applications of aerial bundled cables.
Aerial bundled cables are best for those areas where there is more risk of electricity theft.
Aerial bundled cables are best for installation in those areas where there are narrow streets and more trees and congested areas.
Aerial bundled cables can also be used temporarily.
Aerial bundled cables are best for hilly or mountain areas because in these areas underground cables can be very costly so instead of underground cables aerial bundled cables can be available at a low cost.
It can be installed in those areas where there is a need for a high degree of voltage.
It is used in the areas where there are power lines with low voltage.
Chapter no 6: What is the classification of aerial bundled cables?
Aerial bundled cables have many benefits over undergrounds cables
They are available at low cost as compared to underground cables
Aerial bundled cables are easy to install as compared to underground cables
Aerial bundled cables are overhead power distribution
Aerial bundled cables require less time for installation as compared to underground cables it’s easy to set up aerial bundled cables than underground cables
It’s easy to repair aerial bundled cables in case of any fault than underground cables
CHAPTERno7: How to install the Dostribribution box for Aerial bundled cables?
INSTALLATION OF DISTRIBUTION BOX
The accessory required for installing spring loading box
|Straps and Buckles
|Oxide inhibiting compound
|THE series tools are required during installation striper
|Strap binding tool
|Cable insulation Stripper
PROCEDURE FOR MOUNTING THE DISTRIBUTION BOX
Axes his spring-loaded single-phase distribution boxes and the spring-loaded three-phase distribution box
Locate the distribution box on the pool pas the stripe from the slot of the distribution box
Locate the ends of brackets into the whole of strips facing the bracket using the nut and washer
Open the box using the special key supply with the box in excess distribution boxes.
Colors are used to represent phase and notable cables represent single-phase cable and black represent Neutral cable.
The three single-phase box red yellow and blue represent and black represent then neutral cable
Stripe the incoming cable up to required length clean the strings you may apply oxide inhibiting compound left the spring-loaded liver to stripe cable release the liver lock the distribution box with a special key.
CHAPTER NO8: What is the specification of aerial bundled?
The aerial bundled cable is also known as aerial bundled conductors they are stated as ABC (aerial bundled cable or aerial bundled conductors they are power lines that use several phase conductor and these bundled tightly together.
There is a neutral conductor they are used in an insulated conductor within uninsulated conductor the traditional practice are separated by air gaps when their variation of top power lines then they utilize bundled conductors.
They are closer together where the point is touching but in each conductor, there are surrounded by an insulating layer but are neutral side there no insulting layer is natural they designed traditionally by multiple conductors and they considered by an unappealing external force such as high wind which cause touch short circuit.
There resultant spark which is the cause of bush fires in dry climate their upper phrase which intact the conductors and simultaneously they disconnect of all conductors but in moisture climate the growth of tree is a significant problem of power lines in arcadian they were not touched by the branch of tree although the regular rubbing is the big problems of tree trimming costs can be reduced day by day
on the area where a large number of trees and branches falling line by line is the big problem of aerial bundled cable (ABC)and that the lines designated over time.
Due to a very large force (strain)the process of cracking and breaking insulator which can lead short circuit failures which lead the ground fires due to dripping of molten insulation Low voltage aerial bundled cable (ABC)already have been developed in several countries across the globe ABC are more reliable and they require less tree clearing.
CHAPTERNO9: WHAT are advantages or aerial bundled cable?
They are less labor-intensive
They require less maintenance
They are eliminated by bushfires and being initiated by conductors when they are clashing
They are cheaper and safer
The aerial cable is also known as air cable
It is an insulated cable which conducts all conductors and this is required for the electrical distribution system and typically the usage of air bundled cable or telecommunication (which communicate the people)
The aerial bu died cable suspended between utility poles or electricity polyenes
If the aerial bundled cable is properly insulated and there is no electric shock when touching the poles and they require no requirement for mounting the insulator of poles or pylons
They require less right of way than overhead lines
The design of the aerial cable is shielded cable for telecommunicating
Aerial cable os a source of telecommunicating with aerial cable we transfer information from one or more people
When the cable fall by incident it still operates but the insulation is not damage
The installation of aerial bundled cable is to install by poles or pylons it may be cheaper to install than underground cable and there is no work of digging is required
And the aerial bundled cable or air cable is more expensive in rocky areas
The redesign by overhead distribution and all lines are made of a conductor
The neutral cores of cable laid up in a bundle with a left-hand key all conductor made of aluminum
They are a standard aluminum conductor
While insulated and copper tape screened single cores cables the galvanized steel wires are in the right hand
The color of cores having red, yellow and blue tape shall be applied between metallic and non-metallic insulator of steel
The circular compacted standard aluminum conductor which are insulated by pure copper wires and insulation and copper wire were screamed single cores cable are bundled
They are circular compacted cable
The extruded layer of the conductor is semi conducted compound
The insulation rated as 90C
They are a cross-linked compound
They support conductor to aluminum alloy conductor
They assemble the insulated core must be in bundled and support conductor by the right hand
Their specification for low voltage aerial bundled conductor which is an alum
In aerial bundled cable there is a circular compacted stranded aluminum conductor and that insulate copper tape screened and outer cable the insulated copper tape screened single core cable is bundled around the steel wires in a right hand
In conductor phase there are circular compacted stranded aluminum conductor screen outer layer are semiconductor compound | <urn:uuid:df2d12c4-90a2-4bed-95c9-b7bab40c61b4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.ssgcable.com/aerial-bundled-cable/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100972.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209202131-20231209232131-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.936976 | 2,533 | 3.109375 | 3 |
A Pre-Feedback Worksheet: From Finding Fault to Useful Feedback
Fault-finding is an island of security for incompetent leaders. But, feedback launches into the deep.
- Weak leaders feel powerful.
- Dumb leaders feel smart.
- Unworthy leaders feel deserving.
- Small leaders feel big.
- Insecure leaders feel safe.
Fault-finding is a base form of intelligence.
A pre-feedback worksheet – from finding fault to useful feedback:
Create the feedback mindset with a pre-feedback worksheet.
Write the recipient’s name on the top of a sheet of paper. Yes, use pen and paper. Writing is thinking.
#1. List the praiseworthy qualities and behaviors of the person about to receive feedback.
- They arrive on time.
- They’re pleasant to be around.
- They’re great at … .
- When you hired them, you saw … .
- They’ve learned how to … .
#2. Imagine the future of the feedback recipient. What happens if the negative behavior continues?
#3. Record at least three ways feedback might benefit the recipient?
#4. List at least three things you don’t want to do during the feedback conversation. For example:
- Attack the person.
- Use “always” or “never”.
#5. List at least five things you want to do during the feedback conversation. For example:
- Express confidence.
- Show respect.
- Stay open to options for the path forward.
- Provide support.
*Determine how you will do the things on your list.
Commit to helping others succeed or you’ll end up disliking your team.
Fault-finding or feedback:
Angry feedback is interpreted as fault-finding. Feedback isn’t venting or therapy for the giver.
Any feedback that begins with, “I have to get something off my chest,” misses the point.
Fault-finders look through the wrong end of the telescope when reflecting on themselves and the right end when looking at others.
Fault-finders circle darkness. Feedback presses for light. Useful feedback rallies for improvement.
Fault-finders lack passion for growth. Feedback includes commitment to support. Never give feedback unless you’re committed to the recipient’s success.
What suggestions do you have for a pre-feedback worksheet?
What’s the difference between finding fault and giving feedback? | <urn:uuid:9716bfb7-ad2b-4abd-9006-498baff5e82e> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://leadershipfreak.blog/2017/10/31/a-pre-feedback-worksheet-from-finding-fault-to-useful-feedback/?replytocom=177603 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255071.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190519161546-20190519183546-00431.warc.gz | en | 0.858862 | 542 | 2.875 | 3 |
How to Reduce Inflammation and Provide Natural Antioxidant Support to Your Cells
An important aspect of the treating adrenal fatigue is combating inflammation. To do so, everyone should take a strong antioxidant daily. If you eat a healthy diet, do you really need to take an antioxidant? Probably.
The food you're consuming may not be as nutritious as you think. The soil where many vegetables grow is nutrient-depleted. Add to this the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and preservatives and the toxins in some foods, and you're likely not providing your body with all the nutrition (and antioxidants) that you think that you are.
If you live in a bubble, you're not subject to any stress, you haven't been diagnosed with any chronic medical condition, you're getting 7 hours of quality sleep each night, and you eat nothing artificial or processed, then you don't need to add a daily antioxidant to your regimen. Unfortunately, no one meets those criteria.
You're likely to underestimate the degree of daily stresses and toxins that your body is exposed to and has to deal with — acidity, oxidative stress, and free-radical formation. Your body needs antioxidant support to deal with these daily stresses.
When you walked through the farmers’ market or the produce department at the supermarket, you likely noticed the vibrant colors of many of the vegetables — red, yellow, and green bell peppers; orange carrots; yellow squash. The colors come from carotenoids, the pigments found in many vegetables.
Carotenoids, which include alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein, astaxanthin, and zeaxanthin, have many beneficial properties. The carotenoids are potent antioxidants, and they inhibit certain pathways of inflammation, including the cyclooxygenase pathway.
In the body, some of the highest levels from this group of antioxidants are found in the adrenal glands. Because your body is unable to produce carotenoids, you need to either consume them in the diet or obtain them from supplements. This class of antioxidants is great for anyone with adrenal fatigue.
Foods high in carotenoids include pigmented fruits and vegetables, including berries, peppers, and green leafy vegetables. If you're able to get three to four servings of fruits and vegetables a day, you're likely getting an adequate amount of carotenoids. In the setting of adrenal fatigue, supplement with at least 5 milligrams of astaxanthin, 2 milligrams of zeaxanthin, and 5 milligrams of lutein.
Green tea is an antioxidant with many health benefits. Research demonstrates that green tea may be especially helpful for combating brain fog associated with adrenal fatigue. The main ingredient in green tea is (get ready for some chemistry) epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG).
An article from the journal Life Sciences in 2013 reviewed the anti-inflammatory properties of EGCG in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This condition, which is strongly associated with inflammation, is a cause of increased adrenal stress and adrenal fatigue. The authors felt that not only was EGCG beneficial in decreasing inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis, but EGCG also had heart protective effects.
Green tea is such an excellent antioxidant that you should aim to consume it at least two to three times a day if you can. You can have an 8-ounce cup of green tea with each meal. The amount of caffeine in green tea is very small compared to other caffeinated beverages.
If you don't like the taste of the drink, another option is a green tea capsule, which you can take once daily in the morning.
Turmeric — it's not just for South Asian cooking anymore! Actually, turmeric is a powerful antioxidant that has been used for centuries for its ability to reduce inflammation and treat pain. It's well known in traditional Indian medicine, which is called Ayurveda.
The main ingredient in turmeric is curcumin, a substance with powerful anticancer properties and excellent heart benefits. Some laboratory research data strongly suggests that curcumin directly benefits the adrenal glands.
In a study appearing in Brain Research in 2005, animals were subjected to daily stress for a period of 3 weeks. Researchers found that the chronic stress increased the thickness of the adrenal glands. The animals also demonstrated increased cortisol levels. The authors found that giving the animals curcumin reversed these changes to the adrenal glands.
Because of its strong anti-inflammatory properties, turmeric may decrease the stress on the adrenal glands and subsequently decrease the cortisol production.
Here are two easy ways that you can add turmeric to your diet:
Sprinkle turmeric powder (a spice) on each meal. Turmeric is in all major grocery stores.
Take turmeric capsules. A typical starting dose is 400 to 500 milligrams a day, taken in the morning. You can buy the capsules at co-ops, at health food stores, or online.
Quercetin is an antioxidant that has strong anti-inflammatory properties. An article from the Journal of Research in Medical Sciences in 2012 demonstrated that quercetin was effective in decreasing C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in human subjects. High levels of CRP and IL-6 are suggestive of active inflammation. Quercetin is a strong antioxidant, and it counters the oxidative stress and cellular damage associated with chronic inflammation.
Quercetin can be a tremendous aid if you have any medical conditions affecting the lungs, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, and bronchiectasis.
Quercetin is a plant pigment found in fruits (apples and berries), vegetables (broccoli and green leafy vegetables), and grains. The trouble is that these foods don't contain much quercetin, so you're probably not getting enough of it in your diet. The answer, in this case, is supplementation.
Turmeric and quercetin are called flavonoids. Other flavonoids include green tea extract, grape seed extract, pine bark extract, and citrus bioflavonoids. All of them have excellent antioxidant effects, so you may consider a supplement complex that contains many of them.
You can find many different formulations of bioflavonoid complexes, and each formulation has different amounts of each component. Speak with your healthcare provider to find out which formulation may be appropriate for you. | <urn:uuid:bddb64d8-3491-4ac8-a079-f4222944916e> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-to-reduce-inflammation-and-provide-natural-ant.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929012.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00320-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940782 | 1,355 | 2.578125 | 3 |
equipment, but many of the students were reliant on support staff to change channels etc.
We created a cost effective accessible interface which would enable many of
our students to access TV, DVDs and MP3s independently.
Step 1: Hardware
advent of the ‘all in one’ PC makes it possible to purchase a touch screen Windows PC at
very low cost. At the start of the project we purchased some Asus EEE PCs for approx
£400 each, and later we purchased some similar MSI machines with slightly bigger
screens for the same price. These machines are based on netbook architecture, so
would not be suitable for processor intensive tasks like video editing. However they are
more than capable of running the sofware needed to create an accessible media centre.
The next issue was to equip these machines with an environmental control unit so that
they could send out infra red codes to control other devices like a Sky+ box. We initially
used a USB backbox supplied by Sensory Software
(http://www.sensorysoftware.com/backbox.html). This did the job just fine, but the box
is not just a GEWA controller – it also has switch inputs and amplified speakers built in
which were not required for this task. The price of this box was greater than the PC
itself, therefore not really satisfying the ‘cost effective’ criteria! After some research we
found a TIRA sender which could be purchased direct from the manufacturer in Canada
for approx £50 each (http://www.home-electro.com/tira2.php). This device is fully
supported in The Grid 2 software – see below. Although much more cost effective, it
should be noted that it also takes much longer to set up initially. Using a GEWA prog
device, the IR codes are stored in the GEWA itself and so it is only necessary to ‘teach’
each buttion from the original remote control once. However, with a TIRA device the IR
codes are stored in the individual Grid 2 buttons and so need to be taught repeatedly
when setting up a grid of this kind.
The PC was mounted on the wall using a VESA mount at wheelchair height, which can tilt
and swivel. Relevant ports and switches (such as Power!) were labelled to make
operation as user friendly as possible. | <urn:uuid:67b0609d-0500-4d20-9713-295871a05d09> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.instructables.com/id/Make-TVs-and-DVDs-accessible-large-touchscreen-c/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930443.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00017-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955402 | 503 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The Butsuzōzui (仏像図彙) is a collection of Buddhist iconographic sketches said to have been painted by Hidenobu Tosa of the Tosa school. Originally published in 1690 in five volumes, it comprises more than 800 sketches, inspired by the Chinese style of paintings called Paihuo, with the Buddhist icons divided into five parts and further categorized. In Edo-period Japan the Butsuzōzui compendium was the most widely distributed source for information on Buddhist and Shinbutsu deities.
Buddhist art is the artistic practices that are influenced by Buddhism.
It includes art media which depict Buddhas, bodhisattvas, and other entities, notable Buddhist figures, both historical and mythical, narrative scenes from the lives of all of these, mandalas and other graphic aids to practice, as well as physical objects associated with Buddhist practice, such as vajras, bells, stupas and Buddhist temple architecture.
Buddhist art originated on the Indian subcontinent following the historical life .
Buddhist art originated in the north of the Indian subcontinent, in modern India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, with the earliest survivals dating from a few centuries after the historical life of Siddhartha Gautama from the 6th to 5th century BCE.
Buddhist paintings are visual art produced in the context of Buddhism.
It includes depictions of Gautama Buddha and other Buddhas and bodhisattvas, notable Buddhist figures both historical and mythical, narrative scenes from their lives, mandalas, and . | <urn:uuid:43811584-df47-45c6-8c84-a0a25d3cf154> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://mandalas.life/tag/butsuzozui/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710733.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130060525-20221130090525-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.948656 | 330 | 3.75 | 4 |
- UCAS course code
- UCAS institution code
BSc Genetics with a Modern Language / Course details
Year of entry: 2021
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Course unit details:
Science & the Modern World
|Unit level||Level 1|
|Teaching period(s)||Semester 1|
|Offered by||Centre for History of Science, Technology & Medicine (L5)|
|Available as a free choice unit?||Yes|
Science has a central role in our cultural, economic and political life. You will reflect on the role of science in the past and in the present through the use of a variety of resources including literature and film.
Using a variety of examples from past and present, this unit explores the place of science in human affairs. By using a non-specialist vocabulary, it helps to understand why we trust scientists and where that reliance comes from historically. It invites to reflect critically on the methods scientific experts use and the influence they exercise in the modern world.
A variety of resources, from scientists’ writings to literature and film will thus be made available to introduce arts, humanities and science students to different ways of understanding science in the past and the present. Through a variety of case studies showing scientists at work the course analyses their ambitions, successes and the controversies that their research engendered. It will thus explore how science confronts politics, religion and culture more generally.
What is science? And why does science have authority in our society and culture? You don’t have to be Einstein to find an answer!
PLEASE NOTE that this course can be taken in 10 or 20 credit versions.
Students will have an appreciation of the complexity of the modern sciences in the broad context of their historical development; understand a range of ways of thinking about the sciences and contemporary society and the relationships between them; be able to reflect critically on the role of the sciences in modern culture; develop their communication and group-working skills.
Lectures form a connected series of case studies of various aspects of science in society and culture, based on the following themes:
- What is Science? An Introduction to the course
- Who should we trust? The authority of science
- “This statement is false” is false: truth and method
- C.U.D.O.S.! Science and ideology.
- God or Nature? Looking at science and
- The path towards global warming: Discovering the environment
- Show me the money! Science as a commodity
- Sexist? Science and Gender
- The Dark Side: War, Secrecy and Surveillance
- Non-Neutral or Post-Normal? Science and its critics
Review of the course Seminars consolidate lecture material through a set weekly reading. Students are required to conduct groups activities based on their readings, answer questions and discuss the content. They will also prepare weekly a piece of writing that will then form integral part of their final essay.
Transferable skills and personal qualities
This course offers an opportunity to learn creatively and collectively. Your team-working skills will definitely improve as result of coursework activities and so will your leading skills. The research output requested will increase your problem-solving capacity, while it will also give you an invaluable opportunity to improve your writing skills. More significantly, you’ll get up to speed with your knowledge of science and learn to critically review what is being discussed in the media and there will be a significant amount of discussions in the class which will help you to give and accept constructive criticism.
1. Non-assessed one paragraph summaries of the readings which are used to provide students with feedback on their reading and writing abilities. These abstracts are meant to introduce skills that could be applied in essay writing.
2. Essays on select topics, pre-circulated. The essays are 1000 words long and are meant to enable students to produce a short but coherent review of the arguments related to the course. In the running of weekly coursework, students will prepare the sections of their final essay accordingly to the principles of “patchwork assessment”. They will also learn how to write an essay and what literature is available.
3. Students taking this unit as 20credits will additionally learn how to research and write a longer piece.
- Analytical skills
- Analytical skills are at the core of all the above exercises.
- Essays are based on students' own interests and ideas and it is the requirement of the unit that they offer their own views on existing debates or issues. This ethos is further strengthened by the class discussions. The key in all such exercises is the ability to understand the logic of sustainable claims with relevance to non-scientific discourse.
- Oral communication
- Students do not have a formal oral presentation in this unit but they are asked to read a text for the seminars during which an oral interaction takes form of a discussion on a topic of relevance for science and society issues - usually on a topical issue such as the role of ideology in science, or the role of laboratory work in the production of biological knowledge. The seminars are lively and sometimes demanding in that they require the skills of real-time dialoguing and defending opposing cases.
- Students perform research for essays. They are given a list of initial readings but are not fed into reproducing the consensus. They are told how to use databases, how to avoid unreliable public domain resources and how to develop the criteria for judging the quality of academic work.
- Written communication
- See transferable skills above
- Critical analysis and independent evaluation of arguments in relevant literature. Communication skills developed during seminars. Effective writing skills (abstract summaries) and extended composition for Essays. Independent research, time management and organization of data for Projects. Team work in preparation for in seminars. Effective learning and revision techniques.
Both lecture and seminar content are assessed by:
- 1000 word essay (50% of overall mark)
- 2 hour exam (50% of overall mark)
Students are encouraged to ask questions at any time during lectures and seminars. Teaching staff answers queries in the class and also by email or during office hours (contact details in the course handbook or at lectures). All submitted coursework will be returned with annotations and comments explaining the rationale for the marks given.
- Peter Bowler & Iwan Morus, Making Modern Science: A Historical Survey, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
- Alan Chalmers, What is This Thing Called Science? Indianapolis: Hackett Publications, 1999
- Harry Collins and Trevor Pinch, The Golem: What Everyone Should Know About Science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998
|Scheduled activity hours|
|Assessment written exam||2|
|Independent study hours|
|Simone Turchetti||Unit coordinator| | <urn:uuid:13b5a13c-0726-47a7-93a1-c069aa8efae1> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.manchester.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/courses/2021/00573/bsc-genetics-with-a-modern-language/course-details/HSTM10221 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178376467.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307105633-20210307135633-00602.warc.gz | en | 0.913935 | 1,402 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Some of the PDF page sizes are not ideal to use in professional fields; that's why you have to resize them. The PDF file has different size pages because they contain different kinds of content. For that, there may be some large, small, legal-size, or letter-size pages are available in one PDF file. In these situations, you may have to change the size of PDF documents to use in your official document or publish them.
Once you find out that your PDF file has the wrong ratio of size, you need to use some tool to resize them according to your requirements. The Adobe PDF changes page size, so you can make your PDF representable.
In this article
Part 1. How to Crop a Page in Adobe Acrobat?
Adobe Acrobat is a tool that is mainly used to create, edit and view PDF files. It keeps you connected with your team members because the tool is available on desktop, web, and mobile phones. With Adobe Acrobat, you can print, annotate, sign, and share your PDF documents. The crop tool helps to crop pages that are different in sizes to adjust the size; also, you may crop margins.
If you want to crop pages from PDF documents by using Adobe Acrobat, here are simple steps to follow to change page size in Adobe Acrobat:
Step 1 Open your PDF File
Adobe Acrobat Pro DC works on both Windows and Mac; that's why to install the tool on your computer and open the file for cropping by launching Adobe Acrobat.
Step 2 Access Crop Feature of Adobe Acrobat
In the "Tool" menu, which is at the top, select "Edit PDF” to enable the editing mode of Adobe Acrobat. Then, click on the “Crop pages” from the “Edit” toolbar. You can adjust the Adobe Acrobat page size with the help of a mouse.
Step 3 Set Page Boxes in Adobe Acrobat
When the page size is selected, double-click it, so a new dialog "Set Page Boxes" appear to select the page margin, size, and range. Also, if you want to crop the PDF file with the same margins, go to "Page range" and click on "All." When you make all changes, then click "OK" to complete the process of Adobe change page size.
Part 2. Batch Resize PDF Pages in Adobe Acrobat
If you have to resize batch PDF pages and need a tool for this purpose. You can do it with resize PDF Adobe Acrobat by following basic steps:
Step 1 Import the PDF File on Adobe Acrobat
To batch resize PDF pages, open the "Adobe Acrobat" and import the PDF file from your computer.
Step 2 Select the Printer
Now, press "CTRL + P" to open the "Print," choose "Adobe Print to PDF" or "Microsoft Print to PDF" from all the options of "Printer." From "Pages to Print," select "All" to print the complete PDF file.
Step 3 Selection of Page Size and Print
Then, go to "Page Setup," select the appropriate size from the "Size" option. Finally, click on the "Print," so Adobe Acrobat resize page of PDF in batch for you and save afterwards.
Part 3. Can I Create a Custom-Sized Page in Adobe Acrobat? (Windows & Mac)
No, Adobe Acrobat cannot create a custom-sized page because it does not have the feature of Adobe PDF page size dimensions in it. The only way to create a custom-sized page in a PDF is to use PDFelement. According to your preferences, you can enter the exact width and height of the page by using this tool.
Wondershare PDFelement is the best tool to create good quality PDF documents quickly. These days, PDF formats are mainly used in business documents so that you can convert any file into PDF. The tool is also effective in creating blank PDF documents and create PDF files from portfolios and the clipboard. Moreover, it is very simple and easy, so you can make all the changes to your file within a few minutes.
Part 4. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
- Is File Size Reduced During Cropping?
No, when you crop a PDF file, it just hides the extra information that is not included in the cropping area. For reducing the size, you have to use any other file reducing tool. We recommend you try the PDF Optimizer feature of PDFelement to reduce the size of PDF files.
- Why Do We Use a PDF Compressor?
When you have multiple images in your PDF file, it ultimately enhances the file size that can be difficult for you to upload. In this case, you need to compress the PDF file, but it can also reduce images size. You can easily compress your PDF file by using an online PDF compressor. You can use this resize PDF Adobe tool if you have just the basic information about Adobe Acrobat.
- What is the Difference between the Vector and Raster PDF?
Often, a PDF file is a vector, but it can also be a raster file that depends upon the creation of a PDF. It depends on the selection, including flattening the layers or retaining each one that helps to regulate the image type.
- Does Reducing the PDF Size Lower the Quality?
The content in the files may expand the size of PDF; that's why it is tricky to upload or download these files. To resolve this issue, many people use tools to compress PDF files. But the drawback of reducing the PDF size is that it can lower the quality of the file.
- What is Meant by Flattering a PDF?
Flattering allows you to merge the separated content of your PDF document and make a single file. It is important because it does not allow to fill checkboxes, radio buttons, text boxes, and drop-down lists. With flattering, all your content will represent as "Native Text."
The Bottom Line
There are numerous cases where you need to change the page size of your document to make it compatible with the environment. For this, it is very important to have the best tool for it. This article features a clear discussion of how to change the page size of a PDF document with the help of the resize PDF Adobe Acrobat feature. | <urn:uuid:8fedbc1b-5a5f-415c-a2ff-504496c9ceca> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://pdf.wondershare.com/resize-pdf/resize-pdf-adobe.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103329963.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627073417-20220627103417-00588.warc.gz | en | 0.884822 | 1,315 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Genoa [italian: Genova; latin, german: Genua; french: Gênes], oldest references from the 6th century BC as (a probably greek city) Stalia in Liguria but might have been inhabited much earlier. Lies on the mediterranean coast at the centre of the ligurian coastal arch, south of Milan and in the centre of a triangle with Marseille (west, 300 km), Zürich (north, 325 km) and Rome (southeast, 400km). 6th largest city in Italy, 69th largest city in europe.
Population: 587.000 | 679.000 | 591.000 | 378.000
Genoa, also called La Superba (the proud one), is especially known for its glorious past. The Romans renamed it Genua and gave it municipal rights. The city had its golden times as the Maritime Republic of Genoa, especially from the 12th to the end of the 14th century. During that time it was one of the leading maritime powers in the Mediterranean with colonies in the Middle East, the Aegean, Sicily and Northern Africa. It controlled Liguria, Piedmont, Sardinia, Corsica and Nice and had trade outposts in many places, especially in Spain and Constantinople. It had another golden time from the 16th century to the French Revolution when the genoese banks collaborated closely with the spanish crown. A famous son of the city was Christopher Columbus, born here in 1451. During the 19th and 20th century Genoa established itself as a ship-building and industrial powerhouse of Italy. Its Palazzi dei Rolli and the Le Strade Nuove („the new streets“) gave the city an UNESCO world heritage site and in 2004 it was a european capital of culture.
Our streetline presents a section of the southside of Via XX Settembre in Genoa. This major east-west street from the city centre (at Piazza de Ferrari) towards the East and San Vincenzo developed in the late 19th century. The street is crossed by the bridge Ponte Monumentale in its middle, which we can see at the left edge. It is a major shopping and promenading street of the Genoese and lined by representative buildings from the period, especially some of the finest Art Nouveau buildings in the region.
Click for larger view:
For classic view and more infos about the place:
We documented many more streets and places in Genoa. Find some unfinnished examples below.
Via Garibaldi | Strada Nuova
Palazzo San Giorgio | <urn:uuid:4835b05a-ab82-4e56-b13f-ab713ada7f3a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://101cityscapes.com/tag/street/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662515501.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517031843-20220517061843-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.948026 | 577 | 2.5625 | 3 |
This section describes the fundamentals of XQuery.
Describes sequence and also QNames and predefined namespaces.
Describes the two contexts in which XQuery is evaluated. These two contexts are static and dynamic.
Describes atomization, which is a process of extracting the typed value of an item.
Describes the effective Boolean value. This value can be computed for expressions that return a single Boolean value, a node sequence, or an empty sequence.
Describes the XQuery type system with various predefined types. XQuery is a strongly typed language for schema types and a weakly typed language for untyped data.
Describes the handling of static, dynamic, and type errors in XQuery.
Describes how to add comments in XQuery by using the "(:" and ":)" delimiters
Describes XQuery in SQL Server as a statically typed language | <urn:uuid:40d652f1-9fe8-4ec9-b626-9d1387af5696> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms190262(v=sql.120).aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936466999.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074106-00102-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.82175 | 182 | 3.25 | 3 |
This is what members of a team of scientists at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) are telling one another as they discuss a new finding they did not expect to make. They have discovered that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) – the flammable, highly toxic gas that we usually associate with the smell of rotten eggs in landfills and sewers – plays an important role in the regulation of a signaling pathway implicated in biological malfunctions linked to Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, among others.
“H2S comes under the category of things that people think of as toxic and nasty, but which can actually be harnessed to serve a useful purpose,” says CSHL Professor Nicholas K. Tonks, FRS, who led the research team. In fact, H2S, which is produced naturally in small quantities in various tissues, is a gasotransmitter, one of a family of gaseous signaling molecules that includes nitrous oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Unlike growth factors, cytokines and hormones that act through receptors in the cell membrane, these gasotransmitters are able to permeate membranes and enter freely the interior of living cells.
Tonks and colleagues were intrigued by reports in the scientific literature suggesting that H2S was produced as part of the cell’s response to what is called ER stress. The ER is the cellular organ called the endoplasmic reticulum. It is an extensive network of membranes spread throughout the cytosol, which is involved in protein synthesis and processing.
When the cell is placed under stress, specifically when newly formed proteins are being manufactured in the ER so rapidly that they do not fold properly, rendering them non-functional, the cell must make a decision either to slow protein production to match its physiological requirements, which could restore proper protein folding, or, if that is not sufficient, to commit a form of suicide called apoptosis.
The surprise in the research performed by Tonks’ team – which is published online today in Science Signaling – is that H2S plays a critical role in the exquisitely tuned signaling pathway through which cells make this fateful determination.
Navasona Krishnan, a postdoctoral fellow, performed an experiment to determine whether H2S could covalently modify an enzyme called PTP1B. Discovered by Tonks in 1988, PTP1B is a protein tyrosine phosphatase, or PTP – an enzyme that specifically removes phosphate groups from amino acid residues called tyrosines. This function is critical in regulating cellular signaling in normal and disease conditions.
H2S did indeed modify PTP1B, specifically on a cysteine amino acid residue in the enzyme’s active site, which inactivated the enzyme. A number of subsequent experiments performed in collaboration with CSHL Professor Darryl Pappin, who directs the proteomics Shared Resource at the Laboratory, identified this modification and revealed that it occurred in vitro and in vivo.
Because PTP1B is itself a signaling pathway regulator, this inactivation was immediately understood to be important and potentially useful. Further experimentation revealed that the H2S-induced modification to PTP1B prevented this phosphatase from inactivating an enzyme called PERK, which is a sensor of the presence of unfolded proteins and a critical regulator of the cell’s response to ER stress.
The completed puzzle is as follows: small amounts of hydrogen sulfide are produced when the cell senses ER stress; PTP1B undergoes a unique covalent modification at its active site in response to the H2S that is produced, which in turn prevents the phosphatase from dephosphorylating PERK thereby allowing the latter protein to play its specific regulatory role in response to the stress. Importantly, the process is fully reversible, such that this previously undiscovered pathway can act like a switch, to help fine-tune a response to stress that potentially can lead to cell death.
“We hypothesize that the controlled production of H2S could have a profound impact on how this part of the ER stress pathway – the PERK ‘arm’ – is regulated. When proteins are misfolded in response to cellular stress, the inactivation and reactivation of PTP1B appears to be one means by which the cell regulates its protein synthesis machinery and can exert tight control over whether it lives or dies, ,” says Tonks.
The linkage of such regulation with human disease is a subject that bears further exploration. ER stress is causally related to the protein-folding-related pathologies seen in such illnesses as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, Tonks says. “What we are trying to do is understand the structure of PTP1B in the presence and absence of its modification by H2S – to define this modification in molecular detail and understand its importance to the control of this major signaling enzyme in normal and disease states.”
“H2S-Induced sulfhydration of PTP1B and its role in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response,” was published December 13, 2011 in Science Signaling. The authors are: Navasona Krishnan, Cexiong Fu, Darryl Pappin and Nicholas K. Tonks. The paper is available online at: http://stke.sciencemag.org/index.dtl after 2pm ET December 13.
This research was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health and the CSHL Cancer Center. Additional support was provided by the Irving Hansen Foundation and the Masthead Cove Yacht Club Carol Marcincuk Fund.
About Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Founded in 1890, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) has shaped contemporary biomedical research and education with programs in cancer, neuroscience, plant biology and quantitative biology. CSHL is ranked number one in the world by Thomson Reuters for impact of its research in molecular biology and genetics. The Laboratory has been home to eight Nobel Prize winners. Today, CSHL’s multidisciplinary scientific community is more than 350 scientists strong and its Meetings & Courses program hosts more than 11,000 scientists from around the world each year. Tens of thousands more benefit from the research, reviews, and ideas published in journals and books distributed internationally by CSHL Press. The Laboratory’s education arm also includes a graduate school and programs for undergraduates as well as middle and high school students and teachers. CSHL is a private, not-for-profit institution on the north shore of Long Island. For more information, visit www.cshl.edu.
Written by: Peter Tarr, Senior Science Writer | firstname.lastname@example.org | 516-367-8455 | <urn:uuid:64655cf6-86d0-4933-ad8d-bff27d0a4e90> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.healthcanal.com/genetics-birth-defects/24561-unexpected-signaling-role-for-foul-smelling-hydrogen-sulfide-in-cell-response-to-protein-misfolding.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647600.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321082653-20180321102653-00750.warc.gz | en | 0.955419 | 1,406 | 3.125 | 3 |
High performance BLDC motors require position sensing for accurate control and efficient commutation. In other words, if the controller knows exactly where the motor is in its rotation (or relative to its initial position), the controller can apply the correct currents to achieve the desired speed, position, and/or trajectories. Position sensors, or encoders, come in several varieties and each have their own strengths and weaknesses. When selecting an encoder, it is important to consider the design implications, inherent encoder error, durability and cost. In this post, we will discuss a couple of the most popular encoders, including optical encoders and magnetic encoders.
Optical encoders use the interruption of light to translate motor position into electrical signals. These types of encoders are made up of a reflective rotating disc with non-reflective, evenly spaced lines, a light source, and a light detector. The light source and light detector are typically located next to each other, so when the light shines on the reflective surface of the disc, the light detector “sees” it after the light bounces off the surface and returns. However, when the disc rotates and the light shines on a non-reflective line, the detector will see no light. These on/off readings are converted into digital square wave quadrature output signals. By knowing the number of lines on disc (which correspond to the “pulses per rotation”), the controller can translate the encoder output signal into position and speed.
Depending on the resolution, optical encoders can be highly accurate and precise, and they typically have very low error, making them ideal for high precision applications. Unfortunately, dirt, dust, condensation, and other contaminants can compromise the line of sight between the light source and detector, which will result in incorrect signals. To ensure robust functionality in non-ideal environments, many optical encoder manufacturers have designed solutions to seal the mechanism from environmental hazards. While this prevents line of sight failures, it adds mass and increases price. Many industrial servo motors use integrated optical encoders for position sensing, and these optical encoders are one of the main reasons why industrial servos are usually bulky and expensive.
Magnetic encoders measure changes in magnetic field to read motor position. These types of encoders are made up of a magnetized component and a chip that has magnetic sensors and a conditioning circuit. The magnetized component can be a disc or simple diametric magnet, and it must be positioned near (usually directly above) the chip. As the magnetic component moves (either rotationally or linearly) the chip’s sensors, which can be Hall effect devices or magnetoresistive devices, detect the change in magnetic field. The conditioning circuit then takes that information to produce sine waves, which the controller can translate into position and speed.
The two primary advantages of magnetic encoders are their cost effectiveness and robustness. Magnetic encoders tend to be significantly (typically more than 50%) less expensive than optical encoders of similar resolution. They are also not affected by the contaminants that hinder the performance of optical encoders, making them more robust in harsh environments. Unfortunately, there are a few downsides to magnetic encoders that must be considered. First are the design complications. The distance between the chip and magnetic component must be just right, and any ferrous material near the sensor can manipulate the magnetic field, thus impacting position readings. Second, magnetic encoders experience more error than optical encoders of similar resolution. In other words, they aren’t as accurate or precise, which makes them worse for high precision applications.
IQ’s Experience and Calibration:
The magnetic rotary encoder has been an integral part of IQ’s products from the beginning. Their compact design and price point was conducive to building our earliest prototypes, and we still believe this component will enable us to build high performance, compact, and affordable motors and controllers that are the future of industrial automation and robotics.
One problem we had early on, however, was positional accuracy and precision. When comparing our solution to competitors using optical encoders, we couldn’t quite match their positioning abilities. So, we developed a calibration technique that would reduce magnetic encoder error. In doing so, we can make a magnetic encoder have less error than an optical encoder of similar resolution. We call this calibration process "Linearization." Below is a graph that shows IQ-calibrated magnetic encoders outperform optical encoders by 63%.
With the design lessons learned from early prototypes and our calibration technology, it is clear that magnetic encoders will be a vital component in IQ’s products going forward! | <urn:uuid:41e176d9-d0e8-4d84-8942-de39475bfc93> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.iq-control.com/post/linearization | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151531.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724223025-20210725013025-00573.warc.gz | en | 0.917853 | 981 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The first edition of the Kalevala appeared in 1835, edited by Elias Lönnrot based on the popular epics he had collected in Finland and Karelia.
When the Kalevala first appeared in print, Finland had been an autonomous Grand Duchy under Russia for a quarter of a century. Before this, until 1809, Finland was part of the Swedish empire.
The Kalevala marked an important turning point, brought a small unknown people to the attention of other Europeans and strengthened Finns’ self-confidence and faith in the possibilities of the Finnish language and culture. The Kalevala began to be called the Finnish national epic.
Meanwhile Elias Lönnrot continued to collect other popular poems and new material quickly accumulated. Using this new material, Lönnrot published a second expanded version of the Kalevala in 1849.(1)
In our volumes we have given ample space to Finnish mythology, which we consider the basis of the Vanic cult. This mythology has many features shared with Finnish Estonian mythology and its non-Finnish neighbors, the Baltics and Scandinavians.
Some of their myths are even distantly related to the myths of other Finno-Ugric speakers such as the Sami.
Traditionally the Sami lived in a community of families called Siida, whose members collaborated with hunting and fishing. Officially the number of Sami is estimated between 44,000 and 50,000 people. It is assumed that around 30,000-35,000 live in Norway, 10,000 in Sweden, 3,000-4,000 in Finland and 1,000-2,000 in Russia. However, some think the actual number is considerably higher. The Sami have a Finno-Ugric language which is most closely related to Finnish, Estonian, Livonian, Votic and several other little-known languages.
Altogether there are fifty dialects, but these fall into three main groups (east, center and south) which are incomprehensible to each other. The Northern Sami dialect is the most widespread. Other dialects are Lule Sámi, Kildin Sámi, Inari Sámi, Skolt Sámi, Southern Sámi, Ter Sámi, Ume Sámi and Pite Sámi. Traditionally the Sami believed that specific spirits are associated with certain places and with the dead. Many are their myths and legends regarding religious practices, not to mention the constant presence in the literature of the legendary figures of the Trolls. (2)
Finnish mythology survived within an oral tradition of mythical songs of poetry and folklore until the 19th century.
Despite the gradual influence of the surrounding cultures the father god “Ukko” was originally born only as a spirit of nature like everyone else. All this unites with the religious conception of the Vanic people in the evolutionary stages of the concepts of natural spirit which evolves into daimon then deity, divinity to return through folk as a devil with the advent of Christianity.
Among the animals, the most sacred was the bear, whose real name was never spoken aloud, for fear that its species was advancing and interfering with the hunt.
The bear “karhu” in Finnish, was seen as the incarnation of ancestors and for this reason was called with many euphemisms: “Mesikämmen”, “otso”, “kontio” and “lakkapoika”
Cristfried Ganander’s Mythologia Fennica, published in 1789, was the first real academic foray into Finnish mythology.
Research on Finnish folklore intensified in the 19th century. Scholars such as Elias Lönnrot, JF Cajan, MA Castrén and DED Europaeus have traveled around Finland transcribing popular sung poems.
From this material Lönnrot modified the Kalevala and the Kanteletar.
The Finnish people believed that the world was formed by the explosion of a waterfowl egg. It was believed that the sky was the top cover of the egg, alternatively it was seen as a tent, which was supported by a column at the north pole, under the pole star.
It has been explained that the movement of the stars is caused by the rotation of the celestial dome around the North Star and itself. A large vortex was caused at the north pole by the rotation of the sky column. Through this vortex the souls could go out of the world to the land of the dead, Tuonela.
It was a home or an underground city for all the dead, not just the good or the bad. It was a dark and lifeless place, where everyone slept forever. The shaman could go to Tuonela in a trance to ask for guidance from the ancestors. Cross the river of Tuonela’s death. If he had a valid reason, a boat would come to get him.
At the ends of the earth was Lintukoto, “the house of the birds”, a warm region where birds lived during the winter. The Milky Way is called Linnunrata, “the path of the birds”, because it was believed that birds moved along it to Lintukoto and back.(3)
The poem we are examining today has inspired many artists. Tolkien first discovered Kalevala’s tale when he was a schoolboy in Birmingham.
Arriving at Oxford University a year later, Tolkien began writing his own version of the Finnish myth. But after a few months he suddenly gave up. The manuscript is about 26 pages long and breaks off in the middle of a sentence.
The Kalevala is written in non-rhyming trochei and octosyllabic dactyls (the Kalevala meter) and its style is characterized by very parallel alliterations and various repetitions.
Let’s say that all the traditional Finnish poetry was written in a single meter: the runo.
From Old Norse rýna «to make secret speeches», German raunen «to whisper».
Hence the link with the magic verb, a word that enchants a magical character.
The singer was the laulaja who was also runoja, because he transmits and creates tradition, he was runoseppä poet, runoniekka master of runo.
Poetry is much revered and even more so are the words, sanat (plural of sana), endowed with great divine power and efficacy. The plural sanat is used to indicate both the poem and the magic song (fi. Loitsuruno) which is the basis of the runo, originally created for magical purposes and then passed to indicate any type of poem.
The oldest term that distinguishes Finnish folk poetry is runo. It is used to designate traditional songs or poems with a unique form, fixed by the fathers at the time when the Finns were pagans, to express their religious conception. Of spontaneous, simple and primitive origin, the runo has its roots in the nature and phonetic peculiarities of Finnish. The harmony between vowels and consonants is heightened by the rhyme (fi. Loppusointu) and alliteration (fi. Alkusointu), the latter of fundamental importance for the “Kalevalian” verse. (3)
This poem inspired many outstanding works of art, for example the paintings by Akseli Gallen-Kallela and the musical compositions by Jean Sibelius. The epic style and meter of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s poem The Song of Hiawatha also reflect the influence of the Kalevala. (4)
The Kalevala, 32 cantos, 1835; enlarged in 50 cantos, 1849, it is the home of the main characters of the poem, it is a poetic name for Finland, which means “land of heroes”.
The leader of the “sons of Kaleva” is the old and wise Väinämöinen, a seer with supernatural origins, who is a master of the kantele, the Finnish harp stringed instrument.
Other characters are the skilled blacksmith llmarinen, who forged with others the “lids of the sky” when the world was created, he had a good relationship with Väinämöinen and respected him. The two traveled often. It was he who built the Sampo for Pohja and married Louhi’s daughter. He was brave and honest.
Lemminkäinen, the carefree warrior who charms women;
Louhi, the ruler of Pohjola, mighty land to the north; and the tragic hero Kullervo, who is forced by fate to be a slave from childhood.
Among the main plays of the poem are the creation of the world and the adventurous journeys of Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen and Lemminkäinen to Pohjola to woo Louhi’s beautiful daughter.
The Kalevala begins with the traditional Finnish creation myth, which leads to the creation stories of the earth, plants, creatures and the sky. Combat and internal storytelling are often accomplished by the character or characters involved chanting their exploits or wishes.
Many parts of the stories involve a character who approximates or requires texts (spells) to acquire some skills, such as boat building or mastery in iron making.
Sampo is a cornerstone of the whole work. Many actions and their consequences are caused by Sampo itself or by a character’s interaction with Sampo.
Its nature is still being studied, it is identified with a talisman that gives well-being to those who own it.
I do not resume the parts because it deserves to be read in its entirety, the division of the poem is the following.
Runo 1-2. Creation of the world.
Runo 3-10. First cycle of Väinämöinen.
Runo 11-15. First Lemminkäinen cycle.
Runo 16-18. Second cycle of Väinämöinen.
Runo 19-25. First cycle of Ilmarinen (the wedding).
Runo 26-30. Second cycle of Lemminkäinen.
Runo 31-35. Kullervo cycle.
Runo 39-44. The theft of the sampo.
Runo 45-49. Louhi’s Revenge.
Runo 50. History of Marjatta.
Although the Kalevala depicts the conditions and ideas of the pre-Christian period, the last chant seems to predict the decline of paganism: the servant Marjatta gives birth to a son after ingesting red myrtle. Väinämöinen orders the boy to be killed, but the boy starts talking and reproaches Väinämöinen for misjudging. The child is then baptized king of Karelia. Väinämöinen sails leaving only his songs and his kanteles to the Finnish people.
The poem ends and the singers say goodbye and thank their audience.
1 Anneli Asplund e Sirkka-Liisa Mettomäki, ottobre 2000, in https://finland.fi/arts-culture/
2 Laugrith Heid, La stregoneria dei Vani, Anaelsas Edizioni
3 Virtanen, Leea and Dubois, Thomas. (2000). Finnish Folklore
4 E. Zanchetta, Comparison between the Germanic and Finnish conception of the afterlife
Photo: Akseli Gallen-Kallela
*Shares without reference to the source are subject to complaint, since the elements of copyright established by italian law are infringed*
Il gruppo dei traduttori composto da Federico Pizzileo, Irene Parmeggiani, Valentina Moracci, Elio Antenucci, Federico Montemarano, Silvia Giannotti e Sonia Francesconi si occupa della traduzione in più lingue degli articoli e del sito web. | <urn:uuid:e9d12d5d-972a-497f-927d-56556775997b> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://vanatru.eu/the-enchantment-of-the-kalevala | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645810.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530131531-20230530161531-00533.warc.gz | en | 0.942503 | 2,604 | 3.65625 | 4 |
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) and the National Pork Board announced on Wednesday a collaborative agreement to assess potential methods to disinfect and decontaminate surfaces from African swine fever (ASF) virus.
Scientists will be evaluating commercial disinfectants and methods to decontaminate both porous and non-porous surfaces that are typically associated with swine production facilities at S&T’s Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), according to a DHS press release.
The research will be conducted through a funded cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA) between S&T PIADC and the National Pork Board.
“This important work with the National Pork Board will enhance our resilience against the threat of ASF virus,” said Dr. Larry Barrett, S&T PIADC Laboratory Director.
ASF, a highly contagious virus that impacts swine only and poses no risk to human health or food safety, poses the greatest threat to America’s swine industry, which is currently free of the disease. The U.S. is the largest pork exporter in the world, raising more than 115 million hogs valued at $24 billion annually.
“An outbreak of ASF – and a failure to plan for or manage its spread – would eliminate the domestic pork export market. There is currently no vaccine to protect swine in the event of an ASF outbreak. However, at PIADC we have established an interagency ASF Task Force with DHS S&T, USDA Agricultural Research Service, and USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, to develop vaccines, improved diagnostic tests and disinfectant testing for this emerging disease threat,” said Dr. John Neilan, S&T PIADC Science Director.
ASF has spread to more than 50 countries, including the world’s largest pork-producing country, China. The disease has resulted in a 25% drop in China’s pork production and a 55% decrease in China’s hogs in 2019, according to the release.
“America’s pig farmers continue to invest in seeking ways to keep ASF and other foreign animal diseases out of this country by partnering with groups such as those at Plum Island,” said Dave Pyburn, senior vice president of science and technology at the National Pork Board. “We’re committed to doing what’s needed to keep our nation’s pig herd protected and our industry safe from this global threat.”
The CRADA with National Pork Board stems from the ASF Task Force’s work at S&T PIADC and efforts to bring together expertise, resources and capabilities around mitigating the threat posed by accidental or intentional introduction of ASF into the U.S.
For more information, visit https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/plum-island-animal-disease-center.
More from Farm Journal's PORK: | <urn:uuid:b83b0e4c-640d-496f-83f2-52e2f3a01e19> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.agweb.com/article/homeland-security-partners-pork-board-assess-asf-disinfectants | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402130531.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930235415-20201001025415-00127.warc.gz | en | 0.930697 | 624 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Researchers at KAUST have 3D-printed a cube that harvests the ambient energy from mobile phones and modems. KAUST stands for King Abdullah University of Science and Technology.
Researchers from KAUST, Saudi Arabia, worked with colleagues from Ho Chi Minh University of Technology, Vietnam. They wrote about their work in the journal Nano Energy (citation below).
As smart devices become progressively smaller, the task of powering them gets more challenging. KAUST researchers say they have developed an inexpensive energy harvester that will help recharge IoT devices. The harvester gathers the energy from waves that wireless devices emit.
IoT (Internet of Things) is a system of interrelated machines, devices, objects, people, etc. that communicate with each other. Your car, for example, communicates with your house, which communicates with dozens of devices at home and outside.
System-on-package is one way that researchers are miniaturizing many devices for IoT applications. It is an emerging microelectronic technology that places a whole system on a single chip-size package.
Recent studies have shown that the protective packaging around microelectronic devices could be utilized to accommodate components. It could accommodate, for example, communication antennas for considerably less cost and space requirements.
Making IoT devices more self-sufficient
Prof. Atif Shamim realized that system-on-package principles could help many IoT devices become more self-sufficient. Atif Shamim is an Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering at KAUST’s Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division.
Prof. Shamim and his team tried to find strategies to develop highly-compact antennas that could tune into mobile and wireless devices’ radiofrequency signals.
The researchers then teamed up with Khaled Salama’s group, also at KAUST. Together, they worked on converting this energy into electricity. To do this, they used semiconductor diodes.
Khaled Nabil Salama is a Professor of Electrical Engineering at KAUST’s Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division. He is also the Principal Investigator at KAUST’s Sensors Lab.
Tapping into more of the wireless spectrum
Radiofrequency harvesters usually only tap into a small part of the wireless spectrum. They might tap into, for example, the 3G standard. The KAUST researchers aimed to create a multiband device that could accumulate energy from several different sources of communication.
First author, Azamat Bakytbekov, a PhD student at KAUST, said:
“Asking one antenna to do the job of several others simultaneously is tricky. You have to make sure the performance doesn’t drop at any one frequency point.”
KAUST researchers build the harvester
To build their harvester, the research team converted a cube-shaped package into the mathematical concept of fractals. Fractals are very complex patterns that are self-similar across different scales.
The team started by 3D-printing a square plastic substrate. They then screened printed fractal antennas on its surface using silver.
Finally, they glued all the five plastic pieces together to form a cube. The cube was about five centimeters across.
Fractal antennas are able to introduce multiple resonances. This allows them to access a broader range of the radio spectrum.
In a press release, KAUST made the following comment regarding the cube:
“The symmetric geometry of the cube worked to enhance this effect by gathering radiation all around the cube. Subsequent wireless spectrum scanning revealed several distinct frequencies where energy harvesting could work.”
Real-world testing showed that the harvester gathered enough radio energy to power small wireless sensors. However, what happened when smartphone users walked near the 3D cube fascinated the researchers the most.
Co-author, Thang Nguyen, a Masters Student at Ho Chi Minh University of Technology, said:
“We saw the power gathered by the cube suddenly shoot up when a person nearby made a call. With the increase in mobile communication, this concept enables more and more radiofrequency energy to be harvested.”
What is 3D printing?
It contrasts with subtractive manufacturing, which works the other way round. With subtractive manufacturing, you begin with, for example, a block of metal. You gradual remove bits of it until you have your target object.
“Fully printed 3D cube-shaped multiband fractal rectenna for ambient RF energy harvesting,” Azamat Bakytbekov, Thang Q.Nguyen, Cuong Huynh, Khaled N. Salama, and Atif Shamim. Nano Energy, Volume 53, November 2018, Pages 587-595. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.09.022. | <urn:uuid:ff26385a-ef05-4f28-b562-711dfd9ca3f5> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://marketbusinessnews.com/3d-printed-cube-kaust/194924/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488534413.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623042426-20210623072426-00569.warc.gz | en | 0.920686 | 1,018 | 3.15625 | 3 |
ABOUT THIS BOOK
Heinrich Meier’s guiding insight in Political Philosophy and the Challenge of Revealed Religion is that philosophy must prove its right and its necessity in the face of the claim to truth and demand obedience of its most powerful opponent, revealed religion. Philosophy must rationally justify and politically defend its free and unreserved questioning, and, in doing so, turns decisively to political philosophy.
In the first of three chapters, Meier determines four intertwined moments constituting the concept of political philosophy as an articulated and internally dynamic whole. The following two chapters develop the concept through the interpretation of two masterpieces of political philosophy that have occupied Meier’s attention for more than thirty years: Leo Strauss’s Thoughts on Machiavelli and Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Social Contract. Meier provides a detailed investigation of Thoughts on Machiavelli, with an appendix containing Strauss’s original manuscript headings for each of his paragraphs. Linking the problem of Socrates (the origin of political philosophy) with the problem of Machiavelli (the beginning of modern political philosophy), while placing between them the political and theological claims opposed to philosophy, Strauss’s most complex and controversial book proves to be, as Meier shows, the most astonishing treatise on the challenge of revealed religion. The final chapter, which offers a new interpretation of the Social Contract, demonstrates that Rousseau’s most famous work can be adequately understood only as a coherent political-philosophic response to theocracy in all its forms. | <urn:uuid:d752a352-13c0-4ad6-9ecf-3b78ad878489> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.bibliovault.org/BV.book.epl?ISBN=9780226275994 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945660.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422212935-20180422232935-00587.warc.gz | en | 0.930134 | 313 | 2.90625 | 3 |
It’s pure science! The more you stretch a material, the more transparent it becomes; and more transparent means more light shines through. Scientists, including one of Indian-origin, have developed a polymer structure that may lead to cheaper materials for smart windows – surfaces that automatically adjust the amount of incoming light.
- The team, including Shanmugam Kumar from Masdar Institute of Science and Technology in Abu Dhabi, envisions covering window surfaces with several layers of the polymer structure.
- Designers could use the group’s equation to determine the amount of force to apply to a polymer layer to effectively tune the amount of incoming light.
Video: Melanie Gonick/MIT | <urn:uuid:9e4a2fce-fa26-4fb4-9cf6-75b89eb98996> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://blog.thewavegroup.com/let-there-be-light-smart-windows/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209562.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814185903-20180814205903-00650.warc.gz | en | 0.890167 | 140 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Gender Dysphoria (formerly known as Gender Identity Disorder) has received a substantial amount of media attention recently, with the very public gender transformation of Caitlyn Jenner and award winning shows such as Transparent. Fortunately, public awareness of gender dysphoria has opened the door to increased societal acceptance and understanding for individuals with a variety of gender identities. Despite improvements in the awareness and acceptance of gender issues, children and adolescents who present with gender dysphoria often feel confused and ashamed. Parents and family members may also experience confusion about their child’s gender dysphoria and feel unsure about how to respond. The following is meant as a starting guide for families who are beginning to navigate gender related issues with their child.
First, it’s important to understand the difference between the terms sex and gender. Sex is a term that describes the anatomy of a person’s reproductive system, genetic makeup, and secondary sexual characteristics. Sex is typically assigned at birth based on a child’s anatomy and is usually male or female (although it is important to note that sex also exists on a spectrum and some individuals are born with intersex conditions). Gender is a more complicated term to define because it is more fluid then sex. Gender refers to the way in which a given society defines the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors of men vs. women. Individuals who are cisgender identify with a gender that aligns with the sex they were assigned at birth whereas individuals that are transgender identify with a gender identity that differs from their assigned sex (e.g., a person who identities as female but was born with male sexual characteristics). Gender dysphoria, which is a diagnostic code in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V) is a term used to describe individuals who experience distress or impairment due to their persistent identification with a gender that differs from the gender others would assign him or her. Individuals with gender dysphoria have a strong desire to be treated as the other gender and in some cases to be rid of their born sexual characteristics. Gender is best thought of as on a spectrum as there is increasing awareness of various gender identities that fall outside traditional male or female identities (e.g., bigender, agender, genderqueer). Finally, sexuality and gender are separate constructs and it is important to know that an individual’s gender identity does not determine their sexual identity. For example, a person who identifies as female but was born male may be attracted to women, men, or both.
A normal part of childhood and adolescence is to experiment with different identities and interests. Thus, it is normal for children to sometimes behave in ways that do not conform to societies’ gender roles (e.g., for a male child to dress up as a princess). A small portion of children, however, are very persistent in their identification with a gender opposite or different from their assigned gender. It is important to know that some children, adolescents, and adults who identify with a gender that is different from the one they were assigned at birth do not experience distress and therefore do not have gender dysphoria. However, psychological distress, such as anxiety or depression is often common in children with gender identity questions and in these cases the diagnosis of gender dysphoria is warranted. Children and adolescents with gender dysphoria may benefit from a gender evaluation and psychotherapy or psychiatry services. Some children and adolescents with gender dysphoria choose to socially transition or to pursue medical interventions (e.g., puberty suppressors, cross-hormone therapy, and genital surgery) consistent with their identified gender. In these cases, professional psychotherapy or psychiatry services can provide support for individuals as they move through the transition process and can assist individuals in making informed decisions that are right for them.
Sadly, individuals who experience gender dysphoria are often times marginalized from peers and even their families; in these cases, the risk for psychiatric problems and even suicide dramatically increases. Thus, family acceptance and support can be critically important in the long term outcomes of children with gender dysphoria. Often family therapy or supportive therapy for parents and family members can assist families in learning how to best support their child.
Written by Melina Sevlever, PhD | <urn:uuid:acd84718-442c-446d-8f19-32157d02a1ad> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://manhattanpsychologygroup.com/understanding-gender-dysphoria-children-adolescents/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496667767.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114002636-20191114030636-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.966079 | 850 | 4 | 4 |
Introduction: How to Sew.
This instructable will cover the basics of hand sewing - tools needed, threading the needle, knotting the thread, running stitch, basting stitch, backstitch, slipstitch, blanket stitch, whip stitch and finishing with knots.
Please comment with what you'd like to learn! I know this is not everything that needs to be covered, so I'd like input from everyone to see what you all want me to cover. :D
If you enjoy this instructable, please consider
checking out my Hand Sewing Class!
Here are some other tutorials that should be useful to help you learn how to sew:
And some beginner projects for you:
Step 1: Basic Sewing Tools.
These things will make you a nice little sewing kit:
- Needles - You'll want to look for "sharps" for basic sewing. "Betweens" are used for quilting. "Embroidery" or "crewel" needles have larger eyes (an eye is the hole at the top of the needle) and are used with thicker threads, like upholstery or embroidery floss.
- Scissors - You'll want a good pair of shears (normally sold with names like "dressmaking shears") and a pair of pinking shears. Pinking shears have small triangular teeth that cut the fabric in a such a way that it lessens unraveling. Smaller embroidery scissors are also good for cutting threads.
- Pincushion & Pins - You'll pin most everything you sew to keep the fabrics from slipping. A pincushion keeps them neat and tidy.
- Measuring tape - For measuring. ;)
- Air soluble/water soluble marking pens: perfect for embroidery and using patterns!
- Seam Ripper - This will help you correct mistakes.
- Beeswax - Sounds odd, I know. But essential for hand sewing. When you run your thread over the beewax, it gives the thread a nice coating that will keep it from tangling and make it stronger.
- Thimbles - These can be wood, leather or metal. They'll keep your fingers from getting sore and/or pricked.
- Thread or Floss - An all-purpose cotton thread is good for most things. However, there are many threads to choose from. You'll often pick thread based on your project - cotton fabric = cotton thread, silk = silk thread, etc. Floss is much thicker and normally comes in six-string strands. You'll use this for embroidery and finishing.
- Fabric - Might I recommend going to your local sewing store and buying some remnants to start off with? Remnants are small bits of fabric from the end of a fabric roll. They're quite cheap, I love them!
- Sewing Needle Booklet - You can either keep the packaging the needles come in or make your own! I made my own! You can get the pattern for it here: https://www.instructables.com/id/how-to-sew-a-needle-book/, or buy one in my etsy store!
You may also want to invest in an iron, self-healing cutting mat, rotary cutter, and rulers. But they're not entirely necessary!
And now that we have the basics, let's thread a needle!
Step 2: Threading the Needle!
Basically, there are two ways to do this.
One thread or doubled thread. I learned doubled, and that's how I do everything now. Many people also sew using a single thread so I'll teach both ways!
You'll want to trim the end of the thread that will be put through the eye with very sharp scissors. This will give it a clean edge and help you ease it through the eye of the needle.
If you have problems with this, you can buy a needle threader. They can be quite useful for those with bad eyes or shaky hands. :)
Now you'll decide whether to do double or single threaded.
Single threaded: pull the thread through the eye so that the needle is a few inches from the end. You can then cut the length of thread that you like. You will knot the longer single thread however you like and begin sewing.
Make sure you're holding the shorter bit of thread close to the needle while sewing - otherwise, it will slip through the eye and you'll have to keep rethreading it!
Double threaded: pull the thread through the eye and double it up. The end that's threaded through the eye will meet up with the thread from the spool. This way you'll have two tail ends. You'll knot these together and then sew with the doubled up thread.
I find this way easier, but it's really up to you!
If you're confused about how to knot the thread, see below:
I find it is easiest to wind the end of the thread around one of my fingers so that it forms a loop. You can then slip that loop off your finger and pull the end through. I usually do this twice so I know the knot will stay!
The last pictures will show this process. :D
Step 3: Finishing With a Knot!
I'm going to show three ways to knot. The way you knot might depend on what you're sewing, but most of the time it will be whatever is easiest for you.
Lots of pictures, I know, but the knots are color coded. :D
Purple thread - Knot #1 - This is used for doubled thread. Cut the thread right below the eye of the needle. You will now have two tails. Tie these tails in a standard knot. I normally do this a few times!
Pink thread - Knot #2 - This can be used for single or doubled thread. Hold the needle with one hand and the thread in the other. Loop the thread counterclockwise over the needle and pull it through. You'll now have the beginnings of a knot. Guide the loop down to the fabric and tighten - I normally use my finger to keep the knot in place while it tightens. Do this twice!
Green thread - Knot #3 - You'll need to make sure you have a stitch on the back or wrong side of the fabric that's close by. Take your needle and slip it under the stitch to form a loop. Guide your needle through the loop and tighten. I normally do this two or three times.
Can you tell I like knot security? ;)
Step 4: Running & Basting Stitches.
A running stitch is the stitch most people know - the basting stitch is a longer version of a running stitch. A running stitch can be used for most anything - basting stitches are really only used to keep two pieces of fabric together for fitting, applique, or machine sewing when pins would get in the way!
You'll want to start by threading your needle in one of the two ways I've taught you. Knot the thread end(s).
For the running stitch: bring your needle up through the fabric from the back (or wrong side, whichever lingo you prefer) until the knot hits the fabric. At this point, you'll simply make a stitch to the left or right of where the thread came through. Then bring the thread back up and start all over again!
For the basting stitch: simply make longer stitches, between 1/4" and 1/2" in length! These are the pink stitches in the first picture. :D
Pictures will make this easier. Follow along, now!
Keep in mind that running and basting stitches should look the same from both sides.
Step 5: Backstitch!
Backstitch is my absolute favorite stitch. It's smaller, stronger, and easier to keep straight than a running stitch. It is the closest to machine sewing that you can get by hand.
It's also pretty simple.
So thread your needle and knot the end of the threads.
Bring the needle up through the back or wrong side of the fabric until you hit the knot. Take a small stitch to the right or left. When the needle goes back through the the wrong side, you'll be bringing it up through the fabric one stitch away from the last stitch. You will then push the needle through the fabric right next to the end of the first stitch.
Sound confusing? Take a look at the pictures. It will help!
The first two pictures show multiple ways to backstitch. You can do the stitches right next to one another or space them out. I prefer them right next to each other. :)
Step 6: Slipstitching!
Learning to slip stitch is a little complicated, but it's a wonderful stitch to learn to finish your projects. Invisible stitches are the best! Slip stitching is a great way to finish small projects or project that really need to look finished and flawless. :D There are other ways, of course, but this is the main one I use. :) And once you learn to slip stitch you'll want to do it all the time!
There are tons of pictures - I promise it's the best way to learn!
To practice slip stitch you'll want to cut out a small square of fabric. Fold it in half and press. Open, and then fold each side into the center line. Press. Fold down center line. You'll have something that looks just like the piece of fabric I'm using.
Now, thread your needle - I chose double threaded for this one because it makes it more visible! Double threading your needle will make a stronger seam, but choose single threaded if you want the stitches to be almost invisible. I'm also using purple thread, though typically you will use thread to match your fabric so it blends in. :)
Knot it and pull the needle through the top of the fabric by sticking it through the top folded edge. Pull the thread until the knot catches. Now, move the needle to the bottom fold. You will want to stick the needle into the crease horizontally and push it along behind the fabric for about 1/4 inch. Then, pull the needle through and go back up to the top fold. Push the needle horizontally through the top fold and pull through. Continue this until the end.
At the end, make a small stitch in the fold opposite of your last long stitch. Pull the thread until it forms a small loop. Put your needle through the loop twice. Pull on the thread to form a knot. Do this twice for extra staying power. :)
The pictures at the end show what the slip stitch should look like. Pretty tiny, right? Now imagine that with matching thread! Lovely!
Step 7: Decorative Stitches!
Blanket stitch and whip stitch are used in many projects as visible seam stitches. You'll see them used on plushies, blankets, appliqué, etc.
You can use them to connect two pieces of fabric or on a single piece of fabric as edging.
This stitches are shown on felt. The stitches themselves are black embroidery floss (all six strands.) and they're done using an embroidery needle. As I mentioned before, you thread an embroidery needle the single thread way.
The tricky part, really, is getting the floss through the eye of the needle. I always make sure to cut the end with very sharp scissors and wet the threads. (Yes, I stick the end in my mouth. You should too.) When the ends are wet, you can flatten them between your thumb and forefinger. This will lead to easier threading. :D
But anyway... blanket stitch!
Pull the thread through to the front near the edge of the fabric. Then, place the needle diagonally from where the thread is and go to the back of the fabric. As you're pulling the thread, notice that it wants to form a diagonal stitch. HO, thread! Stop right there. You're about the teach the thread a lesson.
Put your needle through that loop and pull so the stitch becomes a 90 degree angle. It's easier in the pictures. But you'll continue with the diagonal stitching and pulling until you're done.
At the end, take the needle and move it to the right of the last vertical line the thread forms. Bring it up through the fabric and form a loop like we've been doing. Put the needle through the loop a couple times and viola, a knot! Yay!
Whip stitch is much easier. Fold a piece of fabric in half and pin it in place. Now, open the top fold and insert the needle so that it comes out the front side. Once on the front side, that the needle through the back and to the front so that it comes out level to the first stitch. Continue to do this until you come to the end. You can finish this one just like blanket stitch, honestly.
Using the pictures for reference will probably help a lot. And remember that these stitches should look the same on both sides. :)
Oh, and also, I feel the overwhelming need to redirect you guys to the futuregirl pages where you can find links to AMAZING whipstitch and blanket stitch tutorials. Any questions that I didn't answer here will surely be answered there. :D | <urn:uuid:f6daf328-8201-4cd2-90db-ce325569761d> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-Sew./? | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886124563.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823210143-20170823230143-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.941274 | 2,770 | 2.953125 | 3 |
United States × Show Labels ... You can customize the map before you print! Click the map and drag to move the map around.
US Map with States and Cities This Major Cities Map shows that there are over 300 cities in the USA. New York City (NYC) is the most populated city in the States, followed by Los Angeles. Being a major commercial and financial center, NYC is the most densely populated.
Main road system, states, cities, and time zones. United States is one of the largest countries in the world. It's strategic highway network called National Highway System has a total length of 160,955 miles.
Printable United States Map With Major Cities – free printable map of the united states with major cities, printable map of the united states with capitals and major cities, printable map of the united states with major cities and highways, United States turn out to be one from the well-known places. Some individuals arrive for company, even ...
United States Cities MapFile Type: png, File size: 682982 bytes (666.97 KB), Map Dimensions: 2018px x 1365px (256 colors)
Jan 27, 2020 · The Western United States is the west region of the united states and it is commonly known as American west or the west. It consists of the westernmost states of the united states. the 13 states in western united states are Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
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The map and list below shows the locations where protests have occurred and in which states National Guard troops have been deployed. More protests are planned on Tuesday.
Jun 03, 2020 · Map of protests across the United States. What cities and towns have protested police violence against Black people? Click or tap the map below to find local coverage of protests and ...
- Alabama. Governor: Kay Ivey (R) Minor restrictions. Open now: Gyms, personal-care businesses such as salons and barbershops, restaurant and bar dine-in services, beaches and retail stores.
- Alaska. Governor: Mike Dunleavy (R) No restrictions. Now open: Places of worship, bars, restaurant dine-in services, theaters, retail stores, gyms and personal-care businesses such as salons and barbershops.
- Arizona. Governor: Doug Ducey (R) Minor restrictions. Now open: Elective surgeries, casinos, gyms, major league sports without fans, restaurant dine-in services, retail stores, personal-care businesses such as salons and barbershops.
- Arkansas. Governor: Asa Hutchinson (R) Minor restrictions. Now open: Outdoor recreation, bars, restaurant dine-in services, bars, gyms, personal-care businesses such as salons and barbershops. | <urn:uuid:d5de4fb2-b532-4607-b6e3-78139b56ac45> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://search.yahoo.com/mobile/s?p=map+of+united+states+with+cities&ei=UTF-8&r=web_filter&xargs=0&pstart=_UNSET_&norw=1&_tsrc=apple&age=1m&fr2=rs-bottom%2Cp%3As%2Cv%3Aw%2Cm%3Aat-s | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735958.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805124104-20200805154104-00286.warc.gz | en | 0.910173 | 671 | 2.75 | 3 |
From the desk of Nurse Practitioner Kim Gubbins:
|Kimberly Gubbins, CPNP|
It is a known fact that hearing loss is increasing in the United States. It is also a known fact that the popularity of ipods, MP3 players and cell phones that play music (with the use of earphones) have increased dramatically in the recent years.
The Hearing Alliance of America stated that "15% of college graduates have a level of hearing loss equal to or greater than their parents, which is considered to be caused mainly by listening to high-volume music."
To make you aware of how serious this problem is, let me make you aware of how loud the music really does sound and blast into their ears. Normal earphones for example that come with a CD player/ipod/MP3 player usually allow sounds up to 100-120 decibels. Listening to music at 120 decibels is equivalent to a loud rock concert and can cause damage after only 7 minutes of listening. Listening at a rate of 100 decibels can cause damage after 2 hours which seems like a great improvement although most ipods fully charged can play for up to 20 hours.
In order to keep your children's ears safe:
1. Make them aware of the danger and the possibility of damaging their hearing for life!
2. Have them use sound limiting headphones/ear buds. These special ear buds limit sounds to 80 decibels.
Multiple manufacturers make sound limiting earphones for children. Examples include: KidzSafe Earbuds and Ultimate Ears Loud Enough Volume Limiting Earphones. Both can be found when searched on Google and range from $15-$20. Local ear, nose and throat offices also carry these items.
The Washington Post: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/16/AR2006011601100.html
American Academy of Pediatrics Publications: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/123/5/1257.full | <urn:uuid:19e95572-f70d-4e60-a62d-4d972506456c> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://pedhealth.blogspot.com/2012/07/talk-into-my-good-ear.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125074.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00246-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942912 | 429 | 3.375 | 3 |
Supporters Say All The Wrong Things to Try and Pass CISPA
Ever since reintroducing CISPA, the so-called "cybersecurity bill," its supporters promote the bill with craftily worded or just plain misleading claims. Such claims have been lobbed over and over again in op-eds, at hearings, and in press materials. One "fact sheet" by Rep. Rogers and Ruppersberger titled "Myth v. Fact" is so dubious that we felt we had to comment. To stop this type of misinformation—and to stop CISPA—we urge you to tell your members of Congress to stand up for privacy.
Here are some of the statements supporters of CISPA are pushing and why they're false:
Supporters of CISPA say, "There are no broad definitions"
Supporters are keen to note that the bill doesn't have broad definitions. In the "Myth v. Fact" sheet, the authors of CISPA specifically point to the definition of "cyber threat information." Cyber threat information is information about an online threat that companies can share with each other and with any government agency—including the NSA. In hearings, experts have said that they don't need to share personally identifiable information to combat threats. But the definition in the bill allows for any information related to a perceived threat or vulnerability—including sensitive personal information—to be shared. Cyber threat information should be a narrowly defined term.
Another example of a broad (or missing) definition is the term "cybersecurity system." Companies can use a "cybersecurity system" to "identify or obtain" information about a potential threat ("cyber threat information"). The definition is critical to understanding the bill, but is circular. CISPA defines a "cybersecurity system" as "a system designed or employed" for a cybersecurity purpose (i.e. to protect against vulnerabilities or threats). The language is not limited to network security software or intrusion detection systems, and is so broadly written that one wonders if a "system" involving a tangible item—e.g., locks on doors—could be considered a "cybersecurity system." In practical terms, it’s unclear what is exactly covered by such a "system," because the word “system” is never defined.
The best example of a dangerous undefined term in the bill is found within the overly broad legal immunity for companies. The clause grants a company who acts in "good faith" immunity for "any decisions made" based off of the information it learns from the government or other companies. Does this cover decisions to violate other laws, like computer crime laws? Or privacy laws intended to protect users? Companies should not be given carte blanche immunity to violate long-standing computer crime and privacy law. And it is notoriously hard to prove that a company acted in bad faith, in the few circumstances where you would actually find out your privacy had been violated.
Supporters of CISPA say, “The bill is not a government surveillance program”
Supporters are adamant CISPA doesn't create a wide-ranging "government surveillance program." It’s true the bill doesn't create such a surveillance program like the one described in the ongoing warrantless wiretapping lawsuits.
But the trick here is what is meant by “government surveillance.” We think that if the bill aims at having our information flow to the government, it’s tantamount to government surveillance, whether or not the government initially collected the information.
The bill creates a loophole in the privacy laws that prevented companies from disclosing your information to the government and gives companies broad legal immunity for sharing information with the government. As a result, CISPA makes it more likely that companies will surveil their own users and then disclose that information. The sly wording dodges the key issue: that CISPA encourages companies to conduct surveillance on their networks and hand “cyber threat information” to the government. In short, the bill encourages a de facto private spying regime, with the same end result.
Supporters of CISPA say, "The government can't read your private email"
Reps. Rogers and Ruppersberger are adamant CISPA doesn't grant the government access to read private emails. The claim was recently repeated by James Lewis, a fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. But the broad definitions do allow for personal information to be gathered by companies and then sent to the government without any mandatory minimization of personal information. And under the vague definitions an aggressive company could claim that private messages are related to the threat, obtain them, and share then with the government. If Reps. Rogers and Ruppersberger didn't want the content of emails to be disclosed under CISPA, it would be easy enough for them to exclude this content by including language in CISPA.
Supporters say, "CISPA follows advice from privacy and civil liberty advocates"
In his introduction of the bill, Rep. Rogers assured the audience that he has listened to the privacy and civil liberties community.
This year’s CISPA does contain some language added after privacy and civil liberties advocates complained in 2012. But those changes didn’t address some big issues that were raised last year, and this year’s privacy and civil liberties complaints about CISPA remain unaddressed.
Let's Stop CISPA
Reps. Rogers and Ruppersberger are on a strong publicity offensive to make sure the bill passes. The American public deserves full explanations and clear meanings about what CISPA can do and the extent to which it can do it. The public doesn't need carefully worded messaging materials that obfuscate and mislead a discussion on CISPA. The issues at stake—like the broad legal immunity and new spying powers that allow for companies to collect private, and sensitive, user information—are too serious.
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- Fair Use and Intellectual Property: Defending the Balance
- Free Speech
- Know Your Rights
- Trade Agreements and Digital Rights
- State-Sponsored Malware
- Abortion Reporting
- Analog Hole
- Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement
- Bloggers' Rights
- Broadcast Flag
- Broadcasting Treaty
- Cell Tracking
- Coders' Rights Project
- Computer Fraud And Abuse Act Reform
- Content Blocking
- Copyright Trolls
- Council of Europe
- Cyber Security Legislation
- Defend Your Right to Repair!
- Defending Digital Voices
- Development Agenda
- Digital Books
- Digital Radio
- Digital Video
- DMCA Rulemaking
- Do Not Track
- E-Voting Rights
- EFF Europe
- Encrypting the Web
- Export Controls
- FAQs for Lodsys Targets
- File Sharing
- Fixing Copyright? The 2013-2015 Copyright Review Process
- Genetic Information Privacy
- Hollywood v. DVD
- How Patents Hinder Innovation (Graphic)
- International Privacy Standards
- Internet Governance Forum
- Law Enforcement Access
- Legislative Solutions for Patent Reform
- Locational Privacy
- Mandatory Data Retention
- Mandatory National IDs and Biometric Databases
- Mass Surveillance Technologies
- Medical Privacy
- National Security and Medical Information
- National Security Letters
- Net Neutrality
- No Downtime for Free Speech
- NSA Spying
- Online Behavioral Tracking
- Open Access
- Open Wireless
- Patent Busting Project
- Patent Trolls
- PATRIOT Act
- Pen Trap
- Policy Analysis
- Public Health Reporting and Hospital Discharge Data
- Reading Accessibility
- Real ID
- Search Engines
- Search Incident to Arrest
- Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act
- Social Networks
- SOPA/PIPA: Internet Blacklist Legislation
- Student and Community Organizing
- Surveillance and Human Rights
- Surveillance Drones
- Terms Of (Ab)Use
- Test Your ISP
- The "Six Strikes" Copyright Surveillance Machine
- The Global Network Initiative
- The Law and Medical Privacy
- TPP's Copyright Trap
- Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement
- Travel Screening
- Trusted Computing
- Video Games | <urn:uuid:eee20a4e-7cd9-4e68-9475-73e80be27e05> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | https://www.eff.org/es/deeplinks/2013/03/supporters-say-all-wrong-things-try-and-pass-cispa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989301.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00017-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904283 | 1,700 | 2.625 | 3 |
When Charles Lindbergh flew across the Atlantic in 1927, he wasn't just doing it for glory. He and his backers were in it for the money.
In 1919, hotelier Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 to the first team to fly a plane nonstop from New York to Paris. This prize encouraged a number of groups to compete, leading to research and development expenses far in excess of the $25,000 prize money. Charles Lindbergh famously won the competition by landing the Spirit of St. Louis in Paris on May 21, 1927. But did you know that just two weeks later, before Lindbergh had even collected his prize money, another team managed to fly not one but two people from New York to Germany? (Nobody remembers those guys, of course.)
Orteig's prize money spurred a competitive outburst of innovation that helped launch the era of trans-Atlantic flight.
President Obama believes that such incentives can work to help solve problems facing our nation. Which is why the federal government has announced it intends to start handing out more prizes than "The Price is Right."
In March, the Office of Management and Budget released a memo on "The Use of Challenges and Prizes to Promote Open Government." The message was unambiguous: "It is Administration policy to strongly encourage agencies to utilize prizes and challenges as tools for advancing open government, innovation and the agency's mission."
The federal government spends a lot of money on research -- more than $137 billion a year -- both through federal research facilities, such as the National Institutes of Health, and through government support of university research. Paying for research, however, can be a very inefficient way for government to get what it really wants, namely results.
Therefore, federal agencies are favoring "prize-sourcing." For example, the U.S. Department of Energy is sponsoring the L Prize, which offers prizes of up to $10 million dollars for anyone who can successfully develop a high-quality, solid-state light bulb that can replace the incandescent bulb. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency offers prizes of $2 million for driverless robotic vehicles that compete in that agency's Grand Challenge.
The Environmental Protection Agency is offering more modest prizes, up to $2,500, to encourage students and others to develop videos that "capture the faces of the environmental justice movement."
The OMB memo not only sends a strong signal to agencies, it also provides guidance and support for agencies looking to use prizes. In its memo, the OMB promised that it would launch a Web-based platform for prizes and challenges by early July. This platform will provide a forum for agencies to post problems and "invite communities of problem solvers to suggest, collaborate on and deliver solutions."
The use of so-called "crowdsourcing" by state and local governments has also been gaining momentum rapidly. Washington D.C.'s Apps for Democracy contest and Boston's use of an iPhone app to report issues such as potholes and graffiti are both part of this same phenomenon. Driven by technologies that make rapid knowledge sharing possible cheaply, harnessing the collective wisdom of the crowd is becoming easier and more common.
According to the OMB memo, prizes and challenges have a number of potential benefits:
The stimulative effect of competition and the lure of financial gain has long been cited as a powerful engine of innovation in the private sector. Indeed, a number of privately-funded organizations are also using prize money to solve big challenges. The X-Prize Foundation, for example, is offering $10 million in prize money to teams trying to develop a 100 miles-per-gallon car. The thinking is that such prize money will entice a number of different competitors to invest far greater amounts in trying to win not only the money, but the prestige of being the first.
That was certainly the case with the prize money offered for a trans-Atlantic crossing.
Orteig's prize money helped spur massive interest in aviation. Because it was an open competition, it opened up lines of investigation outside the established lines of thinking. Lindbergh's single-pilot, single-engine approach was scoffed at -- until it worked.
You may use or reference this story with attribution and a link to | <urn:uuid:8b439199-8083-4dd5-9bea-063ac5f50ff6> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.governing.com/hidden/Spurring-Innovation-Government-Competitions-Crowdsourcing.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721387.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00067-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958346 | 879 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The production of the Elektronika’s MKU-1 eight-digit microcalculator began at Kalkulyator (Svetlovodsk, Ukraine) in 1987. In Russian, MKSh stands for “school microcalculator”. It was made to help secondary school students study computation methods and tools, and also solve mathematical problems. Hard-wearing and easy to use, the MKSH-2 came in several colours.
The calculator’s power consumption is 42V. There were two reasons why a 220V adapter was not used. Firstly, as the device was aimed at school students, it was considered the safer option. Secondly, educational facilities used to (and still do) outfit their specialised classrooms with 42V sockets. There was also a home version — the Elektronika MKU 1-1 — that shipped with a 220V line adapter.
The calculator features an IV-18 vacuum fluorescent display and 24 keys — each with a dual function (enabled with the “F” key), allowing the device to perform a total of 29 operations. These included: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, calculation of trigonometric, algebraic, and exponential functions, as well as of roots of quadratic equations. Calculations could be made with either a natural or floating point.
The only difference between this calculator and the MKSH-2M, was the shape of the casing.
From 1990, the calculator went by the model name of Elektronika MKU-1.
Weight: 1.0 kg (exc. batteries)
Dimensions: 250×180×78 mm. | <urn:uuid:0ced2190-d0b8-4a96-a102-bf1b7a7d56a1> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://catalog.elektronika.su/en/elektronika-%D0%BC%D0%BAu-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511284.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003224357-20231004014357-00337.warc.gz | en | 0.955547 | 344 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The human gut may help control the bacterial populations that live within it via secretions that kill some bacteria while supporting others, according to a study published Tuesday in the journal PLoS Biology.
The gut is an enormously complex environment inhabited not only by human cells but also by trillions of bacteria. Some of those bacteria actively aid us by improving digestion (hence the term "probiotic"), producing useful compounds like vitamins, or providing resistance against pathogens.
But many if not most probably do little at all to benefit humans, instead mooching off the gut's nutrient-rich environment to survive without giving much back in return. And some denizens of this microbiome actually do us harm. This raises a problem for the gut: How can it support the good bacteria while discouraging the rest? Such a question is particularly vexing because bacterial strains don't all grow at the same speed, meaning that beneficial strains that grow more slowly would soon be overtaken by harmful, faster-growing bacterial colonies without a way for the body to select some species over others.
To answer that question, Jonas Schluter and Kevin Foster of Oxford University developed a computer model that replicates a simplified version of the gut. Their goal: To see whether slight differences in the gut's secretions, which have the power to aid or inhibit bacterial growth, might be able to bias the gut's environment toward beneficial strains of bacteria. | <urn:uuid:93308fc0-67aa-4ca9-95c9-306058504e89> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://articles.latimes.com/2012/nov/20/science/la-sci-sn-gut-engineer-bacterial-environment-via-secretions-20121120 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398456289.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205416-00212-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926448 | 280 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Características geomorfológicas del Monte submarino Echo (Sur de la Provincia Volcánica de las Islas Canarias)
MetadataShow full item record
AuthorsPalomino, D. (Desirée); Vázquez, J.T. (Juan Tomás); Somoza, L.; León, R.; López-González, N. (Nieves); Medialdea, T.; Fernández-Salas, L.M. (Luis Miguel); González, F.J.
Editor/sDíaz-del-Río-Español, V. (Víctor); Bárcenas, P.; Fernández-Salas, L.M. (Luis Miguel); López-González, N. (Nieves); Palomino, D. (Desirée); Rueda, J.L. (José Luis); Sánchez-Guillamón, O. (Olga); Vázquez, J.T. (Juan Tomás)
Massive slope instabilities
The continental slope of the Canary Islands volcanic province is characterized by the occurrence of several seamounts and large landslides that have been widely documented. A detailed morphological study of the Echo seamount has been done by using multibeam bathymetry, backscatter data and very high resolution seismic profiles. The seamount shape, the occurrence of a flat summit and the presence of characteristics morphological features on the summit and along the flanks as volcanic cones, ridges, slides scars, gullies and channels, among others, have allowed establishing differences in its evolution. The analysis of these seamount features let to think that the seamount could be an oceanic island that becomes eroded and sank to its present depth. Recent geological processes observed at the base of the seamount let to establish different features and morpho-sedimentary units. They have been interpreted as the result of dismantling processes of the flanks although they have also ...
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Diagnosis of breast cancer can only be done by a doctor and that to only after conducting a series of tests. Therefore, if you notice a lump or something out of place in your breast, the best thing to do is make an appointment with a doctor. The doctor will advise you to undergo series of diagnostic tests to determine whether you have breast cancer or not.
Diagnosis Of Breast Cancer
Clinical Breast Examination
A clinical breast examination is basically a physical examination of your breasts. The doctor will check your breast and see whether the lump that you reported feels like a cancerous one or not. Your breasts will be physically scrutinized to determine if there is anything abnormal or suspicious that requires further tests. The area under your armpit and above your collarbones will also be scanned thoroughly. Palpitation of this area will help the doctor figure out if cancer has spread to this area or not.
If a lump was found in your breast, the doctor will then advise you to go for a mammogram. A mammogram helps the doctor to determine whether a lump is cancerous or not. Moreover, it helps to determine the presence of cysts, fibroadenomas, calcifications, and hematomas. It just might turn out that the suspicious looking lump or area that your doctor noticed during the physical examination of your breast might be a cyst or calcification.
What is Mammogram?
A mammogram is basically an X-ray of your breast. During a mammogram, compression is applied to the breasts to create clear images. The images will be taken from different views.
Photo Credit: http://www.infobarrel.com/Breast_screening
Mediolateral Oblique View In this, the main area of your breasts and the area under your armpit are imaged. Breast glandular tissue and the fatty tissue are imaged in detail.
Cranio Caudal View
This view covers the glandular tissue, the fatty tissues which surround the glandular tissue, and the edge of the chest muscle. This view also covers the nipple; however, it does not cover the breast tissue in the upper breast and the lymph nodes in the armpit.
In this diagnostic mammogram, the view will start from your breast’s center and end on the outside.
This view is imaged for diagnostic purpose. The view in this image will start from outside and end in the center of your breast.
Certain suspicious areas in your breasts will be subjected to detailed investigation. The doctor will compress the concerned area of your breast to get a detailed image in the mammogram.
In order to view the edges of cysts, lumps, calcifications, fibroids and other structures, a magnified view will be taken.
For this view both of your breasts will be compressed in order to take an image of the breast tissue located in and around the center of your chest. If the mammograms suggest something suspicious or confirm the presence of cancer, your doctor will advise you to go for an ultrasound.
In an ultrasound scan of your breast, high frequency sound waves will be transmitted through the glandular breast tissue to create an image. These sound waves will create echoes as they rebound from your breast tissue.
These echoes will be recorded on a computer and an image will be produced. Ultrasound scans are able to create images which provide high contrast. A solid lump will be clearly distinguishable from a non-malignant lump in an ultrasound scan.
A doctor might advise MRI scan to get more details of your breast, to make sure that the lump is definitely cancerous, to see whether there are other cancerous areas in the breast and/or to determine the size of the tumor.
What is MRI?
MRI stands for magnetic resonance imaging. Magnets and radio waves are used in MRI scans to create an image of the concerned body part.
MRI Breast Scan Process
MRI breast scans are done using a machine that is specifically designed for the purpose. Gadolinium will be injected into your vein before or during the scan. Gadolinium is a liquid that will help to contrast your breast tissue from the tumor. You will be asked to lie face down in a narrow tube.
Your breasts will be placed in the two openings in the platform of the MRI machine. You will have to lie very still while the images are being taken. The whole process can last up to an hour. Besides being subjected to diagnostic imaging tests, you might be required to go for pathological tests to determine the presence of cancer.
Ductal Lavage Fluid Test
This test is especially for women who have nipple discharge. Women who are considered at high risk for developing breast cancer are also recommended by their doctors to undergo this test.
In this test, a pathologist will insert a very thin tube into an opened duct in your nipple. Fluid will be drawn from the duct. The fluid will then be tested for cancerous cell.
Even if the ultrasound, mammogram and MRI scan have confirmed the presence of cancerous cells, your doctor will still recommend a biopsy test. This is because a biopsy can confirm hundred percent whether you have breast cancer or not.
Photo Credit: http://edition.channel5belize.com/archives/59418
In a biopsy, a sample of the suspicious breast tissue will be taken and tested for the presence of cancerous cells. There are four types of biopsies that are commonly used for diagnosis of breast cancer.
Core Needle Breast Biopsy
You will first be given local anesthesia to numb the concerned area. A needle with a hollow core will then be inserted to remove little bit of tissue from the lump or suspicious tissue area. This sample is then sent for testing.
Fine Needle Aspiration
Fine needle aspiration is done to determine whether the lump is a cyst (filled with liquid) or a solid mass. If it is a cyst, then the liquid will be drained out. If it is a solid lump, then some tissue sample will be taken and sent to lab for testing.
When the lump is too deep inside or cannot be felt with hands, the doctor will recommend stereotactic biopsy. The doctor will use the mammograms in order to reach the lump with the help of a needle. The tissue sample is then sent to a lab. This biopsy is also done under local anesthesia and can leave some scar.
Surgical Breast Biopsy
This is done in a hospital. In this the surgeon will remove the tissue sample surgically. This type of biopsy often provides the most accurate result. These are some of main diagnostic tests that you will have to undergo in order to determine whether you have breast cancer or not. It is natural to feel anxious during this time. However, this basic knowledge of diagnostic test will help you get through calmly.
Photo Credit: https://myhealth.alberta.ca/health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=zm6300& | <urn:uuid:6d404ebb-36c1-4c40-ac96-d0bcd0e105bc> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.ladycarehealth.com/diagnosis-of-breast-cancer-a-must-for-everyone/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578765115.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426093516-20190426115516-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.930973 | 1,439 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Macular Drusen, Symptom of Macular Degeneration
There are many eye diseases affecting human beings, but macular degeneration is an eye problem which affects individuals usually aged forty years and above. There are many symptoms of macular degeneration. But, macular drusen is the main symptom which is experienced earlier by majority of the affected people.
Macular drusens are small yellow or whitish deposits which form on the eye. They are sometimes lipids or fatty compounds and calcium in the membrane of the retina. They affect the Bruch’s membrane which is a layer underneath the retina. Other layers of the retina which are sometimes affected are retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid layer. These layers are filled with blood vessels which may sometimes burst and develop as bleeding vessels in the eye. These three layers provide the rod and cone cells of the eye with nutrients and oxygen, and get rid of waste products in the cells. Any interference in this process of absorption and transportation in the cone and rod cells of the eye may damage the cells.
Due to the effects of macular drusen, age related macular degeneration (AMD) begins, varying with the different stages of development. And these stages or phases are classified and described below.
When early age related macular degeneration occur, one may experience several small drusen in the eye, hence this calls for immediate examinations and treatments, before it becomes severe. Therefore, proper education on the condition will help you in preventing the progression of the eye disease.
An individual at this stage will show signs of medium sized drusen and she may also experience some blurred spots in the central vision area of the eye. Therefore, seeing objects properly may require more light.
At the advanced macular degeneration stage, one will have large sized drusens. The photoreceptor cells will also be affected and lead to severe degeneration. You will also have a bigger and darker blurred spot in the central of the eye and vision problems will increase. For instance, it will be difficult to read or even recognize faces.
There are two types of macula drusens associated with macula degeneration. They are either soft drusens or hard drusens. Hard drusens are less harmful and are common to people aged 40 years and above. An individual with hard drusen may not even not even them. They are made of lipids and calcium. Soft drusens are pale yellow and may vary in size and shape. They may affect the membrane of the retina and cause it to separate with other layers. This may lead to complete vision loss and sometimes cause eye bleeding.
When you notice these symptoms, you should not ignore them, but visit a physician and get the immediate treatment. | <urn:uuid:220d9064-9fc9-4c80-90fc-2f7fea277918> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.empowereddoctor.com/10131/stem-cell-treatment-macular-degen-amd/15831/macular-drusen-symptom-macular-degeneration | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115868812.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161108-00006-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941703 | 575 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Soldiers' helmets could control brain activity with ultrasoundSeptember 10th, 2010 by Lisa Zyga in Medicine & Health / Neuroscience
(Lower left) A ballistic helmet fitted with four ultrasound transducers and (lower right) another functional prototype for achieving human brain stimulation using a single element transducer, as well as a list of potential applications relevant to the defense industry. Image credit: Tyler Lab.
(PhysOrg.com) -- One of DARPA's latest pursuits of cutting-edge research involves a neurotechnology lab at Arizona State University that specializes in ultrasonic brain stimulation. By implementing the technology in soldiers' helmets, DARPA hopes to provide advantages to US troops by enhancing cognitive abilities; improving long-term alertness; and reducing stress, anxiety, and pain.
The research lab is run by neuroscientist William Tyler, who has been investigating non-invasive approaches to brain stimulation for many years. Some of the applications of brain stimulation include treating neurological diseases such as Parkinson's and depression, as well as enabling the development of brain-computer interfaces.
As Tyler explains in a recent blog post, two of the biggest challenges in brain stimulation are achieving high spatial resolution (for precise control of brain circuitry) and deep penetration (for reaching all parts of the brain). Currently, some brain stimulation techniques require surgically implanting electrodes to achieve these goals, and non-surgical techniques tend to lack in one or both areas. But Tyler has developed a noninvasive technique in which “transcranial pulsed ultrasound” can remotely stimulate brain circuits without the need for surgery. The pulsed ultrasound approach can provide a spatial resolution that is about five times greater than other non-surgical techniques and can reach deep-brain circuits to the same depth as surgical techniques.
With the new grant from DARPA, the lab is now turning its attention toward developing applications for US soldiers. Instead of using the technology to repair damaged brain circuits, the researchers are exploring how ultrasound can affect healthy brain circuits. They have developed working and conceptual prototypes of ballistic helmets embedded with ultrasound transducers and microcontroller devices. One of the most important applications may be minimizing the effects of a traumatic brain injury (TBI), as Tyler explained to Wired.
“The really damaging part of a TBI isn’t the initial injury,” he said. “It’s the metabolic damage, the free radicals and the swelling that are happening in the hours afterward. If you can flick your remote and trigger an immediate intervention, you’d be curbing what might otherwise be lifelong brain damage.”
© 2010 PhysOrg.com
"Soldiers' helmets could control brain activity with ultrasound." September 10th, 2010. http://phys.org/news203310660.html | <urn:uuid:c239ffda-8e84-4933-ab2c-d2b3100db98f> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://phys.org/print203310660.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802777454.142/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075257-00029-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915617 | 569 | 3.03125 | 3 |
source : askinglot.com
What is the purpose of crossing over in meiosis?
Where does meiosis occur?
Meiosis occurs in the primordial germ cells, cells specified for sexual reproduction and separate from the body’s normal somatic cells. In preparation for meiosis, a germ cell goes through interphase, during which the entire cell (including the genetic material contained in the nucleus) undergoes replication.
Crossing over takes place between sister chromatids during – 80) Crossing over takes place between sister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis I. A) True B) False Answer: B 81) A couple already has 9 children, and they are all girls. If they decide to have a 10th child, it has a 50% chance that it will be male and a 50% chance that it will be female. A) True B) False Answer: A SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statementGenetic recombination that involves crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis in sex cell production. The duplicated pairs of chromosomes (sister chromatids) donated from each parent line up closely together forming what is called a tetrad. A tetrad is composed of four chromatids.Crossing over during prophase I of meiosis occurs between alleles on sister chromatids. False-Crossing over during meiosis occurs between alleles on nonsister chromatids. Which of the following statements about gamete formation during meiosis is false? D)-This statement is false. If crossing over occurs, half of the gametes formed are parental
Genetic Recombination and Crossing Over – ∑ – Crossing over is the exchange of DNA material between non-sister homologous chromatids. ∑ – Crossing over produces new combinations of alleles on the chromosomes of the haploid cells. Crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis. Explanation of Crossing-OverCrossing over refers to the interchange of parts between non-sister chromatids of homologus chromosomes during meiotic prophase (pachytene). In other words, crossing over results from exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids involving breakage and reunion at precise point.crossing over An exchange of portions of chromatids between homologous chromosomes. As the chromosomes begin to move apart at the end of the first prophase of meiosis, they remain in contact at a number of points (see chiasma). At these points the chromatids break and rejoin in such a way that sections are exchanged (see illustration).
Mastering Genetics Chapt 5 HW 7 Flashcards | Quizlet – During crossing-over, segments of DNA are exchanged between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. Notice how this can result in an allele (A) on one chromatid being moved onto the other non-sister chromatid. Meiosis II During meiosis II, the sister chromatids are separated and the gametes are generated. This cell division is similar to that of mitosis, but results in fourProphase I is the stage of meiosis I when crossing over occurs. It is at this time that homologous chromosomes come together to form a tetrad of four chromatids. The chromatids of different homologs switch genetic material. Sister chromatids on the same chromosome do not undergo crossing over.Crossing over occurs at chaiasmata (singular = chiasma), the point of contact between non-sister chromosomes of a homologous pair (Figure 2). At the end of prophase I, the pairs are held together only at the chiasmata and are called tetrads because the four sister chromatids of each pair of homologous chromosomes are now visible. Figure 2. | <urn:uuid:47b0cac9-9d44-4675-ad07-df61e5f19b0c> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | http://craftys.tk/what-is-the-purpose-of-crossing-over-in-meiosis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487630081.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210625085140-20210625115140-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.926701 | 799 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Easter is a sacred occasion observed all over the world to commemorate Christ’s death and resurrection. Families would spend this long holiday together at home, cooking or playing fun games with the kids. While we are accustomed to celebrating this event with hot cross buns, chocolate bunnies, and egg hunts, Easter around Europe is just as colourful and festive. Read on and discover what makes Easter in Greece, Spain, Italy, Denmark, Germany, and Switzerland special and unique.
Experience the best eats Europe has to offer at exclusive workshops, pop-ups, and activities happening in-store. Learn more here.
Easter in Greece
Food and family are the highlights of Greek Easter. And while families from different regions have their own way of celebrating Christ’s resurrection, old customs are very much infused with the Greeks’ strong religious beliefs and practices.
Happy Easter in Greek
Καλό Πάσχα! (Kaló Páscha!)
Easter food preparation among Greeks starts as early as the evening of Maundy Thursday. During this time, households would be busy baking their tsoureki or sweet bread with red dyed eggs on top. The red dye represents the blood of Christ while the braids on the loaf symbolises the Holy Trinity.
Easter in Greece starts with a midnight mass on Holy Saturday. After the mass, families would go home to enjoy their traditional magiritsa. This dish is made of the offal of the lamb boiled together with lettuce, dill, and onions. Eating magiritsa is the Greeks’ way of celebrating after their 40-day fast. The families’ Easter dinner would typically last until the early hours of Sunday, giving them just a few hours of sleep in time for the Easter Sunday lunch preparation.
Roasted lamb is the star of the Greeks’ Easter celebration. While the lamb is cooking on the spit, appetisers like olives and tzatziki would be served. Ovens are also busy cooking the side dishes like roasted potatoes with citrus and oregano (patates fournou) and spinach and cheese pie (spanakopita). Glasses of ouzo and Greek wine make this family celebration even more festive.
In place of chocolates and bunnies, candles or labatha (lah-BAH-thah) represent Easter in Greece. These candles are usually white and brought in to the church to be lighted during the midnight Easter mass. Parents or godparents would give these candles to children as gifts, usually adorned with trinkets or their favourite storybook heroes.
After the mass, the priest would say Christos Anesti (Christ is risen) and start passing the candle flame to those nearest him. Soon the entire church would be glowing beautifully with candlelight. The church bells will also be ringing joyously during this time, together with ships in ports sounding their horns.
Games and Festivities
Tsougrisma or egg-cracking challenge is a common Greek practice done right before eating their baked tsoureki. Children and adults would carefully choose the strongest egg then use it to crack their opponent’s egg. The winner of the uncracked egg is said to enjoy a year’s worth of good luck!
In the Greek island of Corfu, rather than eggs, water-filled clay pots or botides are cracked by throwing them out of the window! Locals believe that this practice helps drive away evil spirits. Some brave spectators would even stay close to the crash sites and collect pieces of smashed pots for good luck.
Easter in Spain
A large part of the Spanish population belongs to the Catholic community; thus, holy week or semana santa, which starts from Palm Sunday to Easter Monday, is an important religious celebration. And while other European cities have chocolate treats, rabbit decorations, and egg games for Easter, Spain celebrates Lent through religious processions and fasting.
Happy Easter in Spanish
Holy week in Spain is celebrated quite in the same way as Christmas time—people would travel to their hometowns and spend the long holiday with their families. During this time, locals abstain from eating meat and would serve vegetable and fish dishes instead like potaje de vigilia (spinach stew) and sopa de ajo (garlic soup with baked egg).
Although there are no chocolate eggs or bunnies in Spanish Easter, the Spanish celebrate this religious holiday with other delectable sweets. Torrijas, for example, is a treat similar to French toast, made of bread dipped in milk and egg, fried, then topped with sugar and honey. People from the Basque region are said to make the best-tasting torrijas.
In Andalusia, pestiños are commonly enjoyed during Easter. These deep-fried fritters are glazed with sugar or honey, with each bite flavoured with anise and orange. If the Italians have the colomba cake, people from Catalonia and Valencia bake sweet bread rings called Monas de Pascua. These are traditionally adorned with sugar and candied fruit on top. Finally, small doughnuts or bueñelos are a popular snack during Easter. These holeless treats are a must-try in Valencia as locals would make them with pumpkin.
Rather than colourful Easter eggs, costumes and religious symbols are commonly seen during Spain’s Lenten celebration. Religious groups or brotherhoods would be seen in the street, parading in traditional hooded clothes called capirote. These clothes are worn as a symbol of atonement or penance.
Women, on the other hand, would join in the procession as mourners, wearing mantilla or black lace veil on the back of their heads. The lacy veil symbolises their mourning for Christ’s death. During the parade, religious floats with statues of the Virgin Mary, Jesus, and other important biblical events like the Last Supper are seen. Giant crosses are also used to mark the start of the procession.
Games and Festivities
Several regions all over Spain would organise their own religious parade led by cofradías or brotherhoods. Participants would be in colourful costumes. The parade is also typically accompanied by marching bands and drummers playing religious music. Religious sculptures in floats or pasos are the main attraction of these processions. These beautiful floats are adorned with candles and flowers and are usually owned and preserved by several brotherhoods.
Children from various Andalusian cities would entertain themselves amidst the religious festivities by organising mini competitions. One popular game is to make the largest balls of wax during the procession. Children would try to collect melted candle wax from floats and make colourful balls out of them.
Easter in Italy
The Italians make up for a lack of adorable Easter bunnies with fun and humour-filled Easter festivals. From egg Olympics to a cheese rolling competition, regions from all over Italy definitely know how to infuse amusement into this religious tradition.
Happy Easter in Italian
Italians celebrate Easter primarily through food. Traditional Easter lunch usually includes a lamb or seafood feast. Artichokes are also a common side dish served either fried (carciofi fritti) or sautéed with baby potatoes (carciofi e patate soffritti).
Desserts however easily take the Easter feast limelight. Children would hurriedly finish their meal to have a slice of a crown-shaped bread studded with colourful egg candies. Pastiera Napoletana is also a popular Easter tart made with wheat, ricotta cheese, candied fruit, and orange blossom water. But colomba di pasqua is perhaps the most well-known Easter cake in the country. A panettone-like treat made with candied orange peel and almonds, the dove-like shape of this cake is used to symbolise peace.
Rabbits or bunnies are not part of Italy’s Easter celebration. Eggs, however, represent new life and are used in many forms. Aside from being used in regional Easter games, uova di Pasqua (Easter eggs) are also moulded into small solid chocolate candies or large hollow treats filled with gifts.
At times, Italians would go all out with these chocolate egg gifts and stuff them with jewelry, watches, designer sunglasses, or car keys. Several chocolate shops would even accept customised chocolate eggs, where customers would bring their own gifts to be stuffed into chocolate eggs.
Games and Festivities
In Emilia-Romagna, four suburbs of Tredozio would participate in several Easter egg games. A race to find eggs hidden in haystacks, a running competition without smashing your egg, and an egg-eating contest are among the favourites of this annual event.
Lo scoppio del carro or exploding cart is another popular Easter festivity in Florence. This 350-year-old Florentine tradition involves an antique cart filled with fireworks wheeled around the city. Once the cart reaches the main cathedral square, the cardinal will then set the cart ablaze to set off the fireworks. Locals believe that a grand cart explosion promises a successful year ahead.
While most Italians have chocolates and eggs during Easter, people from the Umbrian town of Panicale celebrate it with cheese—rolls of cheese, that is. A fun game called ruzzolone is held on Easter Monday in this village where participants would roll huge wheels of cheese as far as they can to win.
Easter in Denmark
Easter may be a religious celebration for most countries, but in Denmark, this tradition is more focused on family and the start of spring. The long holiday allows the locals to spend time at home and do fun activities with their loved ones. After going through a very cold winter, Easter spring in Denmark is reason enough to celebrate.
Happy Easter in Danish
The land of hygge naturally loves celebrating Easter. And for most Danes, påskefrokost, or Easter lunch, is the highlight of this all-important occasion. This family gathering is traditionally celebrated with salted or pickled herring, breaded fish fillets, lamb, and egg dishes on the table. Easter lunch also means lots of alcohol and, in Denmark, that means snaps, beer, and akvavit.
Eating candy is also big in Danish Easter. The kids would usually get “extra-large” hollow chocolate eggs filled with all sorts of sweets during påskefrokost. If you do get invited to this festive Easter meal, make sure you have nothing else planned as it’s practically a day-long affair, which can stretch from lunch to dinner.
Eggs, like in other countries, are predominant in Danish Easter celebrations. Aside from chocolate treats, eggs are used in many Easter-related games and activities. Yellow is also the colour of the season, and the Danes would usually reorganise and decorate their summerhouses with yellow decor, from candles to napkins, in time for Easter.
For a country that goes through long days without sunshine, the start of spring is almost momentous. People are very much excited to see pretty blossoms sprout after weeks of seeing nothing but white snow. Thus, they would decorate their homes with spring flowers for Easter like erantis (winter aconite), vintergækker (snowdrops), and påskelilje (daffodils).
Games and Festivities
Nothing can be more hygge than playing Easter games with your family and friends. Easter fun in Denmark typically begins with decorating hard-boiled eggs. These will then be used for Easter egg hunts in the garden or at the park. Egg rolling or æggetrilling is another popular festivity. Participants would roll an egg towards a group of decorated eggs, with the goal to topple as many and be the last egg standing!
In southern Denmark, Easter eggs are prepared in a special way. Known as solæg or sun egg, this dish is done by boiling eggs in onions, resulting in a dark-coloured yolk. The boiled eggs are then stored in a salty mixture for a week then served with mustard and chili.
Letter or poem writing among Danish children is a favourite Easter tradition. They will write this on a gækkebrev, a snowflake-shaped paper. Each gækkebrev will then be signed with dots, representing the child’s name. The recipient would then have to guess the sender of the gækkebrev correctly to win a chocolate egg. If the recipient fails, he or she must give the mystery sender a chocolate egg instead. Try to play along and make kids happy by guessing incorrectly every time!
Easter in Germany
The Germans’ long-held Easter traditions are primarily established through folk tales. Thanks to their stories of legendary hares delivering Easter eggs to children, people from all over now recognise the practice of exchanging bunny-shaped treats and decorating eggs during Easter.
Happy Easter in German
Food is an important element when celebrating Easter in Germany. So much so that people would prepare something special for breakfast, lunch, and dinner on Easter Sunday. Popular dishes include egg dishes, lamb roast or stew, various salads, and sweet breads decorated with frosting or candy eggs.
Lamb is also an important representation of Jesus. And so it’s common to see not just lamb dishes on German Easter, but also lamb-shaped cookies, cakes, and even butter. In particular, osterlamm or Easter lamb cake is one popular treat among kids, which can be prepared with regular yeast dough or a creamy filling in the centre.
Aside from lamb, other German Easter symbols include flowers, hares, chickens, and eggs. These mainly represent Jesus’ resurrection and the natural transition of the season, from dark winter to brighter spring. Fire is also used to represent Easter, which also means the return of life.
Games and Festivities
It is said that the traditional belief of hares delivering colourful eggs on Easter Sunday originated in Germany. Thus, it is no surprise that Easter eggs are special among Germans. Families or communities would usually organise egg-hunting games on Easter Sunday or Monday. Some eggs are made of chocolate, boiled eggs are painted with food colour, and decorative ones come in plastic, wood, or fabric.
Ostereiertitschen or eierklopfen is a favourite Easter egg game. It’s an egg-tapping duel where two players would try to crack each other’s decorated egg without damaging their own. Now, if you would rather preserve the beauty of your painted eggs, you can always hang them to decorate a tree. Osterbaum or Easter tree is a stunning indoor or outdoor display seen in most German homes.
In the northern parts of Germany, it is common practice to start bonfires late in the evening of Holy Saturday. People would stay up all night to keep the fire burning until the dawn of Easter Sunday. Locals do this to welcome the coming of spring, while others believe it can drive away evil winter spirits.
Some regions in Germany perform this tradition with a twist. Rather than do typical bonfires, people would fill large wooden wheels with straw or hay, set them on fire, then let them roll down the hill at night. Osterräderlauf or Easter wheel run is a popular practice in Lügde in North Rhine-Westphalia and is done to bring good harvest.
Easter in Switzerland
Easter traditions in Switzerland are largely influenced by German customs, probably because they are located right next to each other. Swiss Easter gives you two sides of the occasion: one full of sweets and fun games, the other showing deep Christian values and beliefs.
Happy Easter in Swiss German
When you are in the land of fine chocolates, Easter is definitely a treat for chocolate lovers of all ages. During this season, chocolate bunnies come in all shapes and can nearly be as big as a small child.
Easter eggs are also everywhere, even in supermarkets. What makes these eggs special though is that instead of being painted in colourful paint, hard-boiled eggs are dyed using onion skins, colouring the shells in light tan to deep brick red.
Swiss bake shops are also busy come Easter time, offering all sorts of baked goods to celebrate this religious occasion. Osterfladen or osterchüechli for example is a traditional Easter favourite. This delectable tart is usually made with either rice or semolina. Zopf or braided bread is also a popular breakfast or brunch food on Sundays. But during Easter, they are shaped into charming, edible bunnies.
While bunnies and eggs flock Switzerland during Easter time, the cuckoo bird is actually the Swiss symbol for rebirth. In place of the adorable rabbits, children will hunt for colourful eggs left by the Easter cuckoo. This is probably because cuckoo birds are more common in the country.
Similar to the German practice of decorating trees with colourful Easter eggs, having an osterbäumli or small Easter tree display in the living room is an old Swiss tradition. Instead of using fully grown trees, sprigs from bushes will usually be put in vases then decorated with small eggs made of plastic.
Games and Festivities
Easter Sunday is dedicated to a day of children running around, going from house to house, to collect colourful eggs. Winners of the egg hunt are usually given prizes like chocolate eggs and rabbit-shaped marzipan.
Egg smashing or eiertütsch is also a German tradition that the Swiss have adapted. In Zurich, this fun game comes with a twist. Instead of simply smashing eggs against each other, a child would hold up an egg while an adult would throw a 20 cent coin at it. If the coin sticks to the egg, the adult wins the egg. If not, the child gets the coin.
Religious processions are common in several parts of Switzerland during Maundy Thursday and Good Friday. In Mendrisio for instance, participants would be in costumes, re-enacting the passion and crucifixion of Christ. The costumes are ancient and highly valuable that the procession is called off when it’s raining.
In another Swiss village called Romont, a haunting procession is also traditionally held with 20 “weeping women” wearing black veils. Each woman carries a crimson cushion behind her back with a crucifixion symbol (hammer, crown of thorns, whip, nails, St. Veronica’s handkerchief, and so on.) attached to it. | <urn:uuid:73de7170-4cea-4572-a696-75bde3ecd409> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://blog.kitchenwarehouse.com.au/easter-around-europe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144058.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219061325-20200219091325-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.957948 | 3,875 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Dispersant Use Continues in Gulf, Long-Term Contamination Feared
In fighting the BP/Deepwater Horizon oil spill, more than 1.6 million gallons of chemical dispersants have been dumped into the Gulf of Mexico and the number is still rising. As you may recall, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a directive in late May advising that use of the chemical dispersants should be cut by about 75% due to the potential for long-term environmental contamination. Despite that directive, large volumes of the toxic dispersant Corexit are being used by BP in attempting to manage the spill.
At the time the EPA directive was announced, BP had been using just under 26,000 gallons of dispersant per day since the beginning of the oil spill. Since the directive was issued, that total has fallen, but only by about 3,000 gallons a day. Some critics of the EPA response to the oil spill claim the government is not being tough enough with BP and is allowing them to further contaminate the Gulf with toxic chemicals that have unknown long-term effects.
The EPA has countered that criticism saying that dispersant use was on the rise before their directive and their subsequent efforts at controlling dispersant use have resulted in a reversal of their escalating usage. Moving forward, the EPA would like further reductions in the volume of chemicals used to fight the spill. The EPA and Coast Guard have recommended that no more than 18,000 gallons of the chemicals be used per day.
Coast Guard officials say they evaluate dispersant use every day and aim to use the “safest and most effective methods available” in order to continue fighting the spill and to protect the Gulf environment from long-term damage.
Testing of Corexit continues in efforts to better understand the effect it will have on the marine environment, but it may take years to fully measure the damage done by the oil spill and the chemicals used to clean it up. | <urn:uuid:b3771b02-9cbf-401e-bdb3-b2caa403ea2d> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.veronbice.com/dispersant-use-continues-in-gulf-long-term-contamination-feared/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103341778.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627195131-20220627225131-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.967918 | 393 | 2.75 | 3 |
"So far we aren't seeing a return to the time when cholera was such a scourge of humanity," says Stephen Ellner of Cornell. "But we are getting an explanation for outbreaks of cholera and diarrheal diseases in South America and the recent, higher-than- historic levels of cholera in South America and Asia." Ellner provided the model for the study. His coauthors are Mercedes Pascual (University of Maryland), Xavier Rodo (University of Barcelona), Rita Colwell (director of NSF and professor at the University of Maryland), and Menno Bouma (University of London).
Cholera is caused by a bacterium that lives among zooplankton in brackish waters and in estuaries and infects humans through contaminated water. Colwell previously had proposed a link between cholera outbreaks and El NiñoSouthern Oscillation (ENSO) events involving increased sea-surface temperatures and higher numbers of bacteria-bearing zooplankton.
Data on cholera incidence, which normally can rise and fall twice each year with local influences such as monsoons and seasonal temperature changes, came from a hospital in Bangladesh that had tested all incoming patients for cholera from 1980 to 1998. The Ellner model took into consideration recent frequencies of cholera cases, an ENSO index based on sea-surface temperatures in the Pacific, and seasonal variation in local climates.
Peaks in cholera incidence at the Bangladesh hospital were found to occur every 3.7 yearsexactly the same frequency as of ENSO events between 1980 and 1998. A separate analysis of climate variables by co-authors Pascual and Rodoincluding humidity in the troposphere, cloud cover, and the amount of absorbed solar radiationsuggested that the 11-month lag breaks down into a 6-month lag between an ENSO and increases in sea surface temperatures off the coast of Bangladesh plus a 5-month lag between increased sea surface temperatures and a peak in cholera.
This discovery comes at a time when some ecologists are predicting major increases in disease and death as global climate change provides ideal conditions for disease-causing organisms. Although public-health authorities will now have an 11-month advance morning beginning when an El Niño starts, Ellner says, "this model will be more useful when somebody figures out how to predict El Niño."
The study was supported in part by grants and fellowships from the James S. McDonnell Foundation, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, and the Mellon Foundation.
Although CO2 is a greenhouse gas, conventional refrigerants called hydrofluorocarbons cause about 1,400 times more global warming than the same quantity of CO2. Also, the tiny quantities of CO2 that would be released from air conditioners would be insignificant compared to the huge amounts produced from burning fossil fuels for energy and transportation, says Eckhard Groll (Purdue University). This summer, Groll chaired the Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids, at which Purdue engineers discussed their progress on designing and assessing a portable CO2-based air conditioner.
CO2 is promising for systems that must be small and lightweight, such as automotive or portable air conditioners. CO2 systems must be operated at high pressuresup to five times as high as commonly seen in current technology. The high operating pressure required for CO2 systems enables the refrigerant to flow through small-diameter tubing, which allows engineers to design more compact air conditioners. In the past, however, heavy steel tubing had to be used. Now, extremely thin yet strong aluminum tubing can be manufactured, reducing the weight of the unit.
Environmental regulations now require that refrigerants removed during the maintenance and repair of air conditioners be captured with special equipment, instead of being released into the atmosphere as they have been in the past. The new "recovery" equipment is expensive and will require more training to operate, important considerations for the U.S. Army and Air Force, which together use about 40,000 portable field air conditioners. The units, which could be likened to large residential window-unit air conditioners, are hauled into the field for a variety of purposes, such as cooling troops and electronic equipment.
"For every [conventional] unit they buy, they will need to buy a recovery unit," Groll says. "That's a significant cost because the recovery unit is almost as expensive as the original unit. Another problem is training. It can be done, but it's much more difficult than using carbon dioxide, where you could just open a valve and release it to the atmosphere" since it is a natural, comparatively benign gas.
Groll estimates that CO2 systems will take another 5 to 10 years to perfect. His work is funded by the U.S. Army, U.S. Air Force, and the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- Conditioning Engineers, as well as the Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute.
Yi Chao (NASA Jet PropulsionLaboratory), Michael Ghil, and James McWilliams (both of the University of California, Los Angeles) have found evidence of the PDO's two-part structure in a study of the past 92-year record of sea-surface temperatures in the North and South Pacific. Their results appeared in August in Geophysical Research Letters.
Compared with El Niño, "the PDO is larger, longer, and more difficult to visualize," said Chao. "An explanation might be that it isn't just one thing; it's potentially two big events going on."
In their study, the scientists clearly saw large-scale temperature oscillations of 12°C taking place in the Pacific basin approximately every 15 to 20 years. In addition to this regular and relatively short fluctuation in the Pacific basin's temperature, they found evidence of another temperature shift that appears to take place on a scale of about 70 years. At the beginning of this century, sea surface temperatures seem to gently drop to a low in the 1930s, gradually rise again until the 1970s, and then begin a similarly paced decline to the present. "While we were only able to see one cycle in our data, tree-ring records, which go back 200 to 300 years, and fishery data show a similar time-scale shift," Chao explained.
The PDO also reveals striking symmetry between the northern and southern Pacific. In its "cool" phase, the PDO is a giant, horseshoe-shaped arc of warmer-than-normal water off the coast of Japan, enclosing a wedge of cooler-than-normal water near the equator. In the new study, this pattern appears around 1976, 1957, 1941, and 1924.
"What's striking is that the PDO pattern is similar in both the North and South Pacific and covers a huge area from the Aleutian Islands to the South Pacific," said Chao. "No computer models developed so far have been able to reproduce this symmetric pattern across the equator. This symmetry is a key to understanding what creates the PDO."
The research was supported by NASA.
"When we released our original findings, they were somewhat controversial," said Davis, who has been using satellite data since 1990 to study changes in the ice sheet. "Our data indicated that overall, the ice sheet was maintaining a constant elevation, but we found great variability over short distances, with substantial thickening in some areas and strong thinning in other areas." After his study was released, Davis and a group of researchers led by Joe McConnell (Desert Research Institute) joined together to investigate the cause of the variability in elevation. Other universities who participated in the study include the University of Washington, Ohio State University, the University of Arizona, and the University of Nebraska. Funding was provided by grants from NASA and NSF.
Using ice cores from 45 to 400 feet (15 to 130 meters) deep that were collected from 12 locations around the southern Greenland ice sheet above 6,000 feet (X meters) in elevation, the researchers measured variations in the concentrations of dust and chemical compounds such as hydrogen peroxide, calcium, and ammonium. The researchers used this analysis to determine the amount of snow that accumulated each year over the time span of the cores. Ice core analysis and modeling revealed that areas where elevation changed dramatically had a corresponding variation in snowfall during the study period. Further analysis indicated these snowfall variations were consistent with natural fluctuations over decades.
A separate study by Lonnie Thompson (Ohio State University) used ice cores drilled through a glacier more than four miles up in the Himalayan Mountains. According to these cores, which give a highly detailed record of the last 1,000 years of climate in the Tibetan Plateau, both the last decade and the last 50 years were the warmest in that entire period.
"This is the highest climate record ever retrieved," Thompson said, "and it clearly shows a serious warming during the late 20th century, one that was caused, at least in part, by human activity."
The cores also revealed periodic failures of the South Asian Monsoon. In 1790, the monsoon cycle changed, and drought took hold on the plateau, a condition that cotninued for seven years until 1796, when the monsoons returned.
"That event was major," Thompson said. "It killed more than 600,000 people in one region of India alone. And that was at a time when global populations were much less than they are today [an estimated 980 million in 1800]. If a similar event occurred today, the social and economic disruptions would be horrendous." The ice-core record showed other serious monsson failures and ensuing droughts in 187677 and around 1640, 1590, 1530, 1330, 1280, and 1230, though none was as devasting as the 1790 event. Thompson's paper on the research, published last month in Science, offered no indications of what might have triggered the monsoon failures.
The data, however, do seem to point to the impact human activities have had on the region's climate. Core samples covering the last century reveal a fourfold increase in dust trapped in the ice and a doubling of chloride concentrations, suggesting an increase in both drying and desertification in the region.
The core-drilling expedition was supported by NSF. | <urn:uuid:9816cc42-e634-47e0-af13-efb8c6ef2094> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.ucar.edu/communications/quarterly/fall00/sciencebits.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398466178.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205426-00205-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957991 | 2,130 | 3.671875 | 4 |
ToyLabs, Inc., a Silicon Valley start-up, specializes in toys and devices that teach kids the fundamental principles of science, electronics, and engineering through fun and play. The Volta Racer, the first solar motorcar powered by a flexible polycrystalline silicon solar cell, is packaged with all the prefabricated components necessary to build and power the vehicle. The racer can be assembled in as little as fifteen minutes with no special tools.
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By assembling the Volta Racer, kids will learn basic concepts and principles of solar electricity and mechanical engineering. The Volta Racer operates at normal and high speeds and can traverse various surfaces and terrains. The vehicle’s solar cell allows the car to capture more of the sun’s energy from numerous angles. The car also employs super-lightweight, eco-friendly, recyclable materials. The Volta Racer solar motorcar received the Good Design award for its unique industrial design as well as for its educational value and eco-friendly components.
The Volta Racer is available for purchase online at www.toylabs.com or at Talbot’s in San Mateo, Calif., and Cheeky Monkey Toys in Menlo Park, Calif. Link to the Toy Book article here http://toybook.com/toylabs- | <urn:uuid:6a77a15e-b618-4c58-97a0-1d6a1e895025> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.toylabs.com/toylabs-launches-first-solar-motorcar-powered-by-a-flexible-polycrystalline-silicon-solar-cell-by-sierra-mccleary-harris-the-toy-book/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542712.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00368-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926636 | 286 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Literacy Skills Checkup
This is a great time of year to evaluate your child’s literacy skills. STAR testing is complete and a full year of learning is in the books.
Here are some signs that an investigation into your child’s literacy skills might be warranted:
- difficulty with sounding out words
- slow and labored reading
- struggles with reading comprehension
- trouble understanding the meanings of words and sentences
- poor spelling, grammar and punctuation
- difficulty with memorizing sight words
These signs could indicate a learning disability such as dyslexia. Challenges can also be caused by gaps in instruction, resulting in developmental delays.
Dyslexia is the most common learning difference.
As many as 1 in 5 children have dyslexia.
Dyslexia is not associated with IQ, but encompasses difficulties with recognizing and reading words, writing and spelling.
Dyslexia often surfaces by 3rd grade when students are expected to read fluently.
Our reading specialists can evaluate and use standardized tests to screen for dyslexia and determine some of the root causes for reading differences.
Prep Academy Tutors offers support in the Orton-Gillingham approach, a direct, multisensory, structured diagnostic method that emphasizes reading, writing, and spelling. We also offer one-on-one tutoring with a certified reading specialist or ELA teacher.
The Science of Reading
2023 – The Year of the Family
The Institute of Multi-Sensory Education believes 2023 will be the year when “Families will become more engaged in their child’s literacy development.” Across the nation, parents are eager to help support their children on their quest to become skilled readers.
According to our Nation’s Report Card, reading scores dropped 3 points in 2022 for both 4th and 8th graders. The effects of the pandemic on our education system has certainly contributed to this.
As a result, many schools around the nation have adopted or enriched their curriculums based on “The Science of Reading.”
Research has found that reading and comprehension requires multifaceted skills. “The Science of Reading” introduced educators to the Simple View of Reading and Scarborough’s Reading Rope.
A model showing that skilled readers need to have language comprehension skills (background knowledge, vocabulary, language structure, verbal reasoning and literacy knowledge) as well as, word recognition skills (phonemic awareness, decoding, and sight recognition).
“All the components are interconnected and interdependent. If just one strand is weak, it affects the rope (and the reader) as a whole.”
Schools across the nation have already implemented concepts of “The Science of Reading.” Trends show it will have a broader impact in the upcoming year.
Vocabulary is critical to comprehension. “Knowing 95-98% of the words in a text is necessary for an acceptable comprehension level.” Building academic vocabulary at home can help build a child’s prior knowledge. Parents can foster rich vocabulary by using words that are not typically used in spoken language, but often displayed in written language. Playing word games like Bananagram, Scrabble, Big Bobble and Wordle are fun and engaging ways to practice and enhance vocabulary. Working on a crossword puzzle or a word search together builds vocabulary and encourages critical thinking.
A great way to practice comprehension strategies at home is to start a conversation. Go beyond the book before, during and after reading. Before reading, activate prior knowledge and set a purpose for reading (are you reading to learn or for fun?). Think, what do you already know about this topic? During reading, make connections and stop and think! What’s happening? After reading, ask your child to make a quick sketch or jot down and summarize what they learned. Journals are a great way to monitor if your child really understands what they read.
Reading…A Way of Life!
Modeling reading and making it a daily habit is a great way to connect with your child. Reading together creates memories that last a lifetime. Set a time and place to read. Use your imagination and create a reading nook in your home. Who wouldn’t love a cozy fun place just for reading!
Take a trip to the library or the bookstore. Let them choose! Studies show kids are motivated to read about things they find interesting. Subscribe to educational magazines like National Geographic Kids and motivate your child to read nonfiction and learn all about the world around them. Even better, start a little free library of your own and help your child inspire others to read! (littlefreelibrary.org)
Our goal is to use explicit instruction based on the “Science of Reading.” Our tutors are experienced in literacy development and comprehension and focus on the individual needs of our students.
Our literacy services include:
- Orton-Gillingham reading remediation
- Dyslexia screening
- Comprehensive evaluations of literacy skills to establish specific competencies, using over a dozen standardized and criterion-referenced tests.
- One-on-one instruction with a certified reading specialist
- ELA tutoring
- Small group book clubs
*Written by our staff author and teacher, Maryann Moriarty. Maryann has 15 years of teaching experience in New York City and is a contributing author at the Educator’s Room.
We may not realize it, but we are all infused with mathematical practices from the moment we wake up and throughout the day. Our alarm goes off and we check the time. We measure our coffee, check our finances, and use multiple numbers in some form throughout the day. As adults, we successfully apply mathematical practices in our everyday lives. Students are expected to master the same practices for math competency.
The NYS Next Generation Standards states, “A lack of understanding prevents a student from engaging in mathematical practices.” So, how can parents help foster understanding and make math an intricate part of their child’s life?
A Positive Math Mindset
According to the Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, “Parents with a positive attitude towards mathematics are more likely to incorporate mathematical activities and language into the home environment. This additional exposure to these mathematical concepts might create an advantage for these children in their mathematical performance.”
Studies from Stanford University School of Medicine found that, “Having a positive attitude about math was connected to better function of the hippocampus, an important memory center in the brain, during performance of arithmetic problems.”
Although a positive attitude helps, according to the National Council of Teachers of Math, factors such as conceptual understanding, procedural fluency, strategic competence and adaptive reasoning are also needed for math proficiency.
“Teaching and learning the language of mathematics is vital for the development of mathematical proficiency.” Explicitly teaching math vocabulary can greatly increase conceptual understanding. Word problems can be tricky and math vocabulary can be trickier. Many key vocabulary words have multiple meanings. Misconceptions and errors will occur if the wrong meaning is used in a math word problem.
For useful math vocabulary flashcards, check out: www.vocabulary.com
Math in Everyday Life
- Use your imagination and create a math problem from everyday activities.
- Cooking and baking with your child is a great way to introduce measurement and proportion.
- Gardening is a terrific way to connect nature and math as you practice counting and measuring.
- Telling time is a life skill and a first grade standard. Practicing telling time with both an analog and digital clock significantly increases a child’s understanding of time.
- Let your child pay at the store and use cash! It’s an important way to introduce the concepts of money.
At Prep Academy Tutors, we are committed to instilling a positive attitude as we support your child, while teaching mathematical concepts and proficiency. Our certified teachers are experienced in math instruction from pre-Kindergarten through 12th grade. Contact us to learn more.
*Written by our staff author and teacher Maryann Moriarty. Maryann has 15 years of teaching experience in New York City and is a contributing author at the Educator’s Room.
Acquiring Computational Thinking with Coding and Robotics
Advancements in technology are growing at a dynamic speed. Schools across the nation are preparing students with the critical skills needed for future academic and career success. Computational Thinking (CT) is believed to be the highest order of problem solving and many feel it should be the new educational mindset.
CT is one of the five main tenets in the NYS K-12 Computer Science and Digital Literacy Standards that will be fully implemented by September 2024.
The standards designate Computational Thinking with the following main components:
Modeling & Simulation: Modeling involves representing a system that enables you to observe, understand or simulate it. These models can be used to simulate real world phenomena.
Abstraction & Decomposition: Abstraction is focusing on key elements and only keeping relevant information. Decomposition is breaking down a problem into smaller parts so it is easier to comprehend.
Data Analysis & Visualization: Data Analysis allows you to study the information so you can draw conclusions and make informed decisions. Visualization is when you use graphs and charts to help convey results.
Algorithm & Programming: An algorithm is a sequence of steps used to complete a specific task. Programming is the process of creating and developing code to perform a specific task.
By mastering these standards, students will develop the foundational skills needed to solve problems and create solutions.
In a recent eSchoolNews podcast titled, Robotics Plays a Key Role in STEM Education, Jason Innes of Kinderlab Robotics discusses how early childhood education can support STEM learning. He feels, “The best way to teach coding and Computational Thinking in pre-K and Kindergarten is robotics.” He further states, “Seeing a physical robot move around the class makes coding into something concrete.”
Another study conducted on Educational Robotics for Developing Computational Thinking in Young Learners also found, “Robotics activities for young learners can be versatile and purposeful to achieve the intended CT skills.” It further found,“The five most frequently developed CT skills in young learners are Sequencing, Conditionals, Loops, Debugging and Algorithmic Thinking.”
These are all components used in coding and robotics.
Recently, an upstate NY school became the first in the state to fully implement the NYS Computer Science and Digital Literacy Standards with a K-12 coding and robotics program.
With the help of educational apps such as Scratch, Scratch Jr., Kodable, Bee Bot and Photon, students are developing the initial skills of computational thinking.
But can computational thinking only be developed in computer science classes?
An article published in the “Journal for STEM Education” stated that Computational Thinking should be a “model of thinking” and suggests that it is not only for the students who study computer science. “The development of CT can then be truly integrated into all education for everyone to succeed in STEM education.” (Committee on STEM Education 2018).
Teaching computational thinking skills across the curriculum encourages innovation, exploration and critical thinking.
At Prep Academy Tutors, we incorporate strategies that enhance computational thinking across the curriculum, enabling our students to use these critical skills in real world applications.
*Written by our staff author and teacher, Maryann Moriarty. Maryann has 15 years of teaching experience in New York City and is a contributing author at the Educator’s Room.
What Is ISEE?
What is Test-Optional?
Students can now opt-out of standardized testing. Many colleges (and the list is growing) are now test-optional or test-blind.
Test-optional means colleges allow applicants to decide whether to submit SAT or ACT scores as part of their application. It doesn’t mean that schools aren’t interested in seeing an applicant’s test scores, but if a student doesn’t submit their scores, it won’t be counted against them in the application review. Many colleges implement a test-optional policy.
Test-blind means colleges will not consider an applicant’s test scores even if they are submitted. Test-blind or test-free policies are much less common than test-optional policies.
When determining whether to submit scores, students will generally be advised to submit their scores if such scores land within a particular school’s middle 50% range of test scores. Click here to read more about the middle 50% range.
SAT vs. ACT: How to Choose
When choosing whether to take the SAT or the ACT, proper evaluation is worth the effort. Students should take a full-length, timed practice test for SAT and ACT. Here are some questions to ask yourself that highlight the differences between the SAT and ACT:
- How do you handle time pressure?
- The SAT and ACT tests are similar lengths, but the ACT includes more questions and is therefore faster-paced. The ACT can be well suited for students who process information and work quickly
- Do you like science?
- Basic knowledge of biology, chemistry, and earth science is required for the ACT
- What kinds of questions do you find challenging?
- There is more time allotted per question on the SAT, but areas such as the critical reading passages on the SAT are generally viewed as more sophisticated
- Do you like to use your calculator on the math sections?
- If yes, the ACT allows calculators throughout. The SAT has a no-calculator section
The ACT is another standardized test used by colleges to make admissions decisions. The ACT is administered by ACT, a non-profit organization of the same name. The ACT tests students on material associated with the standard high school curriculum.
Key differences between the SAT and ACT include less time per question on the ACT, plus a science section on the ACT. Superscoring is now available for the ACT. All colleges and universities in the US accept both the SAT and the ACT.
The ACT exam is offered nationally in September, October, December, February, April, June, and July.
- Test Length: 2 hours and 55 minutes
- English: 45 minute/75 questions
- (2) Math: 60 minutes/60 questions
- (3) Reading: 35 minutes/40 questions
- (4) Science: 35 minutes/40 questions
- Writing (optional): 1 essay/60 minutes
- The optional ACT writing test is available to students for an extra cost. It is scored separately and does not affect a student’s composite score.
- Total score is between 1 and 36
Click Here for ACT Dates and Deadlines
Click Here to Register for the ACT
The NEW Digital SAT
The College Board has begun the transition to a digital SAT and PSAT for U.S. and International students.
Dates To Know:
- Spring 2023: U.S. students take a paper-and-pencil SAT, International students take a digital SAT
- Fall 2023: All students take a digital PSAT, U.S. students take a paper-and-pencil SAT, International students take a digital SAT
- Spring 2024: All U.S. and International students take a digital PSAT and SAT
Important Changes and Digital SAT FAQs:
- Shortened test: The digital SAT will take 2 hours instead of 3 hours.
- Adaptive testing format: Allows the digital SAT to measure the same skills as the current SAT more efficiently (in less time). Each section is split into two modules. How you perform on module 1 determines the difficulty of module 2 and is a critical determinant of your final score. The digital test allows students to toggle back-and-forth within a module but not between modules.
- Calculators allowed: The digital SAT will allow students to use a calculator throughout the entire math section.
- Shorter reading passages: The digital SAT will feature shorter reading passages which will be faster to read and analyze with just one question tied to each passage.
Faster score delivery: Students will receive score reports within days (not weeks).
The SAT is a standardized test used by colleges to make admissions decisions and provide one common data point that can be used to compare all applicants. The SAT is created and administered by the College Board.
High school students opting to take a standardized test, take the SAT during the spring of junior year or fall of senior year. Public schools in Connecticut require all juniors to sit for the SATs. When planning your test prep and testing dates, it’s important to leave time for retakes. Statistics show that students often improve scores with a second attempt.
The SAT can be superscored. Superscoring combines your best performances from multiple test days into one score that reflects your highest achievements. It’s important to find out the score submission policy for each college you apply to. [Click here to read more about Superscoring]
The SAT is offered nationally every year in August, October, November, December, March, May, and June.
- Test Length: 3 hours
- Reading: 65 minutes/52 questions
- Writing and Language: 35 minutes/44 questions
- Math No-Calculator: 25 minutes/20 questions
- Math Calculator: 55 minutes/38 questions
- In 2021 the College Board discontinued the SAT with Essay
- The total score is between 400 – 1600
Click here for SAT dates and deadlines
Click here to register for the SAT | <urn:uuid:a59814db-eb8a-4d75-aae1-1d5fa0e7522b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://prepacademytutors.com/category/uncategorized/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510219.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926175325-20230926205325-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.920243 | 3,704 | 3.25 | 3 |
Albin Longren Lands at Alma
This is one of three photos of Albin Longren’s Model AK airplane at Alma, Kansas while he was giving an airshow for a crowd This view, circa 1926 was photographed by Selma Steinmeyer Schultz. Photo Courtesy Keith Schultz.
Albin Longren’s model AK aircraft was designed to allow it to be towed behind an automobile when the plane’s wings were folded against the fuselage. Here, the aviator is demonstrating how the plane can be towed to and from the landing field behind a car.
Topeka aircraft manufacturer Albin Longren conducted thousands of exhibition flights in the 1910s and 1920s, the proceeds from which he funded is aircraft manufacturing plant in Topeka. In this ultra rare view, Longren’s Model AK is seen airborne. Photo Courtesy Keith Schultz.
Aircraft manufacturer Albin Longren, long known for conducting exhibition flights throughout Kansas to finance his aircraft manufacturing venture in Topeka, is seen here in three views with his Model AK aircraft in a field near Alma, Kansas. Longren conducted a flying exhibition at Alma, Kansas in the early 1920s to promote his new Model AK aircraft. Less than 25 of the Model AK were produced. The Model AK was advertised as every man’s plane, one which could be towed behind a car, filled with fuel at a gas station, and hauled to a field for takeoff. The plane’s wings could be folded against the fuselage, allowing it to be towed in traffic. | <urn:uuid:84e37c87-c4a5-4147-ae6e-e08694bccdda> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://wabaunseecomuseum.org/2016/11/05/albin-longren-lands-at-alma/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347392141.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527044512-20200527074512-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.979958 | 314 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Yt antigen system
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.
The Yt antigen system (also known as Cartwright) is present on the membrane of red blood cells and helps determine a person's blood type. The antigens are found on the protein acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme which helps break down acetylcholine. The Yt system features two alleles, Yt(a) and Yt(b). Antibodies against the Yt system can lead to transfusion reactions such as hemolytic anemia.
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 112100 - OMIM page on Yt antigen
- ↑ Bartels CF, Zelinski T, Lockridge O. Mutation at codon 322 in the human acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) gene accounts for YT blood group polymorphism. Am J Hum Genet. 1993 May;52(5):928-36. PMID 8488842
- Yt at BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI, NIH | <urn:uuid:56f30ff7-4e58-4fbc-a277-a87370a8c723> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://wikidoc.org/index.php/Yt_antigen_system | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945372.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325191930-20230325221930-00752.warc.gz | en | 0.778014 | 255 | 2.765625 | 3 |
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- The Life and Legacy of the Controversial Spanish Dictator
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The Spanish Civil War has exerted a powerful impact on the historical imagination. Without question, the conflict was a key moment in the 20th century, a precursor to World War II, and an encapsulation of the rise of extremist movements in the 1930s, but it was also a complex narrative in and of itself, even as it offered a truly international theatre of war. It marked one of the seminal moments, along with the 1929 Wall Street Crash, between the two apocalyptic wars of the early 20th century, and since it occurred between 1936 and 1939, Spain proved to be a testing ground of tactics, weaponry, and ideology ahead of World War II. For the Allied powers Britain and France, Spain became a nadir of “appeasement”, yet, as the name suggests, the conflict had distinctly Spanish characteristics. The pressures that led to war were particular to the country, its social challenges, and its long and intricate history, and it was a conflict between two sides that included disparate elements like the clergy, socialists, landowners, and even anarchists. It is estimated that somewhere between 500,000-2,000,000 people were killed in the war.
Unlike World War II, the Spanish conflict attracted artists and writers, many of whom reflected upon events and even volunteered to fight. Pablo Picasso’s painting Guernica, journalist Martha Gellhorn’s reports, Robert Capa’s iconic photography, George Orwell’s Homage to Catalonia, and Ernest Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls are just some examples of the art and literature that documented the war, and 80 years later, the conflict and its causes still inspire musicians and writers.
Ultimately, the forces of reaction, led by General Francisco Franco, triumphed, and after his victory in 1939, Franco ruled Spain with an iron fist for 36 years. Thus, it’s only natural that Franco’s rapid yet unlikely rise to power in Spain came to define a country for several generations. Franco was influenced by the wider trends and forces of the 20th century, yet he would indelibly make his mark on Spain in his own right, and in the process become one of the most widely derided figures in contemporary history.
After his victory in the Spanish Civil War, Franco used political ideas and ideology as it suited him, though he did seem to advocate conservatism, militarism, Catholicism, and monarchism. Franco adeptly steered Spain through the Second World War and the Cold War without really committing the country to any specific engagements, but he still managed to secure support and backing from more powerful allies.
For the people of Spain, however, Franco was far from the benevolent figurehead he portrayed himself to be. Franco’s rule was vicious and spiteful, and persecution and oppression were ever present during his dictatorship. | <urn:uuid:c62bb551-f15a-4bd5-9b62-9769ee3a2d6b> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.audible.de/pd/Francisco-Franco-Hoerbuch/B07G2M9ZWY | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337668.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005203530-20221005233530-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.934807 | 763 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Gresham's law in economics states, "Bad money drives good money out of circulation." An application of this law in mathematical pedagogy states that "Algorithm drives out thought." While universities are ideally places where classes are meant to develop students' independence and critical thinking skills, often mathematics courses reflect this altered version of Gresham's law. This paper demonstrates the ways traditional mathematical pedagogy has held up Gresham's law and presents several suggestions for ways to change this approach to mathematical education to focus more on critical thinking without sacrificing the necessity of algorithm.
© 1987 Sherman K. Stein
Stein, Sherman K.
"Gresham's Law: Algorithm Drives Out Thought," Humanistic Mathematics Network Journal: Iss.
1, Article 4.
Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/hmnj/vol1/iss1/4 | <urn:uuid:9b40f140-0b5f-4f94-8589-a934f8f3a176> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://scholarship.claremont.edu/hmnj/vol1/iss1/4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189686.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00333-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.860376 | 185 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Orbit and Rotation of Pluto
Pluto’s orbital period is long. It takes 248 years and its orbital characteristics are substantially different from every other planet in our Solar System; a year in Pluto is equivalent to 248 Earth years. As you already know, the planets orbit around the Sun on a flat reference plane which is called the ecliptic and each of those planets have nearly circular orbits. However, in Pluto’s case, its orbit is highly eccentric. This eccentricity in the way it orbits makes a small region of the dwarf planet orbit closer to the sun instead of Neptune’s. In fact, this isn’t an isolated case at all.
Despite its seeming regularity, this pattern actually suggests that in the long term, Pluto’s orbit is completely chaotic. There are computer simulations available that are often used to predict Pluto’s position for the next several million years, however, it is still quite impossible to really predict for sure where Pluto will end up because its position can become overly sensitive to various small details of the current state of our Solar System. Despite the fact that Pluto’s orbit often crosses with that of Neptune’s, their orbits are aligned in a way that they never collide nor get too close with each other.
There are various reasons for this and the simplest one would be the fact that their orbits simply do not intersect each other. Whenever Pluto is closest to the Sun, it also becomes the farthest above the ecliptic. This basically means that Pluto’s orbit passes at around 8 AU above that of Neptune therefore avoiding a major collision.
Change of Status – Pluto | <urn:uuid:14f97eaa-58f7-4a3a-90d8-49bc1b2d6878> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://planetfacts.org/orbit-and-rotation-of-pluto/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011240315/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092040-00046-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959205 | 340 | 4.09375 | 4 |
"Central to survival; fire warms, dries, makes water safe, cooks food, lifts morale. Firecraft is one of the oldest skills known to mankind. It is a central survival skill; it warms us, it dries us, it makes water safe to drink, it cooks our food, it lifts morale. Learn several different ways to generate a flame without using matches including with flint and steel Find out about collecting, preparing and using a range of tinders to get the flame going Learn how to build the flame up into a fire you can cook over Learn ways of lighting fire in wet conditions Learn how to manage the fire from start to finish to minimise impact on the surroundings Wear clothes you would do the garden in including waterproofs, strong footwear, midge repellant. The activity leader, Bruce Ferguson, is qualified through the Institute for Outdoor Learning to teach bushcrafts to groups and has been involved in bushcrafts and woodland skills since 1987. You can also book your own personal activity tailored to your requirements on a day and time that suits you (including childrens' parties). Visit www.natureholiday.co.uk for further details."
|The Skill of Fire Making takes place at...|
|Kielder Castle Visitor Centre, Kielder (Great Outdoors)|
|Type||Entry for||Guide price|
(Skill of Fire Making)
|16+(parental consent required for under 18s) £10 per person|
|Sun 30th March 1.30pm-4.30pm|
Hover your cursor over the symbol see the facility name or view the key to facility symbols. | <urn:uuid:b2bdc0e3-b457-4147-a618-dd2d39450442> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://www.visitkielder.com/outdoor-event/the-skill-of-fire-making | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526670.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720194009-20190720220009-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.921002 | 339 | 2.625 | 3 |
An activity diagram visually presents a series of actions or flow of control in a system similar to a flowchart or a data flow diagram. Activity diagrams are often used in business process modeling. They can also describe the steps in a use case diagram. Activities modeled can be sequential and concurrent. In both cases an activity diagram will have a beginning and an end.
Basic Activity Diagram Notations and Symbols
Initial State or Start Point
A small filled circle followed by an arrow represents the initial action state or the start point for any activity diagram. For activity diagram using swimlanes, make sure the start point is placed in the top left corner of the first column.
Activity or Action State
An action state represents the non-interruptible action of objects. You can draw an action state in SmartDraw using a rectangle with rounded corners.
Action flows, also called edges and paths, illustrate the transitions from one action state to another. They are usually drawn with an arrowed line.
Object flow refers to the creation and modification of objects by activities. An object flow arrow from an action to an object means that the action creates or influences the object. An object flow arrow from an object to an action indicates that the action state uses the object.
Decisions and Branching
A diamond represents a decision with alternate paths. When an activity requires a decision prior to moving on to the next activity, add a diamond between the two activities. The outgoing alternates should be labeled with a condition or guard expression. You can also label one of the paths "else."
In UML, guards are a statement written next to a decision diamond that must be true before moving next to the next activity. These are not essential, but are useful when a specific answer, such as "Yes, three labels are printed," is needed before moving forward.
A fork node is used to split a single incoming flow into multiple concurrent flows. It is represented as a straight, slightly thicker line in an activity diagram.
A join node joins multiple concurrent flows back into a single outgoing flow.
A fork and join mode used together are often referred to as synchronization.
This refers to an event that stops the flow for a time; an hourglass depicts it.
A merge event brings together multiple flows that are not concurrent.
Sent and Received Signals
Signals represent how activities can be modified from outside the system. They usually appear in pairs of sent and received signals, because the state can't change until a response is received, much like synchronous messages in a sequence diagram. For example, an authorization of payment is needed before an order can be completed.
An event, such as a cancellation, that interrupts the flow denoted with a lightning bolt.
Swimlanes group related activities into one column.
Final State or End Point
An arrow pointing to a filled circle nested inside another circle represents the final action state. | <urn:uuid:991045a7-2c1f-4f8d-a364-96ba018f7204> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://www.smartdraw.com/activity-diagram/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982293615.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195813-00158-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925838 | 594 | 4 | 4 |
px + 4y = 8
6x + 2y =q
p and q are real munbers
Do i slove this equation like a regular simultaneous equations???
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Use substitution, rewrite one of the equations for example:
Substitute in the other equation and solve for .
ok so x= 8-4y
when Sub back into equation
would this be the end answer
24y + 2y = q - 48
26y = q - 48
y = q - 48/ 26
IS this correct???????????
We know that:
If we substitute this into the other equation we obtain:
ok thanks i fully understanded now.
View Tag Cloud | <urn:uuid:051028b6-f70f-4160-81a4-035d85a2f88d> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://mathhelpforum.com/algebra/194940-simultaneous-equation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246637979.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045717-00264-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.835387 | 152 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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