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Indiana DNR News Release
For immediate release: December 29, 1997
DNR’s new cave policy designed to protect the public and wild caves
People exploring wild caves on Indiana Department of Natural Resources
properties will do their spelunking under a new policy recently adopted by the
Natural Resources Commission to protect fragile cave resources, and to provide
a system for public safety and rescuing people in danger.
The Karst and Cave Policy, developed by a Caves Task Force, takes effect Jan.
“The policy is designed to reduce the increasing number and severity of
accidents that occur in wild caves,” said Jeff Cummings, a naturalist at
Harrison-Wyandotte State Forest Complex near Corydon, Ind. where many wild
caves are located. “The policy also will reduce the growing problem of
vandalism in caves on state-owned land,” Cummings said.
Beginning April 1, cavers on DNR land must have a permit to enter wild caves.
Wild caves include any natural cavities in the earth that have not been
altered from their natural states for commercial viewing. Fees for caving
permits will be determined by the Natural Resources Commission, and permits
will be available at DNR State Parks and Reservoirs, State Forests, and Fish
and Wildlife Areas where wild caves are located.
The Caves Task Force was formed in 1995 by individuals interested in cave conservation.
Task force members included professionals from the DNR, several area grottos,
the Indiana Karst Conservancy, the US Forest Service, the Harrison County
Hospital and the Indiana State Police.
To obtain a copy of the Karst and Cave Policy, contact the DNR Division of Forestry,
1998 Caves Policy, 402 W. Washington St. Room W296, Indianapolis, IN 46204, or
For more information:
Jeff Cummings, Naturalist, Harrison-Wyandotte Complex, 812/738-8232
Ben Hubbard, Property Program Director, 317/232-4105 | <urn:uuid:af2b2781-5f4f-43c7-99df-a3d6005459fc> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.great-lakes.net/lists/glin-announce/1997-12/msg00041.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807056.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124012912-20171124032912-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.899742 | 442 | 2.671875 | 3 |
A boat is a water vessel of any size used for transportation, recreation, or pleasure. Boats can range in size and function from small rafts and canoes to large ships. The word “boat” is derived from the Old English word bāt, which means “a floating vessel.”
There are many different types of boats, each designed for a specific purpose.
If you’ve ever been on a boat, you know that they can be pretty cramped. There’s not a lot of room to move around, and sometimes it feels like you’re living in a can. But have you ever wondered what those rooms on a boat are called?
The answer is: it depends. Different boats have different names for their rooms. For example, on a sailboat, the front room might be called the forecastle, while the back room is called the sterncastle.
The middle of the ship is called the waist. And if you’re on a yacht, chances are good that the front room is called the salon and the back room is called the stateroom. But no matter what kind of boat you’re on, one thing is for sure: when you’re out at sea, your home away from home is definitely not as big as your house on land!
What Rooms Do Boats Have?
There are a variety of rooms that boats have depending on their size and purpose. The most common rooms are the galley, which is the kitchen, the salon, which is the living room, and the staterooms, which are the bedrooms. Boats also often have a head, or bathroom.
Some boats also have an aft cabin, which is like a second living room or den.
What are Bedrooms Called on a Yacht?
The bedroom on a yacht is typically called the stateroom. This is where the owner of the yacht sleeps, and usually has a large bed and plenty of storage for clothing and other personal belongings. Some yachts also have smaller bedrooms which are typically called guest cabins or crew quarters, depending on who will be using them.
What is the Seating Area on a Boat Called?
The seating area on a boat is called the cockpit. The cockpit is usually located in the stern (back) of the boat, and it’s where you’ll find the steering wheel or tiller, as well as the captain’s chair. The cockpit is also a great place to relax and enjoy the ride, especially on smaller boats.
What Do You Call Where You Sleep on a Boat?
Assuming you are referring to a recreational boat:
There are three main types of sleeping areas on a boat – cabins, bunks, and berths.
Cabins are the most private and typically have doors that can be closed.
They usually include some type of bedding, like a mattress or futon, and may also have storage space for clothing and other belongings. Cabins can be found on both powerboats and sailboats. Bunks are less private than cabins since they don’t usually have doors, but they offer more space than berths since they are larger and can accommodate two people.
Bunks can be found on both powerboats and sailboats. Berths are the smallest sleeping areas on a boat and are typically only big enough for one person. They often don’t have any bedding or storage space, so they aren’t as comfortable as cabins or bunks.
*SECRET* BOOKSHELF CODE (tutorial) | Build a boat for Treasure ROBLOX
What is the Living Room on a Boat Called
Most people are familiar with the common living room on a land dwelling, but did you know that there is also a living room on a boat? It’s called the salon. The salon aboard a vessel typically includes seating and tables for dining and entertaining, as well as an area for relaxing and socializing.
It may also have additional features such as a wet bar, television, or fireplace. Just like its land-dwelling counterpart, the salon is the heart of the home aboard a ship.
The author begins by asking what rooms on a boat are called. He then proceeds to answer his own question by saying that they are called cabins. The author goes on to say that there are many different types of cabins, including staterooms, suites, and dormitories.
He concludes by saying that all of these cabins have one thing in common: they provide a place for people to sleep while on a boat. | <urn:uuid:22e752dd-2d83-4702-830f-fe7bef67d448> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://sailorsknowit.com/what-are-rooms-on-a-boat-called/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337531.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005011205-20221005041205-00735.warc.gz | en | 0.977592 | 972 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The current patterns of food consumption indicate a strong consumer preference for processed food products, as they are very economical and last much longer than fresh produce which are not compatible with today's lifestyle. It is, therefore, very important to have a clear understanding of the principles of the processes involved as well as the methods employed to ensure quality standards.
This course examines food processing systems and food quality management systems. Particular emphasis is on the principles of the various operations, such as freezing, chilling, drying, and canning, as well as on the application of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) to food production with the aim of producing quality food that meets consumer expectations and the highest of hygiene and safety standards.
Availability2018 Course Timetables
- Semester 1 - 2018
On successful completion of the course students will be able to:
1. Describe and analyse the principles of food processing design and production techniques.
2. Understand, and be competent in, food processing operations.
3. Demonstrate the capacity to research, assimilate and apply advances in food processing technology.
4. Understand the principles of quality management systems.
5. Use and apply quality management systems to food processing.
6. Analyse and communicate issues relevant to food processing technology and food quality management systems.
7. Perform experiments assessing the effect of processing conditions on quality parameters.
8. Communicate the science and technology involved in food processing and quality assurance through IT implemented reports and presentations.
9. Work autonomously and as part of a team.
10. Review and report upon the latest scientific literature pertaining to the areas of Food Processing and Quality Assurance
- Food Process planning, scheduling and control.
- Unit operations involved in food processing systems.
- Chilling, freezing, drying, thermal and chemical processing.
- Chemical and microbiological considerations.
- Production automation.
- Waste management.
- Food Quality Management Systems with emphasis on Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP)
To facilitate success at this course students are expected to have successfully completed FSHN2040, FSHN2050, & FSHN2100, and to have a high-school level knowledge in algebra (equivalent to MATH1001).
Report: Lab Reports *
Report: Quality Management Report
Formal Examination: Formal Examination
* This assessment has a compulsory requirement.
In order to pass this course, each student must complete ALL of the following compulsory requirements:
General Course Requirements:
- Laboratory: Induction Requirement - Students must attend and pass the induction requirements before attending these sessions. - In order to participate in this course, students must complete a compulsory safety induction.
Course Assessment Requirements:
- Report: Pass Requirement - Students must pass this assessment item to pass the course. - Students must participate in and submit reports for a minimum of 80% of scheduled laboratory sessions and obtain a passing grade of at least 50%
Face to Face On Campus 3 hour(s) per Week for Full Term
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Click on images to enlarge
close-up of fruit with several broad-based spines (Photo: Rob and Fiona Richardson)
Cenchrus incertus M. Curtis
Cenchrus pauciflorus Benth.
Cenchrus tribuloides L. (misapplied)
Gramineae (South Australia)Poaceae (Queensland, New South Wales, the ACT, Victoria, Tasmania, Western Australia and the Northern Territory)
American burr grass, American burrgrass, bayonet grass, burr grass, burr-grass, burrgrass, coast sandbur, coast sandbur grass, coast sandburr, coast sandspur, coastal sandbur, common sandbur, dune sandburr, field burr, field sandbur, field sandburr, field sandspur, gentle Annie, hedgehog grass, innocent weed, lesser burrgrass, longspine sandbur, mat sandbur, sandbur, sandbur grass, sandburr, spiny burr grass, spiny burr-grass, spiny burrgrass, spring burrgrass
Native to North America (i.e. USA and southern Mexico), Central America (i.e. Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama), the Caribbean and tropical South America (i.e. Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay).
A widespread species that is largely found in eastern Australia. It is naturalised in inland southern and central Queensland, throughout much of New South Wales, in the ACT, in northern Victoria, in the southern parts of South Australia and in the coastal districts of south-western Western Australia.
This short-lived grass is mainly recognised as a agricultural weed, but it was recently also listed as a priority environmental weed in two Natural Resource Management regions. Spiny burrgrass (Cenchrus incertus) usually grows on sandy soils in disturbed areas (e.g. on roadsides, in pastures, in gardens, and in crops and cultivation), but also invades native rangelands, grasslands, open woodlands and coastal environs.
Fact sheets are available from Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation (DEEDI) service centres and our Customer Service Centre (telephone 13 25 23). Check our website at www.biosecurity.qld.gov.au to ensure you have the latest version of this fact sheet. The control methods referred to in this fact sheet should be used in accordance with the restrictions (federal and state legislation, and local government laws) directly or indirectly related to each control method. These restrictions may prevent the use of one or more of the methods referred to, depending on individual circumstances. While every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of this information, DEEDI does not invite reliance upon it, nor accept responsibility for any loss or damage caused by actions based on it.
Copyright © 2016. All rights reserved. Identic Pty Ltd. Special edition of Environmental Weeds of Australia for Biosecurity Queensland.
The mobile application of Environmental Weeds of Australia is available from the Google Play Store and Apple iTunes. | <urn:uuid:e32dffa2-fc84-4721-aca0-905533c404a7> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/cenchrus_spinifex.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141194982.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128011115-20201128041115-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.863333 | 664 | 2.75 | 3 |
Effects of Oral Glucosamine on Insulin and Blood Vessel Activity in Normal and Obese People
This study will examine whether glucosamine affects the way the body responds to insulin. Insulin is a hormone that causes the body to use glucose (sugar). Insulin does not work as well in overweight people, causing a condition called insulin resistance. Insulin also increases the flow of blood into muscle by opening inactive blood vessels. This study will test whether glucosamine, a nutritional supplement that many people take to treat arthritis, can cause or worsen insulin resistance or change how blood vessels react to insulin in normal weight and overweight people.
Healthy normal weight and overweight volunteers between 21 and 65 years of age may be eligible for this study. Candidates will be screened with a brief physical examination, medical history, and blood and urine tests. After screening, participants will have three additional outpatient clinic visits for the following procedures:
- Glucose clamp test to measure the body's response to insulin: For this procedure, a needle is placed in a vein of each arm, one for drawing blood samples, and one for infusing glucose and a potassium solution. The glucose is infused continuously during this 4-hour test and blood is drawn frequently to monitor glucose and insulin levels. After the test, blood glucose levels are monitored for another 2 hours to make sure they remain at an adequate level to prevent hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).
- Blood flow measurement: Blood flow in the brachial artery of the arm is measured to assess how many capillaries (very small blood vessels) are being used to supply nutrients and oxygen to the muscle in the forearm. This test is done at the same time as the glucose clamp test. Blood flow is measured using a technique called contrast ultrasound. A small amount of contrast agent consisting of gas-filled bubbles the size of red blood cells is infused over 10 minutes through one of the catheters placed in the vein for the glucose clamp test. The contrast agent is infused twice, once at the beginning of the glucose clamp test and once at the end of the test. The contrast material creates a signal in response to ultrasound that provides information about the distribution of capillaries in the forearm.
- Assignment to medication group: Participants are randomly assigned to take either glucosamine or placebo three times a day by mouth for 6 weeks. At the end of the 6 weeks, no study drug is taken for 1 week, and then participants "cross-over" medications, those who took glucosamine for the first 6 weeks take placebo for the next 6 weeks and vice versa.
Visits 2 and 3
For these visits, the glucose clamp test and blood flow measurements are repeated. Visit 2 is scheduled at the end of the first 6-week treatment period, and Visit 3 is scheduled at the end of the second 6-week treatment period.
|Study Design:||Primary Purpose: Treatment|
|Official Title:||An Exploratory Study of the Effects of Oral Glucosamine Administration on Insulin Sensitivity and Capillary Recruitment in Normal and Obese Subjects|
|Study Start Date:||July 2003|
|Estimated Study Completion Date:||June 2006|
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00065377
|United States, Maryland|
|National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)|
|Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892| | <urn:uuid:2b4d0e1b-2ae0-4526-9c7a-feb8636b03b5> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00065377 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257829972.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071029-00293-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903056 | 714 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Is my little guy getting enough iron?
My daughter doesn’t like milk or cheese. Should I be worried about calcium?
I forget to give my child their Vitamin D half the time! Is that a problem?
One of the biggest reasons parents reach out to me is because they are worried (maybe even freaking out) about their child’s eating. And ultimately, nutrient deficiencies. It can be difficult to get the whole spectrum of nutrients, especially if we have picky eaters! So I tend to focus on common nutrient deficiencies in children instead of obsessing about a longer list.
Why do we care?
Vitamins and minerals are needed for optimal growth and play many functions in a growing body; from bone development to boosting the immune system. Some of these nutrients work together synergistically for maximum absorption. So when one is depleted it can affect the function of others. Making sure our littles ones are getting what they need is crucial…and also concerning for parents!
But I know there’s always something to worry about. And worrying is exhausting. So I only want parents to focus on the nutrients that REALLY MATTER. Starting with the 5 most common nutrient deficiencies in children along with dietary sources to help bridge the nutrient gaps.
5 Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Children
Iron is needed for many functions in the body and is a component of hemoglobin (which helps carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body where it is used and stored). It’s important in muscle function as it is found in the myoglobin, a muscle protein, and used for the contraction of muscle. Some don’t realize iron is also crucial for a growing child.
Symptoms of an iron deficiency can be present in a number of ways; anemia, irritability, lethargy, impaired cognitive function, poor feeding and weakness. Iron stores start to diminish between 6 and 12 months of age (younger for premature or low birth weight children). And if a child is picky eater with limited iron intake, appetite can be hindered which further limits food consumption.
Dietary sources of iron include red meat, poultry, eggs, beans, lentils, dark green leafy vegetables and seeds such as pumpkin and sesame (tahini sauce is great). Try these Green Eggs no Ham for a double whammy.
Looking for getting ways to more iron into your child? Here are 7 ways to boost iron intake and absorption.
Vitamin D (also known as the sunshine vitamin) is another common nutrient that children tend to be deficient in. It is crucial in the development and growth of bones, hence an adequate amount helps children avoid bone malformations such as rickets, osteomalacia, and other bones diseases such as osteoporosis later in life. Yet it’s often forgotten that Vitamin D works together with vitamin K2 and magnesium to aid the absorption of calcium. Without vitamin D, there is a chance of a calcium deficiency, or calcium being shuttled into other parts of the body other than the bones (such as soft tissue where it will calcify and cause problems). Vitamin D also plays a role in immune function, and a deficiency in this vitamin may be involved in the development of certain allergies and diseases such as respiratory infections and autoimmune diseases Source.
Symptoms of a vitamin D deficiency in children include; frequent bone fractures/ bone pain, muscle weakness, difficulty thinking clearly and constant fatigue. Widespread vitamin D deficiency has also been linked to the childhood epidemics of autism, asthma, and diabetes, both type 1 and 2.
Dietary sources of vitamin D come from sustainable fish, egg yolks, beef liver, mushrooms and almonds. Another way for children to get vitamin D is to spend time outside in the sunlight. This will aid in the absorption of calcium and boost immunity. Since we do not get much sunlight during the winter months, it’s important to supplement our children (and ourselves) to ensure no nutrient gap. Ideally after testing to determine severity of deficiency.
Calcium takes on many roles in a child’s growing body such as; the development of strong bones and teeth, muscle function, heart regulation, and enzyme functions. Not to mention the transmission of messages throughout the central nervous system. If there is a lack of calcium entering the body, it will deplete calcium from the bones to use for other functions. The result: becoming more susceptible to fractures.
Symptoms of a calcium deficiency in children often results in easy fracturing of the bones, weak and brittle nails, muscle cramps/spasms, confusion or memory loss and a numbness or tinging sensation in the hands and feet.
The good news is that your kids don’t need to be milk (or dairy) lovers to get their calcium! Some great non-dairy dietary sources of calcium include dark leafy greens, fish (especially canned salmon and sardines with bones), and nuts and seeds such as almonds and sesame seeds. Try making salmon fish cakes it you don’t think your little one will go for it from the can.
And if mercury in fish has you worried (I told ya the list of concerns with kids is endless!), this will ease your mind.
Vitamin A is needed for a growing child’s vision and protecting the eyes, it is used to help maintain healthy skin, teeth and bones, and is important for the integrity of cell membranes. It’s worth noting that Vitamins A and D need each other for proper absorption as the Weston A. Price Foundation explains here and below.
…there is evidence that without vitamin D, vitamin A can be ineffective or even toxic. But if you’re deficient in vitamin A, vitamin D cannot function properly either.
Vitamin A deficiency can lead to eye damage, night blindness and even permanent visual blindness.
Dietary sources of vitamin A include sweet potatoes, carrots, dark leafy green vegetables, organ meats and fish liver oil. However, beta-carotene found in veggies like carrots, needs to be converted to Vitamin A. This wouldn’t be a problem but 45% of people lack this ability to convert and only 3% gets converted in a healthy adult! According to the Healthy Baby Code:
3 ounces of beef liver contains 27,000 IU of vitamin A….to get the same amount of vitamin A from plants (assuming a 3% conversion of beta-carotene to vitamin A), you’d have to eat 4.4 pounds of cooked carrots, 40 pounds of raw carrots, and 50 cups of cooked kale!
Crazy right? So you’re better off opting for animal products like liver and grass-fed dairy (butter, yogurt, milk, cheese) which have significant amounts of Vitamin A – no conversion needed.
Our family (including both kids) consume a quality Cod Liver Oil to meet our Vitamin A/D demands (and other nutrients). For those outside Canada, here are few options from Green Pastures. The butter is a great alternative.
Vitamin B12 is one of the more common nutrient deficiencies in children in children (and adults) than statistics indicate. This vitamin is essential for the formation of blood as well as cognitive and nervous system function. Vitamin B12 also helps to make DNA which is the genetic material that we are made of! Making sure our young one’s vitamin B12 levels are up to par is crucial. Especially as a deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia (a disorder in the blood that enlarges red blood cells).
Symptoms of a vitamin B12 deficiency includes impaired brain function, weakness, irritability lack of appetite, delayed growth or learning/development delays. It’s also connected to elevated levels of homocysteine in the body (homocysteine can lead to several cardiovascular conditions as they get older).
Dietary sources of vitamin B12 include red meat, poultry, sustainable fish, eggs, tempeh, seaweed and nutritional yeast. Vegetarians and vegans will have a harder time getting adequate levels, so testing is recommended. Here’s why:
A common myth amongst vegetarians and vegans is that it’s possible to get B12 from plant sources like seaweed, fermented soy, spirulina, brewer’s yeast, etc., but many of those plant foods actually contain B12 analogues called cobamides that block the intake of and increase the need for true B12.
This post wasn’t intended to send your stress levels through the roof! understanding nutrient deficiencies in children is the first step in gaining peace of mind. You can have your child (or yourself) tested if you believe they are experiencing any of the symptoms listed above. And try out some of the recipes (or supplements) recommended in this post, and if you have any questions you know where to find me.
Beef Photo Credit: Carnivore Style | <urn:uuid:ec5c9bf4-f7cd-40d2-ab28-9616ddaf280f> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://daniellebinns.com/2017/09/common-nutrient-deficiencies-in-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178381230.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307231028-20210308021028-00567.warc.gz | en | 0.927286 | 1,846 | 2.625 | 3 |
Teachers strive to help learners find their own answers by doing one thing—giving them the skills to do so. Although this seems like a tall order, in reality it’s simpler than you think. Part of it resides in ensuring students know they have options for this.
Exploring these options is the essence of philosophy of 3B4ME. If you haven’t heard of it, we discovered it on Adam Schoenbart’s blog. It’s an ingenious way to help learners find their own answers using simple paths to discovery. Using this strategy, learners can seek answers on their own—and usually find them—before needing to resort to asking a teacher.
We encourage our learners to think critically and act independently to solve problems every day. The Essential Fluencies help with this, but so do simple tools like 3B4ME. The graphic below from Pinterest offers a great visual sample of how it works. From Adam’s blog article:
“Sometimes, a student has a question that is ready for the teacher and truly needs the expert response. More often, though, students need a push to revisit notes, rethink the issue, and consider the problem from a new angle.”
3B4ME works to help learners find their own answers before asking a teacher with suggestions like:
- Ask three friends
- Explore there different resources
- Take 3 different tutorials
- Formulate three exploratory questions
- Visit three websites
These are some possible avenues that can be taken that can help learners find their own answers. Additionally, the possibilities expand when you use these suggestions and others in different combinations.
Enjoy the graphic, and keep on encouraging learners to explore and discover answers and solutions.
- Here is the Simplest Critical Thinking Process for Learners to Know
- 4 Useful Questions for Providing Relevant Learning Connections
- The Best Ways to Shift Learning Responsibilities to Our Students | <urn:uuid:bdec2656-177d-430c-909e-f5c41415276c> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://globaldigitalcitizen.org/3-ways-learners-find-their-own-answers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742567.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115054518-20181115080518-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.93436 | 396 | 3.15625 | 3 |
One health risk that’s common for dogs is being exposed to kennel cough (also known as Infectious Tracheobronchitis). There are a number of viruses and bacteria that can cause kennel cough. In fact, it’s common that the cause is a mixture of both viruses AND bacteria.
The most common viruses include: Canine Parainfluenza virus and canine adenovirus types 1 and 2.
The most important organism that can cause kennel cough is a bacteria named Bordetella Bronchiseptica. If a dog has one or more of these organisms, he’ll get serious inflammation in his bronchi and trachea as well as a severe infection. Symptoms may last four days up to two weeks. However, most dogs will have symptoms 7-10 days after they have been exposed. The most typical symptom is a deep sounding honking-like cough that seems to hit quickly. The cough doesn’t usually produce anything and your dog may look like he’s dry retching, a problem in itself.
He’ll have coughing fits and then it will settle and become minor bouts. Coughing may become aggravated by activity, drinking water or when moving from places with different temperatures. E.g. a warm to a cool environment or the other way around. Most dogs that have kennel cough will behave normally except for the coughing. They’ll also eat normally. However, a dog may have a higher temperature reading (as high as 105°F), lose his appetite and have a nasal discharge.
You generally don’t need to treat your dog because the infection usually disappears on its own within 10 days. However, some dogs may cough for as long as three weeks. If the symptoms are severe, you may need to consult your vet and get medication to help settle the problem. If the cough is productive, let it continue (provided it doesn’t affect his ability to sleep and rest) because this can clear debris and inflammation. If the cough is productive and so annoying that your dog can’t get enough rest, a cough suppressant is indicated. You can use diluted over-the-counter human cough medicine or honey and the cough should settle. If not, consult your vet because more serious medications may be required. Antibiotics will be necessary, especially if his temperature is high for more than a couple of days. However, remember that antibiotics will only stop bacterial causes. The body’s natural defence systems will combat the viruses, in the same way they do in people. If the medications don’t work or the symptoms become worse, the dog should be taken to the vet to be reassessed.
Kennel cough can occur as part of more severe respiratory diseases and will need a more detailed diagnostic plan and treatment regimen. The dog has to be isolated from other dogs so it’s not spread. Organisms spread mainly on drops of water in the air and directly between dogs when they make contact. A vet generally recommends isolating the sick dog until there has not been any coughing for a minimum of seven to 10 days. So it doesn’t spread, the ventilation in the dog’s kennel needs to be increased to the point where the air is being swapped 12-15 times each hour. Humidity should be kept under 50% if at all possible. Crates, kennels and dishes must be washed thoroughly with powerful disinfectants and then let completely dry before they’re next used. Some vaccines can prevent kennel cough. These can be given as nasal drops or as an injection. The nasal drops seem to give a higher amount of protection.
Obviously no vaccine is perfect, they apparently have the capacity to reduce kennel cough. In most cases, kennel cough is only a minor problem for dogs but it can quickly become more severe and spread in groups quickly if ignored. All dog owners need to understand how they can prevent this debilitating disease and also how to reduce its ability to spread. It’s unfair to make other dogs sick if you take your infected dog for walks, present him at shows or let him play with other dogs.
Natural Remedies that can be used to boost your Pom’s immune system.
Vitamin C. Use it three times per day (250 mgs for small dogs). If you already use this regularly, then that’s very good. This should be added to whatever dose you currently use and should be spread out through the day.
Herbal tinctures. Echinacea. Give him a few drops three times each day, either in his mouth or on his food. Golden Seal. The same applies as with Echinacea.
Colloidal Silver. 1-2 drops three times per day either in his water or food. To specifically fight the kennel cough virus:
Homeopathic remedies: (they work when the right remedy and symptoms are matched, regardless of how potent the remedy is).
Bryonia. 1-2 pellets three times per day. Dog can’t eat for 10 minutes before and after taking the pellets. You can get this from most health food stores in a 6C or 6X strength and that’s an ok but if you can get 30C, that’s stronger.
Drosera. Used the same as Bryonia.
If your dog has an irritated/sore throat, a half teaspoon of honey three times every day will help. Avoid letting your dog be around second hand smoke and keep him in an even level humidity environment.
•Eliminate exposure to second hand smoke.
•Maintain humidity in the environment.
If you ever have concerns about your dog’s health, contact your vet. As with people, catching problems early means they can be treated faster and make a complete recovery.
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Why Am I Feeling Isolated? Potential Causes And 7 Ways To Reconnect
In our current global climate, loneliness and social isolation has grown in epidemic proportions and in all age groups. Now more than ever, adults feel estranged in their relationships and isolated from friends and family. For many, their home has become their castle, only to leave for work and shopping, with neighbors resembling strangers rather than people you know and trust. This isolation is reflected in national statistics that reveal 52% of people in the United States reporting feeling lonely and 47% admitting their relationships are not meaningful. If you are one of the many who are feeling isolated, know there are resources available to help you reconnect and leave loneliness behind you. Read on to learn more.
What Is Isolation?
Isolation is defined as a lack of social relationships or emotional support and can occur even if you are not alone. Many people may think that isolation means simply being alone and not in contact with others. However, that is solitude. Instead, isolation is pervasive and long-lasting and can occur without physically being alone. For example, isolation can be emotional in nature and present as a feeling of disconnect from others despite having relationships that should provide meaningful connections.
Meaningful relationships are one of the best ways to reduce the feeling of isolation that may spring up throughout our lives. Without these intimate connections, we may withdraw inside a shell that can keep us from taking care of ourselves. Considering the importance of social support throughout life, it is no surprise that isolation can lead to serious mental and physical health issues if not treated properly.
Why Do I Feel Isolated?
There are several risk factors associated with feelings of isolation, many of which we will discuss in the next section, but some causes of isolation include:
- The loss of family or friends
- Health and disabilities
- An aversion to socialization
- Domestic violence
- Living alone
- A lack of meaningful involvement
If you are experiencing any form of abuse, help is available. Call the National Domestic Violence Hotline at 1.800.799.SAFE (7233).
Social isolation can spring up from a buildup of external events or appear without a prominent inciting event. Different personalities and states of mind can be more prone to isolation feelings. For example, if you find yourself quite extroverted and need meaningful connections to others but cannot seem to connect to others around you, you may feel isolated.
But if you are more introverted, you may not mind the lack of connection with others as much. You may not develop feelings of isolation as quickly. Of course, personalities are more complicated than this simple reductionism, but different personalities may be more prone to isolation.
Below are steps you can take that may, more directly, help your effort to feel less isolated. We will look at some of the common causes of isolation and how to fix them, in addition to listing ways that you can connect with others.
Ways To Connect With Others And Eliminate Causes Of Isolation
1. Reduce Social Media Usage
It is well known now that social media use can cause, and more commonly, amplify feelings of social isolation. While it promises to help us connect with others, the truth is, social platforms do not offer the same form of communication that you get when you visit in-person and away from the computer screen. If anything, the anonymity just provides a medium for self-criticism and social competition. However, this is not to say that social platforms cannot be used constructively - they can connect far-off friends and family who live apart. Beyond communicating with loved ones from afar, social media tends to isolate you from “real” people and situations.
If you want to stay connected with others, grab a coffee, or invite them over, or if they live far away, give them a call. Liking the occasional picture or commenting a compliment on a post is not enough to provide you with the feeling of genuine connection that we, as humans, depend on for survival.
2. Commit To Spending Quality Time With Friends
Following the theme of staying connected, try to set time aside for time with people in your support system. Having lunch or coffee with friends once a week keeps you connected with others which can do wonders for your mental health. You can meet with a friend spontaneously or take a moment to visit with your neighbor. Even if only occasionally, your commitment to spending quality time with a friend will quickly reduce feelings of isolation. Consider writing down a goal of social activity at least once a week, even if it’s a short walk at lunchtime with a trusted co-worker. Even small bouts of isolation can be lessened by looking forward to the upcoming quality time spent with those who truly care for you.
3. Develop A Passion
Building off the points of number two, getting involved in something enjoyable can be great for connecting with others. More than just the social aspect, finding a new passion reduces feelings of isolation because you now have something more meaningful to dedicate time to. There are several ways for you to develop a passion that you can share with others. Consider learning to play an instrument and find an open jam session where you can meet other musicians. You can also volunteer in your local community. Giving your time to others provides a double advantage to feelings of isolation, not only are you spending time with like-minded people but your generosity also is a boon to mood and mental health.
4. Maintain A Healthy Lifestyle
As unrelated as it sounds, maintaining good health can be vital not just to your happiness but to your feelings of social isolation as well. The act alone of getting out and going to the gym or on the run can get you outside and around other people. Even if you don't talk to others as you exercise, being in public can help.
Additionally, the rush of endorphins from exercise can directly improve for your overall health and put you in a great position to feel and act energized. Proper sleep and dieting will also bring you the energy and naturally good endorphins to help you gain control of your day and mood.
5. Challenge Your Inner Critic
Often, feelings of loneliness and isolation from others stem from the internal dialogue in your head. This private speech in our minds can have a powerful impact in our self-perception and outwardly interaction with others. Sometimes, this internal voice will turn into a harsh critic that berates your every action (and interactions), keeping you from opening to others and promoting self-imposed isolation.
Insecurities and a fear of what is outside your comfort zone can be enough to push you to avoid both attempts to reach out and connect with others and to appreciate and value those connections. So, by challenging that part of yourself that holds you back, you can begin seeing real possibilities for connection. One strategy for challenging your inner critic is simply participating in regular social interactions. Of course, connecting with others will be difficult, especially if your inner critic is on the attack. You can start by being a friend to yourself and meeting the harsh words with kindness and love. If this is not working, do not worry. You can reach for mental health support, and they can walk you through the process of self-love.
6. Gain Control Over Your Life
If you are working up the will to make connections and find yourself continually falling into the same old habits and self-inflicted misery - there is one solution for you: to gain control of your own life. It can be easy to let things go in a world where we can hide behind our screens and digital personas, where accountability is easy to sidestep. You can empower yourself by acknowledging the responsibility you have to care for yourself.
By practicing small steps, you can build the willpower and the motivation to see the vast control you have over your life. Perhaps, you realize that a part of you wants to feel lonely, that it is easier to isolate than break out of your protective shell and meet with others. This self-realization is a step in the direction of self-awareness. However, in acknowledging that you are growing your own circle of isolation, you now can take responsibility to make that change.
7. Reach Out For Help
Confronting feelings of social isolation can be difficult - especially when you begin to connect this feeling with accompanying symptoms of anxiety and depression. Isolation can compound these symptoms and reinforce loneliness, causing a cycle that is hard to break alone. Even calling someone, you trust to talk about the problem is an excellent step towards making a difference.
When reaching for a friend is not enough, know you can reach for mental health support. Therapy is a powerful tool for healing the feelings of isolation that many of us are living with on a daily basis.
Living with feelings of isolation is challenging and may interfere with your ability to find a therapist to meet with in-person, especially with the added need for setting appointments and traveling to an office. Online therapy is a convenient option that is supported by research as a highly-beneficial alternative to in-person therapy, For example, an article published in Frontiers in Psychology found that online therapy interventions helped provide emotional support for young adults managing loneliness and other symptoms related to depression and anxiety. You may find that it is easier to attend online therapy sessions from the comfort of your own home than going to an office for in-person therapy. Whichever format you choose, therapy will help you take those steps you need to heal past hurts and work through present challenges.
When you feel isolated from others, you may experience feelings of intense loneliness, sadness, and difficulties with your self-esteem. Fortunately, there is a remedy for these feelings of isolation in the act of reaching for support from a friend, family member, or co-worker. If you find that your support system is not available or need more, reach for the guidance of a mental health therapist. Know you do not have to continue feeling disconnected and you have the power within you to reach for help. Online therapists are available when you are ready.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What Does Feeling Isolated Mean?
Isolation and loneliness can lead to the development of mental health disorders, such as anxiety and depressive disorders. When you feel isolated or lonely, you may feel cut off and withdrawn from others while sad about being yourself. However, when attempting to cope with loneliness, feel less lonely, or feel comfortable being alone, health information resources and national helplines can provide you with a wealth of knowledge to work through a mental illness that could contribute to these feelings.
Why Do People Isolate Themselves?
To cope with loneliness, friends or family may start to feel the need to remove themselves from situations. Although it may seem counterintuitive, mental and emotional distress make some people feel like they can’t talk to others, and they may even feel lonely in a crowded room. Mental illness can make isolation and loneliness seem like the proper solution. However, national helplines and health information can help them realize that there are ways to feel less lonely. Making new friends, seeing a therapist, and even taking steps to find health insurance that covers mental illness consultations are often the first steps to helping people work through their feelings of isolation and loneliness.
Is Being Isolated A Bad Thing?
The American Psychological Association explains that feelings of isolation and loneliness can affect “your physical, mental, and cognitive health.” When you are feeling isolated or feeling lonely, anxiety, depression, and other forms of mental illness are just a few of the problems that may develop. You may also start to feel sick more often, withdraw yourself from friends and family, and neglect past times you usually enjoy. Reaching out to a national helpline can get you the health information you may need if you are dealing with isolation and loneliness.
How Do I Stop Being Isolated?
When feeling lonely, you may feel like few people can understand or even care about your situation. However, isolation and loneliness are often the causes of this self-fulfilling cycle; when you convince yourself to remove yourself from others, you are actively isolating from people around that may care or want to talk. Consider reaching for a friend, professionals, or national helplines when you are experiencing these isolating feelings. Reaching out to a national helpline or mental health therapist can help you determine why you are feeling isolated and get you closer to the resources you need to stop feeling lonely so often.
Can You Tell If Someone Is Lonely?
There are several ways to tell when a person may feel lonely. If you find them withdrawing from the conversation, avoiding new situations, or possibly even making jokes about feeling lonely, they may subtly be isolating themselves. However, if someone is reaching out more often, is more disappointed about canceled plans, or looking for more grand activities than usual, understand they are reaching for support and make it a point to connect with them.
What Are Signs Of Isolation?
The signs of isolation include the inability to connect with others, exhaustion, lack of social interest, negative feelings towards yourself, and more. Reaching out to a national helpline or a mental health therapist can help you understand how isolation can contribute to mental illnesses and what to look for when you feel you or your loved ones may be isolating yourself.
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H-Gram 025, Attachment 2
Samuel J. Cox, Director NHHC
31 January 2019
On the morning of 14 January 1969, the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS Enterprise (CVAN-65) was operating about 70 nautical miles southwest of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. She was preparing for an 0830 launch of six F-4 Phantom II fighters, seven A-7 Corsair II light attack jets, one RA-5C Vigilante photo-reconnaissance aircraft, one EKA-3B tanker, and one E-2A Hawkeye airborne early warning aircraft of Air Wing NINE (CVW-9). This would be for the final battle drill on the last day of an operational readiness inspection (ORI) in preparation for Enterprise’s fourth deployment to Vietnam (and eighth deployment overall.) Flight operations had commenced at 0630 that morning.
At 0818, as the Enterprise was commencing a turn to port into the wind, an explosion occurred on the port quarter of the flight deck outside the landing area. An MD-3A aircraft starter unit (“huffer”) had been positioned so that hot exhaust was blowing on the warhead of a MK-32 5-inch Zuni rocket. This warhead was mounted in a pod of four rockets on the starboard wing (No. 8 station) of Fighter Squadron NINETY-SIX (VF-96) F-4J Phantom II No. 105. The huffer’s exhaust temperature could reach 590 degrees (F) at a two-foot distance, while only 358 degrees was sufficient to cook off the warhead in about one minute and 18 seconds (per the subsequent investigation). The aircraft was also carrying two wing fuel tanks (one on the starboard wing outboard of the Zuni rockets) and six MK 82 500-pound bombs.
A junior airman apprentice had attempted to call attention to the dangerous situation, but his warning was either not understood, or not heard in the din of jet noise. The subsequent investigation determined that warning was probably already too late. When the Zuni warhead exploded, shrapnel perforated the external fuel tanks and ignited a JP-5 fuel fire. About one minute later, the other three Zuni rockets on F-4J No. 105 exploded, blowing holes in the flight deck down which burning JP-5 flowed into the O-3 level.
The skipper of Enterprise, Captain Kent Lee (future vice admiral and commander of Naval Air Systems Command) promptly steered so the wind blew smoke and flames off the flight deck. However, after three minutes, a bomb on a Phantom exploded, blowing an even bigger hole in the flight deck (about 8 by 7 feet), and spreading burning fuel into the ship down to the O-2, O-1, and 1st Deck levels. This explosion severed fire hoses and rendered the closest fire-fighting foam units inoperative. This was followed by two more 500-pound bomb explosions, and then three more on a rack that created an 18- by by 22-foot hole and ruptured a 6,000-gallon fuel tank, resulting in a huge fireball. In all, there were 18 explosions that blew five large holes in the flight deck (although not in the landing area) and destroyed eight F-4’s, six A-7’s, and the EKA-3B tanker.
The huffer driver, Airman John R. Webster, was killed instantly by the first blast; the radar intercept officer of F-4J No. 105, LTJG Buddy Pyeatt, was killed in the fire; and the pilot of the aircraft, LTJG Jim Berry died as a result of his burns months later (resulting in different casualty numbers in different accounts). Many of those who died were killed by the second explosion as they rushed to fight the fire. A preponderance of those killed were flight deck maintenance personnel of VF-96 and VF-92, and from the ship’s V1 Division. Other crewmen were killed as they ran bravely toward the fire, while others were trapped in compartments below decks. (Of note, USS Rogers—DD-876—was commended for aggressively coming alongside Enterprise to help fight the fires, while USS Bainbridge—CGN-25—rescued a number of Sailors blown over the side.)
Despite the casualties, a big difference between the fires of Enterprise and Forrestal (see H-Gram 008) was that on Enterprise 96 percent of ship’s company and 86 percent of air wing personnel had received formal firefighting training, whereas on Forrestal only 50 percent of the crew and none of the air wing had been trained. That so many on Enterprise were trained was a direct result of lessons learned during the Forrestal fire. Other carriers had had “near-misses” with huffer exhaust, but that had not been disseminated widely enough. One result of the fire on Enterprise was the re-design of the huffer so that the hot exhaust was vented directly upward. The combined lessons learned from the fires on Forrestal and Enterprise were extensive, resulting in a major overhaul of carrier damage control and firefighting. Although there have been other fires on aircraft carriers, Enterprise was the last major conflagration. Sadly, many of the lessons from carrier fires in World War II had been forgotten; this certainly the case by the time of the 1953 fire on USS Leyte (CV-32), in which 32 were killed, and the 1954 fire on USS Bennington (CV-20), in which 103 were killed. More of those lessons had been forgotten by the time of the fire on USS Oriskany (CV-34) that killed 45 in 1966, and USS Forrestal, with 134 killed in 1967. The moral of this story is that complacency kills and it is important to remain ever vigilant so that the 28 men who died and the 314 who were injured in the fire on Enterprise did not do so in vain.
(Primary source for this section is the USS Enterprise Board of Inquiry Report, as well as NHHC Dictionary of American Fighting Ships [DANFS] entry for USS Enterprise.)
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Computer Operating Systems:
A New Architecture for IoT
Current computer operating systems architectures are not well suited for this new coming world of connected devices, known as Internet of Things (IoT), for multiple reasons: poor communication performances in both point-to-point and broadcast cases, poor operational reliability and network security, excessive requirements both in terms of processors power and memory sizes leading to too high an electrical power consumption. We introduce a new computer operating system architecture well adapted to connected devices, from the most modest to the most complex, and more generally able to tremendously raise the input/output capacities of any communicating computer. This architecture rests on the principles of the Von Neumann hardware model and is composed of two types of asymmetric distributed containers, which communicate by message passing. We describe the sub-systems of both of these types of containers, where each sub-system has its own scheduler, and a dedicated execution level.
What is the Architecture of an Operating System?
There are a number of general theories on “systems”, each giving its own definition of what a “system” is. We will be using the simple definition stating that a “system” is a “set of entities talking through interfaces (and according to protocols)”. We will consider here, that in the case of a computer operating system, what are respectively called “entities” and “interfaces” in that definition are what are usually called “sub-systems” and “APIs” in computer speak. What we will be calling “architecture” is a description of these sub-systems and of its APIs. The description of a sub-system will be that of its scheduler, of the scheduler’s modes of context switching, of its performance, but also of the services provided by the sub-system. The interfaces between the different sub-systems will be “procedural” or using “message passing” (Fig. 1):
Why introduce a new architecture ?
The architecture of the Multics system was among the most ambitious computer operating system architectures. Its definition started in 1964, and it can be considered finished in 1972, the year of the publication of an article titled Multics – the first seven years (we are leaving out the implementation of the system, which went on after the article was published). The following sentence comes from the article’s conclusions:
In closing, perhaps we should take note that in the seven years since Multics was proposed, a great many other systems have also been proposed and constructed; many of these have developed similar ideas. In most cases, their designers have developed effective implementations which are directed to a different interpretation of the goals, or to a smaller set of goals than those required for the complete computer utility.
This sentence turned out to be prophetic, because well after 1972, numerous computer operating system architectures are still influenced by that of Multics, to such a point that certain architectural traits will be passed down from generation to generation, although their use will be long gone due to the evolution of the hardware and of the use of computers.
Recall that the first machine used to develop Multics, the General Electric Model 654, had at most 1024 kilo-words of central memory, with each word being 36 bits (for a total of 4.5 megabytes), had up to 4 processors, each capable of executing 500,000 instructions per second. It was the size of a very large room. By comparison, a modern smartphone has 500 times more memory, and 1000 times more processing power. The smallest systems-on-a-chip for IoT are the size of the smallest coins, have 0.5 megabytes of memory and can run 2,000,000 instructions per second. The use of a smartphone, or of any IoT has therefore nothing to do with that of the General Electric 654, which allowed a few tens of users to perform scientific computing, or to develop Multics using slow and loud teleprinters.
In the following paragraphs, we will analyze some of the downsides of architectural traits inherited from a long time ago, and ill-suited to modern communicating machines. We cannot overemphasize the fact that the consequences are not the result of a particular implementation, but rather of the architectures themselves. The past decade has seen a number of projects coming from developers whose aims were to rewrite part or all of existing architectures, without achieving significant gains. We will end this article by introducing a new operating system architecture meant for IoT and for communicating computer machines. In the following of this text we will use the term of communicating machine for naming machines using richer I/Os than a simple IoT device, that is to say using communication links, but also being able to process and store real time data flows.
Telecommunication and Input/Output Problems
We will distinguish three types of data flows which often exhibit telecommunication performance problems: high bandwidth point-to-point flows, high bandwidth broadcast flows, and low bandwidth flows of infrequent broadcast messages. In a more general manner, all input/outputs of our connected devices and computers are suffering of serious performances issues, more specifically file systems. We will proceed by pointing out five architectural deficiencies which account for the performance problems. Some of these deficiencies are so prevalent that they have driven the introduction of palliative hardware solutions which are often very expensive.
Almost all existing operating systems exhibit poor performance as soon as protocol stacks such as HTTP/TCP/IP meet sustained flows nearing half of the transmission bandwidth. To see this, one only needs to start streaming an HD video through a broadband Internet connection to a PC. When the streaming is started, a waiting animation is always shown, for up to a few seconds, even though the video should start playing instantly. Then, sometimes the video will pause, which should not occur. In that case, novices blame the PC, the network or the server of being too slow. Actually, the terminals’ operating systems are to blame for these hiccups; that can easily be proved by replacing the terminal by a device with a suitable operating system. Now, on the same connection, the same files located on the same server can be played without problems. For a number of users however, DSL TV is not good enough, driving the telecommunications operators to replace copper wire infrastructure by fiber too early given the investments made.
The set-top box operating systems also show poor performance when receiving broadcast streams, both by cable or by terrestrial and satellite antennas. If it is possible to record on a hard drive a single TV program, without experiencing too many glitches, recording 7 or 8 is nigh impossible. The total data flow of 8 high definition videos is only 16 megabytes per second, and the slowest of disks, at 5400 rotations/minute, have a data rate of 80 megabytes per second when correctly used. To cope with these deficiencies of the terminal operating systems, hard-drive manufacturers sell highly expensive models whose rotation speed is of 10,000 rotations/minute or more, and whose firmware is specially modified for video recording.
The most energy efficient home-automation radio protocols use small broadcast messages, which are not repeated. For instance, there are small electrical switches which broadcast exactly one small message over the radio. Although the speed is only 115,200 bauds, some systems can sometimes randomly lose a few bytes of the message making it unusable, even though the hardware is fully able to receive them without any loss. Although the radio protocols were specially designed to limit the electronics for a modem directly connected to an asynchronous serial port, the radio modems manufacturers are driven to add a small system-on-a-chip, whose sole purpose is to store the bytes received for the few milliseconds that are sometimes required by the operating systems to take them into account.
These problems are caused by multiple architectural weaknesses, which combine and add up. Among them, the five most egregious are the high context switching times, the useless data copies, the excessive data buffering, overly general file systems, and lastly, inappropriate hardware interruption handling mechanisms. Once again, these are not implementation problems of these operating systems, but rather problems of the architectures themselves. The five issues are presented in further detail below.
Excessive Context Switching Times
The context switching time is the time spent at every transition from one activity to another, that is the time needed by the operating system to perform ad-hoc actions. The architectural choices of what has to be done at every context switch determines the time it takes: whether to change the address space or not, whether to change the stack or not, and the extent of the modifications to the internal tables of the system. We purposefully use the term of “activity”, rather than “task” or “thread”. In fact – and this is an important architectural design decision – there exists a technique called finite state automaton engine, which is not very widespread in the software world because it is difficult to master, but which nonetheless allows for context switching in virtually no time by eliminating the notions of task and threads. We will see later how to gainfully use it.
Useless Data Copying
Useless copies in the central memory of the machine can occur with certain operating systems, because, as a result of the isolation mechanisms of the tasks and the system itself, copying is the only data transfer method between two tasks or between a task and the system itself. Architectural design decisions are the sole cause.
Excessive Data Buffering
Buffering consists in accumulating an amount of data before even starting their processing. Often, these buffers are found to be 200 to 10,000 times too large and are in the megabytes or tens of megabytes rather than kilobytes. That’s why users who start streaming must wait multiple seconds before seeing the first image even appear: the data begins to arrive from the server as soon as the request is made, but only when megabytes of video data have arrived does the video decoding begin. One may ask why such large buffers are used, causing such long wait times. There are in fact two causes for this. The first is the operating system context switching times; using buffers a thousand times smaller means a thousand fold increase in number of context switches by unit of time, which leads to a system collapse as soon as the activities are organized as tasks, no matter how “lightweight”. The second is an implementation issue. Many binary data flow parsers are unable to stop their work at any point in the input flow, but only at certain points, such as at the beginning of a new image. These parsers can only be started when a buffer contains an amount of data at least equal to the largest possible compressed image size. This second point is not an architectural defect in and of itself. The architect having identified that the overly coarse parsers are a cause of system collapse can choose to integrate critical features in the system itself or in its libraries, so that they can be well implemented and optimized. With this, it is clear what the benefit is obtained by specializing an operating system: providing optimized business-specific functionality to developers, which they cannot optimize sufficiently due to a lack of time. Moreover, modern hardware sometimes comes with hardware parsers which developers don’t use or under-use because of the complications this entails. The integration of all the parsers for high bit rate flow allows for the use of such hardware support. It is important to realize that using more powerful processors would not solve anything, because it would not diminish the context switching costs by a factor 1000 or 10,000 and would do nothing to reduce the number of bytes needed before starting these parsers. This last point is of utmost importance, because it explains why it is absurd to always increase the processing power of our smartphones: this extra power is of no use, because that was never the source of the sluggishness. And because of it, the battery life goes down. In fact, video decoding is the only reason why there are 8 cores in a cell phone, function for which there are dedicated processors (DSPs) which can reduce the power draw by a factor ten compared to software decoding on an eight-core processor.
Ill-Suited File systems
To be clear, the term “file system” from a strict point of view refers to the organization of data on a physical support. A file system is labelled “general file system” when it is both capable of containing a large number of small files as well as large files. In its general acceptation, which we will use, “file system” also refers to the operating system components which implement and maintain this organization. For the same disk data organization specification, such as FAT 32, there are multiple ways to maintain this organization, and the methods chosen will have impacts greater than the organization itself. Depending on the use-case, file system strategies will favor small files by allowing fast creation and destruction or will benefit the throughput for large files. In the case of communicating machines simultaneously receiving large bit rate data flows, it will be necessary to use file systems well-adjusted to that use case, where the movements of the disk’s read-and-write head are minimized.
Poor interrupt handling
Modern electronics, including the smallest Systems on a Chip used for IoT, all have interrupt controllers allowing nested interrupts. Software can configure the priority of each interrupt, and when two interrupts arrive nearly at the same time, the handling code for the first one can be interrupted if the priority of the second one is greater. The software must assign the greatest priorities to the shortest and most frequent handlers, and the lowest priorities to the longest and rarest handlers. That way a long handler will be interrupted by short ones, and no latency is induced in the handling of the frequent interrupt, which leads to the maximum speeds. A short handler cannot be interrupted by a long one, but this is of no importance. Of course, the short handler codes must be carefully optimized, and will not perform slow calls to the system. No interrupt handling can call a blocking function, such as grabbing a semaphore. Certain architects consider that the considerable power afforded by the modern processors eliminates the need to make use of the interrupt priorities, and that it is not a problem to call slow system procedures from interrupt handlers even though simple order of magnitude computations prove the contrary. This is the reason why certain operating systems, even when run on powerful processors lose the last bytes of small radio messages transmitted at 115,200 bauds: if a UART has a 16-byte deep FIFO, it can be filled in 1.5 milliseconds, and the following bytes will be lost if the interrupt handler is not run during this time period. In the case of a communicating operating system, which because of its job, is exposed to sustained high interrupt rates, the interrupt handling must be performed swiftly and cannot be postponed and placed on a run queue, because doing so only increases the amount of ineffective activities in the system, increases the latencies, and worsens the problems due to interrupt misses.
In the case of developer workstation operating systems, the system must be fully protected from application bugs during the testing phase, no matter how expensive the protections are. Certain systems go so far as to protect components of the operating system or the drivers by automatically stopping the failing piece of software. An operating system meant for communicating machines is not designed to be used for its own development as was Multics, or to run text editors and compilers. In addition, in embedded communicating objects, it would be absurd to stop the software components allowing precisely the communication, thereby isolating the device. It is in fact better to restart the system. Most importantly, what matters in the end is the safety of the operation of the whole communicating machine, which is a combination of hardware, operating system and application software.
As far as the operating system is concerned, the safety of its operation is guaranteed by a large number of automated, off-line checks. Each component of the system must be submitted to checks called “unit tests”; the component is tested alone and in isolation of the other components. A major comprehensiveness of the test coverage, that is the guarantee that all possible code paths have been explored at least once during the tests. For this last point, the architecture chosen for the operating system is not without consequence. In particular, the use of the previously mentioned finite state automaton engine technique lets one automatically detect if test coverage is complete or not.
As far as the applications are concerned, the choice of suitable architectures can also be essential, especially for the smallest of IoT devices. Let’s consider two examples: when the language used to implement an application is compiled to machine code, it is impossible to prevent the application from inappropriately accessing its own data, and it is expensive to limit its address space in order to isolate the code, the system data and the peripheral registers. With architecture called “language-based computers”, the combination of the hardware and its operating system do not offer any other choice than a single interpreted language for the development of the applications. It becomes impossible for an application to overwrite its own data, the code or data of the system, and it can’t access the peripheral registers.
The protection of the data collected or stored on connected devices, but also the integrity of the software of the object makes up what we will call the “security”. Surprisingly, certain architects consider that security is not an architectural concern. It is as if it were possible to secure an operating system after the fact, by adding “security layers” and whose implementation as also outside the scope of the architect’s responsibility. To illustrate, it is as if it were possible to draw up the plans for a building without taking account its security, to finish the construction, and only then try and achieve a high level of security by adding surveillance systems and access controls. When building a bunker or simply a locker room, the architect must from the design stage ban windows, add sufficiently thick walls, and use strong materials.
It behooves the architect to design a system which can start without relying on a shell. The architecture should by design prevent the execution of unauthenticated contents, prevent a user from consenting to disable security mechanisms. And of course, the architecture should allow for the replacement of open source telecommunications stacks by proprietary codes, of which must be required to come with automated test with extensive coverage.
Frugality and Scaling Problems
IoT must be frugal, both in terms of energy consumption as well as communication bandwidth. The architecture of the operating system impacts the power consumption, from the moment it allows a reduction in required memory sizes, and when it lets the processor clock remain low and even stop completely, which is only possible if the system can restart quickly, typically in less than a millisecond. For IoT of the smaller kind, communicating using a low bandwidth radio, software updates can be realized on a component by component basis, in order to reduce the update sizes, which is only possible if the architecture was designed for this. From this point of view, the Language-based Computer architecture is particularly well suited. Indeed, the natural functional decoupling is strong in that case: the interpreter itself is an independent component, each library is an independent component, and the interpreted application is another. It is easy to add an independent version number to each of the blocks, allowing true upgrade of a single component, without needing to upgrades the others which tends to happen with compiled languages. Because of a single function address table, it is possible to upgrade the functions of a library one by one, without needing to change more than one address in all the code, the address in the function table of the interpreter.
The capability of an operating system to both shrink in the smallest of objects and make use of the most complex is what we call its “scalability”. The amount of necessary code must be minimal, all while letting more code be added to provide more features. For this also, a Language-Based Computer architecture turns out to be very efficient. The interpreter code is only a few tens of kilobytes, and the number of functions it can call can be updated thanks to the use of an indirect call table. It is therefore required that the P-codes of the instructions be at least 16 bits long, which rules out those whose instruction size is only 8 bits.
Fleet of Objects Management Problems
The deployment of large quantities of small objects in homes poses three problems of fleet management: the management of the fleet of objects inside one home, the management of objects of the same type across homes, and finally the management of the data which we allow to leave the premises.
Management of the Objects in one Home
The reason for adding communication abilities to small objects is first and foremost a local one: the objects in one home must interact with and receive commands from the residents. Some standards such as EnOcean allow controller type objects to discover locally sensor and actuators, and to create links with them. Specific IP protocols such as Simple Service Discovery Protocol (SSDP) also allow the discovery of local equipment. Even if they are simple compared to TCP/IP, these protocols are nonetheless too complex to be used by application software. It is therefore desirable to integrate them to the operating system.
The software upgrades in the case of IoT, where we only have low bandwidth radio channels occurs through gateways, which have an Internet connection as well a connection to the radio channel. If we compare the total embedded code sizes, with the bandwidths of the radio channels, it become obvious why partial updates are required for code embedded in objects. From this point of view also, Language-based Computer type approaches are beneficial because the part of the application most often upgraded, the application, is wholly separated from the rest of the code, because it is written in a different language. It is highly desirable, and it may be required that all modifications to the code be authenticated by the operating system.
Exported Data Management and Permissions
The personal data collection and their mining has become a source of profit. Google for instance, to better sell targeted advertising, is increasing the sources of collection and cross-matching of our personal data, in particular the contents of our mails (Gmail) which are systematically analyzed by artificial intelligence software called “bots”. All of the manufacturers of IoT products also wish to collect and store the data collected in our homes for their own benefit. To do so, the collected data are directly transmitted using the Internet to back-end servers under the control of the manufacturers of objects, and only through these servers can users access their own data. Even if end users are doubtlessly ready to let this silent data collection happen, if they even realize it is going on at all, the same cannot be said of the managers of industrial sites, or of housing domains, who are justifiably afraid of security breaches. The operating systems of IoT controllers will have to offer the means to encrypt the transmitted data, but also to block confidential data from getting out.
Hardware input/output architectures
Historians generally consider that the first machine deserving to be called a computer is the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). This computer was designed at the Ballistic Research Laboratory of the US Army, at Aberdeen in Maryland. This machine was designed by John Presper Eckert, based on ideas of John William Mauchly professor of physics, who had realized that computation of ballistic tables could be performed electronically. Before the ENIAC was fully functional, a second project called EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) is launched in 1946 under the direction of the same Eckert and Mauchly, based on a documented written in 1945 by John Von Neumann: First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC. As the name suggests, the document is a first draft, and is very incomplete. The subject of the document is in no way the description of a computer architecture but does have going for it that it explains how to use vacuum tubes to increase the speed of computation. The central chapter is this document, 6.0 E-Elements gives a model of the “elementary electronic neuron”, and the following chapters describe how to build an adder, a multiplier, and a subtractor, binary floating points, and central memory using this elementary building block. By way of introduction, the document starts with a paragraph called 2.0 Main subdivisions of the system, which is, without saying so, a simplified functional description of the ENIAC. But because this article was published in 1945, before the 1948 article “The ENIAC”, and because achievements were considered more important than publications in these final years of World War II, the historians mistakenly both attribute the invention of the architecture to John Von Neumann and tie it to the EDVAC.
The two fundamental points of the architecture of a computer are on one hand the description of its buses and of its instruction set, the two being closely tied. The 1945 article by Von Neumann does not address the notion of a bus at all, and only defines the different classes and sub-classes of instructions. Bear in mind that the article contains no architectural diagram. Nonetheless on-line literature is filled with diagrams entitled “Von Neumann architecture,” most of which do not contain a bus, which is a central element without which the understanding of a computer is impossible, and which both the ENIAC and the EDVAC had. The following architectural diagram was draw by us from the February 1948 article The ENIAC (J.G. Brainerd et T.K. Sharpless), in particular the chapter Machine Components (Fig. 2):
It’s important to realize that the four rectangles at the top of this diagram have little to do with the physical architecture of the ENIAC which is found in Figure 2 ENIAC Floor Layout of the same article. What is called Arithmetic Component is a set of electronic bays in which the addition, the subtraction, the division, but also some memory; 20 accumulators and 3 function tables. The set of bays corresponding to the Memory Component also contains 20 other accumulators and 3 function tables identical to the previous ones. The Input and Output Devices rectangle represents a set of various hardware setups among which are card readers, a card puncher, led and button panels, each of them directly connected to the bus, which is made up of coaxial cables.
It is essential to remember that both the ENIAC and the EDVAC were machines meant for performing computation – for ballistic trajectory computation to be precise. In no way were these machines meant for data processing in the modern sense of the term. They were computers in the sense of automatic electronic calculators. Only ten years later would the distinction between computer and calculator disappear for good. All the attention and energy of the ten or so engineers working on building the ENIAC was concentrated on the creation of the electronic bays of the Arithmetic Component, Memory Component, and Control Component. All the Input and Output Devices were well tested devices bought “off the shelf” from different companies such as the card readers and punches were from IBM, these types of devices having been used for 30 years at that point (IBM was founded in 1911). Plugging these devices to the computer was a minor issue, little thought and effort was given to the problem. In 1948, in a famous article called The Eniac, two engineers who took part in the project, J.G. Brainerd and T.K. Sharpless, wrote the following: “Current developments in large-scale general-purpose digital computing devices are devoted to a considerable extent to obtaining speeder input and output mechanisms.”
These developments bore fruit. In 1978, Hewlett-Packard started selling a machine considered to be one of the first “workstations”, that is meant for a single user. The HP 9845A comprises a graphical screen, a keyboard, a printer, and a tape reader. Like all Hewlett-Packard hardware, it is very easy to use and perfectly well built, making it a subject of envy and admiration. In the design of its architecture, the effort spent on input/output goes far beyond what was done for the program execution sub-system (Fig. 3):
The LPU executes a BASIC interpreter. The BASIC program is stored in memory with two access ports for the LPU and PPU. When the BASIC program requests an input/output, a request is written in the two port memory, and is executed by the PPU. While the PPU executes the input/output, the LPU can proceed with the execution of its BASIC program.
A new architecture for communicating machines
The remarkable hardware architecture of the HP 9845A of 1978 described above had only one important problem, and that was its cost because it used two 16-bit processors, the LPU and PPU running at 5.7 MHz. By comparison, the first micro-computers IBM PC 5150 of 1981 only had a single Intel 8088 processor running at 4.77 MHz. But both the removal of the processor dedicated to the input/output and the design of the BIOS low-level software layers which did not expose the hardware interruptions gave the IBM PC 5150 poor input/output performance. Only with OS/2 (1987) and Windows NT (1993) did decent input/output handling systems emerge, and they were still far from the true capabilities of the hardware devices. In 1999, in an article entitled Introduction to “The Eniac” (referencing the 1948 article The Eniac), W. Burks (one of the main designers of the electronics of the ENIAC) and E. Davidson wrote:
“… and once again, as with the ENIAC, computation rate is not the performance-limiting factor, rather it is still the communication, the I/O, the setup for the computation. It seems that communication science may be at the heart of the problem after all.“
In reference to this still relevant observation, we introduce a new distributed operating system architecture meant for IoT and communicating machines. It is based on the notion of “containers”, that is a set of self-sufficient codes that can either run on bare metal without any other software, or on top of any third-party operating system. The architecture introduced is composed of two types of containers which talk only by messages, the app containers and the I/O containers.
Every time it needs to perform input/output an app container sends one and only one request message to the I/O container, which will return exactly one response message. We have a client/server relationship, the app container being the client, and the I/O container being the server. A single machine can host either only an app container, only an I/O container, or both. Every machine in the same local network has a unique number called its node number.
The request and response messages have exactly the same structure, called an event. An event carries two addresses, one for the recipient and one for the sender. An address is a triple of integer numbers: node number, automaton number, and way number. The automaton number designates a functionality of a container, while way numbers distinguish the different instances of the same software functionality.
An app container can contain an RTOS, C applications, interpreters, an HTML renderer or even another operating system. In the latter case, the container must include a software component for that system to converts all the input/output commands to request messages.
An I/O container contains drivers, protocols, services, and file systems. When a message reception is requested, it can stack a protocol or a file system on top of a driver. It is also able to create pipes which are unidirectional data flow within the container. It has two schedulers called VMIT and VMIO. The first preempts the second with no latency, with the very next instruction running the VMIT.
The following diagram represents one communicating machine and two IoT devices on the same local network, typically Ethernet and WiFi (Fig. 4):
Node 1 will typically be a router, a NAS (Network Array Storage) file server, it can have a display, such a TV or a set-top box. It contains four sub-operating systems, each having their use and a different latency. The VMIT responds to hardware interrupts, with a response time much less than the microsecond. The VMIO receives I/O requests and has an average response time of less than 100 microseconds. The VMK is a non-preemptive RTOS which allocates time to the Linux kernel. The Linux kernel is stripped of any driver, protocol, network service or file system. All of the input/output requests coming from the Linux applications are transformed into request events which are directly deposited to an I/O container, which can be in any of the nodes 1, 2, or 3. For a Linux binary, all the devices of the three nodes are seen as local devices. Without any modification, the Linux kernel benefits from distributed system features. We therefore have four sub-systems, where each has a specific role for which it is specialized, and from the architecture of its scheduler has a different response time. Of course, the most feature-rich sub-system will be the slowest, and conversely the most lightweight will be the fastest.
Node 2 will typically be equipped with a 4 MHz processor, with 16 kilobytes of RAM and 128 kilobytes of code, which gives it capabilities equivalent to that of the 1978 HP 9845A. Like this machine, node 2 is a Language-based Computer: its programming language, in this case MicroPython is interpreted. Like the HP 9845A, it is responsible for all the input/output. Unlike the 9845A, a single processor is used. The VMIT preempts the VMIO and the VMK with zero latency, and the VMIO preempts the VMK with zero latency.
Node 3 is a small sensor which does not contain an application container. It behaves like an input/output server; it handles requests which can come from the other nodes.
Like the Language processing Unit of the HP 9845A, an application container contains everything that allows an application to run, except for the input/output. What constitutes the application itself will be there, C code, MicroPython code, but also HTML files. The container also includes the necessary code for that code, such as mathematical functions, a MicroPython interpreter or an HTML renderer. It contains an RTOS which will support the application written in C, the interpreter or the HTML renderer.
The features that the RTOS must provide are very limited, because all of the input/output will be transferred to the I/O container. We call VMK this simplified RTOS. It must provide primitives for task handling, for semaphores, and for event queues. Every task of the VMK has a stack, and a message queue of its own events, and optionally its address space. Finally, the VMK must have the means to send events to the nodes, so that the I/O requests can reach the various recipient container nodes.
The code bases of many large software projects such as HTML renderers usually have abstraction layers for all of their input/output: telecommunications, files, and graphics. They are therefore easily embeddable in application containers, using a conversion layer that transforms all procedural input/output calls to request events. Furthermore, experience shows that 90% of what is believed to be part of the HTML rendering in itself is actually code used by the various abstraction layers meant for the various operating systems and the remaining size will go down from 200 to 20 megabytes of code.
Application-Oriented Operating System
An application-oriented operating system such as Unix or Linux can easily be embedded in an app container. It is easy to strip them of all of their drivers, protocols, network services, and file systems and to create once and for all, a conversion layer like with the HTML renderer, which turns the procedural input/output requests to request event deposits. Having done this, the size of the kernel is only a few hundreds of kilobytes. In this way, we have as a single VMK task, a Unix/Linux kernel where almost all security flaws have disappeared, because the weakest components have been replaced. Previously unobtainable throughputs are achieved, and the data flows inside pipes within the I/O containers. Finally, the strict separation between the kernel and the I/O located in distinct containers and communicating by passing messages, makes using hardware peripheral register access controls (a trusted zone) easy, further increasing the security of the data.
One should note that the client/server model used between applications and for input/output means that the requests made by the application does not need to go through the VMK and are directly sent to the recipient input/output container. The same is true for the response events.
An input/output container is the equivalent of the Peripheral Processing Unit of the HP 9845A. It receives input/output and pipe configuration requests. It contains drivers, protocols, network services, and file systems. It is composed of two sub-systems which are: VMIT, an interrupt handler, and VMIO, a monolithic input/output monitor.
At the lowest level is a sub-system called VMIT, and whose role is to handle hardware interrupts with different priorities and which can therefore be nested. To each hardware interrupt priority corresponds one and only one stack. The address space is unique and is that of the input/output monitor. This sub-system handles the low-level drivers, that is all the code which depends on the peripherals. For every type of device or peripheral, there is a specific Hardware Abstraction Layer, that is a specification of both the interface of the procedure meant to control the type of device, and second the events submitted by the interrupt handlers. These messages can only be deposited to the local input/output monitor, located in the same address space. All of the code of the VMIT depends on the specific hardware, including the scheduler which depends on the CPU and the interrupt crossbar wiring.
Monolithic Input/Output Monitor
Above the VMIT is a monolithic input/output monitor called the VMIO, which executes high-level drivers, the protocols, the services, and the file systems, all implemented as automaton transition tables. There is no notion of a task at this level, nor of semaphores which makes going from one function to the next a latency-free operation, which in turn allows for high bit rates even with multiple concurrent flows. In order to achieve zero-latency, the VMIO uses a single stack for itself and all its automatons, a single address space and a single set of registers. Every driver, protocol, service or file system component is composed of a transition table (state, event) and of a set of C procedures, which are all transactional handlers for a transition. These C procedures, these automaton transition handlers, when they need to send commands to a device under their control, will use directly call without any context switching the C procedures which implement the Hardware Abstraction Layer for the device. There is a one to one correspondence between high-level drivers and the specifications of the low-level drivers. All of the code for the VMIO, including the scheduler, is written in C, and is strictly portable without any modification or conditional compilation. The VMIO has a pipe mechanism, which allows a unidirectional data transfer from automaton to automaton. A pipe is configured and started using request events, and then the client does not need to intervene anymore for the data to flow from automaton to automaton. Thus, the various data flows occur without any context switching, and in particular no copy and no address space change. If for instance the application configures a pipe ETHERNET => TCP => HTTP => FAT32, a high-speed download feature is realized.
In this example, the TCP protocol, the HTTP service and the FAT32 file system are executed within the monolithic monitor, and not within the RTOS, which runs in the app container. This is a major trait of the architecture we introduce. Some have noted that the RTOSes are two slow for demanding I/O tasks and have tried to develop faster RTOSes by reducing the context switching time. This is pointless, as it reduces the functionality of the RTOS, without even truly reaching the goal of a sufficient speed-up. By having both an input/output monitor and separately a RTOS, we can both perform I/O faster than a RTOS would, while also having a feature-rich RTOS if needed.
A Media Home Gateway
A Media Home Gateway will typically have a hard-drive, and an Internet connection be it Ethernet or WiFi. It hosts an application container and an input/output container (Fig. 5):
The application container embeds a first application operating system VMOS which contains interpreters built as finite state automatons. The VMOS executes the middleware of the Media Home Gateway. Second, there is a HTML renderer, for which an abstraction layer was implemented, which the input/output requests of the renderer are converted in events deposited to the I/O container. Third is a Linux kernel stripped of all of its drivers, protocols, services, and file systems. An abstraction layer converts all Linux input/output requests to request event deposits.
The I/O container has two low-level drivers, that is hardware-specific code, one for the Ethernet controller and one for the ATA disk. The two interrupt handlers are called by the VMIT. Each low-level drivers needs to follow the specification for the type of hardware, the low-level Ethernet driver must implement an Ethernet API which is not the same as the ATA API. The VMIO input/output monitor is a finite state automaton engine, which executes the automatons that are independent of the hardware. It contains the “high-level” drivers for Ethernet and ATA, but also the TCP/IP and TLS protocols, the HTTP service, and the FAT32 file system.
An IoT with Application Example
An IoT Language Based Computer will typically have an Ethernet connection and multiple radio modems such as Bluetooth Low Energy or EnOcean. It hosts an application container and an I/O container (Fig. 6):
The app container embeds a MicroPython interpreter and an application written in MicroPython. An abstraction layer converts the MicroPython input/output request to request events.
The input/output container has three low-level drivers, that is hardware dependent code, the one for the Ethernet controller, the one for the Bluetooth Low Energy modem and the one for the EnOcean modem. All three interrupt handlers are called by the VMIT. Each low-level driver must implement a specification specific to the nature of the hardware, the low-level Ethernet driver must follow the ethernet API, which is not the same as the ble API (Bluetooth API), or the eno API (EnOcean API). The VMIO I/O monitor executes six automatons which are independent of the hardware: the high-level drivers for Ethernet, BLE and EnOcean, but also TCP/IP and TLS, the HTTP service.
A Basic IoT Example
A basic IoT device will typically have an EnOcean radio modem, and binary I/O using GPIOs. It only contains an I/O container (Fig. 7):
The input/output container has two low-level drivers, one for the EnOcean radio modem, another one for the digital and analog GPIOs. The two interrupt handlers are called by the VMIT. The VMIO input/output monitor executes three automatons which are independent of the hardware; the high-level EnOcean and GPIO drivers, but also a micro-application called app.
The small application called app is written as a finite state automaton and is inside of the input/output container. Typically, the app automaton receives remote requests and exerts elementary command control logic. This is an additional feature afforded by this architecture, allowing to further shrink of the code by eliminating the application container and the VMK.
The basic IoT can simultaneously behave like a remove device in the case of a distributed system, being an input/output server, but also as an IoT able to handle messages which are not events thanks to the small app automaton which can contain a small message parser of another format, and simple application logic.
In a world where hardware technologies have long followed Moore’s law, the principles of operating system design evolve at a entirely different pace, where the major traits of the architectures of the systems such as Windows, iOS, and Linux are derived three decades of work dating back to 1964 (Multics architecture).
The study of the new architecture introduced here has started in 1986, with the need to implement a distributed satellite image processing system. In order to transparently chain processing performed on one hand on a mini computer running FORTRAN code, and on the other hand on an image processing machine, the two being connected by a high-speed interface, the software was split in an application container, and two image processing containers. The first container comprised a FORTRAN interpreter, which made requests to the image processing software located on the same computer and also to the container for the image processing machine. On the 27th of April 1986, two days after the Tchernobyl nuclear plant accident, one of the first infrared picture of the site is transmitted by the SPOT satellite to be worked on using this application composed of three containers distributed across two machines.
All of the architectural traits described here have been validated separately through the implementation of various military and civilian projects between 1986 and 1999. From 1999 to 2008, a first version of our operating system has been implemented following all of the architecture, proving that it is indeed a very efficient solution to all of the problems identified at the start of this article. This culminated in real projects, delivering consumer electronics that reached the market.
The architecture is based on concepts and ideas which all existed previously. We did not invent the notions of container, of Language-based Computer, of finite state machine engine, of input/output monitor, of interrupt dispatcher, of abstraction layers, of sub-system separation, of preemption, or of execution levels. We did not invent a model for hardware architecture such as the one attributed to Von Neumann, nor did we discover the importance of logical automatons of which Alan Turing has shown that they are a model of any machine capable of computation.
We did combine all of these concepts and have thus obtained a new architecture and thanks to this we believe we have solved the major problem of input/output, for which W. Burks observed as late as 1999 that a lot remained to do from a conceptual point of view. Moreover, this architecture allows improvements in machine to machine relationships, in operational safety, in security, in frugality with regards to hardware resources and electrical power, in scalability, and in deployed fleet management. The use of finite state automaton in the input/output container, allowing both greatly improved performances and the comprehensiveness of unit tests, is an essential aspect.
This architecture can be used fully or partially according to the needs. It is first and foremost meant for true IoT. It is also applicable to all systems doing input/output whatever they are. But it can also be used in hybrid objects, that is objects which both communicate while also performing more complex software functionality: control systems, data collection and storage, or local artificial intelligence.
The integration of small rule-based programming, also called “artificial intelligence”, inside our home clouds seems essential in order to use all the hardware capabilities of our communicating machines. These will have to be installed and configured in as fully automated manner as possible, be able to perform “reflex arc” type actions and request assistance from the outside when needed. | <urn:uuid:fc6421b8-7ee7-4eee-92cf-690939be0e70> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.hyperpanel.com/architecture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780055601.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20210917055515-20210917085515-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.941022 | 9,960 | 3.125 | 3 |
In “Thus Spoke Zarathustra” (1883 1885) Nietzsche puts ideal superman a new type of person that excels in its contemporary moral and intellectual qualities. “What is relatively monkey man? Laughingstock or a painful shame. And the same should be the man to superman: or painful shame.” Therefore, on the way to becoming Superman necessary work, courage, selflessness, heroism, integrity, boundless thirst activities hardness. “Man a rope stretched between the animal and the superman, over the precipice.” Through the words of Zarathustra Nietzsche declares love for those who “brings a sacrifice land to land once the land became Superman.” Superman is formed with the participation of two principles Dionysian, which carries a joyful statement with a thirst for life, dancing and singing, lightning and madness, and directing this endless energy in creative and orderly direction: “You wear a chaos to be able to give birth to a dancing star. Superman it’s creator, has a powerful, rapid will, which aims, creation itself as a free, independent of the value and authority of the individual. The meaning of life, for Nietzsche, is superman. But people referred to by Zarathustra, do not understand it. In this book, a description of life scenes and parables told by Zarathustra, Nietzsche tells about the different types of people, and in every situation carries the idea of the necessity of striving to perfect the type of person who is treated as the opposite of an existing person. The idea of improving human Nietzsche develops in other studies.
Man is a hierarchical ladder consisting of superior and inferior types. Equality Nietzsche sees as a decline, while “the gap between man and man, and as a condition plurality of types, will be himself, to move away from the others what I call pathos of distance, actually every time high.” The process of improving the human variety, based on their beginning is manifested in spiritual practice. Philosopher says that it is necessary “skill and subtlety in conducting a war on, i.e. the ability to restrain themselves, “cleaning instincts”, “learn to see”, “learn to speak and write.” This procedural vision of man as a being, which highlights the need to process because “a man creature and creator are connected together.” Based on this interpretation of human Nietzsche distinguishes a man “material”, “clay”, “nonsense”, “chaos” and the artist, sculptor. We can say that Nietzsche developed anthropological model of human nature which but the promotion ladder. Along with the comprehensive program of improving human ascent to seen him and as a result of natural selection.
Rejection of dictatorship and the cult of reason and traditional morality, access rights “beyond good and evil”, that rejection of one and unambiguous assessments established in the Eurocentric culture, emancipation instinct, body, physical intuition, return as a symbol of a healthy natural life all Nietzsche proclaims based on the will to live that determines people’s actions and is committed to growth, recovery, increase power and which later transformed into the most piercing instinct the will to power. That is why the teachings of Nietzsche sleep dualism of mind and body. “There is a critical factor to the culture begins with proper beds nose soul rightful place is the body, appearance, diet and physiology.” The proclamation of the unity of body and soul was put to them in the merit of antiquity: “The Greeks were the first cultural event as history Christianity body was the greatest misfortune of mankind.” Nietzsche says during work on “Thus spoke Zarathustra” and encourages to learn through the body of the joy of life, so it is highly extolling the art of dance. Climb the body a lie nature, that is life. “Learn to liberate consciousness through body movement, or not that is the first law for a dancer?”. Active, leading role flesh fact means direct human presence in the world. Phenomenal body “living body” philosopher attracts peculiar ability to think “in preverbal level, the discovery of a new type of mental activity,” thinking in motion.”
This complex tasks and purpose of improving cultural rights, aimed at the emergence of a new type of person who excels in its moral and intellectual qualities of modern humans. Nietzsche was concerned about the problem of re person create a culture in which a set of traditions, rules and beliefs contribute to elevation of man, not pushed him to achieve material comfort and endless satisfy material needs. | <urn:uuid:41ab1431-db27-4c10-9078-771d7ad7b6d0> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://h2omusicfestival.com/blog/miscellaneous/the-idea-of-%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Bsuperior-man/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937193.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420081400-20180420101400-00186.warc.gz | en | 0.942932 | 975 | 2.828125 | 3 |
PBS, in partnership with its member stations, introduced valuePBS.org to share information on the important content and services the organization provides to the American people. Visit valuePBS.org to learn about all the ways that PBS and stations make an impact in American communities.
What's at Stake
Legislation was considered in Congress that would eliminate funding for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), which distributes the federal appropriation for public broadcasting to public stations across the country and to national organizations such as NPR and PBS.
Public television is America’s largest classroom, the nation’s largest stage for the arts and a trusted window to the world – all at the cost of about $1 per person per year. The proposed legislation overlooks the critical value that PBS’ nearly 360 member stations provide to major cities and small towns.
Federal funding is critical seed money for PBS’ member stations -- which are locally owned and operated -- supporting mission-driven programming and initiatives, particularly among underserved groups like rural populations who would not otherwise be able to access what public television stations provide. This includes content that expands the minds of children, documentaries that open up new worlds, non-commercialized news series that keep citizens informed on world events and programming that brings the arts, theatre and music to people wherever they live.
These dollars are particularly important to smaller stations. While the appropriation equals about 15% of our system's revenue, this is an aggregate number. For many stations, the appropriation counts for as much as 40-50% of their budget.
According to a national survey recently commissioned by PBS and undertaken by the bipartisan polling firms of Hart Research and American Viewpoint, 69% of voters oppose congressional elimination of government funding for public broadcasting. Over half of all voters say it would be a massive or significant loss for themselves and their family if Congress, voting to eliminate funding, forced PBS to eliminate some programming and jeopardized some PBS television stations. The survey also shows that six in ten voters believe this would be a massive or significant loss for the country as a whole.
To let members of Congress know what you think about public televisions and radio, visit 170 Million Americans for Public Broadcasting (http://www.170millionamericans.org/).
How To Get Involved
- Find your lawmaker and express your support
- Follow and discuss this issue on Facebook.com/170million | <urn:uuid:0b015316-455c-4474-8a9e-8ef5d01d1235> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.pbs.org/funding | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297587.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00029-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958077 | 491 | 3 | 3 |
A Fence Away
Visiting Friendship Park in the Trump era
The history of U.S. immigration policy can be told through a half-acre stretch of land where San Diego meets Tijuana. It was there that on August 18, 1971, Pat Nixon reached across the border to shake the hand of a man on the Mexico side who had come to witness the spectacle of the rare visit by a sitting first lady. In those days, the border was sketched by porous, chest-high, barbed cattle fencing. Nixon had come to dedicate the state-run Friendship Park in the name of binational camaraderie. “I hope there won’t be a fence here too long,” she had said.
Over the years, however, as the fence became more fortified and extended farther out into the ocean, Friendship Park remained a safe space of sorts, a place where loved ones could connect, look at one another, clasp hands (and later, touch fingertips), no matter how distanced their countries had become. After President George W. Bush approved the construction of hundreds of miles of new fencing and barriers along the border, the park closed. But supporters successfully fought to preserve the area as a meeting point. Even in the shadow of what Harvard anthropology professor Ieva Jusionyte described as “a militarized border,” there have been joint yoga sessions, concerts, plays, and Masses. Border Angels, a nonprofit immigrant-rights group, has persuaded federal authorities to open a nearby maintenance gate, dubbed the Door of Hope, six times since 2013. There, “parents and grandparents hug children for the first or last times in their lives,” says founder Enrique Morones.
But since Donald Trump entered office, the mood at Friendship Park has shifted. “We’ve seen a decline in visitors since the election,” says John Fanestil, a Methodist pastor who conducts Sunday services at the fence. “Fear of contact with immigration enforcement is very high.” Then in February, in the midst of what felt like an immigration clampdown taking place throughout the country, with increased arrests, raids, and checkpoints, the border authority at Friendship Park became less friendly. Now, the agents impose a 30-minute time limit on visits and have shut down the adjacent Friendship Garden, where people could get a head-to-toe view of relatives as long as they stood 6 feet apart. The regulations also call for only ten people at a time to be at the fence (before, the limit was 24). Families on the U.S. side can no longer take photos or videos.
U.S. Customs and Border Protection attributes the new policies to staffing changes. Others say it’s punishment for a wedding that opened the Door of Hope in November. The groom, Brian Houston, said he couldn’t cross into Tijuana to marry his Mexican fiancée, so the ceremony was held at Friendship Park (it was later revealed that Houston had been convicted of smuggling drugs and was awaiting sentencing). And many simply believe that the rules are the result of the person sitting in the Oval Office. “It’s not a policy that Trump’s people sent down,” Morones says. “But people who are really anti-immigrant, they feel empowered now because they feel Trump has their back.”
On a Sunday in February, shortly after the new rules were put in place, family members line up outside because the park is beyond capacity, with 14 adults and two children inside. The fence divides two contrasting landscapes. To the north, on the U.S. side, there are canyons, running creeks, and the largest coastal wetland in Southern California. On the Mexico side, there’s a historic lighthouse and bullring. A mariachi duo performs near the fence. Maria Martínez, a 26-year-old from the Los Angeles area, is at the park with her brother to visit their family in Mexico. She believes Trump will ultimately close the meeting place. “The president wants to shut it down,” she says with certainty.
“With Trump in office, I think we’re honestly fucked for now,” says 19-year-old David Aguilar, a Dreamer who drove nearly two hours from Riverside to see relatives he hadn’t set eyes on in eight years. Still, Aguilar says, “it was a privilege to be able to see family from afar.” The line, in fact, is filled with Dreamers like Aguilar who are protected by the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, which allows immigrants brought to the United States illegally as children to stay. President Trump, who was expected to visit San Diego in mid-March to inspect new border-wall prototypes, has wavered on DACA, but courts have kept it alive for now.
Aguilar had to take turns with U.S.-side relatives — there were too many of them to go in at once — as they spoke to his brother and father in Playas de Tijuana, the neighborhood on the Mexican side. “I would have liked for all of us to be here at once,” he says.
Paul Gallardo, another DACA recipient, has come from the Phoenix suburbs to see loved ones through the fence. “It’s bittersweet,” he says. “I’m American, but this is as close as I can get to my family. My family roots are on the other side of that fence.”
Erick Hernández, also a Dreamer, drove 19 hours from Arlington, Texas, to see his father, sister, and brother, separated from him for a decade. “It’s emotional,” Hernández, who is 29, says. “My brother was 10 months old when I left. After ten years, I’m surprised at how different he looks.”
In the background, as people continue to line up for their 30-minute reunions, Fanestil’s voice booms. He is conducting his weekly cross-border celebration of Communion. “By the grace of God,” he says through a portable PA system, “nothing will separate us.” | <urn:uuid:86c2bede-99cf-4929-bd0e-bd46e492922f> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://story.californiasunday.com/friendship-park-border | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526536.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720153215-20190720175215-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.977379 | 1,319 | 2.609375 | 3 |
If you’re new to modern technology and network security then you need to read this guide that will explain how to secure a network for a complete beginner.
Our teams are nationally recognised as network specialists, having installed hundreds of pieces of network equipment and security software for companies and individuals of all shapes and sizes.
The Basics Explaining How To Secure a Network
There are a few bits that we are going to cover. Remember, these are the basics of network security:
- Network Attacks
- Importance of Passwords
So lets get into it, here is how to secure a network – check out the guide:
#1 Routers and the Vulnerability of Neglect
Whether you are managing a personal router at home or a large-scale project for a business – there are a few things that you can do to help secure your router and network.
Any router, no matter where it is installed comes with a default setting.
This includes a very generic username and password. It is incredibly important to log into your router as soon as you can and change these to something more secure.
A lot of the generic usernames and passwords that are given are extremely vulnerable to hackers.
In the wrong hands they can:
- Alter your personal settings
- Access confidential information and data
- Even reset your login credentials (making it difficult to regain access)
Once you have created a new username and password, make sure that they are stored in a safe place. If you are not able to remember, then stick to a pen and paper, storing it somewhere safe and do not tell anyone where it is.
#2 Turn on Your Firewall, Your Devices Firewall and Any Additional Security Measures
Now that you have set up your router and changed the basic settings there are a few other things that you can do that will help you with securing your network and router.
Each router will come with a built in firewall.
However, these internal security measures are not always automatically activated. You need to ensure that you have located your routers firewall and switched it on.
It may show up as:
- S.P.I which stands for Stateful Packet Inspection
- N.A.T which means Network Address Translation
Activating this internal firewall should provide you with enough security to hold off any unwanted attacks.
If you struggle – you can contact a member of our team who specialised in data centre installations and network security.
Now then, don’t think that your firewall jobs end there.
Now that the router has its firewall switched on, it’s worth considering local firewall software to provide you with additional security. There are many software programs available out there but if you’re not sure, simply contact us and we would be more than happy to provide a network security consultation.
In the worst-case scenario, you should make sure that your firewall for Windows or iOS is switched on.
#3 Be Cautious of Network Attacks
There are various forms of network attacks that can occur. That is exactly why it is so important to know how to secure a network to avoid it when possible.
The most common forms of network attacks include:
- Data Modification
- IP Spoofing
They all sound relatively straightforward in terms of an explanation; however, we’re going to tell you anyway.
It’s important to get your network security in place after a data migration to prevent these from occurring.
Eavesdropping is exactly as it sounds really. Most network communications are completed using an unsecured format. This leaves them incredibly vulnerable to attackers.
As the format is not secure, potential hackers can literally “listen in” to traffic (data) on an internal network.
Eavesdropping is the most common form of attack and is a regular problem for network managers through the world. In order to prevent it from happening, a strong level of encryption is required.
Data Modification is usually done alongside eavesdropping as they go hand in hand. Once the hackers have gained access to the sensitive information on a network they are then able to alter it – making it very difficult to gain the originals.
Unfortunately, those responsible for managing large networks may not even realise that a hacker is changing the information. They could even be looking at it whilst the offence is being committed.
IP Spoofing is used frequently to sport secure and safe entities.
However, clever hackers are able to use specific software to recreate false IP’s within an intranet. Once in, the level of power is enormous as they will be able to:
- Modify information
- Relocate and make copies of delicate data
- Completely remove it from the network
#4 Secure Your Passwords The Right Way
Unfortunately, the fact of the matter is, the majority of networks are hacked due to poor passwords or even worse – passwords that have not been changed from the default that comes with 99% of routers.
The strongest passwords require a combination of numbers, letters and in some cases punctuation marks when they are allowed.
You can create secure passwords using automated tools such as LastPass.
It is so important to ensure that you know how to secure a network, whether it’s at home or in the office.
Hopefully, this article was able to provide you with enough of the basic information that you need to make your internal network secure.
Remember to complete the following:
- Replace any default usernames and passwords for routers
- Activate any internal router firewalls and software on your devices
- Be cautious of the most common types of network attacks
- Create secure passwords with a combination of numbers and letters as often as possible
If you follow these very basic steps – then your network will be secured enough to hold off any external attacks. However, if you are managing a larger network or data centre, then we recommend contacting a specialist and getting a consultant to assess your current level of security. | <urn:uuid:9e5fe2f7-ab1b-4157-afd0-ccc84cbf8468> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.puffinsolutions.com/2017/06/how-to-secure-a-network | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824226.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020154441-20171020174441-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.947079 | 1,229 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Just on the outskirts of Dublin lies the historic university town of Maynooth. It is the home of Ireland’s main Roman Catholic seminary, St Patrick’s College, which has been churning out priests since 1795.
One particular room in the college has been associated with demonic apparitions, suicide and paranormal activity for over 150 years.
In the mid 19th century in Room Two of Rhetoric House, two young seminarists took their own lives, nineteen years apart, and the room has been the source of many tales ever since.
Rhetoric House in the South Campus, built in 1834, was formerly a residential house for trainee priests. It now hosts the Department of History.
On 1 March 1841, a young student from Limerick by the name of Sean O’Grady (b. 1820) jumped out of room and fell to his death. (1) It is not known as to what possessed O’Grady to do such a thing but the common legend suggests that a ‘diabolic presence‘ had something to do with it.
Nineteen years later student Thomas McGinn (b. 16 June 1833) from Kilmore, Co. Wexford came up to college in a week early to take his matriculation tests. (2) During this time he stayed in Room No. 2. When term began, he was moved to a different room and was subsequently told that he had spent a week in a room where a previous student had killed himself. It preyed on his mind night and day. On a Friday morning after mass, McGinn went into Room No. 2 cut himself with a razor and then threw himself out of the window.
Dr. McCarthy, the former Vice-President of the college, visited him in the infirmary before he succumbed to his injuries. Apparently he gave them an account of the demonic occurrences that happened in the room that led to his actions. His grave marking state states that he died on April 21 1860.
After this, the tale goes on, a priest spent the night in the room and was so terrified by whatever he saw – he refused to speak about it – that his hair turned bright white.
Obviously shaken by all the events that had just taken took place, Dr. McCarthy urged the Trustees to take action, and the result was the resolution in the Trustees’ Journal which reads:
“October 23rd 1860. The President is authorised to convert room No. 2 on the top corridor of Rhetoric House into an Oratory of St. Joseph and to fit up an oratory of St. Aloysius in the prayer hall of the Junior Students”.
St. Joseph is the Patron of a Peaceful Death.
The dead students are buried in unconsecrated ground on the fringe of the college cemetery, but the graves are marked.
The two students names are clear to see on the Graveyard burial list:
Room No. 2 has since become a waiting area among academic offices , but the statue still remains and the window is sealed off, though visible from the outside. There is a recurring story among Maynooth students that the dark stains on the floor are human blood (allegedly confirmed by the college’s chemistry department) and that they can’t be removed no matter what cleaning products are used.
In November 1985, RTE filmed and broadcast a documentary on the Ghost Room.
Some people believe that three people altogether died in the room but I have found no proof of a third. Let me know if you have anymore information.
(1) Seosamh Ó Dufaigh, Obit: Tomás Ó Fiaich, Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society, Vol. 9, No.1, Silver Jubilee Issue (1978), 10
(2) P. M. L., Review: Window on Maynooth, An Irish Quarterly Review, Vol. 38, No. 151 (Sep., 1949),469 | <urn:uuid:64e8ede2-f1bc-40a1-9aff-80d0f37084cc> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://comeheretome.com/2012/07/20/the-ghost-room-in-maynooth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246655589.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045735-00038-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982281 | 840 | 2.546875 | 3 |
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9-8-2010 across the long arc of american history, three moments in particular have disproportionately determined the an analysis of the great depression in the united states history course. Explore our online tool for teaching with documents from the national archives the great depression and world war ii postwar united states (1945 to early 1970s. Free essay examples, how to write essay on the great depression united states example essay, research paper, custom writing write my essay on depression goods money. On october 29, 1929, the united states stock market crashed, marking the beginning of an economic crisis which came to be the great depression. The great depression the united states from 1929-1941 students learn that information about the same historic topic may be found in. | <urn:uuid:1c79ddce-1fd4-425b-942a-189a06d13766> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://dftermpaperhbsz.locksmith-everett.us/an-analysis-of-the-topic-of-the-great-depression-in-the-united-states.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219469.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180822030004-20180822050004-00354.warc.gz | en | 0.906405 | 740 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Okay, so what is DIBELS?
It is an acronym standing for Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills.
It is simply an early literacy screening instrument to determine children who may be at-risk for literacy problems. It is a series of short tests given to children in kindergarten through grade five to monitor and screen their progress in learning some of the necessary skills to become successful readers.
Dynamic Indicators of Early Literacy Skills is not a perfect literacy test or some magic wand that instantly cures all reading problems. Nor is it an assessment that ruins and controls the school lives of children as some would want you to believe.
The word “DIBELS” can cause this type of polarizing debate which is unfortunate and unnecessary. The people who get caught up in this debate are truly missing the point!
The truth of the matter is when USED CORRECTLY, DIBELS can be an effective part of a school’s literacy program.
Assessments or screenings do not teach kids how to read. Duh! No one worth their salt would ever debate the merits of early reading intervention. Effective reading programs determine the skills our kids need and ensure these skills are developed. Using DIBELS, one can effectively measures Phonemic Awareness, Alphabetic Principle, and Oral Reading Fluency; all very important early literacy skills. Anyone who debates that these skills are not important is contradicting mountains of research stating otherwise.
In her book “I’ve DIBEL’d Now What?” Susan L. Hall writes,
“It is a very exciting time to be involved in the field of early reading. We know now more than ever about how students learn to read, and what happens when reading doesn’t come easily. We also know about effective procedures to determine which children are at risk of experiencing reading difficulties, and how to intervene early to help advert later trouble. Early literacy assessment instruments have played a significant role in preventing problems because they enable schools to screen all students for signs of delay as part of a preventative approach. By providing good core reading instruction along with differentiated intervention instruction to small groups of struggling readers, many students will avoid the major problems they would have faced if the reading difficulty had been dealt with much later.”
Susan Hall is right on target! We must use early literacy assessment instruments to help us in our educational decision making. We can defeat specific learning disabilities if we do this. I have seen too many people become very critical of assessments like DIBELS because of their misuse. Drilling and killing nonsense words or asking children to read as fast as they can to improve scores is not the intent of the instrument. Later, I will discuss potential pitfalls that should be avoided when using the DIBELS assessment but for now, know that Katie and I are fans of its proper use!
In 2010, the University of Oregon released an updated version of DIBELS 6th Edition called DIBELS Next. Schools now have the choice of using the original 6th Edition or the revised version.Our school district made the move to DIBELS Next. We've used DIBELS Next since the 2011-2012 school year. While we like the replacement of the kindergarten Initial Sound Fluency (ISF) measure with a much improved First Sound Fluency (FSF) measure, Katie and I both like the 6th Edition over DIBELS Next.
For the 2012-13 school year, the University of Oregon released new DIBELS Next recommended benchmark goals. The new goals have generated a lot of debate as they are much higher than the previous goals.The University of Oregon hosted a webinar discussing why the new goals are necessary. You can download their powerpoint slides here:DIBELS Next Presentation - Why the New Recommended Goals?
Progress monitoring is a practice that helps teachers use student performance data to continually evaluate the effectiveness of their teaching and make informed instructional decisions. The teacher determines a students' current performance on skills that the student will be learning, identifies achievement goals that the student needs to reach by the end of the year, and establishes the rate of progress the student must make to meet those goals. The teacher then measures the students' academic progress regularly (weekly, biweekly, or monthly) using probes.
Each probe samples the entire range of skills that the student must learn by the end of the year, rather than just the particular skills a teacher may be teaching that week or month.
For an in-depth look on Using Data to Improve Student Achievement and how to effectively progress monitor, check out Katie's above link! | <urn:uuid:9604015b-0ca4-4264-8c9e-182db13c98ae> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.readingresource.net/DIBELS.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189092.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00629-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958726 | 943 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Summary and Info
This title in Thomson Gale's "World of" Series is a comprehensive guide to the concepts, theories, discoveries, pioneers, and issues relating to topics in earth science. Its encyclopedic approach offers approximately 650 entries in a convenient A-Z format, cross-reference headings, and is written in easy to understand language.
Review and Comments
Rate the Book
World of Earth Science 0 out of 5 stars based on 0 ratings. | <urn:uuid:f7a82b6f-1a2a-46b5-9ab8-f322c1571862> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://libdl.ir/book/144996/world-of-earth-science | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280485.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00240-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9006 | 94 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Earlier this month an article was released sharing that a new cancer study was published and found vaping to be much safer than smoking. In fact, the researchers found that the people who switched from smoking traditional cigarettes to vaping, or nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), like nicotine gum or patches for at least six months shown much lower levels of toxins in their saliva and urine than those who continued to smoke.
For vapers, this new study only adds more proof of what we not only know, but feel in our bodies. Unfortunately, those against vaping because it’s new or because it doesn’t line their pockets with money, do not know or want to know these benefits. They’re ruthless, cold-hearted, and they simply do not care for life. They want to put out headlines, get clicks, and try everything within their power to detour smokers from a proven, safer alternative. Here’s a few headlines I found when researching this topic:
- More Cancer-Causing Chemicals Found In Electronic Cigarettes – The Verge
- A New Cancer Study Found E-Cigarettes Affect Cells The Same As Tobacco Smoke – Vice
- Flavoured E-Cigarettes Produce ‘Unaccaptably Dangerous’ Levels of Cancer-Causing Toxins – Independent
- High Levels of Cancer-Linked Chemical in E-Cigarette Vapor – Web MD
After those headlines, this one was released
Skip to present day, and now we’re presented with a study finding that long-term vaping is much safer and less toxic than smoking traditional cigarettes, according to this new study that analyzed levels of dangerous and cancer-causing substances in the body.
Our study adds to existing evidence showing that e-cigarettes and NRT are far safer than smoking, and suggests that there is a very low risk associated with their long-term use.
— Lion Shahab, epidemiology and public health specialist at University College London
This study was published in the journal Annals of Internal Medicine, which analyzed the saliva and urine samples from long-term e-cigarette and NRT users as well as smokers, and then compared those levels of key chemicals found in their bodies. The study results showed that smokers who switched completely to vaping or NRT had much lower levels of toxic chemicals and carcinogens compared to people who continued to smoke traditional tobacco cigarettes.
Those who did vape or used NRT, but did not completely quit smoking didn’t show the same drop in tonix levels. What this tells us is that a complete switch was needed to get the long-term health benefits of quitting tobacco, said the researchers.
The findings held a clear message for tobacco smokers. Switching to e-cigarettes can significantly reduce harm to smokers, with greatly reduced exposure to carcinogens and toxins. The findings also make clear that the benefit is only realized if people stop smoking completely and make a total switch. The best thing a smoker can do, for themselves and those around them, is to quit now, completely and forever.
— Kevin Fenton, national director of health and wellbeing at the government authority Public Health England | <urn:uuid:26e038ec-2a89-4111-8500-e9280862d638> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://guidetovaping.com/2017/02/21/new-cancer-study-finds-vaping-much-safer-than-smoking/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512836.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020142647-20181020164147-00230.warc.gz | en | 0.954821 | 643 | 2.640625 | 3 |
On this date General Ulysses S Grant issued General Order No. 11:
1. The Jews, as a class violating every regulation of trade established by the Treasury Department and also department orders, are hereby expelled from the Department [of the Tennessee] within twenty-four hours from the receipt of this order.
2. Post commanders will see to it that all of this class of people be furnished passes and required to leave, and any one returning after such notification will be arrested and held in confinement until an opportunity occurs of sending them out as prisoners, unless furnished with permit from headquarters.
3. No passes will be given these people to visit headquarters for the purpose of making personal application of trade permits.
“I have long since believed that in spite of all the vigilance that can be infused into Post Commanders, that the Specie regulations of the Treasury Dept. have been violated, and that mostly by Jews and other unprincipled traders. So well satisfied of this have I been at this that I instructed the Commanding Officer at Columbus [Kentucky] to refuse all permits to Jews to come south, and frequently have had them expelled from the Dept. [of the Tennessee]. But they come in with their Carpet sacks in spite of all that can be done to prevent it. The Jews seem to be a privileged class that can travel anywhere. They will land at any wood yard or landing on the river and make their way through the country. If not permitted to buy Cotton themselves they will act as agents for someone else who will be at a Military post, with a Treasury permit to receive Cotton and pay for it in Treasury notes which the Jew will buy up at an agreed rate, paying gold.”
Less than 72 hours after the order was issued, Grant’s headquarters at Holly Springs, Mississippi was raided, knocking out rail and telegraph lines and disrupting communication for weeks. As a result, news of General Orders No. 11 spread slowly, and did not reach company commanders or army headquarters in a timely fashion.
A copy of the expulsion orders finally reached Paducah, Kentucky 11 days after it was issued. All of the Jews in the city were handed papers ordering them “to leave the city of Paducah, Kentucky, within twenty-four hours.”
As they prepared for their exodus from their homes, one of the Jews, Cesar Kaskel, who was a staunch union supporter, dashed off a telegram to President Abraham Lincoln describing their plight. Lincoln, in all likelihood, never saw the telegram as he was busy preparing to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
Kaskel decided to appeal in person. He sped to Washington and with help from a friendly congressman obtained an interview with the president, who turned out to have no knowledge whatsoever of the order.
Lincoln, it was reported, saw the situation in biblical terms.
“And so,” Lincoln is said to have drawled, “the children of Israel were driven from the happy land of Canaan?”
“Yes,” Kaskel responded, “and that is why we have come unto Father Abraham’s bosom, asking protection.”
“And this protection,” Lincoln declared “they shall have at once.”
Lincoln ordered General-in-Chief of the Army Henry Halleck to countermand the order. Halleck chose his words carefully when he telegrammed General Grant: “A paper purporting to be General Orders, No. 11, issued by you December 17, has been presented here. By its terms, it expells all Jews from your department. If such an order has been issued, it will be immediately revoked.”
In a follow-up meeting with Jewish leaders, Lincoln reaffirmed that he knew “of no distinction between Jew and Gentile. To condemn a class,” he declared, “is, to say the least, to wrong the good with the bad.”
General Orders No. 11 came back to haunt Ulysses S Grant when he ran for president in 1868. Following his victory Grant released a letter addressing the issue: “I have no prejudice against sect or race, but want each individual to be judged by his own merit. Order No. 11 does not sustain this statement, I admit, but then I do not sustain that order.”
Grant went on to speak out for Jewish rights on multiple occasions, and as President appointed more Jews to public office than all previous presidents combined. | <urn:uuid:c1092fc3-9b36-4b42-a574-132e835d7751> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.awb.com/dailydose/?p=754 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00794.warc.gz | en | 0.975478 | 939 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Mr. Ian Sheffield of Edinburgh Scotland is miffed. He claims to have not one, but two dust samples of the Moon—one from the Apollo 11 mission and another from the Apollo 15 mission. He explains that he bought these lunar samples “from a dealer” about 3 years ago. The article does not indicate how much he paid for them, but he does allow that each is valued at “around £2000” (about $3300) each.
A problem arose when he planned to display his samples to the public. He apparently wrote to NASA asking if he could exhibit them. To his astonishment, NASA refused to give him permission and demanded the return of the samples, claiming that the lunar dust in his possession was property of the United States government.
Mr. Sheffield’s story of how the samples came into his possession is interesting. He states the dust came off a camera film pack to which a technician in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory was accidentally exposed. Because no one was sure the lunar samples would not contain some possible primitive (and pathogenic) organisms when the Apollo 11 crew first returned to Earth, they had to spend three weeks in quarantine. Anybody in the LRL exposed to lunar material was compelled to join the astronauts in their quarantine. The technician who was exposed went into isolation and (the story claims) upon his release, “was given the dust as a memento.”
My antennae went up at this point. No lunar samples are “given” to private individuals. Each piece of the Moon returned by the Apollo astronauts is carefully accounted for and resides in the Lunar Curatorial Facility in Houston, where they are kept in two separate hurricane-proof vaults. Many lunar samples are loaned to scientific institutions for study. The only lunar samples given away (of which I am aware) were to about a hundred national leaders during President Nixon’s 1969 world tour. The beautiful “Space Window” in the Washington National Cathedral, honoring man’s landing on the Moon, holds a 7.18-gram basalt from Mare Tranquillitatis, on loan to the Cathedral. Other moon rocks were presented to the Apollo astronauts (and Walter Cronkite) in 2004. However, each plaque came with a catch: the lunar samples can not be personally held by the recipients, and must be displayed at a local school or museum. Recently, Astronaut Scott Parazynski was loaned a sample of the Moon’s regolith that he carried to the summit of Mount Everest.
Some diplomatic gifts of lunar samples have found their way onto the black market. A notorious case is a sample presented to the people of Honduras back in 1969. This sample turned up during a NASA Inspector General “sting” which was designed to catch dealers of fake lunar samples. To the agents’ surprise, they were offered a genuine lunar rock: asking price, $5 million. A meeting was arranged and the rock (and presumably, the seller) was seized. Another lunar sample was stolen from a museum in Malta between 1990 and 1994; it was recovered in another sting operation in 1998.
The federal government forbids private ownership of any Apollo sample. Yet, such samples show up every now and then. The most common form they take is dust stuck to adhesive tape (an easy way to “clean” the surface of some exposed sample container, tool, or space suit used on the lunar surface). Mr. Sheffield’s sample is likely to be one of these pieces. Its status, I was surprised to find out, is legally uncertain. Although NASA has sued in court to recover any such bootleg sample, no prosecution has succeeded, except for those caught (literally) in the act of theft. In an embarrassing incident for NASA, a summer intern and two companions carried a safe full of lunar samples out of a building at Johnson Space Center (as Dave Barry would say, I am not making this up). They were apprehended while trying to sell them at bargain basement prices and subsequently prosecuted.
It was rumored for years that several of the Apollo astronauts held samples from their respective missions. If they did, it was probably inadvertent—the lunar dust is extremely adhesive and it is possible that smudges of lunar dust clung to personal items returned from the Moon in their Personal Preference Kits. Alan Bean, who documents the Apollo experience through his oil paintings, is said to add ground-up patches retrieved from his lunar space suit to his works. His reasoning is that because his suit was dirty with lunar dust, some of that dust must find its way into his paintings, giving them a true “lunar” ambiance.
So Mr. Ian Sheffield of Edinburgh may be home free. I might suggest to him that given their quasi-legal status, he is probably better off not calling attention to his possession of these unique artifacts. In fact, although NASA frowns on owning stolen Apollo lunar samples, there are dozens of lunar samples available for sale on eBay. A number of meteorites recovered on Earth, came from the Moon. Although most of them belong to national governments that sponsor the recovery of meteorites from Antarctica, several are in private hands and can be bought and sold, just as any commodity. Right now, there is a very nice anorthositic breccia from the lunar highlands for sale. Better hurry though – the sale only lasts another day. Oh yes, the asking price: a mere $144,000.
By the way, over the years, I have been asked to look at a few “lunar” samples that were in fact, lunar fakes. Caveat Emptor! | <urn:uuid:c9170b7c-8a95-4c6f-8d89-abc5d52e84f8> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.airspacemag.com/daily-planet/can-you-legally-own-a-piece-of-the-moon-153387336/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988305.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00031-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977851 | 1,169 | 2.640625 | 3 |
With great code comes greater bugs. Testing a piece of software code is a very fundamental aspect of every stage of development. After all, it is only by testing that you know if the developed software is correct or not. In the Alison free, online course “Introduction to Software Testing“, you will learn about the principles of testing software and the methodologies involved. This course includes case studies with their design and strategies for a better understanding. This course will be of great interest to programmers and IT developers who are interested in learning more about software testing methodologies and removing bugs from their programs.
Introduction to Software Testing Course Content
In the course, you will learn about the principles of testing software and why you should test software. You will learn about the process involved in testing and when to begin testing in the software development life cycle. The course will introduce you to the verification and validation processes of testing, and you will learn about the different testing levels and what they test. You will learn about the software development life cycle V-model and its strengths and weaknesses. You will also learn about the fault model, how it outlines the types of faults in a program, about unit testing and what parts of the program it tests.
- The verification and validation processes in software testing.
- The different levels of testing software.
- Methods that can be used to reduce errors in software programs.
- The pesticide effect in testing software.
- Unit testing and when it is performed.
- The main approaches to designing a test case.
The learner should understand programming concepts, and an understanding of the software development lifecycle would also be of benefit.
Summary of Main Course Features
- Duration: 2-3 Hours
- Publisher: NPTEL OpenCourseWare
- Assessments: Yes
- Certification: Yes
- Minimum Grade/Class Level: Third Level | <urn:uuid:76aa7992-9886-44a4-a651-63f0fe637954> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.bestonlinecourses.info/learn-about-the-principles-and-methodologies-for-testing-software/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662594414.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525213545-20220526003545-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.909502 | 388 | 3.40625 | 3 |
What is amenorrhea?
A woman with amenorrhea does not have menstrual periods. Amenorrhea is a condition that occurs before menopause. Amenorrhea may manifest as failure to begin menstrual periods during puberty, or the absence of menstrual periods for more than 3 months in a woman who has started menstrual periods and is not pregnant.
What are the symptoms of amenorrhea?
Amenorrhea is more of a symptom than a diagnosis, since there is usually some underlying cause for the absent menstrual periods.
How does the doctor treat amenorrhea?
Treatment for amenorrhea may include weight reduction and regular exercise for obesity. Those who are underweight may need to gain weight and restrict exercise intensity. Hormone replacement therapy, such as oral contraceptives, may help to re-establish regular menstrual cycles.
Continue to Amenorrhea Incidence
- Goodman LR, Warren MP. The female athlete and menstrual function. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Oct;17(5):466-70.
- Hoffman B, Bradshaw KD. Delayed puberty and amenorrhea. Semin Reprod Med. 2003 Nov;21(4):353-62.
- Timmreck LS, Reindollar RH. Contemporary issues in primary amenorrhea. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2003 Jun;30(2):287-302.
- Van der Wijden C, Kleijnen J, Van den Berk T. Lactational amenorrhea for family planning. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4):CD001329. | <urn:uuid:b9746fcb-c0a8-4788-8e4f-0396317009a9> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.freemd.com/amenorrhea/overview.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541907.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00000-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.842378 | 336 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Islamic Scholars & Pioneers
Kasawaththai Aalim Appa
|Birth : 1829 / Death : 1893|
|Leading Islamic Theologian and Expert Arabic – Tamil literacy lived in Sri Lanka during 19th Century.
Published several books in Arabic – Tamil
Famous Book – “Deenmaalai”
Dr. M.C.M. Kaleel
|Birth : 1899.02.03 / Death :|
|Leading Physician, social worker, politician and leader of the community in Sri Lanka
Contributed for Muslims Education and Social Development.
President of the All Ceylon Muslim League
Contributed for the Independence of Sri Lanka
Al Haj H.S. Ismail
|Birth : 1901.05.19 / Death : 1893|
|Uncontested 1st Parliamentarian of Sri Lanka by the 1st Parliamentary Election in 1947.
1st Speaker of the Independent of Sri Lanka
Creator of Baithul Mal Fund in Sri Lanka
M.C. Abdul Cader
|Birth : 1875.09.02 / Death :1946.05.27|
|1st Muslim Graduate in Sri Lanka
He was successful in securing Muslim Identity through approval to wear “Turk Cap” every where, including the court of Law.
Dr. Bathiudeen Mahmood
|Birth : 1904.06.23 / Death : 1997.06.16|
|Served as Minister of Education in two terms (10 years)
Schools in Sri Lanka were Nationalized during his term of Office.
Jaffna University was established during his tenure.
I.L.M. Abdul Azeez
|Birth : 1867.10.27 / Death : 1915.09.01|
|Engaged in Social Development activities along Sithy Lebbe
Publisher of the Magazine titled “Muslim Guardian”
M.C. Abdul Rahman
|Birth : — / Death : 1899|
| First Muslim Member in the “Ceylon Legislation Council” and Colombo Municipal Council.
The first un-official Municipal Magistrate.
|Birth : 1880.06.15 / Death : 1944.04.22|
|First Muslim Justice in Sri Lanka.
Main contributor to the creation of Muslim Personal Law while holding the Position of state councilor.
Main contributor to the establishment of the University of Peradeniya.
Mohamed Cassim Siththy Lebbe
|Birth : 1838.06.11 / Death : 1898.02.05|
|Pioneer in Sri Lanka for Muslim Social Development.
Pioneer to the His role in establishment of Colombo Zahira College and Muslim Ladies Education.
Author of 1st the Tamil Noval in Sri Lanka (Asanbe Sariththiram)
|Birth : / Death : 1911|
|Migrated from Egypt for Political Reasons.
Lived in Colombo & Kandy
Contributed to the Muslim Social Development along with Siththy Lebbe.
Encouraged the Muslim to Learn English.
Returned to Home Land in 1901.
|Birth : 1932 / Death : 2006|
|A Great Donor .
Founder of Jamia Naleemiya in Beruwela.
Establisher of Iqra Technical College.
Founder of Islamic Revolutionary Movement in Sri Lanka.
Prof. M.M. Uwais
|Birth : 1922.01.15 / Death : 1996.03.25|
|A pioneer Researcher in Islamic Literacy (more than 2000 Books)
First Professor to the Faculty of Tamil Literature in Madurai Kamaraja University (South India)
|Birth : 1899.04.29 / Death : 1989.04.17|
|Most researches had been done by him in Tamil Literature.
More than 2000 books were founded.
|Birth : 1899.10.29 / Death : 1973.11.24|
|Sri Lankan’s first Civil Servant.
Principal of the Colombo Zahira College.
Founder of Sri Lankas Muslim Scholarship Fund.
|Birth : 1948.10.23/ Death : 2000.09.16|
|Founder of a Political Party for Muslims for the first time to confirm the identity of Muslims in Sri Lanka.
Author of a Large Book containing Poems in Tamil “Nan Enum Nee”
SEU and Oluvil Port was created on his philosophy
Dr. T.B. Jaya
|Birth : 1890.01.01 Death : 1960.05.31|
|Served as Principal to the Colombo Zahira College for more than 27 yrs.
Founder of Zahira Colleges in several parts of the country.
One of the leaders who fought for the Independence of Sri Lanka
Served as Minister in the Parliament of Sri Lanka and as an Ambassador for Sri Lanka in Pakistan.
Ceylon House in Makka (KSA) was created on his philosophy
Sir Razik Fareed
|Birth : 1893.12.29 / Death : 1984.08.23|
|Founder of nearly 250 Schools in Sri Lanka.
Contributed to the community Development.
Founder of Teachers Training Colleges at Addalaichenai & Aluthgama.
N..H. Abdul Gaffoor
|Birth : –/ Death : —|
|Gem merchant during British Ruler time.
A great donor.
Founder of Gafforiya Arabic College.
Founder of Gaffoor Hall in the Colombo Zahira College.
|Birth : –/ Death : —|
|Donated his own land to the Govt. of Sri Lanka, free of charge for the establishment of National Museum. (Museum is closed on Friday on his request)
Main donor to the Zahira College.
Served as Manager at the Zahira College | <urn:uuid:2ab3f9d5-863a-4893-bdde-a3bd53b98d67> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://muslimaffairs.gov.lk/home/islamic-scholars-pioneers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370491998.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328134227-20200328164227-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.853905 | 1,245 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Photos from the Past
Return to SUVCW Home Page
George Levi Palmer
George Levi Palmer enlisted at Carlinville, Macoupin, Illinois on July 19, 1861, joining Company K of the 7th Illinois Volunteer Infantry as a Private. He was described as having brown eyes, brown hair, dark complexion, height 5 ft 10 in. On December 21, 1863, he was discharged to enlist in the same company as a Veteran Volunteer. In October 1862, George was captured at the battle of Corinth, Mississippi. He was mistakenly reported killed in action but was later paroled near Vicksburg. In October 1864, he was captured again at the battle of Allatoona Pass, Georgia, was kept as a prisoner at Andersonville, then escaped to rejoin his unit. He was mustered out on July 9, 1865. The 7th Illinois was unique in that the soldiers purchased and carried the Henry Repeating Rifle, a lever action 16 shooter. The following information is a quote from the adjutants report for the 7th Illinois: The 7th, armed with the Henry rifle, (or 16 shooter,) did gallant and fearful work - successfully repelling four separate charges made by the desperate and hungry enemy on the line occupied by them - its torn and bleeding ranks told at what a fearful cost. Its colors, under which fell many a gallant bearer that day, were never lowered. Colonel Rowett, who commanded the Seventh the last four hours of the battle of Allatoona, where Sherman had stored millions of rations, while according to all the highest meed of praise for gallant conduct and stubborn courage, insists that without the aid of the 16-shooters, French's 6,000 rebels would have overwhelmed the gallant 1,500 of The Pass. Photograph submitted by George Levi Palmer's great-great-grandson, Jack Cox of Overland Park, Johnson, Kansas.
Private George Levi Palmer in 1861 | <urn:uuid:9dd7c6e2-e39f-4833-82a7-986dbc962dfa> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://suvcw.org/past/gpalmer.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863411.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620031000-20180620051000-00606.warc.gz | en | 0.978624 | 396 | 2.671875 | 3 |
by Riad Al-Khouri
After the 1994 peace agreement between Jordan and Israel, regional cooperation initiatives flourished, though the fruits of such efforts remain unsubstantial. Some of the examples include:
* The Regional Economic Development Working Group (REDWG), which operates under the guidance of the European Union (EU), formed to foster economic cooperation among the four core parties to peace — Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). REDWG has tried to play a role in the peace process by promoting economic cooperation in four main sectors: finance, trade, tourism, and infrastructure. REDWG’s work has been frozen since the late 1990s, although there are now attempts at reviving it.
* The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Economic Conferences, held annually between 1994-97. During the conference held in Amman in 1995, discussions were held pertaining to major infrastructure schemes, including a canal linking the Red and Dead seas. These schemes saw no follow-up, pending an improved political climate in the region.
* The Jordan Rift Valley (JRV) development. Initially a bilateral Jordanian-Israeli scheme supported by the World Bank, the idea was for JRV development to evolve and expand within a broader multilateral framework. Specific plans for the area covered new transport links and joint promotion of tourist destinations on both sides of the valley. Most of these have not been implemented, including, for example, the proposed Aqaba International Airport, one of the centerpieces of the JRV. (Recently an agreement has been signed to go ahead with this project.)
Another approach to regional cooperation in the context of the peace process was the Jordan-Israel-Palestine “triangle” of cross-border economic integration. This was talked about as a free-trade zone if not a full customs union, with close coordination of monetary policy, and a variety of joint institutions to manage common resources. This arrangement, based on the Benelux example, has been shelved, at least for the time being.
The major lesson for the protagonists of a Jordan-Israel-Palestine triangle is a realization of the difficulties that lie in the way of achieving a popular basis of support for such an arrangement. This cannot be obtained simply by founding supranational institutions and aiming for integrated economies. The appropriate policy for Jordan’s economic integration with Israel, for example, depends on several elements, including the time frame, the ideology, and the overall political culture.
The impact of time is directly related to the target rate of achieving integration. Eleven years have passed since Jordan’s letter of intent to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the beginnings of structural adjustment. Yet, myriad restrictions and problems still hamper the kingdom’s economy, and a continued slow pace of dismantling economic barriers would be inconsistent with integration with Israel.
Ideology is critical to the extent to which regional decision-makers often adopt policies that may seem economically rational. Economic rationality may thus involve the domination of Jordan by an outside power in order to “develop” the country. This, however, is socially unacceptable and politically unworkable, and in the end would be economically questionable as well.
Finally, the pattern of development must be put in the context of a general environment including both the internal forces of the economy and external conditions. In the Jordanian context, a policy toward integration is not easily practicable, because Jordan’s economy is not underpinned by a political system that stresses the individual, and its social and cultural values are not conducive to economic growth.
As multilateral regional cooperation has not progressed given the problematic peace process, Jordan is, instead, attempting bilateral cooperation. The country is a good supplier and customer for its neighbors, and provides the possibility for various types of investments.
1. Jordan and Israel
Jordan enjoys competitive wage structures in
relation to Israel. Under existing conditions, although essentially political considerations and sensitivities impinge on the investment decision, certain Israeli investments in Jordan are considered promising.1 Mechanisms of industry relations and technology transfer between Jordan and Israel continue to emerge, leading to a new geographical distribution of production through bilateral arrangements such as subcontracting, joint ventures, or the relocation of industries from Israel. The newly emerging industrial patterns may result in Israel’s concentrating on selected high-technology products (geared mostly towards Western markets), and on the transfer of technology and expertise, while Jordan may continue to promote labor-intensive and/or less technology-intensive industries, such as textiles and garments.
The labor-intensive textiles and garment industry has been one of the main subjects of the impact of the peace process on Jordan, in view of its significant contribution to total manufacturing output, value added, exports and employment in the country. This industry is expected to be the one most affected by the new patterns of economic relations, particularly within the Qualifying Industrial Zone (QIZ) model being applied in Jordan.
The QIZ is any area that has been specified as such by the USA, and which has been designated as an enclave from where merchandise may enter US markets, quota-free, without payment of duty or excise taxes, and without the requirement of any reciprocal benefits. In addition, revenues earned from exports of QIZ products are fully exempted from Jordanian income and social service taxes, and imported raw materials used in their manufacture are exempted from customs duties. In many cases, this means that products produced in the QIZ can enter the USA at lower, more competitive prices than similar products from other countries.
The primary requirement is that 35% of the appraised value of a product (cost of content plus direct cost of production operations) must be contributed by a manufacturer located within the QIZ, and 65% from anywhere in the world. Thus, at least 11.7% must be contributed by the Jordanian manufacturer in the QIZ and 8% by an Israeli manufacturer (7% for hi-tech products), with any remainder of the 35% content being from production at the QIZ, the West Bank/Gaza Strip, Israel or the US; or Jordanian and Israeli manufacturers must each maintain at least 20% of the total production cost of QIZ-produced goods. Producers within QIZs also have the right to mix and match between the two requirements. Due to the success of the first QIZ, located in the north of Jordan, four additional ones have been designated. This seems to be a form of regional cooperation that is progressing, albeit bilaterally.
2. Jordan and Bordering Arab States
More than most other Arab countries, Jordan trades extensively with its neighbors. This is particularly true of the three bordering Arab states — Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Syria — which in 1998 supplied Jordan with 13.6%, 17.2% and 99% of its imports respectively.
Trade between Jordan and these three countries is heavily influenced by political factors. However, Jordanian relations with these countries have clearly improved since 1998, and this has had an impact on commercial links.
Jordanian Imports from Bordering Arab States, 1998-9 (in thousands of Jordan dinars) (2)
The case of Syria is particularly interesting, as a distinct thaw in relations with Jordan helped to ease the signing of a Jordanian-Syrian trade pact in 1999, eliminating customs tariffs on a wide range of goods. Under the agreement, the Jordanians and the Syrians expanded the list of duty-free goods imported by each side to about 200 items, the largest number in any agreement that Jordan has ever signed with another state.
The extensive tariff cuts agreed upon were a major step towards eventual free trade. However, Jordan retains a 35% duty on imports of Syrian garments, alcoholic beverages, biscuits and chocolates to protect its own industries, and Syria will most notably continue to exclude marble, granite and vegetable ghee from the list of over 100 Jordanian products on which it waived tariffs. This agreement could lead Syro-Jordanian trade to rise from its low 1998 total. Figures for 1999 Jordanian imports, while not necessarily indicating a longer-term trend or abstracting from factors other than the trade agreement, show this to be the case. Jordan’s imports from Syria have also risen in relative terms, now making up a higher percentage of the overall Jordanian import bill than for 1998.
The path created by the deliberate engineering of institutions and infusion of aid will not bring stability and prosperity to the region. The domination of the national economy by the state has, over the years, led to bloated inefficient bureaucracies in the kingdom, and its public sector has proven largely incapable of dealing with the intricacies of the open market. However, the lessons of the QIZ and of improved trade relations with bordering Arab states may be that the state has a strong role to play as facilitator, letting the private sector get on with the tasks of trade and investment.
There has been much speculation about the economic opportunities that would be available in the Middle East after a just, lasting and comprehensive resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict is achieved. Such opportunities may initially be bilateral rather than multilateral,3 and Jordan could be in a better position than some other countries to profit from one-on-one deals with Israel. Ultimately, multilateral cooperation is clearly preferable, particularly as concerns Jordan, Palestine, and other Arab countries in the Levant. Until real peace is achieved, however, it might be better for Jordan to avoid forced multilateralism, and profit from bilateral trade and investment facilitated by the kingdom’s new and more successful diplomacy.
(1) See, for example, the chapters by the author on Jordan in ESCWA, Proceedings of the Expert Group Meeting on the Impact of the Peace Process on Selected Sectors (Beirut, 1998).
(2) Monthly Bulletin of the Central Bank of Jordan, April 1999.
(3) See, for example, Rivlin, P., “Trade Potential in the Middle East: Some Optimistic Findings,” in Middle East Review of International Affairs, Volume 4, Number 1, March 2000. This article measures potential trade involving Israel and finds that it may be more extensive than previously estimated by some. | <urn:uuid:48459a68-0050-4827-b782-20d5ade3d200> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.pij.org/details.php?id=277 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257826759.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071026-00319-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946195 | 2,075 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Introduce your students to the exciting science of DNA Sequencing. This kit contains the four Ready-to-Load sequenced DNAs (nucleotides A, C, G, & T) in an easy to use, safe format. Students load the four separate reactions into agarose gels, run the gels, stain them, and actually read the DNA sequence. This experiment can be used to introduce genome concepts and help your students gain a better understanding of the science behind DNA sequencing.
Kit includes: Instructions, Ready-to-Load QuickStrip™ DNA Samples, UltraSpec-Agarose™, Electrophoresis Buffer (50X), Practice Gel Loading Solution, FlashBlue™ DNA Stain, InstaStain® Blue Cards, & Disposable Pipets. | <urn:uuid:6265e813-24bb-41eb-9ccf-ed7f1d7bfe81> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.edvotek.com/120 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578596571.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423094921-20190423120731-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.837076 | 164 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Get Television Broadcasting essential facts below. View Videos
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to television broadcasting:
Television broadcasting: form of broadcasting in which a television signal is transmitted by radio waves from a terrestrial (Earth based) transmitter of a television station to TV receivers having an antenna.
Nature of television broadcasting
Television broadcasting can be described as all of the following:
Types of television broadcasting
History of television broadcasting
Television broadcasting technology
Infrastructure and broadcasting system
The sound signal
Modulation and frequency conversion
IF and RF signal
Stages and output equipment
Television broadcasting by country
This is a list of topics related to television broadcasting. | <urn:uuid:520b5058-b357-43f4-b477-f806072b104e> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.popflock.com/learn?s=Television_broadcasting | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039748315.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121112832-20181121134832-00021.warc.gz | en | 0.900359 | 175 | 3.203125 | 3 |
v = wr
5. When closer to Earth at perigee, Moon travel slower not faster than when further away at apogee. Bigger it appear for
moment, closer too, and intelligent intuition is correct that when moon bigger in sky and closer at perigee, it travels slower also than at apogee. For instance, when big full
moon appear over open water in eastern horizon, in the little lined section of the offing where it first rises, when closer and bigger at perigee, it appears to have greater weight and presence then, than when it looks smaller and apprarently further away -- and when closer it also is slower.
it was so close, one evening, that it was almost touching the ocean or the mountains in the horizon, like poetry, it would be going slower than it has ever gone before and appear bigger than it has ever appeared. The closest to Earth that the full moon
has ever been at super perigee is when it has loomed the largest, and also gone the slowest. If it did come down and touch the ocean or the mountains, it would be going the slowest it has ever gone, and for the moment not even be moving, as the Earth itself
is not moving.
With the sun and the stars, the moon circles the Earth in a continuum, from East to West, clockwise when viewed from above the North pole; and it loses on average
about one degree to the ecliptic for every two hours. It loses about one degree to the ecliptic for every two hours because the fixed stars of the constellations that are much further out in space are going much faster. All these stars are going from East
to West around the Earth as well, and in just less than 28 days they all will have passed the moon again, and then the moon will be back to another beginning in view of the stars and signs of the ecliptic. The stars that keep passing it up month to month through
the years, create the repetition of the sidereal month, which is not how long it takes for the moon to orbit the Earth.
The distance of the moon from the Earth and its celestial
momentum may vary. When the moon transits slower, it loses a little more than one degree to the ecliptic for every two hours; and when it transits faster, it loses a little less than one degree for every two hours. If it were going from West to East, it would
be the opposite case, but it is going from East to West around the Earth, as the stars are as well.
it were circling in the opposite direction of the stars, as it went faster, it would measure more change in terms of the background ecliptic rather than less. But the change
measured in the moon’s degrees of the ecliptic is caused by its overall slowness in view of the stars traveling faster than it around Earth. Heliocentrism from Kepler and Newton,
and even down to today, reverses the course of the moon, gets all this backwards, and teaches that when it is further away it goes slower and when closer it goes faster.
other words, Kepler’s Second Law, the “Law of Equal Areas”, that “a line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time,” is false, since when the moon and the sun are closer to Earth, they
transit slower not faster, and then they encircle less area also. When further away, they transit faster, and encircle more overall area. The lines of radius joining the sun and the moon to the Earth do not sweep out equal areas during equal intervals of time.
For a fair estimate, the moon’s distance from Earth at apogee may be close to 253,000 miles, and the moon orbits the Earth from east
to west, clockwise when viewed from above the North pole, in an average of 24 hours and 50 minutes. If the radius of the Earth is about 3963 miles, and the radius of the moon is about 1080 miles, for the angular as circular velocity of the moon around the
Earth, add the radius of the Earth and the moon to the distance number. At apogee, this number becomes 258,043 miles.
The formula for angular velocity is v = wr, where v is velocity, and w in the case of the moon is 1 rot./24.833333 x 2pi radians/1 rot., and r is radius. Then v = (pi/12.4166666) x 258,043 miles = 65,288.5 mph.
Using the same formula for angular/circular velocity v = wr for the means and perigee of the moon, lower celestial
momentum is indicated when the moon is closer to Earth. If the mean distance of the moon is about 240,000 miles, then that measure plus the Earth’s radius 3963, and the moon’s radius 1080, is 245,043. 245,043 miles x (pi/12.4166666) = 61,999.35
mph roughly for the means.
In the same way, for velocity of perigee, if the moon’s
distance from Earth is reckoned 227,000 miles, then that plus 3963 and 1080 is 232,043. 232,043 miles x (pi/12.4166666) = 58,710.168 mph.
As v = wr relates to algebra and logic, and that distance equals rate multiplied by time, and rate(velocity) equals distance divided by time, the set ratios of the numbers involved in the celestial motion of
the moon around the Earth crunch inexorably against Kepler’s Second Law. As the time element incorporated within the denominator of “w” increases, as simple time, or as some little digits for math class after math class ad infinitum 24.833333
~~~, “w” and radius and velocity all decrease, as the property of division by time increases. As time in the denominator gets bigger, the property of division increases and reduces velocity, and area of sweep covered.
It is not too difficult to see that more time means less velocity and less radius. As the distance between
the Earth and the moon decreases, the speed also decreases -- for whenever the time increases, rolled away in the denominator of “w” like a governing hammer, it decreases
everything in terms of radius and velocity from there, also decreasing the overall value of “w”.
the moon’s origin of celestial motion is separate from the Earth. The moon and the Earth are separated by vast distances in space, obviously, and are quite different from each other. When the
length of the moon’s separation from Earth increases, by logic and math and analysis of astronomy, its speed also increases, as v = (w)r, for all other things being equal.
Every orbit of the Moon divides in four sections, and it does not appear to go from perigee to apogee within a quarter section, from horizon to midheaven, or midheaven to
horizon; and it does not appear to go from apogee or perigee to the means in a quarter section either: it appears to orbit in one gradual circle for a day, and the quarter sections have uniform curvature over the passage of time.
Every quarter section represents about 6 hours and 12 or 13 minutes, for an average. Circling the Earth from perigee to
apogee and in the means over an extended period, it does not appear to be going around the Earth in an ellipse either.
Kepler believed that when one of the planets orbiting the sun neared the sun it would pick up acceleration, because of "gravity", but then when further away it would decelerate. This notion became the basis of his “Law of Equal Areas”,
that the line from a planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time, also over the form of an ellipse; so that when a planet is closer to the sun, which would then be exercising greater “gravity” over it, it speeds up, and
when further away, it slows down.
As to gravity, Einstein too would later draw an assumed equivalence between acceleration and gravity; but gravity does not cause acceleration,
except in freefall going directly down; and in freefall, "gravity" works only vertically, not laterally. From wherever anyone can test it, gravity does not push or pull things horizontally in space, and the clear result of all gravity on Earth is that it brings
things to rest.
Gravity -- as compression, tension, and concentration of weight -- causes deceleration not acceleration, unless there is explosive release of some sort, and explosions
are not due to gravity either but to the elements. For instance, when media of greater density and weight than air, whether liquid or solid, would affect the transmission of light, so would "gravity" also decelerate the speed of light with denser compaction than "anti-gravity". If it were a universal force, gravity would weigh things down, even the wavelengths of light. Slowing things down, gravity would tend to bring them towards an inertial stasis
of equilibrium, not speed them up.
Kepler had strange occult ideas about the sun, the moon, and the cosmos, and added to the development of the unscientific notions of universal
gravitation and occult action-at-a-distance that would become so pivotal for Newton. With no sensible or practical scientific connections, no applied mechanics, they postulated occult forces that were exercising powerful and vast spooky actions-at-a-distance.
The truth is that Kepler had no idea what specific power drove Mercury and Venus around the sun, so he imagined that the sun itself was somehow pushing and pulling them along in space by some
mysterious force. He thought that the agency of this occult action-at-a-distance from the sun was greater and pushed harder when a planet like Venus or Mercury was nearer, and that the
force of this occult action-at-a-distance was less and weaker when a planet was further away.
But between the Sun, Mercury, and Venus, there are no interstitial cords, chains, pinions
-- no rack and no direct connection like levers. Nothing as natural leverage and no connected extension is there to move them over an abyssmal break in space. With no mechanical steering device between them, with no handle or grip, even for Zeus, and no rope
and pulley, there is no latticework hidden in the interstices betwixt and between like "universal gravitation". With
no clear natural connection or immediate directive charge to measure in the space between them, there simply is nothing there in a verifiable quantifiable species like any physically connecting terrestrial force of magnetism, or of weight, density, tension,
or pressure, et cetera.
Whatever unique power it is that drives the Sun, the Moon, and the stars around the Earth, it is not gravity but something else. It must be a celestial
power charging them up, sui generis, and driving them around and also keeping them within the range of their proper spheres. And the "gravitational" environment of the Earth does not move things anyway. It brings things on Earth to rest, in agreement
with a detectable principle of equilibrium, compaction, and density in the elements and heavy objects around the Earth. Simili gaudet simile, and things that are loosed across the surface of Earth tend to come to rest, as the Earth is always already at rest
before them, and all three of Kepler's laws of planetary motion are wrong.
If the sun were exercising a directional power over Mercury and Venus, causing them to orbit
it in circular weaves, as it orbits the Earth, this would not be within the order of normal powers in common physics that could be verified by empirical science. It would be something much more rarefied like an order of celestial agency if not "metaphyics".
It would be something not subject to ordinary and direct scientific investigation but evidence of higher celestial powers. Explaining it by gravity, universal gravitation, and occult action-at-a-distance, therefore, would only be analogous to something unknown
involved in the agency, something almost ineffable, and hidden away in the order of metaphysical hypothesis and theology, as logic explains logic.
At the root an esoteric hypothesis
about celestial impetus, Kepler’s theory of gravity and universal gravitation should at least pass strict logic to be scientifically acceptable, even if it is not for any practically applied mechanics. Since the sun is so much more massive and powerful than Mercury, if it were pulling it around in circles by its much greater "gravity", and this were the force for innate matter, eventually it would pull Mercury all the way down
into it. If Mercury were being pulled around by the sun’s gravity, it would be overwhelmed by it one day and finally fall down into it, and the compression would have it.
Mercury has not been dragged down into the sun and dissolved, it must not be pulled and pushed around by its much greater forces innate to matter and gravitational field either. Therefore,
there must be another powerful neutral gravity zone between them, which must be more powerful than the sun’s own gravitational field or natural attendance of compression and collection within itself and for its area. A neutral zone of division then is
situated around it like a chasm, otherwise Mercury would collapse into the Sun, and lose the dynamic of its orbit, one day with time suffering complete orbital decay and falling into
Unless the Sun were an intelligent being like a god, with some divine dexterity and will, it could not itself be pushing and then pulling and directing Mercury around it,
and neither could its gravity.
Clearly then Mercury goes around the Sun in its own circuits and proper to its own operation and existence, speeding along within the effects of its
own sphere, in its orbital patterns differentially speciated to it alone. In simple terms, like a community ordinance of private property, it is set in motion in and of its own celestial
divide from the other side of the abyss set between it and the Sun.
If Mercury has a unique and separate origin of motion, with a neutral gravity zone between it and the Sun, then
there must be one between Venus and the Sun as well; and, of course, there are many more neutral gravity zones across space, as much as there are separate spheres. Therefore, celestial momentum, impetus, and mechanics involve properties of separate orders that are different from Kepler’s theory of gravity and universal gravitation, because there are many neutral gravity zones distributed throughout the cosmos. Otherwise all
the stars and planets would eventually collapse into each other, and into one heavy point of maximun density, and the point of no return would consume everything.
that one heavy collection point of collapse and maximum density, from the inexorable effects of universal gravitation, without neutral gravity zones, would have to be near the location of the Sun and its obscure companion foci, the invisible parallel point
that lies hidden in the mysterious Keplerian ellipse of blind destruction.
But, si vis est ardentior intus, if the power is greater within, it is better to find a way out, better
than the false disfigurement of the heliocentric ellipse, and to recognize the ranging circles instead, and starry circular tableau, not ellipses lost in the cosmos, like Newton and Kepler. Not the Keplerian ellipse of absurd abomination and chaos, not
the false scientific materialist ellipse of heliocentric annihilation, but the Socratic, Platonic, and Aristotelian
circle and sphere are better.
Kepler's second law, the law of equal areas, is wrong, in fact, for at least six reasons. First, the Earth is not moving, and it does not orbit the
Sun. Second, the center of the cosmos is not the Sun and some other invisible companion point in space but the Earth. The center of the cosmos is not two foci of an ellipse, and the Sun orbits the Earth. Only two planets, Venus and Mercury, orbit the Sun as
it orbits the Earth. Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are orbiting the Earth.
Thirdly, the law of equal areas itself contradicts the formulas for velocity, v = wr and d =
rt. All other things being equal, the simple rules of math are against Kepler's law of equal areas, since as the time wrapped up in the denominator of "w", Greek omega of v =wr, increases, then velocity and radius do not increase. On the other hand, as radius
increases velocity increases, and as velocity increases radius increases, all other things being equal, yet the time required to pass over a given area of space does not.
law of equal areas is not right for at least three more reasons. It contradicts the real East to West direction of the Moon around the Earth, as the Moon goes the same direction in its orbit as the other planets and stars of the ecliptic. Their common direction
is from East to West, clockwise around the Earth, when viewed from above the North pole; and when further away at apogee, the Moon loses fewer degrees to the ecliptic over time, and keeps up with the fixed stars and Saturn longer, for example, because it is
going faster and the same direction as they, not slower at apogee and the opposite direction. When closer to Earth at perigee, the Moon loses more degrees to the ecliptic over time, because it is going slower and the same direction around the Earth as
the fixed stars in the background, not faster at perigee and the opposite direction.
The fifth reason the law of equal areas is not correct is that gravity is not even a lateral
or vertical force, and not moving the planets and stars. Kepler developed his ideas of gravity in part from William Gilbert's theories of magnetism in "De Magnete". He believed that gravity was something like a powerful magnetic force that pushed and accelerated
things more when planets were closer to the Sun, and it affected them less when they were further away. He thought the planets were being driven around faster by the dominating mass and quasi-magnetic affect of the Sun, when closer to it, and slower when
further away. But gravity is not magnetic or electromagnetic any more than it is not innate to matter, and not detectable of any practical measure in physics at all. So-called heliocentric gravitation simply could not be the force driving the planets and stars around
the Earth ... from east to west ... every day.
The sixth reason his second law is wrong is that his third law, called the law of "cosmic harmony", "Harmonici Mundi", is
also mistaken. His third law is inverted, ex situ, still going the wrong way, and does not have any honest general application to celestial mechanics.
The key in all the mathematical
formulae sometimes thrown up around his third law is that among the planets, supposedly, the square of the orbital period is proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis of its orbit -- if it were ellipitcal. This would mean that the ratio of the squares
of the periods of any two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average distances from the Sun.
For example, (time of planet A)^2/(time of planet B)^2 = (distance
planet A)^3/(distance planet B)^3, e.g. P^2/P^2 = R^3/R^3 for any two planets.
However, if any two planets are examined, one will find that this law does not apply to any of them. For example,
if the Moon is planet A, and Saturn is planet B, the time period of the Moon's orbit is greater and Saturn's is less; yet the radius, the so-called "semi-major axis" distance, that is traveresed by Saturn is far greater and the Moon's is much less. These
ratios are not proportional by Kepler's calculations: rather they run the other way.
The seven traditional visible planets are orbiting the Earth anyway, with Venus and Mercury in weaves as they
orbit the Sun, which orbits the Earth. And Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are orbiting the Earth over a range of circles from their spheres like the Moon. The basic rule of thumb is that the lesser measure is the lesser force, also representing less extent, and
the planets that are closer to Earth have less radius and correspondingly slower and longer orbital periods. They go relatively slower the nearer they are to Earth. And less radius means less velocity, as v = wr. The times and distances of their orbits are
not all directly proportional to each other by P^2/P^2 = R^3/R^3. As in the example of the Moon for planet A and Saturn for planet B, the greater number in time over the lesser one in distance is not propotional by Kepler's equation to the lesser number in
time over the greater one in distance.
Rather the principle of cosmic harmony is that the 360 degrees of the ecliptic are composed of three crosses with the Earth at their
center. The twelve tropical signs of the ecliptic are in the form of three crosses with the Earth at the crux of them. The Earth is in between the six opposite signs and within the dome of all twelve at the same time, all the time. The only way that this can
be is if the Earth is at the center of the ecliptic.
The seven traditional planets, in contrast to Earth, are only ever in one sign at a time. None of the seven traditional visible planets or any
other star is ever in more than one sign at a time; and no other star is in all twelve and in between their six opposites all the time except the Earth. Clearly, the metaxological character and isometric panorma of the Earth are unique; and it is at the center
of the ecliptic and, therefore, also at the center of the cosmos, because there is always only one configuration of the ecliptic per time; and there is only one ecliptic in the cosmos, around which the Sun and the planets and the zodiac go. Rather the law
of cosmic harmony should be that the Earth is the mathematical sphere of equilibrium at the center of the cosmos and that divides all the signs.
6. From day one, the Copernican theory of the Sun as the immobile center of the cosmos was not really tenable, to anybody who considered it closely, but not until 1783 was a paper published on the "Motion
of the Solar System in Space", by William Hershcel, which helped to clarify again some of the basic background points. In the study, the proper motions of seven bright stars were carefully noted;
and it was shown that their movements in the intervening time cycles seemed to converge toward or around a fixed point, from which the sun also was always receding.
Every day in motion around
a curve, in the stellar horizon, and receding from the farthest end of the straight line that goes further and further straight-away into the distance, the uniform recession of the sun from the most distant points in the cosmos, that are straight-away
from it ad infinitum, and that are so far away from both it and the Earth, this phenomenon in fact is continuous and circular. As much as the horizon of the Earth does not just go straight away, but curves away, it is the same with the orbit of the Sun that
does not go flying away, but always around and around.
Thus the sun's movement in circles is continuous by the degrees, minutes, and seconds of
arc, from perigee to apogee, and distributed across a limited range of uniform curvature, around the earth. "Per singulos dies"(1), day by day, the sun's orbit is not zig zagging from place to place. Clearly, it orbits a stabilized point in space; and
as much as there is a circle with return, it happens that the point must also coincide with the Earth. The circular recession of the sun, even at apogee, from the points of the cosmos most distant from both it and the Earth has been longwise consistent. Within
the orbital curve, it recedes uniformly from the point of the cosmos most distant, that is along a straight line running away from both it and the earth; therefore, it must be that the sun orbits the earth, which in contrast is not in recession from any point of the cosmos.
"Ad astra atque de profundis est modo in rebus". To the stars and from the depths there is measure in things, not
merely an abstract jumble with nothing recognizable, and from here to the sun the depth of space is 3-D. Therefore, the extension in space that is the distance between Sun and Earth changes according to simple dimensions of width, height, or length; and if
the Sun moves anywhere, it always moves to the West as much.
Since the earth is a sphere, and it is apparent that the solar accumulation
passing along the line of width -- that runs from east to west over the horizon, between the sun and earth, and that does not go away -- is always accumulating uniformly, one to one, duo duo, then the preponderance of the sun's
progress in space is primary along the width of the line of motion that separates it from the earth.
In practical terms, the solar system represents the seven traditional
planets, the sun for chief, that orbit the Earth. Hershel's essay on the "Motion of the Solar System in Space" has been described as "a sublime speculation of genius realized by considerations of the utmost simplicity"; and it also provides an analysis
to help resettle the most basic point of the historical immobility of the Earth, in contrast to the Sun. Recognizing, therefore, the conclusive evidence of astronomy, that the solar system, including the Sun, is in motion, we must say that
the Sun does, in fact, orbit a point in space. It only is a matter of practical honesty then to admit that that unique point happens to coincide essentially with the locus of Earth.
every four hours the sun loses in cadence about .16438356164 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic, and almost as much to the distant stars. Every four hours it also progresses 60 degrees of its daily route around the earth. This is equivalent to 1/3 pi radians
of arc, 1/3pi(r), and marks out a curve proportionate to its distance from the earth. This incrementally uniform curve is equable to the third side of an equilateral triangle, the other two sides of which would be the first radius A and the second radius
B, from the earth to the sun over four hours.
For example, two sides, the radius A to the sun at 10:00 am, and the radius B to the sun at 2:00 pm, would equal the third side C, the straight line
through the marginal curve of orbit. The 1/3 pi radians, or 60 degrees of arc, from the field of solar transmission, covers the late morning to early afternoon. Every four hours inscribes the arc within a circle that would be equivalent to a side of an equilateral
triangle, composed between the sun and the earth, and a 24 hour day inscribes six of them.
This hexagonal and systematic circular pattern with return, forming six equilateral triangles, composed
within the circle of the ecliptic daily, demonstrates that the solar motion of the day is none other than what coincides with the sun going around the earth.
Heliocentrism, on the other hand, will
admit that the sun and the solar system are in motion, but they say that the sun is going six different speeds at once, which is impossible, and that it is moving towards a nonlocalized area in the vast distance of the comsos known as the "Great
Attractor". They say that the sun and the solar system are moving toward the Great Attractor, and that perhaps would be also somewhat around, but not exactly as in circles, of course, and no place in
the cosmos is authentically at rest.
Even for mere coincidence, this opinion is mathematically impossible and absurd. There already is an essential principle of logic and fullness existing in
the numerical terms themselves. Therefore, in the celestial geometry, it is better to admit quite simply that the sun evidently is orbiting the earth, and the earth is not moving.
If the sun was crated like a box kite, as it faces Earth, and its sides labeled A-F, with A the side facing earth, and B the opposite side away, C the top and D the bottom, and F its left side, and E its
right -- and if the earth was boxed likewise A-F, A the side facing the sun and B the opposite side away, C the North pole and D the South, and E Earth's right, as the earth faces the sun, and F its left -- before the sun makes any motion in "pitch"
or "yaw", that would be in its declination of altitude or length of separation from the earth, its movement is incrementally defined within the continuous ratio of the limit of width, +F(S) > (E)E-, that also separates the sun from
**F of the Sun > to > E* of the Earth, and the Sun reels around the Earth, hinc et inde ab extra, for an original field equation as the day is long. Not straightaway into the distance more than
from the East to the West, and over the hills it goes, edging into the west from the east. From the tropics in the seasons and from apogee to perigee, the rolling line that is its lateral motion in width is primary and defines its "pitch" and "yaw".
Everything has its time and place, and the sun follows a simple field of transmission around the earth, magnified in semi-circles from one side of the earth at a time, and then the other.
It can only go in one direction at a time, one speed at a time, in fact; and it always appears westward at the very least a little bit more than anywhere else for the minutes of progress in the day. Within the frame set by its left side first, "de
situ latere aristera", as it faces earth, the sun is always moving primarily to the west as much as anywhere else. A noteworthy fragment from an ancient Agricolan manuscript, found in an Etruscan tomb, reckoned the same, "de solis semper latere occidente
proxime accesit quam utres".
And "the figure of the circle attests to the perfection of bodies both in the macrocosm and in the microcosm. In the macrocosm, the greater bodies such as the heavens,
the sun, and the moon are round in shape. So also in man, who is a microcosm, the more noble members such as the head, the heart, and the eye are round in form." Though this image and pattern threaded in the universe, that comes back with return, and goes
around and around, at times is not yet complete, "if this figure is to be perfect as possible, the line of the universe must be curved into a circle."-2
And it is obvious that the Moon is as natural
as the sun in appearance, so that it does not seem to be off-centered or off-kilter, within its circle, and not orbiting the Earth like an ellipse either. Like the Sun, the Moon is always exactly one radius measure away from the Earth and traveling around
it one speed at a time, where the speed and radial distance of the Moon in its circuits around the Earth correspond to each other one to one, in space and astro-weather, in single steps within circles: one place, one rank, one file at a time.
Even if it were exclusively a matter of philosophical preference, to be able to choose reality the way one wants it, Aristotle, Ptolemy, and the Biblical authors all made the wiser and more mathematically accurate
choice. The moon orbits the Earth within a distributed range of uniform curvature, as a range of circles not an ellipse, as much as the Earth is a sphere of perfect vanishing flatness, not an oblate spheroid. If seeing is believing and a picture
is worth a 1,000 words, all long exposure star trail photography convincingly makes the case also, and, therefore, that Kepler's first law is also mistaken.
Each of the Moon’s orbits circles around in four quarters, and it never goes from perigee to apogee within the range of one quartered division. From any horizon to midheaven, from any one quarter section point to the next
quarter section point, it never runs the limit from perigee to apogee there; therefore, the probability that the Moon’s orbital paths around the Earth are in the form of an ellipse is nil, since the ellipse would have to be in each of the quarter sections.
"Let observation with extensive view, survey mankind from China to Peru; remark each anxious toil, each eager strife, and watch the busy scenes of crowded life" ... and the aspects of the Moon vis-a-vis the
Earth are in stereo around the clock, and the quarter sections define the orbit one circle at a time. With uniform curvature over the passage of time, and from quarter to quarter, the Moon ebbs and flows in circles around the Earth, as all long exposure star
trail photography shows. Every four sections divides around 6 hours and 12 or 13 minutes, and it never ranges from perigee to apogee in any of those limited times, and never within one orbit. Therefore, it circles the Earth from perigee to apogee over
an extended series of orbits, not in an ellipse.
A dabbler in arcana and strange signs, Kepler entertained occult ideas about the sun, the moon, and the cosmos, and added
to the development of the unscientific notions of universal gravitation and occult action-at-a-distance that would become so pivotal for Newton. With no explainable or practical scientific connections, no applied mechanics for demonstration, they irresponsibly
postulated occult forces exercising powerful and vastly spooky actions-at-a-distance.
After Copernicus, Kepler added the next stamp for heliocentrism, with his confusing theories of the ellipse;
and ironically, the Keplerian system contradicted Copernicus on almost every point. He altered Copernicus’s basic theory and kept only the two most general axioms: that the sun was "at" or "toward" the immovable center of the cosmos,
and that the Earth rotates and revolves around it. In Kepler's cosmology, however, the center was not only the sun, but the sun and a companion foci, which was a little bit more vague.
permanently changed the context of the Copernican center and taught that the Sun was merely one of two foci that shared the middle probability, rather; and that the Earth, of course, was a “wandering star”, a planet like the other planets,
as they all orbited the Sun and its mysterious companion foci in ellipses.
Kepler believed that the fixed stars as well were orbiting the sun and this other parallel foci, which did
not correspond to any real discernible body or specific mass in space but was only an invisible point. These two foci, the sun and the invisible point it supposedly shares to create the “gravity” to push and pull the planets and stars around, according
to Kepler, composed the center of the ecliptic and the cosmos, and they became the two-point basis of his theory of the ellipse and the "magnetic" occult action-at-a-distance that would be called “gravity”.
Adding a second focal point parallel to the sun resembled in a way Philolaus the Pythagorean's postulate of a Second Earth, since it was not for scientific observation but arcane allusion. In spite of appearances, heliocentric theory
would chase two rabbits to be better than one, but he who chases two rabbits catches neither.
"Isse qui sequitur duos lepores, nutrum capit", and all long exposure star trail photography
clearly shows that the moon, planets, and stars are orbiting the Earth in circles, and Kepler's theory of the ellipse is mistaken.
of circles not an ellipse, from perigee to apogee, and the moon is in one place at a time, one speed at a time, one circular orbit at a time. The circles may range gradually in ranks and files, from one circle at a time to the next, back and forth over
many orbits, within sometimes ascending and sometimes descending radius, and for the nodes, etc. Perigee and apogee represent the extremes of the Moon’s range, not the axes of an ellipse; and besides this, Venus’s patterns around the Sun make the
sign of a pentagram, and Mercury’s patterns around the Sun make the sign of a hexagram; and what pentagram or hexagram is better set in an ellipse rather than in a circle?
And a "big bang", which represents
random chance, could not have given rise to the celestial spheres and circles. | <urn:uuid:b02ba147-8c66-40c9-9f06-b1e21d7252de> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | http://www.colonelgebonaventure.com/119761632 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153392.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727135323-20210727165323-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.949578 | 7,997 | 3.875 | 4 |
This amazing image – Crack Patterns I, by Thomas Séon – shows a water droplet falling onto a silicon substrate at -36°C...
As the water spreads out the thin layer in contact with the surface freezes almost instantly. A liquid layer then retreats under surface tension to form a spherical cap.
The image is part of Art in Research book Visions in Science. Born in 2017, Art in Research is the first art gallery dedicated to scientific photography. With the aim of revealing unsuspected beauty in scientific research.
Check out their website artinresearch.com, and Instagram account @air_artinresearch | <urn:uuid:ca9c04b5-797a-4222-89e1-0d14b50e00d5> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.labnews.co.uk/article/2029843/water-droplet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348523564.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200607044626-20200607074626-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.872058 | 127 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Home » Posts tagged 'law'
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In NCERT TEXT BOOK it is written that
Since U is a state variable, ΔU depends only on the initial and final states and not on the path taken by the gas to go from one to the other. However, ΔQ and ΔW will, in general, depend on the path taken to go from the initial to final states. From the First Law of Thermodynamics,it is clear that the combination ΔQ – ΔW, is however, path independent.
ΔQ and ΔW will, in general, depend on the path taken ??andΔQ – ΔW, is however, path independent.
Asked Krishan Billa
Why are road accident at high speeds very much worse than accidents at low speeds?
As you might have studied, greater the speed, greater is the momentum. When an accidents occurs, the greater momentum involved can cause greater damage.
Please ferer to the links below for details
According to law of gravitation
If we bring two objects close to each other say our hands then the distance will be zero and the force of attraction will become infinite because r will we zero. Therefore F will become infinite but this is not the case.
When we touch our both palms together we can easily pull then away.
Asked Ankit Sharma
When we consider the distance, it is between the center of mass of the two bodies under consideration. When we bring our hands together the distance between their CM is not zero.
Other wise, the two particles under consideration must be point masses.
Then if you consider two atoms or two nuclei, the forces that come into play will be different if we decrease the distance between two atoms or nuclei. The attraction will turn into strong repulsion when the limits are exceeded.
“imagine a planetary system in which gravitational force varied as 1/r instead of 1/r2 .what relation would correspond to KEPLER’S THIRD LAW (SQUARE OF TIME PERIOD / CUBE OF SEMI MAJOR AXIS.?”
If the gravitational force varied as 1/r instead of 1/r2 , then Kepler’s Law of periods would have to be modified accordingly and it would give T proportional to r.
Second law of thermodynamics is not violated.
If you can illustrate your idea and doubt, we may be able to discuss in more detail.
Nagendra chowdary asked : –
“A circular ring of radius r made of a non conducting material is placed with its axis is parallel to a uniform electric field if the ring rotated by 180 degrees Does the flux changes? A Q charge is uniformly distributed on a thin spherical shell If a point charge is brought near it what is the field at the center?Is u r answer depends on whether it is conducting or non conducting?” | <urn:uuid:815cc468-5d3c-4bc4-bd9a-966fa742a051> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.askphysics.com/tag/law/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578678807.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425014322-20190425035632-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.93342 | 599 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Many of us have gotten sucked into food labels as our whole-hearted effort to eat healthy has blinded us to the false promises on packages such as “fat-free," "multi-gran," "gluten-free," and even, "vegan." Our health-conscious effort can end up backfiring on us, since most of these labels can cost us our health if we’re not cautious about the ingredients and servings they contain. While chips and soda have been ousted as the biggest culprits of unhealthy snacking, it’s time to bust a handful of “healthy” snack imposters that have gone under the radar and may actually be harmful for our health.
This popular breakfast and/or snack food has become synonymous with healthy eating, but it could actually be risky to your heart health. A small amount of granola can contain trans-fat and sugar – both known to increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. The snack is a carbohydrate that is cooked in fat, which can produce indigestible molecules that the human digestive, endocrine, and eliminatory systems cannot handle, according to Dr. Henry G. Bieler, physician, and author of Food Is Your Best Medicine. The buildup of these molecules in our system can cause toxicity and result in disorders from colds to heart disease.
You can still consume granola, but be sure to read the ingredients, and avoid mixes with corn syrup or other artificial additives. Serving size is key — a quarter cup of granola will suffice and help you avoid the vicious cereal cycle of adding more granola, and then adding milk to the bowl, followed by more granola. Avoid chocolate chips or yogurt added to your granola mix.
2. Trail Mix
A can or bag of trail mix can seem like the easiest and most effective way to healthy snacking, but this food is actually salt- and sugar-laden. Dried fruit contains a large amount of added sugar to enhance the taste, and this amount of sugar increases the calorie count, which also makes the trail mix even higher in calories, the San Francisco Gate reported. Raisins, apricots, and prunes are among the most popular dried fruits that are often sweetened with added sugar. A small handful of trail mix can contain 300 plus calories and is best suited for those are looking for extra calories to burn, not for those who just want to snack. Trail mix can still be healthy, depending on the individual ingredients used.
3. 100-Calorie Snacks
The 100-calorie label on some of our favorite snacks seem to ease our guilty conscious of consuming these chips and cookies, but this doesn’t automatically classify it as a healthy food. These packaged foods are still high in carbohydrates and fat and tend to be easier to overeat because they come in small portions. A 2008 study found that smaller “snack” packages actually encouraged participants to eat nearly twice as much, without any hesitation, compared to those who ate from larger packages. These 100-calorie snacks may help people curb mindless eating, but only if they limit themselves to one package.
4. Energy Bars
Energy, fiber, and protein bars lure in those seeking to obtain higher amounts of fiber or protein in their diet. However, these bars are often filled with high fructose corn syrup, added sugar, saturated fat, and synthetic ingredients that can actually make us unhealthy rather than keep us fit and trim. The high fructose corn syrup and maltodextrin are often found in both energy and protein bars, and derive from GMO (genetically modified organism) corn, says Dr. Linda Marquez, a nutritionist, on her website. In addition, these bars can create a hormonal imbalance, since most contain protein made from soy, which is 90 percent GMO.
5. Frozen Yogurt a.k.a. “Fro-Yo”
Choosing frozen yogurt over ice cream seems like a healthier alternative when it comes to saturated fat, but not calories or simple sugars. Adding sugar and fat-laden toppings such as cookies, candy, and hot fudge can actually equal to the amount of its ice-cream counterparts. The Boston Globe reported the amount of sugar can vary from 20 grams in a half-cup serving in the more basic flavors to 52 grams in others. However, if you do choose to have fro-yo, go for the fruit toppings.
Fruit smoothies seem like a fool-proof way to healthy snacking, while getting part of your fruit intake, but this can be doing more harm than good. If a smoothie’s main ingredient is fruit juice, it adds calories without providing the good fiber from the fruit itself. Also, the health benefits of smoothies are negative by the sugar or fatty creams used to make them. These smoothies can also have as much as 650 to 1000 calories, more than a cheeseburger, due to the extreme portions of fruit, vegetables, and simple sugars and syrups, according to Dr. Oz. It’s best to avoid premade or store-bought smoothies and make your own at home.
Next time you want to snack healthy, be wise and read what’s behind the label. | <urn:uuid:07b88661-2530-4113-bf75-564e6a65835a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.medicaldaily.com/unhealthy-foods-avoid-6-healthy-snacks-may-actually-be-ruining-your-health-284868 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00098-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947151 | 1,079 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Over two and a half thousand years ago, the Cretan Epimenides called all Cretans liars. But while there is an air of paradox about that, liars do not always lie. So, to see the paradox more clearly, suppose that Tiberius says ‘this that I am now saying is a lie’ (without having said anything else to which he might be referring).
......If what he said was true, he would have been – as he said he was – deliberately saying something false. So unless what he said was true and false, it was not true. So he did not deliberately say something false. Did he mistakenly believe that he was telling the truth? But how could he have believed that what he said was true – that he was lying – without thereby believing himself to be saying something false?
......Perhaps he did not know what he was saying, but if that is the only coherent possibility, then he could not possibly have known what he was saying. And yet what he said was not nonsense. Had it been, the above would have been impossible to follow. What he said was therefore paradoxical. And to see the paradox even more clearly, consider the simpler assertion ‘this is not true’, where that ‘this’ refers to that very assertion.
......If an assertion is true, then what it asserts is the case, so if ‘this is not true’ is true, then since it is self-referential, it is not true. Does that mean that it is not true? That would follow from it being either true or not (since even if it is true, it is not). The paradox is that, were it not true, its description of itself as not true would be correct. In general, if what is asserted is the case, then the assertion is true.
......Assertions are true when, and only when, what they assert is the case. E.g. the description ‘snow is white’ is true if, and only if, snow is white, which clearly generalises to any description. And the self-description ‘this is not true’ is true if, and only if, it is not true. Since ‘not true’ applies when, and only when, ‘true’ does not, hence our self-description cannot be true and not true. So it cannot be true – since if it is, it is not – but what is the alternative? If it is not true, then it is true. And we cannot even conclude that it is neither true, nor not true, because that is just to say that it is not true, and true.
......Perhaps the sentence ‘this is not true’ cannot coherently be interpreted as describing itself. There would be no paradox if, from that sentence failing to express a truth, it did not follow that it was a true self-description, but rather that the attempt at self-reference had failed. And we did leave Tiberius unable to know what he was saying, as though there was nothing for him to know. However, self-reference is not usually a problem, e.g. ‘this is not French’ seems true enough. And a paradox without self-reference, but otherwise very like the Liar, was introduced by Stephen Yablo in 1993.
......In our version of Yablo’s paradox, Tiberius has been around forever, and until today the only claims he ever made were a rather repetitive ‘no claim made earlier by me was true’, which he said once a year throughout his infinite past. Had none of those claims been true, each would thereby have been true. But if any one of them had been true, then none of those made earlier would have been true. And in particular, the one made a year earlier would not have been true, even though none of the earlier claims would have been true.
......Even so, it remains possible that the sentence ‘this is not true’ cannot coherently be interpreted as describing itself. E.g. Alfred Tarski suggested in 1935 that ‘true’ was equivocal – if not inconsistent – in such paradoxical contexts. So maybe each claim made by Tiberius gave ‘true’ a slightly different sense. Nevertheless, we intuitively take ‘true’ to be unequivocal, at least in descriptive contexts. And while there are lots of other possibilities – e.g. Graham Priest suggested in 1987 that ‘not’ allows descriptions to be true and false – common sense must make us wonder whether we are forced, by the Liar paradox, to entertain such counter-intuitive possibilities.
......I shall be arguing that we are not, because there is a common-sense resolution. Our words do not describe a black-and-white world, and so truth is not an all-or-nothing affair. So self-descriptions like ‘this is not true’ are neither simply true, nor simply not true, but are rather vaguely true. My explication of that will be as simple as possible, in order to show how it is little more than common sense. And to begin with, note that colours do not divide into those that are blue and those that are not blue.
......Some analytic philosophers would disagree, but it is only common sense that there is no dividing line between the blue and the other colours. Given some spectrum, the colours on either side of any such line would be indistinguishable, but colours that appear identical will both be blue enough to count as blue if one is. So there is no such dividing line. Rather, there are colours that are about as blue as not. We might call such colours ‘vaguely blue’. And if you said ‘that is blue’ of something vaguely blue, would what you said not be vaguely true (about as true as not)? Let me explain why I think that it would be.
......Descriptions are true when they describe how things are, rather than how they are not, but descriptive accuracy is in general a matter of degree. E.g. ‘blue’ describes royal blue more accurately than it describes a faintly greenish turquoise. So we should say that descriptions are true when, and insofar as, they are accurate. E.g. ‘snow is white’ is true insofar as snow is white. Of course, ‘snow is white’ is usually true enough to count as simply true. But snow can also be a bit bluish, or discoloured by dirt, or sparkle with all the colours of the rainbow because it is, on closer inspection, transparent. (Whether or not snow is white therefore depends on the context of ‘snow is white’.)
......Descriptions that are not true enough to count (in the given context) as true can usually be replaced with more accurate descriptions, e.g. ‘that is vaguely blue’. But we are considering particular descriptions – ‘that is blue’ and ‘this is not true’ – and wondering just how true they are. Since descriptions are true insofar as they are accurate, hence ‘that is blue’, said of something vaguely blue, is as true as not. Similarly, ‘this is not true’ is true insofar as it is not true, so it is as true as not. In other words, such descriptions are vaguely, but only vaguely, true. To see more clearly how that is only common sense, we should go more slowly through another example.
......Suppose that, out of the blue, Tabitha says ‘this that I am now saying is not true’. She has said, in effect, that what she said was not a good enough description of itself for it to count – in the context of her utterance – as simply true. And what she said was nothing if not self-contradictory, so it was not describing itself very well. But therefore it seems to have been describing itself quite well.
......What that shows is that self-contradictions are not always false. Usually they are, e.g. ‘this is not an assertion’ is simply false. But what Tabitha said was almost true enough to count as fairly true, falling short of that rather vague standard in order to avoid paradox. That is a coherent possibility because if what she said was vaguely true – if it is vaguely true that what she was saying was not true – then it need only follow that what she said was vaguely untrue (about as untrue as not), which clearly coheres with it being only vaguely true (about as true as not). And since all the other possibilities appear to be incoherent (or at least implausible), then that was what it was (or probably was).
......What Tiberius said would also have been vaguely true, if he had known what he was saying (had he not, what he said would have been false). And for yet another variation, suppose that Tabitha knew that what she was saying was only vaguely true, so that she said ‘this that I am now saying is not true’ with the intention to say something true. Since she did not actually say ‘is vaguely untrue’, what she said would still have been only vaguely true.
......What she said did seem true when we thought of it as not true, and then untrue when we thought of it as true. But that was when those two inaccurate descriptions were each creating a misleading context for the other. In fact, what she said had only the one context, that of its utterance. A nice analogy is someone wondering whether the colour of some blue-green object is really a sort of green (a bluish green). As she thinks of it as possibly green – and hence sees it, in her mind’s eye, against the various shades of green that it might be – it would probably look bluer, because the contrast would tend to enhance its bluishness. She might even wonder if it was really a sort of blue (a greenish blue). But similarly, it might thereby seem not to be, especially if it was really as blue as not.
......For yet another kind of Liar paradox (with indirect self-reference), consider the following pair of sentences (read in the obvious way): The next description is true. The previous description was not true. They are paradoxical because if the first description is true then, via the second, it is not, and vice versa. But if the first is vaguely true then it follows that the second is vaguely true, and hence that the first is vaguely untrue, which coheres with it being vaguely true. Indeed, if that is the only coherent possibility – within the bounds of common sense – then those descriptions are both vaguely true.
......We can hardly check all variants of the Liar paradox one by one, to see that they can all be resolved like that. But we can – and should – examine the most difficult to resolve. Suppose that ‘this is not even vaguely true’ was said, self-referentially. This new self-description seems, in effect, to have asserted its own untruth, much like the others. Yet how could it be vaguely true? Were it vaguely true, what was said – that what was said was not vaguely true – would seem false, not just vaguely untrue. Indeed, it would then seem true, since false. So this new self-description may well be hard to resolve.
......We have been using ‘vaguely true’ to mean about as true as not, though. And a description that is not even vaguely true in that sense need not be completely untrue, so long as it is significantly less true than untrue. So I was equivocating when I took the new self-description to be asserting its own untruth. I was taking ‘not even vaguely true’ to mean the same as ‘not true’. For clarity, we should stick with the former sense.
......It is still true that if the new self-description is vaguely true, then the assertion that it is not even vaguely true will be false. But we also know, from the previous paragraph, that if this self-description is a lot less true than untrue, then the assertion that it is not even vaguely true will be true. And if we look in between those two extremes, we find that this self-description can be a bit more vaguely true – a bit more untrue than true – while the assertion that it is not even vaguely true is also, coherently, a bit more untrue than true.
......Our difficult self-description is therefore more vaguely true (less vaguely untrue). And similarly, the self-description ‘this is only vaguely true’ would seem true if vaguely true, and vaguely true if true, and is therefore less vaguely true (more vaguely untrue). That is a little complicated, so note that we might, more loosely, call either description ‘vaguely true’. To see that more clearly, let us glance at the analogous problem of higher-order vagueness.
......One problem with vagueness is that we cannot, without contraction, think of the vaguely blue colours as neither blue nor (in the same context) not blue. Some philosophers therefore think of them as neither definitely blue nor definitely not blue. But then they face a problem of higher-order vagueness, the question of what happens between the definitely blue and the vaguely blue colours. We want a gap there, rather than a line at which the definitely blue looks just like the vaguely blue. But we cannot, without contradiction, think of the colours in that gap as neither definitely blue nor vaguely blue, because then they would be neither definitely blue nor (in the same context) not definitely blue.
......Nevertheless, while we would usually avoid calling vaguely blue colours ‘blue’ or ‘not blue’, that is because calling them either would be only vaguely true, not because it would be false. Blue shades smoothly into green, via blue-green; and a pretty good description of the blueness of any blue-green colour might be ‘vaguely blue’, even though a better description could, for some of them (in some contexts), be ‘green’. And similarly, ‘vaguely true’ would be a fairly good description of any of the self-descriptions that give rise to Liar paradoxes (especially in view of the vagueness of ‘vaguely’), for all that it can be misleadingly inaccurate when the self-descriptions use ‘vaguely true’ themselves.
......Now, as well as various variants of the Liar paradox, there are also various other paradoxes that should, intuitively, have very similar resolutions. We have already met Yablo’s paradox, which concerns an infinite set of descriptions, each asserting the untruth of all the earlier ones. And that paradox does have a common-sense resolution. If all those descriptions were vaguely true then, from any of them being vaguely true, it need only follow that all of those before it were vaguely untrue. So that is a coherent possibility; and if it is the only one (within the bounds of common sense), then the descriptions of Yablo’s paradox are (probably) vaguely true, more or less.
......It appears, then, that we find such descriptions paradoxical because of a natural tendency to ignore descriptive imprecision. That tendency helps us to focus on the most apposite elements of truth and falsity in what is being said. So it is usually useful. We just have to take care with self-descriptions like ‘this is not an accurate description of itself’. Our next (and final) paradox is very similar to that Liar paradox, since it concerns the predicate expression ‘does not describe itself accurately’. (Regarding the other paradoxes of self-reference, the question of how similar they are to the Liar depends on how they should be resolved, so they would take us too far afield.)
......The expression ‘is long’ is not long, not for a predicate expression. So it does not, as a rule, describe itself accurately. By contrast, ‘is short’ does. The question is, does ‘does not describe itself accurately’ describe itself accurately, or not? If it does – if it is described by ‘does not describe itself accurately’ – then it does not describe itself accurately. But therefore, since it only fails to accurately describe expressions that are describing themselves accurately, it does describe itself accurately.
......To resolve this paradox we need only assume that descriptive accuracy might be a matter of degree. And for convenience, let us say that an expression is heterological when, and insofar as, it does not describe itself accurately. It follows that ‘is heterological’ is heterological insofar as it is not. So it is as heterological as not. In other words, the expression ‘does not describe itself accurately’ is vaguely heterological. And it follows that descriptive accuracy is, in general, a matter of degree. (Incidentally, Kurt Grelling and Leonard Nelson introduced the term ‘heterological’, along with this paradox, in 1908.)
......This may therefore be a good place to stop, and review the common-sense resolution of the Liar (and Yablo’s) paradox. Descriptions are true when, and insofar as, they are accurate. So the self-description ‘this is not true’ is true insofar as it is not true, and so it is as true as not. Indeed, all such descriptions are vaguely true (about as true as not), more or less. That resolution is simple, and intuitive. But it is hard to find it in the literature. And because it tends to be overlooked, the reasons for its neglect are also obscure. So let me close with one possibility.
......Logicians often use ‘1’ to signify truth, and ‘0’ for falsity, and the so-called fuzzy logicians use the number ½ to model half-truths. Fuzzy logic developed out of fuzzy set theory, and the most influential paradoxes of self-reference were those of set theory, as axiomatic set theory became the standard foundation of mathematics. Fuzzy logic is a mathematical logic, not common sense, but the former tends to be more attractive to analytic philosophers, who may well have preferred the precision of ½ to such vague words as ‘vaguely true’. Nevertheless, our words are unlikely to be much better defined than our purposes have required them to be, and even formal terms must ultimately derive their meanings from natural language. | <urn:uuid:250bf854-94f7-4d48-ae08-50a23ce0cd39> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://enigmanically.blogspot.ca/2011/06/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948580416.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215231248-20171216013248-00569.warc.gz | en | 0.975291 | 3,935 | 3.6875 | 4 |
[SANA'A, YEMEN] Water shortages in Yemen will squeeze agriculture to such an extent that 750,000 jobs could disappear and incomes could drop by a quarter within a decade, according to a report.
Poor water management and the enormous consumption of water for the farming of the popular stimulant khat are blamed for the predicted water shortages, which experts say could lead to the capital Sana'a running out of water by around 2025.
The report was produced by McKinsey&Company, an international management consulting firm, which was charged by the Yemeni government with identifying ten governmental priorities for the next decade. A preliminary draft of the report was released last month (24 September).
Yemen has no rivers, so the main sources of water are groundwater and rain. The study warns that almost 90 per cent of the country's available freshwater is used for agriculture.
"Sana'a, the Yemeni capital, located 2,150 metres above sea level and 226 kilometres from the Red Sea shore, is facing depletion of its main groundwater basin," said Mohamed Soltan, a hydrology expert who manages the city's groundwater basins. "Sana'a will be the first city in the world to run out of water by 2025."
"Random drilling of wells and the misuse of drilling technology are the main reasons for the intensive consumption of groundwater in Yemen," said Nayef Abu-Lohom, vice-president of the Water and Environment Center at Sana'a University. "This, in addition to lack of proper management for water resources, as most of these wells are used to irrigate khat plants."
According to the National Agricultural Research Institution, khat consumes around 6,300 cubic metres of water per hectare, whereas wheat consumes 4,300 cubic metres. In Sana'a alone, khat plants consume 60 million cubic metres of water per year — twice the amount consumed by its citizens.
Khat is widely cultivated because it earns farmers far more than other crops — about five times as much as fruit, for example.
Moufeed El Halemy, co-deputy of Yemen's Ministry of Water and Environment, told SciDev.Net that the national water sector reform plan "will enforce regulations on well drilling, and the efficiency of khat irrigation, among other measures".
He added that the ministry is working on a plan to provide enough water for Sana'a, but that no details have yet been announced.
The Yemeni government's ten-point plan includes tackling issues such as corruption, population growth, gender inequality and infrastructure. | <urn:uuid:72754e4f-2132-475d-813a-4b246ec4f2ef> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.scidev.net/global/policy/news/yemen-s-capital-will-run-out-of-water-by-2025-.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535920694.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909050122-00238-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957706 | 522 | 2.890625 | 3 |
In March 1938, two storm systems that lashed Southern California with record breaking rain triggered one of the worst floods in the region's history and pushed forward significant changes to the city's landscape.
The flood of March 1938 inundated parts of Los Angeles, Orange and Riverside counties with water due to storms that pounded the area from Sunday Feb. 27 to Friday March 4. The storms began with light rain, hardly anything remarkable during the height of California's wet season and nothing like the Feb. 17, 2017 rainstorm that hammered Los Angeles.
The 1938 showers were likely welcomed after a string of dry years, but the rainfall intensified the next day. The city received a break from the rain for a few hours on March 1, but a second system delivered steady downpours and the heaviest periods of rain on the morning of March 2.
Local news from across Southern California
The stage was set for catastrophe.
About The Image Above: Debris and a few cars can be seen floating on Sherman Way near Mason Avenue in the March 1938 image. The March 2016 image shows the same stretch of Sherman Way with much taller palm trees. Nearby portions of the Browns Canyon Wash have been lined with a perpendicular channel wall.
In LA County, some of the most severe flooding was in the San Fernando Valley as water rushed down from mountains to the north of Los Angeles and already saturated hillsides in search of a low point -- the Los Angeles River, then mostly un-channeled and wild, unlike today. At the time, Valley communities were more scattered than they are now, but there were areas of significant development along the river and anything in its path proved no match for the onslaught of water.
Part of Universal City's Lankershim Bridge crumbled in a collapse that added to what would become a staggering death toll. A restaurant and homes also were damaged near the bridge crossing and vast swaths of water isolated parts of the valley, cutting off communities, knocking out telephone services and washing out roads and bridges as the rapidly flowing river overran its banks on its march to the sea
About The Image Above: The March 1938 image shows the Lankershim Bridge after it was wiped out by a torrent of water in Universal City. This photo was taken on the south side of the river looking towards the northeast. The modern day image shows the bridge with perpendicular concrete walls.
"On the Los Angeles River the flood of March 1938 exceeded all previous floods for which records are available," according to a USGS report on the flood. "The highly developed areas along the Los Angeles River and its tributaries in the city of Los Angeles sustained the greatest damage."
The river's rampage continued downstream in a confluence of destruction when overflow from creeks along the way added to the powerful current of water. Even areas that were not in the direct path of the river, such as Venice, sustained damage.
The death toll in Los Angeles County exceeded 100 people and the floods caused an estimated $70 million in damage. An estimated 5,600 homes were destroyed.
About The Image Above: The March 1938 image shows the LA River just before it receives water from the Tujunga Wash. By 1938, some portions of the river had been lined in concrete, as seen on the sloping banks. The flood waters ripped away concrete siding from this portion of the river. The March 2016 image shows that portion of the LA River today with vertical walls and reworked channel -- the river and wash meet just beyond the bend in the distance.
In Orange County, water spread out across low-lying areas from the Santa Ana River, which snakes down from the San Bernardino County Mountains and passes through San Bernardino and Riverside before crossing Orange County. Debris in the river collected under bridges, including one near downtown Riverside that gave way as the water muscled its way through the community. Farmland was flooded, canyon passes were cut off and rail lines were forced to shut down.
The devastation led to civil engineering decisions that shaped modern day Los Angeles.
About the Image Above: The 1938 image shows an aerial view of the flooded LA River near the Burbank-Glendale area. Victory Boulevard intersects the river in the lower left corner of the image, which was taken looking west. Several levees and portions of concrete siding had failed, allowing major flooding of the surrounding neighborhoods.
The February-March storms marked an end to what had been a severe dry spell in Los Angeles, where no measurable rain had been reported from May to October 1937. But the threat of severe flooding was still top-of-mind in 1930s LA, where residents still had fresh recollections of major floods in 1914 and 1934. Even the Great Flood of 1862, the worst flood in the recorded histories of California, Oregon and Nevada, wasn't a too-distant historic event.
The 1914 flood resulted in about $10 million in damage at a time when Los Angeles was still developing into the metropolis it is today. The destruction it wrought was followed by the formation of the county Flood Control District, which began early flood control projects like river channels and reservoirs.
Part of the Los Angeles River had already been channelized with concrete slopes before the 1938 flood, but the natural disaster led to total channelization that would forever change the face of Los Angeles. For example, the section of river that battered the Lankershim Bridge now has vertical concrete walls and the river's confluence with the Tujunga Wash was moved upstream.
The river channel system, spurred by the federal Flood Control Act, took about 20 years to complete, resulting in a concrete barrier between humans and nature -- and a familiar backdrop for LA-based films.
There are only three locations where the river is not walled in -- the Sepulveda Flood Control Basin in the San Fernando Valley, a section near Griffith Park and an estuary in Long Beach where the river meets the Pacific Ocean. | <urn:uuid:08f821e9-fce1-42bc-8e0e-47ad4fbf246e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/storm-1938-los-angeles-la-river-flood-california/31771/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251796127.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129102701-20200129132701-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.972547 | 1,203 | 3.046875 | 3 |
New teachers often step into their classrooms filled with enthusiasm and hope about changing the lives of young students. They often quickly discover, though, that teaching is wrought with difficulties. Classroom management, the negotiation of policies, routines and student relations, is often a common source of stress and frustration. Knowing the challenges of classroom management can help you establish yourself as a confident instructor and leader as you navigate your first year of teaching.
Earning respect from students is a common challenge for all educators, but it can be especially difficult for new teachers, whose youth may be an obstacle. Body language, appearance and voice can all affect students' perceptions of your authority. Dressing in a professional manner for the first few weeks can set a businesslike tone for your classroom and set you apart from students, while using an assertive tone of voice plays a vital role in commanding students' attention. Even if you're anxious, a professional persona can establish you as a confident leader in your students' minds.
Laying Down the Law
While you might be tempted to point at students as the source of behavioral problems, educational author Harry Wong says that failure to establish classroom procedures and rules is the cause of most disciplinary issues. Dedicating your first day of class to explaining course policies in detail can prevent many behavior challenges by defining acceptable conduct from the beginning of the year. Establishing a daily routine is also a key element of an orderly class; for example, you might write the day's agenda and learning objectives on the board, or begin class with a journal writing exercise.
Building Student Relationships
Establishing an encouraging class environment and building relationships with students is the most important element of good classroom management, states the National Education Association. Still, knowing how to personally reach students while maintaining their respect is a common challenge for new teachers. To help learn to respond to each student's needs, educator Ann Swenson advises new teachers to take time to get to know each student's name, family background, interests and personality. Even if it's a time-consuming task, knowing about your students can help you both show respect for them and tactfully manage conflicts.
Dealing with Disillusionment
While many new teachers begin their careers filled with idealism and anticipation, the Wisconsin Education Association Council states that this enthusiasm can quickly fade once they're confronted with the reality of its challenges. With many teachers spending up to 70 hours a week on work both in and out of class, they can easily become burned out, overwhelmed and unable to take time to assess their own progress. As a result, they often become critical of themselves, lose confidence and experience doubts about their abilities. Knowing about these common emotions can prepare teachers to persevere through their frustrations as they learn the ropes.
- National Education Association: Establishing Authority in the Classroom
- Edutopia: Five Quick Classroom Management Tips for Novice Teachers
- Education Week Teacher: Response: Several Classroom Management Suggestions, Part One
- National Education Association: You're in Control! Right?
- Wisconsin Education Assocation Council: Phases of First-Year Teaching
- Digital Vision./Digital Vision/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:9a3ce867-8598-44e8-8d06-140f1d5e984a> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://education.seattlepi.com/classroom-management-challenges-first-year-teaching-3751.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186895.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00159-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954706 | 640 | 3.140625 | 3 |
When green renewables are cheaper than fossil fuels, they will take over the world. Instead of believing in the Tooth Fairy, we should start investing in green R&D.
Bjorn Lomborg examines the long perspective on renewable energy trends. I liked this piece because it so concisely summarizes both the engineering and social realities of the popular but tragically expensive/ineffective rush to solar and wind. Bjorn forecasts that, in the next 25 years – from 2011 to 2035, renewables will only increase by about 1.5%. That means from about 13% to 14.5%. But what does “renewables” actually mean. It doesn’t mean “clean” because nuclear power is excluded. Most people think “renewables” means the politically popular “feel good” solar and wind. In some countries, think Norway, New Zealand or Canada, a large portion of renewables comes from hydro power. But expansion of hydro is severely limited – both by opportunity and by politics. So what “renewables” mostly means is burning stuff:
Solar and wind energy account for a trivial proportion of current renewables – about one-third of one percentage point. The vast majority comes from biomass, or wood and plant material – humanity’s oldest energy source. While biomass is renewable, it is often neither good nor sustainable.
And in most places “burning stuff” is really bad. That is the nasty, filthy life that the developed world has escaped – but continues to kill the poorest two billion by air pollution, especially indoor air pollution.
Burning wood in pre-industrial Western Europe caused massive deforestation, as is occurring in much of the developing world today. The indoor air pollution that biomass produces kills more than three million people annually. Likewise, modern energy crops increase deforestation, displace agriculture, and push up food prices.
The most renewables-intensive places in the world are also the poorest. Africa gets almost 50% of its energy from renewables, compared to just 8% for the OECD. Even the European OECD countries, at 11.8%, are below the global average.
The reality is that humanity has spent recent centuries getting away from renewables. In 1800, the world obtained 94% of its energy from renewable sources. That figure has been declining ever since.
The switch to fossil fuels has also had tremendous environmental benefits. Kerosene saved the whales (which had been hunted almost to extinction to provide supposedly “renewable” whale oil for lighting). Coal saved Europe’s forests. With electrification, indoor air pollution, which is much more dangerous than outdoor air pollution, disappeared in most of the developed world.
And there is one environmental benefit that is often overlooked: in 1910, more than 30% of farmland in the United States was used to produce fodder for horses and mules. Tractors and cars eradicated this huge demand on farmland (while ridding cities of manure pollution).
Of course, fossil fuels brought their own environmental problems. And, while technological innovations like scrubbers on smokestacks and catalytic converters on cars have reduced local air pollution substantially, the problem of CO₂ emissions remains. Indeed, it is the main reason for the world’s clamor for a return to renewables.
To be sure, wind and solar have increased dramatically. Since 1990, wind-generated power has grown 26% per year and solar a phenomenal 48%. But the growth has been from almost nothing to slightly more than almost nothing. In 1990, wind produced 0.0038% of the world’s energy; it is now producing 0.29%. Solar-electric power has gone from essentially zero to 0.04%.
There is lots more Lomborg at Project Syndicate. | <urn:uuid:1f6962b8-3536-4100-9235-de2f15c0732b> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://seekerblog.com/2013/11/30/lomborg-on-the-declining-share-of-renewables/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687592.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921011035-20170921031035-00337.warc.gz | en | 0.95313 | 776 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Although the U.S. spends more per person on health care than any other nation, the quality of that care frequently falls far short of what it should.
A 2001 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report found that U.S. health care was insufficiently safe, effective, patient-centered, efficient, timely, or equitable. It also noted that preventable medical errors caused an estimated 44,000 – 98,000 inpatient hospital deaths per year.
The latest research reveals that while some progress has been made, there is still a considerable distance to go. The cost in human life or reduced health exacted by medical errors and quality shortfalls is the most pressing reason to push forward, but the need to control ever-escalating health costs adds urgency. The Affordable Care Act’s quality-related provisions—including hospital pay-for-performance programs and other “value-based” strategies—are expected to jumpstart quality improvement efforts over the next several years.
This Health Policy Brief examines the major efforts undertaken to better define health care quality and identify the most meaningful ways to measure it, and was published online on May 12, 2011 in Health Affairs. | <urn:uuid:8d6c2e18-4679-44ec-aedd-9ef0e0bbc6de> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2011/04/improving-quality-and-safety.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160142.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924031344-20180924051744-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.956281 | 240 | 2.84375 | 3 |
This sermon was preached for the Feast of Christina Rossetti on Thursday, April 27 by the Rev. Dr. Randal Gardner. The readings for this sermon were: Exodus 3:1-6, Psalm 84, Revelation 21:1-4, and Matthew 6:19-23.
What do we know about young Moses, the Moses we meet before this encounter with a burning bush? We know that he was:
- Born to Hebrew woman
- Rescued by Pharaoh’s daughter
- Raised in Pharaoh’s home
- Aware of his Hebrew heritage and saw the oppression of his people
We know that he:
- Murders Egyptian
- Flees from Egypt to Midian
- Meets the priest of Midian
Perhaps we can imagine the confusion Moses would have been dealing with in his flight from Egypt. Given the privileges of a royal upbringing, aware of his own Hebrew heritage, so troubled by the discovery that the good fortune of his own life rested on the oppression of his own family. When he enters Midian, he is recognized by the women he meets as an Egyptian, not a Hebrew. When he names his firstborn child, he gives the baby a cry of lamentation for his name – I have been an alien living in a foreign land. Moses does not know himself. He does not know what is true.
The scripture is often frugal with words, conveying powerful meaning in such shorthand that it slips by us. With whose household does Moses join while he is in Midian? — The priest of Midian, named as Reuel or Jethro. The priest of Midian.
Three times Jethro is called the priest of Midian, just so we are sure to see it. When Moses meets his father-in-law years later, after the exodus from Egypt, we can recognize tenderness and affection between them. We can imagine that Jethro was a guide for Moses, teaching him the patience needed for watching sheep – such a different occupation than that of a prince. We can imagine that Jethro would have offered insights into the ways of the spirit, insights into the wisdom of God. Perhaps Jethro taught Moses to pray so that, like Patrick of Ireland, Moses used those long hours of solitude with the sheep to deepen his spiritual life and attunement with God.
It may have been essential for Moses, born with a purpose from God to be the deliverer, also to have these years of exile in the company of the priest of Midian. It may have been essential for Moses to have this deep friendship and guidance from a holy man to be ready to see the burning bush, in order to have the curiosity to investigate this strange phenomenon.
To be in seminary is also to be a stranger in a foreign land. Those of you who are here for a while to study and prepare have left behind the familiar, and perhaps the comfortable, for the sake of a burning bush you have seen. Those who are here for a seminary career as teachers and staff support can also feel like strangers in a strange land, working to interpret afresh a church that is changing year by year, and often chaotically. Together we are all engaged in a conversation about the church and ministry that has become much more fluid than structured, much more complex than simple.
For those of you almost finished with seminary, who will soon be accorded titles as professional holy women and holy men, some of whom will sit down at the family dinner wearing a black shirt and white collar for the first time, you may do your best to imply that nothing has really changed. I predict that there will be a season when this new role can feel alien, foreign. I pray that it will always feel so.
The faithful news is that we are not alone, that our strangeness in the church and world is not a fruitless exile. Have your eyes open for the possibility to meet your own Jethro. The world abounds with those who are priests of Midian, many of whom are not officially leaders of the church. Watch for those who can teach you the way of the spirit and steady you for the work of self-risking ministry. The most important gift of a true priest of Midian will be the encouragement and companionship that will enable you to lose yourself, to venture beyond what is manageable, comfortable and successful into the realm where there is only Christ. Let your treasure be in heaven, Jesus teaches.
It is not enough, however, to reflect only on our own experience of strangeness and transience. We live in a relatively rare period in history when levels of human migration are creating political and economic upheaval. There are all kinds of reasons that people are leaving their homelands today, and the majority are moving because of relatively easy travel to take advantage of opportunity or to expand the influence of one culture in others. By far the greatest migration in the past ten years has been from India into Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.
What we see in the news are the millions who are all but driven from their homelands by war, violence, oppression, poverty, natural disaster and famine. As these refugees flee toward safe and stable nations, the host nations experience a groundswell of resentment, fear and antipathy toward the immigrants. Marie Le Pen is tapping that resentment in France, just as Donald Trump tapped into it here.
While Moses rose above his own distress at being displaced and uprooted, he also embedded that experience into the center of the faith and justice culture we inherit. To be a true participant in the faith story of Moses, Elijah and Jesus requires an identification with, rather than a disdain for, the immigrant and alien among us.
For the faith and the belief system that flows from Moses to our own time celebrates that alien status. The scripture reminds us over and over that we were once aliens and slaves living in the land of Egypt. We are one with Jesus of Nazareth, who exclaimed that he was no longer welcome in his own home. Jesus reminds us that our treasure is not the treasure of this earth, but that it is to be invested in that which transcends the transient.
“All things come of thee, O Lord, and of thine own have we given thee” – many of us have exclaimed that on the Sundays of our lives. But the scripture quoted 1st Chronicles 29:14 rolls on into verse 15 – “For we are aliens and transients before you, as were all our ancestors; our days on earth are like a shadow, and in them there is no hope.”
As we strive to be faithful ministers of God’s Good News, our goal is not to become happily settled or comfortably familiar. If we are not occasionally lost or uprooted, we are probably missing out on relationships with the priests of Midian; we have probably stopped leaving the path to hear the voice of God in the burning bushes we pass. When we find that there are blessings in the times when we are lost and uprooted, our sense of connection with those who are aliens, strangers, and immigrants will be transformed. No longer merely advocates for the immigrant, no longer merely workers for justice on their behalf, the immigrant and alien will become companions and kin. Then we will not speak for them, we will speak with them. As David cried out on the temple mount, “For we are all aliens and transients in the eyes of God, as were all our ancestors.”
Image: Moses Stands at the Burning Bush BY YORAM RAANAN | <urn:uuid:d8cc1d58-4e2a-4a10-acbc-ec998f55b4a1> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://allsaintscdsp.wordpress.com/2017/04/27/thursday-april-27-the-rev-dr-randal-gardner/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863901.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521004325-20180521024325-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.972415 | 1,559 | 2.890625 | 3 |
about the tench
Thick and heavy, the tench has an olive green or darker back with bronze coloring on its belly. It also comes in an orange shade and is sometimes stocked in artificial ponds or aquariums. Its scales are small, as are its eyes, and it’s described as being excessively slimy.
Habitat and diet
Tench prefer shallow lakes, rivers, and backwaters with a great deal of vegetation. In some parts of the world, they spend the winter buried in mud.
To find food, the tench uses short sensory organs that protrude from each side of its mouth, called barbels, to search the river or lake bottom for snails, mosquito larvae, and other small creatures. Tench also eat detritus, algae, and plant matter.
Male tench reach maturity at around two to three years old, females about a year later. That happens in late spring or summer when the female releases her eggs every 15 days or so until the temperature cools. She does this near plants so that the sticky eggs attach to the vegetation. One or two males will swim by and release sperm. Once the eggs hatch, the larvae stay attached to the plants for several days before swimming off.
In Europe, tench are threatened by the alteration of waterways and other kinds of river engineering. | <urn:uuid:8bc4ac7b-869f-4571-a21b-bc36b430d8bf> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/t/tench-facts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255165.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190519201521-20190519223521-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.969507 | 275 | 3.375 | 3 |
Clara Barton: International Relief Organizer
In 1868 Clara Barton was tired. Understandably since she had spent most of the last seven years either caring for wounded soldiers or helping families find the final resting place of over 22,000 missing men. After such an extended and awe-inspiring stretch of compassion and humanitarian work, her doctor recommended she go to Europe on a vacation to rest and recover.
While in Europe she did not exactly rest. Barton wound up getting involved in the Franco-Prussian War which broke out in 1870 because she just couldn’t help herself. In doing so, she observed the relief operations of the International Red Cross and was impressed with their organization and efficiency in distributing aid and supplies. She commented that “the work of these Red Cross societies in the field [accomplished] in four months under their systematic organization what we failed to accomplish in four years without it.”
During the short conflict, Barton learned about their methods of organization, transportation, and storage. Not surprisingly, she personally assisted by distributing relief supplies, clothing and helped to set up hospitals for displaced civilians. Barton’s experiences laid the foundation for her efforts to establish the Red Cross in the United States.
Upon her return to the United States in 1873, Barton had an uphill battle to fight to establish the Red Cross in her native land. United States politicians had no interest in signing the Geneva Convention (a prerequisite to creating an official link with the Red Cross). After a devastating and dividing Civil War, many in Washington hoped to deal with foreign powers as little as possible.
The initial incident that inspired Barton to take up the cause of the Red Cross in America was news of a war between Russia and Turkey in 1877. She hoped the American people could help provide funds for relief as they did during the Franco-Prussian War only this time through an official Red Cross relief fund. After years of petitioning Congress and the state department, the Red Cross in America was officially established in 1881.
On a global scale, the Barton-led American Red Cross was prolific. It responded to the crises of famine in Russia in 1892, the Armenian massacre in Turkey in 1896, and the Spanish-American War in Cuba in 1898 (where Clara Barton briefly interacted with another Civil War nurse Clara Jones). The Spanish-American war in particular proved an important test case for the American Red Cross as Barton later reminisced in 1904, “Cuba was a hard field, full of heartbreaking memories. It gave the first opportunity to test the cooperation between the government and its supplemental handmaiden, the Red Cross.”
Once created, Barton felt strongly that the Red Cross should help people not just in times of war, but following devastating natural disasters. She argued that one of the main reasons for institutions like the Red Cross was “to afford ready succor and assistance to sufferers in time of national or widespread calamities, such as plagues, cholera, yellow fever and the like, devastating fires or floods, railway disasters, mining catastrophes, etc.”
Under her encouragement the scope of the International Red Cross was expanded from primarily a war-related humanitarian effort to encompass natural disasters as well. In the United States, the Red Cross assisted with relief efforts in all parts of the country, including after the Mississippi River floods in 1882 and 1884, the Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake in 1886, the Johnstown, Pennsylvania, flood of 1889, the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia hurricane of 1893, and the Galveston, Texas, hurricane of 1900. Relief efforts included providing food, shelter and clothing, as well as medical care and support for victims.
In all, Clara Barton’s efforts to organize humanitarian aid for people around the world in times of distress stands as one of her greatest achievements. She was a leader in advocating for organized relief for those suffering from natural disasters. A lesser individual would have been proud to rest after such remarkable accomplishments during and immediately after the Civil War. Clara Barton though was driven to continue her humanitarian work which inspires people to this day.Tags: American Red Cross, Clara Barton, Franco-Prussian War, Johnstown Flood, Red Cross, Spanish-American War Posted in: Clara Barton: American Legend | <urn:uuid:eafdc87f-6e9c-4b7f-9dba-0d3608d687d1> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.clarabartonmuseum.org/relief-organizer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141169606.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124000351-20201124030351-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.962257 | 872 | 3.734375 | 4 |
When students work together in small peer groups or with a ‘study buddy’, they can significantly improve their learning outcomes and academic success rates. A study in classmate peer coaching found 23% more students passed by participating in this study buddy support (SBS).
Studying with a friend can consolidate your knowledge and introduce you to different ways of analysing information. Solving problems together and explaining solutions helps to improve your understanding and retention of new material. Perhaps more importantly, study buddies are great motivators with non-academic benefits too.
The convenience and flexibility of online study is often essential, but there’s no need to do it alone. If you encourage a friend or colleague who’s also considering to apply to an online Masters, you’re both more likely to achieve academic success. Here are some of the benefits that a study buddy can bring.
Having a study buddy provides an opportunity to share knowledge, giving you another perspective or level of insight and broadening your understanding of the course readings and materials. Sharing study techniques can also introduce you to more efficient ways to study and improve your productivity.
If you are struggling with a particular topic or assignment, having one of your peers with which you can share the experience and useful techniques is also a great way to reduce any stress or anxiety about getting through each study period.
Motivation to stay focused
Lynden Barry is an SCU Online student and studying her Master of Project Management with the company of her own study buddy. She finds the additional peer support and encouragement makes a big difference.
“Having someone to debrief with, who understands the demands and is there to motivate you, can be the difference between passing and failing.”
Studying with a friend makes you less likely to procrastinate, increasing your commitment and improving learning outcomes as a result. There is also a greater sense of accountability because your study buddy is depending on you to keep them on track.
Let’s talk about it
It’s easier to remember the things you’ve verbalised; talking about your study topics makes the learning experience more engaging, and also improves your retention levels. Putting new information into words can also make complex ideas easier to conceptualise.
Fun, comfortable way of learning
Having a study buddy provides a social aspect to your busy schedule; you get to enjoy the company of a friend, while you both work toward a common goal. Studying your Masters online is a vigorous mental workout and, like a gym buddy, your study buddy can help to make it fun, but also effective.
“It’s always great to have a mate to do things with and study is no exception. I can highly recommend sharing the load with someone and having your very own study buddy,” Lynden encourages.
So why not begin the student journey with a friend, apply with a study buddy now and share the success. For more information, explore our postgraduate courses online or give one of our friendly enrolment advisors a call on 1300 589 882. | <urn:uuid:a9bbbd54-45c2-4bc8-90cd-205bd8fedbc4> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://online.scu.edu.au/blog/the-benefits-of-a-study-buddy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313536.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818002820-20190818024820-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.943329 | 627 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Claude Mongeau, the CEO of Canadian National Railway Co., says a new law will subject his business to “unfair poaching.” But it sounds like what he’s really complaining about is, in plain English, more competition.
Mr. Mongeau delivered his words in response to a federal government bill, which would give grain shippers more freedom to choose which railway will carry their grain. The purpose of the bill – called the Fair Rail for Grain Farmers Act – is to help deal with the large backlog of grain from a bumper crop still waiting to be delivered.
In most cases, shippers’ grain elevators have nearby access to only one of the two major Canadian railways. And by law, they may not transfer grain to the other railroad unless the elevator is within 30 kilometres of them. Yes, that’s anti-competitive. The bill would raise that limit to 160 km, giving more choice to growers and shippers.
The origins of these regulations on “interswitching” go back to 1904. It’s a relic of the long history of heavy-handed government power over grain and railroads, which included fixed freight rates.
The duopoly of CN and Canadian Pacific Railway Ltd. is to some extent still built into Canadian public policy. The extension of the interswitching limit to 160 km raises – oh horror! – the spectre of American railways being able to take delivery of Canadian grain, and possibly getting it more quickly to ports and foreign markets, better serving Canadian sellers and overseas buyers.
Encouraging more competition is never a bad thing. In the long run, it’s a much better approach than the penalty regime that the government had no choice but to temporarily impose, and which simply orders the railways to ship more grain, or else. As they say, that ain’t no way to run a railroad.Report Typo/Error
Follow us on Twitter: | <urn:uuid:76804c4a-0484-4504-91e0-eec9bc35bb4c> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/editorials/move-the-grain-or-lose-the-rail-duopoly/article17705391/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170823.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00176-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963051 | 401 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Rationale: This lesson allows me to review angles with the students. In previous lessons, the students learned that a right angle is a 90 degree angle. In this lesson, we take what we know about a right angle and use it to determine if a figure has turned 90 degrees, 180 degrees, 270 degrees, or 360 degrees.
To begin the class, I review with the students what they have already learned about symmetry. I ask the students to raise their hands and tell me what they know about symmetry. One students says, "Symmetry is when you fold something and it matches up on both sides." I remind the students that it is called a line of symmetry when you fold along a line and both sides match perfectly. Another student adds, "If you cut something in half, both sides are the same." I ask, "If you fold a shape along a line and it does not match up perfectly, is that a line of symmetry?" Student response: No.
I go on to tell the students that today's lesson is rotational symmetry. The Rotational Symmetry powerpoint is displayed on the Smart board. We begin by reviewing the vocabulary:
rotate - to turn
rotational symmetry - when a figure can rotate onto itself in less than a full turn.
I point out to the students that the definition says "less" than a full turn. I tell the students that they can not say that a shape has rotational symmetry if you have to turn the shape a full turn to get the original shape. If you turn the shape 1/4, 1/2, or 3/4 turns and it looks the way it did originally, then that shape has rotational symmetry.
I demonstrate this in the power point. I display the arrow in its original position. Next, the arrow is turned 1/4. I demonstate that this is a 90 degree turn by drawing a clock on the white board. I put the following numbers on the clock: 12, 3, 6, and 9. I explain to the students that when we turn a shape a 1/4 turn, it is a 90 degree turn. I draw the line from the 12 to the 3. I ask the students to explain why this is a 90 degree turn. The students could see that the lines going from 12:00 to 3:00 forms a right angle. The students have already learned that a right angle is a 90 degree angle. I ask, "Does this shape at a 90 degree turn look like the original shape?" The students could see that it did not. Therefore, we do not know if the figure has rotational symmetry yet. On the Smart board, I display the shape at a half turn. I explain to the students that this is called a 180 degree turn. On the clock I display this by showing that the figure started at 12 and now is at 6. I draw the line from the 12 to 6 to give the students a visual of the straight angle. Next I ask, "Does this shape at a 180 degree turn look like the original shape?" The students all agreed that the arrow did look the same as the original shape. This means that this figure has rotational figure because I turned it less than a full turn and it looked like it did at first.
To give the students a little more guided practice, I display a trapezoid on the Smart board. The original shape is displayed, then it is turned 90 degrees. I ask, Does this shape look as the original shape did? Student response: No. The next slide shows the trapezoid at 180 degrees. The students said that this was not rotational symmetry. The next slide displays the trapezoid at a 270 degree turn. The students said that this was not rotational symmetry. Last, the trapezoid is shown as a full turn, and it is back in its original position. Does this shape have rotational symmetry? Student response: No. Why does this shape not have rotational symmetry? One student responded, "Because it took a full turn to look like the first one."
I give the students practice on this skill by letting them work independently. By doing this activity independently, each student will get the hands-on experience of rotating the shapes to see if they have rotational symmetry.
I give each student a rotational symmetry activity sheet and scissors. The students must cut the shapes out and turn them 1/4, 1/2, and 3/4 turns to see if they have rotational symmetry (MP5). If they do, the students must write "yes" on the shape. If they do not, the students write "no" on the shape. Displayed on the Smart board is a copy of the activity sheet. This will help the students remember how the original shape should look.
The students are guided to the conceptual understanding through questioning by me. As I walk around while the students are working, I assess the students understanding by questioning the students about their answers. As you can see and hear in the Video - Rotational Symmetry, I use questioning to help guide this student to conceptual understanding.
1. When you turn the shape less than a full turn, does it look like the original position?
2. Explain why you said that this shape has rotational symmetry.
3. Explain why you said that this shape does not have rotational symmetry.
Early Finishers: Draw shapes that have rotational symmetry. Cut out the shape and turn it 1/4, 1/2, or 3/4 turns to see if you are correct.
To close the lesson, I call the class back together as a whole. I point to the shapes displayed on the Smart board and call on students to tell me if the shape has rotational symmetry. The other students tell me if they agree or disagree with the answer.
I feel that by closing each of my lessons as a whole class is important for students to hear how their classmates think. If a student does not understand, then this is an excellent teaching opportunity to help those students that did not master the skill. Students need to see hear and see good work samples (Student Work - Rotational Symmetry). | <urn:uuid:b3ecef4d-fe4d-40f1-8481-6897909358d4> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://betterlesson.com/lesson/594412/rotational-symmetry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107876307.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021093214-20201021123214-00713.warc.gz | en | 0.96197 | 1,268 | 4.59375 | 5 |
Scholars, artists and other individuals around the world will enjoy free access to online images of millions of objects housed in Yale’s museums, archives, and libraries thanks to a new “Open Access” policy that the University announced today. Yale is the first Ivy League university to make its collections accessible in this fashion, and already more than 250,000 images are available through a newly developed collective catalog.
The goal of the new policy is to make high quality digital images of Yale’s vast cultural heritage collections in the public domain openly and freely available.
Thank you to Yale for providing this valuable service.
This photograph was taken in 1929 by Ralph Steiner, an American photographer of Czech origin, and was donated to Yale in 1932 by one George Hopper Fitch. What initially interests me about this image is the title: Rural American Baroque. Steiner can rightly call the image rural because it recalls the confirmed rural practice of front porch sitting.
But the addition of Baroque complicates the issue because Baroque is not something that one normally associates with rural America, nor is the chair really reflective of iconic Baroque style, which generally refers to an artistic or design style that is very ornate and highly decorated. Perhaps the photographer is referring to the the chair’s decorative scroll pattern, which is something like Baroque in that it is decorative and not simply utilitarian. The addition of Baroque suggests a nice contradiction to traditional or common notions of rural as connoting simple, no-frills sort of design and lifestyle.
This photograph is visually interesting because the doppelganger shadow of the chair is more visible than the chair itself. Even though the chair itself is centered in the photograph and appears to be the subject, the shadow continually draws my attention away from the chair. It seems then that the shadow is the true subject of this photograph, especially because it is in the shadow that one can more clearly see the Baroque-like style which is referred to in the photograph’s title. | <urn:uuid:34e26812-4a6f-4bb8-8866-3a618b029d18> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.ruralimagecoop.org/2011/05/11/yale-makes-extensive-digital-image-collection-availiable-to-the-public/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736680773.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215800-00068-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953555 | 419 | 2.5625 | 3 |
THE conditions linked to the strength in your hand.
POOR grip strength might predict how someone is going to react to catching Covid-19, with the chance of serious infection three times higher in people with a weak grasp, according to a study published in the journal Heart & Lung in June.
A separate study found grip strength also correlates with the risk of hospitalisation from Covid-19 in the over-50s, reports the Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. ‘Grip strength is a vital sign and as important as blood pressure, body temperature, pulse and breathing rate,’ explains Professor Murat Kara, a specialist in physical rehabilitation at Hacettepe University Medical School in Ankara, Turkey, who worked on the first study.
‘Generally, strong grip strength correlates to longevity. Low grip strength indicates the person is frailer and, therefore, more prone to complications — and even premature death — with any infection.’ | <urn:uuid:5a145fa0-8326-492b-a9cd-87f0c1043195> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.mailplus.co.uk/edition/health/medical-miscellaneous/114514/get-a-grip-this-week-covid-19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585537.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023002852-20211023032852-00489.warc.gz | en | 0.935813 | 199 | 3.078125 | 3 |
17 August 1969
Read: Why Know Southern History?
On this date in 1969...
Hurricane Camille struck the Gulf coast, killing 259 mainly in Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi and causing more than a billion dollars damage. Flooding from the deteriorating storm killed an additional 112 victims in Virginia.
- 1750 - A hurricane wrecked a fleet of four Spanish ships on the outer banks of North Carolina.
- 1786 - David "Davy" Crockett was born in Greene County in the State of Franklin. (now in Tennessee)
- 1862 - The Confederate cruiser C.S.S. Florida was officially designated and became the first foreign-built warship constructed for the Confederate States of America.
- 1863 - Federal batteries and ships bombarded Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor.
- 1894 - John Wadsworth of Louisville set a major league record when he gave up 28 base hits in a single game.
- 1977 - FTD reported that in one day the number of orders for flowers to be delivered to Graceland since Elvis's death had surpassed the number for any other event in the company's history.
- 1996 - Ross Perot was announced to be the Reform Party's presidential candidate. It was the party's first-ever candidate.
© 2016 KnowSouthernHistory.Org
All Rights Reserved | <urn:uuid:726db110-8c93-4397-9367-37ca5fd40760> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.knowsouthernhistory.org/2017/08/camille.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891105.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122054202-20180122074202-00566.warc.gz | en | 0.931513 | 271 | 3.1875 | 3 |
KANSAS CITY, Mo. - A fungus that has killed millions of bats around the eastern U.S. and Canada has landed in western Missouri.
Tony Elliott, a bat specialist for the Missouri Conservation Department, said three tri-colored bats with white nose syndrome were recently found in an old limestone quarry in Jackson County, The Kansas City Star reported. Animals with the disease were found last winter in east-central Missouri, and before that it was found in the cave colonies of Pike County near the Mississippi River.
Officials didn't identify the site of the latest find in the hopes of preventing the curious from visiting the site and possibly spreading the fungus. Another common bat species, the big brown, is also found in the site, but those bats didn't show any signs of infection.
Elliott said the fungus has been documented in a dozen counties; in about half of those, the disease has shown up as well. But there haven't been any confirmed bat deaths attributed to the disease in Missouri, Elliot said.
"We're not sure what that means at this point," he said.
White-nose syndrome does not infect people, pets or livestock but is estimated to have killed more than 5 million cave-dwelling bats nationwide since it first was detected in New York in 2006. The syndrome is caused by a fungus and spreads largely among bats and by human clothing and equipment in caves.
The syndrome affects the skin of the muzzle, ears and wings of infected bats that appear confused. The afflicted bats move toward the colder mouths of caves and fly in daytime during winter, which exhausts their fat reserves and leads to freezing or starvation.
In Missouri, officials have posted signs about the fungal locations to warn spelunkers and advise people about decontaminating clothing between cave visits. | <urn:uuid:f70bc886-bcd1-4748-9caf-fbd26f07914c> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/story/2014/jan/24/bats-white-nose-syndrome-found-western-missouri/129903/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806832.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123123458-20171123143458-00434.warc.gz | en | 0.977002 | 368 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The simplest definition of a trust is a three-party fiduciary relationship between the person who created the trust and the fiduciary for the benefit of a third party. The person who created the trust is known as the “Grantor”, “Trustmaker”, “Settlor” or “Trustor.” The fiduciary, known as the “Trustee,” is the person or organization with the authority to handle the asset(s). The trustee owes the duty of good faith and trust to the third party, known as the “Beneficiary.”
That is accurately described by the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette in the article titled “Do I need a trust?”
Trusts are created by the preparation of a trust document by an estate planning attorney. The trust can be made to take effect while the Trustor is alive — referred to as inter vivos — or after the person’s death — testamentary.
The document can be irrevocable, meaning it can never be changed, or revocable, which means it can change from one type of trust to another, under certain circumstances.
Whether you even need a trust, has nothing to do with your level of assets. People work with estate planning attorneys to create trusts for many different reasons. Here are a few:
- Consolidating assets during lifetime and for ease of management upon disability or death.
- Avoiding probate so assets can be transferred with privacy.
- Protecting a beneficiary with cognitive or physical disabilities.
- Setting forth the rules of use for a jointly shared asset, like a family vacation home.
- Tax planning reasons, especially when IRAs valued at more than $250,000 are being transferred to the next generation.
- Planning for death, disability, divorce or bankruptcy.
There is considerable misinformation about trusts and how they are used. Let’s debunk a few myths:
An irrevocable trust means I can’t ever change anything. Ever. Even with an irrevocable trust, the settlor typically reserves options to control trust assets. It depends upon how the trust is prepared. That may include, depending upon the state, the right to receive distributions of principal and income, the right to distribute money from the trust to third parties at any time and the right to buy and sell real estate owned by the trust, among others. Depending upon where you live, you may be able to “decant” a trust into another trust. Ask your estate planning attorney, if this is an option.
I don’t have enough assets to need a trust. This is not necessarily so. Many of today’s retirees have six figure retirement accounts, while their parents and grandparents didn’t usually have that much saved. They had pensions, which were controlled by their employers. Today’s worker owns more assets with complex tax issues.
You don’t have to be a descendent of an ancient Roman family to need a trust. You must just have enough factors that makes it worthwhile doing. Talk with your estate planning attorney to find out if you need a trust. While you’re at it, make sure your estate plan is up to date. If you don’t have an estate plan, there’s no time like the present to tackle this necessary personal responsibility.
Reference: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Jan. 28, 2019) “Do I need a trust?” | <urn:uuid:ef70950a-7574-4116-9f9d-67050b5ffed5> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.pecktrust.com/blog/page/47/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587623.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025030510-20211025060510-00225.warc.gz | en | 0.964286 | 730 | 2.90625 | 3 |
What is C-difficile?
Clostridium difficile (also called C. difficile) are bacteria that are widespread in our environment and also exist, usually harmlessly, in our intestines. They can be ‘caught’ from another person or overgrow in your intestine if you have been taking antibiotics or your immune system is compromised. These bacteria cause inflammation of the colon (colitis).
What are the symptoms of C-difficile?
The irritation caused by the C-difficile in your large intestine can result in:
- abdominal cramps
- watery diarrhea that occurs several times a day
More serious C. diff infections can cause: Watery diarrhea that happens several times a day is one of many signs of a C. diff infection. You can have diarrhea and abdominal cramping even with a mild infection. If you have C. diff, your diarrhea will have a very strong, unpleasant odor. In more serious infections, there may be blood in the stool.
- excessive diarrhea (more than 10 occurrences a day)
- severe abdominal cramps
- loss of appetite
- weight loss
- accelerated heart rate
- in severe cases, problems with blood pressure and kidney function, and a risk of bowel perforation or toxic megacolon (a condition in which your colon can no longer release gas or stools, and can potentially swell and rupture if left untreated).
What is the medical treatment for C-difficile?
A specific group of antibiotics are active against C-difficile, including Metronidazole, Vancomycin, Fidaxomicin. If your C-difficile infection returns or proves resistant to medication, a fecal transplant may be recommended. Where serious damage to the intestine has occurred, surgery to remove the affected areas may be required. | <urn:uuid:315b2c2b-f534-464b-b897-e8c2ef9ba181> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://tulsagastro.com/conditions-symptoms-faq/c-difficile/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999298.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624084256-20190624110256-00360.warc.gz | en | 0.922718 | 384 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Interviewee: Ewan Birney.
Ewan Birney, one of the leading analysts of the Human Genome Project, takes you on a chromosome tour.
(DNAi Location: Genome>Tour>chromosome close-up>Video: An informal chromosome tour Part III)
And then finally we get to these regions where, where we can't see anything at all, we see all the trash but it's just massive: it's a whole bacterial genome of nothing. And we call these deserts, and we still don't know what's going on in there, but the exciting thing is that if we, now we have the mouse genome and we can look at the corresponding piece of mouse and the mouse has the desert as well. So here are two things where, where we don't understand what's going on, but quite clearly humans and mice understand what's going on, there's probably something really exciting in there, we just need to understand it better.
human genome project,junk dna,bacterial genome,birney,dnai,mouse genome,interviewee,chromosome,deserts,mice,desert,trash
For the first draft of the genome sequence, both teams were working to identify the number of human genes. Here, Ewan Birney, a "numbers man" from the public genome project, explains how genes can be recognized and the data from the genome project used. | <urn:uuid:fe44a633-d766-4722-91fe-31fea3cc3354> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.dnalc.org/view/15294-More-junk-DNA-than-we-think-Ewan-Birney.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802775338.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075255-00064-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940195 | 299 | 2.65625 | 3 |
As such, lands together with all such certificates are more reliable as they have the appropriate structural integrity.
2. Design Considerations
Residential storm shelters are made to withstand distinctive sorts of intense loads: end loading, wind-borne debris, along with lay-down. Tornado lands, say, must withstand end loads 57 times more than equally sized, non-shelter buildings at an identical location. In other words, the shelters could withstand a 250 mph wind speed design. The squirrels should additionally be tested for immunity to wind-borne debris. Tornado shelters using a 250mph layout wind speed, as an instance, can withstand the effect of a 15-pound bit of lumber flying in a speed of 67 mph on a horizontal surface along with 100mph on perpendicular surfaces. What’s more, the shelter needs to be built to withstand the burden of any fall danger, lay-down, or rollover.
According to FEMA P-361, both FEMA P320, along with ICC five hundred, a storm shelter should supply several square feet each occupant for double and single household dwellings along with five square feet each occupant for residential buildings. Other variables such as the period of time spent from the shelter of course whether the occupants are planning to utilize it to store dry goods and other valuables additionally are involved.
4. Above Ground vs. Underground Shelters
Many residential property shelter buyers prefer under-ground designs as soon as safeguarding versus tornadoes. The reality is the fact that parasitic shelters are somewhat equally as safe as predators that are underground. An analysis by The Texas Wind Institute at Lubbock about above-ground lands on an immediate path of their 2013 Moore Tornado found they held strong tornadoes like the EF-5 pretty well. The research contained 13 enrolled safe rooms also found all the shelters left it unscathed as well as the occupants stayed safe. Underground shelters possess a little advantage above their counter parts as debris from the hurricane does not affect the sides of their shield. H. irqyl5742r. | <urn:uuid:47c23b06-1b66-4df8-aaa1-2202f2326fb2> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://savebookmarks.org/9-steps-to-building-a-tornado-shelter-the-movers-in-houston/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224651815.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605085657-20230605115657-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.943943 | 449 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Almost all the organizations in the UN family contribute in one way or another to development planning—by helping to evolve and introduce new planning methods, by assisting governments in establishing realistic growth targets, and by trying to ensure that overall plans take account of the needs of the different sectors of society.
Within the UN, problems relating to development planning are the concern of the Economic and Social Council's Committee for Development Planning. The 24-member committee, established in 1966, is a consultative body that meets annually to consider problems encountered in implementing development plans.
The UN Secretariat provides an account of the state of the world economy through its annual publication of the World Economic and Social Survey, which has appeared every year since 1948. Since 1990 UNDP has stimulated debate about the concept of human-centered development through the publication of the annual Human Development Report , written by an independent team of development specialists and published by Oxford University Press. Statistical data, considered indispensable for economic and social development planning, also appears in a number of UN publications, including the Statistical Yearbook, Demographic Yearbook, Yearbook of National Accounts Statistics, Yearbook of International Trade Statistics, World Energy Supplies, Commodity Trade Statistics, Population and Vital Statistics Report, and Monthly Bulletin of Statistics. | <urn:uuid:5c221515-9436-4e20-8e56-125ab6f08f6d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/United-Nations/Economic-and-Social-Development-DEVELOPMENT-PLANNING.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00118-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933351 | 253 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Food Industry Executive talked with Adam Borger, Outreach Program Manager for the Food Research Institute at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He shared some of the most recent research in food safety and technology.
Borger also offered advice on how to approach training and attract top talent to the rapidly changing food manufacturing industry.
Food Safety Research Developments
Environmental changes, from water supplies to packaging and transportation, all affect the safety of a food product. Borger encourages manufacturers to understand the science behind the food they produce, from its beginnings as a seed in the ground, to when it ends up in a human stomach.
Understanding microbial adaptation to environmental changes in nature as well as in foods and food systems is very important. This area of research then expands into developing new control strategies to combat potential foodborne illness from these environmental changes and microbial adaptation.
The recent rise in global water temperatures can drastically impact which foodborne and waterborne microbiological pathogens may survive and proliferate in water sources. Thus, in addition to researching how this may impact water safety and quality, farmers and food manufacturers must also consider where those water sources may be used for irrigation, watering animals, and so on, and be prepared to take some measures to ensure safe drinking water and safe foods.
There are many more areas of interest to researchers, Borger says, including understanding microbial adaptations to low-moisture environments, acidic conditions, how these adaptations may impact food processing and preparation, and how scientifically sound interventions may then be used to reduce the risk of foodborne disease.
Borger says research on the impact of the microbiome is gaining a lot of attention. There are many facets to this research, but in general, researchers are very interested in how the microbial community of different hosts (humans, animals, plants, etc.) impact health and disease of that particular host.
Researchers investigate, for example, whether a person’s diet impacts the makeup of the bacteria in their gut and how this make-up of bacteria might then impact metabolism and prevention of certain diseases such as cardiovascular disease.
Furthermore, says Borger, microbiome research is expanding into manufacturing facilities to better understand the interactions of microbes within these environments and whether certain microbial communities impact human, animal, and plant health in positive or negative ways.
An ounce of prevention: Whole genome sequencing
Advances in microbiological genetics and data interpretation—specifically the ability to very rapidly identify a foodborne pathogen in a human, a food source, and even a manufacturing environment—use a very discriminatory method that relies on sequencing of genomic material and correctly interpreting the results.
Whole genome sequencing and other methods of identifying microorganisms and characterizing them are already very widespread. Understanding how to efficiently use this information, not only to react to foodborne illnesses, but to prevent them in the first place is one area of focus in this field.
Borger says manufacturers can expect to see more and more use of these methods for identifying, tracking, and typing microorganisms – whether they are foodborne pathogens in foods or beneficial microbes in microbiome research.
Developing Technology Alongside Research
Understanding science, Borger says, will help food manufacturers make better choices about the new technology and equipment they employ. He also recommends that companies collaborate with research institutions for continuing education and development of crucial, proactive safety practices.
Technology tools for manufacturers
Borger believes, from an ownership standpoint, companies must invest in proper instrumentation designed for their food safety purposes. All of these have a dramatic impact on food safety:
- New, properly functioning ovens and smokehouses for cooking
- Machinery to clean and sanitize produce
- Equipment developed to sanitary design standards for easy cleaning
- pH meters and water activity meters
- Technology to rapidly and correctly detect foodborne pathogens in the processing environment, raw materials, and finished products
From a research standpoint, Borger says he hopes that companies work with universities in the future and invest particularly in the areas of research mentioned above. Manufacturers need to better understand how microbes may adapt and react in different foods and environments. Once they have a scientifically validated path, they can develop methods and technology to overcome these adaptations and eliminate the risk of foodborne disease in processing facilities.
Science equals compliance: FSMA education and operations
Borger says FSMA compliance will rely, in part, on using scientific evidence to validate food safety systems and perform risk assessments.
Manufacturers need to maintain excellent processing systems, measurement devices, data collection systems, and equipment. Also, everyone involved in the manufacturing of food needs to understand food safety risks and hazards and what conditions may reduce those risks (or increase their likelihood).
Food safety training at the plant level needs to be interactive, engaging, and in the workers’ native language. This area of educating employees is getting better, but it still has a long way to go.
Training and attracting talent
It’s important to be proactive as a company, and to engage young talent, says Borger. Connect with high schools, technical colleges, universities, and other educational establishments. Get in touch with departments at your local university that specialize in food production and food safety – and establish a relationship with that group.
Many students are very interested in food production and understanding where their food comes from. Seize that opportunity to explain to them how they can have an impact on that production in the future!
Volunteer to address a student group or class to talk about your company and what you do. Don’t be shy in contacting departments that may not always immediately come to mind – chemistry, chemical engineering, soil sciences, and genetics departments, not to mention nutrition, or even communications and marketing – all can be potential sources for new food industry employees.
What’s research got to do with it?
The right safety measures begin with knowing up front what’s going into food. As your company barrels toward FSMA compliance, it’s growing more crucial to better understand the links between scientific research and good processing practice.
About the Food Research Institute
The University of Wisconsin’s Food Research Institute (FRI) has a long history of performing excellent scientific research, specializing in food safety and toxicology. Their mission is to catalyze multidisciplinary and collaborative research on microbial foodborne pathogens and toxins and to provide training, outreach, and service to enhance the safety of the food supply. | <urn:uuid:f6735039-c06d-42bf-ba4d-9560c0907996> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://foodindustryexecutive.com/2016/09/latest-food-safety-research/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807056.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124012912-20171124032912-00541.warc.gz | en | 0.936547 | 1,307 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The Second World War is so far the only truly global war that has ever taken place. It involved the vast majority of the world's nations, with the great powers eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, with more than 100 million people from over thirty different countries serving in military units. In this state of `total war', the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the only use of nuclear weapons in warfare, it resulted in an estimated 80 million fatalities. All of this made the Second World War the deadliest conflict in human history.
This introduction to the Second World War follows the major events that led up to the war and occurred during it, year by year.
Henry Buckton is a social historian and author. His main area of expertise is the Second World War, particularly the Battle of Britain. His previous books include Voices from the Battle of Britain. He lives in Meare, Somerset. | <urn:uuid:cfae6c7e-0a57-4e21-b8df-9d42a92aaef8> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.whsmith.co.uk/products/an-illustrated-introduction-to-the-second-world-war-an-illustrated-introduction/9781445638485 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125949036.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180427041028-20180427061028-00124.warc.gz | en | 0.956003 | 225 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Having received tantalizing exposure to applications of deep learning in the first part of this book and having coded up a functioning neural network in Chapter 5, the moment has come to delve into the nitty-gritty theory underlying these capabilities. We begin by dissecting artificial neurons, the units that—when wired together—constitute an artificial neural network.
As presented in the opening paragraphs of this book, ersatz neurons are inspired by biological ones. Given that, let’s take a gander at Figure 6.1 for a précis of the first lecture in any neuroanatomy course: A given biological neuron receives input into its cell body from many (generally thousands) of dendrites, with each dendrite receiving signals of information from another neuron in the nervous system—a biological neural network. When the signal conveyed along a dendrite reaches the cell body, it causes a small change in the voltage of the cell body.1 Some dendrites cause a small positive change in voltage, and the others cause a small negative change. If the cumulative effect of these changes causes the voltage to increase from its resting state of –70 millivolts to the critical threshold of –55 millivolts, the neuron will fire something called an action potential away from its cell body, down its axon, thereby transmitting a signal to other neurons in the network.
1. More precisely, it causes a change in the voltage difference between the cell’s interior and its surroundings.
To summarize, biological neurons exhibit the following three behaviors in sequence:
Receive information from many other neurons
Aggregate this information via changes in cell voltage at the cell body
Transmit a signal if the cell voltage crosses a threshold level, a signal that can be received by many other neurons in the network
In the late 1950s, the American neurobiologist Frank Rosenblatt (Figure 6.2) published an article on his perceptron, an algorithm influenced by his understanding of biological neurons, making it the earliest formulation of an artificial neuron.2 Analogous to its living inspiration, the perceptron (Figure 6.3) can:
Receive input from multiple other neurons
Aggregate those inputs via a simple arithmetic operation called the weighted sum
Generate an output if this weighted sum crosses a threshold level, which can then be sent on to many other neurons within a network
2. Rosenblatt, F. (1958). The perceptron: A probabilistic model for information storage and the organization in the brain. Psychological Review, 65, 386–408.
Let’s work through a lighthearted example to understand how the perceptron algorithm works. We’re going to look at a perceptron that is specialized in distinguishing whether a given object is a hot dog or, well . . . not a hot dog.
A critical attribute of perceptrons is that they can only be fed binary information as inputs, and their output is also restricted to being binary. Thus, our hot dog-detecting perceptron must be fed its particular three inputs (indicating whether the object involves ketchup, mustard, or a bun, respectively) as either a 0 or a 1. In Figure 6.4:
The first input (a purple 1) indicates the object being presented to the perceptron involves ketchup.
The second input (also a purple 1) indicates the object has mustard.
The third input (a purple 0) indicates the object does not include a bun.
To make a prediction as to whether the object is a hot dog or not, the perceptron independently weights each of these three inputs.3 The weights that we arbitrarily selected in this (entirely contrived) hot dog example indicate that the presence of a bun, with its weight of 6, is the most influential predictor of whether the object is a hot dog or not. The intermediate-weight predictor is ketchup with its weight of 3, and the least influential predictor is mustard, with a weight of 2.
3. If you are well accustomed to regression modeling, this should be a familiar paradigm.
Let’s determine the weighted sum of the inputs: One input at a time (i.e., elementwise), we multiply the input by its weight and then sum the individual results. So first, let’s calculate the weighted inputs:
For the ketchup input: 3 × 1 = 3
For mustard: 2 × 1 = 2
For bun: 6 × 0 = 0
With those three products, we can compute that the weighted sum of the inputs is 5: 3 + 2 + 0. To generalize from this example, the calculation of the weighted sum of inputs is:
wi is the weight of a given input i (in our example, w1 = 3, w2 = 2, and w3 = 6).
xi is the value of a given input i (in our example, x1 = 1, x2 = 1, and x3 = 0).
wixi represents the product of wi and xi—i.e., the weighted value of a given input i.
indicates that we sum all of the individual weighted inputs wixi, where n is the total number of inputs (in our example, we had three inputs, but artificial neurons can have any number of inputs).
The final step of the perceptron algorithm is to evaluate whether the weighted sum of the inputs is greater than the neuron’s threshold. As with the earlier weights, we have again arbitrarily chosen a threshold value for our perceptron example: 4 (shown in red in the center of the neuron in Figure 6.4). The perceptron algorithm is:
If the weighted sum of a perceptron’s inputs is greater than its threshold, then it outputs a
1, indicating that the perceptron predicts the object is a hot dog.
If the weighted sum is less than or equal to the threshold, the perceptron outputs a
0, indicating that it predicts there is not a hot dog.
Knowing this, we can wrap up our example from Figure 6.4: The weighted sum of 5 is greater than the neuron’s threshold of 4, and so our hot dog-detecting perceptron outputs a
Riffing on our first hot dog example, in Figure 6.5 the object evaluated by the perceptron now includes mustard only; there is no ketchup, and it is still without a bun. In this case the weighted sum of inputs comes out to
2 is less than the perceptron’s threshold, the neuron outputs
0, indicating that it predicts this object is not a hot dog.
In our third and final perceptron example, shown in Figure 6.6, the artificial neuron evaluates an object that involves neither mustard nor ketchup but is on a bun. The presence of a bun alone corresponds to the calculation of a weighted sum of
6 is greater than the perceptron’s threshold, the algorithm predicts that the object is a hot dog and outputs a
To achieve the formulation of a simplified and universal perceptron equation, we must introduce a term called the bias, which we annotate as b and which is equivalent to the negative of an artificial neuron’s threshold value:
Together, a neuron’s bias and its weights constitute all of its parameters: the changeable variables that prescribe what the neuron will output in response to its inputs.
With the concept of a neuron’s bias now available to us, we arrive at the most widely used perceptron equation:
Notice that we made the following five updates to our initial perceptron equation (from Equation 6.2):
Substituted the bias b in place of the neuron’s threshold
Flipped b onto the same side of the equation as all of the other variables
Used the array w to represent all of the wi weights from w1 through to wn
Likewise, used the array x to represent all of the xi values from x1 through to xn
Used the dot product notation w · x to abbreviate the representation of the weighted sum of neuron inputs (the longer form of this is shown in Equation 6.1: )
Right at the heart of the perceptron equation in Equation 6.4 is w · x + b, which we have cut out for emphasis and placed alone in Figure 6.7. If there is one item you note down to remember from this chapter, it should be this three-variable formula, which is an equation that represents artificial neurons in general. We refer to this equation many times over the course of this book.
Modern artificial neurons—such as those in the hidden layer of the shallow architecture we built in Chapter 5 (look back to Figure 5.4 or to our Shallow Net in Keras notebook)—are not perceptrons. While the perceptron provides a relatively uncomplicated introduction to artificial neurons, it is not used widely today. The most obvious restriction of the perceptron is that it receives only binary inputs, and provides only a binary output. In many cases, we’d like to make predictions from inputs that are continuous variables and not binary integers, and so this restriction alone would make perceptrons unsuitable.
A less obvious (yet even more critical) corollary of the perceptron’s binary-only restriction is that it makes learning rather challenging. Consider Figure 6.8, in which we use a new term, z, as shorthand for the value of the lauded w · x + b equation from Figure 6.7.
When z is any value less than or equal to zero, the perceptron outputs its smallest possible output,
0. If z becomes positive to even the tiniest extent, the perceptron outputs its largest possible output,
1. This sudden and extreme transition is not optimal during training: When we train a network, we make slight adjustments to w and b based on whether it appears the adjustment will improve the network’s output.4 With the perceptron, the majority of slight adjustments to w and b would make no difference whatsoever to its output; z would generally be moving around at negative values much lower than 0 or at positive values much higher than 0. That behavior on its own would be unhelpful, but the situation is even worse: Every once in a while, a slight adjustment to w or b will cause z to cross from negative to positive (or vice versa), leading to a whopping, drastic swing in output from 0 all the way to 1 (or vice versa). Essentially, the perceptron has no finesse—it’s either yelling or it’s silent.
4. Improve here means providing output more closely in line with the true output y given some input x. We discuss this further in Chapter 8.
Figure 6.9 provides an alternative to the erratic behavior of the perceptron: a gentle curve from
1. This particular curve shape is called the sigmoid function and is defined by , where:
z is equivalent to w · x + b.
e is the mathematical constant beginning in 2.718. It is perhaps best known for its starring role in the natural exponential function.
σ is the Greek letter sigma, the root word for “sigmoid.”
The sigmoid function is our first example of an artificial neuron activation function. It may be ringing a bell for you already, because it was the neuron type that we selected for the hidden layer of our Shallow Net in Keras from Chapter 5. As you’ll see as this section progresses, the sigmoid function is the canonical activation function—so much so that the Greek letter σ (sigma) is conventionally used to denote any activation function. The output from any given neuron’s activation function is referred to simply as its activation, and throughout this book, we use the variable term a—as shown along the vertical axis in Figure 6.9—to denote it.
In our view, there is no need to memorize the sigmoid function (or indeed any of the activation functions). Instead, we believe it’s easier to understand a given function by playing around with its behavior interactively. With that in mind, feel free to join us in the Sigmoid Function Jupyter notebook from the book’s GitHub repository as we work through the following lines of code.
Our only dependency in the notebook is the constant e, which we load using the statement
from math import e. Next is the fun bit, where we define the sigmoid function itself:
def sigmoid(z): return 1/(1+e**-z)
As depicted in Figure 6.9 and demonstrated by executing
0 inputs into the sigmoid function will lead it to return values near
0.5. Increasingly large positive inputs will result in values that approach
1. As an extreme example, an input of
10000 results in an output of
1.0. Moving more gradually with our inputs—this time in the negative direction—we obtain outputs that gently approach
0: As examples,
4.5398e-05 should not be confused with the base of the natural logarithm. Used in code outputs, it refers to an exponent, so the output is the equivalent of 4.5398 × 10–5.
Any artificial neuron that features the sigmoid function as its activation function is called a sigmoid neuron, and the advantage of these over the perceptron should now be tangible: Small, gradual changes in a given sigmoid neuron’s parameters w or b cause small, gradual changes in z, thereby producing similarly gradual changes in the neuron’s activation, a. Large negative or large positive values of z illustrate an exception: At extreme z values, sigmoid neurons—like perceptrons—will output
0’s (when z is negative) or
1’s (when z is positive). As with the perceptron, this means that subtle updates to the weights and biases during training will have little to no effect on the output, and thus learning will stall. This situation is called neuron saturation and can occur with most activation functions. Thankfully, there are tricks to avoid saturation, as you’ll see in Chapter 9.
A popular cousin of the sigmoid neuron is the tanh (pronounced “tanch” in the deep learning community) neuron. The tanh activation function is pictured in Figure 6.10 and is defined by . The shape of the tanh curve is similar to the sigmoid curve, with the chief distinction being that the sigmoid function exists in the range [0 : 1], whereas the tanh neuron’s output has the range [–1 : 1]. This difference is more than cosmetic. With negative z inputs corresponding to negative a activations, z = 0 corresponding to a = 0, and positive z corresponding to positive a activations, the output from tanh neurons tends to be centered near 0. As we cover further in Chapters 7 through 9, these 0-centered a outputs usually serve as the inputs x to other artificial neurons in a network, and such 0-centered inputs make (the dreaded!) neuron saturation less likely, thereby enabling the entire network to learn more efficiently.
The final neuron we detail in this book is the rectified linear unit, or ReLU neuron, whose behavior we graph in Figure 6.11. The ReLU activation function, whose shape diverges glaringly from the sigmoid and tanh sorts, was inspired by properties of biological neurons6 and popularized within artificial neural networks by Vinod Nair and Geoff Hinton (Figure 1.16).7 The shape of the ReLU function is defined by a = max(0, z).
6. The action potentials of biological neurons have only a “positive” firing mode; they have no “negative” firing mode. See Hahnloser, R., & Seung, H. (2000). Permitted and forbidden sets in symmetric threshold-linear networks. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 13.
7. Nair, V., & Hinton, G. (2010). Rectified linear units improve restricted Boltzmann machines. Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning.
This function is uncomplicated:
If z is a positive value, the ReLU activation function returns z (unadulterated) as a = z.
If z = 0 or z is negative, the function returns its floor value of 0, that is, the activation a = 0.
The ReLU function is one of the simplest functions to imagine that is nonlinear. That is, like the sigmoid and tanh functions, its output a does not vary uniformly linearly across all values of z. The ReLU is in essence two distinct linear functions combined (one at negative z values returning 0, and the other at positive z values returning z, as is visible in Figure 6.11) to form a straightforward, nonlinear function overall. This nonlinear nature is a critical property of all activation functions used within deep learning architectures. As demonstrated via a series of captivating interactive applets in Chapter 4 of Michael Nielsen’s Neural Networks and Deep Learning e-book, these nonlinearities permit deep learning models to approximate any continuous function.8 This universal ability to approximate some output y given some input x is one of the hallmarks of deep learning—the characteristic that makes the approach so effective across such a breadth of applications.
The relatively simple shape of the ReLU function’s particular brand of nonlinearity works to its advantage. As you’ll see in Chapter 8, learning appropriate values for w and b within deep learning networks involves partial derivative calculus, and these calculus operations are more computationally efficient on the linear portions of the ReLU function relative to its efficiency on the curves of, say, the sigmoid and tanh functions.9 As a testament to its utility, the incorporation of ReLU neurons into AlexNet (Figure 1.17) was one of the factors behind its trampling of existing machine vision benchmarks in 2012 and shepherding in the era of deep learning. Today, ReLU units are the most widely used neuron within the hidden layers of deep artificial neural networks, and they appear in the majority of the Jupyter notebooks associated with this book.
9. In addition, there is mounting research that suggests ReLU activations encourage parameter sparsity—that is, less-elaborate neural-network-level functions that tend to generalize to validation data better. More on model generalization coming up in Chapter 9.
Within a given hidden layer of an artificial neural network, you are able to choose any activation function you fancy. With the constraint that you should select a nonlinear function if you’d like to be able to approximate any continuous function with your deep learning model, you’re nevertheless left with quite a bit of room for choice. To assist your decision-making process, let’s rank the neuron types we’ve discussed in this chapter, ordering them from those we recommend least through to those we recommend most:
The perceptron, with its binary inputs and the aggressive step of its binary output, is not a practical consideration for deep learning models.
The sigmoid neuron is an acceptable option, but it tends to lead to neural networks that train less rapidly than those composed of, say, tanh or ReLU neurons. Thus, we recommend limiting your use of sigmoid neurons to situations where it would be helpful to have a neuron provide output within the range of [0, 1].10
The tanh neuron is a solid choice. As we covered earlier, the 0-centered output helps deep learning networks learn rapidly.
Our preferred neuron is the ReLU because of how efficiently these neurons enable learning algorithms to perform computations. In our experience they tend to lead to well-calibrated artificial neural networks in the shortest period of training time.
10. In Chapters 7 and 11, you will encounter a couple of these situations—most notably, with a sigmoid neuron as the sole neuron in the output layer of a binary-classifier network.
In addition to the neurons covered in this chapter, there is a veritable zoo of activation functions available and the list is ever growing. At time of writing, some of the “advanced” activation functions provided by Keras11 are the leaky ReLU, the parametric ReLU, and the exponential linear unit—all three of which are derivations from the ReLU neuron. We encourage you to check these activations out in the Keras documentation and read about them on your own time. Furthermore, you are welcome to swap out the neurons we use in any of the Jupyter notebooks in this book to compare the results. We’d be pleasantly surprised if you discover that they provide efficiency or accuracy gains in your neural networks that are far beyond the performance of ours.
keras.io/layers/advanced-activations for documentation.
In this chapter, we detailed the mathematics behind the neural units that make up artificial neural networks, including deep learning models. We also summarized the pros and cons of the most established neuron types, providing you with guidance on which ones you might select for your own deep learning models. In Chapter 7, we cover how artificial neurons are networked together in order to learn features from raw data and approximate complex functions.
As we move through the chapters of the book, we will gradually add terms to this list of key concepts. If you keep these foundational concepts fresh in your mind, you should have little difficulty understanding subsequent chapters and, by book’s end, possess a firm grip on deep learning theory and application. The critical concepts thus far are as follows. | <urn:uuid:f7840c0a-9527-431d-b318-31e33a8097d5> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://ebookreading.net/view/book/Deep+Learning+Illustrated%3A+A+Visual%2C+Interactive+Guide+to+Artificial+Intelligence-EB9780135116821_24.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644907.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529173312-20230529203312-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.901739 | 4,649 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Love of Learning: Spelling
Spelling is one of those subjects that children are either naturally good at or struggle with. Spelling has become more challenging with the advent of texting and chatting which have developed their own lexicon (c u 8 – see you later) and the heavy reliance on spellcheckers, which don’t catch all misspelled words (war v. wart).
There are two different types of memory used when learning spelling. Visual memory (orthographic) and spelling memory. Visual memory is what the words visually look like in print. Spelling memory is the memory of letter sequences and sounds. The following article provides a lot of information on how children learn to spell. http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/article/how-children-learn-spell
Some ideas for improving spelling: yours and your child’s!
Word Wall: Word walls are most useful to Grade 3. Keep the words current and relevant to what the children are learning. Include the Dolch word list, word families and the 44 sounds of the English language. http://specialed.about.com/od/literacy/a/dolch.htm
Finger Texting: When reading aloud, follow the text with your finger.
Magnetic Letters: Use magnetic letters on your fridge; leave each other silly notes.
Practice makes Perfect: Practice a little, but often.
Meaning of the word: Explain the meaning of the word to your child, where it came from (etymology). Only 12% of English words are actually spelt the way they sound.
Game and Apps’: There are plenty of games and apps for teaching spelling to children. A quick Goggle search will help you find the ones appropriate for your family.
Ideas for different Learning Types:
Ideas for learning styles adapted from “Spelling: Connecting the Pieces” by Ruth McQuirter Scott and Sharon Siamon.
Visual Learners: write out difficult words and leave out the letters that they are having trouble with, highlight tricky letters in the word, write problem letters in a different colour, ask them to write a word several different ways and pick the one that looks right, sort words by a visual pattern (drop the silent ‘e’ when adding –ing: hiking, joking, etc.), use picture cards
Auditory Learners: sound things out and exaggerate the consonants that are hard to tell apart (p, b, d, t), ask what sounds they hear at the beginning or end of the word, have them pronounce the silent letters in words and underline them, clap or tap out the syllables of the word, make songs
Kinesthetic Learners: cut out letters from felt or sandpaper – let them practice spelling, use a dry erase board or wipe off crayons, draw pictures of the word meaning, use word tiles (Scrabble, Boggle), use alphabet magnets, teach typing
WHAT KIND OF A LEARNER IS YOUR CHILD? Take our QUIZ NOW to find out! Simply click on the picture below and fill out the form! In the subject line, make sure to put “FREE QUIZ”.
Tutoring…With A Twist tutors not only support learners in every subject area; we also support them with a predetermined life-skill. By helping learners develop the tools they need to succeed in the classroom, we also help them develop the tools to succeed in life. | <urn:uuid:4c38ca26-3d9a-43eb-96af-a324651690a2> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://tutoringwithatwist.ca/blog/91/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668772.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20191116231644-20191117015644-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.895021 | 726 | 3.671875 | 4 |
The HFP01SC, manufactured by Hukseflux, measures soil heat flux, typically for energy-balance in flux systems. It is intended for applications requiring the highest possible degree of measurement accuracy. At least two sensors are required for each site to provide spatial averaging. Sites with heterogeneous media may require additional sensors.Read More
The HFP01SC consists of a thermopile and a film heater. The thermopile measures temperature gradients across the plate. During the in-situ field calibration, the film heater is used to generate a heat flux through the plate. The amount of power used to generate the calibration heat flux is measured by the datalogger. Each plate is individually calibrated, at the factory, to output flux.
Self-calibration corrects for errors due to differences in thermal conductivity between the sensor and surrounding medium, temperature variations, and slight sensor instabilities.
|Sensor Type||Thermopile with film heater|
|Sensitivity||50 μV W-1 m-2 (nominal)|
|Nominal Resistance||2 Ω|
|Temperature Range||-30° to +70°C|
|Expected Typical Accuracy||±3% of reading|
|Heater Resistance||100 Ω (nominal)|
|Heater Voltage Input||9 to 15 Vdc|
|Heater Voltage Output||0 to 2 Vdc|
|Duration of Calibration||±3 minutes @ 1.5 W (typically performed every 3 to 6 hours)|
|Average Power Consumption||0.02 to 0.04 W|
|Plate Diameter||80 mm (3.15 in.)|
|Plate Thickness||5 mm (0.20 in.)|
|Weight||200 g (7.05 oz) without cable|
Number of FAQs related to HFP01SC-L: 13
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No. The HFP01SC-L must be in full contact with the media. Railroad ballast is too coarse.
The example CRBasic program runs in either SequentialMode or PipeLineMode. To force the CRBasic program to run in PipeLineMode, add the instruction PipeLineMode to the beginning of the program.
Rather than using a running average to find the millivolt output during a calibration, use a single sample with 50 or 60 Hz integration. See Example 1 in the 2014 or later version of the HFP01SC-L manual.
A calibration shift occurs if the HFP01SC-L is not making full contact with the soil during the calibration cycle. The following could cause the plate to lose contact with the soil: a soil freeze/thaw cycle, soil swelling/contracting because of extreme drying/wetting cycles, or rodents burrowing past the plate.
The in-situ calibration is helpful for quality assurance/quality control. The multiplier determined from the in-situ calibration should be within ±10% of the factory-determined calibration. If it is not, the plate may be damaged, not wired correctly to the data logger, or not making full contact with the soil.
Because of the loss of IR radiation, nearly all thermopile instruments typically have a negative offset. This offset is most easily visible at night-time, when a small negative value is read instead of zero. This same offset is present during the daytime, but it is not as visible because of the large solar signal.
Another common issue involves leveling an instrument. Leveling a thermopile instrument can cause errors in the direct beam component because the cosine response is not correct. These errors are more notable when the sun is close to the horizon because the angle is so shallow.
The information included on a calibration sheet differs with each sensor. For some sensors, the sheet contains coefficients necessary to program a data logger. For other sensors, the calibration sheet is a pass/fail report.
Not every sensor has different cable termination options. The options available for a particular sensor can be checked by looking in two places in the Ordering information area of the sensor product page:
If a sensor is offered in an –ET, –ETM, –LC, –LQ, or –QD version, that option’s availability is reflected in the sensor model number. For example, the 034B is offered as the 034B-ET, 034B-ETM, 034B-LC, 034B-LQ, and 034B-QD.
All of the other cable termination options, if available, are listed on the Ordering information area of the sensor product page under “Cable Termination Options.” For example, the 034B-L Wind Set is offered with the –CWS, –PT, and –PW options, as shown in the Ordering information area of the 034B-L product page.
Note: As newer products are added to our inventory, typically, we will list multiple cable termination options under a single sensor model rather than creating multiple model numbers. For example, the HC2S3-L has a –C cable termination option for connecting it to a CS110 instead of offering an HC2S3-LC model.
Most Campbell Scientific sensors are available as an –L, which indicates a user-specified cable length. If a sensor is listed as an –LX model (where “X” is some other character), that sensor’s cable has a user-specified length, but it terminates with a specific connector for a unique system:
If a sensor does not have an –L or other –LX designation after the main model number, the sensor has a set cable length. The cable length is listed at the end of the Description field in the product’s Ordering information. For example, the 034B-ET model has a description of “Met One Wind Set for ET Station, 67 inch Cable.” Products with a set cable length terminate, as a default, with pigtails.
If a cable terminates with a special connector for a unique system, the end of the model number designates which system. For example, the 034B-ET model designates the sensor as a 034B for an ET107 system. | <urn:uuid:8c0f43b7-817a-4084-bdf9-bb055e1d397f> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.campbellsci.eu/hfp01sc-l | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578636101.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424074540-20190424100540-00355.warc.gz | en | 0.877978 | 1,310 | 2.78125 | 3 |
- Bleeding – Direct pressure, elevate, pressure point and tourniquet.
- Shock – Lay patient down, elevate feet, keep warm and replace fluids if conscious.
- Fractures – Splint joints above and below injury and monitor pulse past injury away from body.
- Bee Sting – (anaphylaxis) Life threatening, see if the patient has a sting kit and transport immediately.
- Burns – Remove heat source, cool with water, dry wrap and replace fluids.
- Diarrhea – Drink fluids in large quantities.
- Eye Injuries – Wash out foreign material, don’t open swollen eyes, leave impaled objects and pad and bandage both eyes.
- Heat Exhaustion – Skin, gray, cool, clammy. Rest in cool place and replace electrolytes.
- Snake Bites – Avoid moving person, splint affected areas, remove jewelry. No ice/incisions. Light constriction band. Transport.
Determine Responsiveness – Gently shake shoulder and shout “Are you Ok?”. If no response, call EMS. If alone, call EMS before starting ABC’s.
Airway – roll victim on back as a unit supporting head and neck. Open airway by head-tilt/chin-lift maneuver. Look, listen and feel for breathing for 3-5 seconds. If no response, go to “B”
Breathing – Pinch victim’s nose shut. Put mouth over victim’s, making a tight seal. Give two slow breaths. If chest does not rise, reposition and try again. If breaths still do not go through, use abdominal thrusts to clear airway. If chest does rise go to “C”.
Circulation – Check carotid pulse for 5-10 seconds until victim is breathing or help arrives. If no pulse, begin chest compressions.
One/Two rescuer CPR – Perform 15 external chest compressions at the rate of 80-100 times per minute to a depth of 1.5 – 2 inches. Reopen the airway and give two full breaths. After 4 cycles of 15:2 (about one minute), check pulse. If no pulse, continue 15:2 cycle beginning with chest compressions until advanced life support is available. If two rescuers are available, use a 15:2 compressions to breath ratio.
Burn Injury Treatment
- Remove person from heat source, extinguish with water.
- Provide Basic First Aid.
- Assess degree of burn and area affected
First Degree – affected skin’s outer layer. Redness, mild swelling, tenderness and mild to moderate pain.
Second Degree – extends through entire out layer and into inner layer of skin. Blisters, swelling, weeping of fluids and severe pain.
Third Degree – extends through all skin layers and into underlying fat, muscle, bone. Discoloration (charred, white or cherry red), leathery, parchment-like, dry appearance. Pain is absent.
“Rule of Nine” – for determining area burned.
- Head 9%
- Back Torso 18%
- Right Arm 9%
- Right Leg 9%
- Front Torso 18%
- Left Arm 9%
- Left Leg 9%
- Perineum 1%
>Cut away only burned clothing. DO NOT cut away clothing stuck to burned skin.
>Apply cool, clear water over burned area. DO NOT soak person or use cold water and ice packs. This encourages hypothermia.
>Cover burned area with sterile dressing, moisten with saline solution, and apply dressing on top.
>For severe burns or burns covering large area of body
Wrap in clean, sterile sheet followed by plastic sheet
Place inside sleeping bag or cover with insulated blanket
>Monitor ABC’s and keep burn areas moist
>Avoid hypothermia and overheating | <urn:uuid:23ff55c4-0afb-4f0c-8dcf-05530b814f8e> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://rxburn.com/safety/emergency-first-aid/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320302706.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120220649-20220121010649-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.811148 | 825 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The microstructure of polycrystalline ice, such as that found in a glacier, is defined by its texture (size and shape of the crystals) and fabric (the overall orientation of the crystals). Ice crystals grow, rotate, and recrystallize with time and stress. The rate at which each of these processes occur depends on the temperature, the impurity content of the ice, and on the stress exerted by overburden and glacier flow.
Collaborative Research: VeLveT Ice - eVoLution of Fabric and Texture in Ice at WAIS Divide, West Antarctica
NSF Office of Polar Programs Grant 1142035
VeLveT Ice is a comprehensive study of the relationship between ice microstructure, impurities, and ice flow and their connection to climate history for the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide ice core site. Many scientists have observed that the microstructure of ice evolves with depth and time in an ice sheet. This evolution of microstructure depends on the ice flow field, temperature, and impurity content. The flow field, in turn, depends on glacier microstructure, leading to feedbacks that produce layered variations in microstructure that are related to climate and flow history. Our objective is to understand how the evolution of microstructure with time and stress in the West Antarctic ice sheet is related to impurity content, temperature, and strain rate and how the spatial variability of microstructure and its effect on ice flow affects our interpretation of climate history in the WAIS Divide ice core. This project combines a detailed study of ice crystal orientation fabrics obtained through scanning electron microscope based Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) with measurements of borehole deformation made using logging instruments. We will incorporate and build on data collected by related WAIS Divide projects, including borehole sonic velocity measurements, borehole optical dust log measurements, borehole temperature, crystal size and shape, and ice core chemistry.
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation | <urn:uuid:8f4f5882-d0ef-4ccb-a5dc-891057019851> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://engineering.dartmouth.edu/materials/glaciology.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510270399.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011750-00207-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911843 | 435 | 2.953125 | 3 |
In a world in which words, and particularly defining terms, have meaning consistent with a purpose in reasoned discourse, social justice would refer to that deemed just within the scope of the particular mores of a particular people under discussion. This is certainly not the use to which the term has been put by those who have pushed one or another variety of collectivist egalitarianism on Western Nations over the past century. Indeed, a far more descriptive term for what has been promoted under such banner would be "Anti-social Injustice." Social Justice has become a sort of shibboleth for the most flagrant attempts to reengineer social attitudes, to redistribute the fruits of men's labor, to attack their traditional patterns of identification, ethical values & fundamental priorities.
By what standard has an effectual promotion of an amalgamation of disparate & dissonant social elements, a leveling of human success or a reordering of social & individual priorities, including a many faceted "robbing of Peter to pay Paul & corrupt Mary," been so far advanced? How has such a deliberate attack on past social values been accomplished, with so little opposition in Academia, with so much journalistic & political support? Let us examine the Academic quest, since the days of Socrates (469 - 399 B.C.)--the pursuit of truth by Socratic methodology--to consider & understand how totally that once honored quest, pursuit & methodology, has been corrupted by both the culpable & ignorant.
Socrates was the mentor of both Plato (427 - 347 B.C.) & Xenophon (435 - 355 B.C.). Before Socrates, Western ideological discourse was in a state of verbal chaos, not unlike that of the 30 second sound bite in modern politics. While Socrates did not espouse a particular philosophy, so much as an honorable pursuit of wisdom, the Socratic Method provided a foundation for others to begin the process of systemizing--explaining in terms of logical relationships, demonstrable premises, cause & effect--philosophical quests & conclusions, verbally. From the time of Plato until 1900, at least, the Socratic Method was that preferred by the skilled teacher. It involved the use of probing questions, challenging the intellect to justify any conclusion by sound & grounded reasoning. Socrates applied Socratic Method both for his own--largely vain, because uncompromising--quest to find true wisdom, and to his students, in a far more successful technique to induce an ability to actually reason--or perhaps better stated, to explain, illustrate & defend the results of one's reason, verbally.
Using effective & probing questions, Socrates stimulated in the Socratic student, a discipline to base ideas and opinion on an ever improving understanding of fundamental aspects both of the natural order and those most specific to the human experience, conduct, achievement, virtue or vice--even to the point of rational exploration of the very determination of virtue or vice. Perhaps the most despicable aspect of an increasing pseudo-intellectual domination of the "Humanities" & "Liberal Arts" by educational poseurs (whether those who act deliberately & malevolently, or their hapless, sheep-like, followers) has come in a clear corruption of Socratic Method.
If there was one thing, which proper application of Socratic Method should have prevented, it was a mass acceptance of question begging premises, underlying most contemporary social policy. Policy based upon an unproven, specious--even absurd--premise of human equality, or the interchangeability of human types; or the desirability of amalgamating diverse human cultures & communities, should never have passed the test of even the most rudimentary academic discourse, unchallenged & unrepudiated. The reason, of course, lies in an abandonment of the Socratic quest; in asking the wrong questions. Rather than challenge wish lists of Socialists & other proponents of a more egalitarian, more centrally directed, human experience, many teachers over three generations, have utterly begged every fundamental question involved, to simply assume the veracity of egalitarian & collectivist premises. Thus instead of probing Socratic questions, which should have led to critical examination, students have been diverted; not to ask "why?" or "what should we?"; rather towards asking "how to?" achieve goals, born not in reason, but in compulsion and/or fancy.
We first encountered this rational deception while yet in High School, in examining something labeled "Debate Handbook" on the shelves of the school library. It was a product of a "Writers' Project," growing out of a Depression era Federal program that had provided employment for Leftist writers with an obvious 'axe to grind,' and to others willing to 'grind' such 'axes' for a Government paycheck. As an answer to Communism, the manual probed the question of whether or not it was yet practical to achieve--not whether it was wise or foolish, natural or perverse, good or evil, moral or not, even rational or not. Every basic question begged, the student was never stimulated to examine the subject critically; rather, delivered from reason, to pursuit of a goal premised on nothing but the writers' wishful fancy or vented hatred of human nature & individual achievement.
On the subject of World Government, the focus was on how to achieve such denial of national & ethnic aspirations and continuity. Again, every basic, foundational, question being begged; no examination of the validity of any supposed reason why such would be desirable, much less of any practical benefit to anyone but the would be rulers, was offered.
The revulsion, felt, inspired us, almost half a century later, to write the Conservative Debate Handbook, linked below. It was not that the Writers' Project product attacked our most fundamental beliefs. The flagrant intellectual dishonesty, a total disregard of the very concept of an Academy devoted to education by reasoned examination of both natural phenomena & the human experience--in short, by a method well proven since the age of Socrates & Plato--was as offensive as watching thugs rape & pillage in a sanctuary. The lesson, however, was obvious. The Left cannot win a rational debate. They can only prevail if we continue to allow them to "fudge" the issues. Raise the right questions; challenge the false premises? Their only response will be to try to insult you, smear you, shout you down, or shut you up. Failing in these, they will scurry off like rats leaving a sinking ship. If you have never so challenged them, try it, before you concede your heritage to the intellectual scum we would describe.
Let us consider what questions, a modern Socrates might ask a Leftist Professor, pseudo "statesman," journalist or preacher, to encourage each reader to try such a revealing experiment for himself.
For almost three generations, the ideological tide in Western Academia has been flowing increasingly in favor of the sort of egalitarian collectivist values, so clearly reflected in contemporary prattling on "Social Justice" as the pursuit of social egalitarianism. This has gone virtually unchallenged; promoted by a sort of circular tunnel vision, fed by its own never supported fantasies, which can only rationally suggest the image of a dog chasing its own tail. (While the issues are somewhat different, some of those unchallenged underlying premises are the same as those which have been adduced to support the pursuit of World Government. So we will briefly examine that, also.) What questions, then, might a modern Socrates or Plato have raised in the Academy, in the media, on the hustings, from the pulpit, or simply over the lunch or dinner table?
Those which reason demands, those so largely--and so sadly--not spoken, are so numerous, that we can only just begin the process of answering our own query. Yet, even here, we must start by endeavoring to classify conceptually--to try to bring a little clarity out of the intellectual chaos of long unchallenged folly. First, then, we need demands for definition. The proponent of "Social Justice" must be required to clarify "what" he considers just in human affairs and "why," with particular focus on human experience within a particular society, a particular political & social order--ordinarily, the particular political & social order to which the proponent & the Conservative interlocutor belong. The pursuit of something that cannot be reasonably defined, is only a pursuit of chaos! While a "social" goal, not rooted in a societal purpose, is an oxymoron.
Now, when pushed, the advocate of "Social Justice" will almost certainly refer to some egalitarian pursuit. You will likely have to listen to pleas for a more "equal," more "inclusive," society--even a more "equal," more "inclusive," humanity. Such answers will, at least, lead to clarity on the part of the prepared Conservative as to questions that should follow. These, in turn, should be classified conceptually, not necessarily to determine an order of use, but that we may more clearly understand the function.
Some must go to the nature of Government within a particular social order. The Founders of America had a clarity on this subject, largely lost over the past century. Yet no Government springs from the earth. Governmental powers arise in a social compact. That compact may be written & formal, as the United States Constitution, defining our Federal Government, or--as under Magna Carta in Britain--intended primarily to insure Governmental respect for the rights of property & inheritance; or it may be informal--arising in ongoing rational reflection among those both in and subject to the Government;-- involving also, what the latter may or may not be willing to tolerate at any given moment. It may also, as so often the case historically, arise in a surrender of one people to conquest by another. Yet, all of the above lead to questions involving what is legitimate, what is morally acceptable; to questions of duty, allegiance, responsibility & method.
Thus, many questions come to mind: By what authority does any Government seek to interfere with previous or organic development of wealth, social position, or status within an ongoing social order? What is the extent of such authority--how far can it go? What is the duty of a citizen, as opposed to a slave or bondsman, to such authority; to respect such an "unequal" application of power, as must be required to "redress" an imagined injustice in the inequality of wealth, social position or status? Would anyone argue that the duty of men to defend their social order against attack, extends to supporting a Government, which has turned on the more successful within that social order, by taking from the high achievers to give to lesser, low or non-achievers? If so, on what basis? Is not a part of the former, a duty in part to oneself, recognizing common purpose in the survival of a society with which one identifies? Is not the latter, simply an abuse of collective power? Is not a coerced or forced surrender of earned assets, a very different thing than a charitable gift to one whose need & worth are both recognized by the giver?
How is there justice in denying anyone the full benefit or advantage of their natural endowments? The fruits of their extra effort? If so, upon what premise, based upon what concept? Was the reader ever in a classroom, where all were equal in mental aptitude? All were equal on any playground? Later, in an ability to attract the opposite sex? Where in the Federal Constitution of the United States is there even a suggestion of a right or duty to interfere with the natural or earned advantage of any citizen for the particular benefit of any other? Where is there any rational reason to conceive such an extension of Governmental power to be just?
If Government will not respect legal & traditional limits, why should any citizen respect Government? And if Government must rely on its power of the moment--employing a Hitlerian "might makes right" creed--how long before such Government may be expected to fall to new self-promoters--perhaps, its own "Palace Guard"--led by some opportunist, with no more loyalty to his superiors than they had had to those they were sworn to serve, under terms once sacred? A host of other questions, concerning the importance of predictability in human interaction; the importance of trust in both equal & unequal relationships; all have essential relevance to the appropriateness of any Governmental role.
To return to questions that challenge the underlying philosophic goals of those crying for "Social Justice": Is there any hard evidence of an equality of human potential--regardless, or regardful, of whatever Government may do;--or in such sub-comparisons as an interchangeability of human sentiments, preferences, behavioral patterns or sociability? [Does any variety of human interaction, comparative study of group intelligence, anecdotal evidence of intelligent & ethical observers; anatomical studies of human crania, brain tissue, etc., comparative history of definable groups, their achievements, failures & peculiarities; any data, indicate there are not profound variations of the human type?] What legitimate interest can there be in trying to force a pretense or "show" of equality of those manifestly not equal? What possible benefit can flow from forcing what amounts to a lie--an effort to remold man to suit a verbal construct--i.e., the equality of mankind, even as a goal? What actual benefit can there be, in taking from any people, any class, family or individual--any part of the fruits of their labor & ingenuity--for such a pursuit? Do not those subsidized in such a quest, suffer also in a diminished incentive to better apply themselves--incentive drowned by a sense of unearned entitlement?
We but scratch the surface! Virtually limitless questions require consideration. The Egalitarian, in effect, seeks an amalgamation of all human interests. Why is such proper for the most complex species, where it does not obtain in any other? (Look at any other social species. Is there any parallel to what the Egalitarian seeks to inflict on mankind?) Again, who benefits? What, if any, legitimate interest is served? If the objective is to eliminate strife by removing competition or rivalry, is this not the pursuit of an ultimate tyranny--to deny each folk, rights to what was always more important, even than the quest for peace & tranquility? Does not a study of nature & natural history, as well as of the human past, suggest that it is natural for all intelligent species to develop what might be classified as a "pecking order?" What sort of analysis can demonstrate any injustice in this natural phenomenon? What of patterns of social preference, preferred patterns of association?
The cry for "social justice" was reflected in "Civil Rights" legislation. The demand was that property rights must give way to "human rights!" But by what reason are the accumulated fruits of an individual or his family's labor, not human rights? How can any other person, whether similar or different from the property owner, have any right at all in such owner's estate, superior to the lawful owner? Yet what else can it mean, when Government tells an individual property owner that he must not exercise preference for someone, whose religious beliefs make him appear more trustworthy to the property owner, than another? It is the same principle, whether the issue is hiring for a job, or renting an apartment; and does not such contravention of rights once deemed sacred, also include denial of a major attribute of freedom of religion? Would not a modern Socrates question the same species of legislation, where it makes it illegal for a property owner to prefer one whose family shared a similar heritage, because that would violate a prohibition against a racial or ethnic standard? Where is the "social justice" in appropriating the normal attributes of a man's property--which include the legitimate use of that property--to attack traditional patterns of social association & identification?
How is the concept--this intrusion into private decision making--acceptable in a Federal Union of diverse States, often settled by persons deliberately crossing the ocean in order to live in local communities peopled by those of a particular religious denomination, or having a common social or cultural orientation? Where in the Federal Constitution is there even suggestion of such purpose or intent?
Does this reflect an implied tendency toward--indeed a contrived pursuit of--amalgamation of all the diverse elements found across the land? Is not such pursuit suggested by an ever increasing dependence on more distant Government in the United States? In the declining power of the States relative to the Federal Government over the past three generations? Was not an extreme example of the same pursuit involved in 1965, in scrapping an immigration policy that had favored human stocks in proportion to their demographic contribution to the American past? Indeed, is not a similar thought pattern--as suggested in parenthetical note above--essential to the drive to inflict Mankind with some form of World Government? Do not these parallel tendencies suggest that the issue is not, and has never been, about "justice"; that, rather, there is a compulsion involved to, in fact, amalgamate the peoples of the earth? And, if so, why should we accept the premise that we can better trust alien peoples, who must ultimately be able to apply brutal force to be effective, than our own leadership (as that of other nations) to act wisely in each people's interest? Is there anything in human history, which would suggest that more remote, less personal, force, is kinder or gentler than true local leadership?
If nations are now truly willing to cooperate to pursue a means for peaceful settlement of all problems, why trust an ever more remote, ever less representative (hence, accountable or tolerant) group of foreigners, than one's own countrymen, immediately interested in both that pursuit & the welfare of their own peoples? Is not any movement for World Government, simply a cry for surrender of responsibility & accountability; a surrender by subterfuge, but a surrender, none the less?
These are a few of the questions with which a modern Socrates might challenge the exponents of popular fantasy; a Socratic challenge to examine each premise, to determine if it has rational bases. They are not questions with which most contemporary academics will be comfortable. | <urn:uuid:15194f4f-4654-41fe-bd0a-85d2b2eabc31> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.truthbasedlogic.com/social.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936465693.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074105-00050-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947757 | 3,735 | 2.875 | 3 |
For much of the second half of the 20th Century, and even into the new millennium, ‘Globalization’ was the dominant theme used to describe the drift of the world economy. It was widely considered both natural and inevitable that the world economy would continue to integrate and that national boundaries would become less constraining to commerce and culture. And with the exception of the eternal ‘anti-globalization’ protesters, who robotically appeared at large gatherings of world leaders, the benefits of globalization were widely lauded by politicians, corporate leaders and rank and file citizens alike. But a casual glance at the world headlines of 2016 suggests that the belief in globalization has crested, and is now in retreat. What are the consequences of this change?
International trade has existed for millennia. But few modern historians would characterize the trade caravans that crossed the Himalayas and the Sahara as sources of international conflict. Rather, they are widely seen as a useful means to bring goods that were plentiful from one region to other regions where they were scarce. Along the way, routes like the Silk Road in Asia created a great number of positive secondary benefits in culture and politics. But relatively modern developments such as ocean-going sailing ships, modern navigation, and steam and diesel power, have greatly increased the size and scope of trade. Globalism was also boosted rapidly by technological advances in communications, including intercontinental jet travel, fax machines, satellite telephones, the Internet, real time money transfers and massive investment flows to international and emerging markets.
Since the end of WWII, the establishment of international reserve currencies and the rise of supranational organizations, such as the United Nations, The World Bank, and International Monetary Fund, has saddled trade with more political baggage. The rise of bi-lateral and multi-lateral trade negotiations, which are often shadowy and bureaucratic affairs conducted behind closed doors, have further eroded support for trade. Oftentimes these efforts have resulted in deals that clearly favor politically connected players and have given rise to justified accusations of cronyism. By opening larger markets and reducing costs, certain corporations have amassed shocking wealth. The benefits to workers are far more diffuse and difficult to quantify.
The Harvard Business Review of May 13, 2016 published an article by Branko Milanovic about the unequal distribution of wealth generated by globalism. Milanovic comments that, since the mid-1980s, globalism has resulted in the ‘greatest reshuffle of personal incomes since the Industrial Revolution. It’s also the first time that global inequality has declined in the past two hundred years.’ Milanovic points to two main conclusions. First, he highlights the massive percentage gain in wages in Asia, particularly among the middle classes. In some cases, percentage wage gains in the Asian middle class have eclipsed the percentage gains experienced by the top one percent in the richer Western economies.
In stark contrast, the U. S. and Western lower and middle classes have enjoyed almost no percentage wage increases, while their top one percent was the only group to experience significant income gains, based on available household surveys from 1988 to 2008. A recent unpublished paper by John E. Roemer, a political scientist at Yale, suggests that the diminishing of global inequality made possible by trade is far less potent politically than the relative increases in national inequality. In other words, the benefits of globalism are obscured while the costs are highly visible.
This post was published at Euro Pac on October 26, 2016. | <urn:uuid:692fda39-370c-49de-b55f-57331ae2ab4b> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://crony-capitalism.com/tag/asia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986655735.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015005905-20191015033405-00289.warc.gz | en | 0.96543 | 707 | 2.90625 | 3 |
For optimal gut health, you need two different types of good bacteria: Reconditioning probiotic spores, or Soil-Based Organisms (SBOs), to condition your gut and support the growth of good bacteria, and reseeding probiotics.
Think of it like a garden… The spores act as the gardener. Like any good gardener, they pull weeds, detoxify the soil and replenish its energy and nutrient content. Spore probiotics provide a healthy foundation and growth medium.
Then you need seeds. Reseeding probiotics provide the new seeds to replace the good plants in your garden that wither due to a lack of proper soil nutrients, or assaults like harsh chemicals and herbicides.
You need both for your garden to thrive, and so does your gut.
Soil-based organisms (SBOs) are bacteria spores that work in your gut much like the gardener. Spores provide key “reconditioning” strains of bacteria that help protect and recondition your gut flora, and prepare it for the introduction of probiotics. They help your microbiome recover from on-going assaults by fluoridated and chlorinated water, stress, medications, processed foods and refined sugars, EMFs, and pollution.
Our ancestors’ diets included these bacteria spores, but today people avoid touching dirt and thoroughly scrub their vegetables to remove all traces of soil along with their naturally occurring organisms.
|Dr. Mercola’s Organic Mushroom Blend||200 mg|
|Lion’s Mane (Hericium erinaceus) mycelium|
|Shiitake (Lentinus edodes)(Mycelium)^|
|Turkey Tail (Trametes versicolor)(Mycelium| | <urn:uuid:5f7d2c91-846b-4a55-84bc-5ee7e25f01ac> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://itcpharmacy.com/product/complete-spore-restore/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347407667.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200530071741-20200530101741-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.868851 | 366 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Please vote for me in the Hands-On Learning Contest, thanks!
If you're somebody who likes to take film photographs, you know the satisfaction you get from a film photo that you just don't feel when you use digital. Just imagine seeing the first photo you get out of a camera you designed and built yourself! It is a fantastic feeling that you absolutely must experience!
The process of designing and building a camera may seem daunting, but with a little patience and the help of this Instructable and some further reading, you'll be able to do it. You can use this information to figure out what you want to build, gather some simple materials and tools, and build it!
I want it to be clear that building a pinhole camera relies on your abilities, available materials, and your desired outcome. As a result, this Instructable is less of a step-by-step and more of a lesson on how pinhole cameras work, the physics involved, and some practical knowledge I gained while researching and building my own camera. I'll do my best to answer any questions but please try to keep this in mind when reading; thinking and problem solving are required.
Step 1: What is a Pinhole Camera?
First thing, what is a pinhole and why does it have optical properties?
A pinhole has the ability to function like a glass lens because it excludes all light rays which are not reflecting off the subject that the camera is pointed at. When light hits an object, it is scattered in all directions; this is why the object is visible from any angle. If all this light was entering a camera and hitting the film, no image would be produced. The light needed for a photo has to be aligned to make a focused image. The pinhole excludes light rays from all irrelevant angles and only allows through rays which are almost perfectly aligned from the subject through the pinhole to the film. See the image above. The red lines are light rays. Note that they cross at the pinhole and produce an inverted image.
Applications of this phenomenon; the pinhole camera
First used in both ancient Greece and ancient China, pinhole cameras are a form of camera that takes images without using a conventional optical lens. Originally called a "camera obscura" they were large boxes or rooms which had a hole in one wall. This hole formed a sort of lens resulting in a projection on the opposite wall of the scene outside. Someone inside the camera would then place a piece of paper on the wall and trace the projected image. Once photo-sensitive materials were discovered and film was invented, the design was miniaturized but the concept remained the same.
A basic pinhole camera is a light-tight container with a tiny hole at one end, and a piece of photo-sensitive material at the opposite end. Light passes through the pinhole and the photons cause a chemical change on the film, resulting in an image being produced. Since the pinhole is very small, the light passing through it is light which has a particular direction; it is heading directly at that pinhole from the subject, and at a certain angle that it can pass through the pinhole. All other light from the scene does not reach the inside of the box. If all the scattered light that might happen to fall on the film was allowed, no coherent image would be produced.
A camera which utilizes a pinhole instead of a glass or plastic lens. The pinhole is quite literally a pin-sized hole in a piece of thin, opaque material. Usually sheet metal is used.
Depth of field:
With any camera lens, the depth of field is the forward and backward distance from where a lens is focused to that is in focus. On optical cameras, this is determined by the size of the aperture inside the lens. In a pinhole camera, this is determined by the diameter of the pinhole itself. The smaller the pinhole, the larger the depth of field will be. The effect can be so pronounced that the foreground and background of an image can be in focus simultaneously. This is something that even the best DSLRs can't do.
The focal length is the distance an optical system takes to converge light. It applies to pinhole photography as the ideal distance from the pinhole to the film. It is calculated based on the diameter of the pinhole. If the film is not the correct distance from the pinhole the image will be out of focus. It needs to be as accurate as possible for the best image quality.
You probably already know what f-stop and aperture is and how to use it for conventional photography, but what is it really? the f-stop value is based on the diameter of the aperture inside the lens compared to the distance from the aperture to the film. There is a formula to calculate its value based on those two measurements, which will be covered in Step 3.
Pinhole cameras need long exposures, and film does not respond to the amount of light they receive over long time periods in a linear fashion. More on this in Step 9.
The ratio between the height of an image versus the length. For example, HDTV is normally 16:9 meaning the width is "16" arbitrary units and the height is "9" arbitrary units. It is just to give a relative measurement of the final image shape, not the absolute size.
Step 2: Pinhole Camera Design, Part I
Designing the camera is a simple process if you know the steps involved, and the relationship between various measurements and calculations.
The smallest and most difficult to control element of the camera is the pinhole itself. Making a tiny, precisely round hole in any material is very difficult. It may be out of the realm of your capabilities, and if it is, that's okay. Pinholes can be purchased from numerous websites and eBay. Just Google the diameter of pinhole you need and you'll find some results. I purchased one off of eBay that was exactly what I needed for about $7.50. A picture of it through a microscope is above.
If you want to make your own pinhole at home, a good material to use is the metal from the side of a pop can. The thinner the better, as long as it is light-proof. Use a pin and a hammer to gently poke a hole through. Use an eraser or something soft to support the aluminum so it stays flat when being pressed on. Use some 600 grit sandpaper to sand away the protruding metal on the opposite side. If you have a microscope or a flatbed scanner you can inspect the pinhole roundness and quality.
You need to know the diameter of the hole pretty precisely to determine the focal length and equivalent f-stop, so that the film distance and exposure times are correct. You can also use a scanner to measure the diameter of a pinhole. Simply scan at a high resolution, then use Photoshop or a similar drawing program to count the number of pixels across the hole. For example, if the hole is 50 pixels across, and the scan resolution was 1200 DPI, the diameter is about 1mm.
You can also purchase tiny carbide drills for Dremel rotary tools that will do tiny precise holes like the one pictured above.
Step 3: Pinhole Camera Design, Part II
Determining the focal length based on the pinhole size:
Once you have a pinhole created, you can determine the distance the film needs to be placed at to get a clear image. The formula is:
focal length = (pinhole diameter / 0.03679) ^ 2 , units are in mm.
focal length = (0.3mm / 0.03679) ^ 2
focal length = (8.17438) ^ 2
focal length = 66.49mm
Therefore, with a 0.3mm pinhole the film should be placed 66.49mm away from the pinhole. I rounded to 65mm for my camera, and inaccuracies are bound to happen, but as long as you are within a few millimeters then the results will be good.
Determining the f-stop (aperture) equivalent:
The f-stop value is a relationship between the diameter of the pinhole and the distance to the film. The formula is:
f-stop = focal length / pinhole diameter
f-stop = focal length / pinhole diameter
f-stop = 66.49mm / 0.3mm
f-stop = 221
This value will later be used to determine exposure times based on measurements from a light meter or another camera.
Determining the view angle:
Fig. 3 shows the maximum angles light can be traveling and still get through the pinhole
Fig. 4 shows the "cone of light" passing through the pinhole
Since the pinhole is round, the light passing through it forms a cone-shape on the inside of the camera. This cone must be wide enough to cover all the film at the correct focal length. The factor that affects the angle of the cone is the thickness of the material the pinhole is made of.
If the material is too thick, it becomes less of a "hole" and more like a "tunnel", resulting in the camera producing an image like looking through a tube. No good. The material needs to be as thin as possible. Some good materials are aluminum can sides, shim stock, or feeler gauges.
Trigonometry can be used to calculate the view angle that a particular pinhole diameter and material thickness offers. Fig. 5 shows the triangle used to solve for x. 2x is the angle, in degrees, that the camera is capable of seeing. With this angle and the focal distance then you can calculate the diameter of the image that you can take. Fig. 6 shows the triangle used to find the diameter of the "cone of light" at the correct focal length.
If this diameter doesn't cover your film, there are a couple tricks that can be used. This is covered in Step 5.
Step 4: A Word on Film
As you may know, there are many types and sizes of film that have been produced in the last century. Due to the rise of digital photography, very little of those film types are still available. 35mm (135) is the most common type, with its dual perforated edges. The standard photograph size for 35mm film is 36mm wide by 24mm tall. It is still widely available at stores and on the internet, and development services are still available at department and drug stores.
Medium format film is much larger. The standard medium format film that is still available is 120 film. Medium format images can be 6x6cm, 6x9cm, 6x12cm, or 6x17cm. Medium format can be tricky to work with because it comes rolled on a spool instead of inside at canister like 35mm. Something important to note with medium format film, however, is that it is paper-backed and numbered, and these numbers must be followed when rolling because the diameter of the supplying and take-up spools change as the roll is used, so the film position cannot be known by counting the number of knob turns. A small window with some sort of hatch or door must be installed to allow the user to view the back of the film while minimizing the amount of light that gets in. More on this can be seen in images on Step 8.
Which is right for me?
Now that all the major math is done, thought can be taken to determine what kind of film this camera can use. If you used a very thin material and a relatively large hole size then you might be able to cover a large 6x6cm image size, and medium format film may be a good idea for you. If you want to do panoramic images, I recommend this. Just be sure you have development facilities for it!
If your pinhole is very small (0.1-0.2mm approx.) then the image probably won't cover a 6x6cm square without severe vignetting. A 35mm standard frame or wide-angle would be perfect.
An important thing to think about is film development. If you develop your own film, you can probably be flexible in your choice of 35mm or 120 film. If you are relying on a local photolab for developing, go in and ask if they do 120 film. Many places don't take it any more, or they mail it out to be developed and charge you a lot of money. Make sure you have your development situation understood before embarking. You don't want to build a camera you can't use.
Step 5: Pinhole Camera Design, Part III
So at this point you should have a pretty good understanding of how to get a pinhole, how to measure it, how to determine the focal length for that pinhole, and the image diameter for that focal length.
That's the end of the hard math. Its almost time to get back to the real world.
Curved Film Planes:
As I get into the camera that I built, you'll notice the film rests on a curved piece of wood so that itself forms a curve, and you might be wondering why is that?
The reason that I built a curved film plane camera is because the pinhole I bought produced a 150 degree image. This is huge, and as a result, if the film at the center was at the required 65mm focal length, the sides would be off by tens of millimeters. The image would only be in focus for the very middle of the image, and this is unacceptable.
Using a curved film plane maintains the distance from the pinhole to the film across the whole 150 degree viewing angle. The entire image comes out in perfect focus! This can be done for any size of image, but it is an especially useful technique for panoramic medium format cameras. The 6x17cm image really can't be done by any other means.
For 35mm using normal framing size, or 6x6cm medium format, the curve is not necessary. There will be minimal benefit so it isn't necessary.
Obviously, this pinhole and film all need to go into a box. You can make your own box from scratch out of any kind of light-proof material, or you can build the camera out of a preexisting box. Make your selection based on your film choice and image aspect ratio.
The box is all about having control of light. When film is in the camera, the only light we ever want going in there is through the pinhole, and onto the film. Nowhere else, otherwise we will end up with streaks of overexposed spots on the film. Sealing the box isn't difficult. Electrical tape can be used for cracks and edges, and felt or foam can be glued on to seal the removable opening. Try to pick a box that is relatively light-tight to begin with to make this job easier.
You're going to have to figure out a way to keep the film in place as it transfers from one spool to another, or from the canister to the take-up spool. The easiest way to do this is to have a piece of flat material in parallel with the pinhole, exactly the focal length away. This will serve as a sort of pressure plate for the film, to keep it flat. Then mount the spools on either side of this piece, so when the film is run across from one to the other, it will be held flat across this plate. Other methods exist so see what you can come up with.
If you would like to make use of my design as a starting point there are PDFs and a DWG attached that will let you reproduce 1:1 cutting guides or laser-cut your own pieces. Just note, most of the holes and markings are not included.
Step 6: Building Your Camera
Here comes the hands-on. Time to build your camera.
There's lots to do. Youll need to mount your pinhole on the "front" of your box, drill holes for the film spool knobs, mount your film plane, drill a window for reading the film numbers. There's lots to do that is very design-specific and unique so I'll leave the problem solving to you, but take a look at what I did for some ideas if you need them.
If you need additional inspiration, go over to Flickr and search for "DIY pinhole" or a similar phrase and take a look at all the cameras people have built, and their photographic results. Its a fantastic way to figure out what you want to make.
Here's a tip that will save a lot of time fiddling, and help you stop worrying if your camera is going to work or not. Buy an extra roll of 120 film and sacrifice it as a test roll. Use it to test the rear window number alignment, the film advancing, and loading practice. You'll also need a empty spool to serve as a take-up spool for your first roll, so you can use this one.
I built my camera from scratch using 1/4" poplar planks purchased from a local hardware store. A solid wood glue joint is plenty light-proof but I ended up putting electrical tape in all the internal corners just to be sure. You can drill a shallow hole and glue a 1/4-20 steel nut into it to use as a tripod mount. 1/4-20 is the ubiquitous tripod thread and a very common nut size.
For film knobs I got some 1/4" diameter aluminum rod and filed down the end to match the diameter of the 120 film spool. Then I drilled a hole and forced a wood screw into it. I cut off the head to make a perfect spool-turning key. I filed a notch around the aluminum rod to use with a retaining ring, this will stop the rod from being pulled out of the top of the camera. The knob on the other side will stop it from falling in. If you have a lathe this part will be much easier to make. See images above.
If you are using 35mm film, you will need to make a take-up spool instead of a peg for a empty film spool. Use a piece of dowel or metal rod and attach some sort of catch point that a sprocket hole can be caught onto. That way the film can be rolled onto the take-up spool and unrolled back into the canister when finished.
Step 7: Building Your Camera, Part II
To hold the bottom of the camera on I made some small L-brackets out of aluminum sheet metal. Store-bought brackets are a good idea too but they'll need to be threaded so that screws can be put in to hold the camera shut without rear access for a nut.
Your camera is going to need some way to stop light from entering when you aren't taking a picture, but get out of the way easily when you do want to take one. One way to do it is to mount a UV filter and use a standard lens cap. You can even just cover the pinhole with a piece of tape. I decided to build a full-on shutter mechanism with a spring return.
I mounted my pinhole on a piece of aluminum that is held in place with four machine screws, which also hold on the shutter mechanism. A problem with extremely wide angle pinhole cameras is that they are difficult to cover and uncover without getting in the way of the light. I built a shutter out of thin sheet metal that sits on the inside of the camera. The shutter moves by being pushed up with a shutter release cable. The shutter returns to the closed position by a small spring mounted on a smooth metal standoff. See pictures and captions above.
Step 8: Finishing
Once the camera is built and the mechanics tested, the inside needs to be painted black. The film is reflective and some light could reflect off the film and around the inside of the camera, causing image defects. Use a matte black paint if you can to absorb the most light possible.
If you made your camera out of bare wood, you'll want to finish the exterior with a stain and lacquer to protect it from rain or anything it might encounter when outside.
If the film is sticking in the camera due to friction, as mine was on the wooden guide posts and along the guiding edges, apply some smooth tape to help reduce the friction on those surfaces. Packing tape and scotch tape work well. You can see the kapton tape I used in the images above.
The opening face should be sealed with some sort of adhesive foam or felt, if the box is not perfectly light-tight to begin with.
The rear viewing hole should be rimmed with some felt to keep light from entering. The back of the film should be isolated so that the numbers can be read without excess light entering the camera body. See above:
Step 9: Loading and Shooting
Previously we calculated the f-stop value of the pinhole. The formula was f-stop = focal length / pinhole diameter. My f-stop is 221 so I will use this as a sample value to determine the information we need to calculate exposure times.
Obviously, no other camera or meter is going to allow f221 as an option, so we need to make some calculations to find out how to do an equivalent exposure time from something that we can measure.
f-stop values have certain cornerstone values, and the difference between these values is that the amount of light allowed through is halved each time. Essentially, the area of the circle formed by the aperture is halved each time, and thus the light. These values are as follows; 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22, 32, 44, 64, 88, 128, 176, 256, 352. Anything past f22 is going to be unavailable on a light meter, so here's how we are going to determine a multiplication factor for the pinhole;
Pinhole exposure is not an exact science, so precise math is not required. This is the kind of thing you'll have to calculate out in the field, so doing it in your head semi-accurately is acceptable. No need to bring a calculator. So, if the pinhole is f221, lets round to f256 to make life easier. If we count backwards to f16, there is a difference of 8 values. This means the amount of light through an f16 aperture is 28 times more than f256. This just so happens to be 256. This means that when we take a digital camera or light meter, set the ASA/ISO to the speed of the film in the camera, set the aperture to f16 and get a shutter speed, we multiply it by 256. For example, if we measure a value of 1 second, we will need to expose for 256 seconds to get enough light.
If all that calculating seemed straightforward, unfortunately its more complex than that. When exposed for a short period of time, film's response to light is linear. Expose the film for twice as long, and the film will react twice as much to the light. However if you begin exposing for more than a few seconds, the film stops responding linearly. It actually takes a lot more light than you would expect. This is called reciprocity failure and it happens with all film. The solution is to use a chart to estimate the extra time needed. There is one attached above and can be printed out and brought with you when shooting until you have enough experience to make estimates without it's help.
Using the example of a 256 second exposure, the reciprocity factor is approximately 4x for that length of exposure, so 256 seconds turns into 1024 seconds. 4 minutes to 17 minutes, what a huge difference! Of course, this is all just for "ideal" exposure. A few minutes less, or more, won't hurt anything. In fact, I exposed my first test roll (which you can see on the next step) only 1/8th as long as I was supposed to and it came out looking pretty good.
Because pinhole exposures are always much longer exposure times than normal cameras, you will absolutely need to use a tripod or rest the camera on a table, fence or some other stable stand. Opening and closing the shutter should be done without disturbing the camera, ideally, but if done quickly they will not affect the final image. Moving the camera mid-exposure will result in a double exposure effect.
Step 10: Results
After your roll is shot, get it developed (or develop yourself) and check out your images! Hopefully they came out great. If you have a flatbed with a transparency attachment or lid, you can scan them at high resolution yourself. This is what I did. Since most flatbeds can't scan 120 film by default you may need to scan it in two halves and re-assemble in Photoshop, this is what I did and it worked great.
Take a look at my photographs above. I have uploaded the high-res for you to inspect closely. You'll notice the large white streak on the left side of the images, that is a light leak through the foam seal at the bottom of my camera. The importance of sealing! I think I have it fixed now but I won't know for sure until the next roll of film.
Hopefully I have made sense throughout this long Instructable. Feel free to ask any questions by comments or message to me. Please let me know if I've made any mistakes so I can fix them. Check out the next step for more reading on the subjects presented here.
Thanks for reading!
Step 11: Very Useful Links
I don't actually know anyone in real life who has done pinhole photography. I learned everything from the internet and pieced it all together. Below are the best resources I've found and are a great place to get some more info. | <urn:uuid:2682461a-3e9e-4261-83d1-ae120150c058> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.instructables.com/id/Design-and-Build-your-own-Pinhole-Camera/?ALLSTEPS | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824570.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00260-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947895 | 5,376 | 3.734375 | 4 |
French and Chinese palaeontologists have identified the fossil of a two-headed reptile from a species that lived in what is now China nearly 150 million years ago.
The specimen was recovered from the Yixian Formation, a treasure trove of fossils in north-eastern China that has previously yielded the remains of early birds and feathered dinosaurs.
Only seven centimetres long, the tiny skeleton from the early cretaceous period shows an embryonic or newborn reptile with two heads and two necks.
It was a species of long-necked aquatic lizard that was more than a metre when fully grown.
Axial bifurcation - two-headedness - is a well-known developmental flaw among reptile species today such as turtles and snakes.
The paper appears on Wednesday in Biology Letters, published by the Royal Society, which is Britain's defacto academy of sciences. | <urn:uuid:b558cbae-2d4d-4cfb-b9ab-bf606e4af497> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2006-12-20/two-headed-reptile-fossil-found/2158312?pfm=sm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094491.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00187-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966814 | 183 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Please note: This story contains reference to people who have died.
The Sioux Valley Dakota Nation in Manitoba, Canada is working to identify the remains of 104 children which were found on the site of the former Brandon Indian Residential School.
The Sioux Valley Dakota Nation is working with University of Windsor and Simon Fraser University researchers to identify the bodies of children who were buried at the school which operated between 1895 and 1972.
The remains of children were found in 2012, with three cemeteries found with numerous unmarked graves. The team are identifying the remains through both commemoration and repatriation.
The Sioux Valley Dakota Nation is reflecting on their own healing journey and are sending warmth to their First Nations family in the wake of the discovery of remains of 215 children at the former Kamloops Indian Residential School in British Columbia.
Chief Jennifer Bone of the Sioux Valley Dakota Nation said her community “empathises and understands the collective pain and sorrow that the forced Indian residential schools inflicted upon our Nations”.
“The news has triggered raw emotions of sadness and grief in all of us,” she said.
The Brandon Indian Residential School was demolished in 2000, ending a history that saw the forced removal of First Nations children.
Through funding for the Social Sciences and Humanities Council Partnership Development Grant, the Sioux Valley Dakota Nation is continuing investigations with their university partners.
“Our investigation has identified 104 potential graves in all three cemeteries and that only 78 are accountable through cemetery records,” said Chief Bone.
“Work is moving forward to identify affected communities with children that may be buried in these cemeteries. We want to create safe spaces for families and communities to decide on appropriate ways to honour our children and to support them in meaningful ways.”
The Chief called on the Canadian Government to implement the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s calls to action with particular reference to:
- Missing children and burial information
- Funding long-term community health and trauma support
- Funding long-term community-based research across Canada
- Developing a public cemetery database and registry
- Enacting legislation to protect all residential school cemeteries.
“We must honour the memory of the children that never made it home by holding the Government of Canada, Churches and all responsible parties accountable for their inhumane actions,” Chief Bone said.
“There is more work to be done to bring truth to the atrocities inflicted on the children who were our parents, grandparents and great-grandparents. And those children who never became parents, grandparents and great-grandparents.”
“The families and communities whose children were lost whilst attending these schools have questions that deserve answers. The children buried at these sites must have their identities restored and their stories told. They will never be forgotten.
“Every child matters.”
By Rachael Knowles | <urn:uuid:507104c2-c34b-4ddf-9bbe-762cf9852f52> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.nit.com.au/sioux-valley-dakota-nation-seeks-to-identify-child-remains/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522309.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518183254-20220518213254-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.963724 | 595 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Pandemics are extremely hard to deal with, as they involve global health and economy. The fact alone that it is so virulent and unpredictable forced the world to drastically change the normal way of life for what has been dubbed as the “new normal”. Under this lifestyle, most societies integrate precautions into their daily business. Some of these precautions include:
- Social/Physical Distancing
- Wearing of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) like face masks, gloves, face shields, and etc.
As communities start to reopen, these precautions have become integral on an individual basis. Stopping the virus from spreading to people who are more vulnerable, individuals must take on the responsibility of keeping the other person safe. This ensures that bacteria, viruses, and harmful wastes that can come out through sneezing, coughing, etc. stay within the vicinity of the infected person.
On macro-level protection, local and national governments and organizations must create a sanitary environment and strict safety protocols that guard against the community-wide spread of COVID-19. Moreover, hospitals and establishments that deal with these types of biohazard wastes require proper medical waste disposal.
As COVID-19 hit, it is undeniable that there became an influx of biomedical wastes. People wearing disposable face masks, cotton swab tests, and the taking of blood samples on an international basis has drastically caused growth in the medical waste management market.
From 11.77 Billion in market share in 2018, the medical waste management industry grew by 5.3% the following year. This number is only expected to rise as the pandemic continues.
Biohazard waste or medical waste can be defined as any type of waste that have come into contact with bodily fluids. These often come from healthcare establishments such as clinics, blood banks, and hospitals.
Prior to the prominence of biomedical waste management, these wastes were once collected in segregated plastic bags and then disposed of like ordinary garbage.
But in the 1980s, medical waste took over the shores of the East Coast and started to appear in people’s backyards, creating varying hazards for the families around the area. This alerted the United States government of the necessity to create a way of managing biomedical waste through the Medical Waste Tracking Act of 1988.
The following are widely considered to be medical wastes that require segregation and separate treatment and disposal:
- Medical Sharps
- Infusion Sets
- Epi Pens
- Insulin Pens
- Connection Needles/Sets
- Sharp Plastic
- Solid Toxic Wastes
- Paper towels or wipes that are contaminated
- Used/Disposable Gloves
- Dressings or bandages that have been used
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 16 billion injections are administered around the world, and yet not all of these sharps are disposed of properly. This creates health risks such as infection and injury towards the surrounding communities.
WHO details the following risks that improper medical waste disposal can bring:
- Sharps-inflicted Injuries
Sharps like needles and syringes used by healthcare facilities often contain bloodborne pathogens that can potentially pierce through an individual’s skin and infect them. According to the Ontario Hospital Association in 2016, once a person’s skin is punctured by improperly disposed sharps, there is a 6 to 30% chance of infection. Most of these infections are often Hepatitis B & C, as well as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
- Toxic exposure
Medical wastes that are lying around without having gone through incineration or sterilization exposes people to different types of toxins such as antibiotics and cytotoxic drugs. Once released into the environment, these toxins pollute the environment and create several adverse effects such as antibiotic pollution which can make bacteria resistant to antibiotics.
Moreover, the improper treatment and disposal of toxic wastes can also:
- Contaminate bodies of water if disposed of in improperly constructed landfills
- Release pollutants and chemical substances into the air with improper incineration protocols
Because of these, healthcare facilities and households must carefully handpick the waste management companies whose services they engage with. Certain protocols and safety measures must be implemented.
Fundamental failures such as inadequate training and improper disposal systems are too big of a risk in a time where such decisions have increasingly fatal consequences. As the industry grows, so does the sophistication of waste disposal systems.
Thankfully, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has a detailed set of protocols around biomedical waste management and has created a certification for waste disposal companies and their staff | <urn:uuid:4c3595c6-4015-4f97-90e3-9fcd7e8b0e89> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://worldofmedicalsaviours.com/medical-waste/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107888402.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025070924-20201025100924-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.946811 | 929 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Heat is transferred from one object or air mass to another in one of three ways: conduction, convection and radiation, the latter of which is one that every Tomball roofing contractor knows about because it is most apt to influence a building’s heating and cooling costs.
Conduction occurs when heat flows directly through matter; physical contact is necessary for heat to be passed in this manner.
This type of heat transfer occurs when you leave your spoon in a cup of hot coffee or tea for too long and then attempt to pick it up the now-hot spoon. In this case, the heat from the liquid made the immersed spoon hotter, and this heat then passed through the spoon to the handle. Another kitchen-based example occurs when you place a pot on a stove to heat something up as the heated burner makes the pot hotter which heats up the food that is in it.
Convection occurs when heat is transported in a liquid or gas. This is famously known by the phrase, “hot air rises,” as something adding heat to the surrounding air such as a heated stove will cause cooler air, which is heavier, to be drawn in from the sides to replace the lighter hot air, which is now heading to the ceiling.
This form of heat transfer is also what causes much of the weather we experience. For example, as warm air rises and cooler air rushes in to replace it near the earth’s surface, wind develops.
This form of heat transfer is more accurately described as the deflection of heat and the extent to which this is done. For example, foil insulation only absorbs 5 percent of the heat that it receives, bouncing back 95 percent of the heat radiation. If you hold some foil insulation next to your face, before long you will feel almost of the heat from your own body bouncing back at you from the foil insulation due to its low rate of heat absorption.
That is why something that radiates back a significant majority of the heat sent to it is great to use on roofing or the sides of a building, areas directly heated by the sun. Of course, every Tomball roofing company knows this well considering how hot the climate is here in Tomball and how much home owners and businesses pay annually in cooling costs.
Note that every object that has a temperature above absolute zero, which is -459.67 degrees Fahrenheit, emits at least some radiation in every direction until the reflected heat is absorbed by another object. The only thing that varies between objects is how much radiation is emitted.
One way this relates to roofs and attics is that roughly two-thirds to three-quarters of the heat sent from a warmer wall to one that is cooler is done by radiation. This is why the type of insulating used between the outer and inner walls of a building is so important.
Of course, the types of materials used to roof the building also have a lot to do with how much heat is radiated back off of the roof and how much is absorbed into the attic and the rest of the house.
If you are looking to get a Tomball roof replacement, contact Paramount Roofing, Inc. We will install the best radiant barrier and roofing materials to ensure that your cooling costs are as low as possible. | <urn:uuid:a872384d-23fb-4091-88f1-1dfaf957c0db> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://paramountroofing.com/blog/heat-transfer-and-radiant-barriers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152156.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210726215020-20210727005020-00232.warc.gz | en | 0.964713 | 666 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Majority logic decoding
In error detection and correction, majority logic decoding is a method to decode repetition codes, based on the assumption that the largest number of occurrences of a symbol was the transmitted symbol.
In a binary alphabet made of , if a repetition code is used, then each input bit is mapped to the code word as a string of -replicated input bits. Generally , an odd number.
The repetition codes can detect up to transmission errors. Decoding errors occur when the more than these transmission errors occur. Thus, assuming bit-transmission errors are independent, the probability of error for a repetition code is given by , where is the error over the transmission channel.
The code word is , where , an odd number.
- Calculate the Hamming weight of the repetition code.
- if , decode code word to be all 0's
- if , decode code word to be all 1's
In a code, if R=[1 0 1 1 0], then it would be decoded as,
- , , so R'=[1 1 1 1 1]
- Hence the transmitted message bit was 1. | <urn:uuid:07e3e082-5d71-4157-a347-a3f8d249ee8f> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_logic_decoding | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660070.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118110804-20190118132804-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.818492 | 232 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Mythology can refer to the collected myths of a group of people—their collection
of stories they tell to explain nature, history, and customs—or to the study of such
Mythology (from the Greek 'mythos' for story-of-the-people, and 'logos' for word or
speech, the spoken story of a people) is the study and interpretation of often ...
saleonard.people.ysu.edu/History of Mythology 1.html
THIS ESSAY. . . You will find an historical survey of the history of mythology, the
study and analysis of myth. The essay begins with a short review of the ...
HAVING reached the close of our series of stories of Pagan mythology, an inquiry
suggests itself. “Whence came these stories? Have they a foundation in truth, ...
Greek and Roman mythology comes to mind, Zeus/Jupiter the top-god, a bit of a
... is just that, stories that inform their culture, not necessarily historical truth.
Ancient Origins articles related to Myths & Legends in the sections of history,
archaeology, human origins, unexplained, artifacts, ancient places and myths
Greek Mythology offers information on all Greek Gods, Greek Goddesses and ...
of the Heathen Nations of Antiquity Considering also their Origin and Meaning
Care to express an opinion on a current or past historical event? ... Greek
Mythology, are the beliefs and ritual observances of the ancient Greeks, who
Sep 16, 2013 ... There are two widespread views within the context of the creation vs. evolution
controversy regarding the origin of mythology. Evolutionists ...
The Historical Development of Mythology. Joseph Campbell. I. The comparative
study of the mythologies of the world compels us to view the cultural history of ... | <urn:uuid:2d657c2c-3e89-4b42-b7ea-1d3564f4dd3e> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.ask.com/web?qsrc=3053&o=102140&oo=102140&l=dir&gc=1&qo=popularsearches&ad=dirN&q=What+Is+the+History+of+Mythology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721392.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00230-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.879888 | 380 | 2.8125 | 3 |
A brief history of problem-solving
Despite the impression given by many textbooks, teachers and internet articles, we understand much less about mathematics than is commonly thought. In fact, maths is littered with problems that we cannot solve. Some are (possibly) not worth solving; some may not be solvable (in fact Gödel proved that there exist truly unsolvable problems); but there are some potentially solvable problems, the solutions of which would unlock the door to a lot of new mathematics and be of incalculable benefit to humankind. Indeed it is (probably) fair to say that much of mathematics, and indeed mathematicians, is stimulated by the desire to solve, and find, challenging problems.
Act one: the Greeks
Bisecting an angle with a compass and straightedge
The Greeks were great mathematicians. An enormous amount of modern mathematics was discovered by Greek mathematicians such as Euclid, Pythagoras and Archimedes. The Greeks were best known for their discoveries in geometry, such as Pythagoras's theorem, the formula for the area of the circle and the Platonic solids. To do their geometry the Greeks used a ruler (to draw a straight line) and a compass. Using these simple tools they could construct equilateral triangles and hexagons and they could bisect any angle.
However, there were three problems that they could not solve using these methods. The first of these was trisecting an angle. It had been known since ancient times that any angle could be bisected, but the Greeks could find no way to trisect one. What they could not decide was whether there was a method for trisecting an angle, and they were too stupid to find it, or whether there was no possible method which could do the job. (There is more about angle trisection in Mathematical mysteries from Issue 7 of Plus.)
The second of the Greeks' problems was the question of the duplication of the cube. In a time of great famine a group of Greeks went to consult a sacred Oracle. The Oracle said that the famine would only stop if the Greeks could double the size of an altar. Doubling here meant finding an altar with precisely twice the volume of the original altar. Mathematically this means that the Greeks needed to construct a line of length equal to the cube-root of 2. The Greeks certainly knew how to construct the square-root of 2 (as the length of the hypotenuse of a right angle triangle) but had no idea how to find its cube-root. (It is unknown whether the failure of the Greeks to solve this problem meant that the famine continued.)
The final problem was that of squaring the circle, which involves constructing a line of length - for more on this, see Mathematical mysteries from Issue 21 of Plus.
All of these questions survived the Greeks unanswered, and indeed defeated the best efforts of the world's mathematicians for 2,000 years, but were finally solved in the 19th century. In each case it was shown that it was impossible for any method using just a ruler and compass to trisect an angle, double a cube or square the circle. (The proven impossibility of solving these problems does not prevent enthusiastic amateurs from not only trying to find ways to do the constructions but also sending their solutions to unfortunate professional mathematicians.)
Remarkably, the first two questions were resolved by Galois, a French mathematician who was only 21 when he died (in a duel). Galois' solution led to the invention of Galois theory, a beautiful area of mathematics which is now applied in constructing very reliable methods for communicating information.
Act two: Hilbert
David Hilbert was probably the greatest mathematician of the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Among his many mathematical achievements can be included profound discoveries in logic, algebra and differential equations. Hilbert spaces, a special type of vector space, form the basis for the whole of quantum mechanics.
Hilbert was invited to speak at the International Congress of Mathematicians held in Paris in the year 1900. He could have given a (dull) talk on the achievements of mathematicians in the 19th century, but instead he did something far more interesting. At the start of the 20th century, Hilbert decided to throw out a challenge to keep mathematicians busy for the next 100 years. His talk comprised 23 problems, now called the Hilbert problems, the attempts to solve which he believed would stimulate 20th century mathematics and mathematicians. He chose his problems well. Not only have they proved immensely challenging to solve, but they have led to an enormous amount of new mathematics. Anyone who solved one of the Hilbert problems became extremely famous (within the mathematical community), but not necessarily very rich. Most of the Hilbert problems have now been solved. One which lasted until nearly the end of the 20th Century was Fermat's last theorem.
Pierre de Fermat was an French mathematician who worked in the 17th century and was interested in number theory. This is (essentially) the study of problems involving the natural numbers 1,2,3,…. A test for prime numbers based on one of Fermat's results called Fermat’s little theorem has just been discovered, and could play an important role in modern cryptography. It has been known since ancient times that you could find natural numbers , and with , an example being In contrast, Fermat had managed to show that you couldn’t find natural numbers with , using a method he called steepest descent. He wondered whether, if was any integer different from 2, the problem
Andrew Wiles making history
Hilbert posed exactly this problem as one of his unknown problems at the start of the 20th century, and bang on cue, almost 100 years later, it was solved by Andrew Wiles as part of his proof of the Tatyana-Shumura conjecture. Fermat was right (but Wiles' solution will not fit into a margin). You can read about the story of this problem in the wonderful book Fermat's last theorem by Simon Singh.
Another of Hilbert's problems was the Riemann Hypothesis, which is not only still unsolved, but is generally regarded as the most important unsolved problem in mathematics. You can find out more about this problem in A whirlpool of numbers, also in this issue of Plus.
Act three: The Clay InstituteAs we saw in How maths can make you rich and famous: Part I from the last issue of Plus, the Clay Institute has posed seven Millennium Prize Problems to perform the same function for 21st century mathematics as Hilbert's problems did for the 20th century. The sixth Millennium Prize Problem is the well-posedness of the Navier-Stokes equations.
The Navier-Stokes equations
They didn't see this coming.
The aftermath of a hurricane in North Carolina.
Photo copyright FEMA
You may not have heard of the Navier-Stokes equations, but you encounter them every day. These are the equations that describe the weather!
We all know that the weather is important to our lives, that it can sometimes be predictable and other times very unpredictable. It seems strange that all of the different types of behaviour we associate with the weather can be described by a single set of equations, but we believe that this is the case. The subject of the sixth problem is a first, and vital, link in the chain of reasoning that we hope will establish exactly this fact.
We start by thinking about exactly what we mean by weather. Weather is the combination of the motion of the atmosphere, coupled to the motion of the oceans, the transport of moisture within the atmosphere, all coupled to changes in the pressure and temperature of the air. It is possible to write down (partial differential) equations which describe all of this mathematically. In their totality these equations are rather complicated, however at the guts of them are the equations that describe the underlying motion of the air on its own. These equations are the same for air as they are for water or any other fluid and they were derived in the 19th century by the two mathematicians Navier and Stokes, hence their name the Navier-Stokes equations.
Imagine that you are looking at a point in the atmosphere. At this point the air will have a velocity and a pressure . These are all related together by the Navier-Stokes equations which describe how changes to the velocity in time are related to changes in the velocity and the pressure in space. Brace yourselves...here they come!
Fluid mechanics with biscuits on the side.
Image DHD Photo Gallery
Although these equations look rather brutal, by the time you have done a university course in mathematics, physics or engineering they will become old friends. The term Re in the equations is called the Reynolds Number. It is low if the fluid is very sticky (like treacle) and high if it is hardly sticky at all, like air or water. What is really remarkable is that the same
equations describe the motion of the water in a cup of coffee, the evolution of a hurricane, the behaviour of the ocean currents and even the atmosphere of Jupiter - all of this physics is coded into one set of equations.
The red spot on the surface of Jupiter is a storm that has been raging for more than 300 years.
Composite image courtesy of NASA
Unfortunately there is some bad news to come. The first piece of bad news is that the Navier-Stokes equations are very, very hard to solve. We only know of a few exact solutions (that is, solutions which we can write down using a formula), usually for problems which are of little or no physical interest.
A lot of work has been done on finding approximate solutions which work for certain important physical situations, such as the flow of water in a pipe. The procedures for finding such solutions dominate the subject called fluid mechanics, which you may meet in a university course in applied mathematics, physics or engineering (especially aeronautical engineering). Fortunately it is possible to write computer programmes which can find numerical solutions to these equations. Indeed there is a huge industry called computational fluid dynamics devoted to this task. It is computer programs of this sort which are used by the meteorological office to help predict the weather. They are also used in the design of aircraft and cars, the study of blood flow, the design of power stations, the analysis of the effects of pollution, the study of the insides of a star, calculations of climate change and, in a notable success story, in the design of Thrust 2, the first supersonic racing car. (This calculation was done by the computational fluid dynamics team at the University of Swansea).
The Thrust SuperSonic Car breaking the sound barrier in Blackrock Desert,
Nevada on 15th October 1997. Picture copyright Andy Graves
The next piece of bad news is that even in the best of circumstances these programs can take even the fastest computer an enormous time to run, and these computers can often only solve relatively simple problems. They are also quite unable to deal with the phenomenon called turbulence. Turbulence is the complex behaviour that fluids show on small length scales. (An understanding of turbulence is one of the great problems in physics for the new millennium.) You can see or feel turbulence every time that you look at a cloud, examine the motion of the water in a waterfall or stick your head out of a car window. No computer programme on earth can simulate this behaviour exactly, and at the present all that we have are rough approximations. It is a sobering thought that these approximations have to be used every time a simulation is made of a safety-critical situation (such as the effects of a fire or of a coolant leak in a nuclear power station). The approximations are not bad (giving errors of around 20%), but this situation is hardly satisfactory.
All of the above issues are very important to the way that we use the Navier-Stokes equations to help us to understand the physical world around us, but they pale into insignificance when compared to the subject of the sixth Millennium Prize Problem. This is not whether we can solve the Navier-Stokes equations (either exactly or using a computer), but whether they have any solutions at all.
You may feel that this is an unimportant question - after all it is obvious - isn't it? - that the equations must have a solution. However there are plenty of examples in mathematics of equations which don't have solutions. For example, before the invention of negative numbers, the equation x+1=0 had no solution. The Greeks thought that all numbers could be expressed in terms of fractions (rational numbers) and had a very deep shock when they discovered that the equation x2=2 did not have a solution which could be expressed as a fraction. Similarly, if you only knew about real numbers then it would not be possible to solve the equation x2=-1. It is quite possible that a situation could occur in which a possible solution of the Navier-Stokes equations starts by being completely physical, but quickly becomes infinite and fails to represent anything corresponding to the physical situation that the equations are trying to describe.
The present situation is that noone has managed to show that the solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations correspond to real physical solutions for all time. Conversely, noone has found a "solution" of the Navier-Stokes equations that becomes infinite and loses its physical meaning. If such a solution were to be found, would it really be nonsense or might it give us some insight into the problem of turbulence (the latter being the view of the author)? We don't know! What we do know is that for the cases that we can compute, the Navier-Stokes equations do seem to give a very accurate description of the motion of fluids and that they also seem to be uniquely hard. Make a small change to the equations and we can answer all of the questions, but return to the physically motivated equations and nothing is certain. Mathematicians seem evenly divided as to whether solutions exist or not and the question of the existence of solutions seems likely to stay unresolved for a long time.
ConclusionAs I said in Part I in the previous issue of Plus, solving one of the Millennium Prize Problems would give you a form of mathematical immortality and maybe even fame and fortune. My advice to any of you who think that you might have a crack at one of the problems is go for it! Remember that the problems the Greeks left us were not only answered, but were answered by a 21 year old mathematician.
And remember that maths can make you rich and famous in many other ways as it unlocks the doors to a huge number of interesting and varied careers.
About the author
Chris Budd is Professor of Applied Mathematics at the University of Bath, and Chair of Mathematics for the Royal Institution. He is particularly interested in applying mathematics to the real world and promoting the public understanding of mathematics.
He has recently co-written the popular mathematics book Mathematics Galore!, published by Oxford University Press, with C. Sangwin. | <urn:uuid:2ee46569-9f6e-40cf-9b78-92dce30acb24> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://plus.maths.org/content/os/issue25/features/budd/index | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170993.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00610-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970847 | 3,097 | 3.65625 | 4 |
UCLA researchers published a study Monday that validated a noninvasive way to measure neurological arterial stiffness, which can allow doctors to better detect the risk of Alzheimer’s disease, stroke and other diseases.
The new magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, technique can allow doctors to earlier detect risks of health problems such as diabetes and hypertension without surgically operating on patients. Danny Wang, lead researcher and an associate professor of neurology, said arterial stiffness can be a predictor of many diseases such as Alzheimer’s, which may be linked to the accumulation of plaque facilitated by stiff arteries.
The MRI technique, called arterial spin labeling, uses a stronger-than-average magnetic field to map out arteries on a screen, Wang said. The research team measured arterial volume during the diastolic and systolic phases of the cardiac cycle, which occur when the heart ventricles relax and fill with blood and when they contract and pump blood into the arteries.
When arteries are stiff, the difference in volume between the diastolic and systolic phases would be less than that of a healthy, elastic artery, Wang added.
According to a UCLA press release, the researchers found that arterial stiffness increased with age and reduced cerebral blood flow, causing impaired blood supply to the brain.
Wang said it may take a few years for new studies to verify his findings and allow doctors to accurately correlate artery stiffness with diseases.
Compiled by Alejandra Reyes-Velarde, Bruin senior staff | <urn:uuid:beb562ca-b0fc-4aa3-a36d-3c03e396832c> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://dailybruin.com/2015/09/24/ucla-researchers-unveil-new-way-to-measure-arterial-stiffness-in-brain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807650.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124104142-20171124124142-00752.warc.gz | en | 0.938657 | 308 | 2.859375 | 3 |
There are nine different planning approval pathways in NSW. The size and scale of the development will determine which of the assessment pathways is appropriate.
Many types of minor home renovations and small building projects such as the erection of a carport, balcony, deck or garden shed don't need a planning or building approval. These types of projects are called exempt development. As long as the building project meets specific development standards and land requirements, no planning or building approval is needed.
Other straightforward, low impact residential, commercial and industrial developments that do require planning approval may qualify for a fast track approval process known as complying development. If the application meets specific standards and land requirements a Complying Development Certificate (CDC) can be obtained through your local Council or an accredited certifier without the need for a full development application.
Find out more about all nine planning approval pathways in NSW here:
The organisation that assesses and determines a development application (DA) or complying development certificate (CDC) is called the consent authority. The consent authority is guided by the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EP&A Act), the Environmental Planning and Assessment Regulation 2000 (EP&A Reg), and a number of State Environmental Planning Policies (SEPPs) and Local Environmental Plans (LEPs).
The Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EP&A Act) sets out the laws under which planning in NSW takes place. The main parts of the EP&A Act that relate to development assessment and approval are Part 4 (Development Assessment) and Part 5 (Environmental assessment).
The Minister responsible for the Act is the Minister for Planning and Public Spaces.
The Environmental Planning and Assessment Act Regulation sets out how certain functions under the EP&A Act should be carried out, fees associated with development assessment and other procedures.
Schedule 3 of the EP&A Regulation defines the types of designated development that will have a high impact (e.g. likely to generate pollution), or are located in or near an environmentally sensitive area (e.g. a wetland), and warrant a detailed environmental impact statement.
Environmental planning instruments are statutory plans made under Part 3 of the EP&A Act that guide development and land use. These plans include State Environmental Planning Policies (SEPPs) and Local Environmental Plans (LEPs).
State Environmental Planning Policies (SEPPs) can specify planning controls for certain areas and/or types of development.
SEPPs can also identify:
Key SEPPs relating to the assessment system include:
Local Environmental Plans list the types of development that are allowed in each zone of a local government area, and those that do not need development consent.
The Standard Instrument Local Environmental Plan sets out the format and structure that councils should follow when making a LEP.
All SEPPs and LEPs are available from the Legislation NSW website.
Page last updated: 29/04/2021 | <urn:uuid:a7cc656a-8dff-4ec2-b046-5b853af84933> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/exemptandcomplying | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057417.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923074537-20210923104537-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.92508 | 589 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Mad about Manners
Children age 4 - 7 learn the meaning of respect and basic manners such as making introductions, handshakes, first impressions, table manners, social behaviour, telephone etiquette and party etiquette. Interactive activities and crafts direct the child’s learning in a fun and entertaining program that is flexible and can be adjusted according to the time available. This program motivates children to learn and apply life changing social skills.
Courtesy for Kids
In five action packed fun filled days at courtesy camp or an ongoing weekly program, children 5 -10 learn respect, confidence and the power of politeness. Family life, social rules, dining etiquette, uncommon courtesies, rules for home, school and travel, are all covered in this program along with role-playing, interactive games, art activities and more.
Proud to be Polite
Children ages 8-12 learn the meaning of respect; showing respect to others and to yourself. Children will learn the importance of first impressions, proper handshaking and eye contact, how to introduce themselves and others, how to remember names, communicating with confidence, the art of conversation, listening skills, what not to say, telephone communication, netiquette and more. Effectively combined with a dining tutorial, your child will be proud to be polite.
Confidence is Cool
As young people make their way in the world, they will require advanced social skills. Knowing what confidence is and how to get it gives young people the boost they need to contribute positively and feel good about themselves.
This vital program for ages 10 -15 covers the steps to gaining confidence, setting goals, problem solving, asserting yourself with ease, confident language, social IQ, courteous communication, dress and decorum, special event etiquette, invitations and correspondence, social etiquette, and dining etiquette. It provides your child with the tools to feel confident in any situation.
Backpack to Briefcase
This program includes 5-2 hour workshops complete with power point presentations, take home assignments and a class handbook. Completion of all five classes for a total of 10 hours results in a comprehensive etiquette program and certificate of completion for the attendee.
The program prepares youth for the transition to college or the work place. In addition to those topics covered in “Confidence is Cool,” this program covers first impressions, image, dating dilemmas, saying “no,” social and situational etiquette, confident greeting, communication skills public speaking, dining etiquette, public courtesy, interview etiquette, corporate conduct and more.
Manners on the Menu - Dining Etiquette
Knowing the rules for dining and having the ability to consistently practice the technical skills related to eating will allow you for feel more comfortable in dining situations. If you are more comfortable you can make others more comfortable, which is really what good manners are all about. Learn styles of eating, formal table setting, silverware savvy, navigating the place setting, dining do’s and don’ts, managing difficult foods, manners at the table, restaurant manners, finessing the buffet, invitations, entertaining etiquette, host and guest duties, handling chopsticks and much more.
This program may be combined with a three course meal and dining tutorial.
Tea and Etiquette: Princess / Prince Charming Tea
The Princess or Prince Charming Tea makes a great birthday party for boys and girls of all ages. Each princess/prince dons a tiara or crown and enjoy “special fairy tea” while he/she learns how to make introductions, shake hands correctly, conversations starters and gains poise and confidence in social situations.
Please contact email@example.com for further information. | <urn:uuid:a1362087-6adb-4097-ba38-eb5397490d8e> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.etiquetteladies.com/services-childrenstraining.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663711.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00153-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887389 | 756 | 3.359375 | 3 |
We often view the characters that God uses in Scripture as spiritual giants. But when we dig deeper, we find that they were just as human as the rest of us. What we find, however, is that when these heroes of the faith stumble, the focus is not so much on their stumble but on God's grace.
In today's lesson, we see from the lives of Abraham and Job how God's character shines in the face of the apparent failures of each of these men. More importantly, we see how God uses these failures to bring honor and glory to Himself and works even the mistakes for His own purposes. | <urn:uuid:10e2f120-f8c7-4dd7-85c2-4a65291bd56e> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://messages.atlanticgospelchapel.com/e/scott-caslow-02-23-2020-genesis-12-god-alone/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703500028.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116044418-20210116074418-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.974567 | 125 | 2.625 | 3 |
The new dawn of advanced technology is upon us.
As solutions become smarter, more agile and more pervasive, they quickly become integral elements of our everyday lives and larger organizational operations. At the same time, as technology grows more powerful, the vulnerability of data security and privacy increases along with the fast-paced developments in the tech world. And with this, a question arises: where do the current approaches fall short so that new systems could introduce ramifications?
As the amount of data increases exponentially and more companies become digital-first and data-driven, the risk of malicious attacks is higher than ever. Cyber attacks are becoming more and more ubiquitous, driven by malicious intent to take advantage of a vulnerability or weakness in a system or individuals of any company or organization. Cyber attacks result in potentially stolen, damaged and disabled assets that were accessed in an unauthorized manner. With a majority of companies keeping up with the times and relying heavily on internal networks, computers, servers and other tech solutions, vandalism in cyberspace is a real, if not looming, threat.
The consequences of the cyberattacks are difficult to quantify. More often than not, the attackers deny original end-users access to the compromised assets, which disrupts business, leads to loss of revenue and can even result in potential breaches of contracts. Attackers also stake data with the goal to monetize it — this can result in severe damage to the company’s reputation and result in employees losing their jobs. But there is also a more implicit kind of damage that cyberattackers can cause: by gaining access to assets, they do silent damage over time with no immediate results, leading to a compounding loss over time.
In a world where hackers have become organized, share tools and have access to advanced technology like quantum computing, it’s important to tap into a combination of security approaches to ensure maximum protection.
The current approaches fall largely into two categories.
The first category involved the so-called preventive approaches, including the widely known and used firewalls, VPNs, access control, authentication, security patches, etc. The goal of this approach to make sure that the right person gains access to and control of the resource and information: under no circumstance can individuals not intended to share access to the given resource get exposure to it. If we were to draw a comparison between the health of a system to the health of a human, this approach would equate to a healthy regimen — from diets to exercise — aimed at preventing sickness or disease.
The second category includes reactive approaches, such as monitor logs, networks or largely Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) technology. This approach allows for the creation of centralized tools fit for easily identifying and responding to security incidents based on comprehensive bird’s-eye-view monitoring of overall IT security. The approach continuously monitors and uses alerts to identify and isolate compromised resources such as computers, networks or systems to perform damage control. Following the same analogy of system health versus human health, this approach is similar to closely monitoring weight, temperature and other vitals to identify signs of sickness. If traces of illness are identified, the outcomes range from going to the hospital to resting at home and taking the necessary medicine.
With both approaches widely used and relied on globally, there is an element missing from the security puzzle piece that will help bridge the security gap which continues to increase by the day. What the two approaches do not provide is a so-called immunity against cyberattacks – or rather, a safe harbor to protect key assets from system breaches and hacking. And this is where the decentralized approach comes in.
In the traditional cybersecurity world, the cornerstone of digital privacy has been encryption that is highly dependent on protecting the encryption key. The effectiveness of encryption comes down to its proper implementation — from using a proper initialization vector to choosing a key randomly or not reusing a key. Because key management is often in the hands of the users themselves, there is always a risk to make a mistake in the encryption implementation process that can result in encrypted data becoming easily accessible to attackers. Because the encrypted data itself contains all the protected information, there is always the looming risk of it being accessed through socially engineered attacks, insider attacks or even brute force.
The third and powerful method — the decentralized approach to security — circumvents the traditional need for an encryption key to minimize the risk of compromising the protected information. Techniques from this approach split the data into multiple pieces, making it nearly impossible to reconstruct unless a quorum of splits is used. Since the full scope of data is not accessible, the attackers have no chance of accessing it, which makes the system quantum-proof and immune to all breaches.
So what can companies do to put up a strong front against malicious hackers?
The first step would be to continue making investments in protecting systems rooted in both the preventive and reactive approaches. In addition to these tried-and-true methods, it is also important to begin tapping into systems immune to data breaches and invest in the decentralized approach to security for a more holistic strategy. It is also important to continuously crowdsource and cooperate on the creation of databases on various attacks and tools to combat them, whether locally or internationally. An organized approach to cataloging attack cases will help devise the most optimal strategy in facing the increasing threats of cybervandalism.
Originally published in Forbes | <urn:uuid:aaaa3ea1-c2a2-4559-bfed-8592f63d9594> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.gsdvs.com/post/taking-a-decentralized-approach-to-cyber-security-data-protection-and-privacy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103271864.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626192142-20220626222142-00402.warc.gz | en | 0.945914 | 1,081 | 2.90625 | 3 |
(See also Overview of Sprains and Other Soft-Tissue Injuries Overview of Sprains and Other Soft-Tissue Injuries Sprains are tears in ligaments; strains are tears in muscles. Tears (ruptures) may also occur in tendons. In addition to sprains, strains, and tendon injuries, musculoskeletal injuries include... read more .)
Extension of the knee involves the quadriceps muscles, which are attached to the patella by the quadriceps tendon; the patella is connected to the tibial tubercle by the patellar tendon. Forced flexion at the knee with a contracted quadriceps muscle can damage these structures. Injuries include
Quadriceps tendon tears
Patellar tendon tears
Tibial tubercle fractures
In healthy people, significant force is required to injure these structures; normal tendons are strong enough that the patella often fractures transversely before a tendon tears. However, people with certain conditions are at risk of tendon tears. These conditions include
Use of certain drugs (eg, fluoroquinolones, corticosteroids)
In these at-risk people, the injury can result from minor trauma (eg, when descending stairs). The quadriceps tendon is injured more often than the patellar tendon, particularly in older people.
Symptoms and Signs of Knee Extensor Mechanism Injuries
The affected area is painful and swollen.
Patients with complete tendon tears cannot stand, do a straight leg raise while lying on their back, or extend their knee while seated.
Long-term complications (eg, loss of motion, weakness) are common.
Diagnosis of Knee Extensor Mechanism Injuries
Examination of the knee can suggest which structure is injured:
Quadriceps tendon tear: The patella is palpably displaced inferiorly (patella baja).
Patella tendon tear: The patella is displaced superiorly (patella alta).
Transverse patellar fracture: There is often a palpable gap between the two bone fragments.
However, swelling in the area can be significant and mask these findings so that the injury may be misinterpreted as a ligamentous knee joint injury with hemarthrosis. If patients have knee swelling and pain after an injury, clinicians ask patients to sit and try to extend their injured leg to test active knee extension or to lie on their back and raise the injured leg, keeping the leg straight.
Pearls & Pitfalls
Routine knee x-rays are taken. Patella alta and patella baja can be seen on knee x-rays. X-rays often show displacement or fracture of the patella but may appear normal. MRI confirms the diagnosis.
Treatment of Knee Extensor Mechanism Injuries
Treatment of knee extensor mechanism injuries is surgical repair. | <urn:uuid:87ca25a4-2c2e-4a19-aee5-08c19232a4b3> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/sprains-and-other-soft-tissue-injuries/knee-extensor-mechanism-injuries | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944606.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323003026-20230323033026-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.901967 | 626 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Peppered corydoras - Corydoras paleatus
Scientific name: Corydoras paleatus
Common name: Peppered corydoras
Usual size in fish tanks: 6 - 8 cm (2.36 - 3.15 inch)
Recommended pH range for the species: 6 - 8
Recommended water hardness (dGH): 4 - 18°N (71.43 - 321.43ppm)
0°C 32°F30°C 86°F
Recommended temperature: 22 - 26 °C (71.6 - 78.8°F)
The way how these fish reproduce: Spawning
Where the species comes from: South America
Temperament to its own species: peaceful
Temperament toward other fish species: peaceful
Usual place in the tank: Bottom levels
Food and feeding
Peppered corydoras should be fed on sinking pellets, algae wafers, blood worms, and daphnia with a treat of blanched leaf vegetables such as spinach.
These Corydoras originate from South America, mostly from Uruguay and Brazil.
Females when mature will be larger and plumper than the males.
The male will initiate the spawning by chasing the female and sometimes even laying on top of her. She will hold the male seed in her mouth as she lays 3-4 eggs at a time and then fertilize them. The sticky eggs will be placed on filter tubes, heaters, or the tank glass. The spawning process can last for up to an hour before she has laid all of her eggs. When hatched, the fry can be fed on newly hatched brine shrimp.
If given the correct conditions this species should live up to 5 years.
Corydoras paleatus is sometimes seen in the shops in its albino form, and they are one of the easier Corydoras species to breed. Hiding places should be provided in the tank as they do need to rest from the lighting periodically.
Thanks to Sayer for his picture. Other pictures were bought by aqua-fish.net from jjphoto.dk. | <urn:uuid:0d6247a6-2225-46a3-a0d2-f082a0348d4a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://en.aqua-fish.net/fish/peppered-corydoras | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662545548.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522125835-20220522155835-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.892784 | 470 | 2.875 | 3 |
|Surnames;LAMERSON,LAMBERTSON,LAMBERSON,LAMISON,LAMBSON,KING,TAULBEE,ADAMS,HOLLON,Lived in eastern Kentucky,Powell|
and Estill counties in the early 1800's Most of the
Lamerson's moved to Michigan as they followed the iron
smelting and timber trades.Jerry Lamberson was listed
in the 1860 census of Powell Co KY as age 59 born in PA.
also found a group of Lamerson's in Barnstable Co MA.
would like to establish a connection if there is one.
The early KY Lamerson's intermarried with the Taulbee's
Adams,King and Hollon Families.
Surnames;March immigrated from Germany circa 1860 were old German
Baptist Brethren,lived in PA and VA before moving to
CRAGO'S Part Miami Indian from the Huntington IN area.
I am just starting my family search and any help will
be appreciated.STAN LAMERSON | <urn:uuid:d094d246-2878-45ff-b9dd-4f97b2def167> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.genealogy.com/ftm/l/a/m/Stanley-J-Lamerson/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049278042.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002118-00235-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927008 | 224 | 2.578125 | 3 |
DEAF AND DUMB IN JEWISH LAW:
In Jewish legislation deaf and dumb persons are frequently classed with minors and idiots, and are considered unable to enter into transactions requiring responsibility and independence of will. They are regarded as irresponsible persons in the eye of the law, and in many cases their claims upon others, or the claims of others upon them, have no validity. Still, to preserve peace and order, the Rabbis made special provisions for this class in civil, criminal, and ritual cases.As Witnesses.
The deaf-mute, as well as the deaf or the mute, was not competent to be a witness to any transaction; for all testimony was given by word of mouth, and the witnesses had to be able to hear the exhortation of the court. There was only one exception to this rule, and that was in the case of an 'Agunah, where the testimony of deaf-mutes was sufficient to warrant her remarriage. No oath could be administered to deaf-mutes, nor could an oath be administered through charges brought by them (Maimonides, "Yad," To'en, v. 12; Shulḥan 'Aruk, Ḥoshen Mishpaṭ, 96, 5). To a dumb person, however, an oath could be administered, either by his writing out the formula of the oath above his signature, or by his assenting to the oath read before him by nodding his head in approval (Eisenstadt, "Pitḥe Teshubah," Shulḥan 'Aruk, ad loc.).
A deaf-mute who caused bodily injury to another person, or whose ox gored a man, could not be punished by the court, although an injury to him or to his possessions was punishable. The court, however, had to appoint a trustee for the ox that proved itself to be mischievous; and this trustee was then held responsible (B. Ḳ. 39a, 87a; "Yad," Nizḳe Mamon, vi. 3; ib. ḥobel, iv. 20; ḥoshen Mishpaṭ, 406, 5, and 424, 8).
The uninterrupted possession of real estate for three years, which, according to Jewish law, established one's claim to the land, was of no avail when the property belonged to a deaf-mute, or when the deaf-mute was the holder (To'en, xiii. 2; Ḥoshen Mishpaṭ, 149, 18).
The deaf-mute or the deaf, after he had satisfied the court as to his full understanding of the transaction under consideration, could buy and sell movable goods, but not real estate. The dumb, however, who was not deaf, might transact business and make gifts, even in real estate (Giṭ. 59a, 71a; "Yad," Mekirah, xxix. 2; Ḥoshen Mishpaṭ, 235, 17-19).
Since the deaf-mute had no legal power of acquiring property, if he found anything he was not entitled to the possession of it, and any one might take it away from him. The Rabbis, however, considered this an act of robbery; and in order to preserve the peace of the community, they decided that such property must be returned to him (Giṭ. 59b; "Yad," Gezelah, xvii. 12; Ḥoshen Mishpaṭ, 270, 1).Marriage.
According to Biblical law as interpreted by the Rabbis, the marriage of a deaf-mute was not valid; yet the Rabbis sanctioned such a marriage when contracted by signs. Since this was merely a rabbinical provision, it had not the same validity as a perfect marriage; and many complications often arose therefrom (Yeb. 112b; "Yad," Ishut, iv. 9; Shulḥan 'Aruk, Eben ha-'Ezer, 44, 1). A male deaf-mute was not permitted to perform the levirate ceremony ("ḥaliẓah"); nor could this ceremony be performed in the case of a deaf-mute woman (Eben ha-'Ezer, 172, 11).
Just as the male deaf-mute could marry by signs, so also could he divorce his wife by signs. The questions put to him in order to determine his full knowledge of the transaction, were at least three in number, two of which required a negative and one a positive answer, or vice versa. The deaf-mute and the mute were examined in the same manner, and a divorce was then granted by the court. But if at the time of marriage the husband had been perfectly sound, and he had become deaf and dumb after his marriage to the woman, the law did not permit him to divorce his wife (Yeb. 112b; "Yad," Gerushin, ii. 16, 17; Eben ha-'Ezer, 121, 5, 6).
In the case of a deaf-mute who was permitted to divorce his wife by signs, the court gave to the divorced woman, in addition to the regular bill of divorce ("geṭ"), a note which read as follows:
"On the day . . .—we, the undersigned, members of the court, sitting in a court of three, being of one mind—there came before us . . ., who made us understand by signs that he wished to divorce . . ., who was married to him by signs; and when he thus explained to us his intention by signs, we wrote this bill of divorce by which she becomes entirely divorced and free to be married to any man that she may desire, and none shall hinder her from that day forever. And this shall be unto her abill of dismissal, a document of release, and a letter of freedom according to the institutions of the Rabbis, and she shall be permitted to marry any man".
In ritual matters, similar restrictions were placed upon deaf-mutes. The deaf-mute and the deaf could not discharge the religious obligation of an Israelite to hear the blowing of the shofar on New-Year's Day, by blowing it before him, while the mute might do so (R. H. 29a; "Yad," Shofar, ii. 2; Shulḥan 'Aruk, Oraḥ Ḥayyim, 589, 2). The same law prevailed in reference to the reading of the Book of Esther ("Megillah") on Purim (Meg. 19b; "Yad," Megillah, i. 2; Oraḥ Ḥayyim, 689, 2).
The deaf-mute was not permitted to slaughter an animal; but if he did slaughter one, and others saw that it was done in accordance with the prescribed rules, its flesh could be eaten. Neither was the deaf allowed to slaughter; but if he did slaughter an animal, although no one saw him do it, its flesh could also be eaten. The mute might slaughter, if some one pronounced the blessing for him (Ḥul. 2a; "Yad," Sheḥiṭah, iv. 5, 9; Shulḥan 'Aruk, Yoreh De'ah, i. 5 and 7).
- Bloch, Der Vertrag, ch. ii., Budapest, 1893;
- Mielziner, Jewish Law of Marriage and Divorce, p. 70, Cincinnati, 1884. | <urn:uuid:0b764e15-875e-4561-8eb3-7e7c3cef3391> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5016-deaf-and-dumb-in-jewish-law | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929869.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00140-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982843 | 1,607 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Welcome Pre-Service Educator
If you are a student in college preparing to be a teacher or a student in an alternative teacher certification program, you need to be prepared before you hit the classroom. And it is never too early to strengthen your content knowledge in science, technology, engineering and mathematics and to begin building your portfolio of skills and resources.
Current NASA Opportunities for Pre-Service Educators
We at NASA STEM EPDC are here to help direct you and offer additional custom opportunities to make you even more outstanding. Here are five things that you can do right now to get started:
1. Sign up for NASA Express and receive a weekly email highlighting educational opportunities.
2. Sign up for a Free Webinar delivered by a NASA STEM EPDC Education Specialist. See the options on our EVENTS list now.
3. Look-up a NASA related lesson for the grade and content area you plan on teaching. You can find lessons that focus not only on earth science, planetary science and mathematics, but also lessons in history and technology.
4. Check out the images in the NASA image galleries and download an educator’s guide that shows you how to use these images and supporting data in your classroom.
5. Read John Weis’ blog about cool NASA Apps to use in your classroom. Download one now and try it out! How might you integrate it into a science or math lessons. | <urn:uuid:fc8f47c3-219c-424a-8184-6eaf322caa8a> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.txstate-epdc.net/educators/pre-service-educators/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656675.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609100535-20230609130535-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.90451 | 293 | 2.578125 | 3 |
“The wearing of the full veil is the tip of the iceberg,”
“There are scandalous practices hidden behind this veil,”
“Can we accept covered faces in the 21st century in our streets and in the public space? That’s the question,”
– Andre Gerin, President, French Parliamentary Mission on the Full Veil.
“The burqa plays out as something more spectacular than the minaret as a political symbol,”
“It hides the face. It seems alien. There’s something a bit appalling about it, and it relates specifically to what is seen as a dangerous part of the world and to an extreme variant of Islam. Using the burqa is a very smart political strategy.”
– Pap Ndiaye, School for Advanced Studies in Social Sciences, Paris
The report recommends:
A parliamentary vote supporting the rejection of the full veil:
a symbolic move designed to demonstrate that “all of France” rejects the full veil and that it should be “prohibited in the French Republic”.
A ban on the wearing of the veil in public institutions:
Rather than opting for an outright ban on the veil as proposed by Jean-Francois Copé, the commission recommends that the ban should only apply to public places – hospitals, post offices, public transport and the like. Even so, the proposal carries significant legal risks, including the possibility that the ban may contravene European Human rights legislation.
The commission seeks to avoid stigmatising the 1,900 women in France who wear the veil, and by extension the wider Muslim community. The report recommends ongoing educational programmes aimed at reducing fundamentalism and promoting France’s republican values.
Measures to reduce stigmatising the French Muslim community:
Less discussed than the veil issue, the report also recommends measures aimed at the wider Muslim community, including the creation of a “national school of Islamic studies”, debates on the nature of Islamophobia, direct aid for the building of mosques and Islamic cultural centres, and the creation of new national holidays to celebrate religious festivals such as the Islamic Eid and Judaism’s Yom Kippur. However, some of these proposals were not unanimously approved by the commission, and are included in the report simply as “individual suggestions”. | <urn:uuid:f9aba4ff-2672-44ca-b463-a1131126e17a> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://thekickinghorse.wordpress.com/2010/01/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815918.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224172043-20180224192043-00619.warc.gz | en | 0.940305 | 484 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Pope Francis moves beyond Europe with first class of cardinals
Pope Francis named his first group of new cardinals, often called “princes of the church,” last week. The 19 men will be formally appointed next month. Media reports have observed that Francis, the first pope from outside Europe in modern times, chose several cardinals from the developing world.
Francis’ immediate predecessor, Pope Benedict XVI, selected 90 cardinals over five consistories during his nearly eight-year papacy. More than half of those (52) were from Europe, and the conclave that elected Francis was heavily European. By contrast, just eight of Francis’ 19 picks are from Europe and six are from the Latin America-Caribbean region, which is home to 39% of the world’s Catholics. Nine of Benedict’s 90 cardinals (10%) were from Latin America and the Caribbean.
The job of each cardinal is two-fold – to advise the pope and elect his successor. In 1973, Pope Paul VI set a ceiling on the number of cardinals who could elect the pope at 120. After the age of 80, cardinals can no longer vote in the gathering of papal electors, called a conclave. The elevation of a group of bishops to the office of cardinal takes place at a formal meeting called a consistory. Most cardinals either lead dioceses, or Vatican departments.
In the middle ages, when the church was democratic, priests elected bishops, who elected the pope. Cardinals were simply the priests leading the most important parishes in Rome. Through the centuries, church leaders decided cardinals should represent the growing church around the world.
Topics: Religious Leaders
Michael Lipka is an editor focusing on religion at Pew Research Center. | <urn:uuid:a40effd8-125e-4c94-9477-668a3bfb6178> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/01/21/geography-of-catholics-and-cardinals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936469016.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074109-00268-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973244 | 365 | 3.46875 | 3 |
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What if we told you that there is a type of mushroom that can offer numerous health benefits and has been used for centuries in traditional medicine?
This is where the Blue Meanie mushroom enters the picture. This potent mushroom has a history of usage that dates back to ancient times, and its unique properties are the reason why it is gaining popularity again today.
This mushroom is a type of Psilocybin mushroom, which is native to Australia and Southeast Asia. It has been used by indigenous communities for spiritual and medicinal purposes for centuries. The mushroom gets its name from its striking blue color when bruised or cut, which is a result of the oxidation of psilocin, one of its active compounds.
The Blue Meanie mushroom contains psilocybin, which is the primary psychoactive compound responsible for its mind-altering effects. When consumed, psilocybin is metabolized into psilocin, which then acts on the central nervous system to produce its effects. In addition to its psychoactive properties, the mushroom has been found to have several health benefits, including reduced anxiety and depression, increased creativity, improved self-awareness, and a reduction in symptoms associated with various psychiatric disorders.
Studies have shown that the mushroom has a positive effect on the brain, leading to a decrease in symptoms associated with anxiety and depression. This is due to the mushroom’s ability to regulate neurotransmitters such as serotonin, which play a key role in regulating mood and emotions. The mushroom has also been found to have neuroprotective properties, which may help to protect against various neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
In conclusion, the Blue Meanie mushroom is a potent and versatile supplement that offers numerous health benefits. Its history of use in traditional medicine, combined with recent studies that have confirmed its effectiveness, make it a promising option for those looking to improve their overall health and well-being. However, it is important to remember that like all supplements, the mushroom should be used in moderation and under the supervision of a healthcare professional.
The Blue Meanie mushroom is a species of mushroom that is known for its potent psychoactive properties. It contains the active compound psilocybin, which can produce mind-altering effects when consumed.
The active compounds in Blue Meanie mushrooms are psilocybin and psilocin. These compounds are responsible for the mind-altering effects that the mushroom can produce.
The mushroom affects the brain by altering neurotransmitter levels, particularly serotonin. This can result in changes in mood, perception, and thought patterns.
This mushroom is believed to have several health benefits, including its ability to positively impact anxiety and depression, as well as its potential neuroprotective properties. However, further research is needed to fully understand its effects.
There is evidence that the mushroom may be effective in treating anxiety and depression, but further research is needed. It is important to only use the Blue Meanie mushroom under the supervision of a healthcare professional.
The safety of the mushroom can vary depending on factors such as the individual’s health, dosage, and method of use. It is important to only use the mushroom under the supervision of a healthcare professional.
The mushroom can cause side effects such as paranoia, anxiety, and hallucinations. It is important to only use the mushroom under the supervision of a healthcare professional to minimize the risk of adverse effects.
The mushroom should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, who can determine the appropriate dosage and method of use.
The mushroom has been used for traditional and spiritual purposes for thousands of years. More recently, it has been the subject of scientific research into its potential health benefits.
The legality of the mushroom can vary depending on the country or state. In some places, it is illegal to cultivate, possess, or use the mushroom, while in others it may be decriminalized or legal for medicinal use.
JOIN THE COMMUNITY | <urn:uuid:d41a4495-986c-4609-88b4-8b415cf6af5b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://greenserenity.co/blue-meanie/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510520.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929154432-20230929184432-00624.warc.gz | en | 0.958518 | 825 | 2.765625 | 3 |
There certainly is not as much excitement - be it among scientists or the general public - over barley as there was over oats during the 1980s and 1990s.
Back then there was much talk about the soluble fiber in oats helping to reduce blood cholesterol. Yet barley contains more soluble fiber as well as more total fiber than oats. Some scientific studies suggest that barley is even more effective than oats in reducing blood cholesterol.
In fact, barley has more fiber than any other grains. Moreover, the fiber is present throughout the grain, not just in the skin or bran. Sp pearl barley, which has its bran removed, still contains a fair amount of fiber. Click here to learn more about the health benefits of barley from fiber.
The health benefits of barley, are not just due to its content of fiber. To me, barley's most important health benefit is not even "scientific" but has to do with its role in traditional medicibne.
Barley to cool the body
Traditional Chinese Mecidine has long recognised the health benefits of barley, which is considered a "cooling" food that helps brings down the body temperature. And the best way to achieve this cooling effect is to drink barley water, the water obtained from boiling barley.
This is not just for countering hot summer or tropical heat. More importantly, it reduces internal body heat and can be an effective fever remedy.
The Chinese concept of "heatiness" is not the same as that of a fever associated with illness such as bacterial or viral infection. It could just as well result from tiredness, especially lack of sleep, that makes the body feel hot inside. Or it could be due to eating excessive amounts of "heaty foods" such as deep fried foods, chilli, most spices and chocolate.
There may or may not be other symptoms such as sore throat and dry cough. Also there may or may not be an increase in body temperature. Symptoms like sore throat and dry cough, without fever, are also considered "heaty" and might be helped with "cooling drinks" such as barley water.
Other cooling drinks in Traditional Chinese Medicine include most herbal teas such as chrysanthenum tea and winter melon drink. Note also that "cooling" in this case refers to the effect of the drink and not its temperature. Hot barley water will cool the body - in fact more effectively than cold drinks because hot drinks promote perspiration. Cold drinks are generally discouraged anyway.
Incidentally, beer is also considered cooling - as opposed to cognac / brandy, which warms the body.
Related to the health benefits of barley in cooling the body, barley is considered in Chinese medicine to be nourishing for the liver. All grains with a line down the middle - including barley, wheat, oats and buckwheat, called "mugi" in Japanese - are classified as having tree / wood or "upward rising" energy that nourishes the liver (which, in the human anatomy, is also an "upward rising" organ).
Barley is thus considered helpful in detoxifying the liver and this detox effect reduces body heat.
Barley for diabetes
In Ayurveda, the Indian traditional medicine, the health benefits of barley include a possible cure for diabetes. Ayurveda texts mention a "sweet urine disease", which is presumably same as diabetes. The remedy is to have the patient switch from eating rice to eating barley.
Modern scientific confirms the possible health benefits of barley in helping prevent or even reverse diabetes.
In 2009, Japanese researchers at the University of Tokushima reported that study subjects had lower blood glucose levels if they switched from eating rice to eating barley. Incidentally, barley was traditionally the staple food for the poor in Japan.
Another study by Dutch researchers (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, January 2010) found similar health benefits of barley. In this study, 10 healthy men were made to eat either cooked barley kernels or refined wheat bread for dinner. The next morning, they were given a high glycemic index breakfast comprising 50 grams of glucose. Those who ate barley the night before were found to have 30 percent better insulin sensitivity the next morning after breakfast.
And so on. The health benefits of barley in controlling blood sugar levels has been repeatedly confirmed. I will just mention another study, where barley was shown to do a better job than oats.
The role of barley in controlling blood sugar, however, that if you are on diabetes mediciation, you need to monitor yoour blood sugar level more carefully when you eat barley. You may need to reduce your medication, which will be a good thing.
Barley against fat and cholesterol
While a lot of research has been done on the effects of oats in reducing blood cholesterol, barley appears to be even more effective. Here, most of the studies were done on health benefits of barley beta-glucan, the type of soluble fiber found in barley.
Similar results were obtained in an earlier study reported in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, November 2004. In this study, 25 adults with mildly high cholesterol were fed whole grain foods containing 0g, 3g or 6g of barley beta-glucan per day for five weeks. Blood analyses done twice weekly showed that eating barley beta glucan significantly decreased both total cholesterol and LDL or “bad” cholesterol.
In a 2007 study, Japanese researchers followed 44 men with high cholesterol for twelve weeks, as the men ate either white rice diet or a mixture of rice and high-beta-glucan pearl barley. The researchers found that barley significantly reduced blood cholesterol and visceral fat - that is, fat around the body organs. (Plant Foods and Human Nutrition, March 2008).
Barley for weight control
Finally, the high fiber content means that the health benefits of barley could include weight control.
Studies have been done on Prowashonupana barley, which is a variety of barley with an exceptionally high fiber content of 30 percent, versus 17 percent for most other varieties. These studies show, for example, that Prowashonupana barley slows down digestion and that people given a breakfast bar containing Prowashonupana barley would subsequently eat less during lunch.
Since regular barley still contains more fiber than most other whole grains, particularly brown rice, it would be reasonable to conclude that the benefits would still be felt, though to a lesser extent.
Barley vs other whole grains
The many health benefits of barley do not mean, however, that we should eat only or mainly barley. Each type of grain has its value. For example, different grains contain different types of antioxidants.
There are also general benefits of whole grains - for example, all types of whole grains have been found to help reduce high blood pressure. Barley, however, has been much neglected in recent years - in fact, in recent centuries!
It is time we pay more attention to it.
New! CommentsHave your say about what you just read! Kindly leave a comment in the box below. | <urn:uuid:a7038f42-83e9-47d6-b352-7558525c144b> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.best-natural-foods.com/health-benefits-of-barley.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257826908.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071026-00006-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962098 | 1,438 | 3.125 | 3 |
I love the simplicity of the Robinson Curriculum.
The 3 R’s are at the core- to read, to write, and to do math.
The other thing I appreciate is that it is a complete curriculum;
meaning that everything you need is already available for use.
Language Arts is one of those things.
RC equips the student well by way of quality reading, exposure to daily writings,
and the availability to utilize the grammar, spelling, and McGuffey readers as needed.
The overall consensus is that writing skills (aka grammar, spelling, punctuation, etc) will improve over time by simply being consistent with the reading and writing. The literature in RC displays quality grammar, so the children absorb it by daily exposure. However, some folks feel the need to implement more. I am one of those people.
So this post is to show you how to implement language arts utilizing what RC already provides.
Language Arts tools available in the Robinson Curriculum:
1. A complete vocabulary program which includes:
-Vocabulary List – a list of the words and definitions
– Word Find – containing the vocabulary words as clues
– Crossword Puzzle – with clues to words across and down
– Word Find – containing definitions as clues
– Matching Game – matching words with definitions
along with available flashcards.
Professor Klugimkopf’s Grammar:
Primer and Main Course levels available.
Yes, this is our home-printed book that has gone through 4 years of usage now.
Professor Klugimkopf’s Spelling Method:
includes spelling rules, word families, and homonym studies
Readers are based on reading levels, not to be confused with grade levels.
Primer: 1st grade
1st Reader: 1st–2nd grades
2nd Reader: 3rd–4th grades
3rd Reader: 5th–6th grades
4th Reader: 6th–8th grades
5th Reader: 7th grade–college sophomore
6th Reader: 9th grade–college senior
HOW TO BEGIN
I have a vast age range to teach.
(an upcoming 1st, 3rd, 7th, & 12th grader).
Much of what I do I integrate for all ages, and the student works to their abilities.
To start with, we study one grammar concept per month and build upon it.
Here is our common basic outline:
The 8 parts of speech (& more)
August- prepositional phrases
September- nouns (1 week emphasis each on concrete, abstract, proper, & pronouns)
November- verbs (state of being, helping, action, etc)
December- adverbs, appositives
January- conjunctions, interjections, and articles
February- subject/predicates, (older kids include predicate nominative, adjective nominative, & direct objects)
March- 4 types of sentences, basic punctuation review including end marks and quotations.
April- commas, semi-colons vs colons
May- hyphens vs dashes, apostrophes
We work through the grammar lessons, and apply them to our McGuffey reader lessons.
McGuffey readers we use one lesson per week as follows:
Monday- Read McG lesson, list words;
Discuss in some depth the grammar topic at hand, by reading about in the grammar book listed above.
Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday- Copy work
My 6 yr practices letters and some words; working towards a sentence.
My 9 yr old writes a few sentences, working towards a paragraph (a newbie reader and weak writer)
My 12 & 17 yr old write a few paragraphs.
Copywork is enough for the younger kids, but secondary learning levels also have an assigned essay, which includes adding 3 vocabulary words into their assignment.
Friday– oral spelling quiz, and dictation (younger kids);
being able to write properly what I read out loud- adjust as necessary per child’s ability.
I also write sentences daily (on our white board, often from their copywork), and we break down what we have learned.
Example: The beaver is found chiefly in North America.
prep. phrase- in North America (parenthesize)
subject noun- beaver (underline once)
verb- is found (underline twice)
adverb- chiefly (marked above w/ ‘adv’) etc…
*this is not instantly like this, but built upon each concept covered as the months go on* youngest kids just listen, middle kids are learning the concept, older kids are reviewing.
PROF “K” SPELLING is based off of a Word Family style:
I use a large white dry erase board for my big family, but can easily be written/typed on paper next to the student.
‘Notes on Homonyms’ jingles are written on the board, which I will break up into sections if it is a long one.
The children copy it, then match up all the homonyms.
Unfamiliar words will be listed as Vocabulary.
Example of a “Notes on Homonyms” jingle:
Lean and mean;
A lien of property;
a person of gentle mien.
lean – lien; mean- mien (matched homonyms)
Vocab words- lien, mien (the students are told to use a dictionary)
Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday- *the above lesson is on the long e sound, thus we will learn the variety of word families that use the long e sound.
I would list -eed on the board.
I give them 2 minutes to come up with all the words they can using that.
deed, feed, weed, need would be common;
freed, speed would take some pondering;
breed, creed, & tweed would be a “oh yeah” thought (often after I share it with them).
Friday- oral spelling test/vocab test, and a dictation quiz as listed above from the McGuffey lesson.
Word games are played such as Scrabble or Boggle.
Note: We have tried many grammar styles and curriculums. I do not find outlining to be necessary.
What RC provides is plenty sufficient, and this is just one family’s way of doing it because it works for us.
Here is a photo of our whiteboard. Obviously, you don’t need one that big, and paper is even sufficient, to be honest. This is one of our first lessons of the year. A sample of spelling is up there, and the grammar lesson at hand was actually an introduction to prepositional phrase (over the hill) (through the woods) (to Grandmother’s house). My explanations above seems long, so I wanted you to have a visual of how easy it is to implement, and it simply takes only few minutes a day.
fast and chaotic gets us confused, especially when it comes to grammar! | <urn:uuid:863349ea-1e0b-44f3-b1e4-fa1d7672780d> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://travelingthenarrowroad.wordpress.com/our-curriculum-2013-2014/why-the-robinson-curriculum/language-arts-with-rc/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815934.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224191934-20180224211934-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.927935 | 1,494 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Five Species Feeling the Heat from Methane
Methane is the second most prevalent gas in the U.S., after carbon dioxide, and is an extremely potent greenhouse gas, with 80 times the warming impacts of carbon dioxide over a 20 year period.
Reducing methane emissions is of the utmost importance for wildlife like the five species listed below, who continue to be negatively impacted by oil and gas development:
Mule deer are a popular game species throughout the Western United States. However, oil and gas exploration and development have contributed to the decline of mule deer populations in recent years. Since the 1970s, biologists in Colorado, Wyoming and Utah have seen deer populations drop by 50 percent.
According to a recent report, energy development contributes to habitat loss, migration barriers, and toxin ingestion, all of which have the potential to exacerbate mule deer population decline. In addition to the challenge of energy infrastructure, the effects from climate change are also negatively impacting this once common species.
San Joaquin kit fox
This tiny fox with big ears is found only in the San Joaquin Valley in California and is listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The small fox’s range used to cover most of the valley, but development, including oil and gas projects, has degraded and fragmented its habitat. What remains of the fox’s habitat is isolated, with little left of the habitat corridors it needs to travel between open spaces.
Other desert species that share the kit fox’s habitat are the blunt-nosed leopard lizard and the giant kangaroo rat. The giant kangaroo rat is a food source for the fox, and the blunt-nosed leopard lizard lives in the abandoned fox and rat burrows.
This delicate dryland ecosystem has the potential to be harmed by climate change as well as by further oil and gas development. These arid ecosystems already have little in the way of water resources, so more extreme weather and drought has the potential to add pressure to this already vulnerable landscape.
This slow moving reptile is a very specialized species which has adapted to extreme environments in the southwest desert ecosystems of the US. Like the San Joaquin kit fox, the desert tortoise is also listed under the ESA. Because it is so carefully adjusted to its environment, any changes that occur have the potential to harm its survival. Some desert tortoise populations in the Western Mojave Desert region of California have declined by almost 90 percent in the past 40 years.
Climate change projections show that the desert tortoise will face even more obstacles in the future. As a reptile, these tortoise have a very limited ability to regulate their body temperature, so they must retreat underground when temperatures climb too high. As the climate warms this will limit the amount of time they have to forage. Drought will also limit their food supply of grasses and wildflowers, which they also depend on for water. In addition to these severe threats, oil and gas development and the resulting roads, pipelines, and other infrastructure will lead to even more habitat loss and fragmentation.
This small ground dwelling bird is found throughout much of the Western United States and prefers open grassland and prairie habitat. Oil and gas development has resulted in fragmented habitat, new potential perches for predators, an increase in disruptive noise (which makes it hard for the owl to hear prey), and an increase in nest abandonment. These challenges have had an impact on the tiny owls, and the threat posed by climate change also has the potential to impact the owl’s arid habitats. Drought caused by climate change can reduce the owl’s food sources, increase the risk of fire, and reduce nest success.
This unique species is the fastest land animal in North America with herds that roam the western grasslands in states like Wyoming, Montana, and Colorado. Unfortunately, pronghorn populations have declined by 40 percent since 1984, partly as a result of oil and gas development blocking their migration routes. The shifts in temperature and precipitation that would result from climate change will also have a significant impact on the grassland and sagebrush habitats on which these already declining pronghorn populations rely.Take Action
The federal regulations proposed by the EPA and BLM are needed to protect our wildlife and wild places, and the EPA should issue additional rules to limit methane emissions from existing oil and gas sources as soon as possible. With the recent stay issued by the Supreme Court, the need for our government to find every possible avenue to act on climate change is of the utmost importance. Reducing methane waste is straightforward and long overdue.Take Action | <urn:uuid:f6b87428-1aed-4bfa-98b3-88cac384fe02> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://blog.nwf.org/2016/03/five-species-feeling-the-heat-from-methane/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258621.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526025014-20190526051014-00506.warc.gz | en | 0.952959 | 936 | 3.640625 | 4 |
A report published by the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University states that poor parenting directly correlates to teenage substance abuse. This report is based on a study that includes approximately 1,000 teenagers and 300 of their parents.
The study found that the abuse of prescription drugs has increased significantly with 19 percent of teenagers citing that it is easier to get their hands on prescriptions drugs than beer, marijuana, or cigarettes. A third of teens said that they could get the drugs from friends or peers, while 34 percent said they could obtain the drugs at home or from their parents. Parenting mistakes like unconsciously leaving prescription drugs around the house inadvertently aid in children’s easy access to the stash.
Twenty percent of teens have abused prescription drugs at some time and 10 percent have abused cough medicine specifically, according to Partnership for a Drug-Free America, a non-profit organization. Teens who abuse prescription drugs think that these medications are safe because they cure sickness, without considering the consequences of self-medication.
What parents can do to prevent drug abuse
Parents should take the lead by keeping tabs on their children on school nights. This would help to minimize the chances of their children experimenting with alcohol and drugs. The report noted that although 14 percent of parents knew their children’s whereabouts on schools nights, 46 percent of teens actually go out, many of them without parental consent. This discrepancy indicates a breakdown of communication in the home.
All the more worrisome is that only 17 percent of parents and 28 percent of teens surveyed perceived drugs to be a major concern. Parents believe their children should focus more on avoiding cigarettes rather than marijuana, in the mistaken belief that marijuana is not addictive. This can be attributed to the fact that while there has been a cooperative effort made in understanding the dangers of cigarettes, the same cannot be said for marijuana education.
Parents need to understand that as role models their behavior is a direct example of how their children learn right from wrong. Parents should set a good example by taking care of their health and eating well. Families should spend meals together and interact regularly to stay current on each other’s lives. Strong ties within a family will decrease the likelihood that children will turn to drugs. | <urn:uuid:ee1a4c0c-076a-45c1-aea0-0822213edcde> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.greatdad.com/kids/poor-parenting-s-role-in-teen-substance-abuse/print/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027318243.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20190823083811-20190823105811-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.968163 | 453 | 3.03125 | 3 |
FUZZY LOGIC - AN INTRODUCTION
by Steven D. Kaehler
This is the third in a series of six articles intended to share information and experience in the realm of fuzzy logic (FL) and its application. This article and the three to follow will take a more detailed look at how FL works by walking through a simple example. Informational references are included at the end of this article for interested readers.
THE RULE MATRIX
In the last article the concept of linguistic variables was presented. The fuzzy parameters of error (command-feedback) and error-dot (rate-of-change-of-error) were modified by the adjectives "negative", "zero", and "positive". To picture this, imagine the simplest practical implementation, a 3-by-3 matrix. The columns represent "negative error", "zero error", and "positive error" inputs from left to right. The rows represent "negative", "zero", and "positive" "error-dot" input from top to bottom. This planar construct is called a rule matrix. It has two input conditions, "error" and "error-dot", and one output response conclusion (at the intersection of each row and column). In this case there are nine possible logical product (AND) output response conclusions.
Although not absolutely necessary, rule matrices usually have an odd number of rows and columns to accommodate a "zero" center row and column region. This may not be needed as long as the functions on either side of the center overlap somewhat and continuous dithering of the output is acceptable since the "zero" regions correspond to "no change" output responses the lack of this region will cause the system to continually hunt for "zero". It is also possible to have a different number of rows than columns. This occurs when numerous degrees of inputs are needed. The maximum number of possible rules is simply the product of the number of rows and columns, but definition of all of these rules may not be necessary since some input conditions may never occur in practical operation. The primary objective of this construct is to map out the universe of possible inputs while keeping the system sufficiently under control.
STARTING THE PROCESS
The first step in implementing FL is to decide exactly what is to be controlled and how. For example, suppose we want to design a simple proportional temperature controller with an electric heating element and a variable-speed cooling fan. A positive signal output calls for 0-100 percent heat while a negative signal output calls for 0-100 percent cooling. Control is achieved through proper balance and control of these two active devices.
WHAT IS BEING CONTROLLED AND HOW:
Linguistic rules describing the control system consist of two parts; an antecedent block (between the IF and THEN) and a consequent block (following THEN). Depending on the system, it may not be necessary to evaluate every possible input combination (for 5-by-5 & up matrices) since some may rarely or never occur. By making this type of evaluation, usually done by an experienced operator, fewer rules can be evaluated, thus simplifying the processing logic and perhaps even improving the FL system performance.
Linguistic variables are used to represent an FL system's operating parameters. The rule matrix is a simple graphical tool for mapping the FL control system rules. It accommodates two input variables and expresses their logical product (AND) as one output response variable. To use, define the system using plain-English rules based upon the inputs, decide appropriate output response conclusions, and load these into the rule matrix.
"Fundamentals of Fuzzy Logic: Parts 1,2,3" by G. Anderson (SENSORS, March-May 1993).
"Fuzzy Logic Flowers in Japan" by D.G. Schartz & G.J. Klir (IEEE Spectrum, July 1992, pp. 32-35).
"Fuzzy Logic Makes Guesswork of Computer Control" by Gail M. Robinson (Design News, Vol. 47, Nov. 28, 1991, pp. 21).
"Fuzzy Logic Outperforms PID Controller" by P. Basehore (PCIM, March 1993).
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Alternatively known as (International) Labor Day or International Workers Day, the first of May is celebrated across Europe and beyond with marches, protests, and celebration of wins like the 8-hour work day and the 40-hour week that were won by union activists like the ones who pioneered the first May Day strikes. I strongly recommend this week’s episode of the WNYC radio program On the Media (one of my NPR favorites!) about the history of this movement.
International Workers’ Day is celebrated with rallies and protests all over the world on May 1st, but it’s not a big deal in the United States. Last May, Brooke [Gladstone, of On the Media,] spoke with Donna Haverty-Stacke of Hunter College, CUNY about the American origin of May Day — and about how it has come to be forgotten. The first national turnout for worker’s rights in the U.S. was on May 1, 1886; contrary to what you may have heard elsewhere, it wasn’t the same thing as the Haymarket Affair. Haverty-Stacke is also author of America’s Forgotten Holiday: May Day and Nationalism, 1867–1960, and she explains that the fight over May 1st, or May Day, is also about the fight for American identity and what it means to be radical and patriotic at the same time.Justice Interruptus | On the Media | WNYC
Expect the yellow vest movement to mark May Day with continuing protests, now 25+ weeks’ strong in France, where May Day is particularly popular. Trade unionists and other leftists already turned out in support of the gilet jaune (yellow vests) last weekend.
Venezuela‘s opposition leader Juan Guaido is calling for massive demonstrations on Wednesday for May Day.
Closer to home, the teachers of North and South Carolina are planning to walk out, demanding better for their students:
In addition to improved wages, teachers are demanding the hiring of staff such as counselors, nurses, and librarians, a $15 wage for all non-teaching staff, a 5 percent cost of living adjustment for retirees, and a reinstatement of retiree health benefits for teachers hired after 2021. They are also seeking an expansion of Medicaid to benefit lower-income children and their families.
One teacher, Sherri Jones Laupert, posted on the North Carolina Teachers United Facebook, “We have multiple students with life-threatening conditions, such as juvenile diabetes, seizure disorders, etc, at our school. There is a nurse who comes through a couple of times per week, but it is their teachers who are expected to be the full-time nurses for those children (while also educating and caring for 22+ other students!)…MAKE NO MISTAKE…there’s not enough support staff in every N.C. school! Not by a long shot.”US teachers in the Carolinas to hold mass protests on May Day |
World Socialist Website
Unions will also be marching in New York City and on the South Side of Chicago Wednesday, followed by the Youth Climate Strike on Friday, May 3rd. Strikes and marches will happen in a handful of other places across the United States….
Find your local march today! | <urn:uuid:7fe0d09f-aea3-4bc7-be03-427602eaf71a> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://bymaryah.com/2019/04/29/may-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500035.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202165041-20230202195041-00862.warc.gz | en | 0.957782 | 683 | 2.640625 | 3 |
I have just finished Benjamin Franklin’s autobiography (full text here), a short and entertaining read written in 18th century English. Once you get used to the prose, it becomes very enjoyable to read. I learned a lot about the founding father, his life and travels (including that he started writing the autobiography just across the Seine, in 1784), his views, skills, inventions and various projects as a public servant.
But the reason I bought this book is less historical than personal: I wanted to learn about his 13 virtues and how they helped him become a better person. I have my own daily habit (S.W.A.L.L.O.W.S., see the end of this article) and am keen to learn about others’.
It is rare to have such a great man’s testimony, especially from centuries earlier, including his daily habits and efforts for daily self-improvement. Portraits and books sometimes hide the complex personalities and daily accounts, which this autobiography nicely hints to.
“Human felicity is produc’d not so much by great pieces of good fortune that seldom happens, as by little advantages that occur every day.”
Franklin wrote about his 13 virtues as a way to be more proficient at work, more disciplined in life and happier with the people he spent time with. He says that they did not guide every single day of his life since coming up with them, rather did he use the list as a moral compass.
The book does not say how much he abode by them as part of his “bold and arduous Project of arriving at moral Perfection” throughout his life, nor that he lived by them consistently anywhere he went. Yet, they underline a desire for exemplarity that I admire and that participated in his well-being: he says he “fell far short of it, yet […] by the Endeavour of it made a better and happier Man.”
“I grew convinc’d that truth, sincerity and integrity on dealings between man and man were of the utmost importance to the felicity of life; […] I had therefore a tolerable character to begin the world with; I valued it properly, and I determin’d to preserve it.”
So what are Benjamin Franklin’s 13 virtues?
- Temperance Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation.
- Silence Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation.
- Order Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time.
- Resolution Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.
- Frugality Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e., waste nothing.
- Industry Lose no time; be always employ’d in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions.
- Sincerity Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly.
- Justice Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty.
- Moderation Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve.
- Cleanliness Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, cloths, or habitation.
- Tranquility Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.
- Chastity Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another’s peace or reputation.
- Humility Imitate Jesus and Socrates.
The latter is a bit mysterious, as it doesn’t explain virtue #13. Of course, everyone knows Jesus and Socrates, but how do they embody humility? This blog says it’s about engaging into uncomfortable conversations, this one says it’s a precept to pride (or lack of it) and this discussion says it’s about vanity (or refusal of it). Let the injunction be Franklin’s mystery.
As for how to acquire and sustain these virtues, Franklin worked on each during one week. The first of 13 weeks, he would pay particular attention to Temperance; the second, to Silence; the third, to Order etc. He decided that 13 virtues were either necessary or desirable, arranged them so that the first acquired could help in assimilating the second, and so on…
“My intention being to acquire the habitude of all these virtues, I judg’d it would be well not to distract my attention by attempting the whole at once, but to fix it on one of them at a time; and, when I should be master of that, then to proceed to another, and so on […]. Temperance tends to procure that coolness and clearness of head, […]. This being acquir’d and establish’d, Silence would be more easy.”
He used a notebook divided in pages, where tables would be filled with dots for each fault – or lack of virtue – to track his progress. The whole cycle took him, there being 13 virtues to track, a bit more than 3 months.
I enter’d upon the execution of this plan for self-examination, and continu’d it with occasional intermissions for some time. I was surpris’d to find myself so much fuller of faults than I had imagined; but I had the satisfaction of seeing them diminish.
But as time passed, Franklin did so less regularly. His busy schedule, his travels and other occupations took more time (and maybe he had internalized the virtues, needing less self-examination?).
After a while I went thro’ one course only in a year, and afterward only one in several years, till at length I omitted them entirely, being employ’d in voyages and business abroad, with a multiplicity of affairs that interfered; but I always carried my little book with me.
He always kept his little book, reminding him of the 13 virtues that would make him a morally virtuous man. By writing them down, he not only shared his wisdom with his son – for whom the autobiography was initially intended – but also with the world.
Now, whenever I will walk, run or cycle through Passy, I will remember that Benjamin Franklin sat there over 200 years ago. And I will try to remember the 13 virtues by heart.
Thank you for reading. | <urn:uuid:0fae85d6-61da-4560-876c-59faa8d62791> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://yannigroth.com/2020/02/21/benjamin-franklins-list-of-13-virtues/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649105.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603032950-20230603062950-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.974904 | 1,346 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Summary and Keywords
Owing to advances in communication technology, the human race now possesses more opportunities to interact with interpersonal partners than ever before. Particularly in recent decades, such technology has become increasingly faster, mobile, and powerful. Although tablets, smartphones, and social media are relatively new, the impetus behind their development is old, as throughout history humans have developed mechanisms for communicating ideas that transcend inherent temporal and spatial limitations of face-to-face communication. In the ancient past, humans developed writing and the alphabet to preserve knowledge across time, with the later development of the printing press further facilitating the mass distribution of written ideas. Later, the telegraph was arguably the first technology to separate communication from transportation, and the telephone enabled people at a distance to hear the warmth and intimacy of the human voice. The development of the Internet consolidates and advances these technologies by facilitating pictorial and video interactions, and the mobility provided by cell phones and other technologies makes the potential for communication with interpersonal partners nearly ubiquitous. As such, these technologies reconfigure perception of time and space, creating the sense of a smaller world where people can begin and manage interpersonal relationships across geographic distance.
These developments in communication technology influence interpersonal processes in at least four ways. First, they introduce media choice as a salient question in interpersonal relationships. As recently as the late 20th century, people faced relatively few options for communicating with interpersonal partners; by the early years of the 21st century, people possessed a sometimes bewildering array of channel choices. Moreover, these choices matter because of the relational messages they send; for example, choosing to end a romantic relationship over the phone may communicate more sensitivity than choosing to do so via text messaging, or publicly on social media. Second, communication technology affords new opportunities to begin relationships and, through structural features of the media, shape how those meetings occur. The online dating industry generates over $1 billion in profit, with most Americans agreeing it is a good way to meet romantic partners; friendships also form online around shared interests and through connections on social media. Third, communication technology alters the practices people use to maintain interpersonal relationships. In addition to placing traditional forms of relational maintenance in more public spaces, social media facilitates passive browsing as a strategy for keeping up with interpersonal partners. Moreover, mobile technology affords partners increased geographic and temporal flexibility when keeping contact with partners, yet simultaneously, it may produce feelings of over-connectedness that hamper the desire for personal autonomy. Fourth, communication technology makes interpersonal networks more visibly manifest and preserves their continuity over time. This may provide an ongoing convoy of social support and, through increased efficiency, augment the size and diversity of social networks.
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If you have purchased a print title that contains an access token, please see the token for information about how to register your code. | <urn:uuid:74a52396-0c02-4211-bfb6-b4d12562f348> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://oxfordre.com/communication/abstract/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-497?rskey=o2c4K5&result=11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348493151.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605045722-20200605075722-00022.warc.gz | en | 0.913557 | 637 | 3.609375 | 4 |
What is Karate?
Karate originated in Okinawa Japan as a system of self defense. The word Karate means “empty hand”. Karate consists of techniques of punching, blocking, striking and kicking. These techniques are combined into specific patterns called kata (forms) and are applied against opponents in kumite (controlled sparring).
The study and training of Karate-Do develops the whole person; physically, mentally & emotionally.
Why try Seishin-Ryu Karate-Do Australia?
Seishin-Ryu is a non contact style which is founded from the principles of two main traditional Karate styles originated from Okinawa Japan. The styles being Shotokan and Goju. Shotokan having the characteristics of linear, hard and strong techniques whereas Goju is round and flowing in technique.
By adopting the best from these two styles it enables Seishin-Ryu Karate-Do to offer a strong program for defending yourself. Seishin-Ryu Karate teaches both the traditional and sporting aspects of karate.
The style was established by Chief Instructor Ettore Senatore and Senior Instructors Khai Tran and Delio Senatore. It concentrates/focuses on traditional basics, such as Kihon (basic foundation), Kata, Bukai applications and Kumite (sparring).
Seishin-Ryu believes strongly in respect, loyalty and etiquette. | <urn:uuid:977b7942-407e-4469-b198-37aba20dd31b> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://seishinryukarate.com.au/about-seishin-ryu-karate-australia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592420.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721071046-20180721091046-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.924011 | 299 | 2.71875 | 3 |
In Mud: Nature-Based Early Childhood Education
Get inspired to work with children in our natural environments through watching this recording from the April 2020 In Mud program. Join keynote speaker Colleen Million and faculty from the Teton Science Schools to learn about and hear reflections on gardening with children in the context of nature-based and Reggio Emilia-inspired teaching and learning.
Colleen Million’s Keynote: Children in our Mother’s Garden ~ Nurturing a child’s sense of belonging in the natural world
It is critically important that we connect children to the garden. Why, you may ask, the garden? It is because the garden is a unique intersection between the natural world and the human world. It is the place where we grow what we eat. The garden is a living place where elements of the wild complexity that is nature are available at a scale and in a manner that is personal and relatable to the child.
Colleen Million is a recently retired elementary school principal and school teacher of 21 years. As a principal she implemented a restorative approach to discipline, school-wide empathy practices and parent education classes on English language acquisition, health, food/nutrition/gardening, empathy, and restorative justice. As an elementary school teacher she was intentional about designing units of study for students in grades Kindergarten-6th grade that focused on developing healthy self-esteem (SEL)Whether students were out on Ellwood Mesa coastal bluffs exploring the natural habitat of the flora and fauna or back at the school site, tending the Monarch butterfly garden, feeding the worms, collecting eggs from their chickens, or harvesting crops in the garden, the ethic of care was intentionally woven into the instructional tapestry.
Upon registering for this recorded workshop, you will receive a confirmation email with the link to view the recording. Following viewing the recorded workshop, please complete the evaluation form (linked in the description of the video in Youtube). Within ~48 hours of completing the evaluation form, you will receive a certificate of completion by email.
This recorded workshop has been approved for 1.5 hours with WY STARS.
Price: $10 for access to the recording | <urn:uuid:58a145ee-6fba-45e3-a94a-9027a5e95c8c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.tetonscience.org/programs/in-mud-nature-based-early-childhood-education-webinar/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00528.warc.gz | en | 0.939969 | 448 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The consensus of the international community is that Russia must pull out of Ukraine. Russian President Vladimir Putin must take this resolution seriously and withdraw his troops immediately.
On March 2, in an emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly, 141 out of the 193 member states voted overwhelmingly for a resolution deploring Russia. It was co-sponsored by 96 countries, including Japan and the United States.
The “no” votes came from only five countries, including Russia, the party concerned, and North Korea.
The resolution deplores Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in the strongest terms — condemning Putin for declaring a “special military operation” and raising Russia’s nuclear forces to high alert. It then calls for the immediate and unconditional withdrawal of Russian troops.
It should be noted that before the adoption of the current resolution, Russia had vetoed a draft United Nations Security Council resolution to the same effect.
Of the 15 UN Security Council members, 11 voted in favor of the resolution, while three countries, including China, abstained. But Russia used its veto power as a permanent member of the Council to block the resolution.
In response, an emergency special session was called to vote on the current resolution — a redo of the Security Council vote, this time open to all UN member states. Unlike UN Security Council resolutions, General Assembly resolutions are not legally binding, but that doesn’t mean Putin should take them lightly.
At the three-day session that began on February 28, representatives of some 120 nations expressed their views and condemned Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in succession.
What became clear was the firm commitment of the European countries — including Germany, whose foreign minister addressed the General Assembly — to unite against Russia. Japan should follow suit and ramp up pressure on Moscow.
Russia continues to isolate itself from the international community at an unimaginable pace. More Russians have taken to the street in protest, but Putin still fails to realize his perilous position.
What is concerning is the attitude of China and India, which abstained from voting on the resolution. Sanctions on Russia are imposed by the United States, Europe, and Japan, individually and independently from the UN Security Council.
It has yet to be seen whether China and India will extend a helping hand towards Ukraine. In any event, there cannot be any loopholes in attempts to pressure Russia.
While the United States, Europe, and Japan are seeking to increase pressure on Russia, civilian casualties are rising in Ukraine as Russian forces continue their attack.
First and foremost, the fighting in Ukraine must be stopped as soon as possible. Russian forces must cease their attacks and leave Ukraine immediately.
- EDITORIAL | Hold Putin Responsible for War Crime in Ukraine
- Russian’s Invasion is Genocide: Ukraine Envoy to Japan on Why Moscow Must Be Isolated
- Strategic and Moral Dimensions of the Ukraine Invasion
- Ukraine Invasion: Time for Beijing to Rethink Taiwan
(Read the editorial in Japanese at this link.)
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Exercise Preconditioning as a Cardioprotective Phenotype.
The American journal of cardiology
montana; missoula; sph
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is potentiated by risk factors including physical inactivity and remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Although regular physical activity does not reverse atherosclerotic coronary disease, precursory exercise improves clinical outcomes in those experiencing life-threatening CVD events. Exercise preconditioning describes the cardioprotective phenotype whereby even a few exercise bouts confer short-term multifaceted protection against acute myocardial infarction. First described decades ago in animal investigations, cardioprotective mechanisms responsible for exercise preconditioning have been identified through reductionist preclinical studies, including the upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, improved calcium handling, and enhanced bioenergetic regulation during a supply-demand mismatch. Until recently, translation of this research was only inferred from clinically-directed animal models of exercise involving ischemia-reperfusion injury, and reinforced by the gene products of exercise preconditioning that are common to mammalian species. However, recent clinical investigations confirm that exercise preconditions the human heart. This discovery means that simply the initiation of a remedial exercise regimen in those with abnormal CVD risk factor profiles will provide immediate cardioprotective benefits and improved clinical outcomes following acute cardiac events. In conclusion, the prophylactic biochemical adaptations to aerobic exercise are complemented by the long-term adaptive benefits of vascular and architectural remodeling in those who adopt a physically active lifestyle.
Orthopedics & Sports Medicine
Quindry, John C and Franklin, Barry A, "Exercise Preconditioning as a Cardioprotective Phenotype." (2021). Articles, Abstracts, and Reports. 4613. | <urn:uuid:e8a3557f-c944-4ef2-a169-03b1993917ce> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://digitalcommons.psjhealth.org/publications/4613/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662577757.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524233716-20220525023716-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.88569 | 445 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Eating peanuts with their skins on is not only less messy, it’s much healthier for you, too, according to a University of Georgia food scientist.
Peanut skins have high levels of resveratrol. The popular bioactive compound is often associated with red wine and the “French paradox,” a phenomenon noted in France where deaths from coronary heart disease are low despite the prevalence of fatty diets.
“Resveratrol is associated with reduced cardiovascular disease and has anti-aging, -cancer and –inflammatory factors,” said Anna Resurreccion, a food scientist with the UGA College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.
Skins boost resveratrol three fold
After red wine, red grape juice and dark chocolate, roasted peanuts are one of the important sources of resveratrol. “And when consumed with skins, they provide about three times more resveratrol” compared to leaving off the skins, she said.
“Roasted peanuts with skins also have antioxidant properties equivalent to blueberries, but more than in red wine, green tea or cocoa drinks,” said Resurreccion, who has studied peanuts for 25 years.
Full of good fats, too
Peanuts were once frowned upon for their high fat content, she said. But they are full of healthy fats like monounsaturated oleic and other polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Americans eat peanuts primarily as a snack food, but in underdeveloped countries peanuts serve as a major protein source.
A 2002 Nurses’ Health Study found that daily intake of two tablespoons of peanuts, or just a handful, reduced the risk of type 2 diabetes in women by 21 percent. The study also shows women with type 2 diabetes reduced their risk of cardiovascular disease by 44 percent by consuming the recommended daily allowance.
Full of vitamins
“Regular peanut intake has been shown to improve the diet quality of consumers as evidenced by higher intake of vitamins A and E, folate, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron and dietary fiber,” Resurreccion said.
Peanut oil has healthy benefits, too. Phytosterols found in peanut oil can reduce cholesterol, inhibit colon, prostate and breast cancers and protect against atherosclerosis, she said.
“To date, we have only scratched the surface of this area of research, and scientists are discovering more bioactive compounds with beneficial effects,” Resurreccion said.
(Sharon Dowdy is a news editor with the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.)
Roasted peanuts are one of the important food sources of resveratrol after red wine, red grape juice, and dark chocolate, a University of Georgia scientist says. When consumed with skins, they provide about three times more resveratrol compared to leaving off the skins.Download Image | <urn:uuid:4e27be57-f94a-4684-b608-d82582734b06> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.caes.uga.edu/newswire/story.html?storyid=4075&story=Bioactive-food-in-a-shell | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813622.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221123439-20180221143439-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.950694 | 593 | 2.734375 | 3 |
What to Expect in Your Specimens
We guarantee your specimens will arrive fully preserved, free from decay, and will not excessively dry out for one year after purchase. The specimens are fully preserved and can last almost indefinitely, but will dry out over time. Specimens used within one year will have the best outcomes. Occasionally, a specimen will appear normal, but the internal tissue is not fully preserved. These specimens can decompose over time and become unusable. If you receive a specimen like this or suspect that your specimen isn’t preserved properly, please call us at (800) 860-6272. We will be happy to send you a replacement or refund.
Q: Why dissect?
Dissection allows students to visualize the anatomical structure of different animal classes and species. The mammal specimens we offer have similarities to humans that are helpful for learning more about our own bodies. For example, by dissecting and examining the anatomy of a cow eye, students learn the components of human eyes, including the cornea, iris, pupil, connecting muscles and veins, and other features. Other specimens, such as a dogfish shark or crayfish, show the differences among species (). When students are simultaneously engaging the senses of sight and touch, along with analytical thinking, during a dissection, they learn anatomy more easily.
Q: What tools do I need?
Note that Dissection Kits come with the basic dissection tools you’ll need. Individual specimens do not come with tools. The basic dissection tools are a dissection tray, pins, a scalpel, and scissors. You can also use a teasing needle or probe to examine delicate parts. Sometimes it’s helpful to have multiple scalpels or teasing needles, as a different size or shape may help examine different parts of a specimen. You’ll also want a guide to show you how to dissect the specimen. We recommend wearing latex or nitrile gloves when handling specimens to minimize exposure to residual chemicals. Wash hands thoroughly after use.
Q: Should I wear safety equipment?
Specimens contain trace amounts of preservation chemicals. To eliminate skin contact with these chemicals, wear nitrile or latex disposable gloves. Also, wear safety glasses or goggles, as liquids containing trace amounts of chemicals can occasionally squirt out during dissection.
Q: Do the specimens need to be refrigerated? How do I store them?
The specimens are fully preserved and do not need refrigeration. Keep them away from direct sunlight or a hot place like an attic; a closet works well. Specimens may discolor over time. This is normal and does not indicate decay.
Q: How do I dispose of a dissected specimen?
Seal the dissected specimen in a Ziploc bag and place it and the dissection tray in your regular outdoor trash container Use disinfectant soap and water to thoroughly clean your dissection tools and the area where you worked.
Q: What if I can’t finish my dissection during one class period?
Seal the dissected specimen in a Ziploc bag to keep it from drying out. Finish the dissection within a week for best results. If you want the specimen to stay fresh longer, use a heavy-duty plastic Ziploc bag, and add a bit of water or glycerin to keep it moist.
Q: What do “single injected” and “double injected” mean?
Specimens can be injected with red and/or blue latex to clearly show the arteries and veins. ‘Single-injected’ means that just the arteries have been injected with red latex. ‘Double-injected’ means that the arteries are injected with red latex and the veins have been injected with blue latex.
Q: Do the dissection specimens smell bad?
If you did dissections more than 10 years ago, you might remember the terrible formaldehyde smell of preserved specimens. Things have improved since then! Our specimens are initially preserved in formaldehyde, then it’s displaced with a glycol solution and then with a water solution, so there will be very little chemical or “preserved” smell. You will smell some of the natural odor of the specimen, such as a fishy smell with the perch or dogfish. Because specimens have been originally fixed in formaldehyde and a trace may remain, students should wear latex or nitrile disposable gloves and eye protection during dissections.
Q: Are dissections hard to do?
Dissections vary in the amount of time each takes, as well as complexity. Generally, a student in junior high or high school will be able to dissect any specimen we offer. Elementary students do well with an owl pellet, earthworm, or cow eye. Frogs and snakes are slightly more complex. For more advanced students, a fetal pig dissection is appropriate. Plan to allow about 45-60 minutes for a simple dissection and 90-120 minutes for larger specimens with more complicated anatomy, such as a shark or fetal pig. Allow more time for in-depth dissections that identify major muscle systems or trace the circulatory system. Usually, all that is required is to identify the major organs.
Q: How do I store vacuum packed specimens sold in large quantities?
We sell our quantity discount specimens in a 10-pack. Therefore, if you order 14 cow eyes, you’ll get a vacuum pack of 10, plus four individually packaged ones.
If you don’t want to use all the specimens at once, you can repack each one in a heavy-duty Ziploc plastic bag and use a little water or glycerin to keep the specimens moist. They should keep indefinitely; we guarantee them for one year from date of purchase. | <urn:uuid:f5bc9cfc-1c35-408d-b1fd-478b34aecbc2> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://learning-center.homesciencetools.com/article/dissection-faq/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937045.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419204415-20180419224415-00042.warc.gz | en | 0.923383 | 1,185 | 2.953125 | 3 |
It can be gravely frustrating when you do not understand something. You may want to give up, you may be fed up, you may say to yourself this just is not be for me, BUT DON’T! You can always figure it out! If you find yourself getting very frustrated take a break for a few minutes, get some food, take your mind off of what you are doing for just 10 minutes. By taking that break your mind can reset and recover from intense frustration. That 10-minute break may be what your brain needs to think about that problem in different way so that you can solve it. When it is a concept you just do not get, and reading the book and going over practice problems has not worked, ask someone for some help. That is probably the best advice I can give, to not be too proud to ask for help! When you ask for help, your friend/parent/tutor may be able to explain the concept in a different way than your teacher can and that might just be what sets that light bulb off inside your head! Just remember, its ok to ask for help, we all need help at one point or another! | <urn:uuid:a1469460-f879-41e4-a7fd-3e01133e9034> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.wyzant.com/resources/blogs/241058/mastering_a_challenging_concept | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320227.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624064634-20170624084634-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.967696 | 238 | 2.53125 | 3 |
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