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A CanSat is a simulation of a real satellite, integrated within the volume and shape of a soft drink can.
The participants build a small satellite, with which they carry out different missions.
A possible internal layout of a CanSat is depicted on the following figure:
The participants of the competition should design every part of the satellite, including the power supply, sensors, a communication unit, and they have to build them with respect to the given conditions. There are several rules about e.g. the dimensions of the case, the mass of the satellite, or about other important parameters. This can be considered as a challenge.
The CanSat is then launched to an altitude of ca. 1.000 metres by a rocket.
In the rocket the CanSat will be placed similar as follows (the CanSat on the following picture has been made with a different internal layout):
The launch is going to be the same or very similar as on the following figure:
The task for the teams is to communicate in real-time with their CanSats, do measurements (measuring temperature and pressure is obligatory) with the satellite, then land with it under safe conditions. During the competition the teams also have to present the results of their measurements.
We chose to design a brand-new motherboard for the microcontroller, to analyse the electromagnetic spectrum (in GSM band), and to do targeted landing to be our own mission. | <urn:uuid:6d5df1fe-910a-46d3-b0f1-02090638855f> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://gnd.bme.hu/cansat/index.php/en/what-is-a-cansat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527907.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722092824-20190722114824-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.955426 | 291 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Today is World Water Day and I want to talk about the many different ways you can get involved. Whether you’re wanting to donate to a good cause, or simply looking for ways to conserve water at home, you can make a difference!
Did you know that 844 million people are living without access to clean water? As of 2017, more people owned a cellular phone than a toilet. We’re living in a world where every 90 seconds, a child dies from a water related disease and over 1,000,000 people die annually from water and sanitation diseases. Living in communities where access to water is plentiful, sometimes we’re sheltered to the limitations in our neighbouring countries. The good news – doing your part is easy!
We sat down with our friend, Obakki Foundation founder Treana Peake to learn about how to get involved in the Water Crisis. The Obakki Foundation has provided clean water to over two million people and has drilled and rehabilitated over 1,000 water wells. While the Obakki Foundation works on a number of different programs such as prosthetics, education and agricultural initiatives, they believe that drastic changes in struggling communities start with access to clean water.
Treana is an expert on philanthropy, and has become an expert on the water crisis after over 25 years of travelling to Africa to make change. Treana believes in a modern approach to philanthropy that allows everyone (rich, poor, busy, bored, young, old) to get involved.
SO, here’s what she has to say on World Water Day:
Almost 900 million people globally and 345 Million people in Africa alone live without water. The lack of this basic necessity causes a ripple affect resulting in issues in all other areas of life. Women and children spend their days traveling far distances to find water, which is often contaminated and scarce. Due to the lack of medical support, drinking dirty water often results in death particularly in children and elderly.
What happens is that children are spending their days fetching water, or have fallen ill from dirty water and are unable to attend school. This drastically affects educational growth and societal growth and often results in school completely shutting down due to lack of attendance.
When a community gains access to clean water, it transforms the lives of thousands of people. Children stop fetching water and start going to school, medical support needs diminish, agriculture grows and flourishes, women can sell their produce at local markets, conflict reduces and hope is restored.
How can I help on World Water Day (and every day?)
Giving back is easy – it only costs $100 to give 20 people clean water FOR LIFE. The Obakki Foundation gives 100% of proceeds to the projects, so that every penny goes towards helping people in need. Donate to their water programs here.
Don’t worry, giving doesn’t have to be monetary. Here are some ways you can conserve water at home:
Install water saving shower heads and ultra-low-flush toilets.
Just turning off the water while you’re brushing your teeth can save up to 8 gallons of water per day. Try not to let the water run when you’re washing your face or doing the dishes.
Take a shorter shower. Showers can use between 6 and 45 litres of water every minute. You can purchase aerated shower heads, which combine water and air and reduces water waste.
Repair leaky taps and faucets indoors and outside. A small drip adds up over time.
Water plants with a watering can rather than with a hose to reduce wasted water AND overwatering. I leave a rain bucket outside, I try to water my plants with the rainwater I collect in the bucket.
So, let’s spend today making an impact, in whichever ways we can.
“You don’t have to give large. You can give of yourself or your time or your money, but you just have to give. You never really know the impact that it might have on someone else’s life. There is a ripple effect to our actions and it all begins with giving.”
Treana Peake, Obakki Foundation Founder | <urn:uuid:e85d8a7b-51ae-4cb0-b66b-579f47388aae> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.urbanmommies.com/world-water-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583763149.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121050026-20190121072026-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.952781 | 864 | 2.578125 | 3 |
This was one of a series of pocket calculators introduced by Clive Sinclair in the early 1970s, beginning with the 'Executive' in 1972. Sinclair was able to make a calculator small and light enough to put in the pocket by reducing the power input demanded by the calculator chip. The calculator was not only much smaller and thinner than its competitors, but also much cheaper. The case is made of plastic and it has an 8 digit, red LED (light-emitting diode) display.
© Science Museum / Science & Society Picture Library | <urn:uuid:3e037e14-53e5-4224-8e08-55c48989f356> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.ssplprints.com/image/131760/hills-jennie-sinclair-cambridge-memory-electronic-calculator-1974 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039508673.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421035139-20210421065139-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.964489 | 109 | 2.875 | 3 |
The Internet bug known as Heartbleed was introduced to the world on New Year's Eve in December 2011. Now, one of the people involved is sharing his side of the story.
Programmer Robin Seggelmann says he wrote the code for the part of OpenSSL that led to Heartbleed. But it was an accident. He submitted the code to the OpenSSL project and other members reviewed it. Seggelmann later added another piece of code for a new feature, which the members then added. It was this added feature that introduced the bug.
Seggelmann told the Sydney Morning Herald that the actual error was "trivial," but that its impact was clearly severe. Since he and the reviewers missed the flaw, it eventually made its way to the official release, which went live on Dec. 31, 2011, according to logs.
Heartbleed is a vulnerability in the encryption that many sites use to ensure that your communications can't be intercepted. Theoretically, up to two-thirds of the Internet traffic was exposed for more than two years. Engineers at security firm Codenomicon discovered the flaw last week, and it was publicly announced on April 7.
As the name suggests, OpenSSL is open-source, which makes it attractive to many services, big and small, as an easily implemented security tool. Although anyone can contribute to OpenSSL — either by contributing code or reviewing it to spot vulnerabilities like Heartbleed — few actually do.
"It would be better if more people helped improving it," Seggelmann told Mashable via email. "It doesn’t really matter if companies benefitting from it provided some support, or if people do it in their spare time. However, if everybody just keeps using it and thinks somebody else will eventually take care of it, it won’t work. The more people look at it, the less likely errors like this occur."
While standards exist for reviewing code, they are difficult to enforce for open-source software. To improve the process, Seggelman suggests having more peer review, although that would require more people contributing time.
"If more people participated in improving OpenSSL, it could be required to have multiple independent reviews for each submission or people could specialize in reviewing specific parts of the software," he said.
For now, most sites affected have patched the bug. But the emergence of Heartbleed puts a spotlight on where certain responsibilities lie with open-source software. As tools like OpenSSL become widespread, it can lead to a disparity between the number of services that use them and the number that actually contribute. As Heartbleed confirms, nothing is truly free.
BONUS: What Is the Heartbleed Bug? | <urn:uuid:58f2b515-31e6-456c-a204-88d52dec7538> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://mashable.com/2014/04/10/heartbleed-programmer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805578.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119115102-20171119135102-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.975279 | 561 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Churchland then spends a chapter explaining how neural networks can encode linguistic, emotional, social, and moral understanding. Part one concludes with a chapter on common failures of the brain and what they teach us about its operation; this also touches on some of the neurochemical complexities neglected in the so far purely neural perspective.
This is popular science at its best and a worthy companion to Churchland's earlier Matter and Consciousness, which was a broader introduction to the philosophy of mind. Part one of The Engine of Reason does a brilliant job of explaining the complex ideas involved without assuming any prior knowledge of either computer science or neurobiology.
Part two goes on to explore the philosophical consequences of the ideas presented in part one. It is both more controversial and, at least for those already familiar with the basic ideas of neural networks and neurobiology, more interesting.
Churchland begins with what is probably the most contested concept in philosophy of mind — consciousness. He gives examples of how other apparent mysteries were later brought within the scope of scientific theories and suggests that consciousness may be similar. He then counters the arguments of four philosophers who have proposed theoretical objections to the very possibility of an explanation of consciousness — Leibniz, Nagel (and his famous bat), Jackson (and his colour-blind neuroscientist), and Searle. Having cleared this debris out of the way, Churchland presents a concrete proposal for how consciousness may actually work.
The possibility of machine consciousness is the subject of the next chapter. Churchland recounts his experiences at the 1993 Loebner competition and explains why the Turing Test isn't a good test for intelligence. He goes on to answer some of the in principle objections raised to machine consciousness, notably Searle's idea of "intrinsic meaning" and Penrose's quantum consciousness. This is solid stuff, but Churchland does make one egregious mistake here. He correctly points out that "classical machines are limited to computing mathematical functions whose inputs and outputs can be expressed as ratios of whole numbers", but he goes on to claim that neural networks do not have this limitation, since their computations range "over the full range of real numbers, not just the rational ones, ... over the true mathematical continuum"! This is later put forward as evidence that neural networks are non-algorithmic, a claim somewhat difficult to reconcile with the existence of extensive bodies of work on distributed, parallel, and approximate algorithms.
Churchland also resurrects that hoary chestnut, the thought experiment which argues that no program being run "on" the population of China could have sensory qualia (a variation on which appears as Searle's "Chinese Room"). He accepts this, arguing that it is only an objection to functionalism. But what happens if we have the population of China instantiate a neural network, surely a much more obvious thought experiment than having it simulate a serial computer? Churchland clearly thinks there is a necessary connection between functionalism and symbolist approaches to mind, but he never explains why.
The next chapter is a bit of a mixed bag. Churchland returns to consciousness with a critical look at Dennett's ideas on the subject; he also critiques some of Chomsky's ideas about language and its relationship to thought. But his central thesis here is that all human cognitive activities — language, science, art, music, morality — consist of the same kind of neurocomputational structures. I found this unconvincing, since it seems to me that there is a difference between things such as visual perception and consciousness on the one hand and scientific discovery, art, or morality on the other: while I have no doubt that they all rest on the same kind of neural networks at the "bottom", I think there is room for levels of structure above that. (To extend one of Churchland's own analogies, it doesn't follow from life being entirely physical that anything particularly interesting can be said about it at the atomic level.)
The final chapter looks at some of the social implications and possible applications of neurotechnology. Churchland's suggestion that neural networks will play a major role in assisting doctors and judges is probably not so controversial (an earlier wave of proposed applications for expert systems has accustomed us to the general idea). But the idea that most criminals will have neurobiologically distinguishable brains strikes me as an example of reductionist excess. As a largely social phenomenon, I think criminality is, like scientific discovery or art, unlikely to be directly mapable to events at the neural level.
Agree or disagree with him, however, Churchland is always worth reading. He argues his position forthrightly and provocatively but without becoming strident or tendentious. The Engine of Reason is a challenge to proponents of alternative views of mind and brain as well as an introduction to connectionism and neurobiology for the layperson. | <urn:uuid:5d78a714-400b-4ebc-a6e1-52180c403549> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://dannyreviews.com/h/Engine_Reason_Seat_Soul.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500830746.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021350-00133-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951242 | 978 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Lawn and Garden
Horticulture is the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers or ornamental plants.
In Doniphan County, maintaining attractive home and commercial landscapes not only increases property values but promotes an improved quality of life that makes our community a great place to live. We are blessed with many different growing conditions for you to express your gardening style. There are deep sandy soils along our waterways and fertile black soils on our hills. Average rainfall is around 36 inches each year.
Whether you have a question about lawns, vegetables, flowers, or landscape maintenance, extension information is created for use by everyone, including homeowners, lawn services and nurseries. You are invited to call the Extension Office with any questions you may have and advice you may seek.
Taking Soil Samples
If you have an area not performing in the way you'd like it to, it could be your soil. Perhaps it is lacking in nutrients or maybe it is too high in potassium or phosphorus. You may need to send a soil sample!
Soil sampling and soil test interpretations are done through the K-State Soil Testing Lab. Most often, soils are tested in the spring, to allow for fertilizer addition if needed.
To prepare a good soil sample:
- Gather supplies: a clean pail or bucket, a soil probe, shovel, or trowel, and a clean sealable bag.
- Sample to the proper depth:
- 3 inches for lawns/turf
- 6 inches for vegetables, flowers, and small fruits
- 10-12 inches for trees and shrubs
- Collect 4-5 samples from the area, trying to make them as representative as possible. Mix all samples in the bucket or pail, and remove all grass, leaves, twigs, or other debris.
- Take a small subsample of the collected soil - about 2 cups - and place in a clean sealable bag or plastic container. Allow sample to try if the soil is very wet.
- Bring to the extension office for packaging and shipping - we will arrange shipping or transport to the Soil Testing Lab in Manhattan.
Soil tests start around $5.25 but may change depending on what you are looking to determine.
You should allow up to two weeks to receive results from your soil sample with recommendations about what to do next. Usually, the remedy is to apply a Nitrogen-Only fertilizer or to not fertilize for a year or two. | <urn:uuid:4ff96628-e734-499b-96f7-1a7b7c3e7898> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.doniphan.k-state.edu/lawn-garden/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592650.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721164755-20180721184755-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.936942 | 509 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Russian For Dummies (Language & Literature)
Covers common expressions, conversations, and cultural notes
Your fun and friendly guide to communicating in Russian
Whether you're a student, a traveler, or a businessperson, or if you just want to speak basic Russian, you'll find this book packed with practical lessons...
Algorithmic Adventures: From Knowledge to Magic The public image of computer science does not reflect its true nature. The general public and especially high school students identify computer science with a computer driving license. They think that studying computer science is not a challenge, and that anybody can learn it. Computer science is not considered a scientific discipline but a... Fast Transforms Algorithms, Analyses, Applications This book has grown from notes used by the authors to instruct fast transform classes. One class was sponsored by the Training Department of Rockwell International, and another was sponsored by the Department of Electrical Engineering of The University of Texas at Arlington. Some of the material was also used in a short course sponsored by the...
Mind Mapping with FreeMind
FreeMind is the powerful, free mind mapping software used by millions of people worldwide
to capture their ideas and communicate them visually.
Mind mapping with FreeMind will teach you how to develop different kinds of mind maps to
capture and arrange your ideas. You will learn how to combine FreeMind or Freeplane...
An Introduction to R
This tutorial manual provides a comprehensive introduction to R, a software package for statistical computing and graphics. R supports a wide range of statistical techniques and is easily extensible via user-defined functions. One of R's strengths is the ease with which publication-quality plots can be produced in a wide variety of...
Data Management in Cloud, Grid and P2P Systems: 6th International Conference, Globe 2013, Prague, Czech Republic, August 28-29, 2013, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science)
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Data Management in Grid and Peer-to-Peer Systems, Globe 2013, held in Prague, Czech Republic, in August 2013 in conjunction with DEXA 2013. The 10 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 19 submissions. The papers are...
|Result Page: 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 | | <urn:uuid:1745ccc3-6b23-4a2f-806f-afb7336db012> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.pdfchm.net/tag/notes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585382.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021071407-20211021101407-00230.warc.gz | en | 0.919683 | 473 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Q. I have to use insect repellent every time I go outside. When I also need sunscreen, which goes on first?
A. This straightforward question has no simple answer. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that “Sunscreens should be applied to the skin before insect repellents.”
In the next sentence, however, the CDC advises travelers not to use combination products containing both repellents and sunscreens. It points out that “DEET-containing insect repellents may decrease the effectiveness of sunscreens and [sunscreens] may increase absorption of DEET through the skin.”
We also discovered research demonstrating that DEET and the sunscreen ingredient oxybenzone (benzophenone-3) mutually increased skin absorption (Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Sept. 1, 2007). Since oxybenzone has estrogenic activity, increased absorption is not desirable.
If you use a sunscreen that relies on zinc oxide or titanium dioxide, this should not be a concern. For more information on sunscreen safety, we are sending you our new Guide to Skin Care and Treatment. Anyone who would like a copy, please send $3 in check or money order with a long (No. 10), stamped (61 cents), self-addressed envelope to: Graedons’ People’s Pharmacy, No. S-28, P.O. Box 52027, Durham, NC 27717-2027. It also can be downloaded for $2 from our Web site: www.peoplespharmacy.com.
Q. A gentleman wrote you that he had been taking a prescription heartburn pill for years. Through his own research he learned that he might have a B-12 deficiency due to his use of the drug over an extended period of time. He had symptoms such as fatigue and mild depression.
Upon reading the article, I realized that I had similar symptoms and was taking Nexium. I saw the doctor for a routine blood work-up, and he checked the B-12 level. It turned out that I was extremely deficient! The nurse called immediately, and I was put on a protocol of monthly shots.
When I visited my gastroenterologist, he said he had never heard of such a thing. I was quite surprised and would like to educate him.
A. This issue has been controversial for years, but there is growing recognition that long-term use of powerful acid-suppressing drugs can interfere with vitamin B-12 absorption (American Journal of Gastroenterology supplement, March 2009).
Calcium, iron and vitamin B-12 are all more readily absorbed from an acid environment. The blood tests for vitamin B-12 deficiency should include a measurement of methylmalonic acid (MMA) and not just serum vitamin B-12.
Q. I suffered from chronic hives for years without much help from the allergist or the dermatologist. The medicines they prescribed did little to relieve my symptoms and left me in a fog. I was becoming a hermit.
After a bout of pneumonia, I started taking vitamin C (1,000 mg twice a day) to build my immune system. I noticed that my hives were greatly reduced as well. I now take 1,000 mg of Vitamin C a day and am practically hive-free!
A. There’s not much recent research on the effectiveness of vitamin C for allergic symptoms such as hives. Back in 1982, scientists tested vitamin C and found it did not protect subjects from experimentally induced hives (Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, June 1982).
Your improvement might have been coincidental, but others may wish to give it a try, since vitamin C is relatively benign.
XIn their column, Joe and Teresa Graedon answer letters from readers. Write to them in care of The Vindicator or e-mail them via their Web site: www.PeoplesPharmacy.com. Their newest book is “Favorite Home Remedies From The People’s Pharmacy.”
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A raised eyebrow, a thumbs up, a whispered word of praise. Dynamic instructors teach in the moment, responding to students with subtle cues that establish personal connections. The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted many school districts to switch to online instruction, leaving teachers without a compelling physical presence. In an online environment, how can teachers reach across the digital divide to connect with students, especially those who may be struggling, and keep them engaged?
This resource guide offers strategies for creating a dynamic virtual classroom. It shares experts’ action plans for engagement and collaboration. Plus, it includes helpful links to online teaching tools that are tailored to support virtual teaching and spur active learning.
Strategies for Engaging Students Online
A challenge of online education is ensuring feedback between teachers and students. Without face-to-face cues, for example, how can instructors tell if the shy student hiding behind the avatar is following a lesson? How can students check in with their peers or teacher during a lesson?
When students are engaged and participating, motivation surges, and that keeps students learning. The following links offer resources and strategies for sparking student engagement in online classrooms.
2 Simple Ways to Improve Online Instruction: This discussion explains how to make lessons interactive and accessible any time, as well as how to open the door to student collaboration with virtual breakout rooms.
7 Tips for Being a Great Virtual Teacher: This article offers ways to help students connect with instructors and each other online, including comments, text-based chats, and short videos as ways to fuel conversation and collaboration.
Cultivating Collaboration and Engagement Online: This article explores ways to foster effective online discussion by giving students a cognitive presence, a social presence, and a teaching presence, all inspired by the Community of Inquiry model. According to the article, when teachers allow students to act as stewards and moderators, a higher level of engagement results.
Packback: This education technology is designed to help online teachers build “smart” discussion communities. It guides students to use artificial intelligence (AI) to create open-ended questions and moderate their own discussions, and it enables instructors to easily provide targeted feedback.
Stay in Touch
Shifting to Online Teaching: A distance-learning instructor shares the importance of incorporating as much student contact into the virtual classroom as possible, including creating personalized touch points and establishing a digital home base.
Tips for Better Online Teaching: An expert in online learning shares engagement strategies, including showing your face, setting up virtual office hours, and sharing emotions.
Reading the Virtual Classroom: It can be challenging to get students to express how well they’re connecting with a distance-learning environment. Award-winning online instructors share survey questions to ask students, including how comfortable they feel with using technology and how easily they can access assignments.
Online Teaching Tools: Technology for Virtual Classrooms
Some online instructors are already well versed in technology, while others may struggle to face a brave new world of apps, platforms, and extensions. Online teaching tools allow all the real-world brainstorming, sharing, communication, and assessment skills of instructors to blossom in the virtual world too.
Following is a collection of helpful options to get teachers’ online classrooms humming, including learning management systems, interactive instruction tools, and much more.
Learning Management Systems
Google Classroom: This free web service has become a frequently chosen platform for online educators who use it to create and grade assignments and share files with students.
Moodle: Moodle is a free, open-source learning management system that offers teachers and students a way to create personalized learning environments.
Canvas: The Canvas course management system for online education allows teachers to post lessons, assignments, and grades online.
Blackboard Learn: This web-based server software is an online teaching tool for course management.
Google Meet: A video-communication service developed by Google, Google Meet offers schools a virtual environment for online class meetings. It can be used in tandem with Google Classroom.
Zoom: Zoom is a frequently used cloud-based, peer-to-peer software platform for teleconferencing, telecommuting, and distance education. It offers schools secure video communication services for instruction, office hours, administrative meetings, and more.
Screencastify: Screencastify, a screen-recording tool that’s a Chrome browser extension, records the user’s screen, face, and voice. It also enables teachers and students to record, edit, and share videos.
Loom: This screencasting tool for online teaching allows instructors to record their screen, add their face, annotate with a drawing tool, flip their camera, record presentations, and more.
Interactive Instruction Tools
Seesaw: The Seesaw digital learning portfolio is a platform for student engagement, offering teachers and students an easy way to record and share classroom events. Students document learning in virtual journals by adding photos, videos, sketches, and notes.
Flipgrid: The Flipgrid website fosters student interaction. Teachers create “grids” to facilitate video discussions. Each grid serves as a message board where teachers pose questions and students post video responses that appear in a tiled grid display.
Kahoot!: This game-based learning platform is an online teaching tool for K-12 schools. Users generate learning games called “Kahoots.” These are multiple-choice quizzes that can be accessed on the web or via the Kahoot app.
Pear Deck: This K-12 web-based application enables teachers to create interactive slides, allowing students to respond to prompts and questions on their own screens.
Nearpod: This dashboard for interactive instruction allows teachers to upload any favorite resource, including slides and videos, and make it interactive through polls, collaboration boards, and game-based quizzes. Teachers can also use Nearpod to add real-time checks to gauge student comprehension.
Edpuzzle is a web-based, interactive video and assessment tool. Users crop existing online videos and add content to target specific learning objectives.
Socrative: Using this tool, students can take simple, teacher-created quizzes on the fly via their own laptop, tablet, or smartphone.
Quizlet online study application lets students study information and then test their knowledge via flash cards, games, and other learning tools.
Quizziz is an online assessment tool that enables teachers and students to create quizzes for each other. Users can present quizzes live as timed competitions, or assign them as homework with a specific time limit.
Online Teaching Tools Really Work
Tools for online teaching are wide ranging and widely available. A tool for online teaching can be anything from a strategy for kickstarting student participation, to a learning management system for keeping track of the many spinning parts that make up online learning.
With tools and strategies like these, any teacher can keep their finger on the pulse of student learning and engagement—even from a distance. | <urn:uuid:89265e21-a312-4385-a9e1-c4e3a545a959> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://soeonline.american.edu/blog/online-teaching-tools/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510319.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927171156-20230927201156-00146.warc.gz | en | 0.908604 | 1,446 | 3.421875 | 3 |
If you don’t know where you’re going any road will take you there… Lewis Carroll
Traditionally, metaphor has been thought of as a poetic way of speaking, a way to make language more colourful and interesting.
Well of course it is that, but it’s also much more.
Although most of the time we’re unaware of it happening, we actually rely heavily on the use of metaphor to make sense of ourselves and the world around us.
Far from being just a fancy way of speaking, some researchers of the human mind go so far as to say that metaphor plays a major part in defining our very sense of reality.
From birth we live in a physical body in a physical world. We eat, we drink, we feel pain, we learn to walk, we feel hot, we feel cold, we enjoy physical closeness with other people, we touch things, we hold things, we throw things and have countless other physical experiences in common with each other.
So it’s quite a straightforward process to understand each other when we talk about physical events. For instance we immediately understand when someone says something like, ‘I got punched on the nose and now it’s bleeding and hurts’.
This is because we understand what punching is, we know what it is to have physical pain and we know that blood will flow out of us if we cut ourselves or receive a blow to the nose.
Metaphor and emotion
However suppose we want to tell someone about an emotional experience rather than something physical?
To convey our emotions we use symbolism and metaphor.
For instance when we experience something that causes us to have unpleasant emotional feelings we say things like:
My heart is broken
I’m still reeling from the blow
It’s a kick in the teeth
He’s hurt my feelings
It’s a sore subject
I’ve taken a battering
None of the above statements refer to a physical experience but we know what they mean because we’ve had the experience of physical pain and injury. To explain our emotions without the use of metaphor would be a lengthy and complicated business. The same applies to any abstract concept.
Researchers of linguistics and the human mind believe it would be virtually impossible to think about abstract concepts if we didn’t have metaphorical language. Lakoff and Johnson talk about this in their book, Metaphors we live by.
The results of their studies demonstrate how, by and large, we’re only able to talk about abstract concepts because we have, in common, an underlying set of what they call conceptual metaphors.
Cognitive linguists say that conceptual metaphors are unconscious systems of thought created by the brain to make sense of the way we exist in the world.
They enable us to define abstract concepts by linking them in our brains with a corresponding physical concept.
For example, the process of life is an abstract concept, which of itself doesn’t have a substance. However, we know we’re alive and so we know it exists, but to be able to make sense of the process the brain needs to compare it to something more tangible.
Life is a journey
There are many different conceptual metaphors that exist to define the process of life but a major one in many cultures is the life is a journey metaphor.
Like a journey, a life has a beginning and an end. Both concepts involve different stages and events.
For example when people talk about their lives they say things like:
I’ve reached a dead end
I’ve been down this road before
It’s been a bumpy ride lately
I’m stuck in a rut
I’m back on track
Our paths have crossed
It’s an uphill struggle
I feel a bit lost
I’ve turned a corner now
I’m living in the fast lane
A listener will know what these expressions mean because of the largely unconscious conceptual metaphor that influences us to think of our life as if it were a journey.
If we hear someone say ‘I’m at a crossroads in my life’, all the neural connections in our brain relating to being at a crossroads will begin to fire. The unconscious mind will make a search for everything in our memory that relates to being at a crossroads.
Because of our existing knowledge of physical crossroads, we need no further explanation that the speaker is telling us he has a choice to make, the outcome of which will have an impact upon his life.
We know that an uphill struggle means a difficult time because we know that travelling uphill takes effort.
Some might say that we only know what’s meant by the above expressions because they’re so familiar and widely used.
However even when unfamiliar expressions are created we still instinctively know what’s meant because the phrases correspond with the underlying conceptual metaphor.
For example, a character in The Tenant of Wildfell Hall by Anne Bronte uses the life is a journey conceptual metaphor to give advice on child rearing:
‘You must not attempt to clear the stones from his path, but teach him to walk firmly over them – not insist upon leading him by the hand, but let him learn to go alone.’
We understand what is meant because in the brain there are neurological connections between the parts of the brain that deal with physical journeys and those that deal with aspects of a persons life.
The life is a journey conceptual metaphor is so ingrained that it’s become an automatic way of thinking. The same applies to many other conceptual metaphors. For example:
Emotions are weather conditions
Her face clouded over
I feel like there’s a dark cloud hanging over me
When she walks into the room the sun comes out
He stormed out of the room
She had a face like thunder
There was a stormy atmosphere
Understanding is seeing
I see what you mean
Look at it from my point of view
Let me just point something out to you
I’ve got a whole new perspective on it now
You need to look at the big picture
You’ve got a different outlook to me
Once you become aware of these metaphors you begin to notice them more and more frequently. When I began listening out for them I soon began to wonder whether we ever have any conversations that don’t include them. (It doesn’t seem we do).
Sometimes it’s fun to listen in on conversations and work out which conceptual metaphor is being expressed. For example if someone says ‘I’m being attacked from all angles’, then they’re using the conceptual metaphor argument is war and if you hear the expression ‘I’m feeling blue’, then the underlying conceptual metaphor will be emotions are colours.
Because a conceptual metaphor works on an unconscious level it affects the way we think, behave and react without us realising. Politicians and marketing agencies use this to manipulate us to their advantage. By being consciously aware of what’s happening we can have more control over our own thought processes and choices.
Better still, by recognising and then changing your own metaphors you can alter your perceptions and take more control of your life in general.
Find out how you can change your life with the help of Transcending Therapy.
Kovecses, Z., Metaphor: A Practical Introduction. Oxford University Press. New York. 2002.
Kovecses, Z., Metaphor and Emotion. Cambridge University Press. New York. 2003.
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M., Metaphors We Live By. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago and London. 2003. | <urn:uuid:8a253bba-d895-4e6c-bf03-05a2cfc6c876> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://transcendingtherapy.com/about-metaphor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202496.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321051516-20190321073516-00186.warc.gz | en | 0.928965 | 1,618 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Did you know the hills of Seattle used to be steeper than the hills of San Francisco? During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, immense projects using water cannons washed dirt down from the tops of the hills. More earth was moved in these projects than in the digging of the Panama Canal.
Too High & Too Steep: Reshaping Seattle’s Topography by David B. Williams chronicles these projects in fascinating detail. Of course, the houses and other buildings on these hills had to be moved. The cover shows the “spite hills.” These were what were left partway through the project, when people were refusing to leave.
This is one of a number of real photos of the hills
The height of those leftover hills show the original height of that part of Seattle. For you locals, if you’ve ever puzzled over the term “Denny Regrade,” that’s where the term came from: Denny Hill in Seattle was regraded more than once. From the tallest point of the original Denny Hill, over one hundred feet has been removed.
Where did the dirt go? It was dumped into Elliott Bay, part of Puget Sound. Part of it makes up the land between Seattle and West Seattle. As you can imagine, geologists are concerned about that land slumping into Elliott Bay during an earthquake.
If you’re not familiar with Lake Union, it’s a sizable lake inside Seattle. It used to be landlocked. Canals were dug connecting it to Lake Washington to the east and Puget Sound to the west. When that happened, Lake Washington lowered dramatically. If you’ve ever shopped in University Village, it used to be underwater. Sand Point, which had a Naval base for a long time, roughly doubled in size. And people realized there was a nice beach on the Eastside suburbs of the lake, named it Juanita Beach, and tourists flocked there (though it is now part of Kirkland).
Back to flushing dirt off the Seattle hills. Was it worth it, to force those people out of their homes, to have this massive government project to lower the hills, and to dump the dirt into Elliott Bay? David B. Williams says no. Private enterprise, in the form of the motorcar becoming more common, would have made transportation on the hills fairly easy.
So it was a huge government boondoggle. We have something similar going on now, with massive tunnels being dug beneath Seattle for commuter trains, a project that is way behind time and massively over budget, though the private enterprise solutions of Uber and driverless cars are rendering that project obsolete. But that is another story. | <urn:uuid:c3698455-e6a5-48b3-89f1-dacbbcc4f43f> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://suburbanfantasy.blogspot.com/2016/08/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987751039.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021020335-20191021043835-00520.warc.gz | en | 0.96708 | 557 | 3.34375 | 3 |
A cold December day is the perfect time to make yourself a cup of hot cocoa and enjoy National Cocoa Day. Each year on December 13, people across the country celebrate their favorite cold weather comfort drink.
Hot cocoa is a warm beverage made with cocoa powder, heated milk or water, and sugar. The terms hot chocolate and hot cocoa are often used interchangeably by Americans causing a bit of confusion. To make hot chocolate, we use ground chocolate which contains cocoa butter. It’s mixed with hot milk and is actually a drinking chocolate.
Hot chocolate is also known as drinking chocolate.
Hot cocoa is made from cocoa powder. Through the fermentation, drying, roasting and grinding process of cocoa beans a paste called chocolate liquor is produced. Through another method, the cocoa butter is separated leaving cocoa powder. It is this cocoa powder that we use to make hot cocoa. It has very little fat and calories and is mixed with either hot milk or water.
Both are enjoyed in a variety of combinations, topped with whipped cream or marshmallows. Sometimes a sprinkle of cinnamon or a dash of peppermint makes the chocolate extra special.
It is believed that 2000 years ago the first chocolate beverage was created by the Mayas and a cocoa beverage was an essential part of Aztec culture by 1400 AD. Europe popularized the drink after it was introduced from Mexico in the New World and it has undergone multiple changes since then. Up until the 19th century, hot chocolate was used medicinally to treat ailments such as stomach diseases.
In the United States, an instant form of the drink is popular. It is made with hot water or milk and a packet containing mostly cocoa powder, sugar, and dry milk. People enjoy topping it with marshmallows or whipped cream.
There are health benefits to drinking hot cocoa. Cocoa contains significant amounts of antioxidants that may help prevent cancer. It has also been shown that the cocoa beans help with digestion. The flavonoids that are found in the cocoa also have a positive effect on arterial health. | <urn:uuid:9db26168-946a-4227-94e7-e66562513737> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://praisecleveland.com/2103298/and-today-is-national-cocoa-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348500712.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605111910-20200605141910-00403.warc.gz | en | 0.967602 | 414 | 2.984375 | 3 |
At the time of discovery, no one knew where the mutations resided in the genome. All they knew is that the mutations were in single genes, and they resulted in extreme obesity. Researchers recognized this as a huge opportunity to learn something important about the regulation of body fatness in an unbiased way. Unbiased because these mutations could be identified with no prior knowledge about their function, therefore the investigators' pre-existing beliefs about the mechanisms of body fat regulation could have no impact on what they learned. Many different research groups tried to pin down the underlying source of dysfunction: some thought it was elevated insulin and changes in adipose tissue metabolism, others thought it was elevated cortisol, and a variety of other hypotheses.
At the same time, several groups were researching a fascinating new "anti-lipogenic factor" (also "satiety factor") they had identified by literally fusing together obese and normal rats, allowing their circulation to (very slowly) communicate (1). Their results suggested the existence of a previously unidentified, powerful circulating factor that regulates food intake and body fatness, and they were able to rule out insulin, glucose, fatty acids, cortisol, and a variety of other potential contenders. Furthermore, their findings suggested that ob/ob mice lack the anti-lipogenic factor, db/db mice lack its receptor, and the factor acts primarily in a brain region called the hypothalamus (2). Yet the identity of the factor remained unknown until 1994.
Realizing that a full understanding of obesity in ob/ob mice would require identifying the mutation, a research team led by Dr. Rudolf Leibel set out to identify it through a laborious process called positional cloning. In 1994, this led to the cloning and sequencing of the ob gene (3), which encoded a previously unknown protein of 16 kilodaltons. They named it leptin, after the Greek word "leptos", meaning "thin". Here is the full abstract of the paper:
The mechanisms that balance food intake and energy expenditure determine who will be obese and who will be lean. One of the molecules that regulates energy balance in the mouse is the obese (ob) gene. Mutation of ob results in profound obesity and type II diabetes as part of a syndrome that resembles morbid obesity in humans. The ob gene product may function as part of a signalling pathway from adipose tissue that acts to regulate the size of the body fat depot.Further work confirmed that leptin is produced primarily by fat cells and acts in the brain to constrain food intake and body fatness (4). Remarkably, all of the original single-gene mutations that cause rodent obesity ended up being in the leptin signaling pathway. ob/ob mice lack leptin, db/db mice and fa/fa rats lack the leptin receptor, and Avy mice have a mutation that mimics the effects of leptin deficiency in the brain. The obesity, elevated insulin, and alterations in fat cell metabolism in these models were all downstream consequences of defects in the leptin signaling pathway-- via the brain.
5), providing "the first genetic evidence that leptin is an important regulator of energy balance in humans". Not only were they obese, with an abnormally large appetite, but treating them with leptin normalized their appetite and returned them to a normal weight (6), as shown in the photo to the left (6b). As of 2013, a number of human families with obesity due to single-gene mutations have been identified. If we consider only those mutations that cause obesity without causing significant developmental abnormalities, all of them turned out to be in the leptin signaling pathway-- either in leptin, the leptin receptor, or the brain circuits that respond to leptin and related signals (7)*. As was the case in rodents, spontaneous mutations in humans pointed to the leptin-brain axis as the primary regulator of body fatness.
More recently, researchers have performed large-scale genetic screens on people who have severe or early-onset obesity to see if some cases can be attributed to variance in specific genes. About 4 percent of severely obese people have a mutation in the melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R) gene that causes it to lose function (8), and two recently published papers identified a loss-of function variant of the gene SIM1 in another subset of early-onset obese subjects (9, 10). MC4R is a receptor for alpha-MSH**, the product of leptin-responsive POMC neurons, and SIM1 is an important protein for the development and function of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, a major target of POMC neurons. In other words, they are both part of the same system in the brain that regulates body fatness in response to leptin and other signals. Both the MC4R and SIM1 variants cause an increase in food intake due to a defect in satiety (11). For people with these variants, achieving real leanness is unlikely. Other studies have also uncovered mutations in genes associated with the brain regulation of body fatness in severe early-onset obesity (11b).
So far, I've described rare mutations that lead to severe obesity. These mutations only account for a very small fraction of the obese population. To understand what genes are involved in common obesity, we'll have to turn to another method: genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The GWAS method takes advantage of the fact that everyone's genome is a little bit different. By sequencing these areas of difference between people***, they can associate them with specific traits, for example, obesity. This allows researchers to "map" sites of particular importance to the trait in question, which tells us something about what biological processes are relevant to the trait. For example, diabetes-linked regions are mostly associated with genes affecting the pancreas, as one would expect (12) though some obesity genes do show up as well****.
The findings of obesity GWAS studies are basically consistent with the other evidence described above (12b). For many of the identified regions, we don't know which gene is involved. For the genes that we have identified, most of them are involved in brain function, particularly the leptin-responsive hypothalamus. Here's a quote from a review paper that sums it up (13):
...when we look at the information gleaned from the past 15 years of molecular genetic activity we cannot avoid concluding that, as much as type 2 diabetes is clearly a disease in which pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction is a critical element, obesity is a condition in which inherent genetic predisposition is dominated by the brain.That being said, GWAS studies have failed to identify the majority of the genetic differences that account for the 70 percent heritability of body fatness (less than 3% accounted for). We have enough information to know what types of biological processes are involved in common obesity, but we don't know all the details yet. As the old saying goes, "more research is required"!
What does it Mean?
The genetic data converge powerfully with other fields such as neurobiology, endocrinology, and physiology, together demonstrating conclusively that:
- The brain is the main regulator of body fatness.
- The brain regulates body fatness in response to internal signals of energy stores, particularly leptin.
- Genetic variability in body fatness is likely predominantly determined by genetic differences in brain function, particularly the hypothalamus.
In the next post, I'll explain why genes are not (usually) destiny.
* Those that do cause deformity also involve brain energy balance circuitry (14).
** Also AgRP, which is an inverse agonist at the MC4R and increases food intake.
*** Typically, single-nucleotide polymorphisms.
**** E.g., FTO, the #1 obesity GWAS hit. | <urn:uuid:aa7f35f3-14fa-4c7b-a8df-fc5a3b31407b> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-genetics-of-obesity-part-ii.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320209.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624013626-20170624033626-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.947342 | 1,587 | 3.625 | 4 |
WIKIMEDIA, AXELBOLDT.Therapeutic transfer of virus-specific T cells to immunocompromised patients can help battle life-threatening infections, but the process for generating such cells is lengthy and laborious. A paper published today (June 25) in Science Translational Medicine, however, suggests a speedy alternative. Ten days in culture was all it took for researchers to generate multivirus-specific T cells that, when transferred into transplant patients, could wipe out multiple infections at once.
“Making T cells for therapy has always been a nightmare,” said John Barrett, an expert in allogenic stem cell transplants from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in Bethesda, Maryland, who was not involved in the study. “The importance of this [new] approach is that it is a little bit simpler and more rapid to generate these T cells . . . and that is actually a practical breakthrough,” he said. “As a step towards making a product that could be widely available, it is very exciting.”
In the months following a bone marrow transplant, before the immune system has regenerated, patients are “wide open to infection with viruses,” said Ann Leen, a professor of pediatrics at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, who led the new research. Although antiviral drugs can sometimes help, they are ineffective against certain viruses and can have severe side effects.
Giving virus-fighting T cells from donors to transplant patients or other immunocompromised individuals can be very effective at clearing up infections. But, said Leen, “the original manufacturing processes were really convoluted and complicated.” They involved using live viruses to infect donor B cells, and then using those cells to stimulate T cells. “With all that, we are talking 10 to 12 weeks of manufacturing,” Leen said. Furthermore, the live viruses in question are considered biohazards. When a procedure is that difficult and hazardous, said Leen, “it’s never going to go beyond specialized academic centers.”
Leen’s team has streamlined the process, bypassing the live virus and B cell steps, and instead stimulating the T cells directly with peptides. A similar technique has been used previously to generate T cells specific for fighting cytomegalovirus. But the new method extends the concept, using a mix of peptides that together cover the antigenic proteins of five of the most common viruses to infect transplant patients—cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, BK virus, and human herpes virus 6.
After exposing donor blood cells to the peptide mix and growing them for approximately 10 days in culture conditions designed to enhance memory T cell growth, the cells were checked for reactivity to the target viruses. From 48 donor blood samples, 14 T cell preparations were found to be active against all five viruses, nine preparations were active against four viruses, 12 were active against three, 11 against two, and one was active against one virus. Only one cell preparation failed to act against any viruses.
Importantly, when active T cell preparations were transferred into bone marrow transplant patients suffering viral infections the cells led, in almost all cases, to resolution of the infections. In eight patients treated, 15 of 18 total infections among the individuals were resolved, while one was reduced. Three additional patients were given the T cells prophylactically and remained infection-free for more than three months.
The varying ability of the T cell preparations to tackle multiple viruses is thought to be due to the donor’s prior exposure to the viruses in question, said Barrett. That is, if the donor has not tackled the virus before then, their blood would lack the necessary memory T cells. A future goal, he said, would be “generating such antigen-specific T cells from naive cells as opposed to people who have already got a T cell memory to the antigens.”
Despite the room for improvement, Jose Montoya, a professor of medicine at Stanford University, suggested that “this is a treatment strategy that any center seeing these patients should have in their therapeutic armamentarium.”
“Over the past 24 years, I've seen too many [stem-cell transplant] patients losing their battle to adenovirus, BK virus, EBV, HHV-6 and CMV,” he wrote in an e-mail. “I hope to one day soon be able to offer [multivirus-specific T] cells as a therapeutic option.”
A. Papadopoulou et al., “Activity of broad-spectrum T cells as treatment for AdV, EBV, CMV, BKV, and HHV6 infections after HSCT,” Science Translational Medicine, 6:242ra83, 2014. | <urn:uuid:f827ca11-1537-4e26-ab59-7a99379aa874> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/40353/title/Speeding-Up-Antiviral-T-Cell-Production/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00566-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958866 | 1,019 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Open-access global dataset supports physical activity research for children
Dr Lauren Sherar and Dr Dale Esliger
Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences
The International Children’s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) is a unique open-access resource that supports research into the relationship between physical activity and health in young people.
Many studies have explored physical activity and health in young people, but until the advent of ICAD, there was no free-to-access standardised global repository for the accumulated objective data.
Between September 2008 and May 2010, 20 research groups from Europe, the US, Brazil and Australia contributed 46,131 raw Actigraph data files and accompanying health information to create ICAD.
The anonymised information – about children aged 3-18 years – was re-processed and standardised to ensure data consistency across studies.
In 2017, ICAD 2.0 was released. It includes more longitudinal data and provides access to a wider range of non-accelerometer data.
Being such a large database, ICAD offers increased statistical power and a truly heterogeneous picture. What’s more, it has already been used to address critical questions about the role of physical activity in child health.
To date, 56 academics have applied to use ICAD, and 25 high impact papers have been produced as well as 12 conference papers – many authored by external applicants, including
- “Moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary time and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents” (JAMA, 555 citations)
- “Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children's accelerometry database (ICAD)” (IJBNPA, 177 citations) – named the journal’s most cited paper of 2015
ICAD data also featured in the seminal LANCET physical activity series (2012), and are integral to several national physical activity guidelines worldwide, including the most recent UK Chief Medical Officer’s physical activity recommendations.
The ICAD is managed by Loughborough University, the MRC Epidemiology Unit, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, University of Agder (Norway), and University of East Anglia. | <urn:uuid:98944374-f5dd-4cd6-bce4-19443df2506d> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.lboro.ac.uk/research/calibre-awards/previous/winter-2019/icad/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039601956.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423041014-20210423071014-00375.warc.gz | en | 0.930084 | 450 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Association for Learning & Preserving the History of WW II in Asia
"Through the dedication of volunteers and supporters, B.C. ALPHA has come a long way in promoting awareness of crimes against humanity committed during WWII in Asia. This has been done by way of several educational initiatives. Since its establishment, B.C. ALPHA has cooperated with many ethnic and community organizations on these initiatives. In 2000, B.C. ALPHA began working with the B.C. Ministry of Education and with Canadian educators in an attempt to integrate this important but seldom known chapter of history and human rights into the provincial secondary school curriculum. B.C. ALPHA also supports just and honorable redress for victims of the Asian Holocaust. Our program and project funding come entirely from individual donors and charity foundations."
"The International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE), informally known as the Tokyo War Crimes trial, lasted two and a half years, from April 29, 1946 to November 12, 1948. In contrast, the far better known Nuremberg Trial lasted less than a year. Established to try Japanese officials involved with perpetrating World War II, the IMTFE set a greater precedence for international law than Nuremberg yet is relatively under-studied in comparison."
"The historical images in the International Mission Photography Archive come from Protestant and Catholic missionary collections held at a number of centers in Britain, Europe, and North America. The photographs record missionary endeavors and reflect the missionaries’ experience of communities and environments abroad. There are examples of the physical influence the mission presence brought –seen in churches and their surrounding settlements-- as well as examples of the cultural impact of mission teaching and Western influence, including schools, hospitals, training programs, Christian practices, and Western technology and fashions. The pictures document indigenous peoples' responses to missions and the history of indigenous churches which are often now a major force in society. They also offer views of traditional culture, landscapes, cities, and towns before and in the early stages of modern development."
"In this exhibit, you will find three sets of annotated documents from three different faculty members (Minnie Vautrin, Wu Yi-Fang, M. Searle Bates). In these letters, diaries, reports, and meeting minutes, they discuss what they witnessed during the Massacre. Each of these primary source documents is interactive, and you can click on the highlighted text to reveal background information as well as images and links to secondary sources. "
"The Atrocities section of the website focuses on the Nanjing Atrocities that occurred from December 13, 1937 through the end of March 1938. During this time soldiers from the Japanese Imperial Army ran riot in the captured Chinese capital, unleashing a spree of violence, murder, and rape on the population. At the same time, a small community of Westerners chose to remain in the besieged city and establish what became known as the Nanjing Safety Zone. These handful of individuals assembled the largest body of materials specifically documenting the Atrocities." | <urn:uuid:50e9bed4-4120-4e9d-8d46-4ed0b93b357d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://cnu.libguides.com/china/nanjing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100575.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206000253-20231206030253-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.957077 | 619 | 3.421875 | 3 |
This past Saturday I attended a workshop on building rain gardens, which was organized through East Multnomah Soil & Water Conservation District, the Johnson Creek Watershed Council, and Leach Botanical Garden. The workshop was held out at the Leech Botanical Garden in outer SE, which I have never been to before. It was a very peaceful and serene environment and I would love to go back and spend more time walking the grounds.
A rain garden is an environmentally-responsible way to offset the amount of rainwater run off that is typically present in an urban area. We cover large portions of what used to be natural forest with asphalt roads, driveways, and urban homes covered with roofs. All of that surface area used to be natural ground that would allow rain water to soak in readily and feed vegetation or work its way deep into sublayers of soil that would feed back into our natural streams and rivers. Now though, all of that rainwater cannot feed so easily back into the earth and instead causes flooding, which has several negative impacts on the environment.
When it floods our sewers, the overflow washes into the river – which is pretty gross to think about raw sewage floating along in the Willamette. When it floods the rivers and streams, that creates a very stressful environment for the natural wildlife (fish and bird populations) as well as contributing to erosion and other serious issues. There is no turning back from urban areas anymore. But we can try to do our part by keeping the rain on our property so it does not flood our rivers, streams, and sewers.
To calculate how large of a rain garden you need, determine the total square footage of your roof and driveway. The rain garden/s will need to be roughly 9% of that size. You find a suitable area in your yard where you can direct the water flow into a shallow dug dry pond, which houses both drought-tolerant and flood-tolerant plants. During heavy rains, the garden will form a shallow pond, but within 24 hours that water drains back into the soil. From the pictures shown during the presentation, rain gardens will typically look like lovely flower beds to those not familiar with their purpose.
I practice permaculture techniques in my garden, which means I have lots of fruit trees and shrubs to soak up the water, plus mulch material over all the surface area to house that water through the dry months. I also use rain barrels to harvest my roof water instead of connecting the gutters to the downspout which feeds into the sewer line. The rain I harvest in these rain barrels provides water for my plants and urban chickens. I am still considering building a rain garden for fun, but people who have more traditional landscaping are in greater need of this water conservation technique than I am.
The workshop itself was pretty good, although most of the information can be found in resources online. The best aspect was just to be out among other Portland-area gardeners and hear about the challenges they have within their properties. This sounds like a growing movement throughout the country, even in areas not as rainy as Portland. It is a great sign that there is a trend towards ecologically conscious landscaping with everyday gardening enthusiasts, and not just for us permaculture fanatics.
If you have built a rain garden, I would love to hear about the project and see any pictures you have. For others who are interested in creating a rain garden, here are a couples resources to get you started: | <urn:uuid:3c43b7bf-d545-4177-bed4-a2536914a75d> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.hipchickdigs.com/2008/04/rain-garden-workshop/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645322940.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031522-00180-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963579 | 714 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The Earth's Atmosphere Student Learning Guide includes self-directed readings, easy-to-follow illustrated explanations, guiding questions, inquiry-based activities, a lab investigation, key vocabulary review and assessment review questions, along with a post-test. It covers the following standards-aligned concepts: Our Atmosphere; Layers of the Atmosphere; Clouds; Precipitation; Weather; Weather Patterns ? Air Masses; Weather Patterns ? Fronts; Severe Weather; and Predicting Weather. Aligned to Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) and other state standards.Guide. About the Learning Guide Series... Each comprehensive student learning guide listed below, includes self-directed readings, easy-to-follow illustrated ... Genetics: The Study of Heredity Human Biology: 1. ... All About Light 14-6827anbsp;...
|Title||:||Earth's Atmosphere and Weather Science Learning Guide|
|Publisher||:||NewPath Learning - 2014-03-01| | <urn:uuid:232b1923-aab2-43ac-9ab7-4d4c1c44fcab> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.emra-net.eu/download-pdf-earths-atmosphere-and-weather-science-learning-guide-book-by-newpath-learning.pdf | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988725451.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183845-00458-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.793459 | 201 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Relays are constructive elements that make contacts and control some energy expenditure. With the relays, it is possible to control a power much higher with very low power consumption. The relays are used to process signals, and can also be used as switches.
A normal relay is an electrical device that works like an electrically operated switch, when the current reaches the relay coil, the open contacts get close, and the closed contacts get open. When no current reaches the relay coil, the contacts return to their normal position, the initial state of rest.
What are Time Relays?
A basic function within the industry is time control, all this process can be carried out by timing relays.
No matter what the application is when a solution to a circuit that requires time control is needed, these tools are usually the most optimal option. Because, timed relays provide simple control, and high reliability and are also quite economical.
Now, when the opening or closing of the contacts of a relay depends on a certain time after activating or deactivating the relay coil, they are called “Timed Relays” or Electrical Timers or Timer Relays.
A timed relay is nothing but a control relay with time delay built-in.
In this article, we study the most used timing relays. We will learn how they work, their timing diagrams, connections, uses, etc.
Principle of Time delay Relay
Time delay relay provides a change of state of the contacts that are controlled by the energizing or de-energizing of the timer.
Once the timer is energized or de-energized, the timer starts counting from zero to the present time. This is called accumulated time.
Once accumulated time and pre-set time are equal the contact of the timer change the state.
Types of Timing Relays
Depending on when the time for the relay contacts to change position begins, we have 2 main types.
Timer Relay with Connection Delay
This is also known as “On Delay” or “ To work with delay”. Whose contacts change position after a time since the timer coil began to activate (energize).
Once the current reaches the timer coil, after a time “t”, the contacts change position, that is, the ones that were open close and the closed contacts open (working state).
They will stay that way as long as the coil is powered.
They will return to their initial state (at rest) when no current reaches the timing relay coil. If the power supply to the coil is cut, at that moment, the contacts return to their resting state automatically.
The time is regulated by using a rotary knob built into the timer itself. The pre-set time can be from as few as milliseconds to hours and even days. But it is usually set in seconds and minutes in industrial control systems.
Timer Relay with Disconnection Delay
Also known as sleep delay or “Off Delay”. In these times, the contacts change position as soon as the current reaches the coil. As soon as the coil is deactivated, the deactivation time “t” starts to lapse, so that they start to return to their initial state (rest).
The “t” represents the time between the moment the coil is disconnected and the moment the contacts change their positions.
As long as the coil is energized, the contacts will be in the working position.
In this diagram, the contacts return to their resting positions “t” seconds after the coil is deactivated.
The diagram below does not specify the time, but the activation is called a trigger, and the contacts or outputs, output.
This type of timer can be used for automatic stairs. When we press and release a button, the lamps will remain ON for the time t. For example, 2 minutes after releasing the button.
Another use may be for star-delta starting control of the motor. When pressing the button and releasing it, the motor starts in “star”, after a certain time, for example, 5 seconds, it enters the “delta” start.
Normally Open Timed Closed (NOTC)
Normally open, (instant open), time delay close (NOTC) upon energizing. It means that when the relay is energized, the contact closes only after a certain time delay.
The contact opens immediately (instant open) upon de-energization of the relay coil.
Normally Closed Timed Open (NCTO)
Normally closed, (instant close), time delay open (NCTO) upon energization. In this type, when the relay is energized, the contact opens only after a time delay.
The contact closes immediately upon the de-energization of the relay coil.
This is the same as the previous relay except that normally closed contacts are used.
Normally Open Timed Open (NOTO)
Normally open, (instant close on energization), time delay open (NOTO) after de-energization.
As soon as the relay is energized, the contact will close and remain closed for some time after power is removed from the coil.
Normally Closed Time Closed (NCTC)
Normally closed, (instant open on energization), time delay close after de-energization (NCTC), this is similar to the previous relay except that the normally closed contacts are used.
Advantages of Time Delay Relays
- Time delay relays are useful in implementing control logic with electronic control systems.
- Time delay relay helps in scheduling the start or stop of machinery.
- Time delay relay helps to set delay time from a few seconds to even hours.
- Energy saving is possible.
Applications of Time Delay Relays
- Automatic Control
- Remote control
- Electronic equipment
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An astute professional with 25 years of service as an Instrumentation Engineer, started a career in Pulp & Paper. In the course of time, shifted to Power plant, Cellulose unit, Chemical plants (Carbon di Sulphide, Clo2, and Sulphuric Acid), Oil and Gas (Exploration & Production). | <urn:uuid:177bac77-8235-4394-901f-302987e2ce6b> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://instrumentationtools.com/what-is-a-time-delay-relay-principle-advantages-disadvantages/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103034170.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625034751-20220625064751-00748.warc.gz | en | 0.934282 | 1,360 | 4 | 4 |
Spanish Body Parts List For Beginners (+ Grammar And Idioms)
- Jada LòpezSpanish teacher, translator🎓 B.A., Translation and Interpreting English and Spanish, Universidad de Granada🎓 M.A., Formación de Profesores de Español como Lengua Extranjera (ELE), Universidad Pablo de Olavide
Passionate language teacher and translator. Wife, mother of 3 and amateur surfer.
If you’re in a Spanish-speaking country and you find yourself needing a doctor, one of the skills you’re going to need is body parts vocabulary in Spanish.
Body parts in Spanish are also handy in other situations, such as buying clothes from a retailer, visiting the dentist or even buying meat at the butcher.
For this reason, you’ll have to revisit them from time to time, until you know them well.
So, if you need a helping hand in revising the parts of the body, here’s where you’ll get the information you need.
Keep reading to back up your understanding of Spanish body parts.
How do we say ‘the body’ in Spanish?
If you want to say ‘the body’ in Spanish, the phrase you’re searching for is el cuerpo. This phrase is masculine and singular.
You might find yourself needing to pluralise this phrase if you wanted to say ‘the bodies’.
In this case, the phrase is still masculine, but it takes the plural form los cuerpos.
What are the main body parts in Spanish?
Before we get into any grammar, and we will do further down in this article, these are the main body parts in Spanish that you should know:
|La columna vertebral
|El dedo del pie
Masculine and feminine articles for Spanish body parts
What you’ll have to remember when learning the Spanish body parts is that they are partnered with masculine and feminine articles.
In English, to identify every body part, we would use the article ‘the’.
However, in Spanish don’t forget that the body parts are identified as either el or la.
One tip to help you remember (most) of the articles for each body part is to learn them as a pair.
It’s no use just remembering the sustantivo alone.
You’re going to have to avoid using Google translate and relying on the translation given there because the translation provided in the main panel, doesn’t provide the masculine or feminine article.
If the body part ends in an -a its partner is likely a feminine article la. If it ends in an -o it’s likely to be partnered with a masculine article el.
But there are exceptions to this rule — such as la mano, so watch out!
How to say ‘something hurts’ in Spanish
Most of the time, if our bodies are harmed in any way, we would notice a pain in the particular body part that has been damaged.
In cases like these, we would need to say ‘it hurts’.
To say this in Spanish, we would use the phrase me duele.
For example, if you want to say your knee hurts, you would say:
Me duele la rodilla.
This applies to all body parts.
However, say you take someone to the doctor and need to tell them that their knee hurts, you would need to change the reflexive pronoun me to le.
So, this sentence would become:
Le duele la rodilla.
If you take all your kids to the doctor, and they all of their knees hurt, you’ll need to substitute the reflexive pronoun le to the plural reflexive pronoun les.
Les duelen las rodillas.
If your head is hurting, on the other hand, me duele can be used to describe this to a doctor, but you can also use a different phrase.
This phrase is tengo dolor de cabeza.
There’s not much difference between these two, though.
Me duele la cabeza means my head hurts, whereas tengo dolor de cabeza means ‘I have a headache’.
But what if your son has a headache that has lasted for a couple of days?
In this case, you would substitute the verb tengo and replace it with the newly conjugated verb tiene.
The sentence would become:
Tiene dolor de cabeza.
When to use a possessive adjective to identify body parts
There are, however, times where you’ll need to use a possessive adjective to identify body parts.
This is typically when you want to pinpoint one person’s body part and there are several people in the room.
Possessive adjectives in this situation help the speaker to avoid confusion.
So, say you wanted to tell the doctor that one of your kids broke their knee and you tried to help them, to describe the situation clearly, you would say
Cuando toque su rodilla con mi mano, le dolió mas. Estaba roto.
Using possessive adjectives, in this case, helps the doctor know that you used your hand to touch the knee.
This wouldn’t be clear with the article alone.
Idioms to listen out for that use Spanish body parts
There are plenty of idiomatic expressions and phrases that use Spanish body parts in the Spanish language.
These phrases shouldn’t be taken in terms of their literal translation.
Just like some of the English idioms — like ‘get off my back’, or ‘a sight for sore eyes’ Spanish idioms is wide ranging.
Here are a few examples of idioms that use Spanish body parts:
Idiom: No tener pelos en la lengua
Literal translation: to not have hairs on the tongue
Meaning: to say what is on your mind without filtering
Ella habla sin pensar en otros. Es como si no tuviera pelos en la lengua.
Idiom: Tener la cara dura
Literal translation: to have the face hard/a hard face
Meaning: to have no shame
Jaime está siempre pidiendo dinero cuando ya tiene suficiente. Tiene la cara dura.
Idiom: Estar hasta narices
Literal translation: to be up to the nose
Meaning: to be frustrated or fed up with something/someone
No estoy feliz con los niños. Es por ellos que la casa está desordenada. Estoy hasta la nariz
Idiom: Tomar el pelo
Literal translation: to take the hair
Meaning: to make fun of someone or pull their leg
No sabia que habías ganado una medalla en los juegos olímpicos. ¿Estas tomándome el pelo?
Idiom: Echar una mano
Literal translation: to lay a hand
Meaning: to help someone out or give someone a hand
Vale, los niños están fuera de control. Te echaré una mano.
How to memorize Spanish body parts
Try using flashcards to help you remember your Spanish body parts.
If you choose to design them yourself, on one side of the card you could have an image of the body part. On the other side of the card, write the name of the body part in Spanish.
Even better - there are some body parts decks on Memrise worth checking out.
The other way might seem juvenile… but when you’re just beginning to learn at A1 level, songs and nursery rhymes can help you remember new vocabulary.
I recommend the song head shoulders knees and toes in Spanish (of course)! 😊
Now, this song won’t teach you every body part. That’s why flashcards are your backup.
But it’s a good way to get started.
As a separate note, there are other reasons that you might want to learn the Spanish names for body parts.
For example, if you’re a medical professional and want to learn Spanish to communicate with Spanish speakers, take a look at my list of Spanish resources for medical professionals.
Some of the resources I’ve included will give you translations for each body part and show them on diagrams.
I know that memorizing all of the Spanish body parts isn’t easy, but with the vast number of resources available to you, you’ll soon start to remember them.
Want to share any other tips for remembering the parts of the body in Spanish?
Add them to the comments just below!
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Health Tip: Prepare for Grocery Shopping01/04/11
(HealthDay News) -- Stocking up on healthy groceries doesn't
have to be expensive or time-consuming, as long as you do a bit of
The American Dietetic Association offers these suggestions:
- Avoid shopping when you're hungry, as you may be more tempted
to buy junk foods.
- Create a shopping list, and buy only the items on your
- Create your list according to the layout of your store's
aisles, so you don't have to wander past the cookies more than
- Choose frozen fruits and veggies so you can eat only what you
need and freeze the rest.
- If buying fresh fruits and vegetables, opt for those that last,
such as broccoli, carrots, cabbage and Brussels sprouts.
Copyright © 2011
. All rights reserved.
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. | <urn:uuid:e58ab33c-1d33-480f-aa8f-3ec34be7eef9> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.crouse.org/news/health-news.aspx?chunkiid=630976 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657132646.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011212-00159-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917948 | 269 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Did you ever analyze your daily diet? If not, you should do it soon, especially if weight gain is an issue. Morning dietary routine usually begins with a bed tea having plenty of sugar in it. This is followed by white bread laced in butter for breakfast, white rice for lunch and white floor bread for dinner.
Do you see a common factor here? To give a hint, a color is involved. You might be oblivious of the fact but white foods cause weight gain or interfere with your weight loss efforts. But does that mean you need to banish all white foods. Not, until you fully understand the concept of white foods.
What Are White Foods?
White colored foods that have been processed and refined generally fall into this category of white foods. Common examples of white food include: floor, rice, potatoes, white bread, cereals and white sugar.
These are processed and contain high amounts of carbohydrates responsible for increased insulin production. Increased insulin production aggravates cravings for more carbohydrates.
Some people mistakenly believe that even the healthier counterparts of white foods like onion, cauliflower, turnips and white potatoes fall into the same category. While they don’t harm in raw form, they would definitely backfire if deep fried. The difference between both categories of white foods is that, while the former are processed with all the fibers removed from them, the latter contains a lot of fibers. Besides, higher glycemic index present in white foods causes trouble with your insulin regulation.
Replacing White Foods With Healthier Alternatives.
Whole grains are healthier alternatives as they retain the bran, germ and endosperm. They are also better sources of fibers, as well as important elements like potassium, selenium and iron. Whole grains can include simple foods like brown rice, buckwheat, whole wheat and popcorn. Other foods that are recommended by the health experts are: Vegetables (except potato!), Brown bread, Olive oil, Fresh fruits, See foods, Nuts, Whole, eat pasta, Legumes
Avoiding white foods is useful step towards weight loss, but when done as part of healthy diet program, will give quick results. Generally, such health programs include a diet plan for two weeks. These two weeks can be hard because the body will have irresistible cravings for rice and sugar. But then the catch is to go beyond the cycle of food cravings. So eat healthy and stay fit! | <urn:uuid:bd771ef1-a528-4431-9ea8-fa9e0c44c33f> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://weightloss5ws.com/diet/knock-off-white-foods-the-worst-dietary-offenders/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257650188.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324093251-20180324113251-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.952753 | 494 | 2.578125 | 3 |
"The Quakers Meeting"
This Dutch engraving shows a Quaker meeting in process. As moved by the spirit, any member could address a Quaker fellowship. And this meant Quaker women had far more freedom than did Puritan women. Here a Quaker woman takes her stand on a barrel to speak her mind. But this drawing is a critical one. Handwritten words beneath the picture ridicule the speaker's audacity, noting that St. Paul of the New Testament forbade women from public speaking.
- 1800 circa 15 years
- Original Format:
- Fine Print Illustration
- download hi-res watermarked image
All Licensed images are available for download as jpeg files at 300 dpi of original size.
If your project requires an image at higher resolution, please contact us (be sure to include item number). Custom requests may require an additional charge. | <urn:uuid:7bca40c9-773e-4088-bb2e-d67a6f6852ff> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.picturehistory.com/product/id/7685 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398457697.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205417-00226-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91346 | 180 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Origins of the Name Thaddeus
If you’re curious about the meaning and origins of the name Thaddeus, you’ve come to the right place. In this section, we’ll explore the various influences that have shaped this unique name over time.
One of the earliest references to the name Thaddeus can be found in the New Testament. In the Gospel of Matthew, Thaddaeus is listed as one of the twelve apostles, though elsewhere in the New Testament his name is omitted and Jude’s appears instead. This has led some scholars to suggest that Thaddaeus and Jude may have been the same person, or that Thaddaeus was simply an alternate name for Jude.
Greek and Aramaic Origins
The name Thaddeus is believed to have originated from the Aramaic word “tadda,” which means “breast” or “heart.” Some scholars have suggested that the name may also be an Aramaic form of the Greek name Theodore, which means “gift of God.”
In Ancient Greek, the name Thaddaios (Θαδδαῖος) was used to refer to the apostle Thaddaeus. This name is believed to have been derived from the Aramaic name Tadday, which is a shortened form of Thaddeus.
In Latin, the name Thaddaeus became Thaddaeus, which eventually evolved into Thaddeus. The Latin version of the name was popularized during the Middle Ages, and it has been used as a given name ever since.
Overall, the name Thaddeus has a rich and varied history, with influences from Aramaic, Greek, and Latin. Whether you’re looking for a name with biblical roots or simply a unique and meaningful moniker, Thaddeus is a name that is sure to stand out.
Meaning of Thaddeus
Thaddeus is a name of Aramaic origin, which means “heart” or “courageous”. It is also believed to be a Greek name that means “gift of God”. The name has a solid New Testament legacy and a nice antique feel, making it a popular choice for baby names.
The name Thaddeus is often associated with the heart and love. It is believed to represent a person who is passionate, warm-hearted, and loving. The name is also associated with courage and bravery, making it a popular choice for boys.
In some cultures, the name Thaddeus is considered to be a gift from God. It is believed to bring good luck and prosperity to the person who bears the name. In other cultures, the name is associated with the color red, which is often seen as a symbol of passion and love.
Overall, the name Thaddeus has a rich history and cultural significance. It is a name that is both timeless and modern, making it a popular choice for parents looking for a unique and meaningful name for their child.
Thaddeus in the New Testament
Thaddeus, also known as Jude or Judas, was one of the twelve apostles chosen by Jesus Christ. He is often referred to as Thaddeus of Edessa, to distinguish him from Judas Iscariot, the apostle who betrayed Jesus.
Thaddeus is not mentioned as frequently as some of the other apostles in the New Testament. In fact, his name appears only in three of the four Gospels: Matthew, Mark, and Luke. In Matthew and Mark, he is referred to as Thaddeus, while in Luke he is called Judas, son of James.
Despite his relative obscurity in the Bible, Thaddeus played an important role in spreading the word of Jesus. According to tradition, he traveled to Syria and Mesopotamia, where he preached the Gospel and performed miracles. He is believed to have been martyred in Persia, along with another apostle, Simon the Zealot.
Thaddeus is sometimes identified as the brother of James, another apostle, and as the brother of Jesus. However, this is a matter of debate among biblical scholars, and there is no definitive evidence to support these claims.
In summary, Thaddeus was one of the twelve apostles chosen by Jesus Christ, and played an important role in spreading the Gospel. Despite his relative obscurity in the New Testament, he is remembered as a faithful disciple who gave his life for his beliefs.
Popularity and Variations of Thaddeus
Thaddeus is a unique and timeless name with a rich history and meaning. It has been a popular name in various countries and cultures for centuries. Let’s explore the popularity and variations of Thaddeus.
Thaddeus is a moderately popular name in the United States. According to the 1990 Census, Thaddeus was the 611th most popular male name in the United States, while Thad, its diminutive version, was the 846th most popular. Thaddeus has remained a relatively popular name in recent years, ranking 1,338th in popularity in 2020.
Thaddeus has a variety of international variations, each with its unique pronunciation and spelling. Here are some of the most common variations of Thaddeus from different countries:
- Tadeusz (Polish)
- Tadeo (Spanish)
- Taddeo (Italian)
- Thaddäus (German)
- Tadija (Croatian and Serbian)
- Tadeáš (Czech)
- Thaddée (French)
- Tadeu (Portuguese)
- Faddei (Russian)
- Tadeas (Lithuanian)
- Thadde (Danish and Swedish)
- Thaddeus (Georgian and Hungarian)
Thaddeus has several related names that are worth considering, especially if you’re looking for a name with a similar meaning or origin. Here are some of the related names of Thaddeus:
- Theodore (Greek origin, meaning “gift of God”)
- Nathaniel (Hebrew origin, meaning “God has given”)
- Matthias (Greek origin, meaning “gift of God”)
- Jonathan (Hebrew origin, meaning “gift of God”)
- Gabriel (Hebrew origin, meaning “God is my strength”)
Thaddeus is a classic and timeless name that has stood the test of time. Whether you prefer the traditional spelling or one of the many international variations, Thaddeus is a name that is sure to make a lasting impression.
Famous People Named Thaddeus
Thaddeus is a name that has been used throughout history, and as such, there have been many famous people who have borne this name. Here are some of the most notable:
- Thaddeus Bullard: better known by his ring name Titus O’Neil, Bullard is a retired professional wrestler and former football player. He is also known for his philanthropic work and advocacy for underprivileged children.
- Thaddeus Stevens: Stevens was a 19th-century American politician who played a key role in the abolition of slavery and the Reconstruction era. He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
- Thaddeus Young: Young is a professional basketball player who currently plays for the San Antonio Spurs. He has also played for several other teams, including the Philadelphia 76ers, Indiana Pacers, and Brooklyn Nets.
- Thad Luckinbill: Luckinbill is an American actor and producer who is best known for his role on the daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless. He has also appeared in several films and television shows.
- General Thaddeus E. ‘Thunderbolt’ Ross: Ross is a fictional character from the Marvel Comics universe. He is a military general who is often depicted as an antagonist to the superhero known as the Hulk.
- Tadeus: Tadeus is a Polish form of the name Thaddeus. It has been borne by several notable individuals, including Tadeusz Kościuszko, a military leader who fought in the American Revolutionary War.
- Thaddeus Bradley: Bradley is a fictional character from the Now You See Me film series. He is a former magician who now works as an investigator and consultant for the FBI.
- Gilles Bensimon: Bensimon is a French fashion photographer who has worked for several major publications, including Elle and Vogue. He was married to the supermodel Elle Macpherson from 1986 to 1989.
Overall, Thaddeus is a name that has been borne by many accomplished individuals throughout history, from politicians to athletes to fictional characters.
Thaddeus in Popular Culture
Thaddeus, despite being a name with biblical roots, has made its way into popular culture in various forms. Here are a few examples:
- Tadzio: In Thomas Mann’s novel “Death in Venice,” the character Tadzio is a young Polish boy who becomes the object of the protagonist’s obsession. The name Tadzio is a variation of Thaddeus.
- Theodore: The name Theodore is a modern nickname for Thaddeus. It has gained popularity in recent years, with famous namesakes including Theodore Roosevelt and Theodore Geisel (better known as Dr. Seuss).
- Jazz: Jazz pianist Thaddeus Joseph Jones, better known as Thad Jones, was a prominent figure in the jazz world in the 1950s and 60s. He co-led the Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra, which won a Grammy in 1978.
- Tadd: Tadd Dameron was a jazz pianist and composer who worked with some of the biggest names in jazz, including Dizzy Gillespie and Miles Davis. His given name was actually Tadley, but he went by Tadd as a nickname.
- Thad: In the TV show “Get Smart,” Thaddeus the Robot was a recurring character who appeared in several episodes. He was a robot designed by KAOS to infiltrate CONTROL, but he had a tendency to malfunction.
- Thomas Mann: As mentioned earlier, Thomas Mann’s novel “Death in Venice” features a character named Tadzio. Mann himself was a German author who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1929.
- “Death in Venice”: The novel has been adapted into several films, including a 1971 version directed by Luchino Visconti. In the film, Tadzio is played by Björn Andrésen.
- American Horror Story: In the fifth season of the TV show “American Horror Story,” the character of Thaddeus Montgomery is a ghost who haunts the hotel where the show takes place.
- Dishonored: In the video game “Dishonored,” Thaddeus Campbell is a corrupt politician who serves as the main antagonist of the game’s third mission.
- Now You See Me: In the movie “Now You See Me,” Thaddeus Bradley is a former magician who becomes an FBI consultant to help catch a group of rogue magicians.
Overall, Thaddeus has an antique feel to it, but it also has the potential for modern nicknames like Theodore or Thad. Its biblical roots give it a solid legacy, but its appearances in popular culture show that it can also be a versatile name.
Thaddeus as a Saint’s Name
Thaddeus is a name that has been associated with several saints throughout history. One of the most prominent saints with this name is Thaddeus of Edessa, who is also known as Addai or Mar Addai. He was one of the seventy disciples of Jesus and is venerated as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Assyrian Church of the East, and the Chaldean Catholic Church.
According to tradition, Thaddeus was sent to Edessa by the apostle Thomas to preach the gospel. He is credited with converting the city’s king, Abgar V, to Christianity. Thaddeus is also said to have performed many miracles during his time in Edessa, including healing the sick and casting out demons.
Thaddeus of Edessa is often depicted in art holding a scroll or a book, symbolizing his role as a teacher and preacher. His feast day is celebrated on August 21st in the Eastern Orthodox Church and on June 10th in the Assyrian Church of the East.
In addition to Thaddeus of Edessa, there are several other saints with the name Thaddeus, including Thaddeus McCarthy, an Irish bishop who lived in the 12th century, and Thaddeus of Warsaw, a Polish Franciscan who was martyred in the 19th century.
Overall, the name Thaddeus has a rich history in the Christian faith, and its association with several saints makes it a popular choice for parents looking for a meaningful name for their child. | <urn:uuid:81023f03-d4d3-4e1a-a7e0-37c838afbabb> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.nameoftheyear.com/thaddeus-name-meaning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476396.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303142747-20240303172747-00728.warc.gz | en | 0.977337 | 2,726 | 3.375 | 3 |
By Sarah Stalnaker, DVM
If you search Google for vaccination guidelines for your furry friends you may come across varying opinions on which vaccinations are necessary. You should consult with your veterinarian about vaccines for your dog based on their age, breed, lifestyle, and medical history. One vaccine that is sometimes overlooked by pet owners is the kennel cough vaccine. What is it, and should you have it administered to your dog? The medical name for kennel cough is infectious tracheobronchitis. The typical vaccine includes two components, the Parainfluenza virus and the Bordetella bronchiseptica bacteria, both of which can cause coughing and upper respiratory symptoms in dogs. The cough is typically a dry nonproductive cough and many people describe it as sounding like a honk.
Dogs that rarely leave their own backyard would be considered at very low risk for being exposed to kennel cough. This vaccination is recommended for dogs with lifestyles that bring them into close contact with other dogs. For example, dogs that are boarded, groomed professionally, attend doggie day care, compete in dog shows, participate in training classes, or even dogs who frequent the local dog park are candidates for this vaccination. If this lifestyle describes your dog, speak with your veterinarian about having your pet vaccinated every 6 to 12 months for Bordetella.
The vaccine is administered as nose drops or as an injection. The intranasal vaccine is great for puppies because it does not require a booster. The traditional injectable vaccine is better for dogs that are extremely wiggly or for those who do not like their face touched. It is better to vaccinate your dog a few weeks before they will come in contact with other dogs to allow the vaccine to reach its full potential in their body. When boarding your pet on short notice request that the intranasal vaccine be given because it becomes effective faster than the injectable version. Even with proper vaccination some dogs still develop kennel cough. This is because the vaccination does not provide protection against every type of respiratory virus and bacteria. If your vaccinated dog is exposed to kennel cough, symptoms are typically shorter and milder than those of non-vaccinated dogs. Make sure your socialite is protected against kennel cough through vaccination, and then let the fun begin! | <urn:uuid:7dd2575f-a5d3-40b6-a014-6b769745291c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.boyetteanimalhospital.com/articles-we-wrote/article-21-40/is-your-dog-a-party-animal-.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250613416.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123191130-20200123220130-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.963531 | 475 | 2.921875 | 3 |
02 November 2019
The Italian’s mandate as head of the European Central Bank (ECB) ended on the 31st of October. And his legacy did not only interfere with the accounts of European governments. Mario Draghi’s expansionist policies at the head of the ECB have had a very significant impact on the personal and family budget of many Portuguese (and other European) people. Particularly on the monthly expense of those who have housing loans.
Mario Draghi took office as President of the ECB on 1 November 2011. That same month, he lowered the reference interest rate from 1.5% to 1.25% and, the following month, he lowered it again to 1% (which has remained at 0% since 2016). The reference rate is the interest rate at which a central bank lends money to a commercial bank, which in turn lends money to individuals and businesses. Now, if the interest rate applied to banks goes down, it is expected that the interest rates they apply to their customers will eventually fall as well. This can impact your accounts in two ways. If you have variable interest rate loans, your bank payments will go down. If you have resources, interest paid by financial institutions for your savings or investment applications will tend to fall as well.
Let us recall the context in which Draghi took over the presidency of the ECB. Do you remember the European Troika? In those days Greece and Ireland (2010) and Portugal (2011) had already requested foreign aid, with Spain and Cyprus having to do the same in 2012 and 2013. This means that the governments of these countries – independent and sovereign nations – recognized before voters, investors and other states that, in the near future, they might fail to pay their responsibilities. It is clear that a country at risk of defaulting on suppliers or failing to pay salaries to public officials inspires little confidence. Now, the cost of a given financing varies in inverse proportion to the perception of risk it inspires. This means that the interest rate charged to our country and our banks was high. Consequence? Borrowing from a credit institution in Portugal was not easy and the loans granted were made by applying unattractive rates.
The truth is that foreign aid mechanisms have helped countries like Portugal to gradually regain the confidence of investors who, at that time, seemed more comfortable with the idea of investing in countries such as Germany. In the face of a hypothetical collapse of the Euro, the prospect of keeping German marks in your wallet seemed more enticing than collecting Portuguese escudos or Greek drachmas. In this way, it was possible to lower the interest on public debt and the financial burden on loans 1) from the Portuguese State, 2) from national banks and, 3) therefore, from Portuguese people as well.
To get an idea of what was happening: on 31 January 2012 and according to the Bank of Portugal (BP), the average interest rate on mortgage loans was 4.68% in Portugal and 3.77% in the Eurozone. And to get a sense of how much this reality has changed, on 30 September 2019, still according to BP, those same values were 0.95% for Portugal and 1.47% for the Eurozone. In between, Draghi speaks out his famous "Within our mandate, the ECB is ready to do whatever it takes to preserve the Euro". These statements had a brutal impact on the perception of what could be done to attest to the soundness of the single currency. Following this, the ECB implemented a series of measures, of which I highlight the following:
1) Injecting money into the economy through medium-term financing operations to banks so that these can, in turn, provide liquidity to businesses and consumers (more money available to lend to the people and easing of the conditions under which the funding was granted). Sounds vague? In 2018 alone and according to BP, it was granted 96% of the mortgage loans that had been made available in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 together (158% of the amount granted between 2012 and 2014).
2) Stimulating the economy through the purchase of public debt. By buying debt from Portugal and other countries with less financial clearance, the ECB contributed to an increase in the demand for these securities. Demand for a given product or service has an appreciation effect on that good (for example, if more people are interested in buying your house, our perception of its value tends to grow). In this case – since we are talking about debt – (a country receives a portion of money from an investor and commits, over a certain period of time, to repay the capital and pay interest on it) – the perception of risk on that same loan decreases, and therefore its interest rate as well. This means that Portugal managed to reduce expenses on its borrowing costs (according to Expresso, Mario Draghi’s action will have saved our country 7.4 billion Euros in 5 years.)
So yes…. If you have money in the bank yielding close to zero, you have every right to hold Mario Dragui responsible for it. But remember that it is also thanks to the action of that Italian economist that it is possible to pay 1% of TAN (euribor + spread) on a loan to finance the purchase of a house. This is due to the fact that euribor has evolved into negative values. But also because the spread charged by banks has dropped significantly. And both changes are also the result of Draghi’s action.
But Draghi’s measures can generate even more impact on the lives of some Portuguese people... (or foreigners who live here)
Fixed or variable interest rate?
The widespread decline in interest rates and the fact that this scenario is expected to last throughout the following years marks times of financial clearance for many families in Portugal. On the other hand, mortgage loans are traditionally long-term financing (20, 30 and 40 years). This means that it is impossible to predict what will happen to interest rates in 2025, 2030 or 2040. Imagine that in the next 10, 20 or 30 years, interest rates will not return to values as low as they are now? Is it worth fixing the rate and being penalized in the short term for a higher monthly installment, hoping that, sometime in the future, a predictable rise in the rates would save you dozens or hundreds of euros a month? Maybe….
Now, it is important to remember the following: not only it is impossible to predict the evolution of interest rates but sometimes we cannot even predict what happens in our own lives. A job proposal for a different city or country, the unexpected birth of one more child or a separation are all events that might lead to a change of house. In face of this scenario – paying off your mortgage earlier than expected – sacrificing the present to focus on hypothetical gains in the medium-long term may prove to be a failed option. Not to mention, in Portugal, the maximum amount that banks can charge for a fixed-rate house loan early settlement commission is four times higher than what they are allowed to charge when financing is granted through the application of a variable interest rate.
Renegotiation or mortgage transfer?
In recent years we have not only witnessed a fall in interest rates in the Eurozone. Across most of Europe we saw house prices rise (according to EuroStat, only Ireland, Spain, Italy, Cyprus and Greece haven’t yet been able to recover 2008 figures). Just to get an idea of the Portuguese example: the housing price index of the National Institute of Statistics rose more than 53% between the 2nd quarter of 2013 and the 2nd quarter of 2019. This means that many of the people who bought houses before 2014 saw the commercial value of their real estate soar. That is, they bought real estate for much lower values than those that are practiced today but with significantly more adverse financing conditions than those that can be agreed in 2019. Today, they would have to spend a lot more on the purchase but would face a significantly lower value of money. Can these people have the best of both worlds?
A more affordable credit for a purchase that, in light of today’s values, almost appears to be on sale? In theory yes. We have to bear in mind the expenses that may entail a renegotiation or credit transfer, but in fact the current conjuncture allows more attractive financing conditions. A mortgage credit approval process essentially deals with 3 variables: financing amount, relation between that same amount and the value of the collateral (the property will always be subject to a new evaluation), and the clients’ ability to meet monthly repayments. Assuming that proponents’ incomes are not lower than at the time of the original financing (or that their liabilities to credit institutions have not skyrocketed), the other two variables will tend to benefit you because, although the house is worth more, the amount needed for its finance continues to refer to the original purchase price. That is, the relation between the value of the property and the financing will most likely go down significantly. And, in this way, the bank’s risk perception as well. Not to mention (because it deserves to be repeated) that interest rates on credit operations have declined significantly in recent years.
Bye-bye Mario, hello Christine
Portugal and (most) Portuguese people have reasons to feel grateful to Mario Dragui. Now it is the turn of Christine Lagarde, former managing director of the International Monetary Fund, to take over the ECB presidency. During Draghi’s mandate, the French politician, economist and lawyer praised many of his measures. In the short term, no significant changes in the policies of that institution should be expected. But opposition from countries that, due to the sharp fall in interest rates, pay interest to lend money, (or so many of us who are fed up with having money in the bank and not getting any return) is likely to gain more and more voice. | <urn:uuid:c42c94b7-b4c1-439d-bf5c-ee2551f0b2f4> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.ahouseinlisbon.com/en/what-s-draghi-got-to-do-with-it | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662573053.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524142617-20220524172617-00396.warc.gz | en | 0.969211 | 2,027 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports this week that teen pregnancy in the South is outpacing the rest of the country by a striking degree. The top 10 states for teen pregnancy rates in 2008 were in the South and Southwest, while the 10 lowest are clumped primarily in the Northeast.
Sexual health advocates have pointed out another geographic trend for this: the placement of comprehensive sex education programs in public schools vs. head-in-the-sand abstinence-only versions.
"The report demonstrates that the surest way to reduce teenage pregnancy is to provide young people with comprehensive, medically accurate sex education, and doing so is especially urgent for African Americans and Latino teens, who are getting pregnant more frequently than other young people," said Planned Parenthood Federation of America education director Leslie Kantor (h/t The Hill)
That last bit is of course key. Pregnancy rates among black and Latina teens have long been much higher than the national rate, and this study repeats those findings. In 2007, the most recent year there's race-specific data, Latina teens had birth rates three times that of whites while black teens had rates twice as high. So the geographic trend is at least in part driven by the fact that the South and Southwest have higher percentages of black and Latino residents.
But CDC stresses in the report that racial disparities don't fully explain the regional disparities. In fact, across racial groups, teen pregnancy rates are lowest in the Northeast and West--places that tend to have comprehensive sex-ed programs. New York, New Jersey and California appear in the top 10 for lowest rates among all three racial groups. And white teens in the Southeast solidly lead the way for birth rates among whites nationally.
What's this mean? That while black and Latina teens are most likely to get cheated by retrograde sexual education in public schools, it screws over everybody. | <urn:uuid:155482db-f2f8-42a5-aa5b-f8b9d006c7ca> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.colorlines.com/articles/cdc-study-shows-teen-pregnancy-about-education-not-race | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541773.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00291-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948945 | 382 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The full title of the doctoral thesis that signaled Jacques Lacan's entry into psychiatry was De la psychose paranoïaque dans ses rapports avec la personnalité (On paranoiac psychosis as it relates to the personality). The work was dated September 7, 1932, when Lacan was thirty-one years old.
The case of Aimee
An important moment in the history of surrealism is the convergence of the concern for language and the interest in psychoanalysis and psychiatry. The surrealists argued that the pathological is not meaningless and that it is a mode of expression which has its own validity. It is possible that Lacan's famous slogan 'the unconscious is structured like a language' may owe much to the surrealists' attention to the linguistic expression of psychic phenomena. It has been suggested that some surrealist texts prefigure aspects of Lacanian theory. Indeed, it could be argued that the surrealists were the first to realise that psychoanalysis is essentially a question of language. They fully understood why the method introduced by Freud and Breuer was given the name 'the talking cure' by Anna 0., one of Breuer's patients. Besides language, the surrealists were interested in certain aspects of femininity. 'Woman-as-victim' is a common theme in surrealist art.
Lacan's first articles were published between 1926 and 1933 while he was training as a psychiatrist. During this time he studied many patients suffering from delusions and became interested in their disorders of language. His research convinced him that no psychical phenomenon could arise completely independently of the subject's personality. The major work of this period was his doctoral thesis: 'Paranoid psychosis and its relation to the personality' (1932), which included a study of a female psychotic whom he called Aimee. While not a psychoanalyst, Lacan used some analytical concepts in his account of his patient at a time when Freud was not well known in France. Lacan's thesis was one of the first attempts in France to interpret a psychosis in terms of the total history of the patient.
Aimee was a thirty-eight-year-old railway clerk who inexplicably attacked one of the best-known actresses in Paris, wounding her with a knife as she entered the theatre one evening. Aimee consistently maintained that the actress, and others, had been spreading slander about her. She had never met her alleged persecutors. Aimee had literary ambitions, but her novels and poems had been repeatedly rejected by one publisher after another.
It was the unusual nature of her writings which first led Lacan to take an interest in her case. In his view, Aimee attacked an ideal image of woman who enjoys social freedom and power, the very type of woman she hoped to become by pursuing a literary career. The dominating woman she envied, and who became her persecutor, was initially embodied by her sister and then by a close woman friend to whom Aimee once admitted: 'I feel that I am masculine.' Aimee's condition, then, was rooted in a problem of identification, in a confusion of self and other. She wished to be a rich, influential novelist, and attacked the incarnation of her ambition: an actress who represented her ego-ideal. In Lacan's view Aimee was clearly suffering from delusions of being persecuted. A remarkable feature of Aimee's delusions was that when she was found guilty before the law and imprisoned, the delusions disappeared. The wish behind her delusions was one of unconscious self-punishment, probably in order to deal with her guilt feelings. Her psychosis was 'self-punishment paranoia'. This was one of Freud's concepts and referred to those who are criminals from a sense of guilt. Freud described how certain criminal acts give relief to subjects who suffer from oppressive feelings of guilt before the crime. He also wrote how children can quite often be naughty on purpose to provoke punishment, and then are quiet and settled after the punishment.
Lacan's observations led him to the conclusion that Aimee's assault on the actress was in fact a means of punishing herself by attacking her ideal. Lacan's comments rely heavily on Freud's argument that paranoia is in part a defense against homosexuality, a process of disavowal (a refusal to acknowledge) which gives rise to the delusion of persecution and to the identification of the loved one with the persecutor. In this case, and another which Lacan discusses concerning the Papin sisters, self and other merge all too easily and gender becomes uncertain.
Aimee was not only a patient of Lacan's, but was also a cause celebrity for the surrealists. Lacan's thesis included a selection of Aimee's copious writings, which were produced at the height of her psychosis and which virtually stopped when it abated. The literary qualities of Aimee's work were much appreciated and discussed by members of the surrealist movement of which Lacan was a part. | <urn:uuid:fbf84b81-38ea-4d26-943b-027d9e69379f> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://nosubject.com/index.php/Doctoral_dissertation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232254882.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190519121502-20190519143502-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.985961 | 1,015 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Cloud Iridescence Over Switzerland
November 17, 2004
This very colorful iridescent cloud was photographed on September 25, 2004 at 10.45 a.m. (local time), near Lugano, Switzerland. Iridescence in clouds is caused by the process of diffraction, which is essentially the deflection of light around cloud droplets -- a result of the wave properties of light. Since iridescent clouds are simply detached coronae, they observed in patches or bands relatively close to the Sun, almost always closer than the 22 degree halo. | <urn:uuid:d798809d-9864-4df5-bcc4-324f1d076426> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://epod.usra.edu/blog/2004/11/cloud-iridescence-over-switzerland.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00032-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958611 | 113 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Marguerite Johnson was born in the late 1920s in Arkansas. A poor black female in the segregated South, Johnson didn’t exactly have a bright future to look forward to. She endured the hardships that virtually all African Americans endured during and beyond segregation—second-class citizen status, economic and social exclusion, living in near-constant fear of physical threats and terror, and so forth.
As if that weren’t enough, the particular events of Johnson’s life wouldn’t make it any easier for her either.
At age 7, she was raped by her mother’s boyfriend. She told only her brother about it. A few days later, her attacker was found dead.
She was so traumatized by these events that she didn’t speak a word out loud for another five-and-a-half years. An outcast, both from the outside and from within herself, Johnson was seemingly bound to a hard, lonely life of struggle and isolation.
Marguerite Johnson, however, would later change her name to Maya Angelou and become a dancer, an actress, a screenwriter, a poet, a prominent leader in the civil rights movement of the 1960s, and the first black female to write a best-selling nonfiction book, her memoir, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. She won multiple awards across multiple fields and even gave a presidential inaugural speech in 1993.1
And what was perhaps most impressive is that, at one point, Angelou admitted that she didn’t become what she was despite her early trauma, she became what she was because of it. When she wrote, she said she wrote over her scars—scars that only she could see and touch and feel.
Let’s be real: trauma is not a “good” thing in life. All things being equal, none of us should have to experience these horrible things. But all of us do, at some point or another. That’s just a fact of life.
Most of us live through at least five or six traumatic events in our lifetime—we lose someone close to us, get divorced, lose a job, get a scary diagnosis at the doctor’s office, get assaulted and on and on—and more often than not, after one of these events, we’ll come out at least a little bit stronger, a little bit wiser, and a little bit of a better person.2
Thriving in the Face of Trauma
Up until relatively recently, the field of psychology mostly studied the ways in which trauma fucked us up. It makes sense why psychologists thought this for so long.
When starting out 100+ years ago, as a “quack science,” initially it was only the most desperate and disturbed who resorted to seeking psychiatric help. Mainstream people with mainstream problems didn’t go see shrinks because it was still something stigmatized as embarrassing or shameful (and still kind of is).
As a result, the first 50 years or so of psychological/psychiatric practices dealt with the really hard cases. You know, schizophrenics, manic depressives, suicidal people, and so on.
This created a sort of selection bias. Since psychologists were only studying the most extreme mental health cases, and pretty much all of these cases involved the patient experiencing some terrible trauma at some point, early psychologists came to the logical conclusion that trauma leads to mental health issues.
But this, it turns out, is wrong. And, in fact, it’s often the opposite.
It wasn’t until psychology and psychiatry became more mainstream that the field began to realize that trauma is incredibly common. In fact, trauma is actually a fact of life. And not only do most of us not succumb to severe mental breakdowns, but many people end up growing and developing into stronger people due to their past pains. As many as 90% of people who experience a traumatic event also experience at least one form of personal growth in the following months and years.3
These people eventually come to feel a greater sense of appreciation in life, their priorities change, their relationships are warmer and more compassionate, they draw from a greater source of personal strength, and they see new possibilities in their lives they never even considered before.
Now, before you go on thinking, “OMG, Mark Manson says all I need to do is experience some of that rip-out-your-heart-and-spit-in-your-face trauma and then my life will finally be the way I want it. Let’s get this trauma started!”
Uhh… No. There’s more to it than that.
The Trauma Is Not the End, It’s the Beginning
It turns out that trauma in our lives, in whatever form it takes, isn’t actually the thing that makes us “stronger” in this case. All those inspirational quotes with cheesy sunsets about enduring adversity and “what doesn’t kill you makes you stronger,” they all kind of mislead you into thinking that just enduring some form of hardship is enough to steel yourself against future hardship.
That’s not entirely true.
It’s what comes after the trauma that really matters. It’s not the survival of trauma that makes you stronger, it’s the work you put in as a result of the trauma that makes you stronger.
Traumatic experiences shake us to the core. They make us question our fundamental beliefs about the world and our place in it. They make us question the degree of benevolence and kindness and predictability in the world and of the people around us. Some traumas serve as stark reminders of our mortality, something most of us don’t want to think about.
And then there you are, traumatized and bewildered, lost and questioning everything about your life. At that point, it can basically go one of two ways:
- You fall off the proverbial mental cliff and experience some Real Shit™ that leads to a lot of dysfunction (less common than you think);
- You use this as an opportunity to forge a new set of beliefs and a new worldview that is more resilient and enduring than your previous worldview (a lot more common than you think).
Think of it like an earthquake that rips through a city. Everything is pretty much fucked after the tectonic violence wreaks havoc beneath. But after that, buildings can be rebuilt with new knowledge of structural integrity and people have the opportunity to design more resilient systems to guard against future earthquakes. The city doesn’t just “bounce back” to its previous state—it’s made into a wiser, more resilient city.
And so, when our lives are disrupted by some tectonic-shifting personal shit, we have the opportunity to rebuild ourselves. We’ll carry the memory and the pain of the experience with us no matter what, just as the people of a city carry the memory and loss of a natural disaster like an earthquake.
The question at that point is, how will we rebuild ourselves?
Life After Trauma
Trauma creates a distinct before and after point in our lives. Trauma creates moments that we’ll likely never forget.
It’s normal to ruminate about your pain, to question the meaning of it all, and to feel any combination of guilt, shame, fear, and loneliness. This can really suck. You end up playing the trauma over and over again in your head, like a bad movie you’re forced to watch in a theater where you’re strapped to the chair and your eyelids are taped open. It doesn’t feel real. And each replay feels almost as painful as the last. It’s like your brain punching itself over and over again for months, or even years, on end.
But as shitty as this is, it’s actually a crucial step in creating a narrative around your trauma.5 The narrative you construct will help lead you out of the dark corners of your mind and ultimately to a better place. As humans, we need to make sense of the world around us, and like I said before, trauma rarely makes sense as it’s happening to us.
So what should that narrative look like? Well, there are a few things to keep in mind:
1. It’s not about deserving
Our natural inclination when something horrible happens is to ask, “Why me? What did I do to deserve this?” Generally, the younger we are, or the worse the experience, the more we will naturally come to blame ourselves for our pain. We will come to feel that there must be something inherently wrong with us and that we did something to bring the situation upon ourselves.
The most important step in forming the meaning of our pain is understanding that it’s not about deserving. That goes for ourselves, but it also goes for others as well. It’s not about deserving. Pain is not a zero-sum game. If somebody hurts us, hurting them back doesn’t make it better.
In fact, pain is the opposite. Pain is contagious. It’s like a virus. The more we hurt, the more we will feel inclined to hurt ourselves further and to hurt others further. Our own perceived shortcomings will be used to justify further destructive behaviors towards ourselves and towards those around us.
It’s important to recognize this and to stop it before it goes too far. We did nothing to deserve our trauma. Nobody deserves trauma. But deserving is not the point. It’s just something that happens.
2. A new appreciation for life
I remember when a close friend of mine died, it immediately made me aware of my other friendships and how fragile and tenuous they were. I found myself making the point of telling my friends that I cared about them and that they were important to me. This had the effect of actually strengthening some of my relationships, despite the fact that I had just gone through an intense loss.
Because trauma confronts us with the possibility of our own mortality, and with the possibility that most of what we thought was true about the world may not be, it has the interesting side effect of exposing what we’ve been taking for granted for most of our lives.6
It’s extreme pain that has an uncanny ability to clarify what actually matters in our lives, and removes any inhibition or doubt as to whether we should take advantage of it or not.
3. Talk about it
Narratives don’t form in a vacuum, they only exist when they’re communicated to others. Researchers have found, over and over again, that a strong predictor of personal growth following trauma is a willingness to open up about the trauma in the context of a supportive social network.7
Find a friend, a family member, a therapist, your pet iguana, and share your experience, your feelings, your doubts, and your fears that surround your trauma. Get out of your own head and share your shame.
Some of the most profound wisdom in your life will come from your trauma, but that wisdom can never be realized if you don’t share it in some form or another.
There’s a stigma in our culture around sharing our pain. Unfortunately, disclosing that we’re hurting runs up against a number of taboos — that we should be positive and pleasant, that our problems are just that, our problems, and that the self-reliance of people means we get what we deserve.
But squelching our trauma only makes it worse. It festers and infects us. And this is perhaps the greatest lesson we get from Maya Angelou. Her ability to transmute her pain into a message of hope and empowerment is what led to her healing, not the other way around.
It’s sharing our own personal pain that allows us to move beyond it. Because it’s one thing to just sit and intellectualize our problems to ourselves. But once we share and mold that meaning out in the world around us, our pain becomes something outside of us. And because it’s now outside of us, we are finally able to live without it.
- She was also, oddly enough, the first black female trolley operator in San Francisco.↵
- And I’m not making those numbers up. See Michaela Hass’s book, Bouncing Forward: The Art and Science of Cultivating Resilience.↵
- Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2014). Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice. Routledge.↵
- Neimeyer, R. A. (2004). Fostering Posttraumatic Growth: A Narrative Elaboration. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 53–59.↵
- Meichenbaum, D. (2006). Resilience and posttraumatic growth: A constructive narrative perspective. Handbook of Posttraumatic Growth: Research and Practice, 355–368.↵
- Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455–471.↵
- Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18.↵ | <urn:uuid:fa278a23-24a4-43b8-bc49-d9e8796600cf> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://markmanson.net/how-to-grow-from-your-pain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247497858.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221010932-20190221032932-00381.warc.gz | en | 0.959405 | 2,826 | 2.765625 | 3 |
2BITUMINOUS MATERIALS BITUMEN IS - The oldest known engineering material- Produced by flashdistillation of crude oil- Versatile due to itsplasticity, insolubility &inertnessBitumen is widely used for road construction, roofing, air fields, water-proofing, etc.This paper essentially deals with road Bitumen (bulk and packed).
32.1 TYPES OF BITUMENThere are two types of road bitumens used widely : Pure Bitumen and Bitumen Emulsions.Pure Bitumen : Comes in 4 grades, for various courses of road laying application.Bitumen Emulsions : A bitumen-water mixture stabilised by an emulsifierCationic emulsions are more suited for road building than anionic
4TYPES OF BITUMEN (contd) Advantages of Emulsions over pure BitumenLower temperature application : Less hazards of burns/fires/fumesLess dependence on atmospheric conditionsAllows use of damp aggregates even at low temperatureHave built-in adhesive & wetting agents
53.O SAFETY IN BITUMEN HANDLING At room temperature, bitumen is a safe product with no environment or health hazardsOccupational hazards arise due to handling at high temperatureMain hazards are thermal burns and potential fire/explosionSupports combustion if over heated in the presence of air
63.O SAFETY IN BITUMEN HANDLING (contd) 3.1 Bulk Storage:Operational Safety Requirements:Reliable gauging and alarm systemsHigh level alarmsDivert overflow and vent pipes to safe areasAnti-siphon slots on fill pipes going to the bottom of the tank
73.O SAFETY IN BITUMEN HANDLING (contd) 3.1 Bulk Storage: (contd)Guard rails for roof ladders/walkwaysEnsure tank is water-free while commissioning after repairsHot pipes to be vertical to avoid bowingNever unclog bitumen pipes with propane torch
83.O SAFETY IN BITUMEN HANDLING (contd) 3.2 Packed Bitumen:When Bitumen is packed in drums:The operator should be wearing all PPEAdjust drum and filling head height properly to avoid splashing of hot BitumenMaintain right temperature of Bitumen to minimise fumesThere should be no open source of ignition nearbyDry chemical fire extinguisher and first aid kit should be on handThere should be no manual handling of drums when the Bitumen is hot.
93.O SAFETY IN BITUMEN HANDLING (contd) 3.3 TransportationTanker safety precautions:Tanker should be water-free and on level groundAllow enough room for expansion during heatingNo open flames while filling tankerStand clear of the man-hole while filling and close it securely after filling
103.O SAFETY IN BITUMEN HANDLING (contd) 3.3 Transportation (contd)When heating up a tanker:At least 6 inches of Bitumen should cover the tubesHeat the tanker slowly, especially when bitumen is coldNever allow the vent pipes to get pluggedHave adequate fire extinguishers on handAll drivers delivering Bitumen must wear PPE
113.O SAFETY IN BITUMEN HANDLING (contd) 3.3 Transportation (contd)While delivering Bitumen at site:Clearly identify safe route to delivery pointsVehicle reversing to be kept minimumFlat, even surface to be provided for the vehicleThere should be unrestricted space for movement around the vehicleProvide a safe exit route in the event of emergencyProvide emergency shower near discharge point
123.O SAFETY IN BITUMEN HANDLING (contd) 3.3 Transportation (contd)While delivering Bitumen at site:Display advice on safe operations as well as treatment procedure for Bitumen burns in delivery area.Provide method for collecting and disposal of hose drainingsSite personnel must report any defects noticed at receipt/delivery site
133.O SAFETY IN BITUMEN HANDLING (contd) 3.4 Site Storage and HandlingWhile heating Bitumen at the site:Heater should be on level groundA warning line should be set up around the heater to keep people awayMake sure the heater is water freeBefore firing make sure all vents are open.Increase the temperature and add Bitumen slowly.
143.O SAFETY IN BITUMEN HANDLING (contd) 3.4 Site Storage and Handling (contd)While heating Bitumen at the site:If there is fire inside the heater, close the lid and turn off the burnersDo not allow spigots and valves to drip as hot Bitumen can be blown around by windPlace the heaters down-wind of workers and occupied buildingsNever over-heat the Bitumen to prevent excessive fumes.Use insulators for hot pipes and luggers.
153.O SAFETY IN BITUMEN HANDLING (contd) While carrying molten Bitumen to work-siteIf the surface is sloped, carry the bucket on the downhill slide.Never fill bucket more than 3 quartersHave a dry chemical extinguisher at siteLuggers should be water-freeChock the wheel of a mobile lugger while fillingThe path of the travel for the lugger should be level and clear of debrisOperators must wear appropriate PPE.
163.O SAFETY IN BITUMEN HANDLING (contd) 3.5 Safety Awareness & Procedures:Over 50% of Bitumen related accidents occur during applicationAccidents can be reduced by raising awarenessHot Bitumen should not be exposed to source of fireDo not use water for fighting Bitumen fireIn a sustained Bitumen fire use self-contained breathing apparatusHot Bitumen can ignite flammable material on contact
173.O SAFETY IN BITUMEN HANDLING (contd) Personal Protective Wear:While handling heated Bitumen use chemical goggles with face shieldWear loose clothing of cotton with closed collars and cuffs; use gloves covering the arm and wear ankle boots.To prevent contact of Bitumen with skin use barrier creamsAfter work, personnel should use skin cleaner and wash with soap and waterSafety showers and eye wash stations should be available at the site.
183.O SAFETY IN BITUMEN HANDLING (contd) Health Hazards:If overcome by fumes, move to fresh air and administer oxygen if necessary.Remove/clean Bitumen from skin with waterless hand cleaner (like mineral oil)Flush out eye contamination with waterFor hot Bitumen skin burns, apply cold water or ice pack to remove the heat rapidlyDo not bandage Bitumen burns and do not attempt to remove adhering Bitumen.
193.O SAFETY IN BITUMEN HANDLING (contd) Training:Staff at all levels should receive formal training and instructions on handling of BitumenAll drivers of Bitumen tankers should receive regular refresher training on the safety aspects of Bitumen.Customers’ representative should be trained on the safe receipt, storage and application of Bitumen.A periodic risk assessment of the storage and handling facilities/procedures for Bitumen must be carried out. | <urn:uuid:2f2baf85-ab60-4235-a4e5-c0230b84dbd8> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/3846238/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426951.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727022134-20170727042134-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.83383 | 1,516 | 3 | 3 |
4/3: Frank Lloyd Wright, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
This work represents the height of architect Frank Lloyd Wright’s delving into sculpture as a form of architecture. Originally, the building comes from Solomon R. Guggenheim, who began collecting nonobjective works of art that he intended to display to the public. The collection grew so large that he commissioned Wright to make a museum so that he could display the works. The museum itself took Wright over 15 years as well as over 700 drawings to complete. The building wasn’t even actually completed in his lifetime, as its first day open to the public was six months after his death, and 10 years after Guggenheim’s. The museum itself polarize architects, as some claimed that the building itself overshadowed the art inside, while others wondered why such amazing art could be displayed in such a hideous building. The building was designed with the thought of a “Temple of the Spirit”, as seen in certain aspects of the building: Namely, the white bands that stretch around the building and around the 5th avenue façade, which serve to emphasize harmony and seamless unity. Overall, Wright thought that architecture should be expressive of movement, and so his building reflected unbroken motion both within and without.
Learn a little more about Frank Lloyd Wright:
Foundation for the artist’s work:
Explore the Guggenheim: | <urn:uuid:dd685ae3-989c-4145-b6ac-856261f6e120> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://culturemechanism.blogspot.com/2013/04/unending-spirit.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423842.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722022441-20170722042441-00189.warc.gz | en | 0.972771 | 297 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Comparison of Stalin and Trotsky - johndclare.net.
Stalin Vs Trotsky Essay 444 words - 2 pages Before Lenin died, already there were two contenders for his place - the brilliant Leon Trotsky and the cunning Joseph Stalin. The most obvious choice would have been Trotsky, with his quick mind and intelligent speeches.
Power Struggle Between Leon Trotsky And Joseph Stalin.
Compare and contrast Stalin and Trotsky. Light on why Stalin, not Trotsky, took power after Lenin's death. Both had made-up names - Stalin means 'man of steel' (which tells you something about Stalin, I think (poser)). Trotsky took his name (it was the name of one of his jailers) to avoid detection by the Okhrana while he continued his revolutionary activities (which tells you something.
Stalin vs Trotsky - Essays masters.
Read also The Peoples Republic Of China And China History Essay Stalin and Trotsky each had a different outlook on how the Soviet state should be run. Even after Trotsky was exiled, Stalin was not in complete control of the communist party. Stalin still had a few so-called “rivals”, who had helped him get rid of Trotsky.
Stalin vs Trotsky - free essay provided by Philosophy Paradise.
Stalin vs. Trotsky Essay 3293 Words14 Pages Stalin vs. Trotsky I. Dzhugashvili and Bronstein Joseph Stalin, born Dzhugashvili, and Leon Trotsky, born Bronstein, were the same age, and both had been from early youth members of the Russian Social Democratic party.
Stalin vs. Trotsky Analytical Essay 144765.
The weaknesses and failures of Stalin’s opponents were not the main reason why Stalin rose to power over Trotsky. However, it did slightly affect the outcome of the power struggle. In some historians’ point of view, such as E.H Carr and I. Deutscher, they hold the conviction that Trotsky had “no talent for leadership among equals”. (1) On the similar side of the debate, G. Hosking, a.
Stalin vs Trotsky - Comparative Essay, Sample of Term Papers.
Stalin even went as far as to use literature and art as “a puppet of the totalitarian state” (Trotsky 20) 9. Despite being exiled from Russia, Trotsky was able to write criticism on Stalin. He was very angry with the way that Stalin ruled Russia, and he took no mercy in his writings about Stalin.
Stalin And Trotsky Vs Piggy And Jack Essay Example.
Power Struggle Between Leon Trotsky And Joseph Stalin History Essay. 2101 words (8 pages) Essay. 1st Jan 1970 History Reference this Tags: Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a university student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Essay Writing Service. You can view samples of our professional work here. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed.
Explain why Stalin, and not Trotsky, emerged as Lenin’s.
Compare and contrast the contribution of Lenin and Trotsky to the establishment and consolidation of a communist state in Russia between 1917-1924 Lenin died on the 21st of January 1924, as the leader of the communist state that was Russia at the time. Despite his high position, he was not responsible for all the successes that the Bolsheviks.
Similarities Between Napoleon And Stalin In Animal Farm.
Get Full Essay. Get access to this section to get all the help you need with your essay and educational goals. Get Access. The race for power in Russia began following the recovery of the Russian economy when Lenin after suffering several strokes and paralysis eventually died in the January of 1924 leaving the Russian people in mourning.For many people at the time Trotsky seemed like the.
Stalin Vs Trotsky Essay - bartscoffee.com.
Trotsky was a brilliant individual, but Stalin was just a simple person whose power was based on allegiances with other members of the communist party rather than on ideas. This is contrary to how Snowball was the more intelligent one of the two and all the sheep and pigs were loyal to Napoleon.
Life under stalin essay - aibschool.edu.
There was a reason for this Joseph Stalin (1878-1953) was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1929 to 1953. Words: 1513; Category I agree (c12)with Richard Service’s statement, being the value of human life is greater than the value of economic output. Also in fear of defeat, Napoleon planned the exile of Snowball (Trotsky). Chelsea Harden Miss French Period 3.
Lenin vs trotsky essay - atmiyacare.org.
Lenin Vs Trotsky Essay. In the beginning, before the Civil War, Lenin's past seemed to be the one of spreading ideology to communism by his speeches, slogans and other forms of propaganda. It marked the death of the countries leader Lenin, and now Stalin and Trotsky would truly compete for leadership. Both Piggy and Trotsky, and Jack and Stalin were the same types of people, but they besides. | <urn:uuid:ae641d34-7b7e-4671-ae45-24255d97d971> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | http://dersiam.wwwhost.biz/hardaway/Stalin-Trotsky-Comparison-Essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988775.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20210507060253-20210507090253-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.963576 | 1,069 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Asphalt specific gravity, often measured using the Rice Test method, is a key Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) characteristic used to calculate the percentage of air voids in compacted HMA. This calculation, performed in compliance with AASHTO T 209 and ASTM D 2041 is used in Superpave mix design for the determination of theoretical maximum density and in-place air voids. It is also used to calculate the amount of asphalt absorbed in a HMA mixture and to provide target values for compaction operations. A Rice Shaker device is key in this test to provide controlled agitation during the deairing process while assuring precise repeatability.
What is the Purpose of Determining the Specific Gravity of Asphalt?
Along with air void determination, measurements obtained from the test establish the target density for compaction operations, as well as the amount of bitumen absorbed due to porosity of the individual aggregate particles. If the percent air voids are too low, rutting and shoving of the pavement can occur in use. If the percentage of air voids is too high, the pavement can be subject to moisture damage, exhibit decreased strength and have a shorter fatigue life when compared to correct air void percentages.
How Does it Work?
The focus of the Rice Test is to compare the mass of the sample to the volume of the sample, excluding the air voids. The mass is determined by measuring the dry mass of the loose HMA sample either at the beginning of the test or after it has been dried at the end of the test. The volume is calculated by dividing the mass of the water displaced by the sample, by the unit weight of water.
To obtain mass and volume, it’s necessary to remove free and entrapped air from the asphalt mixture sample. A vacuum pump is required to remove the free air, while a Rice Shaker provides the agitation of the pycnometer necessary to remove the entrapped air from the mixture.
An asphalt sample is prepared for testing by heating to a constant 135°C, and separating into loose particles by hand. The sample is placed into a calibrated pycnometer and weighed, then water at 25°C is added to cover the sample. A cover is placed on the pycnometer, and a vacuum is applied while it is being agitated on the Rice Shaker to remove entrapped air. A final weight to determine volume is taken by suspending the pycnometer with sample in water or by completely filling the pycnometer with water.
*This procedure is outlined in detail in the ASTM/AASHTO T209 test methods.
What are the Benefits of a Rice Shaker?
- Consistent, repeatable agitation for specific gravity determinations enhances accuracy and repeatability
- Variable vibration control allows for setting optimum agitation
- Automatic operation minimizes errors and frees technician from hand agitation
- Also useful in specific gravity determinations for both fine aggregates and soils
What do we Recommend?
Gilson’s Rice Shaker is specially designed for consistent, automated shaking of Asphalt Rice Test vacuum pycnometers, freeing the lab technician for other tasks. The built-in 0-99min., 59 sec. digital timer has ± 0.25 second accuracy, vibration speed control and a three position switch for manual or timed operation. Speed controls regulate agitation to avoid stripping of asphalt, and fitted top and bottom plates provide an exact fit for SG-16A pycnometers. Optional Adaptors allow use with larger SG-15 Pycnometer, Heavy-Wall Filter Flasks, Volumetric and LeChatelier Flasks, and SG-2 Mason Jar Pycnometer. | <urn:uuid:4ca59602-60d3-4db8-940f-a355aded61e2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.globalgilson.com/specific-gravity-of-asphalt-what-equipment-do-i-need | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00366-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904826 | 757 | 2.96875 | 3 |
THE SAGUARO-JUNIPER COVENANT: A BILL OF RIGHTS FOR HUMAN OCCUPANCY AND THE PRIVATE GOVERNANCE OF WILDLANDS
This Bill of Rights consists of understandings to which the covenanting parties have agreed by consensus, formulated as a real estate covenant to be attached to the land deeds of the Saguaro-Juniper Corporation and associated covenanting parties. As our corporate understanding changes, this formulation may be changed by the consent of the covenanting parties, as recorded in amendments to the original real estate covenant. One-time or short-term exceptions to specifics may be granted by the consent of a duly-constituted meeting of the covenanting parties. Exceptions taken to meet emergencies are to be explained to and evaluated by a meeting of the covenanting parties. The Saguaro-Juniper Covenant's preamble and principles establish a common ground for group discussion and deliberation. They are to function primarily as queries that guide decision making, not as conclusions that override deliberations.
Preamble: In acquiring private governance of land, we agree to cherish its earth, waters, plants, and animals in a way that promotes the health, stability, and diversity of the whole community. This entails attentive stillness to meet and know the land as an active presence. It entails study, observation, shared reflection, and cumulative corporate experience to increase and bequeath our understanding of ecosystem health, stability, and diversity. It entails symbiotic naturalization into the land community - a communion of actual nurture and shelter. As elaborated by these entailments, fully accountable governance - stewardship - is the distinctively human way of bonding into one society with all who share in the land's life, which is the foundation for instituting a biocentric ethic among humankind.
1. The land has a right to be free of human activity that accelerates erosion.
2. Native plants and animals on the land have a right to life with a minimum of human disturbance.
3. The land has the right to evolve its own character from its own elements without scarring from construction or the importation of foreign objects dominating the scene.
4. The land has a pre-eminent right to the preservation of its unique and or rare constituents and features.
5. The land, its waters, rock, and minerals, its plants and animals, and their fruits and harvest have a right never to be rented, sold, extracted, or exported as mere commodities.
Specifics for Section 7:
1. No roads are to be constructed.
2. No off-road motorized travel is authorized.
3. Chainsaws, engine-driven generators, and other mechanical noise-makers are prohibited.
4. There is to be no access for electric lines of any kind.
5. Hunting, shooting, trapping, and firearms are prohibited.
6. No garden or orchard pesticides are to be used.
7. Notice and discussion are to precede any construction, any development of a garden site, and any destruction of perennial plants.
8. Tents are preferred; trailers, mobile homes, and manufactured houses or storage sheds are prohibited; any construction will be predominantly with native materials.
9. Dogs, cats, and other pets (excluding grazing animals) must be enclosed or on a leash.
10. All inorganic garbage such as metal cans, glass bottles, and plastics shall be carried off for disposal. | <urn:uuid:b422aa1d-a41a-4c9e-99a4-24b6fdcde898> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://saguaro-juniper.com/covenant/covenant.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612069.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529091944-20170529111944-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.918968 | 716 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Understanding Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is the pressure of the blood in the arteries as the heart pumps it around the body. It is measured by a machine known as the sphygmomanometer. There two forces that the apparatus measures:
1) Systolic - This is shown as the top number when reading your BP. This is the pressure in the arteries as the heart is squeezing blood out during each beat.
2) Diastolic – This is the force of blood in the arteries as the heart relaxes between beats. This is shown as the bottom number when reading your BP.
Since blood pressure varies, it is recommended that you measure your blood pressure regularly so that you have an idea what your regular readings are when seeing a doctor.
When can you tell you have a high blood pressure? These numbers serve as your guide but these are not absolute. It is still best that you consult your physician.
120/80 or less - normal blood pressure
120/80 and 140/90 - high normal
140/90 or above - high
180 or above - very high
What happens if you have a high blood pressure?
High blood pressure is the most common factor of stroke. If it remains at a very high pressure, it could break blood vessels in your brain, thus bleeding and clotting in your brain. Also, when blood vessels burst in your eyes, this could lead to blindness. Among other things, it could thicken the blood vessels in the kidneys preventing the kidneys to filtering failure.
What are the causes of high blood pressure?
One important thing you should keep in mind is that there is no cure for hypertension but it can be prevented. How? Oh no, you might say here she goes again, but let me tell you briefly how you can prevent it: Be active; eat a wide variety of foods; achieve and maintain an healthy weight; stop smoking if you are, watch your drink and if on medication, take it exactly as prescribed. | <urn:uuid:ace61aa2-2c7d-44da-a5b1-0216798b299f> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://dsurfer.blogspot.com/2004/10/understanding-blood-pressure.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982976017.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200936-00213-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948653 | 404 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Answering an open response questions (ORQ) requires students to put into practice all the good writing strategies they have developed. Assessments demand that students efficiently move through the writing process.
Students have just finished reading a novel of their choice and now it is time to assess their comprehension skills. To get started, they must take time to understand exactly what the question is asking, determine how to organize the information, accurately identify the necessary details from the text, and plan what to write using a graphic organizer. Once the writing is done, they must take time to revise and edit it as needed. That’s a lot to ask so before handing anything out, the least I can do is take time to remind of them of the process. One of the best ways to do that is to review the rubric.
Students need a quiet environment and as much time a possible to write. They are usually seated in groups of four or five but for assessments they separate their desks and only have materials needed for the task at hand on their desks. For this particular assessment, they are allowed to use the novels we just finished reading in order to find the quotes to include in the written response. I allow each person to choose whether to write out the essay on paper or to type it using an iPad. By this time in the year they are proficient at setting up the document (heading, centered title, etc.) and understand the need to share it with me on Google Drive. About 2/3 of the class choose to type and 1/3 choose paper and pencil.
The ORQ itself is no surprise as we have been tracking how the main character of the novel changes and grows as the plot unfolds. The students have annotated the text while reading, created projects, and worked in groups to make PowerPoint presentations related to characterization. Even with all this practice, I find myself nervous about their responses and spend a good deal of the testing time circulating around the room answering questions and prompting students that get stuck. I make notes of these interventions, especially if a student requires a significant amount of prompting to move through the process.
One of the best ways to get students to reflect on their work before turning it in is to have them self-evaluate their writing by marking the rubric. This becomes a useful talking point when reviewing progress. I also remind of this poster, which hangs in a prominent place in the front of the room. Even though this particular rubric does not specifically have a section for grading grammar and conventions, students are aware that if I (or any reader) has to work too hard to understand what they wrote it will negatively affect the grade.
Attached are a few examples of the work submitted. One is from a student who did a phenomenal job and received top scores. Another is from a student whose work shows proficiency even though there is room for him to grow as a writer. He chose to use a color-coding system many students have adopted. There is one color for the introduction and conclusion, a second for examples, a third for quotes, and a fourth for explanations. In this way, it is easy to see if all the required parts are included. A third writing sample is from a student whose writing falls in the ‘needs improvement’ category. After some small group instruction and application of the color-coding technique her writing shows a greater degree of organization, as explained here: | <urn:uuid:8e6df944-01dc-4981-a49f-43b75facfefd> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://betterlesson.com/lesson/resource/2804667/taking-a-test | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742322.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114232605-20181115014605-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.969841 | 693 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Abdominal exercises are used to strengthen the abdominal area so that the burden of body support is not left to the spine. Doctors sometimes recommend that the sufferer exercise the rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus muscled in order to prevent back and future muscle strain.
There are three types of abdominal exercises that support the spine:
» Extension of the back and gluteal muscles. This group of muscles is used to straighten the back (crouching to standing position) as well as lift, extend and abduct the hip (move the thigh away from the body.)
» Flexing of the abdominal and iliopsoas muscles. This group of muscles bends and supports the spine from the front. They also control the arch of the lumbar (lower) spine and adduct the hip (move the thigh in toward the body).
» Flexing of the Obliques or Rotators (side) muscles. These muscles stabilize the upright spine. These muscles are rotated during exercise to help maintain proper posture and spinal curvature.
Exercises for abdominal pain do not have to be complex. These muscles are exercised in everyday life. For example, the gluteal abdominal muscles are used each time we climb a step. Inadequately exercised stomach muscles cause a tendency towards back pain. An exercise regimen that strengthens the abdominal muscles might be necessary as a preventative measure as research has shown that the back and stomach muscles show a natural tendency to weaken with age. | <urn:uuid:8e355d6d-b656-4342-a490-b77dbd398355> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.losethebackpain.com/blog/back-pain-glossary/abdominal-exercises/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246649234.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045729-00124-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923702 | 310 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Measuring a disappearing world
The largest polar research expedition in history is set to begin in fall 2019. The Polarstern icebreaker will spend a year trapped in a massive ice floe as it drifts by the North Pole and collects data that will benefit many generations to come.
Only a few dozen researchers live in the Norwegian village of Ny Ålesund, one of the northernmost settlements in the world, on this day in March day as a man floats on the ice-cold water in a somewhat remote area of the fjord. His body hovers on the surface of the water as if by magic. The man in the water is Potsdam-based atmospheric researcher Markus Rex from the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI). When Rex first arrived in the village on the island of Spitsbergen 27 years ago, the fjord he is now floating in was still a landscape of ice and snow. He often crossed it on skis or by snowmobile. But it’s now been 10 years since the fjord last froze over.
After a couple of minutes, Rex suddenly uses his arms to paddle to shore and drags himself onto land. He eagerly approaches the group that has been watching him with rapt attention: “This is it,” he cries, “this is the perfect survival suit for our expedition!” The team will need the very best equipment to implement their plans, as the temperatures will be even lower and the wind much stronger where they are heading.
On the evening of September 20, they will set sail on the Polarstern icebreaker. Their destination is the central Arctic, where the vessel will be trapped in ice as it drifts by the North Pole for a year. A team of 100 people from 17 countries will be on board the Polarstern, with the crew rotating every two months or so. The ship will be converted into a mobile polar station propelled solely by the natural force of the sea ice.
“We’re probably the last generation that will see the Arctic covered in ice all year round.”
“The Arctic is the epicenter of global warming. But unfortunately, we don’t really know what that will mean for us in the future yet,” says Markus Rex. “That’s because we have very few observations from the central Arctic and practically none that were made in winter.” Rex is head of the MOSAiC expedition, which will also be the first to travel to the North Pole region in winter on a modern icebreaker. The climate processes there are a piece of a puzzle the team needs to solve in order to improve global climate change forecasting. “The climate changes that happen in the Arctic don’t stay in the Arctic. It’s also where our weather in central Europe gets made,” he says.
The team doesn’t know exactly where the ice drift will take the Polarstern. But they already know one thing for certain: There will never be another expedition like this one. “We’re probably the last generation that will see the Arctic covered in ice all year round,” says Rex. “If things continue the way they are, by the second half of this century, we’ll be able to take a dinghy from the port of Hamburg to the North Pole and have a glass of champagne there in the summer.” But sailing will be just the beginning: The first container ships are already crossing the Northeast Passage as they travel between Europe and Asia. A new world is emerging to replace the old at the North Pole, which many expeditions failed to conquer in times gone by—and nobody knows for certain how the rapidly increasing temperatures will impact the ecosystem and our climate.
Meanwhile in Ny Ålesund, the team has been testing setting up an enormous tent that will house a tethered balloon on the expedition. One of them is physicist Verena Mohaupt, who belongs to the generation of polar researchers that have only seen open water in the fjord at the edge of the village. Mohaupt coordinates many areas of the expedition’s logistics—in addition to preparing plans, writing manuals, and organizing training sessions, she tracks down countless pieces of equipment for the vessel. “Shortly after I took this job, I met with Markus Rex for dinner in Bremerhaven,” she recalls. “I hardly ate anything that night, but the pages of my notebook were full.” Mohaupt wrote down terms like ‘fuel depot’ and ‘evacuation routes’, along with the names Fedorov, Makarov, Oden, and Xuelong II—the four icebreakers that will provide the expedition with supplies and rotate personnel. By the end of the evening, she realized that she was involved in choreographing logistics of a complexity never seen before in the central Arctic. In any case, Mohaupt has to plan for the unforeseen: “There are a lot of things that we can only decide on site.”
The site she is referring to is an ice floe that will be located at approximately 130 degrees east and 85 degrees north when the expedition begins. Once the head of the expedition has approved a location for the ship to freeze into the ice and the captain sets the engines to idle, the most exciting part of the project will begin. Within a few days, the team will have set up a small research city on the ice. It will be a constant race against time. Soon after they arrive, the sun will be barely rising above the horizon each day before it finally gives way completely to the polar night. “We’ll need everyone to pitch in when we’re setting up. We will have to drill holes, make paths, put up tents and lay power lines,” says Mohaupt.
The team already has a plan similar to a city map, which offers a glimpse at what will be happening on the ice. Measuring stations will rise high into the sky at a radius of several hundred meters around the vessel. There will even be an airstrip on the ice during the winter so the Polarstern can serve as the starting point for research flights. The icebreaker will become the center of a network of independent measuring stations located at distances of up to 50 kilometers away.
Sea ice physicist Marcel Nicolaus from Bremerhaven drew up the plans for the research camp. Dividing the research area into precise zones is key, he says: “If we don’t stick to specified paths and areas, we won’t have any unused surface left by summer at the latest.” And intact ice is vital for the team’s research. The plan also includes areas around the ship that will not be illuminated, so biologists can analyze the behavior of living organisms in the dark without the effects of light pollution.
“We’re looking at the big picture, so this expedition will find answers to one of the most pressing questions of our time.”
The researchers will be working in harsh conditions. All of the expedition’s participants have prepared for this by training under conditions that are at least partially comparable to those in the Arctic. Sixty team members spent two weeks on a course in Finland at the end of March, when the temperatures at the beach on the island of Hailoutu fall below minus 20 degrees Celsius. The program followed a strict routine. Every morning after breakfast, the participants made their way to the nearby sea ice. Here, they worked through various stations, similar to an extended circuit training session. This included driving snowmobiles, measuring the thickness of the ice, sawing holes in the ice, and removing ice cores. “The team didn’t just learn a lot about working on the ice in Finland,” notes Nicolaus. “It was where the expedition actually started for many of us.” From that moment on, he says, MOSAiC became more than just reading charts, plans, and e-mails.
The questions that the researchers want to investigate on the expedition are closely interlinked. How exactly does sea ice develop? What happens when the layer of ice breaks open and the comparatively warm ocean water comes into contact with extremely cold air? What does the polar night do to the ecosystem before the area under the ice bursts into life in spring? “We’re looking at the big picture, so this expedition will find answers to one of the most pressing questions of our time — why is the Arctic a driver of global warming?” says Markus Rex, summing up the enormous expectations for the project.
When the expedition sets off on September 20, it will become clear what the team’s years of preparation have achieved and how their plans will stand up to the relentless reality of Arctic conditions. The Polarstern will be packed to the rafters, and Verena Mohaupt knows that the equipment and supplies will have to last for the months ahead, come what may. Soon thereafter, Marcel Nicolaus will stand at the ship’s railing and see how much the ice camp actually resembles his initial sketches on graph paper. And Markus Rex? He just might make a note in the ship’s logbook that humanity has never before been so close to solving the riddle of the central Arctic. | <urn:uuid:a3db6dee-1973-486d-9c65-b0c2df5a824d> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.helmholtz.de/en/earth_and_environment/measuring-a-disappearing-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540496492.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207055244-20191207083244-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.955921 | 1,950 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Is a Bitcoin Really an NFT?
We have heard a lot about Non Fungible Tokens (NFTs) lately. NFTs are unique pieces of data sitting on a blockchain that usually represent digital files of items such as tweets, art works, or virtual property in computer and other digital games. Being unique in some way, NFTs are not considered interchangeable and thus not fungible. But, could a bitcoin be defined as an NFT? Answering this comes down to how you interpret “fungibility.”
Fungibility is a property of money and other commodities as all units are mutually interchangeable and are indistinguishable from each other. However, this economic definition is a bit problematic. Let’s look at an example.
The dollar bill is usually given as a model of fungibility. Every dollar bill is just like any other and totally interchangeable. Or, are they? Are all dollar bills identical? Of course not — they have different serial numbers, different ages, different conditions, and even different types ($1 Silver Certificates still appear in circulation). So, dollar bills are not really indistinguishable from each other.
But, one can argue, they are surely equal in value and mutually interchangeable, right? Well, it depends. Over two decades ago, Viviana Zelizer wrote The Social Meaning of Money, which pointed out that people often value money differently for various personal or social reasons. Think about it this way: have you ever set aside certain bills for a special purpose like a trip? Do those bills now have the same value as all your other dollar bills? Or, let’s say you are giving or receiving a dollar bill as a gift, and it is a brand-new bill. Do you spend it or save it? It now has a value different from other bills. To Zelizer’s point, these are just a few examples of how people may value money differently.
One can also note the varying value of dollar bills given their collectability. Historic dollar bills, autographed bills, or famous bills (connected to a personality or a crime) are usually worth more than face value. Dollar bills still in uncut form in a sheet of 50, which you can purchase at the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, cost more than regular, cut dollar bills. So, dollar bills may not be equal in value or interchangeable.
Viewed from the perspective above, dollar bills are not fungible and are actually NFTs for a fiat currency. But, if dollar bills are all different and may have various values why do we consider them otherwise and therefore fungible? It is because—in the aggregate—all dollar bills can be considered the same and of equal value.
Now, if we turn to the fungibility of bitcoins, how do they compare?
First, are bitcoins identical? Obviously not, each bitcoin has its own address.
Next, do we assign different values to bitcoins for personal or social reasons? I see no reason why a bitcoin would be treated differently from a dollar here. Bitcoins could be kept in different wallets for different purposes: retirement bitcoins, vacation bitcoins, and etc.
Further, are bitcoins collectibles? I think this is a definite possibility. Would someone pay more for a bitcoin from the Genesis Block rather than one connected to Silk Road, or to the famous pizza purchase of 2010? I think so.
The case can certainly be made, therefore, that a bitcoin is an NFT. However, as in the case of dollar bills, in the aggregate, bitcoins are fungible.
So, when you are deciding whether to buy that tweet on Valuables, a platform for selling and buying NFTs, that has already appeared on thousands, if not millions, of screens in aggregate, think about whether it is all that different from the bitcoin you are buying on CrossTower (and, which one is a better investment).
CrossTower Inc. provides this content for general information purposes, to better inform you on your digital asset investment journey. We do not provide investment recommendations or provide tax advice. Please consult your investment professional or tax advisor if you require assistance in these areas. | <urn:uuid:18d38d26-1561-4957-8ffd-583e4704ca80> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://crosstower.com/insights/is-a-bitcoin-really-an-nft/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038464045.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417192821-20210417222821-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.949862 | 854 | 2.546875 | 3 |
can some one explain to me why if v is in V with cordinate vector x in real ^n then v is an
eigenvector for f with eigenvalue λ iff x is an eigenvector for A_f with eigenvalue λ where
A_f is the matrix of A wrt an arbitary basis.
(i) real vector space (ii) endomorphism, (iii) basis of (iv) such that
(v) the matrix of with respect to
In that case, you have to prove which is deduced inmediately using the meaning of matrix of a linear map with respect to a determined basis.
The point of this is, of course, that the concept of an "eigenvalue" is independent of the particular matrix representation you choose for a linear transformation- that "eigenvalue" is really a "Linear Algebra" concept and not just a "Matrix Algebra" concept.
The simplest way to prove this is to use the fact that the matrices representing a linear transformation in different bases are "similar". That is, that A and B represent the same linear transformation, in different bases, if and only if there exist an invertible matrix, C, such that . (C is the "change of basis" matrix, the matrix that maps the vectors in one basis into the vectors in the other basis.)
Recall that the eigenvalues of A are the solutions to "characteristic equation", . Since, for any invertible C, , we can write that as . | <urn:uuid:14632a49-b818-4c52-8178-d735ea0a19bb> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://mathhelpforum.com/advanced-algebra/168989-eigenvector.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463608.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00125-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915759 | 323 | 2.53125 | 3 |
You've got one chance to watch 2016's singular total solar eclipse. It's only visible in Southeast Asia, but good news Area folks: you can watch the event via the Exploratorium's live feed above.
A total solar eclipse occurs when the Sun is completely blocked as the Moon passes between it and the Earth. The place on Earth where you can see the Sun totally blocked is only 100 miles wide.
The last total solar eclipse happened on March 20, 2015 and the next one is August 21, 2017, which will be visible from the Pacific Northwest to the Southeast.
Until then, find more details about tonight's eclipse below. | <urn:uuid:5a907516-61f5-463d-9e93-6d10134501ae> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.kqed.org/science/567049/where-when-and-how-to-see-todays-total-solar-eclipse | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00739.warc.gz | en | 0.939356 | 130 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Administrant means: Executive; acting; managing affairs.
Administrant means: One who administers.
Astrand means: Stranded.
Calcitrant means: Kicking. Hence: Stubborn; refractory.
Contranatural means: Opposed to or against nature; unnatural.
Contraremonstrant means: One who remonstrates in opposition or answer to a remonstrant.
Demonstrance means: Demonstration; proof.
Disentrance means: To awaken from a trance or an enchantment.
Entrance means: The act of entering or going into; ingress; as, the entrance of a person into a house or an apartment; hence, the act of taking possession, as of property, or of office; as, the entrance of an heir upon his inheritance, or of a magistrate into office.
Entrance means: Liberty, power, or permission to enter; as, to give entrance to friends.
Zythum means: A kind of ancient malt beverage; a liquor made from malt and wheat.
Zythepsary means: A brewery.
Zythem means: See Zythum.
Zymotic means: Designating, or pertaining to, a certain class of diseases. See Zymotic disease, below.
Zymotic means: Of, pertaining to, or caused by, fermentation.
Zymosis means: A zymotic disease.
Zymosis means: A fermentation; hence, an analogous process by which an infectious disease is believed to be developed.
Zymose means: Invertin.
Zymophyte means: A bacteroid ferment.
Zymosimeter means: An instrument for ascertaining the degree of fermentation occasioned by the mixture of different liquids, and the degree of heat which they acquire in fermentation.
Copyrights © 2016 LingoMash. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:549b37c6-952f-4d87-818c-9c3684f8ba80> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://lingomash.com/words-containing/tran | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986693979.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019114429-20191019141929-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.878579 | 397 | 2.625 | 3 |
Americans like to imagine that in days long past politics stopped at the water’s edge and America spoke with one voice to the world. More often than not, however, our foreign policy debates have been rough-and-tumble affairs, more a cacophony of angry voices than a harmony of sweet ones. Nowhere was this more true than in the pitched battle over one of the most important pieces of foreign policy legislation in American history, the Lend–Lease Act, which President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed into law on March 11, 1941.
The seeds for the Lend-Lease Act were planted in the late fall of 1940. FDR had just been elected to an unprecedented third term, a race he won at least in part by pledging to an American public worried about war with Germany: “Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars.” (Upon learning of what FDR said, his opponent, Wendell Wilkie, erupted: “That hypocritical son of a bitch! This is going to beat me!” That’s one political prediction that turned out to be correct.)
In December 1940, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill wrote to FDR with the chilling news that Britain was verging on bankruptcy. The “Battle of Britain” over the previous summer and fall had taken a heavy toll. Churchill confessed that: “The moment approaches when we shall no longer be able to pay cash for shipping and other supplies.” Without supplies from the United States, Britain might not be able to hold out against the German onslaught.
FDR wanted to help, but the American public’s fear of war constrained what he could do and how fast he could do it. So he proceeded to build support to help Britain. Ten days after he received Churchill’s message, he used a run-of-the-mill press conference to broach the idea of lending supplies to Britain. He equated it with lending a garden hose to a neighbor whose house was burning, with the expectation that when the fire is out the neighbor “gives it back to me and thanks me very much for the use of it.” At the end of December, FDR went further. He used one of his famed “fireside chats” to argue that events overseas threatened Americans at home, and he called on the United States to become “the great arsenal of democracy.”
In January 1941, FDR unveiled the proposal for a Lend-Lease Act. It was sweeping in scope. It authorized him, “when he deems it in the interest of national defense…to sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of” war materiel to the “government of any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the United States.” This grant of discretionary authority to the president was unprecedented in American history.
The administration and its supporters on Capitol Hill went out of their way to make the proposed legislation sound as American as apple pie. The bill was titled ”Bill to Promote the Defense of the United States.” That title didn’t satisfy Democratic Majority Leader John McCormack of Boston, who introduced the bill in the House. He worried that any legislation to help the British would anger his heavily Irish-American constituency. So he arranged for the bill to be designated as House Resolution 1776, giving it an extra whiff of patriotism.
These cosmetic touches did not mollify McCormack’s constituents. After a constituent lambasted the bill, he responded: “Madam, do you realize that the Vatican is surrounded on all sides by totalitarianism? Madam, this is not a bill to save the English, this is a bill to save Catholicism.”
McCormack’s wit did little to defuse tempers back in Washington. Some critics objected that the bill had been drafted by the White House rather than by a member of Congress. Congressman Karl Mundt (R-S.D.) grumbled:
We find this piece of legislation—surreptitiously conceived, individually disclaimed, of unknown parentage—placed before us, like a baby in a basket on our doorstep, and we are asked to adopt it.
Rep. Dewey Short (R-Mo.), who once cracked that “Mr. Jefferson founded the Democratic Party and President Roosevelt dumbfounded it,” went further:
You can dress this measure up all you please, you can sprinkle it with perfume and pour powder on it, masquerade it in any form you please . . . . but it is still foul and it stinks to high heaven. It does not need a doctor, it needs an undertaker.
Other critics denounced the bill for implicitly allying the United States with Britain and thereby making war with Germany inevitable. Sen. Hiram Johnson (R-Calif.) complained: “Like the dog gone back to his vomit, the country has become English again.” Sen. Burton K. Wheeler (D-Mont.) dismissed the idea that helping Britain was the best way to keep the United States out of war: “You can’t put your shirt tail into a clothes wringer and pull it out suddenly when the ringer keeps turning.” The so-called Mother’s Movement protested Lend-Lease with signs reading: “Kill Bill 1776, Not Our Boys.”
The lend-lease-give program is the New Deal’s triple-A foreign policy: it will plow under every fourth American boy.
FDR was unsparing in his public response. He castigated Wheeler’s comment as:
the most untruthful, the most dastardly, unpatriotic thing that has ever been said. Quote me on that. That really is the rottenest thing that has been said in public life in my generation.
For two months the Lend-Lease Act was, as FDR put it, “argued in every newspaper, on every wave length, over every cracker barrel in all the land.” In the end, the votes broke his way as lopsided majorities in both the House and Senate passed the bill. FDR carried the day in good part because he presented it to Americans as a peace measure, and he adroitly finessed the question of how the United States could help Britain without antagonizing Germany. FDR was helped by the fact that Democrats held lopsided majorities in both houses. He also got support from his vanquished rival, Wendell Wilkie, who endorsed Lend-Lease on the grounds that for Americans it represented the only “chance to defend liberty without themselves going to war.”
Congress would eventually go on to appropriate more than $50 billion in lend-lease funds; Britain would receive $31.6 billion of that. Churchill called it “the most unsordid act,” which became the title of Warren F. Kimball’s history of the Lend-Lease Act. | <urn:uuid:3c08e87c-297d-4660-b260-605b371d643d> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://blogs.cfr.org/lindsay/2011/03/11/twe-remembers-the-lend-lease-act/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661155.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00167-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968432 | 1,461 | 2.875 | 3 |
(MENAFN- Muscat Daily) In response to news circulating in Arabic media regarding the quality of meat in Oman and use of hormones in poultry the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MoAF) has stated that it does not spare any effort in maintaining animal wealth and combating animal diseases.
A ministry statement said that increased consumption of poultry and poultry products may have raised concern among many consumers. 'This may be the main reason for people to be influenced by rumours about companies using hormones in poultry production. It is worth pointing out here that the restriction on use of hormones in the fattening of poultry has been an international procedure for several decades.'
The concern among consumers mostly arises because of what they observe or hear about the rapid growth of poultry sometimes gaining weights of up to more than 1200g in six to eight weeks the ministry said.
'And when they compare the growth of farm poultry to local (home grown) chicken which only grows to 700g to 1000g in six months or sometime a year the consumers think of use of hormones in fattening the poultry.'
The ministry added that this is not the case. 'The science involved in poultry production has progressed immensely. There are breeds of poultry specialised only in egg production and there are other strains that specialise in meat production. Breeds are chosen for their growth and performance which gain high weights within a few weeks if they get the proper care and adequate nutrition.'
There are three main reasons for the rapid growth rate seen in today's commercial poultry but none of them is related to hormones according to The Poultry Site leaders in research on the poultry industry.
The first is the success of primary breeder companies in selecting the best birds for growth and performance. For the past several decades geneticists have been able to cut roughly one day per year off the time it takes to reach a specified target weight. 'They have benefited from the short generation interval (lifespan) of the chicken allowing them to make huge strides in a short period of time' the research said.
Second is research related to nutritional requirements of the bird. Poultry breeders now know exactly what should be given in feed to different genetic strains and birds are kept to specific target weights in terms of energy protein vitamins and minerals to optimise performance and growth.
Third there is better understanding about the kind of environment the bird needs to make the most of the genetic and nutritional potential it has.
To ensure the safety of animal products before they reach the consumer the ministry has conducted several studies to check and detect the use of antibiotics and hormones in poultry meat imported and produced locally. 'The ministry recently conducted a study on the use of antibiotics in poultry products produced in the sultanate. The results indicate the presence of different levels of antibiotics in poultry meat within the permissible limit and does not pose a risk to consumers.'
The ministry also clarified on the procedures followed in the import of animal feed which include several measures including that feed is free from any pathogen and any other harmful materials and substances forbidden in Islamic law.
It checks if the feed is free of any animal products or wastes (except fish and milk) and demands proof that it has been processed and manufactured in accordance with the requirements of good manufacturing practices under the full supervision of the health authorities and veterinary experts.
Legal Disclaimer: MENAFN provides the information “as is” without warranty of any kind. We do not accept any responsibility or liability for the accuracy, content, images, videos, licenses, completeness, legality, or reliability of the information contained in this article. If you have any complaints or copyright issues related to this article, kindly contact the provider above. | <urn:uuid:f7c71b0e-1257-4048-8d90-dc6e8d9eebf3> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.menafn.com/1094235668/MoAF-says-Omani-poultrynot-fed-on-growth-hormones?src=RSS | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363301.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206133552-20211206163552-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.937356 | 744 | 2.578125 | 3 |
(StFr: t. 2,475; l. 156'; b. 56'; dr. 11'; s. 6 k.; cpl. 200; a. 24 32-pdr. car.)
Robert Fulton, born in Little Britain, Pa., in 1765, had a distinguished career as a painter before patenting his first invention, a double inclined plane to replace locks in canals, in England in 1794. His numerous ingenious and influential inventions included a prototype submarine, Nautilus, amphibious boats, and the first commercially successful steamboat, Clermont. In 1814 and 1815, he built the first war steamer, known both as Fulton and Demologos. He died in New York City 24 February 1815.
The first Fulton (or Demologos), a catamaran steam frigate, was completed after Robert Fulton's death, and made successful trial runs in the summer of 1815. With the close of the War of 1812, it was decided not to fit her put for service, but she was delivered to the Navy in June 1816, and placed in ordinary at Brooklyn Navy Yard. Housed over, she was used as a receiving ship until 4 June 1829, when her magazine exploded, killing 30 men, wounding many others, and totally destroying the ship. | <urn:uuid:819dc95b-d3e8-43cf-9252-c892b77da527> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/f/fulton-i.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00389.warc.gz | en | 0.977523 | 270 | 2.9375 | 3 |
"¿Adónde van los desaparecidos?" asking literally, "where do the disappeared go?" This question is asked by the Panamanian music icon, Harvard educated attorney, and human rights activist Ruben Blades in his song "Desapareciones". Thematically, the song refers to the "Desaparecidos" the name given to the thousands of people in various Latin American countries who vanished at the hands of the State. This unfortunate period in Latin America lasted from the early 1960's to early 1980's and is known in Spanish as "La Guerra Sucia", or Dirty War.
The most notable Dirty War occurred in Argentina where thousands of individuals were secretly imprisoned, tortured, or simply never returned home from work or school. The same occurred in Mexico to political dissidents of the Partido Revolutionario Institutional, commonly known as the PRI, and the party which ruled Mexico for the better part of the last century. Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet was recently convicted for his role in orchestrating disappearances during his tenure. And last year, on the other side of the world, Iran's turbulent elections further exposed to the World that country's commission of the same reprehensible conduct against its citizens.
Fortunately for most of us, over the past 50 years the United States, unlike Iran, Chile, Mexico, and Argentina, has not abducted its citizens, deprived them of due process, tortured them, or performed extrajudicial executions -- at least, not outside the context of the War on Terror. In America our political institutions are strong and the rule of law prevails. But sadly, we too are waging our own Guerra Sucia and have steadily produced thousands of American Desaparecidos. Instead of targeting political dissidents, America's Dirty War is being waged against our youth.
The United States is the only country in the world that sentences juveniles to life in prison. In doing so, in addition to falling outside of international norms, we ignore the overwhelming scientific evidence demonstrating that young people have a unique capacity for change, can be rehabilitated, and can ultimately contribute positively to our society. As Connie Rice, a civil rights attorney and Co-Director of the Advancement Project says, "we must stop funding arrest strategies and instead fund investment strategies."
The Supreme Court in its recent decision in Graham v. Florida, held it unconstitutional to sentence juveniles to life without parole for the commission of offenses other than murder. However, this decision only requires that the cases of 129 individuals be reviewed, leaving to die in prison roughly 2500 others sentenced to life as juveniles.
The more we are able to connect on a human level to this unfortunate situation and to those young people serving life sentences, the sooner we can end America's Guerra Sucia, and the sooner the U.S. can join the rest of the nations of the world in meeting international standards on the treatment of juvenile offenders.
Together with my friend and colleague Mario Rocha, we produced the following video. It attempts to both shed light on America's Dirty War against its youth and also help each of us to realize that this is an issue that truly affects us all. At age 16, Mario Rocha was wrongfully imprisoned and sentenced to life behind bars before finally regaining his freedom at age 27. Mario continues to be an advocate for social change through the Sixth Sun, an independent multimedia and youth literacy project which he started in 2003 while in prison. | <urn:uuid:1a988a3f-5bf7-45ca-b153-b3f2b6301242> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ian-moss/la-guerra-sucia-estadouni_b_654676.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721347.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00114-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954199 | 706 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Imagine a class on gun control activism. Here's what its syllabus might look like.
by Caroline E. Light, Lindsay Livingston via Public Books on April 12, 2018
In the aftermath of the Parkland school shooting of February 14, 2018, scholar Danielle McGuire invited historians on Twitter to propose readings that would provide resources for gun control activists. In response, Public Books reached out to scholars Caroline Light and Lindsay Livingston to develop a Gun Studies Syllabus.
There are an estimated 310 million firearms in the United States today—more than one gun per person—and while the US comprises about 5 percent of the world’s population, its inhabitants possess over 40 percent of the world’s guns. The US also experiences more gun deaths than any economically comparable nation: more than 38,600 in 2016, with nearly two-thirds of them suicides. How did the nation get here, and what is it doing to prevent gun violence? To answer these questions, this syllabus provides an interdisciplinary introduction to America’s unique “gun culture.” | <urn:uuid:387c5dfc-b780-4103-9973-48c70ba4b147> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.bunkhistory.org/resources/2338 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575627.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922180536-20190922202536-00380.warc.gz | en | 0.935918 | 218 | 2.53125 | 3 |
In my last post I talked a little about logic as it applies to generic statements. Now it’s time to think about more mathematics proofs and different techniques. As part of MS221 there are two proof types that we need to consider: proof by exhaustion and proof by induction. This all lays the foundations for building more and more complex mathematical statements so it’s important to get the basics right.
Firstly, proof by exhaustion. This simply means that we try every possible valid input and check that the result is true. A single false result would disprove our proposition. So let’s consider an example:
So, to prove (or disprove!) by exhaustion we simply substitute each value of x into the equation and check that the answer is less than 50. For x=1 we have:
Which is less than 50 and so the proposition holds for x=1. Looking at the other numbers we can see that when x = 2 the result is 9, x=3 the result is 16, x=4 the result is 25, x=5 the result is 36 and at x=6 the result is 49. At x=7 however we get 64, and since 64 > 50, the proposition is false for x=7. We have proved by exhaustion that (x+1)(x+1) is not less than 50 for all x in (1,2,3,4,5,6,7, 8).
A trivial example and this is generally only used where you are looking at a small subset of numbers. Imaging a proof by exhaustion of Fermat’s Last Theorem 😉 It is, however, really useful when you can see that a proposition may not be correct and then all you have to do is prove that a single instance is false to disprove the whole proposition (it was fairly obvious that x=7 would fail in the example above).
In a proof by exhaustion, we’re checking every result to make sure it is true. An alternative in the proof by induction, which is the only sensible way when you are dealing with all positive integers for example, when you cannot exhaust all of the possibilities. In essence, the proof by induction is simple for integers. We check that the proposition holds for the first possible value. If it does, we then assume that it is true for an arbitrary value, k, and attempt to prove that the proposition holds for k+1. If it does then, since we know that it holds for the first term (which we can equate to k), then it must hold for all terms. Let’s look at an example (and since I’m posting this before the relevant TMA is due I’m not going to use any of the examples from that assignment, even if it is the last presentation 🙂 ):
for every positive integer
Step 1: the initial case. The first positive integer greater than 2 is 3 so we have:
which is true and so our proposition holds for n=3. So we now assume that n=k and that the following is true:
Given our assumption that the equation holds for n=k, we consider n= k+1, the next valid integer after k:
Remembering our laws of powers we can rewrite the left side as:
And since we know that:
- therefore must be greater than
- Since k must be greater than 2, 4k must be greater than
Since we know that the proposition holds for the first possible value of n (n=3) and we have proved that given any valid value of n (n=k) then the proposition is true for the next value (n=k+1), the proposition must hold true for all values of n. Hence the dominos, once you’ve knocked the start over, they all fall down.
There are lots of really fun examples of this. | <urn:uuid:d7af9b21-dff6-4283-8b38-480d24371ff6> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://janjanjan.uk/2015/05/01/proof-by-induction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039745522.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119084944-20181119110944-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.93529 | 801 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Deter, Detect, Defend—Avoid Identity Theft
This toolkit from the U.S. Federal Trade Commission is for use by organizations working to raise awareness and educate people about the dangers of identity theft. The toolkit includes a 24-page booklet with information on how to plan and organize a Protect Your Identity Day workshop. These workshops can be used by local government officials and community organizations to educate people on the dangers of identity theft and how to protect themselves from becoming victims. The toolkit also includes a DVD and a CD-ROM. The DVD contains videos available for television broadcast on the theme of deter, detect, defend—the three Ds of identity theft protection. The CD-ROM contains videos on the three Ds for use in computer broadcasts and downloadable materials for use in planning and hosting a Protect Your Identity Day.
To read the full report (NCJ 236428), access the National Criminal Justice Reference Service’s website, http://www.ncjrs.gov. | <urn:uuid:ae056aa4-3af8-45e0-9ff5-f0912baa4ac0> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://leb.fbi.gov/bulletin-highlights/bulletin-reports/bulletin-reports-deter-detect-defendavoid-identity-theft | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213691.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818154147-20180818174147-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.901873 | 203 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Drawing in Math Class
Posted by Bowman Dickson
One of my favorite ways to start class is by putting out whiteboards with a problem paper-clipped at the top, and names of random groups. I love it most because every single person is engaged in mathematics within 30 seconds of class starting. In fact, students always ask me a minute or two before class starts “can we begin?” They can’t seem to resist the markers and the problem in front of them. Also, I found when I wanted to use whiteboards in the middle of class and put students in random groups that it just ate up a few minutes in each class, so this just feels more efficient (I’m kind of neurotic in terms of efficient use of class time).
Continuing my experiments with different modes of math whiteboarding, a great whiteboard warm up I tried was having them illustrate related rates type situations for objects that are changing in different ways. For example:
A pumpkin grows in a garden…
1. With a constant increase in the radius of the pumpkin
2. With a constant increase in the volume of the pumpkin
Then I had them describe what is happening to the rate of change of the important variables (so if dV/dt is constant, what is happening to dr/dt?). We then had a really good full class discussion where students explained their situation. I think this helped clarify for a lot of students the difference between “V” increasing and “dV/dt” increasing, or how just because “dV/dt” is decreasing it doesn’t mean the volume is decreasing.
This was part of a larger goal of mine to focus on big ideas and deep understanding this year – I’ve always asked students interpretation questions on tests (my final this past term had a crap-ton of writing) but I never felt like I actually directly taught them these sorts of things. For Related Rates, we solve all these problems and come up with all these numbers, but never actually talk about why they are interesting problems – the fact that as one aspect of a situation changes, another may change at a totally different rate, and that there is a relationship between all these rates that explain how things change the way they do. And honestly, I think this little activity made a huge difference – on the interpretation question on the Related Rates quiz, tons of students drew pictures to aid their explanations. 15 minutes well spent! | <urn:uuid:284a1715-94a8-4b24-b9dc-dbd25b0abdd2> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://bowmandickson.com/2012/03/29/drawing-in-math-class/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496667442.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113215021-20191114003021-00520.warc.gz | en | 0.963895 | 508 | 3.203125 | 3 |
By Lady Mary of Montevale
Features Reporter, Pennsic Independent
At Sunday’s Day of Fiber-y Goodness in Artisan’s Row, this reporter’s nose was first drawn to a large heap of “skirted” wool which had already had the worst edges removed, but which had not yet even been washed—because of its distinctive barnyard fragrance.
Only moments later, however, a strange wooden contraption caught my eye. It proved to be a Piedmont Reel for reeling silk, reconstructed from a period Italian woodcut by THL Serena Kimbalwyke, this year’s Middle Kingdom A&S Champion.
Lady Serena raises her own domesticated silkworms (and yes, she also has the mulberry trees whose leaves comprise the silkworms’ diet), and I soon found that she knows more about these insects, their biology, and their “product” than almost anyone who doesn’t have a Ph.D. in entomology.
Most people reading this article probably already know that silkworms and silk-making began in China about 4,000 years ago, and the Chinese continued to have a corner on the silk market for a very long time. In the Middle Ages, European silk production was a big industry in what is now modern-day Italy and in parts of France.
But did you know that you can control a silk worm’s rate of development by changing the temperature of its environment? Or that by controlling the light/dark cycle to which it is exposed, you can control whether the worm will be one who hibernates or one who develops in the summer?
Or that genotyping of domestic silkworms has shown their original ancestor from the wild still exists as a species today?
The silkworm only eats in its caterpillar stage. Some modern silkworm farmers prefer to feed the insects commercial silk worm chow rather than mulberry leaves in order to have cocoons available year round. When the adult moths are ready to leave their cocoons, they do not chew their way out, however, medieval people believed that they did. We now know that the moth who is ready to leave the cocoon secretes an enzyme which weakens the “glue” of the strands which form the cocoon, and then the moth crawls out.
This process of the moth leaving the cocoon creates a problem for the person who wants to make reeled silk (the smooth, shiny, “silky feeling” version of the fabric) because it destroys spots in the long filament which the caterpillar produced to spin his cocoon.
(Silk noile, often called “raw” silk in modern times, is the non-shiny fabric with a slubbed surface, and it is made from short fibers. It is referred as “spun” silk, as opposed to “reeled” silk.)
To reel silk, you have to “stifle” the cocoons before the moth has begun to produce the enzyme mentioned earlier. In period times, silk makers did this by steaming the cocoons or placing them in boiling water. [Hey, we do this to lobsters and clams!] Lady Serena freezes her cocoons; she believes it is more humane than the heat methods. She also added that since insects cannot regulate their own body temperature, it may not really matter.
The medieval definition of “raw” silk was “silk that has been reeled but had not been further processed.” This is why extant period records speak of shipping raw silk: they were referring to spools of reeled silk thread which has not yet been woven into fabric.
The secret to successfully reeling silk on the Piedmont Reel is first to find, on the cocoon which has been soaked in hot water, the “one true filament” which is the continuous one. The silk filament goes from the cocoon to the casting arm of the reel which is connected to a turning bobbin. This distributes the filament over the arms of the reel in such a way that wet silk does not rest on already-dried silk. It dries very quickly and is wound off onto a spool.
At this point, several threads do feel to the hand like the silk from which ladies’ fine veils are made, and it is a white color. The silk on the reel as displayed at Artisans’ Row was about 18 cocoons’ worth.
Lady Serena has also raised wild silk worms, and her next project will be to reel wild cocoons. Because the “glue” of the wild cocoons is a tougher substance than that of the domesticated product, she expects she will have to soak the wild cocoons in a basic solution (such as lye) and not in water, which has been proven to break the filament of wild cocoons. She also wants to investigate whether the toughness of the wild cocoons might be based on the silkworms’ diet in the wild or on other factors.
She will be teaching a class on “Reeling Silk with the Piedmont Reel,” this Wednesday at 1 p.m. Please check the Arts and Sciences additions for August 11, either at A&S Point or in the Pennsic Independent, for the location of her class. | <urn:uuid:985bce64-4fe5-4549-b6d0-6b4fb9e1235e> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://www.pennsicindependent.com/worm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655902496.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710015901-20200710045901-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.971067 | 1,120 | 3.03125 | 3 |
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The Galapagos Islands are an archipelago of volcanic islands located 563 miles (906 km) directly west of Ecuador. The group of islands consists of 18 main islands, 3 small islands, and 107 rocks and islets.
- The Galapagos Islands had no original inhabitants when they were accidentally discovered in 1535 by Tomas de Berlanga. De Berlanga was the Spanish Bishop of Panama. His ship drifted by the Islands on his way to Peru to settle a dispute between Francisco Pizarro and his lieutenants. De Berlanga’s crew reached the Islands on March 10, 1535.
- Bishop de Berlanga immediately reported back to the Spanish monarchs about the Islands, together with information on its rich flora and fauna.
- By 1570, the Islands first appeared on the Abraham Ortelius’s atlas and were named “Insulae de los Galopegos” or Islands of the Tortoises, due to the enormous number of giant tortoises found there.
- Buccaneer Ambrose Cowley created the first navigational chart of the Galapagos Islands in 1684. Cowley named the individual islands after some of his fellow pirates, as well as other British royalty and noblemen.
- The islands were used as hideout by pirates, who pilfered gold and silver from Spanish galleons traveling from South America back to Spain, until the early 19th century. It was a strategic hideout due to its location.
- In 1793, officer James Colnett of the British Royal Navy proposed the Islands as a base for the whalers operating in the Pacific Ocean. The Islands offered fresh water and a supply of meat which was conducive for the whalers.
- One downside of using the Islands as a base was the capture of Galapagos tortoises. These were kept on board whale ships and used as a source of fresh protein. This event almost brought the tortoises close to extinction.
- In 1831, Ecuador annexed the Galapagos Islands and named them the Archipelago of Ecuador.
- In 1832, a group of convicts were shipped in to populate the island of Floreana (Isla Santa Maria).
- On September 15 1835, the survey ship, HMS Beagle, arrived on the Islands. On board was young Charles Darwin, a notable naturalist.
- Charles Darwin studied the local flora and fauna. He noted that almost all of the animals and plants there were endemic to the islands. These discoveries contributed to his famous theory of natural selection. Darwin also included the Islands on a map for people to discover and visit the Islands.
- Between 1920 and 1930, a group of Norwegian settlers arrived on the Islands. The government of Ecuador allowed them to inhabit the land and there would be no taxation for the first ten years. Consequently, additional settlers arrived from Europe and America.
- In 1959, the Islands became Ecuador’s first national park. In 1978, the Islands were recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.Notable species on the Islands include:
- Galápagos land iguanas
- Marine iguana
- Galápagos tortoise
- Galápagos green turtle
- Sea cucumbers
- Flightless cormorant
- Great frigatebird and magnificent frigatebird
- Blue-footed booby
- Galápagos penguin
- Waved albatross
- Galápagos hawk
- Four endemic species of Galápagos mockingbirds
- Thirteen endemic species of tanagers (Darwin’s finches)
- Galápagos sea lions
- Two endemic genera of cact
- UNESCO included the Galápagos Islands on their list of World Heritage in Danger in 2007 due to the threats posed by hostile species, unrestrained tourism and overfishing.
- The World Heritage Committee decided to remove the Galápagos Islands from the list on 29 July 2010 because they found progress was being made by the government of Ecuador.
- The government of Ecuador strictly controls tourism in the Islands. Travelling to see the endemic species should be done with a professional tour operator through the cities of Quito and Guayaquil.
Galapagos Islands Worksheets
This bundle contains 11 ready-to-use Galapagos Islands Worksheets that are perfect for students who want to learn more about the Galapagos Islands which are an archipelago of volcanic islands located 563 miles (906 km) directly west of Ecuador. The group of islands consists of 18 main islands, 3 small islands, and 107 rocks and islets.
Download includes the following worksheets:
- Galapagos Islands Facts
- Where are the Galapagos Islands?
- Identify the Islands
- Galapagos Islands Word Search
- What am I?
- Charles Darwin in the Galapagos Islands
- Search It Up!
- Beautiful Galapagos
- Travel Brochure
- Protect the Tortoise!
- Galapagos Islands Acrostic
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Link will appear as Galapagos Islands Facts & Worksheets: https://kidskonnect.com - KidsKonnect, May 4, 2017
Use With Any Curriculum
These worksheets have been specifically designed for use with any international curriculum. You can use these worksheets as-is, or edit them using Google Slides to make them more specific to your own student ability levels and curriculum standards. | <urn:uuid:89b1c532-85f3-4fbe-bed8-7b37adb983e0> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://kidskonnect.com/geography/galapagos-islands/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107922746.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20201101001251-20201101031251-00381.warc.gz | en | 0.938524 | 1,244 | 3.8125 | 4 |
The Evolution Deceit
Giving from one’s wealth with a sincere heart in order to earn the good pleasure of Allah is a mark of faith. Believers who spend generously are praised and given good tidings in many verses. Allah mentions a significant aspect of spending—that by the giving away of what one loves, he will attain righteousness:
You will not attain true goodness until you give of what you love. Whatever you give away, Allah knows it. (Surah Al ‘Imran; 92)
The importance attached to something is linked to how much one sacrifices in order to attain it. Reluctance to give up particular things means that those things are thought to be dearer to one. Since nothing is more precious than the approval and mercy of Allah, a true believer can give away anything he owns in an instant. A contrary attitude would mean that worldly things are dearer than the good pleasure of Allah, so he would not attain the state of righteousness mentioned in the Qur’an.
It may be that a person donates much, renders important services for the cause of religion and performs his acts of worship regularly. He may also have religious knowledge. Yet his failure to let go of something he loves and contribute it for the cause of Allah when necessary shows weakness of faith and failure to grasp the essence of religion. Because this would mean that he prefers that thing to the good pleasure of Allah. In this sense this would invalidate all his good deeds even if he thinks what he did is good.
A Muslim should love Allah above all else and love created things only because they are manifestations of Allah's creative artistry or because Allah loves them, too. In Allah’s Sight, this is the only legitimate way of love. This perception will allow a person to part with anything he loves at any time. Because his love is primarily for Allah, he loses nothing. For Allah pervades and embraces everything. He is closer to him than his jugular vein. In fact, he attains greater love and blessing because he has acted in compliance with Allah’s will. He does not regret what he gave; on the contrary, he feels pleased. This is the attitude of a true Muslim.
But if a person loves something or someone as autonomous and independent of Allah, he regards it as an associate to Allah (Allah is surely beyond that) and becomes an idolater. If he must possess something but, at the same time, does so in accordance with Allah’s commands, Allah may choose to purify him from the “association” he fell into through his ignorant desires. Finally he will attain goodness and enjoy Allah’s mercy. | <urn:uuid:8be7ab29-fd40-423d-baa5-5dc4b1fbbe2f> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.evolutiondeceit.com/en/Commonly-Disregarded-Quranic-Rulings/47802/Donating-what-one-loves | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999678747/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060758-00066-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968391 | 550 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In 2009 alone, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office received nearly half a million patent applications and granted about 40 percent of them [source: USPTO, "Statistics"]. Each of these applications requires detailed text descriptions and drawings of the invention. When you do your patent search, this is the first documentation you'll find.
Each patent may also reference other patents and non-patent literature that describe the prior art closest to the invention. Prior art is technology related to the new invention that people had previously described in a publication (such as a science journal) or made, sold or used for the same purpose as the invention. For example, suppose you're inventing a new coffee grinder. Prior art would include existing coffee grinders that operate in a similar way but don't include your new improvements. Prior art could also be some newly discovered grinding process your invention is using that was recently published in an engineering magazine. Depending on what you're looking for, you might want to examine the referenced documents describing this prior art.
No matter what kind of patent search you undertake, knowing how all these documents are categorized can help you narrow your search. The agency uses its U.S. Patent Classification System (USPCS) to stay organized. The USPCS groups patents into classes that identify some major category of objects, including everything from apparel (class 002) to telecommunications (class 455). Each class includes subclasses, and each subclass can include other subclasses. This hierarchy might be several levels deep before it is precise enough to classify a particular patent, and the USPTO creates new subclasses as needed for even more precision [source: USPTO, "USPC"].
When reading the classification on the patent itself, you'll notice a class/subclass pair using a slash. For example, "2/456" means class two and subclass 456. For a complete list of all the current classifications in the USPCS, see the USPCS index at USPTO.gov or the Manual of Classification (MOC) published by the USPTO.
If your search takes you outside the U.S., you should be aware that international patent agencies use different classification systems. For example, countries in Europe use the International Patent Classification (IPC) and the European Classification (ECLA). Some examples of international patent organizations include the Japan Patent Office (JPO), the Korea Intellectual Property Rights Information Service (KIPRIS) and the State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO) of the People's Republic of China. U.S. patents that are also filed in other countries list the patent's international classifications, which saves you time in your search. | <urn:uuid:8b13cdd4-0587-4daa-a91a-7227fd5c780f> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/new-inventions/how-to-do-a-patent-search1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999066.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619224436-20190620010436-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.92068 | 553 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The Westliche Blätter (“Western Paper”) was established on November 5, 1865, as the Sunday edition (Sonntagsblatt) of the widely-read Tägliches Cincinnati Volksblatt (“The Daily Cincinnati People’s Paper”), in Cincinnati, the seat of Hamilton County, Ohio. Its primary goal was to entertain and educate its German readers, while also providing political and other relevant news. Regular content included novels, narratives, novellas, poems, riddles, anecdotes, historical insights, travel portraits, fashion articles, and essays on science, literature, and humor. Telegraphic news, advertisements, and announcements covering community events, deaths, and legal notices made up the rest of the eight-to-twelve page weekly, with advertisements for German-owned businesses often comprising several pages of each issue. Breweries, clothing and jewelry stores, grocers, lawyers, barbers, theaters, and museums relied on this publication to spread the word about their products and services to readers in Cincinnati and beyond. The Blätter was published almost entirely in German, with English in an occasional article or advertisement.
Like its daily counterpart, the Blätter was initially Democratic in politics then became Independent in 1872 to maintain its appeal to its growing readership. By 1880, over 21,000 subscribed to the publication; by 1911, this figure had grown to over 40,000. Cincinnati’s strong German-American community contributed to the success of the Blätter until the 1910s. The anti-German sentiment that prevailed during World War I and the growing Prohibition movement caused the publication to lose newsstand sellers, subscribers, and advertisers, and it ceased publication in November 1919. The daily, then known as the Tägliches Cincinnatier Volksblatt, published its last issue a week later.
Researched and written by Jenni Salamon | <urn:uuid:cf150f87-e986-49be-be93-d5819b27363d> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://ndnpohio.ohiohistory.org/newspapers/cincinnati-westliche-blatter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159820.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923212605-20180923233005-00433.warc.gz | en | 0.958008 | 398 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Palestinian refugees hold keys symbolizing the right of return for refugees, during a rally in Rafah refugee camp, southern Gaza Strip, ahead of Nakba on May 9, 2012. On May 15 Palestinians mark Nakba, or catastrophe of Israel's founding in the 1948 war, when hundreds of thousands of their brethren fled or were forced to leave their homes. UPI/Ismael Mohamad | License Photo
WASHINGTON, May 25 (UPI) -- Palestinian identity is founded in on three parts. One is that resistance to Israel is permanent and holy. Another is that Palestinians are, individually and communally, refugees, made so at the hands of Israel. The third part is that the world, specifically the United Nations and Western countries, must support these refugees until they can return to a future Palestine and to homes in what is now Israel.
Since 1950 the vehicle for Palestinian refugees to be supported has been the U.N. Relief and Works Agency. Costing almost $1 billion per year, with funding provided by the U.S. and European states, UNRWA is an open-ended, educational, social welfare system for millions of Palestinians, primarily in the West Bank, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan. But in what sense are any of these individuals refugees?
Publicly, UNRWA defines a Palestinian refugee as anyone whose "normal place of residence was Palestine during the period 1 June 1946 to 15 May 1948 and who lost both home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 conflict."
In reality UNRWA has continually expanded the definition to include "the children or grandchildren of such refugees are eligible for agency assistance if they are (a) registered with UNRWA, (b) living in the area of UNRWA's operations, and (c) in need."
The best estimates are that perhaps 700,000 Palestinians became refugees in 1948-49. By UNRWA's accounting, however, virtually every Palestinian born since that time is also a refugee. That number reaches into the millions.
This is unprecedented in the history of refugee crises. In no other situation has a group been extended specific status that has been continually expanded to include subsequent generations over a period of decades. The result of this 60-year-long process is that incentives for the refugees to resettle in Arab countries and elsewhere are minimal, as are those for UNRWA itself to end its operations. Western taxpayers are expected to shell out indefinitely or at least until the U.N. General Assembly declares the problem resolved.
This state of affairs has provided Palestinians with a basic level of health, education and welfare at the cost of reintegration into local Arab societies. The development of Palestinian civil society and democratic institutions has been retarded by financial dependence on the international community and this has in turn fostered Palestinian intransigence toward Israel. For the United States and other countries that have paid out tens of billions, this situation is unacceptable.
In 2009, U.S. Reps. Mark Kirk, R-Ill., and Steve Rothman, D-N.J., introduced provisions for UNRWA Accountability into appropriations bills. They called for transparency and responsibility from UNRWA and sought to ensure that the monies funneled to UNRWA from the United States don't fund acts of terrorism in any way, thereby bringing the funding of Palestinians into compliance with the U.S. Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.
The bill went further and underscored the need to evaluate the textbooks used in Palestinian UNRWA schools to ascertain there was no "inflammatory and inaccurate information about the United States and the State of Israel, anti-Semitic teaching, as well as the glorification of terrorists." The amendment died in committee.
In the three years since Kirk and company proposed their amendment the situation has become more complicated. Direct U.S. funding of UNRWA and the Palestinian Authority has increased but the latter has gone ahead with an ill-advised push for a unilateral declaration of independence in the United Nations and its various organs.
While part of the Palestinian Authority has worked toward building governmental institutions, the leadership under Mahmoud Abbas has boycotted talks with Israel while demanding that funding for itself and for UNRWA be ensured.
It is long past time that limits are set on the never-ending expansion of Palestinian refugees. A new proposal from Kirk therefore sets out a more precise series of definitions for American aid to UNRWA, to be specified in the Memorandum of Understanding with the organization.
The draft amendment states that "a Palestinian refugee is defined as a person whose place of residence was Palestine between June 1946 and May 1948, who was personally displaced as a result of the 1948 or 1967 Arab-Israeli conflicts, who currently does not reside in the West Bank or Gaza and who is not a citizen of any other state."
Refugee status would therefore no longer be heritable, at least if UNRWA were to continue to receive U.S. funding. The amendment would also require the secretary of State to report to Congress about the notoriously slippery numbers of refugees and what measures the U.S. government is taking to ensure these limits are abided by.
Even more specific provisions could be introduced. Historical evidence has shown that UNRWA continually expanded its refugee rolls in Gaza, Syria, Lebanon and Jordan with unknown numbers of non-Palestinians, to avoid confrontation and as a means of regional development. UNRWA could be therefore required to demand evidence that demonstrated an individual was resident in Palestine from 1946-48 and that they were personally displaced as a result of the hostilities.
UNRWA could also be required to independently verify that recipients of aid aren't currently citizens of other states. UNRWA could also be directed to begin planning the handover of its operations to the Palestinian Authority as well as to other Arab governments. And a truly daring innovation would be to leave the executive branch no wiggle room to evade congressional mandates with a presidential waiver.
The global financial crisis has had few silver linings but demanding financial accountability and setting limits on refugee status from UNRWA and the Palestinians are long-overdue changes that will improve the Palestinians' ability to become self-reliant. It may also improve the chances for peace with Israel.
(Alexander Joffe is a historian and writer in New York. Asaf Romirowsky is an adjunct scholar at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies and Middle East Forum.
(United Press International's "Outside View" commentaries are written by outside contributors who specialize in a variety of important issues. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of United Press International. In the interests of creating an open forum, original submissions are invited.) | <urn:uuid:e6a7f660-20db-43a9-bdb1-2c44b3370f04> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.upi.com/Top_News/Opinion/Outside-View/2012/05/25/Outside-View-Palestinian-refugees-forever/UPI-13101337941800/?spt=hs&or=an | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710691.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129100233-20221129130233-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.963664 | 1,365 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Poorly sited anemometers could trigger stow too slowly or too often. Additionally, if a failure occurs, it is helpful to have wind data from several anemometers around the site to verify the wind speeds during the wind event that caused the failures. A network of too few anemometers will not adequately characterize a wind event.
Anemometers placed too close to the trackers will generally see reduced wind speeds. Depending on tracker tilt and wind direction, this is sometimes even true of anemometers placed upwind of the array. Anemometers set in clearings inside the array must be surprisingly tall to avoid the cumulative wind slowdown from the surrounding array. Additionally, anemometers should not be placed near (or on) structures like inverters as that placement can cause sheltering and acceleration, depending on the wind direction.
CPP Wind recommends placing the anemometers significantly above and upwind of the trackers to minimize sheltering. We can also provide sheltering factors to correct the trackers’ influence on anemometer wind speed measurements.
Installing multiple anemometers around the site is also recommended to ensure some redundancy in the wind speed measurements if an extreme wind event occurs. It is common to have one or more anemometers damaged during an extreme wind event. Electrical power may also be disrupted, so a local data storage solution is wise.
Anemometer siting can be complex based on the site layout, local topography, and site surroundings (such as clusters of trees). CPP’s experts can advise on siting the anemometers at your specific site or provide recommendations on general policy to help prevent wind failures. Contact us today to learn more!
We provide consulting in several languages, including English, Chinese, Spanish, French, and German. | <urn:uuid:547e22b3-886e-4f24-a0eb-82287e972046> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://cppwind.com/ensure-the-success-of-your-solar-tracker-with-anemometer-siting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949689.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331210803-20230401000803-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.925225 | 367 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Program strategy alignment is a program performance domain that is initiated during the program definition phase with the development of the business case, program charter and program roadmap, supported with the inputs from environmental assessments and program risk management strategy.
The effort results in the development of a program management plan that is aligned with organizational goals and objectives.
It is important to understand how the Strategic development process. In this way, if we do the process in the right way, we will be able to link the program initiatives with the organization goals and objectives.
1. Program Business case
2. Program Charter
3. Program Roadmap
The program roadmap is a chronological representation of a program’s intended direction, graphically depicting dependencies between major milestones and decision points, which reflects the linkage between the business strategy and the program work.
The program roadmap also reflects the pace at which benefits are realized and serves as a basis for transition and integration of new capabilities.
There are often internal or externalinfluences to the program that have a significant impact on a program’s success.
Program managers should identify these influences program in order to ensure ongoing stakeholder alignment, the program’s continued alignment with the organization’s strategic goals and objectives, and overall program success.
Enterprise Environmental Factors
Enterprise environmental factors external to the program may influence the selection, design, funding, and management of a program.
Environmental factors may include but are not limited to:
- Business environment;
- Health, safety, and environment;
- Cultural diversity;
- Geographic diversity;
- Supply base;
- Political influence;
The following sections outline various forms of analysis that may be used to assess the validity of a program’s business case and program management plan.
- Comparative Advantage Analysis: Where appropriate, comparative advantage analysis may also include what-if analyses to illustrate how the program’s objectives and intended benefits could be achieved by other means.
- Feasibility Studies: Using the business case, organizational goals, and other existing initiatives as a base, this process assesses the feasibility of the program within the organization’s financial, sourcing, complexity, and constraint profile.
- Swot Analysis: An analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) faced by a program provides information for optimizing the program charter and program management plan.
- Assumptions Analysis: Program managers regularly identify and document assumptions as part of their planning process. In addition, assumptions should be validated during the course of the program to ensure that the assumptions have not been invalidated by events or other program activities.
- Historical Information: Analysis Historical information includes artifacts, metrics, risks, and estimations from previous programs, projects, and ongoing operations that may be relevant to the current program. Historical information describing the successes, failures, and lessons learned is particularly important during program definition.
5. Program Risk Management Strategy
Successful delivery of the program roadmap, aligned with organizational strategy, and with consideration to the environmental factors found in the environmental assessments, depends on a well-defined program risk strategy.
- Risk Management For Strategy Alignment: This risk management strategy includes defining program risk thresholds, performing the initial program risk assessment, and developing a high-level program risk response strategy.
- Program Risk Thresholds: Risk threshold is the measure of the degree of acceptable variation around a program objective that reflects the risk appetite of the organization and program stakeholders.
- Initial Program Risk Assessment: While program risk management is conducted throughout the life of the program, the initial program risk assessment, prepared during program definition, offers a unique opportunity to identify risks to organizational strategy alignment.
- Program Risk Response Strategy
: Program risk response strategy combines the elements of the risk thresholds and the initial risk assessment into a plan for how program risks will be managed effectively and consistently throughout the life of the program.
- For each identified risk, the risk thresholds can be used to identify the specific response strategy based on a number of rating criteria.
- A robust program risk management strategy comprises a specific risk response strategy for each of the risk rating levels that have been developed to reflect the program’s risk thresholds. | <urn:uuid:67e9fc7f-ffe4-4f99-aeba-7604281e26f5> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://joapen.com/blog/2018/10/08/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516117.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023065305-20181023090805-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.921288 | 855 | 2.609375 | 3 |
More than half of children admitted to an urban Florida pediatric emergency department had elevated blood pressure, according to a study published in the journal Pediatric Emergency Care.
Elevated blood pressure is often a sign of kidney or other health problems in children. Evaluating the readings thoughtfully and ordering further tests could be a key to diagnosing a serious problem, said Phyllis Hendry, M.D., an associate professor in the department of emergency medicine at the University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville and one of the authors of the study.
Researchers looked at charts of nearly 1,000 patients, 18 years old and under, admitted to Shands Jacksonville medical center over a 13-month period in 2007 and 2008. Researchers were only expecting to see about 100 patients with elevated triage blood pressure — 90th percentile or higher — but found more than 500, Hendry said. More than 20 percent had severely elevated levels — 95th percentile or higher, said Hendry, who also serves as assistant chair of research for the emergency medicine department.
The study also found that elevated blood pressure was recognized on the medical record in only a small percentage of cases — among residents, fellows and experienced pediatric emergency physicians.
“In adult emergency patients, we are very focused on blood pressure and abnormal values are clearly defined,” Hendry said. “In children, it’s easy to dismiss a high value because often they are anxious, crying or in pain. There are a number of things that can affect blood pressure.”
But as hypertension among children is on the rise — now in 5 percent of American youth, up from 1 percent in the 1970s and 1980s — the emergency department can play a larger role in flagging potential problems. The standards are based on age, weight and even height — a measurement not usually taken in pediatric emergency departments.
Hendry said it is difficult to know how much weight to give the statistics because of the lengthy list of variables that go into calculating a “normal” blood pressure for a child.
“You can be transitioning from examining a premature baby that weighs 3 pounds to a 300-pound adolescent, so what is normal blood pressure supposed to be?” Hendry said.
Standards are also based on measuring the blood pressure three times and taking the mean of the three readings, which is not practical in an emergency department.
Emergency department blood pressure is also often given little credence because children are upset and scared, which could skew the numbers, Hendry said. However, the study found the pain level of the child was not associated with blood pressure elevation, nor was the race of the child, Hendry said.
If patients are in the emergency department for several hours or more, their vital signs are usually checked again or at discharge. Researchers say if a child’s blood pressure remains elevated, physicians should suggest a follow-up appointment with the child’s primary care physician within a few weeks.
Hendry said a likely follow-up study would be to look at the blood pressure reading at that next primary care visit to see if it is still elevated.
As hospitals move toward electronic medical records, ways to flag high blood pressure in children would be valuable, according to Arno Zaritsky, M.D., senior vice president of clinical services at Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughters in Norfolk, Va.
It is difficult to compare emergency department blood pressure levels with standardized levels, but it would certainly be worth checking the blood pressure again a week of two later outside of the emergency setting, said Zaritsky, also a medical consultant for the American Heart Association, who was not involved in the research.
“I think the take-home is maybe we should have a process as part of sending them home that we check the blood pressure later to make sure that it does come down,” Zaritsky said.
The UF College of Medicine-Jacksonville study began when Tracy L. Ricke, M.D., had a patient she was set to release but found the blood pressure staying high. She ordered a complete workup and found the patient was in kidney failure. Ricke, a pediatric emergency fellow at the time and now with Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, initiated the study to see how many other cases emergency departments might be overlooking.
Other study authors are Colleen Kalynych, M.S.H., Ed.D., and Vivek Kumar, M.D., M.P.H., with the UF College of Medicine-Jacksonville division of emergency medicine research; Elena M. Buzaianu, Ph.D., with the University of North Florida; and Colby Redfield, B.S., a summer volunteer medical student. | <urn:uuid:c8e8cee0-d1b2-4a5a-a315-1e36e06282b7> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://news.drgator.ufl.edu/2011/12/01/high-blood-pressure-may-point-to-hidden-health-problems-for-kids-in-the-er/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711108.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206124909-20221206154909-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.967075 | 989 | 2.75 | 3 |
Greece New Democracy
Sources: The Library of Congress Country Studies; CIA World Factbook
New Democracy (Nea Demokratia--ND) is the other major pole around which postjunta Greek politics has evolved. ND was founded in 1974 by Konstantinos Karamanlis. It was largely a revival of his National Radical Union (Ethniki Rizopastiti Enosis--ERE), which had dominated Greek politics from 1955 to 1963. ND won large parliamentary majorities in both 1974 and 1977, and Karamanlis had remained prime minister until his election to the presidency in 1980. He was succeeded as the party's head and prime minister by Georgios Rallis, a long-time associate and a moderate. After ND was defeated badly in the 1981 general election, the party replaced Rallis with the more conservative Evangelos Averoff-Tositsas, another long-time Karamanlis loyalist. But in 1984 Averoff resigned his position after a poor party showing in that year's election to the European Parliament. He was replaced by Konstantinos Mitsotakis, a moderate conservative and the long-time political arch-rival of Andreas Papandreou. Mitsotakis had joined the ND only six years earlier after playing important roles in various centrist parties.
In 1965 the defection of Mitsotakis and other senior ministers from Georgios Papandreou's Center Union government had caused a furor and was partly responsible for setting off a sequence of events that led to the colonels' coup and the imposition of military rule in 1967. Since that time, Georgios Papandreou's son Andreas has vilified Mitsotakis for his act of "treason", and Mitsotakis has never enjoyed personal popularity in Greek politics. However, in 1984 the ND saw Mitsotakis as the only politician who could rival Andreas Papandreou in terms of personality, toughness, and political adroitness.
Mitsotakis remained ND leader until immediately after the October 1993 elections, when he stepped down following the party's defeat. During his nine years as party chief, he controlled ND by promoting personal supporters to key party positions. This preoccupation with personal allegiance, which sometimes made Mitsotakis dependent on friends and associates with dubious qualifications, generated strong resentment among party loyalists. These forces gradually coalesced around Miltiadis Evert, the scion of a well-known Athenian family and a long-time party stalwart. In the early 1990s, the relationship between Mitsotakis and Evert grew increasingly cool and occasionally deteriorated to open hostility.
Evert voiced strong opposition to some of the bolder liberalization steps adopted by Mitsotakis's economic "tsar", Stefanos Manos, arguing in particular for the preservation of the "safety net" that protects Greek workers and employees from economic displacement. An open break nearly occurred when Manos attempted to privatize the OTE during the summer of 1993, and Evert threatened to bring down the government unless the privatization plan were halted. Although Evert won his point, the ND's one-vote majority collapsed shortly thereafter.
During the ensuing electoral campaign, the ND's internal divisions remained obvious to the nation. Under growing pressure from within the party, Mitsotakis promised to step down if the ND were defeated. In November 1994 Evert was overwhelmingly elected the new leader of the ND.
Evert became the first member of the post-Civil War generation to lead one of the two major Greek parties. At the same time, the leadership of the conservative movement in Greece reverted to favoring greater state control of economic resources. Evert's ascendancy also ended the polarizing and vituperative personal rivalry of Papandreou and Mitsokakis, which had occupied center stage for the previous ten years. Evert was fifty-four--young by Greek political standards--when he became the leader of ND. He had risen through the party ranks from the youth organization of the ERE to hold several ministerial positions and the mayoralty of Athens. He enjoys a reputation for personal integrity and for decisiveness, a quality implied by his nickname, Bulldozer, which also alludes to his considerable physical size.
Evert's first ten months leading ND were not easy. He attempted simultaneously to restore party unity, take control of the party's apparatus, and signal a new style of leadership. Toward the first objective, he immediately appointed Ioannis Varvitsiotis, his main opponent in the contest for the party leadership in November 1993, as party vice president. Then, in the summer of 1994, Evert created a party political council as a top-level policy-making committee, to which he appointed the most prominent ND parliamentary delegates, including Manos and Andreas Andrianopoulos, two of his most vocal critics in the party. To gain party control, he replaced many Mitsotakis appointees in the ND headquarters, and he used the April 1994 party congress to consolidate his leadership position.
To convey a sense of change and renewal to voters, Evert also tried to distance the ND from Mitsotakis personally. Evert was noticeably slow in defending his predecessor against charges of corruption and wiretapping before parliamentary committees and judicial authorities, angering the many Mitsotakis loyalists within the party. In mid-1994, the Evert and Mitsotakis factions also struggled for control of the ND's influential youth organization.
The June 1994 elections for the European Parliament were a setback for Evert. Although PASOK's share of the vote fell to 38 percent from its 47 percent share in the October 1993 national elections, ND was not the beneficiary. On the contrary, ND lost nearly 7 percent, achieving its lowest share in a national vote in its twenty-year history. The Mitsotakis faction, which had taken little part in the campaign, nevertheless blamed Evert for the party's poor showing.
ND's most notable organizational success has been the Youth Organization of the New Democracy (Organisia Neon tis Neas Demokratias--ONNED), a vigorous and often fractious youth group that has been instrumental in recruiting new blood into the party, mobilizing public support, and occasionally challenging the constituent influence of powerful local politicians. The party has fared well in university student elections in the 1990s, as well as in organizing support in labor unions and professional associations.
Since the mid-1980s, the main ideological struggle within the ND has been between moderate reformists and neoliberals and freemarket advocates who have called for a vigorous reversal of state intervention in the economy, accelerating privatization, and encouraging innovation and competition. The centrist domination has been evident in the party's conciliation toward the left in its consistent support of progressive social legislation. Experts believe, however, that a large part of the ND's grassroots supporters are to the right of the party's leadership in this respect.
Data as of December 1994
NOTE: The information regarding Greece on this page is re-published from The Library of Congress Country Studies and the CIA World Factbook. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Greece New Democracy information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Greece New Democracy should be addressed to the Library of Congress and the CIA. | <urn:uuid:54b189e1-968a-451e-b9cc-3e15d474bc91> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.photius.com/countries/greece/government/greece_government_new_democracy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861754936.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164234-00026-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969219 | 1,477 | 2.84375 | 3 |
iD+Pi is a new initiative of the School of Architecture and Planning, University of New Mexico. It was created in the Fall of 2011. Its goal is to educate and inform Indigenous design and planning by engaging faculty, students, professionals and community leaders in culturally responsive practices. Its three principal areas of activity are academic, professional, and tribal.
iD+Pi works in an interdisciplinary fashion with the three major programs in the School of Architecture and Planning by providing a learning environment for students, faculty and professionals to engage, its activities serve to inform Indigenous design and planning practice.
Tribes which are located principally in New Mexico and the Southwest are afforded the expertise and resources of the School’s to support projects that entail aspects of design and planning. The overarching goal of this activity is to foster sustainable communities among Indigenous populations—communities guided by principles of social justice and distinguished by healthy environments, strong local economies, and thriving cultures.
To educate by engaging faculty, students, professionals, and policy leaders in culturally appropriate design and planning practices.
Indigenous design and planning paradigms are not new concepts. Its principles are a reformulation of practices that have been used by ‘traditional’ communities for millennia. Before such traditions were banned or usurped by Euro-western agencies, tribal societies planned their communities and designed their own places.
Indigenous concepts were formulated on practices associated with land tenure. Land tenure is distinguished by long and sustained patterns of collective ownership. Such ownership was sustained over successive generations in a manner that is informed by the past, is invested in the present and builds a vision toward the future. This is known as the seven generations model.
In contrast, the Euro-western approach is temporal and based on the regulation of land-use. Landholders hold a privileged position in society and the embodiment of design and planning practice is to protect and secure an individual’s capital gain. Indigenous communities did not fare well under such colonial and neo-colonial regimes.
7 Generations Model
At the root of this conflict is how lands and resources are conveyed for those who are yet unborn. Sustainability becomes the embodiment of collective action. The land and its resources become a birthright and the primary vehicle for maintaining it is stewardship.
Given a legacy of the seven generations model, it becomes easier to understand how Indigenous communities evolved distinctive world-views. Such world-views embodied values that were essential toward attaining a balanced and symmetrical interrelationship between humankind and the natural environment. The imprints of this relationship are the unique cultures that evolved in time and place. | <urn:uuid:0afb9957-a4af-48b3-84a6-09dfa47382ce> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://idpi.unm.edu/about/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703548716.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124111006-20210124141006-00613.warc.gz | en | 0.964212 | 527 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The entire genetic code from an unborn baby boy has been mapped by using DNA taken from his parents.
US scientists looked at the foetus’s DNA floating in his mother’s bloodstream, and that of his parents, and fitted the genetic jigsaw together. Their findings are published in Science Translational Medicine.
The technique could enable in-depth pre-natal scanning for around 3,500 genetic disorders, without physically disturbing either foetus or mother.
Most pre-natal genetic screening currently involves tapping fluid from the foetal sac, or taking samples from the placenta, procedures which can be risky for mother and child.
Also, such invasive methods can only identify a small number of birth defects including Down’s syndrome and cystic fibrosis. The new genetic scan could produce much more data relating… | <urn:uuid:12f79e90-0c1c-4e67-b12b-70f28287f423> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/genetic-code-of-unborn-baby-mapped-0vfpglprkpl | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540517557.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209041847-20191209065847-00334.warc.gz | en | 0.948957 | 170 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Walnuts are far from being just a favorite treat for children and adults, but also a very useful product that promotes physical and mental health. Since ancient times, walnuts and extracts from them have been used in tuberculosis, heart and liver diseases and digestive disorders.
Miracle of lecithin – lecithin forms 70% of flour from nuts. It is one of the most valuable substances in the human body. Lecithin regenerates damaged cells and acts as a means “to import” nutrients to the cells. Human liver is composed of 50% of lecithin, lecithin forms a protective portion of tissues and spinal cord. It normalizes the nervous system. Lack of this substance causes dementia, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and other nervous disorders.
Fiber is another very valuable component of the walnut seed meal. The fact that fiber is useful, everyone knows, but only few people understand exactly how it works in the body. Stomach cannot digest fiber, thus fiber passes into the bowels, collects the accumulated “junk” from their walls, which improves peristalsis and rids the body of harmful cholesterol. If the average time of transit of food through the digestive tract is 100 hours, then the food rich in fiber can reduce this time up to 25 hours, which significantly speeds up the metabolism. Walnut seed meal full of fiber can help get rid of atherosclerosis, constipation, and is a good form of prevention against colon cancer. Except that fiber rids the body of toxins, it improves the quality of skin and hair and reduces weight.
The walnut seed meal is very rich in trace elements – sodium, potassium, iron, iodine, phosphorus, magnesium and calcium, and vitamins A, B, C, E and F. Due to its composition, such seed meal is considered an excellent reducing agent in postoperative conditions and severe diseases. The walnut seed meal is useful for children and the elderly, and is positively recommended to pregnant women and nursing mothers. The C vitamin content is 5 times higher in walnuts than in black currants!
- Magnesium, contained in the seed meal, dilates blood vessels – thus the seed meal is an excellent remedy for lowering blood pressure.
- Iodine, abundantly present in the seed meal, can be used in this form in diseases of the thyroid gland.
- Iron contained helps people mentally and physically working in demanding environments. The walnut seed meal quickly relieves fatigue and strengthens muscles.
Ingredients: 100% seed meal of walnuts from the first, cold press. The raw materials used were not genetically modified.
100g of the product contains: Protein 45.2 g , Fat 13.5 g, Carbohydrates 22.8 g.
Energy value: 394 kcal/1648kJ.
Example of usage: During the meal a teaspoon of the seed meal 3-4 times a day; before use pour with water, fruit juice, tea or kephir.
No posts found | <urn:uuid:342a1f3f-88c4-4c8b-94c9-be7c99ce5c52> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://herbika.com/100-walnut-seed-meal-200g.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210249.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815181003-20180815201003-00394.warc.gz | en | 0.934131 | 623 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The Institute is pleased to introduce its Literary Challenge Initiative (LCI). The LCI supports science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) learning by reinforcing the literacy skills of youth. At the core of STEM development are the abilities to understand written language, to communicate well in verbal and written forms, and to think logically. The LCI builds out-of-school community support for literacy development and provides out-of-school channels for literary expression.
For its inaugural Literary Challenge writing competition, the L.SMURPHE.F Institute issued the prompt: I AM; therefore, I WILL BE. In partnership with churches and youth-serving organizations in Galveston County, Texas, The Institute asked youth to reflect on their faith in their own words. Enjoy their responses in the Literary Challenge Journal, Volume 1, Number 1. | <urn:uuid:b42ac6f3-2523-4b12-a974-a7b380aaf109> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.lsmurphef.com/?q=literary-challenge-initiative | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256980.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522223411-20190523005411-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.959826 | 170 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Resistance to parenteral antimicrobials generally occurs within two years after introduction into general use. The site where de novo resistance develops has been acknowledged to be the gut. Overgrowth of abnormal flora, defined as 105 potential pathogens per g of faeces is a risk factor for resistance following increased spontaneous mutation leading to polyclonality and antimicrobial resistance. As parenteral antimicrobials generally fail to eradicate the abnormal carrier state in overgrowth concentrations due to sub-lethal concentrations in bile and mucus the enteral antimicrobials polymyxin/tobramycin aiming at converting the abnormal carrier state into normal carriage, are the essential component of selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD), because they eradicate carriage and overgrowth including resistant mutants, maintaining the usefulness of parenteral antimicrobials.
Keywords: normal carriage, abnormal carriage, overgrowth, mutation, polyclonality, resistance, selective decontamination of the digestive tract, parenteral antimicrobials, enteral antimicrobials | <urn:uuid:c5357e77-a5be-435c-902a-c2a85185b592> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.signavitae.com/issues/regular-issues/volume-4-number-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155634.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918170042-20180918190042-00520.warc.gz | en | 0.855946 | 224 | 2.625 | 3 |
Dublin Zoo holds the distinction of being the third oldest public zoo in the world – only those in London and Paris have been in existence longer.
Located in Phoenix Park, the zoo was founded in 1830 with only one wild boar in residence.
The zoo is noted for its lion breeding program, and since the 1850’s, more than 700 lions have been bred here- no small feat, since lions have been bred successfully in captivity in very few locations worldwide. The most famous resident is probably the MGM trademark lion. Legend said that his famous roar was in fact a yawn, and the voice of an American lion was dubbed in to created the ferocious roar.
Over 700 animals live at Dublin Zoo, and breeding programs are not exclusive to lions, but are also dedicated to increasing the populations of rare and endangered species, such as the Snow Leopard.
A variety of tropical animals roam their areas in unbarred enclosures designed to replicate the natural environment as closely as possible. Arctic species make their homes in the lakes located near the reptile house. In total, the 60-acre zoo contains more than 235 species of wild animals and tropical birds.
The extremely popular African Plains section of the zoo operates the Nakuru Safari Tour, a 25 minute journey through a savannah where giraffes and lions roam along with other animals from the Serengeti.
The South America House is a strikingly ornate structure housing some of the more exotic species, including golden lion tamaris, two-toed sloths, and squirrel monkeys. For refreshment, visitors go to the Lakeside Café for drinks and ice cream in summer, and take advantage of numerous picnic areas, playgrounds, and gift shops scattered throughout the zoo.
Other popular Dublin Zoo attractions:
- The Discovery Centre, which displays the world’s largest egg
- The Zoo Train, loved by children, it runs all summer and on weekends in winter
- The Meet The Keeper Programme, which allows visitors to observe animals as they feed and to interact with their keepers
- The recently renovated Big Cat Compound
- Pet’s Corner City Farm, filled with guinea pigs, lambs, goats and other petting zoo varieties | <urn:uuid:ab22c7ac-0a5a-4648-a01d-fb83149bd62e> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://babylonradio.com/dublin-zoo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886436.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116125134-20180116145134-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.961065 | 451 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Applying Mathematical Concepts in IB Geometry to… Oreos!
How are formulas discovered? Where does pi come from? These are the questions that students explored this week in geometry. Leading up to this week, students discussed in general terms the ideas of order and chaos, and how we can make sense of the world by noticing patterns.
To continue this conversation, but now applying it directly to a mathematical context, students took a day to explore one of the most famous mathematical constants, pi. Before doing the exploration, students were asked to offer ideas on how they thought formulas were discovered. A number of students responded that it must have something to do with testing different math problems, and one student made the connection that in doing these problems, you would look for certain patterns, and then you would test your findings to see if the patterns are consistent. These were some great insights that lead directly into our activity for the day, which focused on discovering where pi comes from. To understand the origins of pi, students measured the circumference and diameter of various objects, including wood blocks, candles, cups, and even an Oreo cookie that they got to eat!
After taking these measurements, the class discussed their observations, and came to the conclusion that no matter how big or small an object is, if you take the ratio of the circumference and diameter, you always get pi. This information was then used to make sense of certain formulas involving circles, but even more so, it was used to understand that formulas are developed from concreate experiences that we can replicate ourselves. Examining and applying real world examples is only one of the many ways our IB learners are expanding their mathematical knowledge! | <urn:uuid:88377f7b-79f4-4d84-a708-87477cbbce4a> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.rccachicago.org/applying-mathematical-concepts-in-ib-geometry-to-oreos/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607636.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523122457-20170523142457-00403.warc.gz | en | 0.966835 | 339 | 4.21875 | 4 |
Before Darwin . . . before Lewis and Clark . . . there was Alexander von Humboldt.
Explorer. Naturalist. All-around genius. Lost hero of science. In his time, Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859) was world-famous. Why? He led one of the first major scientific expeditions into the South American rain forest and another into the wilds of Siberia. Carrying fragile instruments, he navigated perilous rapids and climbed the volcano of Tenerife. He observed animals, plants, and cultures that no one in Europe had ever dreamed of, and his books about them inspired a whole generation of scientists—including Charles Darwin. But before he did any of that, he was a little boy who was curious about everything (especially bugs)!
The Incredible yet True Adventures of Alexander von Humboldt will whisk you away to another time and place. Meet the young man who, defying his mother’s wishes, became a daring explorer-scientist—and follow along as he makes his amazing discoveries. Lavish illustrations bring Humboldt’s untamed world to life. See nature through the eyes of a great early scientist. Wonder awaits! | <urn:uuid:758d1494-86f4-47c5-a193-a331cae781a7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cart.pageaday.com/products/the-incredible-yet-true-adventures-of-alexander-von-humboldt-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573849.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819222115-20220820012115-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.955693 | 250 | 3.40625 | 3 |
One day several years ago, I spontaneously hugged a patient of mine, Gretchen. It was during a moment in which her despair and distress were so intense that it seemed cruel on a human level not to reach out my arms to her, in the event that she might derive some relief or comfort from an embrace. She hugged me for dear life.
Months later, Gretchen reported to me that the hug had changed her. “The motherly embrace you gave me that day,” she said, “lifted the depression I have had all my life.”
Could a hug really have such an effect? The notion has stayed with me ever since.
I started thinking about hugs during my psychoanalytic training. Every so often I was assigned a patient who would hug me without warning, either at the beginning or the end of a session. When I talked about this with my supervisors, some suggested that I stop the hug and instead analyze the meaning of it with the patient. Other supervisors suggested the opposite: that I allow it and accept it as part of a cultural or familial custom. Bringing it up, they suggested, could shame the patient.
I remember consulting the ethical guidelines from the National Association of Social Workers and the American Psychological Association. I assumed “do not touch” was overtly spelled out. I was surprised to discover that those organizations, while expressly prohibiting sexual boundary-crossings, did not expressly prohibit touch.
Today, neuroscientists have learned that when humans get emotionally upset, our bodies react to manage the increased energy. These physical reactions bring discomfort at best, and at worst are unbearable.
What can we do to obtain immediate help when we are distressed so that we don’t have to resort to superficial balms like drugs or psychological mechanisms like repression?
What kind of relief is affordable, efficient, effective, and nontoxic?
The answer is touch. Hugs and other forms of non-sexual physical soothing, such as hand-holding and head-stroking, intervene at the physical level to help the brain and the body calm down from overwhelming states of anxiety, panic and shame.
I encourage my patients to learn to ask for hugs from their loved ones. A therapeutic hug, one designed to calm the nervous system, requires some instruction. A good hug must be wholehearted. You can’t do it halfway. Two people, the hugger and the “huggee,” face each other and embrace each other with their full chests touching. Yes, it is intimate. The hugger should be focused on the huggee with purposeful intention to offer comfort. It is literally a heart-to-heart experience: The heartbeat of the hugger can regulate the heartbeat of the huggee. Lastly and very importantly, the hugger must embrace the huggee until the huggee is ready to let go and not a moment before.
The paradox of hugs is that though they are quintessentially physical, they can also be enacted mentally. I often invite my patients, if it feels right for them, to imagine someone they feel safe with, including me, holding them. This works because in many ways the brain does not know the difference between reality and fantasy.
Gretchen, for example, sometimes feels small and scared. I know her well, so I can tell just by looking when she is being triggered into shame. To help her feel better, I intervene using fantasy. “Gretchen,” I say, “can you try to move that part of you that’s feeling shame right now to the chair over there?” I point to a chair in my office. “Try to separate from that part of you,” I continue, “so you can see it from the eyes of your present-day calm and confident self.”
I gesture with my hands to convey a part of her coming out of her body and joining the two of us on the chair a few feet away. Gretchen visualizes in the chair the shame-filled part of her — in her case, her 6-year-old self. In this fantasy, Gretchen hugs and soothes the 6-year-old.
But sometimes, as in Gretchen’s case, actual touch changes something deep. It seems, at those times, that there is no substitute for the real thing. | <urn:uuid:5217945f-355d-44b6-9bbf-8171e94168ec> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://psychcentral.com/blog/the-healing-power-of-hugs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585424.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021133500-20211021163500-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.967934 | 903 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Two other tags you’ll use quite often are
<em> is short for “emphasis” and the browser interprets this as italics, by default.
<strong> is short for “super strong, make it really stand out” and the browser shows this as bold.
For example, I can emphasize the “personal” in my site, like so:
<p>Zach World</p> <p>This is my <em>personal webpage. Stay awhile!</p> <p>I think birds are cool.</p>
as you see, I only added the opening
<<em>>, assuming the browser will figure out.
Let’s see how this goes.
Too much emphasis!
The browser trusts your word first, even if it doesn’t make sense.
Here I didn’t add an enclosing tag, so the browser assumed I never wanted the emphasis to end.
The browser will not correct or contort your text. It will only make clear the discrepancy between what you typed and what you intended.
To fix this, I add a closing
<em> around personal and, while I’m here, I’ll make the word “birds” stand out by wrapping it like so:
My file now looks like so:
<p>Zach World</p> <p>This is my <em>personal</em> webpage. Stay awhile!</p> <p>I think <strong>birds</strong> are cool.</p>
Things to remember
HTML is a forgiving language. You can dive in with little knowledge of what you’re doing and still get something to show up. So go ahead and do that!
Everything you learn helps build a better dialog with the computer, so that neither side is suprised by what the other gives them. This will later help you communicate to your friends through your webpage.
Also, you can nest tags inside of tags. I have an
<em> inside a
<p>, for example. If I was wild and foolish I could have even done:
I didn’t do this, though, cos I think bold and italicized text looks bad. Pick one! | <urn:uuid:15a9cea9-e636-464f-9818-387ede61bcf7> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://coolguy.website/web-zine/01/emphasize-wrapping.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945248.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324051147-20230324081147-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.881257 | 519 | 2.921875 | 3 |
MOTHERBOARD AND ITS COMPONENTS [16 Marks]
Chapter Details 1.1 Introduction MOTHERBOARD AND ITS COMPONENTS Chipset Architecture North/South Bridge Architecture 1.4 Buses on Motherboard(Expansion OR I/O Slot) Hub Architecture ISA EISA PCI PCI-X Intel Chipset 915G Intel Chipset 945G
A computer is a programmable electronic device that can Store , retrieve and process data. The architecture of computer is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system, whereas computer maintenance is the practice of keeping computers in a good state. The basic structure of the computer is shown in fig. 1.1. Figure 1.1: Components of motherboard Based on these structures different Personal Computers (PCs) are designed. The different components and peripherals in a modern PC system are:
1. Motherboard 2. Processor 3. Memory (RAM/ROM) 4. Interface cards/daughter boards. 5. SMPS 6. Hard disk drive 7. CD-ROM drive 8. Keyboard 9. Mouse 10. Monitor
The most important component in any PC is the motherboard, also called as system board. It houses a microprocessor, memory and slots for expansion, of the system. Some motherboards also contain the drive interface logic, printer interface logic and serial interface logic integrated on it. Motherboard comes in different sizes, shapes and models. The height and width of the motherboard is known as motherboard form factor.
The main functional blocks of a motherboard are as follows: i. CPU ii. BIOS iii. RAM iv. Cache memory v. Bus expansion slots vi. On-board IO connectors vii. On-board IDE connectors. i. CPU: The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer in which majority of the computing tasks are performed. The CPU may have a heat sink installed on it, to dissipate heat generated by the CPU. ii. BIOS (Basic Input Output System): BIOS is a ROM chip. It contains programs that are necessary for the PC to boot and to access the various system components. BIOS also contains the programs for POST (Power On Self Test). iii. RAM (Random Access Memory): RAM is used for storing programs temporarily. Generally RAM is located on SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module) or DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module). iv. Cache Memory: The cache is the fastest memory which lies between CPU and RAM. The CPU can access the frequently required data from cache more rapidly than from RAM. v. Bus Expansion Slots/I/O Slots: System expansion is possible using the bus expansion slots in which the adapters are installed. The different types of slots such as ISA, VESA, PCI are available on motherboard. vi. On-board I/O Connectors: In recent systems one or two serial ports (com1, com2) and parallel ports (LPT1, LPT2) are present on motherboard. vii. On-board IDE Connectors: Similar to serial and parallel parts the motherboard may have IDE connectors for connecting. Floppy Disk Drives (FDD), Hard Disk Drives (HDD) and CD Drives.
1.2 CHIPSET BASICS
To reduce the number of chips on the motherboard, the logics around the processor are integrated into two or three chips. These chips work in conjunction with processor. These chips contain more than one logic like DMA logic, timer logic, interrupt logic and peripheral interface logic. Hence these chips are called as chipset. In PC, the chipset represents the connection between the processor and everything else. The processor can’t talk to the memory, adapter boards, devices without going through the chipset/ If processor is the brain, the chipset is spine and central nervous system of computer. The chipset manufacturers are Intel, Acer Labs, Silicon Integrated System (SIS) and AMD etc. To maximize performance of a motherboard picks up a proper microprocessor and a good chipset.
Intel has used two different chipset architectures: i. North/South bridge architecture ii. Hub architecture. All the chipsets introduced from the 800 series onwards, use the hub architecture.
The newer chipsets from Intel use hub architecture. In hub architecturem, North bridge chip is called as Memory Controller Hub (MCH) and South bridge chip is called as I/O Controller Hub (ICH). Systems that include integrated graphics use a Graphics Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) instead of MCH. The standard South/North bridges are connected through PCI bus, but here they are connected via a dedicated hub interface that is at least twice as fast as PCI. This design allows a much greater throughput for PCI devices because there is no south bridge chip using the PCI bus. There are two main variations in the hub interface: i. AHA (Accelerated Hub Architecture): It is used by 8xx?series of chipsets. It has twice the throughput of PCI. ii. DMI (Direct Media Interface): It is used by 9xxand 3x series chipsets. DMI is basically a dedicated 4 bit wide PCI Express connection allowing 1 GBps in each direction. Following fig. 1.3 shows hub architecture: Figure 1.3: Hub architecture / architecture of Intel Chipset 915 G
1.3 ARCHITECTURE OF INTEL CHIPSETS
As Intel develops new processor, it develops chipsets and motherboards simultaneously. Here we are going to study architecture of Intel chipset 915 G and 945 G.
Features of Intel 915 G Chipset (refer fig. 1.3) 1. Code Name : Grandsdale - G 2. Port Number : 828915 G 3. Bus Speeds : 800 / 533 MHz 4. Supported Processor : Pentium IV, Celeron, Celeron-D 5. SMP (dual CPUs) : No 6. Memory Types : DDR 333 / 400, Dual Channel DDR2 7. Maximum Memory : 4GB 8. Memory banks : 2 9. PCI Support : PCI Expres-X1, X16, PCI 2.2 10. PCI Speed/Width : 33MHz/32 bit 11. PCI Express X-16 Video: Yes 12. AGP slot : No 13. Integrated Video : Extreme Graphics 3 14.South Bridge (Hub): ICH6 family-9
Features of Intel 945 G Chipset 1. Code Name : Lakeport GG 2. Port Number : 82945 G 3. Bus Speed : 1066 / 800 / 533 MHz 4. Supported Processors : Pentium-D, Pentium-4 with HT Technology 5. SMP (Dual CPUs) : No 6. Memory Types : DDR2 667/533/400 MHz dual channel DDR2 7. Maximum Memory : 4GB 8. Memory banks : 2 9. PCI Support : PCI Expres-X1, X16, PCI 2.3 10. PCI Speed/Width : 33MHz/32 bit 11. PCI Express X-16 Video: Yes 12. AGP slot : No 13. Integrated Video : GMA 900 14. South Bridge (Hub) : ICH7 familyFigure 1.4: Architecture of Intel Chipset 945 G
The heart of any motherboard is the various buses that carry signals between the components. Bus is a group of wires through which the CPU communicates with memory, coprocessor, keyboard and other ICs in the motherboard. The PC has a hierarchy of different buses as the processor bus and I/O buses. The processor bus is also called as Front Side Bus (FSB). It is the communication pathway between the CPU and motherboard chipset. This bus runs at the full motherboard speed. 1-11 The I/O bus enables your CPU to communicate with peripheral devices. It enables you to add devices to your computer to expand its capabilities.
The different I/O buses on motherboard are as follows: i. ISA ii. PCI-X iii. PCI-Xpress iv. PCMCIA v. AGP vi. Processor Bus (FSB)
ISA is the 8 bit bus architecture that was used in IBM-PC in 1981. It was later expanded to 16 bits. It is a very slow speed bus which is ideal for certain slow speed or older peripherals such as plug-in modems, sound cards etc.
Features of 8 bit ISA Bus i. It provides 8 data lines. ii. It has four DMA channels. iii. It has eight IRQ levels. iv. 20 addressing lines. v. 8 bit ISA slot handles 1 MB of memory. vi. 8 bit version ran at 4.77 MHz vii. It provides Bandwidth 4.17 MBps. Features of 16 bits ISA Bus It was introduced as 16 bit ISA bus used in IBM PC/AT in 1984. i. It has 16 data lines. ii. 24 address lines iii. 8-DMA channels iv. Interrupt requests v. Backward compatible with 8 bit TSA bus. vi. Ran at 8.33 MHz. vii. Bandwidth 8.33 MBps
This architecture support 32 bit buses with much higher data transfer rates upto 33 MBps. It provides backward compatibility to 8 bit and 16 bit ISA cards. 1-
Features i. 32 bit data bus ii. It handles 4GB of memory. iii. 8.33 MHz clock speed iv. Bandwidth 33 MBps v. Backward compatible with 8 bit and 16 bit ISA cards. vi. Support 64 kB T10 addresses.1.4.3 PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) : PCI is the acronym for Peripheral Component Interconnect. It is a high speed bus that connects high performance peripherals like video adapters, drive adapters and network adapters to the chipset, processor and memory. PCI bypasses the standard I10 bus. IT uses the system bus to increase the bus clock speed and take full advantage of the CPUs data path. The most recent motherboards usually provide 4 or 5 PCI slots. The 1 PCT bus can be either 32 bits or 64 bits wide. Information is transferred across the bus at 33 MHz and 32 bits at a time. The Bandwidth is 133 MBps. PCI with 64 bits of 66.66 MHz provides bandwidth 533 MBps. These variations are used only on server or workstation types boards.
It is standard designed computer bus or expansion slot advanced to PCI. PCI-X is faster version of PCI running at twice the speed of PCI. PCI-X was developed by IBM, HP and Compaq. PCI X doubles the clock speed from 66 MHz to 133 MHz and hence amount of data exchanged between the computer processor and peripherals. Standard PCI supports up to 64 bit at 66 MHz. | <urn:uuid:1c4f244b-80d3-447f-a30d-f195d21c3e5d> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://pkfact.blogspot.com/2014/05/diploma-engineering-motherboard-and-its.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589536.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716232549-20180717012549-00020.warc.gz | en | 0.887735 | 2,211 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Dalhart in Dallam County, Texas — The American South (West South Central)
Dalhart Army Air Field
In Sept. 1942, cadets began arriving for training on the new Waco CG-4A “Hadrian” glider. Cadets honed their skills––takeoff, flight while in tow behind C-47s on 350 feet of nylon rope, holding position on a double tow & recovery techniques involving being snatched by a tow aircraft flying overhead––above the Texas panhandle. Cadets also learned infantry skills, as they were expected to serve as combat soldiers after landing.
DAAF’s training mission changed in March 1943, when the glider school transferred to the South Plains Army Air Field (Lubbock). DAAF's new assignment became the training of B-17 bomber crews as replacements for losses suffered from sorties in the European theater of operations. Cadets flew training missions over practice target areas in the panhandle, while fighter aircraft cadets practiced bomber escort duty at two satellite fields––Aux.
By early 1944, America’s strategic bombing needs lay in the Pacific and several bombardment groups (B-29s) trained at DAAF for deployment in the Pacific. One of these, the 393rd Bomb Squadron, 504th Bombardment Group–– later selected by Col. Paul W. Tibbets, Jr.–– served as the core of a unit trained to drop atomic bombs on Japan in 1945. Thus, in little more than three years, DAAF and Dallam & Hartley counties were all impacted by the evolving demands of the U.S. war effort. In Dec. 1945, DAAF closed bringing an end to the USAAF presence in Dallam & Hartley counties.
Erected 2009 by Texas Historical Commission. (Marker Number 14525.)
Location. 36° 3.532′ N, 102° 31.528′ W. Marker is in Dalhart, Texas, in Dallam County. Marker is on Conlen Avenue south of West 7th Street, on the left when traveling south. Touch for map. Marker is in this post office area: Dalhart TX 79022, United States of America.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within 13 miles of this marker, measured as the crow flies. St. James Church (approx. 0.2 miles away); Dallam County Courthouse (approx. ¼ mile away); Texas Sesquicentennial (approx. ¼ mile away); James R. Fox, Jr. (approx. ¼ mile away); Mrs. Cordia Sloan Duke (approx. 0.6 miles away but has been reported missing); Heartland of Old XIT Ranch (approx. 0.6 miles away but has been reported missing); Dallam County (approx. 2.6 miles away); Hartley County (approx. 12.5 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Dalhart.
Categories. • Air & Space • War, World II •
Credits. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. This page originally submitted on March 22, 2016, by Bill Kirchner of Tucson, Arizona. This page has been viewed 215 times since then and 46 times this year. Photos: 1, 2. submitted on March 22, 2016, by Bill Kirchner of Tucson, Arizona. | <urn:uuid:d563bca3-1571-4c74-86b8-0d0788c17404> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=93204 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607593.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523083809-20170523103809-00570.warc.gz | en | 0.954751 | 714 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Continuing on its path to preparation for next month’s launch, NASA’s Mars Perseverance rover spacecraft is, well, put together.
Inside the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at the agency’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the Backshell-Powered Descent Vehicle and Entry Vehicle assemblies are now attached to Perseverance. The cone-shaped backshell contains the parachute, and along with the mission’s heat shield, will provide protection for the rover and descent stage during entry into the Martian atmosphere.
Recently, the rover’s ULA Atlas V booster was lifted up in the Vertical Integration Facility at Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) in Florida.
Activities have continued to ramp up with the attachment of the four solid rocket boosters (SRBs) one-by-one to the sides of the Atlas V 541 rocket, followed by the Centaur upper stage. The Centaur can control its orientation precisely, while providing up to 22,300 pounds of thrust. The spacecraft will be mated to the Atlas V rocket on June 22.
The assembly, test and launch operations team from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and United Launch Alliance (ULA) engineers have hit multiple key milestones in the past two months, keeping Perseverance on target for its launch to the Red Planet in mid-July. These include attaching the aeroshell backshell and attaching the rover to its rocket-powered descent stage, rotating and spinning the descent stage on two separate measuring fixtures to pinpoint its center of gravity, and attaching NASA’s Mars Helicopter, recently named Ingenuity, to the belly of the rover.
Perseverance will reach Mars on Feb. 18, 2021, touching down on the surface of Jezero Crater. Developed under NASA’s Mars Exploration Program, the rover’s astrobiology mission will search for signs of past microbial life.
The rover, carrying seven different scientific instruments, will lift off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Launch is scheduled for Monday, July 20, at 9:15 a.m. ET, with a two-hour window. NASA’s Launch Services Program based at Kennedy is managing the launch. For more information on Perseverance and its mission, visit the mission website. | <urn:uuid:48d5063c-6a75-46f2-b6f1-69fb9f10ba49> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://blogs.nasa.gov/kennedy/2020/06/15/nasas-perseverance-rover-comes-together-for-mars-mission/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402130615.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20201001030529-20201001060529-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.924869 | 480 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Tackling the reading gap
Overworked teachers and dumbed-down libraries are behind Britain's shocking literacy levels.
English school children have crashed to the bottom of yet another education league table. When it comes to reading, less able 10-year-olds are a full seven years behind their brighter classmates. This attainment gap, highlighted in a report published by the charity Save the Children, is the second largest in Europe; only Romanian children demonstrate greater inequality in reading ability. In response, a number of charities, pressure groups and publishers have come together to launch ‘Read On. Get On.’, a campaign with the laudable and ambitious aim of getting all children not only reading, but reading well by 2025.
Much ink has been spilled despairing over the fact that some children, white working-class boys in particular, either can’t or don’t read enough, and as a result are falling behind their more privileged peers at school. There’s now a list of the usual suspects paraded by way of explanation for this problem: poverty and parents are always to the fore. Some homes, it seems, do not strain under the weight of shelves crammed full of brightly coloured picture books and some parents don’t set aside 10 minutes a day to read with their children. The Save the Children report, subtitled ‘How reading can help children escape poverty’, rehashes all of these well-worn arguments.
It is no doubt easier, or at very least more appealing, to learn how to read if you are surrounded by beautiful books and have parents with plenty of time to sit and read with you. But neither parental input nor owning mounds of books are actually a prerequisite for learning how to read. We only have to go back a generation or two to recall a time when, for many families, both books and time were luxuries indeed. Yet, shocking though it may seem to some of today’s campaigners, many children who came from poor families, with few books and even less time, still learned how to read. Such children often had two wonderful inventions to thank for their success: schools and libraries. Teachers taught children how to read and libraries provided books and a quiet space in which to read.
Unfortunately, for today’s children, the purpose of both schools and libraries is no longer intrinsically connected to books and reading. Overworked teachers have a vastly expanded remit that encompasses responsibility for children’s social and moral development, physical health and emotional wellbeing, as well as knowledge about sex and relationships. Teaching reading is just one priority among many. The extent to which reading has been relativised can be seen in the way the word literacy has been stretched to cover financial, emotional and computer skills.
Actually, literacy just means being able to read and write, but the expansion of the term illustrates the way in which these basic skills have become over-complicated. The plethora of competing evidence of best-practice, combined with adherence to the demands of Ofsted inspectors, has all contributed to the de-professionalisation of teachers. Some teachers are overly concerned about damaging the self-esteem of emergent readers and stick to easier books rather than confidently pushing children on to more challenging texts. Low expectations are still endemic throughout the education system. In the same week as the Save the Children report hit the headlines, we also learnt from the OECD that three-quarters of UK university graduates do not have high levels of literacy. This means that children with lower levels of literacy have been rewarded throughout their school careers with exam passes and the privilege of a university place. Their inadequate reading skills are not challenged in higher education but instead furnished with a degree certificate.
Similarly, libraries today have de-prioritised books in favour of creating a socially inclusive and welcoming environment. Current orthodoxy has it that too many books in a library might be overwhelming or off-putting to children. It’s thought best to keep most of them hidden away to make room for brightly coloured bean bags and computers. Some schools and colleges have replaced libraries with ‘learning-resource centres’, the name change recognising the presence of more computers than books. In these new ‘centres’, talking, rather than quiet reading, is positively encouraged.
When schools are reluctant to teach reading and libraries are embarrassed about the presence of books, the home environment does take on far more importance and a social-class divide in reading ability is enhanced. The parents who fill their homes with books, sit and listen to their children read every night and, if all else fails, pay for private tuition, are indeed able to provide their children with the competitive edge. While schools and libraries could do much to close this attainment gap, the Save the Children campaign seems more focused on getting Blue Peter presenters and celebrities to help in recruiting a ‘grandparents’ army’ of volunteers to hear the nation’s children to read. This volunteer army is needed, according to the campaign, not just because books are a wonderful pleasure or a great means of finding out more about the world, but especially for the rather more mundane reason that reading encourages social mobility.
The irony of course is that no matter how well intentioned, ‘Read On. Get On.’ is unlikely to improve social mobility or lessen the attainment gap between the best and worst readers one jot. Volunteers and celebrities will never be as important as books, teachers and quiet spaces. We don’t need to discover the teacher in all of us to get children reading – we just need to re-discover the teacher in the classroom and the book in the library.
Joanna Williams is education editor at spiked. She is also a lecturer in higher education at the University of Kent and the author of Consuming Higher Education: Why Learning Can’t Be Bought. (Buy this book from Amazon(UK).)
To enquire about republishing spiked’s content, a right to reply or to request a correction, please contact the managing editor, Viv Regan. | <urn:uuid:faf3bc37-fe74-4475-9639-767797001c5b> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.spiked-online.com/2014/09/12/tackling-the-reading-gap/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662529658.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519172853-20220519202853-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.963276 | 1,242 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Acupuncture for General Health
Immunity Support – Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) can help heal the body and also promote general health. Treatments can be tailored to prevent colds from developing by providing support to the immune system. Studies have shown that acupuncture helps the brain increase the body’s level of T-cells; cells which destroy bacteria and harmful viruses in the body.
Stress Reduction/Emotional Balancing – Signs of stress can impede on the body and manifest in many negative ways. Acupuncture can help reduce or block the effects of stress on the body. Recent research has shown that treatments block the chronic, stress-induced elevations of the HPA axis (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland) hormones and the sympathetic NPY pathway (which regulates the “fight or flight” response). Acupuncture therefore influences the body’s homeostatic mechanisms, which promotes physical and emotional well-being.
Insomnia – Acupuncture can also improve quality of sleep in those who suffer from insomnia. The following types of sleep disturbances may be improved: difficulty falling asleep, waking frequently throughout the night, waking too early in the morning, and sleep that is non-restorative. It can also help with anxiety associated with insomnia. Acupuncture affects the body’s ability to increase the release of pituitary beta-endorphins, ACTH, serotonin and noradrenaline. | <urn:uuid:6ac8a7ec-ba91-4f6f-8a2f-6f80f38a2846> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://orijinacupuncture.com/general-health-acupuncture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526799.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720235054-20190721021054-00358.warc.gz | en | 0.910526 | 294 | 2.625 | 3 |
Photo via Plinkk via Flickr Creative Commons
This year's coffee prices area already at a 12-year high due to low crop yields in South America, but it looks like prices could tighten again in the future if a particular beetle continues to bask in warming weather. Arabica coffee, a climate-sensitive plant, is grown in Ethiopia and Latin America. However, Ethiopia and other regions have seen a slow but steady rise in average temperatures, more variable rain fall, and what could be most devastating, the spread of the coffee berry borer beetle which enjoys just such a temperature rise to be able to move into new locations. Non-existent in the late 1960s, the beetle is now widespread, and could become a major problem in future coffee crops. The Guardian writes that no effective removal method has been successful against the beetles -- not even pesticides, which are a last resort anyway -- and that the bug is already causing over $500 million in damages on an annual basis.
"Coffee may not be a basic food crop, such as wheat, but it is arguably one of the most important agricultural products. Valued as high as $90 billion a year, coffee, which is grown in more than 70 countries, is one of the most heavily traded commodities in terms of monetary value. Seventy percent of the world's coffee comes from small, family-owned farms and more than 100 million people are dependent on the crop for their livelihood," states the article.
Researchers believe that rising global temperatures are the reason the beetle has spread to nearly every coffee-growing area in the world. It requires a temperature of about 68 degrees F to reproduce, and Ethiopia hit that temperature around 1984. They've found that for every 1.8 degrees F rise in temperature, the coffee berry borer becomes 8.5% more infectious, laying more eggs and causing more physical damage to the coffee berries. And the bugs are hitting everywhere from Africa to South America to Hawaii -- farmers don't even have the option of escaping to higher elevations for their crops, nor do planting shade trees seem to be much of an option as not only do farmers feel this causes smaller yields, but also it would take years for shade trees to grow to maturity and be effective in reducing the temperature over crops. (Though coffee grown in the shade of trees benefits from natural pest control and pollination as the trees provide habitat for a much broader range of species. In the long run, it certainly seems worth a try.)
There doesn't seem to be any solution as of yet for the problem of the coffee berry beetle, and it is becoming a perfect example of the consequences of global climate change. One key researcher of the coffee berry borer, Juliana Jaramillo, a biologist at Kenya's International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, states that the industry has two options -- "Either they start investing in climate research, or they educate the consumers to drink something else."
Coffee growers in Africa have been worried about the impacts of climate change for several years. The shift in temperatures, rainfall, and even loss of species biodiversity has major negative impacts for the sensitive crops. And now, an insidious pest. While the idea of switching to crops with a lower market value might seem ludicrous to some farmers now (and switching from coffee to some other drink equally ludicrous to consumers) it might be the only option left if no viable solution to the coffee berry borer beetle surfaces. | <urn:uuid:2a0c965f-c5cb-4c40-ad72-7804731d940e> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.treehugger.com/green-food/global-warming-loving-beetle-threatens-worlds-coffee-supply.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371665328.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407022841-20200407053341-00244.warc.gz | en | 0.960248 | 701 | 3.375 | 3 |
A master recording is the first recording of a song or other sound, from which all the later copies are made. Since sound recording was first invented, master recordings (usually called just "masters") have been made on discs, tapes, and computers.
A multitrack master is an original multitrack recording, which may be worked on over time. This may have four, eight, sixteen or more tracks. Such a recording cannot be played on an ordinary machine, and needs a special machine to be played or recorded.
Multitrack recordings are mixed when they are finished, into a (monaural), stereo, or Surround Sound recording. This is called a "mixed master". Copies of the mixed master can be played on an ordinary machine.
Master recordings often become valuable, especially if the recording artist is popular. Most masters are owned by record companies, but many artists and bands own their own master recordings, or are able to buy them later. | <urn:uuid:1912cd26-2389-4e9d-849e-e7724ea43b10> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_recording | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928423.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00315-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977691 | 196 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Sepsis is a serious medical condition. It occurs when the patient’s body has an abnormal response to an infection. To diagnose sepsis, doctors will need to confirm that the patient has an infection. They will check the patient’s blood pressure and respiration.
Individuals with sepsis have a systolic blood pressure reading of less than 100 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and a respiration rate of at least twenty-two breaths per minute. In addition, they have an altered mental state.
Patients need prompt sepsis treatment to reduce their risk of septic shock. Most patients will receive intravenous antibiotics for sepsis at the hospital. Other intravenous fluids for sepsis will be administered as well.
Some individuals may need other medications for sepsis, which may include pain medication and vasopressors. All patients should get supportive care for sepsis too.
5 Causes and Risk Factors Linked to Sepsis
However, the best treatment for sepsis depends on the cause. This includes getting specific antibiotics for sepsis. Thus, individuals need to know what caused their case first.
Pneumonia is an infection of the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs where the alveoli fill with fluid or pus. This makes it difficult for patients to breathe. Patients can get this illness in one or both of the lungs.
Some individuals may not be aware that they have the condition. Typically, symptoms develop over several days. Patients may have a cough with phlegm or mucus.
They may also deal with chest pain when breathing or coughing. Fatigue, fever, sweating, and chills could occur. Some patients may notice nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and appetite loss as well.
Pneumonia can lead to confusion and a body temperature that is lower than normal in older adults and individuals with weakened immune systems. Viruses, fungi, and bacteria can cause this condition.
Bacterial pneumonia is treated with antibiotics. Patients with the viral form may be treated with fluids, rest, and fever-reducing medication.
Bacteremia occurs when the blood is contaminated with bacteria. Infections and surgical procedures can cause this condition. Patients with catheters or drains that are left in place could develop this condition as well.
Individuals with underlying conditions are at an increased risk of bacteremia and, thus, sepsis. Bacteremia symptoms include fever, chills, dizziness, weakness, and confusion. Redness can develop over large areas of the body. A purple rash may also occur.
Doctors will perform blood and urine tests to identify the type of bacteria causing the symptoms. Patients may need to have catheters and drains removed, and antibiotics may be necessary.
Surgery may be required if these treatment methods do not work. To reduce the risk of this illness, patients should always wash their hands before and after touching a catheter or drain.
They should also change dressings as often as their doctor recommends. Individuals should seek emergency medical care if they have difficulty breathing or have little or no urinary output.
3. Kidney Infection
Usually, kidney infections develop when a urinary tract infection spreads to the kidneys. However, these infections may also occur after kidney surgery. Females have a higher risk of this condition, and using a urinary catheter increases the infection risk too.
Urinary tract blockages elevate an individual’s risk as well. Patients with this type of infection could have abdominal pain, back pain, or pain in the side or groin.
Urination may also be painful. Their urine will often contain blood or pus, and it could appear cloudy. Individuals may notice a persistent urge to urinate, and they may also develop a fever or chills.
Doctors will test the patient’s blood and urine to see if bacteria are present to diagnose a kidney infection. Some individuals may need to have an ultrasound or other imaging studies as well. Treatment starts with antibiotics, which may be given intravenously.
Patients who have kidney infections more than once may need to be evaluated for structural abnormalities of the urinary tract or other underlying conditions. Hospitalization is necessary in cases of severe infection.
4. Digestive System Infection
Bacteria, viruses, or parasites can cause digestive system infections. Salmonella and Escherichia coli are two of the most common types of bacteria associated with digestive system infections. Patients can contract digestive system infections through ingesting contaminated food or water.
Symptoms of these infections may include abdominal cramps and diarrhea. Individuals could notice nausea, vomiting, fever, muscle aches, and appetite loss too.
Patients may be dehydrated, and they could have blood or mucus in their stool. Weight loss may occur as well. Generally, symptoms continue for five to seven days. However, some individuals could have symptoms for up to two weeks.
Adults who suspect that they may have a digestive system infection should see their doctor right away if they have blood in the stool or are vomiting blood.
An urgent appointment should also be made if vomiting continues for more than forty-eight hours or if the patient has a fever of more than 104 degrees Fahrenheit. If the infection is caused by bacteria, patients may receive antibiotics.
Doctors may recommend that patients use over-the-counter medicines to treat nausea and abdominal pain. It can also help if they avoid foods that are high in fiber.
5. Compromised Immune System
A compromised immune system places patient at a higher risk of developing sepsis. In individuals with compromised immune systems, their immune system is weaker than normal. Thus, they are at an increased risk of contracting an infection.
Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and other autoimmune conditions can weaken the immune system. Heart disease, diabetes, and other underlying medical conditions could lead to a weakened immune system as well.
Doctors may use blood tests that check a patient’s white blood cell count and immunoglobulin level to assess the health of their immune system.
Treatment for underlying health conditions may strengthen the patient’s immune system. Doctors recommend that patients take steps to avoid infection and illness.
For example, patients are advised to avoid contact with individuals who have a contagious condition. They should also wash their hands frequently. Doctors recommend that individuals get a sufficient amount of sleep every night as well. | <urn:uuid:2db75f1a-22d3-48dc-981d-525838dc8164> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://www.dailyhealthvalley.com/what-is-sepsis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100602.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206162528-20231206192528-00394.warc.gz | en | 0.940288 | 1,322 | 4.09375 | 4 |
It didn't take long for the defenders of slavery, or at least of the status quo, to recognize the disruptive potential of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Stowe and her book were directly attacked in reviews, editorials and articles, but it was also recognized that this particular fire would have to be fought with fire -- i.e. that novels were needed to respond to Stowe's novel. See these two editorials, in the PENNSYLVANIAN and the SOUTHERN PRESS (for this second piece, just read the first three paragraphs; we'll get to Aunt Phillis' Cabin in a second).|
Between the publication of Uncle Tom and the start of the Civil War, about two dozen "anti-Tom" novels were written. This week we'll look at selections from 8 of them. All the novels for today's class were written by women.
At least one of the score or so of songs written in the early 1850s about or for Uncle Tom's Cabin was this pro-slavery attack on Stowe called "Aunt Harriet Beecha Stowe" (1853). It was clearly written for the minstrel stage, and sung in Baltimore, which was a slave-holding city. I don't know how widely performed elsewhere it was.
Many of the "anti-Tom" novels were illustrated, an indication of the amount of capital apologists for slavery were prepared to invest in the attempt to contest Stowe's novel by providing alternative representations of slavery or alternative social evils to target. Take at least a quick look at all the "Before 1865" images at this link.
This was the best-selling of the "anti-Tom" fictions. I want you to read about 80 pages from it, in the following chapters: "Preface," Chapter 1, Chapter 3, Chapters 9-11, 26, and "Concluding Remarks."
Bookseller's Ad in Richmond Dispatch (August 1852)
Dover Morning Star (October 1852)
Independent (October 1852)
New Englander (November 1852)
Just read Chapter 1, "Introduction" (15 pages).
Read Chapters 2 and 20 (18 pages).
Read Chapters 7, 15 and 20 (40 pages).
Read Chapters 1, 5, 9, 15, 17, 19-22, 28, 33 and 37 (50 pages). | <urn:uuid:39263771-f5ee-41a4-9d3d-fad9e32128a4> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.people.virginia.edu/~sfr/enam982_07/proslavery1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948589512.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216220904-20171217002904-00157.warc.gz | en | 0.978999 | 488 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Wei Yukun and Xiao Mei
Linxia, which lies in the central part of Gansu Province in China, is a city filled with all kinds of sounds. While some are typical of Chinese towns, others are unique to this place. As a multi-ethnic city, the lay-out and construction of Linxia both shares traits with other modern cities and has its own particular features. Today Hui Muslims and Han populations form almost equal proportions of the population, and this mix is a distinctive characteristic of the city, it being a spot in China where Islamic culture has had the most profound impact. In fact, the local Hui population represents almost half of the entire population of Muslims in China, which has led to the city being dubbed China’s “Little Mecca”.
The central local government area, both in the Qing dynasty and during the Republican period, was mainly occupied by the Han, while suburban areas like the Bafang (八坊) and the western outskirts were Hui areas, full of mosques and shrines (qubbah). The After the founding of People’s Republic of China, the city expanded to include new Hui suburban areas which are habitually called the “New Town”, and the original town centre mainly populated by the Han became known as the “Old Town”. However, this division has been greatly undermined by the gradual mixing of the Han and the Muslim residents in all parts of the city as the traditional courtyard homes have been replaced by apartment buildings. Thus, there are now many Hui residents in the “Old Town” and Han in the “New Town”. With such changes to the structure of residency within this city, could there be conflicts between different beliefs, customs and ways of life? In our fieldwork carried out in the summer of 2012, we were concerned above all with the problem of sound in public spaces.
The Inhibited Call to Prayer
What most characterizes the public soundscape of Linxia, a city also known as “the little Mecca”, is the call to prayer, which local people call “bangke” (邦克).
The deep and resonant sonority of bangke can be heard five times a day, echoing around all the mosques, a symbol of community and faith in the Hui areas, and a summons to the faithful to attend to their personal cultivation, both physically and mentally, according to Islamic doctrine. It is also a shaping force in the landscape of the Hui areas. The mosques function as both the centre of sacred belief and the centre of the Hui neighbourhood (sifang) or mosque community. Linxia’s Bafang area denotes eight neighbourhoods, and refers to eight major Muslim communities in Linxia. In this dense layout of mosques, the call to prayer is experienced as a multi-vocal, multi-layered sound event.
However, most of the Han people we interviewed in the New Town, that is the original Hui area, complained about this sound. For some, it was simply insufferable to be woken at 5am by the call to prayer. They regarded the sound as a disturbance. Thus, in order to maintain the normal social order of the city, the local government required the mosques to turn down the volume of the call to prayer.
Besides the Muslim soundscape of Linxia, many other sounds characterize this developing small city. The horns and the noise of engines of cars, the roaring of drills and excavators in the construction fields, the popular tunes at top volume coming from shops, the peddling of vendors, and cries, shouts and chats everywhere – all these sounds are no different from those of many other Chinese cities.
However, the soundscape of day and night in this city takes different forms. In the evening, when the hustle and bustle in the daytime come to an end, the vendors, car and construction workers gradually quiet down, the call to prayer is similarly still. Now the city begins to enjoy its leisure time. We found that all the places with nightclubs and bars lay in the Han-concentrated areas, where energetic music, laughing and talking can last until midnight. The sounds of these largely Han entertainment venues seemed to be equally repellent to local Hui. The Han owner of a tea house in the Hui area, where alcohol is also served, told us that all his customers were Han. The tea house was less noisy than nightclubs and bars, but he nevertheless often had to deal with the local official Islamic committee, who tried to persuade him to stop selling alcohol, and prohibited the shouting which often accompanied drinking games. Thus, we can see that the attitudes of Hui and Han towards the public soundscape are often opposed to each other and in disagreement on the control of sound. This opposition came to a head in 2010, when the local government constructed a big new town square (guangchang) in order to facilitate mass cultural activities. Contrary to the government’s intent, when we visited Hongyuan square in 2012, there were few people in Linxia’s biggest square either during the day or at night. Instead of the group dancing, karaoke singing and commercial performances that take place in most town squares, all that could be seen were old people sitting in twos and threes on benches.
The abnormal silence of Hongyuan square was due to its situation adjoining Linxia’s famous qubbahs. A qubbah is a kind of shrine typical of Chinese Sufism, which holds that only with the guidance of a master can one achieve a higher level of religious cultivation. This emphasis on the role of the master has led to the practice of worship at the tombs of deceased masters. These qubbahs are serene, solemn and sacred places. It is not difficult to imagine the contradictions that might be caused by the construction of a large town square nearby.
In the first two months after the completion of the square, several commercial performances were held there. As we can imagine, the extremely loud music from the loudspeakers impacted on the tranquil atmosphere in the qubbahs. As a result, large groups of local Muslims publically protested against such activities and forced the performers out of the square. To prevent events from escalating, the local government ruled that anyone desiring to give large-scale entertainment and commercial performance in the square must consult with the management of the qubbahs and, if permitted, should keep the time, content and volume of the sound of the event appropriate. Other activities like group dancing and commercial performance were completely prohibited.
These conflicts over the public soundscape of Linxia remind us that sounds are symbols with particular cultural meanings, but they are also embedded in, and can structure, a particular way of life. One reason why sound can cause contradiction between different communities lies in the different ways they lead their lives. For many young Han in Linxia who work from 9am to 5pm, entertainment after work is part of their normal lives, and the morning call to prayer disrupts their established sleep patterns. In contrast, the daily schedule of life for pious Hui, according to religious rather than commercial imperatives, remains consonant with the timings of the call to prayer five times a day. Perhaps in historical eras when everyone’s lives were more in tune with, and conditioned by, the patterns of sunrise and sunset, distinctions between the diurnal customs of Muslims and non-Muslims were less acute.
Another cause of difference has to do with aesthetics and values relating to sound. In Islamic doctrine we can find strong principles when it comes to the perception of sound: any sound that is made or listened by a Muslim must conform to the religious, ethical and moral standard of Islam. Many Hui whom we interviewed thought that good and appropriate sounds should be deep and gentle, while loud and sharp sounds were bad and undesirable. They regarded the entertainment in Hongyuan square as “the yell of the devil”. On the other side, the spatial separation of Hui populations and possible link with sonic enclaves is depicted in an old Han saying that conceives of Hui ethnicity as being nested in wider Han society. Some Han, in contrast, fail to see the call to prayer as meaningful and perceive it predominantly as noise.
Our fieldwork fell at a time when the conflict over Hongyuan Square was at its sharpest, but a more recent visit in April 2014 showed that the passage of time had permitted a form of accommodation. During the day and the evening we heard roller skate hire booths playing recorded pop music, and a large group of women practicing a line dance also to recorded music. The volume was relatively muted, and they were situated at the end of the square furthest from the qubbahs. We also observed that the roller-skating was very popular with young Muslim students who were allowed out of the mosques for leisure on Friday afternoons, thus suggesting that the ethnic and religious divide was less clear cut than it had initially appeared.
Hui form 50% of the population; Han, 47%; the remaining 3% is made up largely of minorities that are officially classified as Dongxiang (东乡族), Sala (萨拉族), Bonan (保安族), and Tibetan (藏族).
Known as 拱北.
“回族是一个窝”. Here 窝 (wo) signifies ‘nest, shelter, place’. | <urn:uuid:cb305455-f09d-4b21-8a88-cb6f47bc5939> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.soundislamchina.org/?p=1033 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249556231.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223223440-20190224005440-00578.warc.gz | en | 0.971926 | 1,975 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Are you a native English speaker? How do you pronounce this word?
The projection of all or part of a ball shaped object onto a flat surface, especially a map representing the entire surface of the earth or another celestial body, without division into halves.
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Copyright © 2005 and after - LearnThat Foundation. Patents pending. | <urn:uuid:a81d1c44-0589-4b74-99a7-b1fa293d8f36> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.learnthat.org/dictionary/44337_planisphere.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.855653 | 123 | 2.984375 | 3 |
On this day May 10, 1857
The Sepoy Rebellion broke out in colonial India, threatening the rule of the British East India Company.
The Rebellion began as a mutiny of sepoys of British East India Company‘s army on 10 May 1857, in the town of Meerut, and soon erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions.
Largely in the upper Gangetic plain and central India, with the major hostilities confined to present-day Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, northern Madhya Pradesh, and the Delhi region.
The rebellion posed a considerable threat to Company power in that region, and it was contained only with the fall of Gwalior on 20 June 1858. The rebellion is also known as India’s First War of Independence.
The rebels quickly captured large swathes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, including Delhi, where they installed the Mughal ruler, Bahadur Shah Zafar, as Emperor of Hindustan. The Company response came rapidly as well: by September 1857, with help from fresh reinforcements, Delhi had been retaken. Nevertheless, it then took the better part of 1858 for the rebellion to be completely suppressed in Oudh.
Other regions of Company controlled India—Bengal province, the Bombay Presidency, and the Madras Presidency—remained largely calm. In Punjab, only recently annexed by the East India Company, the Sikh princes backed the Company by providing both soldiers and support. The large princely states, Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore, and Kashmir, as well as the smaller ones of Rajputana, by not joining the rebellion, served, in the Governor-General Lord Canning‘s words, as “breakwaters in a storm” for the Company.
In some regions, especially in Oudh, the rebellion took on the attributes of a patriotic revolt against European presence; however, although the rebel leaders, especially the Rani of Jhansi, became folk heroes in the burgeoning nationalist movement in India half a century later, they themselves “generated no coherent ideology or programme on which to build a new order.”
Still, the rebellion proved to be an important watershed in Indian history; it led to the dissolution of the East India Company in 1858, and forced the British to reorganize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India. India was thereafter directly governed by the British government —originally via the India Office and a cabinet level Secretary of State for India—in the new British Raj, a system of governance that underwent several reforms prior to Indian independence in 1947. | <urn:uuid:ebe91fc8-9696-42eb-b5fc-9f3320493fdb> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://formaementis.wordpress.com/2010/05/10/on-this-day-may-10-1857/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824471.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020230225-20171021010225-00729.warc.gz | en | 0.950849 | 549 | 4.34375 | 4 |
In a recent blog entry, we shared news of a study that found a link between a mosquito insecticide and autism. Since that publication, more news has become available that shows chemicals that were banned decades ago are contributing to an increase in autism diagnosis.
Prenatal Exposure to Banned Chemicals
In a study, Drexel University researchers shared their revelations that certain chemicals and pesticides banned back in the 1970s are still putting today’s children at a significantly greater risk of developing autism.
The research was carried out by professors at A.J. Drexel Autism Institute.
According to the study, children born after being exposed to organochlorine chemicals during their mother’s pregnancy were about 80% more likely to be diagnosed with autism.
Even though the chemicals were banned in 1977, they remain in the environment. In fact, they have been known to move long distances via surface runoff or groundwater.
Humans can be exposed to the chemicals by eating fish, dairy products and other fatter foods that are contaminated. To this day, many people in the U.S. have a measurable level of these chemicals in their bodies.
The Study at a Glance
Lead researcher, Dr. Kristen Lyall, and her collaborators looked for the chemicals in pregnant women because they can seep through the placenta and affect the neurodevelopment of the fetus.
While there had been previous studies looking at how exposure to the chemicals led to low birth weight, little was known about how they affected autism, specifically.
Dr. Lyall and her team focused on a sample of 1,114 children born in Southern California. Blood tests taken during the second trimester of the mother’s pregnancy revealed that prenatal exposure to the chemicals can influence neurodevelopment in adverse ways.
What You Should Do If You’ve Been Exposed to Organochlorine?
These chemicals pose a risk to the health of the mothers as well, and can damage the liver, kidney, central nervous system, bladder, and thyroid.
If you believe you may have been exposed, we advise you to contact your doctor immediately.
If Your Child Has Autism, Get In Touch With The Fitzgerald Law Firm
We can help you find out why your child has developed autism. If medical malpractice or environmental toxins are found to be involved, we’ll seek compensation for your child.
Call The Fitzgerald Law Firm today for a free consultation. Our number is 800-323-9900. | <urn:uuid:4bd640a0-c603-4c21-b049-6e5124a208b5> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://lawfitz.com/blog/long-banned-chemicals-linked-autism-diagnosis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986660829.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015231925-20191016015425-00106.warc.gz | en | 0.971298 | 509 | 2.765625 | 3 |
George II and Caroline
George II was the only son of George I and Sophia and was born at Herrenhausen in Hanover, Germany, on 30th October 1683. In 1705 he was naturalized an English subject and succeeded his father as king in 1727. George gained the distinction of being the last English king to lead his troops in a battle, against the French at Dettingen in Bavaria. His reign is remembered for victories in Canada, the Jacobite rebellion and the establishment of British interests in India. He continued his father's patronage of music.
In 1705 he married Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach. They had four sons and five daughters, most of whom died young. Their eldest son Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales, was born in January 1707. He was a great patron of the arts but was despised by his family. By his wife Augusta he was father of George III. He died suddenly in March 1751 and was buried with his mother in the Hanoverian vault. His wife was buried with him, as were their children Elizabeth Caroline, Frederick William, Edward Augustus , Louisa Anne and Henry Frederick.
They were crowned in the Abbey on 11th October 1727. The queen's dress was so encrusted with jewels that a pulley had to be devised in order to lift the skirt so she could kneel down at various points in the ceremony
George II died at Kensington Palace on 25th October 1760. He was buried in the vault he had newly constructed for Caroline's burial under the central aisle of the Lady Chapel on 11th November in a large marble sarcophagus, with his coffin next to Caroline. By his wish the sides of the coffins were removed so their dust could mingle after death. No monument was erected and only small stones on the floor above the vault mark their graves and those of the family. He was the last monarch to be buried in the Abbey as succeeding sovereigns were buried at Windsor.
Caroline was born on 11th March 1683, a daughter of John, Margrave of Brandenberg-Ansbach. She played a large role in affairs of State and the king was distraught when she died after primitive surgery at St James' Palace on 1st December 1737 (New Style dating). She was buried on 17 December. Handel composed his anthem The ways of Zion do mourn for the funeral. Although the King attended a service for her at St James's Palace he did not attend the main funeral and Princess Amelia was chief mourner. The coffin entered via the north door (which was unusual), after the procession from the Palace of Westminster where she had lain in state. It seems to be the first royal funeral where special seats were built inside the church for nobility to see the procession.
A wooden model of the Hanoverian vault can be seen in the new Jubilee Galleries in the Abbey triforium.
George II by A.C. Thompson, 2011
King George II and Queen Caroline by John van der Kiste, 1997
Queen Caroline by J. Marschner
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2004
British royal...funerals, music and ceremonial since Elizabeth I, by M. Range 2016
Papers about the funerals are at the College of Arms in London which include an illustration of Caroline's funeral procession
See also the London Gazette for George's funeral
The ceremonial proceeding to a private interment of Her Late Majesty Queen Caroline..., published 1737
25th October 1760
11th November 1760
11th October 1727
11th November 1760
The Trustees of the Goodwood Collection / Bridgeman Images
This image can be purchased from Westminster Abbey Library
Image © 2018 Dean and Chapter of Westminster | <urn:uuid:3861fcda-b1cb-4c4a-9a65-d8d8f8c21877> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/royals/george-ii-and-caroline/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159470.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923134314-20180923154714-00243.warc.gz | en | 0.985713 | 774 | 3.03125 | 3 |
This article considers the most common welding methods and their interaction with HP Latex prints.
When welding PVC Banners, the media surface is brought to its melting point, the PVC on each of the faces being welded together mixes and solidifies rapidly as the heat source is removed. As a result, the two faces are physically bonded.
PVC aside, other materials, like Polyester, can also be welded using a bonding tape which melts during the welding process and adheres to both surfaces to be joined.
Welding is most commonly used for banners, but other applications, such as window blinds, often involve welding as well.
Welding methods and recommendations
Welding techniques differ in the way they apply energy to the material in order to melt it. Some welding techniques apply heat directly to the material (using a hot wedge or by blowing hot air), while others rely on the heating of the media to certain electromagnetic stimuli (“High Frequency” and “Electric Impulse” techniques).
The “pros and cons” of each welding technique are summarized in the following table:
Like with any ink using conductive black pigments, when using high-frequency welding, it is recommended to create black using a combination of black and colored inks to minimize the risk of burned-out welds. This is achieved by using ICC profiles with low GCR value; which can be set up during ICC profile creation in the RIP.
Stronger bonds are obtained when joining the unprinted faces of the substrate rather than printed ones. To this purpose, most RIPs allow to easily set white bleeding margins; for example, in Onyx, you may select “Bleeding Type: Color” and select “White” as the Bleed Color. Adding marks allows easy cut and preparation of the sample to be welded. These options are shown in the following video: https://youtu.be/uS2fQv3RbtE
Sewing can be an alternative to welding. To ensure that the prints are not damaged or scratched while they are sewn together, it is recommended that the parts in contact with the prints were made of plastic (instead of metal) or covered with plastic protectors. Polyester yarns are also recommended over alternative options.
MATIC finishing products have been proven to deliver optimal cutting and welding performance, while preserving the Image Quality of HP Latex prints and the media properties, both in polyester fabrics and PVC screens.
Visit www.matic.es for more information about their products for welding, sewing, and cutting. | <urn:uuid:ca30f490-dba9-43a6-b2f8-e2937ac50dc0> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://hplatexknowledgecenter.com/applications/recommendations-on-welding-and-sewing-banners-printed-with-hp-latex | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655899931.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709100539-20200709130539-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.93116 | 536 | 3.125 | 3 |
HOW TO OPERATE A DETECTOR"TODOS LOS ARCHIVOS EN ESTA SECCIÓN SON CON EL FIN DE INFORMAR SOLAMENTE Y ESTÁN ESCRITOS DE UNA MANERA QUE LOS LECTORES PUEDAN ENTENDER MEJOR. "
The operation of detectors varies by brand and model. One must learn from the dealer of the detector the usual use cases of detector, in detail.
Another important matter to take into account is the languages supported by the detector. A detector able to operate in your mother tongue allows you to make maximum use of the detector. It is crucial to develop a good grasp of all settings and messages, and to direct the search with accurate guidance. Many terms used in treasure hunts are technical in contents, even though you have a good grasp of a foreign language. Therefore, getting used to a detector operating in your own language, understanding its operation, and engaging in search operations with the best settings would be a good idea.
A user manual drawn up in your own language is also a crucial element to look for. Today, in parallel to the developments in technology, detector producers continuously add new features to the detectors they produce. The most effective means to understand such features, naturally, are the user manuals. Applied training video DVDs would also come handy.
In general, the use of detectors begins with the adjustment of the detector for the terrain. These adjustments are called surface settings. There are also secondary settings to make. These help achieving an accurate and correct surface setting. The ensuing stages would see the achieving of sensitivity equilibrium, as well as the use of metal discriminating characteristics with reference to the type and specifications of the detector, with a view to achieving better results. Where applicable, settings and levels regarding video, depth, surface, mineral richness will lead to more detailed results.
Therefore, you should not skip on a study of the user manual of the detector you purchase. Get to know your detector well. Request trainings from the dealer which sells the detector. Make some trials as you can, and get to know your detector by getting accustomed to its reactions through small digs in your garden. Before commencing an actual search, make sure you understand how the device reacts in the face of certain targets on certain soil composition and environment, and take notes where necessary. These tests will save you a great deal of time in actual searches, and will guide you to taking the right steps. Perhaps most important of all, it will help you understand the capabilities of the device, and will shape your expectations accordingly.
* Éste y otros artículos están registrados por Detectores de Metales Nokta. El Contenido (incluyendo Visual y otros materiales) no podrán ser cambiados, copiados, duplicados, publicados, distribuídos, combinados con otros contenidos o citados totalmente o parcialmente .El contenido no puede ser usado sin un escrito previo de consentimiento de Detectores de Metales Nokta.
** Siguiendo la directiva y/o llevando a cabo las indicaciones citadas en cualquiera de nuestros artículos es enteramente a la discreción de nuestro lector. En ningún evento los Detectores de Metales Nokta o el autor de los artículos sea responsable por directa, indirecta, especial, incidental o daños consecuentes, perdidas o gastos incluyendo pero no limitados a gastos, pérdidas o gastos como resultado a los actos del lector. | <urn:uuid:6d97471c-41d1-47d5-a100-b10eaa800eb4> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://noktadetectores.com/index.asp?g=makaleler&d=show&mkid=36 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948532873.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214000736-20171214020736-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.701424 | 793 | 3.03125 | 3 |
A study involving 5,700 68 to 77 year-old men in Norway, conducted from Oslo University Hospital, has found that regular exercise (whether light or vigorous) extends life expectancy.
Participants doing the equivalent of six 30-minute activity sessions of any intensity were 40% less likely to die during the 11-year study. Physical activity is considered to be as beneficial as smoking cessation at reducing deaths.
Gallagher, J. (2015). Elderly people who exercise ‘live five years longer’. London: BBC Health News, May 15th 2015.
This relates to:
Holme, I. [and] Anderssen, SA. (2015). Increases in physical activity is as important as smoking cessation for reduction in total mortality in elderly men: 12 years of follow-up of the Oslo II study. British Journal of Sports Medicine. June 2015, Vol.49(11), pp.743-748. (Click here to view the PubMed abstract).
Physical Activity Statistics (BBC / BHF)
In fact, however, statistics from the British Heart Foundation indicate that people do insufficient exercise. The percentage of adults doing no moderate exercise is estimated to be 69% in Portugal, 55% in Poland, 46% in France, 44% in the UK, 34% in Croatia, 26% in Germany and 14% in the Netherlands.
Physical Activity Statistics: 2015. London: British Heart Foundation, January 28th 2015. | <urn:uuid:9c206e08-08df-4c63-949e-7437fb0cd6d8> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://dementianews.wordpress.com/2015/05/18/more-on-the-benefits-of-moderate-exercise-for-elderly-bbc-news-british-journal-of-sports-medicine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888113.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119184632-20180119204632-00541.warc.gz | en | 0.9343 | 296 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Increase your garden productivity and keep your plants healthy by trellising squash and cucumber plants. Trellised plants won't develop a yellow spot from setting on the ground and will be easier to prune, manage and harvest. A trellis system will work for any type of cucumber or squash (summer or winter), so long as you choose a trellising variety.
Choose a site for your squash plants and your trellis. The site should allow the plants full sun, but not cast shade on other garden plants once the squash begin to climb the trellis.
Prepare the ground for planting. Turn over the soil with a shovel to aerate it, and remove any weeds, stones and debris from the site so your plant's roots won't have to compete with them. Planting the cucumber and squash in a raised bed works well.
Dig two holes for your wooden or rebar posts, burying them at least 10 inches deep for stability. Space the posts on either end of your vegetable bed; North Carolina State University recommends going no more than 15 feet wide for your trellis.
String wire netting between the two posts, securing the netting to the posts using zip ties (wire ties). Once the trellis is constructed, you can plant your vegetables.
Plant your squash and cucumber plants in the garden bed. Space plants 8 to 10 inches apart within the row. Plant cucumber plants at one end of the trellis and squash plants at the other end. Make sure to choose trellising varieties of squash and cucumber.
Water the plants until the soil becomes saturated. Continue to water the plants when the soil dries out until the soil becomes saturated. During hot summer months this may mean watering daily or every other day.
Place growing plant tendrils on the trellis; cucumbers and squash won't climb the trellis on their own.
Prune tendrils that grow near the base of the plant so that the main shoot continues to grow up. Once the plants are successfully attached to the trellis, allow side shoots to grow and spread them out on the trellis.
Provide additional support for the trellis by placing another rebar or wooden stake in the ground behind the middle of the trellis in mid-summer when the vegetables begin to grow heavy. | <urn:uuid:7cf6a917-af15-4c6d-8dbe-6136fbc25b4c> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.gardenguides.com/138474-growing-cucumbers-squash-trellis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802776556.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075256-00014-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924756 | 486 | 3.234375 | 3 |
An antioxidant, a type of compound that prevents certain types of damage to living cells, appears to allow some kinds of plants to thrive on metal-enriched soils that typically kill other plants, says a Purdue University scientist.
This finding, published in the current issue of The Plant Cell , provides an important new insight for the development of plants that could be used to help clean polluted sites. The work also answers a fundamental question for researchers studying how certain types of plants tolerate levels of metals in their tissues that are toxic to most other plants.
“We were able to clearly establish for the first time that plants that create and accumulate high cellular levels of the antioxidant glutathione are much more nickel tolerant,” said David Salt, associate professor of plant molecular physiology in Purdue's horticulture department.
The term antioxidant generally refers to a broad class of compounds that protect cells from damage otherwise caused by exposure to certain highly reactive compounds.
Understanding the mechanism behind nickel tolerance provides an important tool for researchers whose goal is to develop plants that remove toxic metals from the environment in a process known as phytoremediation or extract useful metals from soil, a process known as phytomining.
While previous research has shown where metals reside in a plant's cell, this is some of the first data showing how plants protect themselves from the damaging effects of those metals, according to Purdue University.
“One major hurdle to developing hyperaccumulating plants is toxicity,” said John Freeman, a doctoral student working with Salt. “For a plant to hyperaccumulate metal, it has to be able to tolerate metal toxicity.”
A nearly ubiquitous antioxidant, glutathione plays a critical role in minimizing oxidative stress or damage caused by highly reactive compounds, Salt said.
Plants require metals like nickel in minute quantities for certain metabolic processes, but at high levels metals can damage membranes, DNA and other cell components. Most plants try to keep the levels of metals in their cells at a minimum, but plants called metal hyperaccumulators have the unique ability to build up unusually high levels of metals in their tissues without any ill effect.
Previous research indicates that hyperaccumulators store metals in a specialized cell compartment called the vacuole. Sequestered in the vacuole, nickel and other metals can't damage other parts of the cell. But nickel still must travel within the cell in order to enter the vacuole in the first place, Salt said.
“To get to the vacuole, the nickel has to traverse the interior of the cell, where most of the plant's sensitive biochemical processes reside,” he said. “So we've been interested in finding out if there's something in the cell's interior that protects it from oxidative damage as the metal crosses the cell.”
In this study, Salt and his colleagues sampled a number of closely related plants that grow on soils naturally enriched in nickel. These plants ranged from those that didn't accumulate any nickel to the hyperaccumulators that built up almost 3 percent nickel by weight.
He found that the concentration of glutathione was well correlated with a plant's ability to accumulate nickel.
Correlation doesn't prove causation, however, so the next step in Salt's study was to establish that glutathione played a functional role in nickel tolerance.
He and his colleagues isolated a gene called SAT and inserted it into a model lab plant called Arabidopsis thaliana, which does not normally tolerate nickel. The gene SAT produces an enzyme called serine acetyltransferase, which plays a role in producing glutathione in hyperaccumulating plants.
When Salt grew both normal Arabidopsis and those containing the SAT gene on a nickel-containing medium, the normal plants failed to grow and showed signs of severe membrane damage, an indicator of oxidative stress. The plants with the inserted gene thrived, showing no signs of membrane damage.
Going one step further, Salt conducted another experiment in which he exposed the Arabidopsis containing the SAT gene to a compound that inhibits their ability to make glutathione. When grown on nickel, these plants also suffered high levels of oxidative damage, just like their normal counterparts.
“This confirms that it really is glutathione that's responsible for nickel tolerance,” Freeman said.
This research is part of a larger gene discovery initiative involving Purdue's Center for Phytoremediation Research and Development, a multidisciplinary research center dedicated to developing a “molecular toolbox” that will provide the genetic information to develop plants ideally suited to the phytoremediation of polluted sites. Technologies developed at the center will be commercialized through a partnership with the Midwest Hazardous Substance Research Center, a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regional hazardous substance research center.
Also participating in this project were undergraduate student Ken Nieman, technician Carrie Albrecht and research scientist Wendy Peer of Purdue; Michael W. Persans, who was a postdoctoral scientist in Salt's laboratory and now has a position at the University of Texas Pan-American; and Ingrid J. Pickering of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratoty. Funding was provided by The National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. | <urn:uuid:55fced76-69ce-4d3a-ac85-65a05c7568bb> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.gpnmag.com/print/1836 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700380063/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103300-00026-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941669 | 1,085 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Violent conflict has grown dramatically since 2010 with more violent conflicts now than at any time in the past 30 years. In 2020, 23 per cent of the world’s population lived in the 57 ‘fragile’ and ‘extremely fragile’ contexts identified by the OECD’s fragility framework. This includes 76.5 per cent of the world population living in extreme poverty9 and at least 13 per cent of the global prison population, totalling over 1.4 million people.
The situation in fragile settings has become more complex, with climate change and other new risks. The long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on fragile and conflict-affected settings is yet to be fully seen, with predictions that an additional 10 million people in such settings were pushed into extreme poverty in 2020, undoing decades of advancements in poverty reduction and development.
The security situation within prison systems in fragile and conflict-affected contexts is usually weak, compounded by underlying structural deficiencies, inadequate staffing and poor detention conditions. Overcrowding is a common issue; of the 57 fragile contexts, 42 report prison population totals exceeding their official capacities, including 16 countries exceeding them by 200 per cent and 6 by 300 per cent. Facilities in such settings generally lack the infrastructure and expertise to counter the security threats they face, and authorities are unable to ensure the safe custody, health and wellbeing of detainees. Escapes, protests and other security incidents are common.
There is increasing recognition that instability within prisons can result in serious consequences for broader rule of law and security. A study of prison systems in Yemen for example found that ‘… insecure prisons, or violations of rights in prisons, can lead to both short and long-term societal discontent and either spark or reignite conflict.’ Unsafe prisons and weak governance also breed criminalisation, radicalisation leading to terrorism or violence, or recruitment and mobilisation for terrorism – a common threat attracting attention from governments around the world.
During conflicts, entire facilities and basic infrastructure are at risk from indiscriminate or intentional bombing, impacting sewage systems, the supply of water and electricity, and in some cases leading to deaths and mass escapes. Prisons are targeted for attacks in attempts to release or kill members of different warring factions. Shelling attacks in Yemen which hit a women’s prison killed five women and one child in April 2020. In October 2020, armed forces are reported to have freed more than 1,300 detainees in an attack on a facility in the Democratic Republic of Congo and in the Central African Republic, more than 300 people are believed to have escaped from prisons which were attacked or abandoned by security forces during election related violence in late 2020 and early 2021.
When a country or region is in conflict, criminal justice systems– police, courts and prisons – may collapse along with other core government functions, and without the rule of law, impunity reigns. Human rights violations become widespread and people in prison may have no mechanism to seek justice or redress. In these situations, women and children are particularly at risk. The military may take over control of prisons, or they may be run by different warring factions. Groups fighting the incumbent government are likely to set up their own justice systems, including unofficial detention facilities. Many prisons in fragile and conflict-affected areas suffer from chronic overcrowding due to the mass imprisonment of fighters and the collapse of court systems.
In Syria, for example, enforced disappearances and incommunicado detention, torture and ill-treatment, sexual violence and death in detention have been documented in detention facilities operated by all parties to the conflict. Types of detention facilities range from makeshift places in basements and schools, to purpose-built prisons operated by different warring parties as territorial control has shifted. This has included war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in the context of detention.
Also in Yemen, the criminal justice system has been devastated by years of conflict, a lack of trained personnel and a lack of funding. Prisons have been destroyed in air strikes and others have fallen under the control of opposition groups. Security is weak across all prisons, and staff have limited ability to control or care for people in prison, with some power and functions delegated to detainees. Particular concerns have been raised over the treatment of detainees in detention facilities outside of government control, including unlawful detention, systematic enforced disappearances, torture and deaths in custody in detention facilities.
In Afghanistan, the UN found that, in government run prisons in 2019-2020, 30 per cent of people interviewed provided credible accounts of abuse and mistreatment. Researchers did not have access to detention facilities run by the Taliban or other opposition groups. Effective monitoring of human rights violations in fragile and conflict affected settings, including in detention facilities, becomes increasingly dangerous, if not impossible.
The daily challenges faced in all prison settings are magnified in fragile and conflict affected areas, and the problems impacting broader society are reflected within prisons. Common issues include shortages of food, medical supplies and equipment due to a failing economy, and damage or disruption to supply chains. Services, goods and rehabilitation programmes are likely to be cancelled or disrupted. Regular contact with family and friends may not be possible.
In these circumstances, and particularly in the context of ongoing conflict, penal reform efforts may face significant barriers, but organisational changes and improvements to welfare in just one detention facility can have a significant impact on security more generally. The use of alternatives to imprisonment is also an important consideration in transitional states, potentially proving a key factor in longer-term stability efforts. These measures become increasingly possible where conflict is protracted and particularly where fighting changes over time with different levels of intensity and shifting geographical impact. In Yemen and the Central African Republic, for example, PRI has been engaged in providing emergency assistance but are also involved in strategic longer-term initiatives to rebuild effective systems.
See a complete list of references in the full report, Global Prison Trends 2021. | <urn:uuid:d7925c24-9c1e-4c20-9ebc-d2cfbca0f25c> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.penalreform.org/global-prison-trends-2021/special-focus-2021-prisons-in-crises/fragile-and-conflict-affected-settings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058456.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927151238-20210927181238-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.952838 | 1,199 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Ryan Willis: I correct myself: a candle puts out a whopping 13 lumens. Still only an efficiency of 0.16 lumens per watt. Modern LEDs are capable of 150 lumens per watt or better.
Ryan Willis: That is the problem with these things, they almost always put out less than 5 volts so it's hard to do anything with the power they generate. I'm planning on making a version of the device in the video but using a dc-to-dc step up converter to power a single 1-3 watt LED with it. Send me a PM and I'll give you a link to what I'm going to use.
George Louis: I ordered some of these from China. (that's the only place that makes them) So when I get it how do I plug it in?
Ryan Willis: I meant an electrical meter, one that can measure volts and amps and whatnot. You are correct: if you heat and cool the "wrong" sides, the electricity will just go the other way so black will be positive and red will be negative.
George Louis: What the hecks a meter? You mean that if I heat the other side then the electrons will flow in the opposite direction and it doesn't matter if the electrons are going forwards or backwards?
Ryan Willis: It doesn't really matter- if you heat the wrong side you will get the opposite polarity on the wires and that's all. Just measure with a meter before you hook stuff up.
Ryan Willis: if you can convert 2% of the heat generated from a candle (candle makes 70-80 watts and one lumen) to electricity, you can power a 1.5-watt LED which will make 80-150 lumens. Candles are really not efficient light sources.
Chad Harrington: Something mirrors could also do... for allot less money :)
George Louis: what is the difference between the two sides and which side has to be heated and which side has to be cooled to generate electricity?
Larskro: You can apply Materialer as du need on "ebay.com ``
imtiyaz ahmad: sir how i can make this peltier systm,plz help me
cmlundin: You could also build a voltage multiplier circuit. You will loose amps, but it does bump the voltage up to a usable level.
cmlundin: a small amount of electricity is diverted to power the fan from the thermal
brian burnett: this Is No Fake. , just Normal test. Far out. yeah alll true.
brian burnett: Yes Very Small power supply ,,isnt it. i got a dozen and still think its a waist of time Now after testing One, but when i get the full 18 units of 40 mm High Temp TEG Very Soon ,So I hope i can Get good Amps on my test. With Yours Im Wondring the Top Vltage and Amps. Have you Cheaked.
restu pamungkas: Good job. Is reall experiment
Lodoz: Why do idiots keep posting these stupid fake videos?
Larskro: Hej There is not a battery in the phone charger. See the wire going in.
Yefatbastard: The man with the million dollar question.. I was not there to see his setup.. but based on his comments on the power output of his TEC/TEG and that the fan was running before he even puts the candle under the chimney, I would say it's the battery in the "blue converter" I would ask the poster to show the setup again with a look in the blue bit included.. If the poster deletes this I will have my answer and will send it to you in a message. | <urn:uuid:5a72418b-7536-43d6-ad26-ef8d8fc605a5> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.how-to-diy.org/wM8xdFiX8VUHUo/Thermoelectric-Peltier-Generator.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375093400.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031813-00298-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930935 | 786 | 2.875 | 3 |
Errata in Exam Syllabi (from 2019)
Grade V (2021)
César Franck: Old Christmas Carol
Bar 28: There is an accidental missing from the L. H. chord of beat 3. The ‘F’ should be sharpened on this beat.
COMBINED AURAL/THEORETICAL TESTS Grade VI – Senior Certificate
Grade VI Knowledge of the following keys: C, G, D, F major. A, E, D minor.
Grade VII Knowledge of the following keys: Majors and minors to two sharps and two flats.
Grade VIII Knowledge of the following keys: Majors to three sharps and three flats and minors to two sharps and two flats.
Senior Cert Knowledge of the following keys: Majors to three sharps and three flats and minors to three sharps and three flats.
2023 Grade IV
Philip Martin: “The Secret Question”: Bars 11 and 12 should indicate E natural in the LH notes (bar 11–beat 2 and bar 12–beat 1).
Aidan Duggan: “Rushing About”: Bar 21–beat 2: the notes of the RH chord (beat 2) should read: A flat–C–E flat–F sharp.
Preliminary & Primary
Both of these grades state the following:
‘Candidates must perform three pieces from the lists below. One must be a study. This phrase has caused some confusion. Ideally candidates will select two pieces from the first list and one from the second list, examiners will accept three pieces (studies) from the second list.
Scale and Arpeggio of A Major to begin on ‘Open A’ string (not on 1st finger G string as in syllabus example). Rhythm and bowing requirement as per syllabus example (page 16).
List A J.S. Bach: Gavotte should indicate: BWV 1012
List A Corelli: Sonata Op. 5 No. 5 should indicate: movement 5 ‘Giga’. This can be found in Violin Sonatas Op. 5 volume 2, Wiener Urtext edition.
List A Dvořák: Scherzo from Sonatina in G Op. 100 should include the Trio and Scherzo Da Capo
Grade VIII Scales and Arpeggios should read:
Double Stops in Thirds: B flat Major
Double Stops in Sixths: E flat Major
List A Haydn: Concerto in G major, Hob VIIA, no 4 – Cadenza should be played.
List A Wohlfahrt: No 16 fro Elementary Studies should read Op. 45 (not Op. 54).
List A Vivaldi: Concerto in D Minor should indicate 1st movement.
Scales and Arpeggios Double Stops should indicate: Played together or in broken chords.
List A F Conti: ‘Quella Fiamma’ – this piece is attributed to Marcello by some sources. It is the same song.
List B Fauré: Song Without Words should indicate: Op. 17 No. 3
List B Fauré: Berceuse is not to be confused with Berceuse from ‘Dolly Suite’
Mozart: K299 Andantino , 2nd movt (arr. for flute and piano) should be presented without Cadenza
Melodic Exercise should read ‘G Sharp Minor’
List C German Dance (Key: F Major) is on page 19 of ‘Learn as you play Clarinet’
List A Petit Jeu: Howard Ferguson is listed as composer in the syllabus. This piece was composed by Blémant, arranged by Howard Ferguson
List C Treble Study No. 103 is by Gariboldi and not Tulou
Grade VII, VIII and Senior Certificate
Melodic Exercises should be played on treble recorder, not descant as printed in the syllabus.
List B A. Gout: Circus Clowns should read No. 5
List C Kopprasch: No. 36 or No. 43 60 Studies for Trombone should read Volume 2, not Volume 1
List B Vivaldi: Allegro from Easy Concert Pieces for Trumpet should read Book 1 (not Book 2) | <urn:uuid:efd32a75-ea44-4090-8d56-9c52ec9688d5> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.riam.ie/exam-syllabi/errata-in-exam-syllabi-from-2019 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710978.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204172438-20221204202438-00080.warc.gz | en | 0.855498 | 1,020 | 2.578125 | 3 |
To help unscramble the truth, let’s talk a bit more about cholesterol.
When we hear the word “cholesterol,” it usually refers to one of two things. There is dietary cholesterol, which is the cholesterol we eat. Egg yolks have the most dietary cholesterol of any food. With just one yolk, we’re swallowing about 200 milligrams of dietary cholesterol. That’s the amount the American Heart Association recommends most of us not exceed for the entire day. For optimal prevention against heart disease, the Pritikin Eating Plan recommends no more than 100 milligrams of dietary cholesterol a day.
Blood, or serum, cholesterol is the amount of cholesterol in our blood. About 85% of the cholesterol in our blood comes from our liver. And here’s a really important point: Our liver manufactures all the cholesterol our bodies need.
About 15% of the cholesterol in our blood comes from the food we eat – yes, dietary cholesterol. Consistently, research has found that the more dietary cholesterol we eat, the higher our blood cholesterol levels rise, and the greater our risk of heart disease. That’s why it’s so important to keep a lid on the amount of cholesterol we eat.
Saturated and Trans Fats
Now, it’s certainly true that dietary cholesterol is not the only thing that raises blood cholesterol. Saturated and trans fats are spectacularly good at ratcheting up blood cholesterol levels. We get saturated and trans fat from foods like red meat, cheese, and butter, as well as from processed foods, everything from margarine to frozen entrees, that contain ingredients like coconut oil, palm oil, and partially hydrogenated oils.
Let’s get back to dietary cholesterol. For decades, scientific research has demonstrated that rising intake of egg yolks, rich in dietary cholesterol, contributes to rising blood cholesterol levels.
Here is just a sampling of that research…
Just One Extra Egg a Day
In a well-designed clinical study published in the leading medical journal The Lancet1, researchers from Harvard Medical School studied the effects of adding just one extra-large egg a day to the regular diets of young, healthy men and women. All of them were lacto-vegetarians (vegetarians who also ate dairy products).
That one daily jumbo egg increased the subjects’ dietary cholesterol intake on average from 97 to 418 milligrams per day. After three weeks – just three weeks – blood cholesterol levels among the men and women had also shot up. Levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol rose on average 12%. “Ingestion of egg seems selectively to raise cholesterol and protein in LDL particles in the plasma of free-living normal people,” lead author Frank M. Sacks, MD, and colleagues concluded.
Egg Whites vs Whole Eggs
In another study2, a carefully controlled clinical trial published in 2006, researchers at the University of Sao Paulo in Brazil fed three egg whites daily to one group of healthy young men, and three whole eggs daily to another group of men, also young and healthy. The study lasted 15 days. Except for the egg variations, all the men were eating the exact same thing. Their meals, prepared daily by the university, were heart-healthy-style – fairly low in fat and high in a variety of whole foods like fruits, green vegetables, beans, chicken, and fish.
Among the men in the group eating three egg whites daily, total intake of dietary cholesterol averaged only 174 milligrams per day. Among the men eating three whole eggs a day (egg whites plus egg yolks) daily dietary cholesterol intake averaged a whopping 804 milligrams.
More Eggs, Higher LDL
Along with increased dietary cholesterol, the egg yolk eaters ended up with increased blood cholesterol. Their LDL bad cholesterol, after 15 days of eating whole eggs, was about 30% higher compared to the egg white eaters. “A high-cholesterol diet clearly enhances LDL levels,” wrote the authors. At the end of the study, the egg white eaters had average LDL levels of 86. The LDL levels of the whole egg eaters was 120.
There was more troubling news. The scientists found that in addition to raising LDL cholesterol, the three-whole-eggs-a-day diet hindered the body’s ability to clear out artery-clogging chylomicron remnants. Chylomicrons are particles, like LDL, that transport triglycerides and other fats to various cells throughout the body. Chylomicrons also absorb the dietary cholesterol we eat. Once chylomicrons start “unloading” their cargo, they become chylomicron remnants, which are taken up by the liver and discarded from the body. But if these chylomicrons remnants are stuffed with dietary cholesterol and fats, they tend to “hang around” in our bodies longer, taking up residence in our artery walls, just as LDL cholesterol does, where they can wreak havoc.
And sure enough, the Brazilian study found that eating three egg yolks daily “increased the residence time of chylomicron remnants, which may have undesirable effects related to the development of coronary artery disease,” the scientists wrote. Recent research has bolstered concerns about chylomicron remnants.
Fouling Up HDL
“The cholesterol from these chylomicron remnants can also be passed to HDL particles, and that’s potentially a big problem,” points out Dr. Jay Kenney, Nutrition Research Specialist at the Pritikin Longevity Center. “It can contribute to the conversion of HDL from ‘good’ to ‘bad’ cholesterol, from being anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory. And no longer is HDL doing its job of transporting cholesterol out of the artery walls and back to the liver for disposal.”
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“Unfortunately,” continues Dr. Kenney, “many physicians don’t pay attention to chylomicrons, and ignore their role in promoting coronary artery disease, or atherosclerosis. That’s troubling, especially since doctors’ key strategy for fighting heart disease – prescribing statins – does little to reduce the formation of chylomicrons or the amount of chylomicron remnants burrowing into the artery wall and damaging arteries.”
The good news is that an optimal heart-health food and fitness plan like the Pritikin Program does appear to reduce chylomicron activity, “which may help explain why lifestyle programs like Pritikin can reverse atherosclerosis better than statins,” notes Dr. Kenney.
Another study3 documenting the dangers of egg yolks was published in 2012 by scientists at the Stroke Prevention & Atherosclerosis Research Centre in Ontario, Canada. The researchers looked at more than 1,200 people, average age 61, who already had artery disease, asking them about their daily diets and any other cardiovascular risk factors they might have, including smoking. Then, using carotid ultrasound imaging, the researchers found that those people who ate the most whole eggs had the most plaque-ridden arteries.
The scientists also noted that the people who had eaten the most eggs over the years had even more plaque build-up than those with the highest cholesterol levels or body weights.
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The egg industry must have been concerned about consumer reaction to this new study because immediately after its online publication, doctors affiliated with the industry shot out press statements criticizing the study, pointing out, for example, that the subjects with the higher egg intakes also tended to be heavy smokers.
“Nice spin,” smiles Dr. Kenney, “but these press statements failed to mention that the Canadian scientists had in fact looked for a statistically significant correlation between egg yolk consumption and smoking history. They found none.”
Counsels Dr. Kenney: “If you eliminate three egg yolks a day, which is about 600 milligrams of dietary cholesterol, you will likely lower your blood cholesterol at least 15%, on average, and improve the overall health of your arteries. That’s very good news for your heart.”
Do enjoy egg whites. Breakfast at the Pritikin Longevity Center includes a big, beautiful egg-white-omelet bar full of fresh, colorful additions like salsa, green onions, nonfat ricotta cheese, and roasted red peppers.
But steer clear of egg yolks most of the time, if not all. What the egg industry describes as “nature’s perfect food” is not perfect for your arteries.
What is perfect is a lifestyle program like Pritikin that substantially limits saturated and trans fats as well as dietary cholesterol, and promotes an eating plan full of whole, fiber-rich foods, plus daily exercise.[
- 1 The Lancet, 1984; 323: 674.
- 2 The Journal of Nutrition, 2006; 136 (4): 971.
- 3 Atherosclerosis, 2012; 224 (2): 469. | <urn:uuid:bf783f09-6b45-4b9a-ad4b-270bb25fba90> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.pritikin.com/your-health/healthy-living/eating-right/1704-are-eggs-healthy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608665.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526124958-20170526144958-00377.warc.gz | en | 0.936893 | 1,953 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Gen Z and Changing Transatlantic Foreign Policy Perceptions
The European and North American Generation Z—people born after 1996 and thus formed their worldview after 9/11, China became a global power, and the 2008 financial crisis—have significantly different ideas about world order, international security, and the reliability of partner countries than their older compatriots. They are less likely to perceive the United States as the most influential power and to see partner countries in Europe or on the other side of the Atlantic as reliable, and they tend to have a more positive view of China.
The Gen Z views expressed in GMF’s Transatlantic Trends 2021 survey reflect important long-term changes in the world order, and have the potential to directly impact the evolution of European integration and transatlantic cooperation.
The perceptions of Gen Z serve as a window into the world of tomorrow and policymakers should take them seriously. Gen Z views are important food for thought for those in charge of imagining and shaping the place of the EU and the transatlantic alliance in the future international order.
Skipping school on Fridays for demonstrations against climate change or reigniting debates on gun control and racial justice, young people born after 1996—Gen Z—are often seen as more politicized than the previous generation, the Millennials, born between 1981 and 1996. This observation is also reflected in the Transatlantic Trends 2021 foreign policy survey, which reveals the 18-24 years old cohort to be an outlier on many questions central to the transatlantic relationship. The contrast is especially stark when comparing Gen Z to the oldest cohort in the survey.1 Europeans and North Americans under 25 are more likely than their older compatriots to perceive the world as bipolar or multipolar instead of seeing the United States as the uncontested leader in global affairs, and to hold more positive views on China. Gen Z also seems to be a global and European generation, perceiving the EU as an important player in the world and more likely to support the military engagement of European countries in the Middle East.
Transatlantic Trends is a comprehensive public opinion survey conducted in 11 countries on both sides of the Atlantic—Canada, the United States, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. The fieldwork was conducted from late March to mid-April 2021 via online surveys with a sample of 1,000 persons per country. The data were weighted to match population factors for age, gender, region (in all countries), income (in Canada, the United States, Germany, Italy, Poland, and Spain), and occupation (in the United Kingdom and France).
The sample sizes for respondents aged 18-24 years were the following: 97 in Canada, 103 in France, 88 in Germany, 84 in Italy, 109 in the Netherlands, 116 in Poland, 78 in Spain, 126 in Sweden, 175 in Turkey, 125 in the United Kingdom, and 175 in the United States. These data were then weighted to ensure a representation according to the actual population quota in the respective states. Despite the comparatively small sample size, the study provides a comprehensive overview of youth public opinion on a range of foreign policy issues on both sides of the Atlantic and is unprecedented in its scope.
The results for the youngest generation are contrasted both to the national average and the oldest generation. In the second case, the “oldest generation” refers to respondents aged 55+ in Turkey, Sweden, Spain, Canada, and the United States, and respondents aged 65+ in the United Kingdom, Poland, the Netherlands, Germany, and France.
Most importantly, Gen Z diverges from established patterns of transatlantic relations and does not sign up to the idea of a unipolar world order under U.S. leadership. While this might, at first sight, appear somewhat unsettling to older policymakers, or one might be tempted to ignore the (still minority) Gen Z opinion as youthful fancy, this would be short-sighted. The Gen Z view offers an opportunity for transatlantic policymakers to imagine the world of tomorrow and seize its opportunities. There is something like a transatlantic Generation Z, which in itself is an opportunity. While a generational gap can be observed in almost all countries surveyed, the degree of alignment of the perceptions and opinions of young people on both sides of the Atlantic is striking. There is a European and transatlantic consensus among the cohort, but with a shifting focus compared to older generations. However, this generation also shows much lower levels of mutual trust compared to the overall average found in the survey: it seems that the Trump years, Brexit, and years of complicated cooperation among European countries have colored the opinion of the young generation. This demonstrates the need for in-person exchange and positive experiences of European integration and transatlantic cooperation, as public support will determine the capacity of these projects tomorrow. Civic education to build meaningful links among citizens is not an add-on but vital for future cooperation. Yet, even the most sophisticated civic education programs cannot replace positive examples and concrete results. This is why partners on both sides of the Atlantic should seek cooperative solutions to shared challenges—something those under 25 suggest they have not seen enough of. Besides generating policies with an added value, this can demonstrate to Gen Z that Europe and the transatlantic relationship can still deliver, particularly on challenges, such as climate change, that will significantly shape their future.
Declining U.S. Influence
The Donald Trump years are likely to be particularly significant in the political memory and perceptions of the youngest Transatlantic Trends respondents since they were aged between 14 and 20 when he was elected. This may be why Gen Z respondents are less likely to see the United States as the most influential actor in global affairs. It is mostly the EU that benefits from this perceived shift (on average, a +10 points difference from the oldest respondents), which is a hopeful sign for a more balanced transatlantic relationship with better responsibility sharing.
When asked to rank actors according to their influence in global affairs, Transatlantic Trends 2021 respondents across age group and countries indicated that the United States remains the most influential (62%), followed distantly by China (20%) and the EU (14%). However, the perceptions of young respondents indicate a shift toward a new world order: in general, they are more likely than their older compatriots to see the power of the United States as less important than that of the EU. The greatest gap between Gen Z and the oldest respondents can be found in Poland, where less than half of the youngest respondents (45%) see the United States as the most influential actor, compared to four out of five (81%) of the respondents aged 65 or above—a 36 points generation gap. Similar generation gaps can be found in Sweden (43% vs. 70% of the 55+ respondents), the United Kingdom (47% vs. 74% of the 65+ respondents), Turkey (50% vs. 75% of the 55+ respondents), and Germany (42% vs. 62% of the 65+ respondents). Even in the United States, where respondents were overall and across age groups most likely to see their own country as the most influential (81%), younger respondents were less likely to do so, with only 73% of them viewing the United States as the most influential (compared to 87% of the 55+ respondents).
Gen Z respondents tending to regard the United States as less powerful can be observed across all countries surveyed.
While sometimes not statistically significant, Gen Z respondents tending to regard the United States as less powerful can be observed across all countries surveyed.2 The EU or China filled the U.S. absence in international affairs during the Trump presidency on topics including the Paris climate agreement, the Iran nuclear agreement, or multilateral trade agreements. Transatlantic Trends 2021 did not show a clear “Biden effect” in that most results were generally consistent with the previous year (when the survey was conducted only in France, Germany, and the United States), but it may also be difficult to measure a potential Biden effect only a few months after the new administration took over. In contrast, the Trump years seem to have marked the political memory of Gen Z. But, although the four years of the Trump administration were undoubtably formative for those younger than 25, what we are seeing is likely more than that and shows the effects of Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, and, finally, Trump’s foreign policy as the prominent examples of U.S. global action. Seen in the larger context of public opinion polling, the Trump years thus appear to have accelerated a trend noted over the last decade, namely the relative decline of U.S. power in international affairs. Or rather, the views of Gen Z (in contrast to those of older respondents) confirm that the trend may last. This is consistent with the Transatlantic Trends results across age groups, showing that higher perceptions of U.S. influence in the global order in the correlate with age in a majority of the countries surveyed.
Figure 1. Perceptions of the EU and United States as the Most Influential Actor, Gen Z vs. Oldest Age Group.
Figure 2. Trendlines in Variations in Perceptions of the United States as the Most Influential Actor Across Age Range.
Toward a Stronger and More Engaged Europe
As 18–24-year-olds perceive less U.S. dominance, they also see a more bipolar or multipolar world order than the average respondent. The most striking result in this regard can be found in the United Kingdom—but compared to what one might expect, the British Gen Z do not perceive the world as bipolar with the United States and China as the most influential powers but rather the United States (47%) and the EU (41%). Overall, it seems that the loss of influence of the United States in the eyes of the youngest generation in Europe mostly correlates with higher status for the EU, whereas China and Russia barely benefit. While the United Kingdom is a significant outlier, the EU is generally perceived as more influential by younger respondents than by ones aged 65 or older; for example, in Germany (29% vs. 11%), Poland (21% vs. 11%), the Netherlands (18% vs. 7%). The only country where the significantly lower perception of U.S. power among Gen Z respondents correlates with a significantly higher assessment of Chinese influence in global affairs is Poland where 25% of the youngest respondents, compared to 6% of the older respondents, say China is the most influential power.
From a European perspective, these findings are a hopeful sign that the “geopolitical” European Commission and the EU’s quest for becoming a truly global actor might benefit from public support in the long term. Although the perceptions of comparatively low U.S. influence in the world may ring some alarm bells in Washington, this finding should cause more hope than panic. As the lower influence of the United States in the eyes of the youngest respondents correlates with a higher perception of the EU’s influence, European policymakers could see this as a window of opportunity for true responsibility sharing in the transatlantic relationship. While the United States will be keen to take the lead on many issues of global governance and with regard to dealing with China, it is apparent that it has little interest in continuing to play as much of a role as a security provider in the European neighborhood. Furthermore, the EU has proven to be an important player for preserving, at least to some extent, the Iran nuclear agreement. If the United States wants to encourage more responsibility and co-leadership by its European partners, it seems it can count on the Europeans just entering the work force and the voting booth to be allies. This can be a win-win.
Indeed, a shift toward greater burden sharing and maintaining or increasing military engagement in the Middle East is reflected in the preferences of the youngest generation according to Transatlantic Trends; this might point to a long-term shift of policy preferences of the EU member states and changes in European strategic cultures. Across countries and age groups, the survey showed an overall preference for decreasing military engagement in the Middle East (37%), followed by maintaining it (33%) and just a small share of respondents in favor of increasing their country’s military engagement (9%) in the region. In all EU member states covered by the survey at least one-third of respondents aged between 18 and 24 years prefer maintaining engagement, and Gen Z respondents are much more likely than their older compatriots to support more military engagement of their country in the Middle East. The most striking difference can be observed in Sweden and the Netherlands, where around one-fifth of Gen Z respondents advocates for more military engagement of their country in the Middle East, compared to only 2% of respondents aged 55 and older. Similarly striking generation gaps can be observed in France (13% vs. 3% of the 65+ respondents) and Spain (15% vs. 4% of the 55+ respondents). Undoubtedly, more engagement is still an extremely small minority view—but a generation gap is notable. Even in Germany, often characterized as a country with a strategic culture of military restraint and depicted as a civilian rather than military power, young respondents are more than twice as likely than older ones to support more military engagement in the Middle East (18% vs. 7% of the 65+ respondents). Polish Gen Z members are not interested in more engagement, yet the generational pattern remains consistent even here. The youngest cohort does not support stronger military engagement in the Middle East than their older compatriots, but they do less explicitly ask for decreasing military engagement (25% compared to 47% of the 65+ respondents).
Here too, policymakers—particularly in the EU—might want to see this as an important sign that the perception of Europe’s role in the world is changing, and that European engagement, including military, has its place in an increasingly multipolar world order. The strong alignment of young public opinion between Canada and the EU countries also underlines that transatlantic burden sharing in the European neighborhood should not only be conceptualized based on geographic factors or EU membership, but also on like-mindedness of the partners and shared interests. The opening of Permanent Structured Cooperation in security and defense to non-EU member states and the focus on partnerships in the ongoing process of the Strategic Compass are hopeful signs that the EU might find a way to implement policies responding to slightly changing strategic cultures and preferences in the member states.
China: Not More Powerful but More Positive
While they do not generally perceive China as more powerful than their older compatriots, the image of the country held by younger respondents is significantly more positive. And, while there is normally a striking generation gap between Gen Z and all other respondents, on China the Gen Z and Millennials (born between 1985 and 1995) are generally aligned and differ from their older compatriots.
Across all countries, slightly more than half of the respondents (56%, cross-country average of all age groups) perceive China’s influence in global affairs as negative. The number is particularly high in Germany (67%), France (59%), Canada (63%), and Sweden (62%). With around one-third of respondents seeing China’s influence as positive, it enjoys most favorable views in Turkey (34%), Poland (35%), Italy (36%), and Spain (37%). However, even in countries with a highly negative perception of China’s influence, the young generation sees it much less negatively, and partly even more positively than negatively. In France, opinion among Gen Z ones is almost perfectly divided between those seeing China’s influence as positive (41%) and those considering it negative (42%). The pattern is almost the same for French millennials: 39% see China’s influence as positive and 40% as negative. Among those aged under 25, Germans are the most China-critical, with 62% negative perceptions just slightly lower than the national average of 67%. German respondents between 25 and 39 years, however, are more aligned with other younger respondents, as less than half of them describe China’s influence as negative (48%). Similarly, Gen Z respondents in the United States were much less likely to describe China’s influence as negative (39%) than those aged 55 and older (83%).
The biggest China enthusiasts are the youngest respondents (18 to 24 years old) in Canada and Spain. It is striking that more than half of young Canadians (53%) see China’s influence as positive, given that Canada also ranks among the top three countries with the most negative overall assessment of China’s influence. Almost six out of ten Gen Z respondents in Spain, where respondents were generally most likely to perceive China’s influence as positive, hold a positive view of the country (58%). Across almost all countries, respondents have a more benevolent vision of China’s influence in global affairs. Even if this does not always come with a more positive assessment of the country, younger people tend to it Beijing less negatively then their older compatriots.
The “TikTok Effect”?
More than three-thirds of TikTok users in the United States are under 40,3 and more than half of 18-24 years old Americans use the Chinese social media app.4 Are we seeing a “TikTok effect” influencing views of China? This is probably too simplistic of a cause and effect. The positive view of China might also stem from a variety of Chinese other soft-power instruments, with which young people might generally be more in contact than their older compatriots. Probably the most popular example of this is the opening of Confucius Institutes to promote Chinese language and culture, an initiative of Beijing dating back to 2004.5 Those who already studied or started studying in 2004 or later were born in the early 1980s or later, and this is exactly where the generational gap can be found in Transatlantic Trends. Consequently, it seems that the Chinese “charm offensive” beginning in these years is bearing fruit now. One may argue that the presence of Chinese students on university campuses and the growing number of European and American students studying Chinese on both sides of the Atlantic has had a socializing influence on Millennials and Gen Z, making them more familiar with the country and fostering a positive perception of it. With apps, technology, the Confucius Institutes, and an increasing cultural footprint due to its growing movie industry and Chinese movies “made for the world,”6 China is increasingly present in the life of younger Europeans and North Americans. It seems that Millennials and Gen Z have moved beyond the strikingly clear opinions of their older compatriots and have a more differentiated vision of China.
Figure 3. Perceptions of China as a Rival or as a Partner.
The views of those who tend to see China’s influence as particularly negative, namely U.S. respondents aged 55 and older (83%), were formed in a different era. But they are the past. Policymakers should see the perceptions of young people as a window into the future. Judging by the trends of the past ten years it seems likely that Chinese technology and culture will make their way into many domains of everyday life. In an interconnected world, where joint challenges like climate change will not be solved without cooperation with China, a certain degree of familiarity with language, culture, and politics of China will be crucial for understanding international affairs and articulating European and transatlantic priorities. In this context, “China hawks” arguing for a purely confrontational approach are prisoners of their generational world view. The same is true for “China cheerleaders,” who formed their view of China during the brief period when it seemed to be reforming as it began to play a bigger role on the world stage. But his view ignores the reality of strategic competition—and in this context, it is important to underline that Millennials and Gen Z are not a generation of pure “China cheerleaders.” Gen Z respondents are still more likely to describe China as a rival in France (52% vs. 28% as a partner), the United States (51% vs. 25%), Turkey (54% vs. 26%), the Netherlands (41% vs. 36%), Italy (44% vs. 30%), and Sweden (39% vs. 34%).
Although a plurality of respondents in all countries still advocates overall for a tougher approach toward China across a range of policy issues, young French, German, and British respondents aged between 18 and 24 are much more in favor of a softer approach than are their older compatriots. To a lesser extent, that pattern can be observed as well in the United States, Sweden, Canada, and the Netherlands, whereas the opinions on the approach toward China of young Spanish, Turkish, Italian, and Polish respondents align with the respective national averages. From a long-term policy perspective, it is questionable whether Biden’s strategy of placing technology at the heart of U.S.-EU cooperation in the strategic competition with China is promising, given that young respondents in Germany, France, and the United Kingdom are particularly likely to call for a softer approach on China in the domains of cybersecurity and technological innovation.
Cracks in Perceived Reliability
Gen Z respondents agree on the issues but might be more wary of cooperation. While they converge on their perception of China and decreasing U.S. influence, their perceptions of the other countries covered by the survey are much less characterized by mutual trust and a perception of reliability compared to the overall results. The only exceptions are Spain and Poland, where the perception of Gen Z respondents aligns with the other age groups.
Overall, Transatlantic Trends shows that respondents consider the other countries covered by the survey to be highly reliable. The exceptions are Poland, where respondents see other European countries, the United States, and Canada as very reliable, whereas Poland is not seen as a reliable by respondents in these countries, and Turkey, which is perceived as least reliable in all other countries, and where respondents see other countries as less reliable. Yet, in many cases, Gen Z respondents are much less likely to perceive their country’s traditional partners as reliable—a difference of around 10 percentage points and in some cases even more.
While the United States reliability is not perceived as significantly lower by Gen Z respondents in the EU member states, Canada and Turkey, young Americans are much less likely to perceive European countries and Canada as reliable partners than their older compatriots. They are most likely to perceive the other Anglophone countries covered by the survey as reliable, namely Canada (73%) and the United Kingdom (67%), as the most trusted actors in Europe are the European Union and France (both 58%), followed by Italy (54%) and Germany (53%). With the exception of Canada, all these values are ten or more points lower than the national average, with the most striking generation gap to be found for the reliability of Germany (15 points difference to the Americans’ national average, and a 26-point difference to the U.S. respondents older than 55).
Europeans have to come to terms with lower trust in the United States and relatively more suspicion of each other by their youngest generation. The most alarming results in this regard can be found in France and Germany, long-standing partners and close European allies: the level of perceived reliability of the other country is quite high on average, with 84% of the French seeing Germany as a reliable partner and 76% of the Germans considering France as reliable. Yet, this is not the case among Gen Z respondents, where only 65% of the young Germans describe France as reliable and 71% of Gen Z French see Germany in that light. Admittedly, this level is still very high compared to the perceptions of other countries, and among the highest levels of reliability to be found in this age group. However, it also shows that the long-standing assumption of an almost natural reflex of French-German cooperation are less present among Gen Z than in other generations—the difference to the oldest respondents aged 65 and older amount to 20 percentage points in France and 24 percentage points in Germany. Indeed, it seems like the French-German relationship is not as appealing for the young generation—while Germany ranks among the top five destinations for studying abroad in France,7 this is not the case the other way around.8 As the French-German relationship traditionally relies on strong ties in civil society, both countries should think about ways to enhance these ties, especially when French-German student exchange has to compete with opportunities to study in China and the United States. This should not only be in the interest of those who cherish the French-German cultural heritage, but also of all Europeans, given that mutual understanding of France and Germany as key member states of the EU—which are also perceived as such by the youngest generation—is probably the most effective way to advance European integration on the long term.
In contrast to this comparatively lower level of perceived reliability in the Franco-German and U.S.-European relations, mutual trust among British and French Gen Z respondents is much higher than among the older generations. Of young British respondents, 63% consider France to be a reliable partner (compared to 52% of the national average), and the trust of young French respondents is even slightly higher (65%, compared to 47% on national average). Although Gen Z has lived through Brexit, the United Kingdom leaving the EU seems not to have significantly harmed the perception of its reliability, which is a hopeful sign for maintaining the ties across the channel in the upcoming years. Besides reinvesting in promoting French-German relations among the youngest generation, France should thus also seize the opportunity of the high trust of young French toward the United Kingdom to strengthen bilateral ties. The same applies to London, as strengthening especially the relations of British and French civil societies could serve as a promising starting point for reviving and redesigning British-European relations after Brexit.
Furthermore, Turkey is perceived as a much more reliable partner by the youngest respondents than by other respondents; this generation gap is particularly pronounced in countries where overall trust in Turkey is lowest in the survey. In France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy, only 15% to 16% of all respondents describe Turkey as a reliable partner, but around one-third of young respondents share this opinion (37% in France and the Netherlands, 32% in Germany, 30% in Italy). Given Turkey’s involvement in the Middle East and the importance to all EU members of the EU-Turkey immigration deal, as well as the challenges that have marked the Turkish-European relationship and the respective bilateral relationships for years, these results imply that the youngest respondents have a much more pragmatic understanding of Turkey’s reliability than older ones.
A New European and Transatlantic Impetus Is Possible—But Needs More Efforts
What do these results teach us with regard to the future of transatlantic relations? When looking at the results, traditional transatlanticists especially might be tempted to see them as the end of transatlantic relations, with young respondents being more positive about China and less convinced of U.S. leadership on the global scene. It is now time to adapt to the challenges of a new world order, and the opinions of Gen Z, as depicted in the Transatlantic Trends, can serve as a valuable inspiration for this. Of course, it could be easy to downplay this generational gap, arguing that Gen Z respondents are still a minority in society and not yet in decision-making positions. Yet, doing so would undermine the potential for positive change. Rather, policymakers should understand the perceptions of Gen Z expressed in Transatlantic Trends as a mirror of the world of tomorrow, and as a starting point for reflections on a future world order with its challenges and opportunities, and the place of Europe and the transatlantic partnership within this order.
China is undoubtedly going to be a key topic the transatlantic partners will seek close cooperation on in the upcoming years. While some “China hawks” may worry about the less critical view of transatlantic respondents under 25, they should be aware that they are not facing a generation of uncritical “China cheerleaders.” As public opinion among young respondents on both sides of the Atlantic perfectly converges, albeit on another level than in other age groups, the results could rather be read as a hopeful signal for balanced relations with China, which is, given its influence, probably the most pragmatic and successful way to follow.
As for the perception of transatlantic relations and the reliability of European countries, the youngest generation of U.S. respondents may be more significantly subject to a belated Trump effect. In the long run, it will be important to observe in how far these perceptions change under Biden and his much more positive discourse on Europe. Should these perceptions not be a short-term, belated Trump effect but a sustainable pattern, they should be a wake-up call for policymakers and civil society that the long-standing transatlantic relations—not only in the political but also in the cultural, educational, and civil society sphere—cannot be taken for granted and require a continuous effort.
Extrapolating from the view of younger Europeans and North Americans, one might also conclude that the EU states might underestimate themselves—and that they should not hesitate to be bolder in international affairs. Of course, the EU’s competences might just be more visible to younger persons than older respondents, given that they grew up in an environment of Single Euro Payments Area numbers, the General Data Protection Regulation of the EU, and an active EU in the Iran nuclear agreement or the Paris agreement. Yet, despite persisting institutional shortcomings and coordination problems due to diverging strategic interests, the perception of the EU seems to be shifting, and member states should take this as an impetus to follow the path toward European strategic autonomy.
Nevertheless, and despite consensus and converging opinions of young people on both sides of the Atlantic, the cracks in perceived reliability among Europeans themselves and among the transatlantic partners must be seen as a wake-up call that these bonds on all levels must not be taken for granted, and that they need a continuous effort. The potential of converging opinions and for policy coordination can be undermined when decreasing levels of reliability among traditional partners like France and Germany question the established reflex for exploring opportunities for intra-European cooperation or coordination with the transatlantic allies. Policymakers should lead by example and show that European and transatlantic cooperation can deliver on key issues like climate change, global health, or nuclear security and disarmament. At the same time, they should seek to enhance people-to-people exchanges to promote positive European and transatlantic experiences on the level of civil society to create constructive spillovers and public support for common action on the political level.
In a nutshell, the opinion of young respondents expressed in Transatlantic Trends 2021 does not signal the death knell of the transatlantic relationship as we know it. Rather, it is a window to the future—and taking these perceptions seriously is a solid point of departure for setting the sails for European integration and transatlantic relations in a changing world and jointly designing this future.
- 2A result is statistically significant if it is most likely not produced by chance, but by the variable of interest. A major reason why results are not statistically significant is sample size. For example the results of the perceptions of young French (49%) or Italian respondents (42%) are not statistically significant, although they lie below the national averages (56% in France, 51% in Italy).
- 3Statista, Distribution of TikTok users in the United States as of March 2021, by age group,2021.
- 4Pew Research, Social Media Use in 2021,April 2021.
- 5Jamie B. Horsley, It’s time for a new policy on Confucius institutes,Brookings, April 2021.
- 6Deloitte China, China’s Film Industry – A New Era,2017.
- 7Pauline Bluteau, Mobilité étudiante : Les chiffres à retenir, L’Etudiant,January 28, 2020.
- 8Statistisches Bundesamt, Deutsche Studierende im Ausland, Ergebnisse des Berichtsjahrs 2018. | <urn:uuid:8ca335f7-106a-464e-8126-d0c4999b5c65> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.gmfus.org/news/gen-z-and-changing-transatlantic-foreign-policy-perceptions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710218.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127073607-20221127103607-00569.warc.gz | en | 0.954349 | 6,578 | 2.53125 | 3 |
|4th Governor of Massachusetts|
October 8, 1794 – June 2, 1797
|Preceded by||John Hancock|
|Succeeded by||Increase Sumner|
|3rd Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts|
1789 – 1794
October 8, 1793 – 1794
|Preceded by||Benjamin Lincoln|
|Succeeded by||Moses Gill|
|President of the Massachusetts Senate|
|Delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress|
|Clerk of the Massachusetts House of Representatives|
|Born||September 27 [O.S. September 16] 1722|
Boston, Massachusetts Bay
|Died||October 2, 1803 (aged 81)|
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
|Resting place||Granary Burying Ground, Boston|
|Political party||Democratic-Republican (1790s)|
(m. 1749; died 1757)
Elizabeth Wells (m. 1764)
|Alma mater||Harvard College|
Samuel Adams (September 27 [O.S. September 16] 1722 – October 2, 1803) was an American statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He was a politician in colonial Massachusetts, a leader of the movement that became the American Revolution, and one of the architects of the principles of American republicanism that shaped the political culture of the United States. He was a second cousin to his fellow Founding Father, President John Adams.
Adams was born in Boston, brought up in a religious and politically active family. A graduate of Harvard College, he was an unsuccessful businessman and tax collector before concentrating on politics. He was an influential official of the Massachusetts House of Representatives and the Boston Town Meeting in the 1760s, and he became a part of a movement opposed to the British Parliament's efforts to tax the British American colonies without their consent. His 1768 Massachusetts Circular Letter calling for colonial non-cooperation prompted the occupation of Boston by British soldiers, eventually resulting in the Boston Massacre of 1770. Adams and his colleagues devised a committee of correspondence system in 1772 to help coordinate resistance to what he saw as the British government's attempts to violate the British Constitution at the expense of the colonies, which linked like-minded Patriots throughout the Thirteen Colonies. Continued resistance to British policy resulted in the 1773 Boston Tea Party and the coming of the American Revolution.
Parliament passed the Coercive Acts in 1774, at which time Adams attended the Continental Congress in Philadelphia which was convened to coordinate a colonial response. He helped guide Congress towards issuing the Continental Association in 1774 and the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and he helped draft the Articles of Confederation and the Massachusetts Constitution. Adams returned to Massachusetts after the American Revolution, where he served in the state senate and was eventually elected governor.
Samuel Adams later became a controversial figure in American history. Accounts written in the 19th century praised him as someone who had been steering his fellow colonists towards independence long before the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. This view gave way to negative assessments of Adams in the first half of the 20th century, in which he was portrayed as a master of propaganda who provoked mob violence to achieve his goals. Both of these interpretations have been challenged by some modern scholars, who argue that these traditional depictions of Adams are myths contradicted by the historical record.
Samuel Adams was born in Boston in the British colony of Massachusetts on September 16, 1722, an Old Style date that is sometimes converted to the New Style date of September 27. Adams was one of twelve children born to Samuel Adams, Sr., and Mary (Fifield) Adams in an age of high infant mortality; only three of these children lived past their third birthday. Adams's parents were devout Puritans and members of the Old South Congregational Church. The family lived on Purchase Street in Boston. Adams was proud of his Puritan heritage, and emphasized Puritan values in his political career, especially virtue.
Samuel Adams, Sr. (1689–1748) was a prosperous merchant and church deacon. Deacon Adams became a leading figure in Boston politics through an organization that became known as the Boston Caucus, which promoted candidates who supported popular causes. The Boston Caucus helped shape the agenda of the Boston Town Meeting. A New England town meeting is a form of local government with elected officials, and not just a gathering of citizens; according to historian William Fowler, it was "the most democratic institution in the British empire". Deacon Adams rose through the political ranks, becoming a justice of the peace, a selectman, and a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. He worked closely with Elisha Cooke, Jr. (1678–1737), the leader of the "popular party", a faction that resisted any encroachment by royal officials on the colonial rights embodied in the Massachusetts Charter of 1691. In the coming years, members of the "popular party" became known as Whigs or Patriots.
The younger Samuel Adams attended Boston Latin School and then entered Harvard College in 1736. His parents hoped that his schooling would prepare him for the ministry, but Adams gradually shifted his interest to politics. After graduating in 1740, Adams continued his studies, earning a master's degree in 1743. In his thesis, he argued that it was "lawful to resist the Supreme Magistrate, if the Commonwealth cannot otherwise be preserved", which indicated that his political views, like his father's, were oriented towards colonial rights.
Adams's life was greatly affected by his father's involvement in a banking controversy. In 1739, Massachusetts was facing a serious currency shortage, and Deacon Adams and the Boston Caucus created a "land bank" which issued paper money to borrowers who mortgaged their land as security. The land bank was generally supported by the citizenry and the popular party, which dominated the House of Representatives, the lower branch of the General Court. Opposition to the land bank came from the more aristocratic "court party", who were supporters of the royal governor and controlled the Governor's Council, the upper chamber of the General Court. The court party used its influence to have the British Parliament dissolve the land bank in 1741. Directors of the land bank, including Deacon Adams, became personally liable for the currency still in circulation, payable in silver and gold. Lawsuits over the bank persisted for years, even after Deacon Adams's death, and the younger Samuel Adams often had to defend the family estate from seizure by the government. For Adams, these lawsuits "served as a constant personal reminder that Britain's power over the colonies could be exercised in arbitrary and destructive ways".
After leaving Harvard in 1743, Adams was unsure about his future. He considered becoming a lawyer, but instead decided to go into business. He worked at Thomas Cushing's counting house, but the job only lasted a few months because Cushing felt that Adams was too preoccupied with politics to become a good merchant. Adams's father then lent him £1,000 to go into business for himself, a substantial amount for that time. Adams's lack of business instincts were confirmed; he lent half of this money to a friend who never repaid, and frittered away the other half. Adams always remained, in the words of historian Pauline Maier, "a man utterly uninterested in either making or possessing money".
After Adams had lost his money, his father made him a partner in the family's malthouse, which was next to the family home on Purchase Street. Several generations of Adamses were maltsters, who produced the malt necessary for brewing beer. Years later, a poet poked fun at Adams by calling him "Sam the maltster". Adams has often been described as a brewer, but the extant evidence suggests that he worked as a maltster and not a brewer.
In January 1748, Adams and some friends were inflamed by British impressment and launched The Independent Advertiser, a weekly newspaper that printed many political essays written by Adams. His essays drew heavily upon English political theorist John Locke's Second Treatise of Government, and they emphasized many of the themes that characterized his subsequent career. He argued that the people must resist any encroachment on their constitutional rights. He cited the decline of the Roman Empire as an example of what could happen to New England if it were to abandon its Puritan values.
When Deacon Adams died in 1748, Adams was given the responsibility of managing the family's affairs. In October 1749, he married Elizabeth Checkley, his pastor's daughter. Elizabeth gave birth to six children over the next seven years, but only two lived to adulthood: Samuel (born 1751) and Hannah (born 1756). In July 1757, Elizabeth died soon after giving birth to a stillborn son. Adams remarried in 1764 to Elizabeth Wells, but had no other children.
Like his father, Adams embarked on a political career with the support of the Boston Caucus. He was elected to his first political office in 1747, serving as one of the clerks of the Boston market. In 1756, the Boston Town Meeting elected him to the post of tax collector, which provided a small income. He often failed to collect taxes from his fellow citizens, which increased his popularity among those who did not pay, but left him liable for the shortage. By 1765, his account was more than £8,000 in arrears. The town meeting was on the verge of bankruptcy, and Adams was compelled to file suit against delinquent taxpayers, but many taxes went uncollected. In 1768, his political opponents used the situation to their advantage, obtaining a court judgment of £1,463 against him. Adams's friends paid off some of the deficit, and the town meeting wrote off the remainder. By then, he had emerged as a leader of the popular party, and the embarrassing situation did not lessen his influence.
Samuel Adams emerged as an important public figure in Boston soon after the British Empire's victory in the French and Indian War (1754–1763). The British Parliament found itself deep in debt and looking for new sources of revenue, and they sought to directly tax the colonies of British America for the first time. This tax dispute was part of a larger divergence between British and American interpretations of the British Constitution and the extent of Parliament's authority in the colonies.
The first step in the new program was the Sugar Act of 1764, which Adams saw as an infringement of longstanding colonial rights. Colonists were not represented in Parliament, he argued, and therefore they could not be taxed by that body; the colonists were represented by the colonial assemblies, and only they could levy taxes upon them. Adams expressed these views in May 1764, when the Boston Town Meeting elected its representatives to the Massachusetts House. As was customary, the town meeting provided the representatives with a set of written instructions, which Adams was selected to write. Adams highlighted what he perceived to be the dangers of taxation without representation:
For if our Trade may be taxed, why not our Lands? Why not the Produce of our Lands & everything we possess or make use of? This we apprehend annihilates our Charter Right to govern & tax ourselves. It strikes at our British privileges, which as we have never forfeited them, we hold in common with our Fellow Subjects who are Natives of Britain. If Taxes are laid upon us in any shape without our having a legal Representation where they are laid, are we not reduced from the Character of free Subjects to the miserable State of tributary Slaves?
"When the Boston Town Meeting approved the Adams instructions on May 24, 1764," writes historian John K. Alexander, "it became the first political body in America to go on record stating Parliament could not constitutionally tax the colonists. The directives also contained the first official recommendation that the colonies present a unified defense of their rights." Adams's instructions were published in newspapers and pamphlets, and he soon became closely associated with James Otis, Jr., a member of the Massachusetts House famous for his defense of colonial rights. Otis boldly challenged the constitutionality of certain acts of Parliament, but he would not go as far as Adams, who was moving towards the conclusion that Parliament did not have sovereignty over the colonies.
In 1765, Parliament passed the Stamp Act which required colonists to pay a new tax on most printed materials. News of the passage of the Stamp Act produced an uproar in the colonies. The colonial response echoed Adams's 1764 instructions. In June 1765, Otis called for a Stamp Act Congress to coordinate colonial resistance. The Virginia House of Burgesses passed a widely reprinted set of resolves against the Stamp Act that resembled Adams's arguments against the Sugar Act. Adams argued that the Stamp Act was unconstitutional; he also believed that it would hurt the economy of the British Empire. He supported calls for a boycott of British goods to put pressure on Parliament to repeal the tax.
In Boston, a group called the Loyal Nine, a precursor to the Sons of Liberty, organized protests of the Stamp Act. Adams was friendly with the Loyal Nine but was not a member. On August 14, stamp distributor Andrew Oliver was hanged in effigy from Boston's Liberty Tree; that night, his home was ransacked and his office demolished. On August 26, lieutenant governor Thomas Hutchinson's home was destroyed by an angry crowd.
Officials such as Governor Francis Bernard believed that common people acted only under the direction of agitators and blamed the violence on Adams. This interpretation was revived by scholars in the early 20th century, who viewed Adams as a master of propaganda who manipulated mobs into doing his bidding. For example, historian John C. Miller wrote in 1936 in what became the standard biography of Adams that Adams "controlled" Boston with his "trained mob". Some modern scholars have argued that this interpretation is a myth, and that there is no evidence that Adams had anything to do with the Stamp Act riots. After the fact, Adams did approve of the August 14 action because he saw no other legal options to resist what he viewed as an unconstitutional act by Parliament, but he condemned attacks on officials' homes as "mobbish". According to the modern scholarly interpretation of Adams, he supported legal methods of resisting parliamentary taxation, such as petitions, boycotts, and nonviolent demonstrations, but he opposed mob violence which he saw as illegal, dangerous, and counter-productive.
In September 1765, Adams was once again appointed by the Boston Town Meeting to write the instructions for Boston's delegation to the Massachusetts House of Representatives. As it turned out, he wrote his own instructions; on September 27, the town meeting selected him to replace the recently deceased Oxenbridge Thacher as one of Boston's four representatives in the assembly. James Otis was attending the Stamp Act Congress in New York City, so Adams was the primary author of a series of House resolutions against the Stamp Act, which were more radical than those passed by the Stamp Act Congress. Adams was one of the first colonial leaders to argue that mankind possessed certain natural rights that governments could not violate.
The Stamp Act was scheduled to go into effect on November 1, 1765, but it was not enforced because protestors throughout the colonies had compelled stamp distributors to resign. Eventually, British merchants were able to convince Parliament to repeal the tax. By May 16, 1766, news of the repeal had reached Boston. There was celebration throughout the city, and Adams made a public statement of thanks to British merchants for helping their cause.
The Massachusetts popular party gained ground in the May 1766 elections. Adams was re-elected to the House and selected as its clerk, in which position he was responsible for official House papers. In the coming years, Adams used his position as clerk to great effect in promoting his political message. Joining Adams in the House was John Hancock, a new representative from Boston. Hancock was a wealthy merchant—perhaps the richest man in Massachusetts—but a relative newcomer to politics. He was initially a protégé of Adams, and he used his wealth to promote the Whig cause.
After the repeal of the Stamp Act, Parliament took a different approach to raising revenue, passing the Townshend Acts in 1767 which established new duties on various goods imported into the colonies. These duties were relatively low because the British ministry wanted to establish the precedent that Parliament had the right to impose tariffs on the colonies before raising them. Revenues from these duties were to be used to pay for governors and judges who would be independent of colonial control. To enforce compliance with the new laws, the Townshend Acts created a customs agency known as the American Board of Custom Commissioners, which was headquartered in Boston.
Resistance to the Townshend Acts grew slowly. The General Court was not in session when news of the acts reached Boston in October 1767. Adams therefore used the Boston Town Meeting to organize an economic boycott, and called for other towns to do the same. By February 1768, towns in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut had joined the boycott. Opposition to the Townshend Acts was also encouraged by Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, a series of popular essays by John Dickinson which started appearing in December 1767. Dickinson's argument that the new taxes were unconstitutional had been made before by Adams, but never to such a wide audience.
In January 1768, the Massachusetts House sent a petition to King George asking for his help. Adams and Otis requested that the House send the petition to the other colonies, along with what became known as the Massachusetts Circular Letter, which became "a significant milestone on the road to revolution". The letter written by Adams called on the colonies to join with Massachusetts in resisting the Townshend Acts. The House initially voted against sending the letter and petition to the other colonies but, after some politicking by Adams and Otis, it was approved on February 11.
British colonial secretary Lord Hillsborough, hoping to prevent a repeat of the Stamp Act Congress, instructed the colonial governors in America to dissolve the assemblies if they responded to the Massachusetts Circular Letter. He also directed Massachusetts Governor Francis Bernard to have the Massachusetts House rescind the letter. On June 30, the House refused to rescind the letter by a vote of 92 to 17, with Adams citing their right to petition as justification. Far from complying with the governor's order, Adams instead presented a new petition to the king asking that Governor Bernard be removed from office. Bernard responded by dissolving the legislature.
The commissioners of the Customs Board found that they were unable to enforce trade regulations in Boston, so they requested military assistance. Help came in the form of HMS Romney, a fifty-gun warship which arrived in Boston Harbor in May 1768. Tensions escalated after the captain of Romney began to impress local sailors. The situation exploded on June 10, when customs officials seized Liberty, a sloop owned by John Hancock—a leading critic of the Customs Board—for alleged customs violations. Sailors and marines came ashore from Romney to tow away Liberty, and a riot broke out. Things calmed down in the following days, but fearful customs officials packed up their families and fled for protection to Romney and eventually to Castle William, an island fort in the harbor.
Governor Bernard wrote to London in response to the Liberty incident and the struggle over the Circular Letter, informing his superiors that troops were needed in Boston to restore order. Lord Hillsborough ordered four regiments of the British Army to Boston.
Learning that British troops were on the way, the Boston Town Meeting met on September 12, 1768 and requested that Governor Bernard convene the General Court. Bernard refused, so the town meeting called on the other Massachusetts towns to send representatives to meet at Faneuil Hall beginning on September 22. About 100 towns sent delegates to the convention, which was effectively an unofficial session of the Massachusetts House. The convention issued a letter which insisted that Boston was not a lawless town, using language more moderate than what Adams desired, and that the impending military occupation violated Bostonians' natural, constitutional, and charter rights. By the time that the convention adjourned, British troop transports had arrived in Boston Harbor. Two regiments disembarked in October 1768, followed by two more in November.
According to some accounts, the occupation of Boston was a turning point for Adams, after which he gave up hope of reconciliation and secretly began to work towards American independence. However, historian Carl Becker wrote in 1928 that "there is no clear evidence in his contemporary writings that such was the case." Nevertheless, the traditional, standard view of Adams is that he desired independence before most of his contemporaries and steadily worked towards this goal for years. Historian Pauline Maier challenged that idea in 1980, arguing instead that Adams, like most of his peers, did not embrace independence until after the American Revolutionary War had begun in 1775. According to Maier, Adams at this time was a reformer rather than a revolutionary; he sought to have the British ministry change its policies, and warned Britain that independence would be the inevitable result of a failure to do so.
Adams wrote numerous letters and essays in opposition to the occupation, which he considered a violation of the 1689 Bill of Rights. The occupation was publicized throughout the colonies in the Journal of Occurrences, an unsigned series of newspaper articles that may have been written by Adams in collaboration with others. The Journal presented what it claimed to be a factual daily account of events in Boston during the military occupation, an innovative approach in an era without professional newspaper reporters. It depicted a Boston besieged by unruly British soldiers who assaulted men and raped women with regularity and impunity, drawing upon the traditional Anglo-American distrust of standing armies garrisoned among civilians. The Journal ceased publication on August 1, 1769, which was a day of celebration in Boston: Governor Bernard had left Massachusetts, never to return.
Adams continued to work on getting the troops withdrawn and keeping the boycott going until the Townshend duties were repealed. Two regiments were removed from Boston in 1769, but the other two remained. Tensions between soldiers and civilians eventually resulted in the killing of five civilians in the Boston Massacre of March 1770. According to the "propagandist interpretation" of Adams popularized by historian John Miller, Adams deliberately provoked the incident to promote his secret agenda of American independence. According to Pauline Maier, however, "There is no evidence that he prompted the Boston Massacre riot".
After the Boston Massacre, Adams and other town leaders met with Bernard's successor Governor Thomas Hutchinson and with Colonel William Dalrymple, the army commander, to demand the withdrawal of the troops. The situation remained explosive, and so Dalrymple agreed to remove both regiments to Castle William. Adams wanted the soldiers to have a fair trial, because this would show that Boston was not controlled by a lawless mob, but was instead the victim of an unjust occupation. He convinced his cousins John Adams and Josiah Quincy to defend the soldiers, knowing that those Whigs would not slander Boston to gain an acquittal. However, Adams wrote essays condemning the outcome of the trials; he thought that the soldiers should have been convicted of murder.
After the Boston Massacre, politics in Massachusetts entered what is sometimes known as the "quiet period". In April 1770, Parliament repealed the Townshend duties, except for the tax on tea. Adams urged colonists to keep up the boycott of British goods, arguing that paying even one small tax allowed Parliament to establish the precedent of taxing the colonies, but the boycott faltered. As economic conditions improved, support waned for Adams's causes. In 1770, New York City and Philadelphia abandoned the non-importation boycott of British goods and Boston merchants faced the risk of being economically ruined, so they also agreed to end the boycott, effectively defeating Adams' cause in Massachusetts. John Adams withdrew from politics, while John Hancock and James Otis appeared to become more moderate. In 1771, Samuel Adams ran for the position of Register of Deeds, but he was beaten by Ezekiel Goldthwait by more than two to one. He was re-elected to the Massachusetts House in April 1772, but he received far fewer votes than ever before.
A struggle over the power of the purse brought Adams back into the political limelight. Traditionally, the Massachusetts House of Representatives paid the salaries of the governor, lieutenant governor, and superior court judges. From the Whig perspective, this arrangement was an important check on executive power, keeping royally appointed officials accountable to democratically elected representatives. In 1772, Massachusetts learned that those officials would henceforth be paid by the British government rather than by the province. To protest this, Adams and his colleagues devised a system of committees of correspondence in November 1772; the towns of Massachusetts would consult with each other concerning political matters via messages sent through a network of committees that recorded British activities and protested imperial policies. Committees of correspondence soon formed in other colonies, as well.
Governor Hutchinson became concerned that the committees of correspondence were growing into an independence movement, so he convened the General Court in January 1773. Addressing the legislature, Hutchinson argued that denying the supremacy of Parliament, as some committees had done, came dangerously close to rebellion. "I know of no line that can be drawn", he said, "between the supreme authority of Parliament and the total independence of the colonies." Adams and the House responded that the Massachusetts Charter did not establish Parliament's supremacy over the province, and so Parliament could not claim that authority now. Hutchinson soon realized that he had made a major blunder by initiating a public debate about independence and the extent of Parliament's authority in the colonies. The Boston Committee of Correspondence published its statement of colonial rights, along with Hutchinson's exchange with the Massachusetts House, in the widely distributed "Boston Pamphlet".
The quiet period in Massachusetts was over. Adams was easily re-elected to the Massachusetts House in May 1773, and was also elected as moderator of the Boston Town Meeting. In June 1773, he introduced a set of private letters to the Massachusetts House, written by Hutchinson several years earlier. In one letter, Hutchinson recommended to London that there should be "an abridgement of what are called English liberties" in Massachusetts. Hutchinson denied that this is what he meant, but his career was effectively over in Massachusetts, and the House sent a petition asking the king to recall him.
Adams took a leading role in the events that led up to the famous Boston Tea Party of December 16, 1773, although the precise nature of his involvement has been disputed.
In May 1773, the British Parliament passed the Tea Act, a tax law to help the struggling East India Company, one of Great Britain's most important commercial institutions. Britons could buy smuggled Dutch tea more cheaply than the East India Company's tea because of the heavy taxes imposed on tea imported into Great Britain, and so the company amassed a huge surplus of tea that it could not sell. The British government's solution to the problem was to sell the surplus in the colonies. The Tea Act permitted the East India Company to export tea directly to the colonies for the first time, bypassing most of the merchants who had previously acted as middlemen. This measure was a threat to the American colonial economy because it granted the Tea Company a significant cost advantage over local tea merchants and even local tea smugglers, driving them out of business. The act also reduced the taxes on tea paid by the company in Britain, but kept the controversial Townshend duty on tea imported in the colonies. A few merchants in New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Charlestown were selected to receive the company's tea for resale. In late 1773, seven ships were sent to the colonies carrying East India Company tea, including four bound for Boston.
News of the Tea Act set off a firestorm of protest in the colonies. This was not a dispute about high taxes; the price of legally imported tea was actually reduced by the Tea Act. Protesters were instead concerned with a variety of other issues. The familiar "no taxation without representation" argument remained prominent, along with the question of the extent of Parliament's authority in the colonies. Some colonists worried that, by buying the cheaper tea, they would be conceding that Parliament had the right to tax them. The "power of the purse" conflict was still at issue. The tea tax revenues were to be used to pay the salaries of certain royal officials, making them independent of the people. Colonial smugglers played a significant role in the protests, since the Tea Act made legally imported tea cheaper, which threatened to put smugglers of Dutch tea out of business. Legitimate tea importers who had not been named as consignees by the East India Company were also threatened with financial ruin by the Tea Act, and other merchants worried about the precedent of a government-created monopoly.
Adams and the correspondence committees promoted opposition to the Tea Act. In every colony except Massachusetts, protesters were able to force the tea consignees to resign or to return the tea to England. In Boston, however, Governor Hutchinson was determined to hold his ground. He convinced the tea consignees, two of whom were his sons, not to back down. The Boston Caucus and then the Town Meeting attempted to compel the consignees to resign, but they refused. With the tea ships about to arrive, Adams and the Boston Committee of Correspondence contacted nearby committees to rally support.
The tea ship Dartmouth arrived in the Boston Harbor in late November, and Adams wrote a circular letter calling for a mass meeting to be held at Faneuil Hall on November 29. Thousands of people arrived, so many that the meeting was moved to the larger Old South Meeting House. British law required the Dartmouth to unload and pay the duties within twenty days or customs officials could confiscate the cargo. The mass meeting passed a resolution introduced by Adams urging the captain of the Dartmouth to send the ship back without paying the import duty. Meanwhile, the meeting assigned twenty-five men to watch the ship and prevent the tea from being unloaded.
Governor Hutchinson refused to grant permission for the Dartmouth to leave without paying the duty. Two more tea ships arrived in Boston Harbor, the Eleanor and the Beaver. The fourth ship, the William, was stranded near Cape Cod and never arrived to Boston. December 16 was the last day of the Dartmouth's deadline, and about 7,000 people gathered around the Old South Meeting House. Adams received a report that Governor Hutchinson had again refused to let the ships leave, and he announced, "This meeting can do nothing further to save the country." According to a popular story, Adams's statement was a prearranged signal for the "tea party" to begin. However, this claim did not appear in print until nearly a century after the event, in a biography of Adams written by his great-grandson, who apparently misinterpreted the evidence. According to eyewitness accounts, people did not leave the meeting until ten or fifteen minutes after Adams's alleged "signal", and Adams in fact tried to stop people from leaving because the meeting was not yet over.
While Adams tried to reassert control of the meeting, people poured out of the Old South Meeting House and headed to Boston Harbor. That evening, a group of 30 to 130 men boarded the three vessels, some of them thinly disguised as Mohawk Indians, and dumped all 342 chests of tea into the water over the course of three hours. Adams never revealed whether he went to the wharf to witness the destruction of the tea. Whether or not he helped plan the event is unknown, but Adams immediately worked to publicize and defend it. He argued that the Tea Party was not the act of a lawless mob, but was instead a principled protest and the only remaining option that the people had to defend their constitutional rights.
Great Britain responded to the Boston Tea Party in 1774 with the Coercive Acts. The first of these acts was the Boston Port Act, which closed Boston's commerce until the East India Company had been repaid for the destroyed tea. The Massachusetts Government Act rewrote the Massachusetts Charter, making many officials royally appointed rather than elected, and severely restricting the activities of town meetings. The Administration of Justice Act allowed colonists charged with crimes to be transported to another colony or to Great Britain for trial. A new royal governor was appointed to enforce the acts: General Thomas Gage, who was also commander of British military forces in North America.
Adams worked to coordinate resistance to the Coercive Acts. In May 1774, the Boston Town Meeting (with Adams serving as moderator) organized an economic boycott of British goods. In June, Adams headed a committee in the Massachusetts House—with the doors locked to prevent Gage from dissolving the legislature—which proposed that an inter-colonial congress meet in Philadelphia in September. He was one of five delegates chosen to attend the First Continental Congress. Adams was never fashionably dressed and had little money, so friends bought him new clothes and paid his expenses for the journey to Philadelphia, his first trip outside of Massachusetts.
In Philadelphia, Adams promoted colonial unity while using his political skills to lobby other delegates. On September 16, messenger Paul Revere brought Congress the Suffolk Resolves, one of many resolutions passed in Massachusetts that promised strident resistance to the Coercive Acts. Congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, issued a Declaration of Rights that denied Parliament's right to legislate for the colonies, and organized a colonial boycott known as the Continental Association.
Adams returned to Massachusetts in November 1774, where he served in the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, an extralegal legislative body independent of British control. The Provincial Congress created the first minutemen companies, consisting of militiamen who were to be ready for action on a moment's notice. Adams also served as moderator of the Boston Town Meeting, which convened despite the Massachusetts Government Act, and was appointed to the Committee of Inspection to enforce the Continental Association. He was also selected to attend the Second Continental Congress, scheduled to meet in Philadelphia in May 1775.
John Hancock had been added to the delegation, and he and Adams attended the Provincial Congress in Concord, Massachusetts before Adams' journey to the second Congress. The two men decided that it was not safe to return to Boston before leaving for Philadelphia, so they stayed at Hancock's childhood home in Lexington. On April 14, 1775, General Gage received a letter from Lord Dartmouth advising him "to arrest the principal actors and abettors in the Provincial Congress whose proceedings appear in every light to be acts of treason and rebellion". On the night of April 18, Gage sent out a detachment of soldiers on the fateful mission that sparked the American Revolutionary War. The purpose of the British expedition was to seize and destroy military supplies that the colonists had stored in Concord. According to many historical accounts, Gage also instructed his men to arrest Hancock and Adams, but the written orders issued by Gage made no mention of arresting the Patriot leaders.
Gage had evidently decided against seizing Adams and Hancock, but Patriots initially believed otherwise, perhaps influenced by London newspapers that reached Boston with the news that the patriot leader would be hanged if he were caught. From Boston, Joseph Warren dispatched Paul Revere to warn the two that British troops were on the move and might attempt to arrest them. As Hancock and Adams made their escape, the first shots of the war began at Lexington and Concord. Soon after the battle, Gage issued a proclamation granting a general pardon to all who would "lay down their arms, and return to the duties of peaceable subjects"—with the exceptions of Hancock and Samuel Adams. Singling out Hancock and Adams in this manner only added to their renown among Patriots and, according to Patriot historian Mercy Otis Warren, perhaps exaggerated the importance of the two men.
The Continental Congress worked under a secrecy rule, so Adams's precise role in congressional deliberations is not fully documented. He appears to have had a major influence, working behind the scenes as a sort of "parliamentary whip" and Thomas Jefferson credits Samuel Adams—the lesser-remembered Adams—with steering the Congress toward independence, saying, "If there was any Palinurus to the Revolution, Samuel Adams was the man." He served on numerous committees, often dealing with military matters. Among his more noted acts, Adams nominated George Washington to be commander in chief over the Continental Army.
Adams was a cautious advocate for a declaration of independence, urging eager correspondents back in Massachusetts to wait for more moderate colonists to come around to supporting separation from Great Britain. He was pleased in 1775 when the colonies began to replace their old governments with independent republican governments. He praised Thomas Paine's popular pamphlet Common Sense, writing as "Candidus" in early 1776, and supported the call for American independence. On June 7, Adams's political ally Richard Henry Lee introduced a three-part resolution calling for Congress to declare independence, create a colonial confederation, and seek foreign aid. After a delay to rally support, Congress approved the language of the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, which Adams signed.
After the Declaration of Independence, Congress continued to manage the war effort. Adams served on military committees, including an appointment to the Board of War in 1777. He advocated paying bonuses to Continental Army soldiers to encourage them to reenlist for the duration of the war. He called for harsh state legislation to punish Loyalists—Americans who continued to support the British crown—who Adams believed were as dangerous to American liberty as British soldiers. In Massachusetts, more than 300 Loyalists were banished and their property confiscated. After the war, Adams opposed allowing Loyalists to return to Massachusetts, fearing that they would work to undermine republican government.
Adams was the Massachusetts delegate appointed to the committee to draft the Articles of Confederation, the plan for the colonial confederation. With its emphasis on state sovereignty, the Articles reflected Congress's wariness of a strong central government, a concern shared by Adams. Like others at the time, Adams considered himself a citizen of the United States while continuing to refer to Massachusetts as his "country". After much debate, the Articles were sent to the states for ratification in November 1777. From Philadelphia, Adams urged Massachusetts to ratify, which it did. Adams signed the Articles of Confederation with the other Massachusetts delegates in 1778, but they were not ratified by all the states until 1781.
Adams returned to Boston in 1779 to attend a state constitutional convention. The Massachusetts General Court had proposed a new constitution the previous year, but voters rejected it, and so a convention was held to try again. Adams was appointed to a three-man drafting committee with his cousin John Adams and James Bowdoin. They drafted the Massachusetts Constitution, which was amended by the convention and approved by voters in 1780. The new constitution established a republican form of government, with annual elections and a separation of powers. It reflected Adams's belief that "a state is never free except when each citizen is bound by no law whatever that he has not approved of, either directly, or through his representatives". By modern standards, the new constitution was not "democratic"; Adams, like most of his peers, believed that only free males who owned property should be allowed to vote, and that the senate and the governor served to balance any excesses that might result from majority rule.
In 1781, Adams retired from the Continental Congress. His health was one reason; he was approaching his sixtieth birthday and suffered from tremors that made writing difficult. But he also wanted to return to Massachusetts to influence politics in the Commonwealth. He returned to Boston in 1781, and never left Massachusetts again.
Adams remained active in politics upon his return to Massachusetts. He frequently served as moderator of the Boston Town Meeting, and was elected to the state senate, where he often served as that body's president.
Adams focused his political agenda on promoting virtue, which he considered essential in a republican government. If republican leaders lacked virtue, he believed, liberty was endangered. His major opponent in this campaign was his former protégé John Hancock; the two men had a falling out in the Continental Congress. Adams disapproved of what he viewed as Hancock's vanity and extravagance, which Adams believed were inappropriate in a republican leader. When Hancock left Congress in 1777, Adams and the other Massachusetts delegates voted against thanking him for his service as president of Congress. The struggle continued in Massachusetts. Adams thought that Hancock was not acting the part of a virtuous republican leader by acting like an aristocrat and courting popularity. Adams favored James Bowdoin for governor, and was distressed when Hancock won annual landslide victories.
Adams's promotion of public virtue took several forms. He played a major role in getting Boston to provide a free public education for children, even for girls, which was controversial. Adams was one of the charter members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1780. After the Revolutionary War, Adams joined others, including Thomas Jefferson, in denouncing the Society of the Cincinnati, an organization of former army officers. Adams worried that the Society was "a stride towards an hereditary military nobility", and thus a threat to republicanism. Adams also believed that public theaters undermined civic virtue, and he joined an ultimately unsuccessful effort to keep theaters banned in Boston. Decades after Adams's death, orator Edward Everett called him "the last of the Puritans".
Postwar economic troubles in western Massachusetts led to an uprising known as Shays's Rebellion, which began in 1786. Small farmers, angered by high taxes and debts, armed themselves and shut down debtor courts in two counties. Governor James Bowdoin sent four thousand militiamen to put down the uprising, an action supported by Adams. His old political ally James Warren thought that Adams had forsaken his principles, but Adams saw no contradiction. He approved of rebellion against an unrepresentative government, as had happened during the American Revolution, but he opposed taking up arms against a republican government, where problems should be remedied through elections. He thought that the leaders of Shays's Rebellion should be hanged, reportedly saying that "the man who dares to rebel against the laws of a republic ought to suffer death".
Shays's Rebellion contributed to the belief that the Articles of Confederation needed to be revised. In 1787, delegates to the Philadelphia Convention, instead of revising the Articles, created a new United States Constitution with a much stronger national government. The Constitution was sent to the states for ratification, when Adams expressed his displeasure. "I confess," he wrote to Richard Henry Lee in 1787, "as I enter the Building I stumble at the Threshold. I meet with a National Government, instead of a Federal Union of States." Adams was one of those derisively labeled "Anti-Federalists" by proponents of the new Constitution, who called themselves "Federalists". Adams was elected to the Massachusetts ratifying convention which met in January 1788. Despite his reservations, Adams rarely spoke at the convention, and listened carefully to the arguments rather than raising objections. Adams and John Hancock had reconciled, and they finally agreed to give their support for the Constitution, with the proviso that some amendments be added later. Even with the support of Hancock and Adams, the Massachusetts convention narrowly ratified the Constitution by a vote of 187 to 168.
While Adams was attending the ratifying convention, his only son Samuel Adams, Jr. died at just 37 years of age. The younger Adams had served as surgeon in the Revolutionary War, but had fallen ill and never fully recovered. The death was a stunning blow to the elder Adams. The younger Adams left his father the certificates that he had earned as a soldier, giving Adams and his wife unexpected financial security in their final years. Investments in land made them relatively wealthy by the mid-1790s, but this did not alter their frugal lifestyle.
Adams was concerned about the new Constitution and made an attempt to re-enter national politics. He allowed his name to be put forth as a candidate for the United States House of Representatives in the December 1788 election, but lost to Fisher Ames, apparently because Ames was a stronger supporter of the Constitution, a more popular position. Despite his defeat, Adams continued to work for amendments to the Constitution, a movement that ultimately resulted in the addition of a Bill of Rights in 1791. Adams subsequently became a firm supporter of the Constitution, with these amendments and the possibility of more.
In 1789, Adams was elected Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts and served in that office until Governor Hancock's death in 1793, when he became acting governor. The next year, Adams was elected as governor in his own right, the first of four annual terms. He was generally regarded as the leader of his state's Jeffersonian Republicans, who were opposed to the Federalist Party. Unlike some other Republicans, Adams supported the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794 for the same reasons that he had opposed Shays's Rebellion. Like his fellow Republicans, he spoke out against the Jay Treaty in 1796, a position that drew criticism in a state that was increasingly Federalist. In that year's U. S. presidential election, Republicans in Virginia cast 15 electoral votes for Adams in an effort to make him Jefferson's vice-president, but Federalist John Adams won the election, with Jefferson becoming vice-president. The Adams cousins remained friends, but Samuel was pleased when Jefferson defeated John Adams in the 1800 presidential election.
Samuel Adams took a cue from President Washington, who declined to run for reelection in 1796: he retired from politics at the end of his term as governor in 1797. Adams suffered from what is now believed to have been essential tremor, a movement disorder that rendered him unable to write in the final decade of his life. He died at the age of 81 on October 2, 1803, and was interred at the Granary Burying Ground in Boston. Boston's Republican newspaper the Independent Chronicle eulogized him as the "Father of the American Revolution".
Adams' contemporaries, both friends and foes, regarded him as one of the foremost leaders of the American Revolution. Thomas Jefferson, for example, characterized Adams as "truly the Man of the Revolution." Leaders in other colonies were compared to him; Cornelius Harnett was called the "Samuel Adams of North Carolina", Charles Thomson the "Samuel Adams of Philadelphia", and Christopher Gadsden the "Sam Adams of the South". When John Adams traveled to France during the Revolution, he had to explain that he was not Samuel, "the famous Adams".
Supporters of the Revolution praised Adams, but Loyalists viewed him as a sinister figure. Peter Oliver, the exiled chief justice of Massachusetts, characterized him as a devious Machiavellian with a "cloven Foot". Thomas Hutchinson, Adams' political foe, took his revenge in his History of Massachusetts Bay, in which he denounced him as a dishonest character assassin, emphasizing his failures as a businessman and tax collector. This hostile "Tory interpretation" of Adams was revived in the 20th century by historian Clifford K. Shipton in the Sibley's Harvard Graduates reference series. Shipton wrote positive portraits of Hutchinson and Oliver and scathing sketches of Adams and Hancock; his entry on Adams was characterized by historian Pauline Maier as "forty-five pages of contempt".
Whig historians challenged the "Tory interpretation" of Adams. William Gordon and Mercy Otis Warren, two historians who knew Adams, wrote of him as a man selflessly dedicated to the American Revolution. But in the early 19th century, Adams was often viewed as an old-fashioned Puritan, and was consequently neglected by historians. Interest in Adams was revived in the mid-19th century. Historian George Bancroft portrayed him favorably in his monumental History of the United States from the Discovery of the American Continent (1852). The first full biography of Adams appeared in 1865, a three-volume work written by William Wells, his great-grandson. The Wells biography is still valuable for its wealth of information, although Whig portrayals of Adams were uncritically pro-American and had elements of hagiography, a view that influenced some later biographies written for general audiences.
In the late 19th century, many American historians were uncomfortable with contemporary revolutions and found it problematic to write approvingly about Adams. Relations had improved between the United States and the United Kingdom, and Adams' role in dividing Americans from Britons was increasingly viewed with regret. In 1885, James Hosmer wrote a biography that praised Adams, but also found some of his actions troubling, such as the 1773 publication of Hutchinson's private letters. Subsequent biographers became increasingly hostile towards Adams and the common people whom he represented. In 1923, Ralph V. Harlow used a "Freudian" approach to characterize Adams as a "neurotic crank" driven by an "inferiority complex". Harlow argued that, because the masses were easily misled, Adams "manufactured public opinion" to produce the Revolution, a view that became the thesis of John C. Miller's 1936 biography Sam Adams: Pioneer in Propaganda. Miller portrayed Adams more as an incendiary revolutionary than an adroit political operative, attributing to this one man all the acts of Boston's "body of the people", and consistently calling his subject "Sam", despite the fact that Adams was almost always known as "Samuel" in his lifetime.
Miller's influential book became, in the words of historian Charles Akers, the "scholarly enshrinement" of "the myth of Sam Adams as the Boston dictator who almost single-handedly led his colony into rebellion". According to Akers, Miller and other historians used "Sam did it" to explain crowd actions and other developments, without citing any evidence that Adams directed those events. In 1974, Akers called on historians to critically re-examine the sources rather than simply repeating the myth. By then, scholars were increasingly rejecting the notion that Adams and others used "propaganda" to incite "ignorant mobs", and were instead portraying a revolutionary Massachusetts too complex to have been controlled by one man. Historian Pauline Maier argued that Adams, far from being a radical mob leader, took a moderate position based on the English revolutionary tradition that imposed strict constraints on resistance to authority. That belief justified force only against threats to the constitutional rights so grave that the "body of the people" recognized the danger, and only after all peaceful means of redress had failed. Within that revolutionary tradition, resistance was essentially conservative. In 2004, Ray Raphael's Founding Myths continued Maier's line by deconstructing several of the "Sam" Adams myths that are still repeated in many textbooks and popular histories.
Samuel Adams's name has been appropriated by commercial and non-profit ventures since his death. The Boston Beer Company created Samuel Adams Boston Lager in 1985, drawing upon the tradition that Adams had been a brewer; it became a popular award-winning brand. Adams's name is also used by a pair of non-profit organizations, the Sam Adams Alliance and the Sam Adams Foundation. These groups take their names from Adams in homage to his ability to organize citizens at the local level in order to achieve a national goal.
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Samuel Phillips, Jr.
| President of the Massachusetts Senate
Samuel Phillips, Jr.
| Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts
Acting Governor, 1793–1794
| Governor of Massachusetts
1794 – June 2, 1797 | <urn:uuid:b43e651d-c7ea-4d2b-8d1e-fb1d59f25dec> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://wikiredia.info/wiki/Samuel_Adams | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986661296.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016014439-20191016041939-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.973796 | 10,578 | 3.5 | 4 |
Each country has a distinct policy regarding working hours, which normally runs from 40 to 44 hours per week. Depending on the need of the market in each region, certain nations may mandate shorter or longer working hours. Employers also have the choice of offering overtime pay, which consists of additional payments that range from 25% to 50% over the standard hourly salary. ILO study revealed that many companies in emerging nations actively push their employees to work longer hours in order to increase productivity and accommodate higher market demand. But is this approach actually safe, or might it harm employees?
Working overtime does, in certain ways, improve performance and assist companies in meeting customer demands. An analysis of the impact of overtime on productivity, however, indicated that the benefits of working extra only last for the first few weeks. According to the report, the first 16 weeks are the only time during which employers may expect a favorable return of 50 to 60 hours of overtime each week. However, by the 16th week, employees may feel extremely burned out and stressed out from their workload.
Prolonged working hours has long been linked to sleep deprivation, depression, increased stress, and potentially fatal workplace accidents. According to research by Heikkila et. al, there is a possible connection between working long hours and cancer. The link between weekly working hours and the incidence of colorectal, lung, or prostate cancer is not conclusively established. The study also discovered that the interruption of the body’s circadian rhythms and the fluctuation of nocturnal production of melatonin are linked to an increased risk of breast cancer, which has an effect on the growth of hormone-related breast cancers.
Read Also: Impacts of Long Overtime Hours in Asia
According to the most recent study on the issue, working overtime increases your risk of developing cancer. Your risk of developing cancer is expected to increase when you work an average of 60 hours each week for three decades. Allard Dembe and Xiaoxi Yao discovered that intensive labor, particularly for women who juggle many tasks, can lay the stage for a range of illnesses and impairments after analyzing the association between serious disease and hours worked over a 32-year period. Eight chronic diseases can affect women, including heart disease, cancer (except from skin cancer), rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes or high blood sugar, chronic bronchitis or emphysema, asthma, depression, and high blood pressure.
On the other hand, men with demanding work schedules, however, seemed to perform significantly better. In contrast to the other chronic illnesses, arthritis was more common in men who worked long hours. Men who worked moderately long hours (41 to 50 hours per week) had a decreased risk of heart disease, lung disease, and depression than men who worked 40 hours or fewer per week, according to the study.
Governments, employers and workers can take the following actions to protect workers’ health. The government can introduce, implement and enforce laws, regulations and policies that ban mandatory overtime and ensure maximum limits on working time;. There can also be bipartite or collective bargaining agreements between employers and workers’ associations can arrange working time to be more flexible, while at the same time agreeing on a maximum number of working hours. Thus, employees could share working hours to ensure that numbers of hours worked do not climb above 55 or more per week. | <urn:uuid:ed1c5aef-519d-4cef-9d53-2eac73fe28c4> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.hrinasia.com/productivity-2/can-working-overtime-actually-kill-you-heres-the-answer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711344.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208150643-20221208180643-00761.warc.gz | en | 0.960666 | 686 | 2.671875 | 3 |
How do I write dialogue?
How to Format Dialogue in a Story
- Use Quotation Marks to Indicate Spoken Word.
- Dialogue Tags Stay Outside the Quotation Marks.
- Use a Separate Sentence for Actions That Happen Before or After the Dialogue.
- Use Single Quotes When Quoting Something Within the Dialogue.
- Use a New Paragraph to Indicate a New Speaker.
Is silence important in authentic communication?
Fully aware that without silence one does not hear, does not listen, does not receive a word, Pope Benedict focuses upon the importance of silence as part of authentic communication. “Silence is an integral element of communication; in its absence, words rich in content cannot exist.
How do I get genuine conversations?
Here are 13 ways to add meaning to your conversations:
- Don’t get too excited about your next thought.
- Ask good questions that show you’re engaged.
- Do your homework without being creepy.
- Try to genuinely relate.
- Don’t waste people’s time.
- Let people sell themselves.
- Ask how you can add value.
- Do what you can to help.
What is authentic conversation?
Authentic conversation occurs where the participants are being honest about what they think and how they feel. They are able to talk openly without fear of attack by others and do not feel any need to be defensive or aggressive themselves. This includes being able to talk about their own fears and shortcomings.
How can we achieve effective and authentic dialogue?
Authentic dialogue and how to achieve it.
- Understanding dialogue. Dialogue is more than simply a conversation between two or more persons, it involves exchanging ideas or opinions with an aim to reach an amicable agreement or settlement.
- Achieving ‘good’ dialogue.
- Having the right mindset.
- Know when to stop.
- Think before you speak.
- Avoid dialogue blocks.
How do you communicate when you don’t know the language?
How to communicate with people who don’t understand your language
- Speak Slowly. You might think this is so ridiculously obvious that it doesn’t need saying.
- Don’t shout. I’m.
- Don’t repeat the same word over and over.
- Don’t patronise.
- Use simple words.
- Use even simpler sentences.
- Accept cave speak.
- Use one word and try to stick with it.
How does dialogue show the text is realistic?
Realistic dialogue reveals a character’s personality. Authors use lines of dialogue to reveal a character’s personality because different characters talk in different ways. When an author can reveal character traits through dialogue, it cuts down on exposition and makes a story flow briskly.
What are the obstacles of authentic dialogue?
Too much formality. Over-reliance on email. Lack of role models. Fear of emotion.
What is the meaning of authentic?
authentic, genuine, bona fide mean being actually and exactly what is claimed. authentic implies being fully trustworthy as according with fact an authentic account of the perilous journey ; it can also stress painstaking or faithful imitation of an original..
How do you survive in a foreign country without knowing the language?
Tips for Traveling When You Don’t Speak the Language
- Learn the Basics. You don’t have to become fluent for your two week trip abroad, but, if you don’t speak the language, put in the time to learn basic words and phrases that will be helpful during your trip.
- Use Hand Gestures.
- Translation Apps.
- Carry Around the Address Where You Are Staying.
- Be Nice.
How do you communicate in a foreign country?
Tips for Communicating in a Foreign Country: Travel Tips Tuesday
- Actually, that’s a little bit of a lie. I speak French, un peu, and can understand a fair amount of the language.
- Don’t be embarrassed.
- Learn some key phrases.
- Be polite.
- Use few words.
- Use your resources.
What is one way you feel you communicate authentically?
When you communicate authentically, you bring your whole self—your thoughts, feelings, and experiences—with you. You show others that you respect yourself as well as them. When you’re honest and direct, people pay attention and hear you, which makes you feel more confident.
What are the benefits of dialogue?
Some of the other benefits of dialogue include the opportunity to ask appropriate questions, articulate problems and issues, imagine life’s possibilities, see where things lead, evaluate alternatives, engage with each other and think collaboratively.
How can foreigners communicate effectively?
2. A few tips for better communication with foreign workers:
- Show respect! (By saying “vy” in Czech.)
- “Yes” does not always mean yes.
- The simpler the better.
- Speak slowly, clearly and distinctly.
- It does not help to raise your voice.
- Do both: speak and write.
- Direct communication.
What is a dialogue in English?
English Language Learners Definition of dialogue : the things that are said by the characters in a story, movie, play, etc. : a discussion or series of discussions that two groups or countries have in order to end a disagreement. : a conversation between two or more people.
How do you travel when you only speak English?
How To Travel Anywhere When You Only Speak English
- 1) Initiate conversation.
- 2) Keep it simple.
- 3) Make eye contact and smile.
- 4) Be exceedingly polite.
- 5) All you need is Hello, Yes, No, Excuse Me, Please, Thankyou.
- 6) Listen.
- 7) Remember that you’re the one that didn’t bother learning the foreign language.
- 8 ) Even familiar stuff changes in foreign languages.
What is the importance of authentic dialogue in your life?
Authentic dialogue enables individuals to acknowledge that they each are part of a greater whole, that they naturally resonate with others within this whole and that the whole is, indeed, greater than the sum of its various parts.
What are the five rules of dialogue?
Dialogue Rules All Writers Should Follow
- Each speaker gets a new paragraph.
- Each paragraph is indented.
- Punctuation for what’s said goes inside the quotation marks.
- Long speeches with several paragraphs don’t have end quotations.
- Use single quotes if the person speaking is quoting someone.
What is dialogue and why is it important?
Dialogue is the only way for us to come in contact with the ‘whole’ of which we all are a part. Bohm considers dialogue as a kind of creative catalyst for a group: “Dialogue is really aimed at going into the whole thought process and changing the way the thought process occurs collectively.
Which communication is more authentic?
Authentic communication means listening more often than you speak, and when listening, focusing on the speaker and his or her message content, rather than thinking about how to respond. Sandberg advises to tell the truth. | <urn:uuid:11cada1f-f35a-4871-af42-f98fdd19ff7d> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.joialife.com/students-tips/how-do-i-write-dialogue/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656788.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609164851-20230609194851-00798.warc.gz | en | 0.901272 | 1,547 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Non Fungible Token
Non-fungible tokens, also known as NFTs, are a type of digital asset that represents ownership of a unique item or piece of digital content. Unlike traditional cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin or Ethereum, which are interchangeable and can be easily traded or exchanged, NFTs are one-of-a-kind and cannot be replicated or replaced.
This uniqueness is what makes NFTs valuable and useful for a wide range of applications. For example, NFTs can be used to verify the authenticity of a digital collectible, such as a limited edition piece of art or a digital trading card. They can also be used to represent ownership of a virtual property, such as a plot of land in a virtual world or a digital avatar.
One of the key features of NFTs is that they are built on blockchain technology. This means that they are decentralized, transparent, and immutable, making them secure and tamper-proof. This makes NFTs an ideal solution for tracking and verifying ownership of unique digital assets.
Another important aspect of NFTs is that they can be easily bought, sold, and traded on online marketplaces. This has made NFTs popular among artists, gamers, and collectors, who can use them to monetize their creations and build a community around their work.
Despite their popularity, there are some concerns about the environmental impact of NFTs. Because they are built on blockchain technology, the process of creating and trading NFTs can be energy-intensive. There are also concerns about the potential for fraud and speculation in the NFT market.
Overall, however, non-fungible tokens have emerged as an important and innovative technology for representing ownership of unique digital assets. They have the potential to revolutionize the way we think about digital ownership and provide new opportunities for creators and collectors alike.
Some NFT markets: | <urn:uuid:b7967093-a79e-4186-97d6-f78c40076c56> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://regem.in/non-fungible-tokens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649343.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603201228-20230603231228-00650.warc.gz | en | 0.955745 | 401 | 3.125 | 3 |
Safe, effective cookware is essential in a non-toxic home. We should certainly avoid toxins in the things we breathe in or touch, but we should really avoid toxins in the food we eat!
The best rule of thumb when it comes to cookware may be this: look for materials that have been proven safe and effective over hundreds–if not thousands–of years. This means choosing pots and pans made of cast iron, stainless steel, glass, enamel, or ceramic.
Toxic Cookware to Toss
There are some materials that should always be avoided in pots and pans. If you have cookware made of the following materials, I’d recommend upgrading as your budget allows.
1) Plastic. Believe it or not, they actually sell plastic pots. And, you probably already know that a wide range of toxins, from BPA to phthalates, leaches out of most plastic when it’s heated. I recommend that you avoid even storing your food in plastic, and there
2) Aluminum. Studies have linked elevated aluminum levels to conditions ranging from anemia to Parkinson’s disease, so I recommend getting rid of any aluminum cookware you have, including baking sheets. Pans with an aluminum core are fine (many stainless steel pans do contain internal aluminum)—what’s important is that no aluminum touches your food.
3) Unprotected copper. Like iron, copper is an essential mineral, but elevated levels of copper in your body can be toxic. Many foods can react with copper cookware and leach too much copper into your food. As with aluminum, copper-core cookware is fine, but again you’ll want to avoid any pan that allows your food to come into contact with copper.
4) Nonstick. Most pans advertised as nonstick contain polytetrafluoroetheylene (PTFE, AKA Teflon), and many studies suggest that Teflon is toxic. Newer “non-toxic” nonstick pans are increasingly available, but be wary of those that simply advertise themselves as “PFOA-Free.” PFOA is created during production but always burned off in the final product, so even a Teflon-coated pan won’t contain PFOA. Pans that specify that they are free of PFOA almost certainly contain PTFE. And even pans that are free of both often contain “proprietary” nonstick materials, which carry unknown risks.
The Safest Cookware
The healthiest way to cook is to use a range of cookware made from the following materials.
1) Cast iron. A wide variety of cookware is made from cast iron, from frying pans to dutch ovens. Cast iron cookware can impart a healthy amount of iron into your food, but if you’re worried about excessive iron levels, you can avoid cooking acidic foods (think, tomato sauce) in cast iron.
2) Enameled cast iron. Enameled cast iron offers a safe, effective, easy to clean, and stylish cookware option. I recommend using wooden utensils with enameled pots and pans to ensure you don’t scratch the finish.
3) Stainless steel. This is a top choice in cookware for many of the world’s best chefs. It comes in a variety of types, including steel-clad aluminum and copper-bottomed steel, both of which are safe. As I mentioned above, as long as the part of the cookware that touches your food is made entirely of untreated stainless steel, you don’t have to worry about the core containing copper or aluminum.
4) Glass. Glass may be the most time-tested material of all, but it’s not so great on the stovetop. Baking, on the other hand, can almost always be done in
5) Ceramic. High-quality ceramic cookware can be a great non-toxic option, but it’s important to seek certification of purity from the
Maia James is the founder of Gimme the Good Stuff – helping busy, conscientious parents easily avoid toxic products in their homes. | <urn:uuid:8116599f-fd29-4bc5-9ac9-5ff94f33d586> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://athletic.healthcare/2021/07/02/how-to-avoid-toxins-in-your-cookware/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154500.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804013942-20210804043942-00614.warc.gz | en | 0.936029 | 871 | 2.890625 | 3 |
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