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Videos provided by Velocity Conference, New York 2014 via O'Reilly YouTube Channel.
As technologies change and people adapt to take advantage of those technologies, we can contrast successful and unsuccessful cases of managing the complexity that results—whether the system is human, biological, or engineered. In the successful cases multiple interacting and interdependent groups continuously readjust to each other as they cope with, and as they exploit, changing capabilities, demands, contexts, and constraints. These systems exist in layered networks with extensive and sometimes hidden interdependencies, yet they are able to adapt in the face of variation. But much more importantly, they are able to sustain adaptability as those forms and sources of variation change. In shorthand, these are complex adaptive networks which demonstrate sustained adaptability. Sustained adaptability refers to the ability to continue to adapt to changing environments, stakeholders, demands, contexts, and constraints (in effect, to adapt how the system in question adapts).
On the other hand, much less successful complex adaptive networks are more common: initially successful adaptations unwind over time and suffer sudden performance collapses—tactics become stale, groups work at cross purposes, actions seem unable to keep pace with change and cascades from surprising events. The failures to sustain adaptability are vivid when we witness an ecosystem degrade in a tragedy of the commons, a market unravel, or a dramatic failure occur in safety-critical operations.
Resilience Engineering asks three questions about this contrast:
1. What governance or architectural characteristics explain the difference between networks that produce sustained adaptability and those that fail to sustain adaptability?
2. What design principles and techniques would allow one engineer a network that can produce sustained adaptability?
3. How would one know if one succeeded (how can one confidently assess whether a system has the ability to sustain adaptability over time)?
Web services exemplify the above contrast as periods of rapid florescence occur but eventually stall, leading some organizations to the edge of collapse while others experience new periods of florescence. The participants in these experiences oscillate between extreme confidence about future decisions and a sense of precariousness and vulnerability to unanticipated surprises. Can the experiences of the organizations delivering or dependent on web services provide the insights to answer these three questions? Can the provisional answers to these questions help network web services learn how to sustain adaptability even as their past successes produce new upheavals?
About David Woods (Ohio State University):
David Woods is currently the Lead, Initiative on Complexity in Natural, Social and Engineered Systems, at the Ohio State University and Past-President of the Resilience Engineering Association and the Human Factors and Ergonomic Society. | <urn:uuid:ab63c726-3c8d-498f-86e7-b5f202390d04> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://www.confreaks.tv/videos/velocityconf2014ny-the-mystery-of-sustained-adaptability | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141515751.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20201130222609-20201201012609-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.930912 | 541 | 3.140625 | 3 |
How to use teff
In this month's issue
This tiny, ancient grain has long been grown in Ethiopia and Eritrea. It is now gaining popularity elsewhere as a healthy grain alternative to wheat. It is similar in taste and appearance to quinoa or millet, easy to prepare and very nutritious.
What is teff?
Grown and eaten in Northeast African for centuries, teff has become increasingly popular in North America in recent years, where it can be found in health food stores in grain form or ground into flour. It is higher in protein than wheat and is also high in iron, calcium and amino acids. It contains no gluten, which makes it ideal for coeliacs or people with wheat sensitivities.
How do you use teff?
In Ethiopia, teff is traditionally ground into flour and used to make a delicious traditional flatbread called injera. Teff can be used to make breads, pancakes, porridge, cereal and other baked goods that use flour.
How do you cook teff?
- Use teff flour as a substitute in whole or in part for regular flour.
- Dry fry teff in a pan for five minutes and then soak in boiling water for five minutes (uncovered) for a slightly crunchy texture that makes a nice topping for vegetables, soups or stews.
- Cook 1 cup of teff in 3 cups of water for 20 minutes for a creamier texture.
- Mix cooked teff with herbs, seeds, beans, grains or tofu to make veggie burgers.
- Use it to thicken soups or stews by simmering it in with the other ingredients for 20-30 minutes until tender.
Where can I get it?
Teff is hard to find in Australia but can be found in some African specialty food stores. Otherwise, try gluten-free producers for Teff flour products or buy Teff flour online from Shield and Spear.
Taste.com.au - February 2013 | <urn:uuid:e2ddca72-2416-4aed-b4f9-9d7db0913900> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.taste.com.au/how+to/cooking+tips/articles/5539/how+to+use+teff | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009515.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00171-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938909 | 409 | 2.53125 | 3 |
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Microvillus inclusion (MVID) disease is an extremely rare intestinal disorder. You might also hear doctors refer to it with other names, such as:
Signs of microvillus inclusion disease usually show up within hours or days after birth; however, sometimes the symptoms show up later (around two months after birth) and/or are less severe.
A baby might have severe, watery diarrhea that doesn't go away, and not be able to absorb nutrients. This is called malabsorption; in this disease, malabsorption is caused by certain cells from the wall of the small intestine not having developed completely (hypoplasia) and/or cells' breaking down before they should (atrophy). Without enough important nutrients and water, a baby can become severely dehydrated, suffer from malnutrition, and become unable to grow and gain weight normally (failure to thrive).
Microvillus inclusion disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait. This means that the disease is carried by a gene on a chromosome which is not involved in determining a person's sex. Both boys and girls can be affected, although it does seem to appear in girls more often. Because this particular gene is recessive, both parents must carry it in order to pass the disease on to their child. In some families, more than one child is affected. People who have a family history of microvillus inclusion disease can benefit from genetic counseling when they begin to plan for children, but there is currently no way to predict or prevent microvillus inclusion disease.
If the doctors think your child might have microvillus inclusion disease, they will act quickly to diagnose it or rule it out. They might first test your child's bowel movements for levels of different nutrients that would not be absorbed in the intestine due to microvillus inclusion disease.
The only way to tell for sure if a child has microvillus inclusion disease is by examining a tiny portion of his or her small intestine under a microscope (electron microscopy). The part of the intestine doctors usually look at to find signs of microvillus inclusion disease is called the duodenum, which the first section after the stomach. To look at the tissue, doctors have to take it out, using procedure called a small intestine biopsy (also called "small bowel biopsy"). This procedure often takes just a few minutes and causes very little pain. For a sample this small, doctors can usually use a flexible viewing tube called an endoscope. This tube is swallowed through the mouth, and into the stomach.
Using electron microscopy, doctors can detect the main features of microvillus inclusion disease, which are tiny but distinct differences in the cells of the small intestine.
In the past, different drugs have been tried to stop or counteract the severe diarrhea, but none of them has proven effective. Babies with microvillus inclusion disease rely on nutritionally balanced formulas given directly into the veins (intravenously) – known as total parenteral nutrition (TPN) – to get enough nourishment. TPN can help stabilize a baby's health, but often it is not a good long-term solution. Over time, TPN may cause liver damage and increase the risk of infections. When TPN produces these kinds of complications, intestinal transplantation is often the best option.
Learn more about other Intestine Transplant Disease States.
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Interested in giving to Children's Hospital? Support the hospital by making a donation online, joining our Heroes in Healing monthly donor program, or visiting our site to learn about the other ways you can give back. | <urn:uuid:33602425-60ca-47f0-b39e-a41cbd4ca343> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.chp.edu/our-services/transplant/intestine/education/intestine-disease-states/microvillus-inclusion-disease | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594391.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119093733-20200119121733-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.95058 | 944 | 3.375 | 3 |
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is a psychological disorder more frequently found in male child and starts showing symptoms when the child is in the age group of two to three years. Some of the children suffering from this disorder show signs of hyperactivity, and need to be treated when the first sign appears. In some of the cases this disorder gets treated, however in vast number of cases it continues throughout the life.
Extensive research has been done on causes of attention deficient disorder and it has shown that environmental and chemical exposure can cause damage to the brain growth processes even to the unborn child during pregnancy, thereby causing learning disabilities, attention deficit disorder, hyperactivity and other behaviour defects found in different children. Due to increased use of harmful chemicals in homes, offices or factories and consumer products, the chances of exposure increase rapidly resulting in more and more newly born children effected.
Research studies have found that children with attention deficit disorder exhibit any of the several types of damage to the brain structure, which can be as follows:
- In an important brain areas which help the learning process there are lesser number of cells or the size of brain cells is small.
- It has been found that in some cases the brain cells which are to be found at a particular place in the brain migrate and settle down at a wrong place.
- Due to some body disorder the blood flow to the brain may be low or lesser energy is being provided to brain due to lower than needed conversion of sugar into energy.
These symptoms can provide a cue to the medical expert to ascertain what has happened or why has this disorder happened.
In real life a child is exposed to a large number of chemicals may be when in existence in the world or when he is in the womb of the mother. The chemicals to which the child is exposed includes those originating from dyes used in clothes, or fruits and vegetables being exposed to pesticides and fertilizers, cosmetics and perfumes, plastic material etc being used despite of government ban or restrictions. These chemicals called neurotoxic chemicals cause damage to brain even in unborn child.
During fourth week onwards of pregnancy brain cells multiply at over 4,000 cells per second. Exposure to chemicals reduces the growth and consequent ADD. It is not only the exposure of the mother carrying a child which can cause the disorder, but exposure of father to the harmful chemicals at any time during 65 days prior to conception may increase risk of the foetus developing brain related disorders in the child. | <urn:uuid:74ad9142-4afe-49c7-85f4-f4cd059b928e> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.mychildhealth.net/what-are-the-causes-of-attention-deficit-disorder.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805687.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119153219-20171119173219-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.96002 | 498 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Composite – the dental composite is one of the most frequently used materials in dentistry. It is a tooth-colored material that can be used for dental fillings and for cosmetic dentistry. It has a lot of advantages compared to amalgam and other filling materials. It provides great esthetics, it bonds chemically to the tooth’s structures, less removal of tooth’s structure, it doesn’t contain any mercury, inexpensive and more.
This is the most commonly used material for dental fillings. Caries is a very frequent disease, so once the dentist removes it, the cavity has to be filled with a material. In the past it was the amalgam, today it is usually composite. Different brands offer different types of composites. There are also composites that are preferably used for frontal teeth and are great for aesthetics, and ones used for posterior and can withhold a larger pressure. Another common use of this material is for cosmetic purposes. That means that patients can get a white, straighter smile. It is not indicated in all cases but can help with mild spacing, short teeth, mild forms of crooked teeth, chipped, broken and more.
The procedure of composite placing is very simple. The dentist has already prepared the cavity and removed the whole tooth decay. The following step includes the placement of composite, with special instruments. He does that in layers, and every layer is exposed to a light, that makes it hard. Once the tooth shape is achieved, the dentist will use rotating brushes to polish the filing. If the composite is used for cosmetic dentistry, the dentist simply creates the requested shape with the material.
The pros include the fact that it is a tooth-colored material, that comes in many shades and forms. With this material, dentists can get really creative and achieve the effect that they are looking for. They are easily bonded to the tooth surface without the need for additional retention. That is why the dentist is able to save a lot of the tooth’s substances. During the process, dentists use an acid, that makes micro-spaces on the tooth, where the dental composite retains. It provides additional adhesion. When it comes to cosmetic dentistry, they cost significantly less than veneers and crowns. The process is simple and can only take 15 minutes. Everything gets done in one visit.
The disadvantage is that it costs more than an amalgam silver filing. There are still patients that can’t afford to get composite filings. Some medical insurances cover the larger portion of the cost. The composite material is not as strong as amalgam, but the latest advancements provide so many types that it’s much easier to find one that is perfect for posterior teeth. Another thing that patients have to be aware of is that they might experience some post-treatment sensitivity, but it goes away very fast. Composites don’t last forever, and they can change color. The reason behind this is the consumption of drinks and foods that can stain. Also, smoking can cause the fillings to become darker. | <urn:uuid:debe3673-df36-4688-b13a-c6cb095ed899> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.dentist-manila.com/glossary/composite/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304876.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125220353-20220126010353-00578.warc.gz | en | 0.948459 | 645 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Some of the major defects and weaknesses found in the marshallian utility analysis are discussed below:
(1) Utility cannot be measured cardinally:
The entire Marshallian utility analysis is based on the hypothesis that utility is cardinally measured. According to the cardinal system, the utility of a commodity is measured in ‘utils’ or units and that utility can be added and subtracted.
For instance, when a consumer takes the first chapati, he gets utility equivalent to 15 units; from the second and third chapati 10 and 5 units respectively and when he consumes the fourth chapati marginal utility becomes zero. If it is supposed that he has no desire after the fourth chapati, the utility from the fifth will be negative 5 units; if he takes this chapati. In this way, the total utility in each case will be 15, 25, 30 and 30, when from the fifth chapati the total utility will be 25 (30-5).
Besides, the utility analysis is based on this assumption that the consumer is aware of his preferences and is capable of comparing them. For example, if the utility of one apple is 10 units, of banana 20 units and of orange 40 units, it means that the consumer gives twice the preference to banana as against apple and four times to orange.
It shows that utility is transitive. Hicks opine that the basis of the utility analysis—that it is measurable—is defective because utility is a subjective and psychological concept which cannot be measured cardinally. In reality, it can be measured ordinarily.
(2) Single Commodity Model is Unrealistic:
The utility analysis is a single commodity model in which the utility of one commodity is regarded independent of the other. Marshall considered substitutes and complementaries as one commodity, but it makes the utility analysis unrealistic.
For instance, tea and coffee are substitute products. When there is a change in the stock of any one product, there is change in the marginal utility of both the products. Suppose there is increase in the stock of tea. There will not only be fall in the marginal utility of tea but also of coffee.
Similarly, a change in the stock of coffee will bring a change in the marginal utility of both coffee and tea. The effect of one commodity on the other, and vice versa is called the cross effect. The utility analysis neglects the cross effects of substitutes, complementaries and unrelated goods. This makes the utility analysis unrealistic. To overcome it, Hicks constructed the two-commodity model in the indifference curve approach.
(3) Money is an Imperfect Measure of Utility:
Marshall Measure’s utility in terms of money, but money is an incorrect and imperfect measure of utility because the value of money often changes. If there is fall in the value of money, the consumer will not be getting the same utility from the homogeneous units of a commodity at different times. Fall in the value of money is a natural consequence of rise in prices.
Again, if two consumers spend the same amount of money at a time, they will not be getting equal utilities because the amount of utility depends upon the intensity of desire of each consumer for the commodity. For instance, consumer A may be getting more utility than В by spending the same amount of money if his intensity of desire for the commodity is greater. Thus, money is an imperfect and unreliable measuring rod of utility.
(4) Marginal Utility of Money is not constant:
The utility analysis assumes the marginal utility of money to be constant. Marshall supported this argument on the plea that a consumer spends only a small portion of his income on a commodity at a time so that there is an insignificant reduction in the stock of the remaining amount of money.
But the fact is that a consumer does not buy only one commodity but a number of commodities at a time. In this way when a major part of his income is spent on buying commodities, the marginal utility of the remaining stock of money increases. For instance, every consumer spends a major portion of his income in the first week of the month to meet his domestic requirements.
After this, he spends the remaining amount of money wisely. It implies that the utility of the remaining sum of money has increased. Thus, the assumption that the marginal utility of money remains constant is away from reality and makes this analysis hypothetical.
(5) Man is not Rational:
The utility analysis is based on the assumption that the consumer is rational who prudently buys the commodity and has the capacity to calculate the dis-utilities and utilities of different commodities, and buys only those units which give him greater utility.
This assumption is also unrealistic because no consumer compares the utility and disutility from each unit of a commodity while buying it. Rather, he buys them under the influence of his desires, tastes or habits. Moreover, consumer’s income and prices of commodities also influence his purchases. Thus the consumer does not buy commodities rationally. This makes the utility analysis unrealistic and impracticable.
(6) Consumer not of Calculating Mind:
This analysis assumes that the consumer can calculate the utilities of different units of a commodity and purchases those which provide him more utility. However, no consumer calculates in this manner while buying commodities. But he purchases them according to his income and their prices.
(7) Utility Analysis does not study Income Effect, Substitution Effect and Price Effect:
The greatest defect in the utility analysis is that it ignores the study of income effect, substitution effect and price effect. The utility analysis does not explain the effect of a rise or fall in the income of the consumer on the demand for the commodities. It thus neglects the income effect.
Again when with the change in the price of one commodity there is a relative change in the price of the other commodity, the consumer substitute’s one for the other. This is the substitution effect which the utility analysis fails to discuss, being based on one-commodity model.
Besides, when the price of one commodity changes, there is change in its demand and in the demand for related goods. This is the price effect which is also ignored by the utility analysis. When, say, the price of good X falls the utility analysis only tells us that its demand will increase. But it fails to analyse the income and substitution effects of a price fall via the increase in the real income of the consumer.
(8) Utility Analysis fails to clarify the Study of Inferior and Giffen Goods:
Marshall’s utility analysis of demand does not clarify the fact as to why a fall in the price of inferior and Giffen goods leads to a decline in its demand. Marshall failed to explain this paradox because the utility analysis does not discuss the income and substitution effects of the price effect. This makes the Marshallian law of demand incomplete.
(9) The Assumption that the Consumer buys more Units of a Commodity when its Price falls is Unrealistic:
The utility analysis of demand is based on the assumption that the consumer buys more units of a commodity when its price falls. It may be true in the case of food products like oranges, bananas, apples, etc. but not in the case of durable goods.
When, for example, the price of bicycle, radio, etc. falls a consumer will not buy two or three bicycles or radios. It is another thing that a rich man may buy two or three cars, pairs of shoes and variety of cloths, etc. but he does so irrespective of the fall in their prices because he is rich. The argument therefore does not hold good on ordinary persons.
(10) This Analysis fails to explain the Demand for Indivisible Goods:
The utility analysis breaks down in the case of durable consumer goods like scooters, transistors, radio, etc. because they are indivisible. The consumer buys only one unit of such commodities at a time so that it is neither possible to calculate the marginal utility of one unit nor can the demand schedule and the demand curve for that good be drawn.
Hence the utility analysis is not applicable to indivisible goods. These glaring defects in the utility analysis led economists like Hicks to explain the demand analysis of the consumer with the help of indifference curve approach. | <urn:uuid:a561955b-b230-428f-b554-3b5cfde902f6> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/managerial-economics/10-major-defects-and-weaknesses-found-in-the-marshallian-utility-analysis-managerial-economics/28385/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463610342.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528162023-20170528182023-00354.warc.gz | en | 0.946291 | 1,687 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Both Cleopatra and Bottom, the Weaver have an innate ability to create for themselves their own ideal world, their own Utopia, if you will. Even (especially?) when their reality by all rights should be crumbling around them, they are able to rapidly flip the switch. They keep up to life’s changes (in their own way), they don’t let things get them down, even terrible things that would put many people into a prolonged state of shock, Bottom and Cleopatra just take it in stride.
Utopia is by definition a perfect place that does not exist. Shakespeare, with these two characters, comments on the renaissance era mentality and ability to imagine a fantasy society even when deeply entrenched in a world where abject poverty and misery was the status of the day (McEvoy, 41). Shakespeare was saying to his audience, “Hey, look, Bottom got turned into a donkey, and Cleopatra lost her entire kingdom and inadvertently caused the love of her life to commit suicide. Yet both of them are going on in life. Are you really going to feel sorry for yourself because you ran out of black bread?”
When Sir Thomas Moore wrote Utopia he was doing so from the vantage point of struggle (Norton Anthology, 520). It seems that hard times are actually the precursor for anyone’s ability to even imagine a Utopia. Shakespeare’s work is full of characters who fight back against restrictions with great effort, but it is Cleopatra and Bottom who internalize this attitude of the creative utopian mind-set so naturally and instinctively it becomes a point of great inspiration for anyone wishing to overcome the hardships in his or her own life.
When Antony first goes to Rome and leaves Cleopatra, we see the queen as being playful. She intellectualizes and tries to imagine Antony, “He’s speaking now, or murmuring, ‘Where’s my serpent of old Nile?’ For so he calls me” (1, 5, 29-31). She is without her love, yet able to conjure him in her mind. Her faculties allow her to richly imagine her lover in another realm, visualize what he is doing, and the fact that she consoles herself that he is thinking of her, is the true mark of her genius. She is lonely for him, but she does not let that get her down.
Bottom, the Weaver has a similar knack for make believe. After Puck has turned him into a donkey, instead of completely freaking out (like all of his friends do) Bottom simply says, “I will not stir from this place, do what they can. I will walk up and down here and sing” (3, 1, 99-100). While Bottom’s character is endlessly amusing, his actions are also very touching and almost child-like. Anyone with children in their lives know of the child’s aptitude for invention and how quickly a game or a song can intersect some tragedy and subvert his or her attention to a more enjoyable activity. Bottom seems to epitomize this characteristic, and it is apparent that Shakespeare was also commenting on the gift of the child to be a seeker of delight. Through Bottom he seems to be inviting the audience to engage their inner-child’s faculty for envisioning joy, and thus creating it.
In their minds, both Cleopatra and Bottom are able to transcend the reality of circumstance. They create a perfect place, that does not exist, a Utopia. However, in this imaginary world, they are both able to experience a true version of happiness.
Consequently, both Cleopatra and Bottom have the immense capability to swallow difficult information rather quickly. When Titania first sees Bottom she expresses to him, “On the first view to say, to swear, I love thee,” (3, 1, 116), Bottom replies simply, “Methinks, mistress, you should have little reason for that” (3, 1, 118). Bottom, with his words, seems like such a simplistic character, but at this point in the play he has just been turned magically into a donkey, his friends have abandoned him in the woods out of fear of him, and he’s just been singing to make himself less lonely, when out of the woods pops a bunch of faeries, the one, the faerie queen, who pronounces that she loves him. And he just says, “No you don’t.”
When at the end of Act 4, scene 15, Antony has died of his self-inflicted injury, Cleopatra wastes no time in deciding what her next move shall be. As Antony dies in her arms she laments his death and then tells her women that after they have buried him, they will do as he did, “after the high Roman fashion” (4, 15, 101). She so skillfully handles devastation with the powerful elixir of choice. She is never not in control of her own fate. The strength that both Cleopatra and Bottom exude is part and parcel of their enormous talent at overcoming adversity and consistently triumphing over any obstacles put in their way. At first glance, Cleopatra and Bottom do not have a whole lot in common and I think that was on purpose as much as it was on accident. Shakespeare seemed to be trying to suggest somehow that all of humanity has a choice as to what they allow to influence them. With these characters he seems to be suggesting the possibility that fate was not necessarily that big of a player and that people from all walks of life had the capacity for self-fashioning and to live cloaked in a Utopia.
Both Cleopatra and Bottom are experts when it comes to shaping even the physical world around them to suit their fancy. When Cleopatra first gets word that Antony has married Octavia she flies completely off the handle (2, 5). With a fiery spirit she deals with Antony’s messenger who brings her the unwelcome news of his marriage with Octavia. She uses her high rank with promised reward to him, “There is gold, and here my bluest veins to kiss!” (2, 5, 34-35). But by Act 3 she’s come to her senses almost completely. As she gathers information about her boyfriend’s new wife she decides that Octavia is round and dumpy and slow with a high voice. “He cannot like her long” says Cleopatra (3, 3, 19). When confronted with unwelcome news she crafts an alternate version of reality that more suits her own fancy.
In Act 4, scene 1, Bottom, upon discovering that he is “marvelous hairy about the face” (21-22) decides that he “must to the barber” (20). Does it even occur to Bottom to get upset that things are so completely out of balance? Not only is he not concerned, he is downright aloof about it. He chatters happily with Titania about what type of music they should listen to next and then goes on to express “a great desire for a bottle of hay” (28), as if it is the most natural thing in the world. The ability of Cleopatra and Bottom to twist around or just ignore reality completely goes a long way in making them charming characters.
At the very end of Act 4, Scene 1 is Bottom waking up from his “fantasy” and saying, “I have had a dream, past the wit of man to say what dream it was” (4, 1, 198-199). Bottom feels strongly that something extraordinary has happened but he decides not to even try to explain it to himself or anyone. In other words, it did happen, but to answer how or why would be impossible. This is another characteristic of that creative utopian mind; to simply accept some things as being unexplainable. The final persuasion that Shakespeare intended for these two very different characters to have similar characteristics is that Cleopatra has a similar line in Act 5, scene 2 when she is talking to Dolabella about the wondrous nature of her Antony when she says, “if there be nor ever were one such, it’s past the size of dreaming” (199-120).
As much as these two are archetypes of the utopia of the creative mind, they are also architects of Utopia itself. They come from such different stations in life and yet they are both able to create their own reality. They are, in effect, reality engineers. They command and sway their mind to rule their own vision. Reality is a playground for these people, not a prison, and it all comes from inside of them, not some impersonal universal force, not from the church, not from circumstance, not from other people and not from the government. They rule their own lives, they are the dominant and supreme beings; overlords of their own happiness. Shakespeare seems to have been trying to get at that message by instilling both of these two very different characters with such similar characteristics and he seems to be inviting his audience to create their own reality, or to at least consider the potential.
McEvoy, Sean. The Basics: Shakespeare. Milton Park, Oxon: Routeledge, 2006.
The Early Seventeenth Century. New York, N.Y.: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2005. | <urn:uuid:f22afa8e-913e-4e26-9ad8-47e9cc35713f> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://lalasparebedroom.wordpress.com/2010/01/01/the-utopia-of-the-creative-mind-a-comparative-character-study-of-shakespeares-cleopatra-and-bottom-the-weaver/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645310.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317194447-20180317214447-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.976677 | 1,966 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Students write right on the paper avoiding transference difficulties. Any fair student knows that a teacher doesn’t know everything. While school is intended to teach children new concepts, there’s a fundamental understanding most students come to school with a pre-existing understanding of the fundamentals. Charter schools don’t have unions. Many reasons which people give, however, for not having the capability to finish a class are actually more understandable. There is going to be someone in the class who might want to provide help. Unique classes can take distinctive quizzes dependent on the different questions checked off.
100 best 3 States of matter images on Pinterest from states of matter worksheet answer key , source:pinterest.com
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Chemistry 1 Worksheet Classification Matter and Changes Answer from states of matter worksheet answer key , source:oturona.com
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Classifying Matter Worksheet Answers from states of matter worksheet answer key , source:mychaume.com
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Phases Matter Worksheet from states of matter worksheet answer key , source:homeschooldressage.com | <urn:uuid:3c6cb4da-c28c-4177-821e-fbe416baad9c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://briefencounters.ca/65588/states-of-matter-worksheet-answer-key/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100686.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207185656-20231207215656-00617.warc.gz | en | 0.936148 | 1,231 | 2.90625 | 3 |
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As the team at Milford Dentists explain, dental repair work to fix teeth can really be divided into two main types ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ restoration work. Direct restoration work includes work like fillings and indirect dental work covers crowns and veneers.
The simplest way to differentiate between the two is that a ‘direct’ restoration is when the dentist repairs a tooth ‘directly’ in the patient’s mouth, by moulding material to ‘fill’ a gap or flaws in the tooth. An ‘indirect’ restoration is when the dentist takes a mould of the tooth either with a quick setting impression material or a digital scan of the tooth and then creates the replacement crown or veneer outside of the mouth before fitting it to the patients tooth.
Dental terminology can be very confusing for patients so the Milford Dentists team has broken down all the main terms so consumers have a clearer understanding, clarifying that dental restoration is the process of repairing a damaged tooth and essentially restoring its function, integrity or appearance, while a ‘filling’ or ‘direct’ restoration is when a dentist places a soft material into the damaged tooth and shapes it before it sets hard. This is a convenient process to use if patients want the tooth fixed in a single visit.
‘Filling’ a tooth is also how dentists usually refer to smaller tooth restorations which often just involve repairing a small amount of damage rather than rebuilding a tooth. The more damage there is and the more restoration work needs to be done to restore it, the more likely a crown or veneer will be needed. When a customer decides they want a damaged tooth strengthened, reshaped or the appearance improved the dentist will very often choose to create a crown or veneer for the tooth or use the ‘indirect’ restoration method.
Crowns and veneers are a longer lasting solution for dental repair, replacing more of the tooth and adding more structural integrity. Other terms for ‘indirect’ restorations include inlays, onlays and bridges (which are multiple crowns in a row including a fused false tooth).
Milford Dentists also has a same day cad/cam service that can create crowns, overlays and veneers in a single day for those wanting a fast permanent high quality solution and will talk their patients through their options and costs and whether a filling or a crown is the most appropriate treatment. | <urn:uuid:cc0c2fe9-ad50-4c98-816b-06d14230ae2f> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.infonews.co.nz/news.cfm?id=115278 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512504.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020034552-20181020060052-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.943395 | 530 | 2.703125 | 3 |
A new study determined that women who give birth after age 33 had twice the odds of having a longer lifespan than women who did not do so. This doesn’t necessarily mean you should consider having a baby (or another baby) after age 33 in an effort to increase your lifespan. The reality is a bit more complex than that.
Researchers at Boston University, Boston Medical Center (and elsewhere) conducted a study about aging. They looked at information that was gathered in a previous study that was called the Long Life Family Study. In other words, this study used previously gathered data.
The researchers compared two groups of women who were in the Long Life Family Study. One group was made up of 311 women who lived to at least age 95. The other group consisted of 151 women who died at younger ages. They found that women who gave birth after they had reached age 33 had twice the odds of living to become 95 years old, as compared to the control group who had their last child by age 29.
What does this study mean for women? Unfortunately, the study doesn’t actually give women any practical advice for extending their lifespan. It doesn’t mean that you should wait to have a child until after you reach age 33, either.
Instead, this study gives some clues about a potential connection between longevity and fertility. More studies need to be done in order to learn more. The researchers did not find the exact reason why women who had babies after turning 33 tended to live longer than women who had their children before age 33. Perhaps it has something to do with genetics? No one knows.
In general, fertility declines with age. There are many women who decide to use reproductive technologies, such as IVF, in order to get pregnant. Often, these women are in their late 30’s and early 40’s. The researchers note that women who used reproductive technologies to become pregnant at a later age did not automatically receive the longevity benefit.
There is potential that going through menopause at an older age could be a marker for slower aging in general. That has not been determined by this study, though. More research needs to be done to find out more about the connection between longevity and extended fertility.
One thing the study does acknowledge is that it is sometimes possible for women to become pregnant at a later age without requiring reproductive technology in order for it to happen. This does not mean that younger women should wait to have a baby. One cannot reliably assume that one’s fertility will last as long as it did for some of the women in the Long Life Family Study.
Image by Kristen Burns on Flickr. | <urn:uuid:8fbe0a12-1e41-4b67-a815-2c930e827ead> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.families.com/giving-birth-after-age-33-relates-to-longevity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115858171.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161058-00187-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982379 | 539 | 2.671875 | 3 |
For the energy utilities companies managing inconsistently/intermittently available renewable energy sources such as solar and wind turbines is a challenge. Due to various weather conditions both solar and wind turbine outputs vary significantly. IBM has developed a forecasting system for energy utility companies to produce accurate weather forecasts within a wind farm as far as one month in advance, or in 15 minute increments.
The solution, named "Hybrid Renewable Energy Forecasting" (HyRef) uses weather modeling capabilities, advanced cloud imaging technology and sky-facing cameras to track cloud movements, while sensors on the turbines monitor wind speed, temperature and direction.
HyRef can predict the performance of individual wind turbine for the days ahead, so that utility companies can plan to increase or decrease generation capacities of conventional sources such as thermal and hydel power plants.
"Utilities around the world are employing a host of strategies to integrate new renewable energy resources into their operating systems in order to reach a baseline goal of a 25 percent renewable energy mix globally by 2025," said Vice Admiral Dennis McGinn, President and CEO of the American Council On Renewable Energy (ACORE). "The weather modeling and forecasting data generated from HyRef will significantly improve this process and in turn, put us one step closer to maximizing the full potential of renewable resources."
"Applying analytics and harnessing big data will allow utilities to tackle the intermittent nature of renewable energy and forecast power production from solar and wind, in a way that has never been done before," said Brad Gammons, General Manager IBM's Global Energy and Utilities Industry. "We have developed an intelligent system that combines weather and power forecasting to increase system availability and optimize power grid performance." | <urn:uuid:d026999f-c6c3-4a48-bf79-31b6a27f5eb8> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.eeherald.com/section/news/onws2013081804a.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986660323.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015205352-20191015232852-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.932896 | 339 | 2.734375 | 3 |
High Performance Computing
Space Domain Awareness
Mars's Notable career moments
First learned about outer space at school. Became obsessed.
(Age 15) Flunked out of High School after struggling with autism, bullying.
(Age 22) Quit hospo job, drove to Tasmania, enrolled in UTAS UPP.
(Age 23) Began Bachelor of ICT at UTAS.
(Age 26) Began ICT Honours with UTAS/CSIRO.
(Age 27) Began PhD (Computer Engineering) at UTAS/CSIRO in space-related technology.
About Mars Buttfield-Addison
Did you know that your eyes actually see everything upside down? But your brain flips everything right side up again! The human brain does all sorts of neat tricks like that; translating the crazy information from all our senses into information we can understand. Like how each of your eyes only see a flat picture (try it, close one eye and see!) but both eyes together show you how far away things are (called “depth perception”). Also, when you hear a noise you can tell which direction it came from. Human brains are amazing.
Well, I don’t work with brains. I work with computers. But they’re actually pretty similar. Instead of eyes, computers can have cameras. Instead of ears, computers can have microphones. Computers can even be given senses that humans don’t have—like the ability to detect magnets or radiation (I wish I could do that!). And these sensing devices (called “sensors”) connect to computers to provide them with information, exactly like our sensory organs do for our brains. The big difference is, computers don’t know how to do all those clever ‘brain’ tricks by themselves—it’s my job to teach them.
I am a Computer Scientist. That means I help computers do science. Which happens to be the best job in the world because I get to work with every other kind of scientist. I have taught computers to use their sensors to recognise everything from people’s faces and animal calls and weather, to paintings and angry language and radio signals, and in doing so I helped the scientists that study those things. Right now, I help computers connected to giant telescopes to recognise satellites in outer space—so that space scientists can make sure they don’t crash into each other.
No two days are alike for a Computer Scientist—every day presents completely new problems to solve, but when we succeed, we enable whole new kinds of science to unfold! | <urn:uuid:3d679c42-9366-4df2-994a-9d6c1c34af7b> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://youngtassiescientists.com/scientist/mars-buttfield-addison | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337855.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006191305-20221006221305-00211.warc.gz | en | 0.903854 | 560 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Radio Australia - Innovations - Recycle Plastics To Fence Posts
21 January 2008
Recycle Plastics To Fence Posts
A process to make all waste plastics useful
DESLEY BLANCH : You probably think you're doing your bit for the
planet by recycling household waste like plastic bottles and
cartons. But in fact, most kinds of plastic are extraordinarily
hard to recycle and they end up in landfill.
Plastic in landfill can take hundreds of years to biodegrade and
burning or melting it lets off toxic gases, so it poses a real
quandary. A Melbourne business man has spent nearly a decade
figuring out how to turn the 77-thousand different types of
plastics into fence posts.
Roger Sweeney, Director of Australian Composite Technology gets
plastic waste from all over Australia. He manages to reuse
everything, from hard hats to car bumper-bars and mobile phone
The ABC's environment reporter, Claire Gorman went to meet him
recently at his production plant and just a small warning this is a
very noisy field report.
CLAIRE GORMAN : Roger, we've just walked into your factory here
and it's an enormous space and there's piles and piles of plastics
here. What's this right here in front of us?
ROGER SWEENEY : That's geo-fabrics material, which is made of
recycled Coke bottles, 99.9 per cent.
CLAIRE GORMAN : And this stuff, it actually looks like rolls of
fabric, is that going to go into your products?
ROGER SWEENEY : That's correct. It's shredded, granulated and
blended into our mixture for composite material.
CLAIRE GORMAN : What's making my head spin about being in your
factory while we've just had a quick walk around is there's
actually hundreds and hundreds of kinds of plastics here.
ROGER SWEENEY : That's right. We do just about all industrial
plastics, including cross linked polymers.
CLAIRE GORMAN : How many kinds of plastics do you recycle?
ROGER SWEENEY : We've probably lost count of the actual number,
but theoretically, our choice is up to 77-thousand.
CLAIRE GORMAN : Here on my right are piles of plastic in
bundles. What's this here?
ROGER SWEENEY : This is a waste stream from the industrial
sector which is largely polyprophylene packaging material.
CLAIRE GORMAN : So, what was this stuff of packed
ROGER SWEENEY : Nuts and bolts and equipment for manufacturing
CLAIRE GORMAN : Alright. Now we're just walking down here, and
this is a big canvas bag and it's got some chewed up pipe of some
kind in it and it's bright purple. What would that have been
ROGER SWEENEY : They're offcuts from the manufacture of plastic
water pipe, which is replacing a lot of copper in building
CLAIRE GORMAN : And, you've chewed this up ready to go into your
ROGER SWEENEY : That's correct. That plastic is cross-linked.
It's difficult to recycle, but we've been able to find a way of
CLAIRE GORMAN : That's one of the issues isn't it with all these
different plastics coming in that they are not pure plastics a lot
of them. They've got say, glues on them and metals and all kinds of
ROGER SWEENEY : That's right. The process of recycling is
becoming increasingly more difficult due to the complexities of the
CLAIRE GORMAN : And, what's this here, on our left? It looks
like -- well they're very strange shaped objects. What are
ROGER SWEENEY : Aah, that's sprues and runners from the
injection moulding industry.
CLAIRE GORMAN : What are these bright yellow things?
ROGER SWEENEY : Those bright yellow things are old chicken
crates that take chickens to market once they've been put to
CLAIRE GORMAN : So, say with a product like this, it might come
in with blood or other things on it. Is that a problem for your
ROGER SWEENEY : No, we can handle the contamination and dirt and
cardboard and other minor contaminations will go straight through
CLAIRE GORMAN : This is a crate of what used to be mobile
phones. How many of these would you get in every week?
ROGER SWEENEY : Oh, they come in by huge containers from MRI via
the Mobile Muster campaign.
CLAIRE GORMAN : What are these things up there that look like
Petrie dishes almost?
ROGER SWEENEY : They are trays that are used in the
pharmaceutical industry for making vaccines.
CLAIRE GORMAN : So, is there a danger that there might be
contamination in a case like that?
ROGER SWEENEY : No, they've been sterilised before they've been
delivered to ACT. (Australian Capital Territory)
CLAIRE GORMAN : Alright, so I'm getting the idea that you've got
masses of different kinds of plastic, including car bumpers and all
kinds of things. What's the first step in your process?
ROGER SWEENEY : Initially, when materials are received, we size
reduce it by running it through a shredding process.
CLAIRE GORMAN : And that's that massive noise in the background
ROGER SWEENEY : Well, it'll get noisier when we get closer to
CLAIRE GORMAN : This is a conveyor belt. Does this represent the
beginning of the process here?
ROGER SWEENEY : That's correct. This reduces the large objects
such as bumper bars down to a manageable size, for further
CLAIRE GORMAN : I'm looking at the vast array of stuff you've
got here. I'm wondering does anything go back into landfill?
ROGER SWEENEY : It does. Our recovery rate is for every one
hundred and four 30 cubic metre skips are processed, we send one
skip to landfill, so it's less than one per cent of material is
CLAIRE GORMAN : This stuff here comes from Canberra, does
ROGER SWEENEY : That's right. That comes from Parkwood Recycling
Centre, that is all the building waste, plastics from all the
building activity in Canberra.
CLAIRE GORMAN : What made you want to do a job like this, where
you're actually inventing a recipe to recycle stuff that other
people think is junk?
ROGER SWEENEY : Insanity.
CLAIRE GORMAN : I see you smile there, but you do have some
significant challenges, don't you?
ROGER SWEENEY : Well, we do. The way forward in the environment
is to actually do something. You can't just sit on your hands and
talk about it. You've actually got to get out. Invested in here is
around eight million dollar investment and it probably needs twice
as much again to make a real impact. So, I think time for talking
is finished. This is part of the doing of the doing.
CLAIRE GORMAN : You must have had to put a big R&D
investment in that though?
ROGER SWEENEY : We spent nine years researching it before we set
CLAIRE GORMAN : What's happening here in front of us?
ROGER SWEENEY : This material is going through a granulation
process to reduce it in size and then it's being re-densified back
into pellets to make it usable in our process.
CLAIRE GORMAN : Is this the next stage from what we just
ROGER SWEENEY : That's correct. This is the next size reduction,
and in this case, because it's light plastics, it's being
redensified to give it some mass, so it can be used in the
extrusion process, which we will see shortly.
CLAIRE GORMAN : So this stuff coming out there that you've got
in your hand is very fine?
ROGER SWEENEY : That's right, and it's very heavy, which enables
it to have some critical mass to able to be blended with the other
hard plastics to use in the composite process.
CLAIRE GORMAN : I was just laughing before because you've got
these massive posters here of Australian Open tennis stars. What
are these doing here?
ROGER SWEENEY : We do the recycling of plastics for shows like
the Australian Tennis Open and these signs and posters and pictures
and billboards happen to be made of plastic. It's a polypropylene
and we also re-shred them. We kept a few of these as a bit of a
CLAIRE GORMAN : So are you telling me you're going to mince up
our Australian Open tennis stars?
ROGER SWEENEY : That's right and some of them should be minced
up too, I can assure you.
CLAIRE GORMAN : Compared to some of your other equipment, this
machine in front of us looks a little bit insignificant, but in
fact it's not.
ROGER SWEENEY : It's where the excitement starts in the
This machine is a ribbon blender that takes all that material
you've seen being shredded and granulated and blends it into the
successful formula to make a fence post in a very consistent
CLAIRE GORMAN : What would happen if the formula wasn't
ROGER SWEENEY : The post would get rejected under quality
control and we'd have to shred them and start the whole process
CLAIRE GORMAN : And weight is important too?
ROGER SWEENEY : This machine weighs it as it goes along. It's on
its own pedestal with its own scales and we can tell absolutely to
the kilogram as to what blends of material are in it.
CLAIRE GORMAN : I just climbed up the ladder there and had a
look in and it looks a little bit like a breadmaker.
ROGER SWEENEY : That's exactly right. Just like when you Mum
made a cake. If you didn't put sufficient flour in, or too much
flour or not enough currants or whatever, the recipe wouldn't come
CLAIRE GORMAN : I bet you've done that a few times?
ROGER SWEENEY : Many thousands.
CLAIRE GORMAN : You've got a handful of metal there. What's
ROGER SWEENEY : In the system, we have ten zones that remove
metal from the plastics. Even plastic that looks clean contains
metal that could be as fine as a staple, but when you're putting
thousands of tonnes a year through, it certainly builds up and you
need to have this sort of magnetic protection gates on the
The metal, it damages the extrusion equipment and it's important
that you remove as much of it as possible.
This is the actual machine that makes the fence post. The
material that you have seen processed in our walkabout today;
having been fully blended is now fed into the extruder, which
injects the hot plastic into the moulds. The moulds are then
carouselled into a water bath, cooled and then extracted and
CLAIRE GORMAN : In my mind, plastics have become a bit dangerous
when they're heated, but that doesn't happen in your process?
ROGER SWEENEY : No, we never exceed the melting point of the
DESLEY BLANCH : Roger Sweeney, Director of Australian Composite
Technology, showing ABC Canberra's environment reporter, Claire
Gorman, around his factory. | <urn:uuid:d3856e8d-a4f4-4e0a-ac00-302107dcc1c1> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://plasmar.com.au/media/abc-radio-national | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156857.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921053049-20180921073449-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.93962 | 2,609 | 2.734375 | 3 |
As your general dentist in Aloha, Dr. Thompson wants to ensure that all of his patients enjoy the best oral health possible. While practicing quality oral hygiene at home – which includes brushing twice a day and flossing daily – and scheduling regular exams with Dr. Thompson are some of the best habits for protecting your long-term oral health, a new study also suggests that how we chew our food may also play a role.
Researchers have found that chewing your food properly can actually boost the oral immune system and help protect against illness.
The study was led by teams from the National Institutes of Health and The University of Manchester. In the study they revealed that a certain type of immune cell, referred to as Th17 cell, can become stimulated during chewing.
This immune cell plays an important role in protecting against fungal and bacterial infections that commonly occur in the mouth.
While science has long understood that the nutrients from the foods we consume can help to boost the body’s immune system, the finding of this latest study establish that the act of eating itself plays an important role as well.
Improving the Mouth’s Immune System
In other areas of the body, such as the skin and gut, Th17 cells are stimulated by the presence of friendly bacteria. Researchers previously believed this was also true in the mouth.
However, researchers discovered that damage caused by the forceful act of chewing induced factors from gum tissue that could stimulate the same pathways as friendly bacteria and act upon Th17 cells.
Stimulating Th17 cells for immune protection can be a double-edged sword. Too many Th17 cells can actually contribute to the development of periodontitis, a common form of gum disease linked to complications in a number of diseases, including heart problems, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes.
“The immune system performs a remarkable balancing act at barrier sites such as the skin, mouth, and gut by fighting off harmful pathogens while tolerating the presence of normal friendly bacteria,” explains lead researcher Dr. Joanne Konkel.
“Our research shows that, unlike at other barriers, the mouth has a different way of stimulating Th17 cells: not by bacteria but by mastication. Therefore, mastication can induce a protective immune response in our gums.”
Published in the journal Immunity, researchers were successfully able to show an ability to stimulate increases in TH17 cells in mice by simply changing the hardness of their food, proving that mastication, or chewing, was the critical factor.
However, the stimulation of Th17 cells did have a negative effect. Researchers discovered that the increased damage that occurred by chewing could also exacerbate the bone loss caused by periodontitis.
Dr. Konkel added, “Importantly, because inflammation in the mouth is linked to the development of diseases all around the body, understanding the tissue-specific factors that regulate immunity at the oral barrier could eventually lead to new ways to treat multiple inflammatory conditions.”
Lowering Your Risk of Gum Disease
Based on these findings, it seems that thoroughly chewing your food can successfully lower the risk of gum disease. The only potentially significant drawback is for individuals who already suffer from periodontal disease. For these patients, excess chewing may lead to the further loss of the underlying bone structure that hold teeth into position.
To prevent the development of gum disease, it’s important to remember the three basics of tenants of quality oral health:
- Brush and floss daily
- Eat a balanced diet
- Schedule regular exams and cleanings with your general dentist in Aloha
Follow these three basic principles and you’ll enjoy healthy teeth and gums that will last a lifetime. | <urn:uuid:27501f96-df03-4511-971d-15be2e475732> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.thompsonfamilydental.com/blog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189802.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00306-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956959 | 754 | 3.328125 | 3 |
When the plant is uniformly browned and dead-looking, cut its foliage, including both dead leaves and stalks, to at least 2 or 3 inches above the crown. Prune poppies in late spring after they are finished blooming to promote their health during the following growing season. Once pruned, poppies go dormant and begin to die back.
Throughout the summer and fall when the poppies are dormant, water them for five minutes once a month,. Failing to let poppies die back before pruning can prevent them from blooming in subsequent years. Therefore, be sure to let the plant die back before removing the flowers or flower stems. When pruned and cared for properly, this hardy perennial grows for many years and produces stunning blossoms every year.
Poppies grow well in multiple climates in the United States with hardiness ranging from Zones 2 to 9.. With little maintenance needed to obtain bright, vibrant blooms, poppies are great for filling space and adding color to many different types of gardens. Poppies, sometimes called Oriental poppies, are native to Asia and characterized by paper-thin blossoms in a wide array of colors, including orange, red and yellow shades. Flowers typically grow up to 6 inches across. | <urn:uuid:d83a8317-8b07-4ab6-8b34-836fa30d4017> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.reference.com/home-garden/prune-poppies-c82787e6be4e7053 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510415.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016072114-20181016093614-00033.warc.gz | en | 0.94434 | 262 | 2.984375 | 3 |
(HealthDay News) -- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third-leading cause of death in the United States, affecting some 16 million Americans and potentially millions more who don't know they have it.
According to the National Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute, COPD can make it difficult for people to breathe and harm their quality of life.
In COPD, less air flows in and out of the lung's airways due to one or more of these factors:
- The airways lose their elastic quality.
- The walls between some of the air sacs are destroyed.
- The walls of the airways become thick and inflamed.
- The airways make more mucus than usual and become clogged. | <urn:uuid:889b9ca6-d700-4f01-81d0-6c1b36b508d4> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://consumer.healthday.com/diseases-and-conditions-information-37/copd-966/health-tip-understanding-copd-727941.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156311.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919220117-20180920000117-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.956062 | 156 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Fig. 1. "Submerged Jets" sample for the 2003 gift exchange at the Friends of Dard Hunter annual conference
I've long been fascinated by the swirling eddies produced by jets of water. As a paper scientist I've also been fascinated by how quickly such swirling motions die down in the presence of fibers. Recently I found a cool way to capture some of these swirling motions by a method that I will call the "submerged jet" method. The accompanying exhibit was formed by this method, and I am hoping that the method could produce even more interesting effects and designs in the hands of an artisan. So here's a description of how this exhibit was prepared:
As shown in Fig. 2, the key to achieving the effect is the use of a syringe to "jet" a slurry of deeply colored fibers below the surface of a slurry of white or tinted fibers. This was done, in this case, with a "pour" type of sheet-forming mold consisting of two rectangular frames, one covered with a screen. The two frames are held together during sheet forming by two clamps. The frames are submerged in a pool of water so that water rises about ½ inch (2-3 cm) above the screen.
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of "submerged jet" method of making colored patterns in handmade paper
|Next a syringe was used to inject about 20 ml of deeply colored red fibers, at about 1.5% solids, below the surface, with simultaneously motion in a sweeping circular motion parallel to the plane of the screen. The "submerged jet" step was then repeated, similarly, with a slurry of deep-blue fibers.||
Fig. 3. Dewatering the sheet by pulling a vacuum with the hydrostatic head below the screen
Various approaches were used to fix the dye to the fibers. Since the red dye was a conventional anionic direct dye (Direct Red 254) having relatively low affinity for bleached kraft fibers, the red fibers were prepared by first adding the dye, and then adding either aluminum chloride or low-mass poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC). The latter fixative proved to be much more successful. Since the blue dye was a cationic direct dye (Fastusol C Blue 76L), it was not necessary to use any fixative.
How to Achieve Different Effects
Some of the factors that I found to affect the results of "submerged jet" paper art include the preparation of the syringe tip, the relative speed with which the color fiber slurry is squeezed out of the syringe, the solids content of the fiber suspension in the sheet mold, and the amount of dye fixative used.
Preparation of syringe tip: My approach was to just cut off the tip of each plastic syringe with a razor knife, leaving a rough opening about 2-4 mm wide. This alteration allowed the colored fibers to spread out into more interesting patterns. Also, it minimized a tendency of jetted fibers to impale themselves onto the screen surface, leaving a clearly visible pattern even after the wet sheet had been taken away.
Speed of discharge of the jet: As shown in the third figure it was possible to achieve a wide range of effects. At very low speeds of discharge of the syringe, approaching laminar flow, it was possible to draw relatively narrow lines (see also the comment below regarding the solids content of the fiber suspension). Rapid jetting, by contrast, produced more impressionistic patterns. Turbulent eddies of flow became frozen in the paper.
|Solids content of the slurry: The most interesting effects were achieved only within a certain range of solids of the suspension initially placed above the forming screen. I estimated that the most interesting range of solids (or "consistency") was between about 0.4% and about 1%. Also it helped if the fibers had been made more flexible by refining (which could be achieved by use of a blender for a minute or two). But I think that you can get a pretty good feel for whether the solids content is in the right range by observing whether there are enough fibers present to form a contiguous mat, causing motion to cease within one or several seconds after injection of colored fibers.||
Fig. 4. Effect of discharge rate on the type of colored pattern (laminar vs. turbulent flow)
Amount of fixative: You can expect rather different effects depending on whether the dye is fixed to the fiber or whether it is mainly present in the water. In fact, it would be interesting to simply inject dye solutions directly. I observed that crisper patterns - and less issues concerning cleanup - resulting when the dye had been firmly fixed onto the fibers in the suspension.
Comments welcome: At the Department of Wood and Paper Science at NC State University our main focus usually is on the science - not the art - of paper manufacture. However, I am very happy to give input on paper handcraft projects. There has been a huge amount of progress in the science of mechanized papermaking, and, who knows, some of those scientific findings might be useful in paper art. | <urn:uuid:59b390fa-2e12-41dd-a317-246abaed9512> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www4.ncsu.edu/~hubbe/Submerged_Jets.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929272.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00245-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954775 | 1,067 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Definitions of fracture
n. - The act of breaking or snapping asunder; rupture; breach. 2
n. - The breaking of a bone. 2
n. - The texture of a freshly broken surface; as, a compact fracture; an even, hackly, or conchoidal fracture. 2
v. t. - To cause a fracture or fractures in; to break; to burst asunder; to crack; to separate the continuous parts of; as, to fracture a bone; to fracture the skull. 2
The word "fracture" uses 8 letters: A C E F R R T U.
No direct anagrams for fracture found in this word list.
All words formed from fracture by changing one letter
Browse words starting with fracture by next letter | <urn:uuid:1cb6951b-e9ad-4db1-9887-a03cc40dafa5> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.morewords.com/word/fracture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257826759.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071026-00018-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.716826 | 164 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Zero Waste Movement. Scroll down social media feeds. Ask Google, Alexa, or Siri about it. Immediately, you’ll see the names and faces of women such as Bea Johnson and Lauren Singer. You’ll watch videos of zero waste pantries and beauty regimens. What more? You might find DIY hacks that are undoubtedly intended for females with titles “DIY menstrual pads” or “menstrual cups.”
If you are a man and you’re reading this, you’ll probably note how intimidating the experience was. Are men excluded in the zero waste journey?
The Feminine Face of the Zero Waste Movement
Women in the zero waste movement—this is no incident. They are the primary caretakers of the home. And bear the brunt of housekeeping, shopping, and cooking. They carry most household chores and bury a ‘relative authority’ in the task at hand. So companies worldwide continue to cater to women. After all, they have the lion’s share of attention in the media.
But aside from their assignments at home, women become the center of the zero waste movement for various reasons.
Women as wives
Since time immemorial, women’s responsibilities are nestled at home. They do childrearing, laundry, cleaning, and cooking. This social standard still happens in the modern days, both in rural and urban areas. Although many women today are in the field, they still hold the responsibility of shopping and cleaning the house. Thus, waste management at home is within their concern. This makes women very attracted to zero waste management. Since the end goal of the movement is to reduce/eliminate unnecessary wastes.
Wives also have the most significant control over household spending. While household decisions are accountable to men, women, on the other hand, can deliberate what is needed and not inside the house. They mostly know what items should be purchased, and they frequently wanted to do it themselves. Because of this, companies always eye women’s preferences.
The historical vulnerability of women at home and work
Historically, women are vulnerable due to the wage gap and unpaid housework. Most also work in areas at risk of environmental disasters. Most of the Zero Waste community see it as part of ecofeminism.
This brings the whole Zero Waste Movement to a feminine slant. Countless studies show that environment-friendly behavior is seen as feminine. So men are more likely to donate to organizations with masculine-looking logos. For instance, a 2016 study found men are more likely to litter. Next, they leave a larger carbon footprint. They also feel less responsible about environmental impacts than women. Therefore, they protect their masculine ego in the face of a female-dominated movement.
Environmental crisis affects women the most.
Especially in rural areas, women are pressed with environmental consequences. An article shows that poverty and rapid population growth are among the main factors contributing to natural calamities and pollution. And women? They are the most prone to these variables than their male counterpart.
This makes the zero waste lifestyle a sentimental platform to women, as it addresses women’s issues. Thus, the movement becomes more attractive to women and to feminist-based groups who wanted to help them out. Moved by the causes, female changemakers are now in the limelight of sustainable communities.
The Truth about the Zero Waste Movement
The zero waste movement values women and what they can do in curbing up unnecessary wastes. Their contributions are echoed to reach the masses, to inspire them. But zero waste as a feminist ideal? That’s not what the movement is all about.
Zero waste is genderless. How much it values women is the same worth paid to men. The [zero waste] community sees men as eco-friendly. And that they care about the environment to change their consumerist habits. Men are always on the pillars of zero waste.
So, where are men in the zero waste movement?
Men just do what they got to do.
It is what it is. When men have something in mind, most of them just do it. They keep the deed to themselves. No need to show off. They usually don’t need affirmation to carry things out, so sharing their zero waste journey is kept private, with no netizens involved. They hardly take pictures of everyday chores to post on social media. It’s just not their thing.
Men are minimalists and buy things that lasts.
Most men only buy the things they need. In fact, the vast majority of leaders in the minimalist field are men. Societal pressures less likely to influence them, so shopping is less stressful for them. When they go to shopping malls, they will only buy a specific item, the one they planned to buy—seldom swayed by impulsive purchases. This characteristic makes them possible candidates for a zero waste lifestyle as they already have a minimalist mindset.
Besides, men are concerned about the quality rather than the quantity of their belongings. They invest their money in well-made items, those that will last for longer periods of time.
Zero Waste Movement boomed in social media. Many showed their support to the cause through the various features of social networking sites—likes, comments, posts, and shares. Most of them are female. For instance, a 2019 survey shows that adopters of social media are primarily women.
In Instagram, advocating through the platform becomes a problematic development of the movement. Some have grown a double life—zero waste evangelizer in social media and a typical fella in reality.
Social media will never be a suitable representation of zero wasters. Because having access to the internet alone is a matter of privilege. Possibly male zero wasters don’t have the time to post. After all, they have demanding work hours.
Men are underrepresented in the zero waste community.
Dominant female voices skew the representation of the zero waste movement. This is also to the detriment of the movement because men don’t feel connected to it. They mostly see blogs of housewives. Or browse stores managed by millennial gals. And they think, “Where am I in all this?” The way they approach zero waste is different. Very different in terms of research and practice. But this approach is not always visible or recognized.
Simply, today’s available data about the zero waste community does not suffice the totality of the movement yet. Men feel underrated because zero waste products, talks, and content may not be a hundred percent gender appropriate.
Anecdotally, more males are into the Zero Waste movement. Firstly, there are rural zero wasters. They are farmers, fisherfolks, and others who live off the land. Unlike women, men prefer showing their lifestyle to family and friends. In short, they are silent achievers.
Role models for men in the zero waste movement
If you want to be a part of the zero waste community, you have to make drastic changes in your lifestyle. Doing this may require a model, someone you can adopt practices and principles that are manly and sustainable.
Here’s a list of male personalities in the zero waste community.
Bradley Layton is one of the policy movers in the global movement of zero waste. Layton co-founded the Integration Energy. He published the acclaimed book “Zero Waste in the Last Best Place”.
He started thinking of zero waste after one summer’s experience. That summer, he could not put his trash in the garbage truck because he was not a paying customer. Since that day, he decided not to contribute anything to Mts. Landfill and Methane. He and other scientists worked to develop carbon-neutral policies. Then states around the world adopt them to help solve the impending climate change crisis.
Before Bea Johnson, there was Eric Lombardi. In 1996, with twenty-five others, he protested against Coca-Cola because of how they pack their drinks. In this event, he first said that recycling was no longer enough.
He put forth the vision of zero waste. It is not simplistic fixes such as “zero landfilling.” Or “100-percent recycling.” Instead, the Zero Waste movement is a journey. It is not about jars worth of trash. Or completely plastic-free consumption. Instead, it is changing the design of how we interact with materials. First, it uses fewer resources. Next, it eliminates toxic materials. Then, it builds things to last. Lastly, they reuse, recycle, or compost. These principles govern the zero waste movement we know today.
Currently, he is the executive director of Eco-Cycle International. They help communities become zero waste.
A former Manchester United footballer and his wife pioneered in launching a package-free shop. Richard Eckersley, 28, opened the Earth.Food.Love. This is Great Britain’s first Zero Waste store. It is an organic, bulk-buy, plant-based, wholefoods shop. They sell food products such as gluten-free goods with no packaging. British customers need only to bring their own containers. They fill them up with what they want from the store. Then, they pay based on the weight. It also is a great step for male zero wasters. Because Eckersley showed that family-run business can be ecofriendly and highly profitable.
For those who scroll social media and blog sites, check out Jonathan Levy. He is a lifestyle blogger and zero waste supply chain consultant. Levy blogs with as much fervor as female bloggers. He constantly talks about the importance of thinking of the environment before convenience’s sake. He is worth imitating.
This dude is making a difference. Literally, Rob Greenfield makes the world known that men are eco-friendly. He published a book entitled Dude Making a Difference. This contains chronicles of his adventures such as travelling the United States using a bamboo bike, walking barefoot, dumpster diving, or having a no-shower bath for a year.
Rob Greenfield does everything for a purpose. As an environmental activists, he is concerned the most with food freedom, zero waste activism, food fiasco, and living simply and sustainably. Because of this, he spreads awareness on environmental conservation and sustainable living.
Together with his wife, Liam Prince become one of the most enthusiastic zero waste bloggers. He co-founded the The Rubbish Trip, a “zero waste roadshow offering FREE presentations and workshops to community groups and schools across New Zealand about how and why individuals can reduce their waste footprint.”
Liam and his wife are nomads since July 2017. This means they are already practicing their zero waste vocation for three years. Since then, they are occupied with events reaching our communities to spread the need to for lifestyle shift.
Men have always been a part of the zero waste lifestyle movement. Women may be the main stakeholders in the zero waste movement, but men has long been in the same journey. Saying that the movement is feminist only adds turmoil and supports notions that are biased and insufficient. Also, some of the male zero wasters are the very pioneers of the movement since its inception in 1996. They are activists, scientists, store owners, bloggers, and men from all walks of life.
In reality, men actively care for the environment. It may not be as evident as the social media of female influencers, but they do practice sustainable living. They mostly do not care to show their efforts on social media. They prefer to do it without seeking affirmation from others.
The Zero Waste Movement should not be seen as a feminist movement but as a cause for both sexes and all genders to partake. The environment is not a feminine responsibility. All of us should care enough about the Earth that we become more conscious of how we live. | <urn:uuid:29f8de07-6e01-498f-abcf-b1e33d1dc98d> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.zerowastelifestylesystem.com/zero-waste-movement-where-are-the-men/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989819.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518094809-20210518124809-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.959244 | 2,446 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The exile after the Communist coup in 1948 in Czechoslovakia and the fate of Czechs and Slovaks abroad, who sought the return of freedom and democracy to their homeland are an integral part of Czech modern history. However, this phenomenon is still neglected and the general public has only fragmentary information about it. Researchers are still unable to agree on the intensities of individual waves of emigration between 1948-1989. The most likely figure would be probably 250,000 people in total, including thousands heading to Australia and New Zealand. The first steps of Czechoslovak refugees in the free world brought these people into the displaced persons camps in Western occupation zones of Germany and Austria and in Italy. It is a forgotten fact that more than 20 million people in Europe were out of their home countries by the end of World War Two. These included former Jewish prisoners in concentration camps, forced laborers returning from Germany, expelled German minorities from Eastern Europe and, above all, people escaping from Stalin and his Communist regimes or refusing repatriation behind the Iron curtain. The newly arrived refugees were carefully interviewed and given some degree of protection or declared ineligible by the International Refugee Organization (IRO). The atmosphere in the camps was extremely tense because there was a widespread belief that the Cold War would quickly change into an armed conflict between the USA and the USSR. But as time passed, and people remained long months or even years in the camps, sending visa application and waiting for work permits and transport to a new home. Australia and New Zealand seemed to be the most open countries, they needed “fresh blood” and experts in wide range of disciplines. Therefore, qualified Central Europeans were warmly welcome. The lecture will focus on the journey of selected Czech refugees to New Zealand and will also uncover interesting details about the whole history of the Czech community.
Martin Nekola completed his Ph.D. at Charles University in Prague. He has held a variety of positions with the Czech government, and various NGOs in Czechia. He has published several books in Czech about the Second World War, and published a variety of articles on Czechoslovak exiles in America.
Venue: Old Kirk 406 (F L W Wood Seminar Room)
Date: Friday, 15 March 2019
Time: 12:10pm to 1:30pm
For more information: Contact Dr Alexander Maxwell (email@example.com; 04 463 6753). | <urn:uuid:c77a9689-a5f3-4ea8-938d-47f98c7a6408> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://nzha.org.nz/2019/03/07/seminar-martin-nekola-czechoslovak-cold-war-refugees-in-new-zealand/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524111.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190715195204-20190715221204-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.967155 | 491 | 3 | 3 |
Teeth are among the most valuable assets of a human body. However, they need to be treated with special attention and tender, loving care to ensure function and integrity. In this article, we will discuss some of the foods that your pearly whites will love.
Besides being a good source of calcium and protein, cheese raises the pH in the mouth and lowers the risk of tooth decay according to a journal article from the American Academy of General Dentistry.
Yoghurt, like cheese, is a good source of calcium and protein. Yoghurt has the additional benefit of probiotics. Probiotics, otherwise known as good bacteria, improves the good bacteria flora and crowds out decay-causing bacteria.
* Leafy Greens
Leafy greens are the staple of any healthy diet. Leafy greens such as kale and spinach are rich in nutrients such as folic acid and calcium which strengthen the enamel and may treat gum disease.
Apples promote the production of saliva This helps to rinse away bacteria and food particles. Apple fibres also help to stimulate gums.
Carrots, like apples, are full of fibre. Consuming carrots following a meal helps to stimulate saliva production and rinses away the bacteria.
Celery, like apples and carrots, contain fibre which help to remove bacteria and food particles. Celery also contains Vitamin A and C which
Almonds are rich in calcium and protein. These nutrients help to strengthen teeth, increasing their resistance to tooth decay. | <urn:uuid:98b1e550-11b9-41f3-b335-9c842abf9d50> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.orthodonticbraces.com.sg/post/2016/09/02/power-foods-for-your-teeth-part-i | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038075074.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413213655-20210414003655-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.927346 | 304 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The ideal drug is one that only affects the exact cells and neurons it is designed to treat, without unwanted side effects. This concept is especially important when treating the delicate and complex human brain. Now, scientists at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory have revealed a mechanism that could lead to this kind of long-sought specificity for treatments of strokes and seizures.
According to Professor Hiro Furukawa, the senior scientist who oversaw this work, “it really comes down to chemistry.” When the human brain is injured, such as during a stroke, parts of the brain begin to acidify. This acidification leads to the rampant release of glutamate.
“We suddenly get more glutamate all over the place that hits the NMDA receptor and that causes the NMDA receptor to start firing quite a lot,” explains Furukawa.
In a healthy brain, the NMDA (N-methyl, D-aspartate) receptor is responsible for controlling the flow of electrically charged atoms, or ions, in and out of a neuron. The “firing” of these signals is crucial for learning and memory formation. However, overactive neurons can lead to disastrous consequences. Abnormal NMDA receptor activities have been observed in various neurological diseases and disorders, such as stroke, seizure, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease, and in individuals born with genetic mutations.
Furukawa’s team, in collaboration with scientists at Emory University, looked for a way to prevent over-firing NMDA receptors without affecting normal regions of the brain.
Previous work had identified promising compounds, called the 93-series, suited to this purpose. Eager to join with the NMDA receptor in an acidic environment, these compounds downregulate the receptor activity, even in the presence of glutamate, thereby preventing excessive neuronal firing.
However, the 93-series compounds sometimes cause the unwanted consequence of inhibiting the NMDA receptors in healthy parts of the brain. That’s why Furukawa and his colleagues set out to determine how they could improve upon the unique features of the 93-series.
Using a method known as X-ray crystallography, the researchers were able to see that a motif on the 93-series compound slots into a tiny, never-before-noticed pocket within the NMDA receptor. Experimentation showed that this pocket is particularly sensitive to the pH around it.
“Now that we see the pH-sensitive pocket within NMDA receptors, we can suggest a different scaffold,” Furukawa explained. “We can redesign the 93-series chemical compound—let’s call it 94-series—in such a way that it can more effectively fit to that pocket and a higher pH sensitivity can be obtained. So, we’re basically just starting our effort to do that.” | <urn:uuid:58aebdd8-2861-46a2-853e-a2792f0a8f80> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://thesciencethinkers.com/structural-elements-of-a-ph-sensitive-inhibitor-binding-site-in-nmda-receptors/amp/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474569.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224212113-20240225002113-00138.warc.gz | en | 0.948055 | 583 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Digital Forensics Overview
Digital Forensics encompass the recovery and investigation of information and files from digital devices. Cell phones, computers, tablets, and numerous other devices that store digital data are typically the focus of a Digital Forensics investigation. Spouses, couples going through divorces and custodial disputes, are parents of children engaging in risky behavior are examples of clients that commonly utilize these services.
An investigator with experience and training in digital forensics uses specialized technology to scan the device in question and create an identical image of its contents. The contents are then analyzed to glean information pertinent to the investigation.
Spouses Suspecting Infidelity request Private Investigators conduct Digital Forensics investigations to uncover evidence of an unfaithful partner. Analyzing personal communications devices such as cell phones can provide detailed information as to the actions and behaviors of the person in question.
Divorcés and Divorcées utilize Digital Forensics investigations conducted by Private Investigators for similar reasons as spouses suspecting infidelity. The difference is that once a legal process such as a divorce has begun, the stakes are much higher. Information uncovered in these operations can prove essential as possession of homes, vehicles, finances, and other assets are decided in court or mediation settings.
Parents Involved in Custodial Disputes retain Private Investigators to perform Digital Forensics investigations to gain leverage in these situations. Evidence of questionable, irresponsible, or even criminal behavior uncovered from the digital devices can ensure a child is not placed in an unsafe or unhealthy environment.
Criminal Defendants who have been charged with an internet or cyber-related crime hire Private Investigators with Digital Forensics expertise to conduct an independent investigation into their innocence. Searching for exculpatory evidence, finding mistakes or oversights in the official investigation, and assisting the client’s defense attorney in understanding the case against them are all important roles a PI can fill in a criminal case based on Digital Forensics.
Digital Forensics investigations produce an unaltered digital copy of the contents of the device in question. Texts, call logs, emails, pictures, videos, and array of other information are among the items that can be pulled from a device. A report detailing the findings is also be provided along with a licensed and reputable investigator who is prepared to testify to these findings at all mediation sessions, custodial hearings, and court settings.
The Latest Technology in Your Hands
Kansas Investigation and Judgment Recovery uses the latest technology to ensure that your Digital Forensics investigation is handled with precision. The tools used by our investigators ensure you will get the best results possible with the least amount of hassle. As the client, you are informed of all steps being taken to execute your investigation. You are consulted throughout the process to ensure the investigation is handled in the exact manner you require. You are granted as much or as little input as you request while our investigators handle your case.
Our investigator will work with you to determine the best service or combination of services you need for your case.in the manner best suited to the situation and deemed most appropriate by the you. The investigation conducted by a trained PI is tailored to the task at hand, ensuring no hiccups, mistakes, or oversights occur. | <urn:uuid:465079a4-9532-439b-b65d-690f2a7a2045> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://kansasinvestigation.com/services/digital-forensics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424683.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724022304-20170724042304-00021.warc.gz | en | 0.926428 | 645 | 2.640625 | 3 |
This is my unified theory of the computer market, technology and industry. I would like to call it the “Black whole theory”.
So here goes, the universe, IT industry expands with new features, then as the weight of these features becomes commonplace or to large.
Then these features get pulled by gravity into the operating systems (OS), which is analogous to a planet. You have solar systems (hypervisors) or virtualised systems, planets etc grouped together.
This continues in parallel with new universes (OS), planets (programs) and black wholes being continually created and collapsing. Therefore, similar to black holes, the CPU, server OS will ultimately swallow up all functions and features
Actually the operating system or hypervisor running on the CPU will turn into a black hole and do this. This is why we see rich storage features from VMware, Hyper-V and new filesystems like ZFS appearing and then becoming integrated and standard.
We also see Virtual Storage Appliances (VSA) being created in different incarnations (parallel universes), even though strictly speaking these are not that closely integrated into the OS, just appear in different packages . Some problems with this.
As Steven Hawking explains, some things can escape from black holes e.g. hawking radiation. Also, black holes are apparently grey. Therefore since everything is actually a wave when we get the bottom of things in places like CERN with the Higgs Boson, we have waves of centralisation and decentralisation.
Today all these social programs such as youface and booktube (yes an applet is a program) are installed on our mobile computers, yes a mobile phone is a computer as is a tablet.
These, planets are the ones that cannot sustain sufficient life and sometimes just move around a Sun or a solar sysem as a dead planet, but are often pretty when seen from a telescope.
Marketing is also included within this unified theory, these are the asteroids (bad marketing), that is hard to see or understand or comets (good marketing as they bring water) that shine and move between the planets coming and going but really only carrying one story, which sometimes contains ice, precious metals or ugly useless jagged rocks.
If you ever get hit by a marketing asteroid most of them just burn up pretty quickly, the big ones can be quite spectacular for a short time until they come around again, but usually it is the same message in a different part of the sky or just aimless drifting and trying to find something to do.
Dark matter or programmers pull all of this together and using background radiation or creativity and the universe continues to expand.
This is all quite simple to understand if you look at everything at the instruction level, which after all is what all the programs (planets) are made form be it servers, storage, networks or applications.
Well anyway what this means for storage admins is that , if you are in a deeply virtualised environment you can now use the hypervisor to migrate data between old and new storage arrays.
You can use these features as a wormhole avoid black holes and asteroids. | <urn:uuid:f79ad976-be5d-464b-94b0-7e7665e5c56b> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://itbrief.co.nz/news/my-black-hole-theory-of-computing/179311/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645258858.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031418-00341-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949339 | 637 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Among people with depression, 79% report that they've experienced some form of discrimination, a new study finds.
British researchers used questionnaires to gather information about discrimination encountered by nearly 1 100 people treated for depression in 35 countries.
What the survey showed
The responses showed that 34% of the patients said they had been avoided or shunned by other people because of their mental health problems, 37% said that anticipated discrimination had stopped them from initiating a close personal relationship, and 25% said they had not applied for work at some point because they expected they would face discrimination.
However, many patients who anticipated discrimination did not experience it, including 47% of those who believed they would face discrimination in finding or keeping a job, and 45% of those who were worried about discrimination in personal relationships, according to the study published online in The Lancet.
Fear of discrimination and treatment
The study also found that 71% of patients said they wanted to conceal their depression from other people. The researchers were concerned about this finding because it means that people with depression may not seek treatment because of their fears of discrimination.
"Previous work in this area has tended to focus on public attitudes towards stigma based on questions about hypothetical situations, but ours is the first study to investigate the actual experiences of discrimination in a large, global sample of people with depression," study leader Graham Thornicroft, of the Institute of Psychiatry at King's College London, said in a journal news release.
"Our findings show that discrimination related to depression is widespread, and almost certainly acts as a barrier to an active social life and having a fair chance to get and keep a job for people with depression," Thornicroft said.
These are important findings, Anthony Jorm, of the University of Melbourne in Australia, said in an accompanying commentary. Further research is needed to determine the best ways to prevent discrimination against people with depression and to help them deal with discrimination and anticipated discrimination, he added.
Living with depression
The U.S. National Institute of Mental Health has more about depression.
(Copyright © 2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved.) | <urn:uuid:1dee68fb-deb0-42ca-8f96-ae5ee3ff092b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.health24.com/Medical/Depression/News/Depressed-worry-about-discrimination-20130210 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719453.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00265-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97452 | 427 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Article Date: 02 Mar 2013 – 0:00 PST
Chronic or acute, liver failure can be deadly. Toxins take over, the skin turns yellow and higher brain function slows.
“There is no effective therapy at the moment to deal with the toxins that build up in your body,” said Neil Talbot, a Research Animal Scientist for the USDA Agricultural Research Service. “Their only option now is to transplant a liver.”
Talbot thinks a line of special liver cells could change that. In an interview with the American Society of Animal Science, he discussed how a line of pig liver cells called PICM-19 could perform many of the same functions as a human liver.
In 1991, Talbot created PICM-19 from the cells of an 8-day-old pig embryo. The cell line is significant because it is “immortal,” meaning the cells can divide an infinite number of times. Many immortal cells lines continue dividing because they are derived from cancer cells; however, PICM-19 cells are derived from epiblast cells, the embryonic stem cells that form in the early stages of embryo development.
This immortal cell line has helped Talbot study how cells differentiate. Cells from the PICM-19 lines naturally differentiate into bile duct cells or hepatocytes. Hepatocytes do the bulk of the work in a liver. Hepatocytes form and secrete bile, store glycogen, control blood glucose, process vitamin D, and metabolize cholesterol and fat.
“The PICM- 19 cells are the cells that really do all the metabolic functions of the liver,” said Talbot.
Hepatocytes also “scrub” toxins from the blood. Talbot said PICM-19 cells could do the same thing inside an artificial liver. There have already been several in vitro tests of artificial liver devices, and the ARS scientists are working on ways to grow the PICM-19 cells without needing “feeder cells.” Feeder cells are mouse cells that hold PICM-19 cells in place and provide important molecules for PICM-19 cell growth and maintenance.
Artificial livers are still in development, but Talbot pointed out other applications for PICM-19 cells. Talbot and fellow scientists have used PICM-19 to study malaria, toxoplasmosis and hepatitis viruses. Researchers could also use the cells to study certain cancers of the liver or investigate the changes in the bile duct associated with cystic fibrosis.
Talbot recommends future studies on how PICM-19 cells respond to selective pressures. He said scientists could select for more efficient liver cells by exposing PICM-19 cells to toxins in culture.
“A lot of cells would die, but the survivors would really be tough,” Talbot said.
Those tougher cells could make artificial liver devices more effective. Scientists could also use genetic modification to prompt PICM-19 cells to behave like other cells in the body.
“Maybe we want to enable it to make insulin,” Talbot said. “It will be like a pancreas.”
With PICM-19 cells filling in for livers or other organs, the transplant list could get a lot shorter. | <urn:uuid:546e562b-7f39-44ca-ab98-69b77237371f> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://transplantfamilies.org/artificial-liver-could-be-powered-by-swine-cells/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573184.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918044831-20190918070831-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.92798 | 692 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Moon Light World Map
The map below shows where the Moon is visible from the Earth, depending on weather conditions and moon phases.
The white dot symbolizes the position of the Moon, and the yellow sun symbolizes the position of the sun.
View Day and Night Map
- The bright part of the map shows where the moon is over the horizon on Friday, December 7, 2012 at 08:38:00 UTC.
- The Sun's position is marked with this symbol: . At this location, the Sun will be at its zenith (directly overhead) in relation to an observer.
- The Moon's position is marked with this symbol: . At this location, the Moon will be at its zenith in relation to an observer. Note that the symbol is not showing the current phase of the Moon.
Fraction of moon illuminated: 43%
Position of the Moon
On Friday, December 7, 2012 at 08:38:00 UTC the Moon is at its zenith at these coordinates:
|Latitude: ||2° 02' ||South|
|Longitude: ||33° 17' ||West|
The ground speed of the movement is currently 448.72 meters/second, 1615.4 km/hour, 1003.8 miles/hour or 872.2 knots.The table below shows the Moon position compared to the time and date above:
|Time||Longitude difference||Latitude difference||Total|
|1 minute||0° 14' 31.1"||16.73 mi||west||0° 00' 11.8"||0.23 mi||south||16.73 mi|
|1 hour||14° 31' 07.0"||1003.71 mi||west||0° 11' 54.4"||13.64 mi||south||1003.73 mi|
|24 hours||11° 48' 50.8"||816.74 mi||east||4° 44' 56.6"||326.34 mi||south||877.54 mi|
Locations with the moon near zenith
The following table shows 10 locations with moon near zenith position in the sky.
|Fernando de Noronha||Fri 6:38 AM||228 km||142 miles||123 nm|| SSE|
|Natal||Fri 5:38 AM||467 km||290 miles||252 nm|| SSW|
|Fortaleza||Fri 5:38 AM||619 km||385 miles||334 nm|| WSW|
|Recife||Fri 5:38 AM||694 km||431 miles||375 nm|| SSW|
|Salvador||Fri 5:38 AM||1338 km||832 miles||723 nm|| SSW|
|Belém||Fri 5:38 AM||1693 km||1052 miles||914 nm|| W|
|Praia||Fri 7:38 AM||2161 km||1343 miles||1167 nm|| NNE|
|Brasilia *||Fri 6:38 AM||2210 km||1373 miles||1193 nm|| SW|
|Cayenne||Fri 5:38 AM||2254 km||1401 miles||1217 nm|| WNW|
|Bissau||Fri 8:38 AM||2489 km||1546 miles||1344 nm|| NE|
Related time zone tools | <urn:uuid:ccbbbd2e-5e14-4da2-aebf-4511846f4515> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/moon/light.html?iso=20121207T0838 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997862711.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025742-00137-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.657236 | 725 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Canada has a strong history of respect for political rights and civil liberties, though in recent years citizens have been concerned about fair elections and transparent governance; humane treatment of prisoners; citizens’ right to privacy; and religious and journalistic freedom. While Indigenous peoples and other vulnerable populations still face discrimination and other economic, social, and political challenges, the federal government has acknowledged and made some moves to address these issues.
- Provincial elections were held in New Brunswick, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan in September and October, despite the COVID-19 pandemic. Options for mail-in ballots and early voting were expanded and procedures were put in place at polling stations, such as physical distancing and sanitization protocols, to ensure that the coronavirus did not spread. There were over 572,000 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and over 15,000 deaths throughout the year, according to government statistics provided to the World Health Organization (WHO).
- In January, demonstrators blockaded construction roads, freight and passenger railways, and government buildings across the country in support of Indigenous peoples’s opposition to the development of the Coastal GasLink natural gas pipeline in northern British Columbia. In response, the Alberta government in May passed the Critical Infrastructure Defence Act that instituted fines of up to $25,000, six months in jail, or both, for blocking the construction of “essential infrastructure,” which included highways, pipelines, railways, and oil and gas rigs.
|Was the current head of government or other chief national authority elected through free and fair elections?||4.004 4.004|
The British monarch is head of state, represented by a ceremonial governor general, currently Julie Payette, who is appointed on the advice of the prime minister. The prime minister is the head of government and is invited to the post by the governor general after elections; the office is usually held by the leader of the majority party or governing coalition in parliament. Justin Trudeau resumed his position as prime minister after the Liberal Party maintained control of government in the October 2019 federal elections.
|Were the current national legislative representatives elected through free and fair elections?||4.004 4.004|
The parliament consists of an elected 338-member House of Commons, and an appointed 105-member Senate. Lower-house elections are held every four years on fixed dates; early elections may be called by the governor general if the government loses a parliamentary vote of no confidence, or on the advice of the prime minister.
The most recent federal election was held in October 2019, in which the center-left Liberal Party lost their majority government by losing 20 seats but maintained a plurality. The Conservative Party and Bloc Québécois gained 23 and 22 seats (131 and 34 in total), respectively, and the left-leaning New Democratic Party (NDP) lost 15 (24 in total). The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) did a preliminary investigation in advance of the 2019 election and found “full stakeholder confidence in the overall integrity of the electoral process.”
New Brunswick, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan all held provincial elections in the fall of 2020, despite the COVID-19 pandemic. Options for mail-in ballots and early voting were expanded and procedures were put in place at polling stations, such as physical distancing and sanitization protocols, to ensure that the coronavirus did not spread. In New Brunswick and British Columbia, opposition parties complained that the premiers called for elections to take advantage of their parties’ increased popularity during the pandemic.
|Are the electoral laws and framework fair, and are they implemented impartially by the relevant election management bodies?||4.004 4.004|
Electoral laws are generally fair and well enforced by the relevant bodies. However, some critics expressed concern about the 2014 Fair Elections Act, arguing that its stringent voter identification requirements placed Indigenous peoples (or First Nations peoples) at a disadvantage. In December 2018, the Liberal government passed a bill relaxing some of the criticized provisions. This 2018 law restricts spending by political parties and other actors during elections, gives voting rights to all Canadians living abroad, improves the privacy of voters’ information within the databases of political parties, and increases the power of the commissioner of Canada Elections to investigate violations of election rules. It further bans foreign donations for partisan campaigns and requires major online platforms, such as Facebook and Google, to create a registry of digital political advertisements.
|Do the people have the right to organize in different political parties or other competitive political groupings of their choice, and is the system free of undue obstacles to the rise and fall of these competing parties or groupings?||4.004 4.004|
Canadians are free to organize in different political parties, and the system is open to the rise and fall of competing groups. However, a small number of parties have traditionally dominated electorally. A total of 21 political parties were registered in the 2019 election.
|Is there a realistic opportunity for the opposition to increase its support or gain power through elections?||4.004 4.004|
Opposition parties have a realistic chance of gaining power through elections. In 2015, the Conservatives lost power to a Liberal majority, and in 2019 the Liberals’ control of parliament diminished to a minority government.
|Are the people’s political choices free from domination by forces that are external to the political sphere, or by political forces that employ extrapolitical means?||4.004 4.004|
People’s political choices are generally free from domination by actors that are not democratically accountable.
|Do various segments of the population (including ethnic, racial, religious, gender, LGBT+, and other relevant groups) have full political rights and electoral opportunities?||4.004 4.004|
Members of religious minorities and Indigenous people are seated in the parliament, as are many women; Prime Minister Trudeau’s cabinet has full gender parity. However, the political interests of many groups are not always well represented. For example, critical issues facing Indigenous peoples, including clean drinking water, mental health and addiction services, and compensation for Indigenous children who were taken from their homes, received minimal attention during the 2019 electoral campaign.
The rights and interests of LGBT+ people are protected. A 2017 law explicitly prohibits discrimination based on gender identity or gender expression, affording transgender individuals, among others, more protection against hate crimes.
|Do the freely elected head of government and national legislative representatives determine the policies of the government?||4.004 4.004|
After some initial delays, federal and provincial governments in Canada were able to continue their legislative business during the COVID-19 pandemic by limiting the number of lawmakers allowed to meet in-person in Parliament and provincial assemblies and moving most legislative committees to online platforms. Emergency powers for the federal finance minister to spend money on pandemic-related measures without parliamentary approval were granted in March 2020, and were subsequently extended through the end of the year.
|Are safeguards against official corruption strong and effective?||4.004 4.004|
Canada has a reputation for clean government and a record of vigorous prosecution of corruption cases. The governing Liberal Party faced accusations of corruption in August 2020, related to a government contract given to a charity to which Prime Minister Trudeau’s family has financial connections. Conservative Party ministers accused the Liberals of intentionally ending the August parliamentary session to avoid an inquiry into the scandal.
|Does the government operate with openness and transparency?||4.004 4.004|
Canadians may request public information under the provisions of the Access to Information Act, but they may face delays or excessive costs. In 2017, the Liberal government proposed a number of reforms to the act, but the measures have been criticized as inadequate. The information commissioner of Canada argued that the proposal would instead “result in a regression of existing rights,” creating new hurdles for requests and giving agencies additional grounds for refusal. The bill passed in Parliament in late 2017 and was passed unamended by the Senate in June 2019.
|Are there free and independent media?||4.004 4.004|
Canada’s media are generally free; journalists are mostly protected from violence and harassment in their work and are able to express diverse viewpoints. A law permitting journalists’ greater ability to protect their sources took effect in 2017. It stipulates that they cannot be required to disclose confidential sources unless a Superior Court judge is persuaded that the information cannot be obtained through other means, and that it is in the public interest for the source to be revealed. In September 2019, the Supreme Court applied this law and found that a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) journalist did not have to reveal her sources for information on political corruption in Quebec.
|Are individuals free to practice and express their religious faith or nonbelief in public and private?||3.003 4.004|
The Canadian constitution and other legislation protect religious freedom. However, in June 2019, the Quebec provincial government passed Bill 21, leading to a reduction of religious freedom in the province, where over a quarter of Canadians live. The bill bans certain government employees in positions of authority from wearing religious symbols such as a hijab, crucifix, turban, or kippah while at work. The list of such persons includes judges, police officers, government lawyers, and teachers. The bill has a grandfather clause for government employees already wearing symbols—they can keep wearing them until they change institutions or take a promotion.
|Is there academic freedom, and is the educational system free from extensive political indoctrination?||4.004 4.004|
Academic freedom is generally respected.
|Are individuals free to express their personal views on political or other sensitive topics without fear of surveillance or retribution?||4.004 4.004|
Private discussion in Canada is generally free and unrestrained. However, in 2015, the former Conservative government passed a controversial antiterrorism law granting the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) wider authority to conduct surveillance and share information about individuals with other agencies. Its passage elicited considerable condemnation from Canadian intellectuals and both domestic and foreign civil liberties watchdogs, who warned that it undermined the concept of privacy and could harm freedom of expression.
In 2017, the Liberal government introduced a bill that would reverse some of the law’s provisions and establish an independent review and complaints body as well as a parliamentary committee to monitor Canada’s intelligence-gathering agencies. However, the 2017 law has also been criticized for allowing Canada’s spy agencies excessive powers to perform surveillance on Canadians without their knowledge, and for failing to explicitly prohibit the use of intelligence gathered by foreign entities through torture. The bill was passed unamended by the Senate in June 2019.
|Is there freedom of assembly?||4.004 4.004|
Freedom of assembly is constitutionally protected and generally upheld in practice. In January 2020, demonstrators blockaded construction roads, freight and passenger railways, and government buildings across the country in support of Indigenous peoples’ opposition to the development of the Coastal GasLink natural gas pipeline in northern British Columbia. In response, the Alberta government in May passed the Critical Infrastructure Defence Act that instituted fines of up to $25,000, six months in jail, or both for blocking the construction of “essential infrastructure” such as highways, pipelines, railways, and oil and gas rigs. Environmental and labor activists criticized the act, in effect since June, for its overly broad definition of “essential infrastructure,” which could limit people’s ability to protest, and excessively harsh penalties.
Protests occurred throughout the country during the COVID-19 pandemic, with widespread Black Lives Matter demonstrations emerging in the summer of 2020.
|Is there freedom for nongovernmental organizations, particularly those that are engaged in human rights– and governance-related work?||4.004 4.004|
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) operate freely and frequently inform policy discussions.
|Is there freedom for trade unions and similar professional or labor organizations?||4.004 4.004|
Trade unions and business associations enjoy high levels of membership and are well organized.
|Is there an independent judiciary?||4.004 4.004|
Canada’s judiciary is generally independent.
|Does due process prevail in civil and criminal matters?||4.004 4.004|
Constitutionally protected due process rights are generally upheld in practice. Canada’s criminal law is based on legislation enacted by parliament; its tort and contract laws are based on English common law, with the exception of those in Quebec, where they are based on the French civil code.
|Is there protection from the illegitimate use of physical force and freedom from war and insurgencies?||4.004 4.004|
The use of solitary confinement for extended periods of time in Canada’s prisons has been controversial. Many critics charge that the time that inmates are excluded from the general population of prisoners has become excessive, and that prisoners with mental health issues are harmed due to frequent placement in solitary confinement. The government’s 2018 legislation that responded to this criticism was further denounced by legal advocates for prisoners, who claimed the bill would have little practical effect. This bill passed the Senate and became law in June 2019 with the addition of some minor amendments, including increased judicial oversight on decisions to isolate prisoners, more support for inmates with mental illnesses, and community-based options for rehabilitating indigenous people and members of other vulnerable populations. An advisory panel report released in October 2020 found that the length of solidarity confinement and the frequency of its use has not substantially changed since the introduction of the new law.
|Do laws, policies, and practices guarantee equal treatment of various segments of the population?||3.003 4.004|
The government has made increasing efforts to enforce equal rights and opportunities for minority groups, although some problems persist. First Nations people remain subject to widespread discrimination, struggle with food insecurity, and unequal access to education, health care, public services, and employment.
The government’s 2015 Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC) called for the creation of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG) in 2019. The Inquiry investigated the government’s complicity and involvement in the disappearance or murder of more than 4,000 Indigenous women and girls over the past 30 years. The authors concluded that the sum of historical and contemporary injustices, longstanding and extant state policy and indifference, and an epidemic of violence against Indigenous peoples amounted to genocide. The MMIWG also made recommendations to improve the lives of Canada’s First Nations populations. However, the release of the federal government’s action plan to implement the MMIWG’s 2019 recommendations was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and an analysis published in December 2019 by the Yellowhead Institute found that only 9 out of 94 TRC calls to action had been completed since 2015.
|Do individuals enjoy freedom of movement, including the ability to change their place of residence, employment, or education?||4.004 4.004|
Freedom of movement is constitutionally protected and upheld in practice. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, provincial and municipal governments at various times throughout the year limited people’s movements in order to prevent the spread of the virus, and roughly half of provinces mandated that all travelers self-isolate upon arrival. From July to November, the provincial governments of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador created an interprovincial “bubble,” for residents within that zone; the federal government required individuals to self-isolate after international travel, but all residents of the four “bubble” provinces could move freely within the four provinces’ borders. The rules were enforced with monetary fines, though compliance was common and fines were given quite rarely.
|Are individuals able to exercise the right to own property and establish private businesses without undue interference from state or nonstate actors?||4.004 4.004|
Property rights are not constitutionally guaranteed but are generally well protected by law and through the enforcement of contracts.
|Do individuals enjoy personal social freedoms, including choice of marriage partner and size of family, protection from domestic violence, and control over appearance?||4.004 4.004|
Canada legalized same-sex marriage in 2005. Domestic violence is a problem that disproportionately affects women, particularly indigenous women, and is underreported. There have been initiatives in recent years to better train police in handling domestic violence cases. Since the Liberal Party entered government in 2015, there has been a marked improvement in gender equality, according to the most recent United Nations (UN) Gender Inequality Index (2017).
|Do individuals enjoy equality of opportunity and freedom from economic exploitation?||4.004 4.004|
There have been some reports of forced labor in the agricultural, food processing, construction, and other sectors, as well as among domestic workers. However, the government, aided by NGOs that work to reveal forced labor and sex trafficking, do attempt to hold perpetrators accountable and to provide aid to victims.
There is no national minimum wage, though provinces have set their own. Occupational safety standards are robust and generally well enforced. However, young workers, migrants, and new immigrants remain vulnerable to abuses in the workplace.
See all data, scores & information on this country or territory.See More
Global Freedom Score98 100 free
Internet Freedom Score87 100 free | <urn:uuid:b82f5cf8-46b2-4326-87ca-452c08ce07b2> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://freedomhouse.org/country/canada/freedom-world/2021 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153392.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727135323-20210727165323-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.957509 | 3,602 | 3.1875 | 3 |
CHESS EXPLAINED: THE MAIN-LINE SLAV (David Vigorito)
112 pages (248 mm by 172 mm)
Forthcoming March 2009
Chess Explained books provide an understanding of an opening and the middlegames to which it leads, enabling you to find the right moves and plans in your own games. It is as if you were sitting at the board with a chess coach answering your questions about the plans for both sides, the ideas behind particular moves, and what specific knowledge you need to have.
The Main-Line Slav is one of the key battlegrounds of modern chess, with adherents among all levels of chess-players. It is notoriously difficult for White to prove any advantage against Black's solid set-up, while the lack of symmetry in the position provides scope for creative players to obtain winning chances with either colour. This book discusses all major lines following the moves 1 d4 d5 2 c4 c6 3 Nf3 Nf6 4 Nc3 dxc4. There are many strategic directions the play can take: sometimes the centre is blasted open and piece-play dominates, while in other cases the centre becomes fixed, or remains dynamic well into the middlegame. Vigorito dissects the most important themes and nuances, placing them firmly in the context of the practical struggle, making sure that readers will be familiar with the resources at their disposal, and understand when to employ them.
David Vigorito is an International Master from the United States. He plays regularly in high-level competitions, including the US Championship. He has written extensively for a variety of publications and is a chess teacher. This is his first book for Gambit. | <urn:uuid:a030a1c2-4bad-47de-9124-e96fb06ba60b> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.topschach.de/chess-explained-mainline-slav-p-314.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540486979.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206073120-20191206101120-00127.warc.gz | en | 0.954573 | 350 | 2.796875 | 3 |
With an estimated 800,000 people living in China with HIV/AIDS, the WHO’s country representative Bernhard Schwartlaender tells DW the nation needs to do more to prevent infection and eliminate stigma and discrimination.
Around the world, there were around 35 million people living with HIV in 2013, and 2.1 million people becoming newly infected, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). There were an estimated 4.8 million people living with HIV across the Asia-Pacific region in 2013.
China's National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention last year estimated that as many as 810,000 people are living with HIV/AIDS in the country, including those who have not yet been diagnosed.
In particular, HIV infections in China continue to increase among men who have sex with men (MSM). A study published in Clinical Infectious Diseases in 2013 showed that the HIV epidemic among MSM is expanding rapidly across all parts of the country.
Compounding the problem, many MSM remain unaware of their status given the low rates of HIV testing among this group of population, says the WHO.
Bernhard Schwartlaender, WHO Representative in China, says in a DW interview that while the country has made remarkable progress in some areas, China still faces many challenges in terms of preventing new HIV infections, and ensuring equitable access to healthcare and treatment for all who need it.
DW: How would you describe the general situation in China in terms of HIV?
Bernhard Schwartlaender: The estimated number of HIV infections among the general population remains low, at 0.06 percent. However, China is witnessing an evolving HIV epidemic - with sexual transmission of HIV on the rise, especially among men who have sex with men and other groups including students.
How has the Chinese government responded to the situation?
China has shown its capacity for both pragmatism and innovation in responding to the HIV epidemic. For instance, over the last decade, a massive national network of over 700 needle exchanges and methadone clinics has been established. This led to a marked reduction in HIV prevalence among injecting drug users.
The country's strong action on methadone maintenance therapy has not only made a major dent in China's HIV epidemic, but it has also shown the world innovative ways to provide services to this hard to reach population group.
China has also made much progress in improving access to HIV diagnosis and providing antiretroviral drugs for those who need treatment. But there is still more to do in both of these areas: making testing more accessible, and making the antiretroviral treatment regime simpler.
What are the biggest challenges China currently faces in terms of preventing new infections?
In China, like elsewhere in the world, only a fraction of people living with HIV know their status. Testing for HIV needs to be made more accessible.
New infections continue among heterosexual people as well as men who have sex with men. We need innovative ways to promote safe sex - including use of condoms 100% all the time. Every new HIV infection is one that can be prevented.
What can you tell us about the stigma those infected with the virus have to face?
One of the biggest enemies to the elimination of HIV in China - as in the rest of the world - is stigma and discrimination.
We have to call an end to stigma and discrimination towards people with HIV. I've seen some of my own colleagues in the medical profession turn patients away because they disapproved of the person's sexual orientation. That is simply unacceptable, and it has to stop.
What must the country do about the stigma issue?
The fact that the first Lady of China, Peng Liyuan, and the Premier, Li Keqiang, are both personally involved in the fight against HIV sends a powerful message to the population.
National leaders are incredibly powerful advocates for stopping stigma towards people living with HIV, and at-risk groups.
Everyone can play a role in ending discrimination and combating prejudice - for instance, by educating ourselves and others.
The fact that national leaders like Prime Minister Li Keqiang are personally involved in the fight against HIV 'sends a powerful message to the population,' says Schwartlaender
What do you urge Chinese authorities to do to accelerate action to tackle HIV and close the gap with other countries?
There are a range of areas of the HIV response where China is doing well, but can do better.
Rapid tests are now available, which give results in 20 minutes. We need to make innovations such as this more widely available. People in China taking antiretroviral drugs need to take 5-6 pills per day, but one pill per day is a reality in many parts of the world, including some of the poorest countries in Africa. Why not in China?
"Close the Gap" is the global theme of this year's World Aids Day. This means that we should do more to close the gaps in access to prevention, treatment, and to stop discrimination. The good news is that we have the tools to end the HIV epidemic by 2030. It is imperative for the Chinese patients that we use them.
Dr Bernhard Schwartlaender is the Representative of the World Health Organization (WHO) in China. Before joining WHO in China, he served as Director for Evidence, Policy and Innovation at UNAIDS headquarters in Geneva and as the United Nations Country Coordinator on AIDS in Beijing, China. | <urn:uuid:f932df71-9e09-4526-963b-b47e43d53219> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.dw.com/en/who-china-is-witnessing-an-evolving-hiv-epidemic/a-18107475 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661155.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00250-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953398 | 1,107 | 2.546875 | 3 |
By Dr. Phil Stokes, Executive Director, Penn Dixie
Life in England in the early 19th century was tough. Very few children survived to adulthood, especially those living in poverty. Mary Anning, born 1799, spent her youth searching for fossils along the Lyme Regis coast in southern England. After her father’s death, Mary’s fossil collecting became the main source of income for her family. At the age of 12, Mary uncovered the world’s first ichthyosaur, which was a previously unknown animal whose discovery paved the way for our understanding of extinction. Mary continued to unearth new and amazing fossils, though her status as a woman — and lower class citizen — ensured that Mary received no credit for her discoveries.
This talk will examine Mary’s discoveries and illustrate the surprising connections between the ancient histories of southern England and Buffalo, NY.
Talk included with The Buffalo History Museum admission. For more info, visit The Buffalo History Museum’s website. | <urn:uuid:99424870-6d43-46d5-805b-06433bcbe472> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://penndixie.org/mary-annings-fossils/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513384.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020184612-20181020210112-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.965732 | 207 | 3.453125 | 3 |
On to Canada?
The other side’s view of ‘the struggle for mastery in North America.’
Jul 2, 2012, Vol. 17, No. 40 • By NELSON D. LANKFORD
Francis Scott Key and the rockets’ red glare at Fort McHenry. Dolley Madison rescuing Washington’s portrait from the sack of the White House. Andrew Jackson’s lopsided victory at New Orleans after the Treaty of Ghent. These are colorful episodes that people at least hazily associate with the unfortunately named first war declared by the young American republic. But if incidents from the War of 1812 nurtured a sense of national identity, few Americans realize that the same could be said for Canada. J. C. A. Stagg describes the conflict as “a civil war among the fragments of the first British Empire whose constituent groups were not yet reconciled to the settlement that had been made in 1783.” For that matter, it was, in fact, the third panel in a triptych of the struggle for mastery in North America. The first was the great war for empire between Britain and France, which we know as the French and Indian War (1754-63).
British warships in pursuit of USS Constitution
Few historians are better placed than the accomplished long-term editor of the Papers of James Madison to write about this conflict, which Stagg ruefully describes as having “long been regarded as the most unsatisfying and least well understood of all the wars of the United States.” After all, it was, as others have said, “Mr. Madison’s War.” Stagg begins with a short introduction—a bit slow in patches—relating the historiography of his subject. The reader leaves this overture understanding how commentators from the outset viewed the evolution of the American nation as reflected in the mirror of the war.
The disjoined series of clashes that made up the War of 1812 stemmed from America’s frustrated effort to find its place in the international arena. Caught between the dominant powers of the Napoleonic era, the United States struggled to maintain neutrality. The Royal Navy’s impressment of sailors on American-flagged ships stoked a long-running grievance. No policy—from Jefferson’s embargo, to nonintercourse proclamations, to completely unrestricted trade—could force belligerents to respect American sovereignty.
In the end, Madison opted for war with Great Britain. In fact, he also contemplated fighting France because both powers preyed with equal ferocity on American shipping. When Congress finally deliberated Madison’s war bill, the House gave solid, but not overwhelming, approval. The measure only squeaked by in the Senate, 19-13, on June 17, 1812. Ominously, all the Federalists, as well as a few disgruntled Republicans, opposed the bill. America found itself at war once again with its imperial nemesis.
Stagg describes the first year of conflict as “marked on the American side more by military fiascoes than successes . . . with occasional naval victories at sea.” Because United States citizens outnumbered Canadians by a factor of 15, American strategy focused on conquest to the north, with disappointing results. Revolutionary War veteran William Hull botched his invasion of Upper Canada. He retreated to Detroit, “where he was then trapped, paralyzed by his fear of the Indians and his lack of confidence in his own men.” They reciprocated the sentiment, and their commander surrendered to the British. The more competent William Henry Harrison fared little better. To the east, Henry Dearborn failed in a feeble thrust toward Montreal late in the year. So ended the efforts of 1812, wrote a congressman: “in a miscarriage without even the heroism of disaster.”
At sea, the United States Navy acquitted itself well, despite being shortchanged in the runup to war. Some in Congress favored having privateers attack British merchantmen rather than directly confront the Royal Navy. The House Foreign Relations chairman demanded “a public war on land and a war by private enterprise at sea.” Eventually, the administration realized it needed the Navy to protect the seaborne commerce that generated customs revenue. America’s sailors put to good use their recent experience in the quasi-war with France and against the Barbary pirates of North Africa. Their superior frigates bested the British in a dramatic series of single-ship engagements. Chagrined, the Royal Navy whined that it had been beaten in unfair contests by “a few fir-built frigates, manned by a handful of bastards and outlaws.” Despite the boost to American morale, such victories were (in Stagg’s opinion) “inconsequential.” | <urn:uuid:c207f6f6-d7bb-4121-937e-0c752b895d03> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/canada_647757.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115862207.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161102-00018-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959065 | 998 | 2.5625 | 3 |
In July, the Ford Foundation announced a five-year, US$85 million initiative to address climate change through the inclusion and empowerment of rural and indigenous people. David Kaimowitz, the foundation's director of sustainable development, talks with Research Fellow Molly Theobald about the new initiative and what he hopes it will accomplish.
In developing the new initiative, the Ford Foundation referenced a Rights and Resources Initiative study on community rights to forest land that found that forest areas suffer disproportionately from conflicts, humanitarian crises, and corruption. What is it about forests that leads them to become some of the most disputed and poverty stricken areas?
The remaining forests in developing countries tend to be in remote areas with limited government presence and poorly developed property rights that have a large proportion of ethnic minorities. The forests are still there because historically, governments and the dominant ethnic groups were not interested enough in those areas to firmly establish themselves and clear the forest for agriculture and other uses. When changes in policies, markets, technologies, or other factors lead outside companies and settlers to become interested in these areas for their land, timber, minerals, petroleum, hydroelectric potential, biodiversity, or carbon stocks, it often leads to conflict. Lack of access to government services and markets, ethnic discrimination, and soils poorly suited for agriculture are among the main causes of widespread poverty in these regions.
Can you discuss the relationship between agriculture, human rights, food security, and climate change, and how these issues can be addressed through improved land tenure systems in forest areas?
Providing local inhabitants of forested regions clear rights over their natural resources can limit human rights abuses by logging, mining, petroleum, ranching, and plantation companies. It can also give them greater political clout, which can help them to defend themselves against human rights abuses. Several studies from Brazil and Mesoamerica have shown that providing secure rights over forests to indigenous peoples and community forestry groups has been at least as effective as protected areas at conserving forests, and hence reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation that contribute to climate change. In some countries, loss of access to natural resources has been one of the main causes of loss of stable access to food, particularly when people are displaced by violent conflicts. Displaced peoples in many countries urgently need secure access to land and forest to farm and collect forest products for their use.
What is the 'myth of the empty wilderness?' Can you discuss how preserving large swaths of forest is not as simple as putting up public protected areas?
People that live in urban areas tend to think of forests as places where no one lives. In fact, hundreds of millions of people live in heavily forested regions, and many more depend on natural forest vegetation and wildlife for their fuelwood, medicinal plants, wild meat, construction materials, fodder, fertilizers, and other basic needs. It would be neither ethical nor practical to simply deny all of these people access to the forests they depend on. Governments, non-governmental organizations [NGOs], universities, and other groups must recognize that these people have a right to live in dignity and control the natural resources they have traditionally managed and need to work with local communities to encourage them to manage their resources as sustainably as possible.
How can local communities be integrated into conservation efforts?
In some parts of world, communities' cultures already favor conservation. For example, many African and Asian peoples have forests they consider sacred, which they leave untouched. Many hunters and fishers practice norms that ensure that the species they rely on can reproduce. Indeed, many indigenous peoples and other forest dwellers have successfully co-existed with their forested surrounding for long periods of time. This is by no means universal, and population growth, cultural changes, and the growing power of market forces may weaken the institutions and practices that traditionally protected the ecosystem, but in many cases it provides a base to work from. Governments and NGOs can strengthen communities' efforts to conserve their natural resources by helping them to defend their territories against incursion by outside groups that seek to use those resources to earn short-term profits.
Can you discuss the unique relationship between women's rights and quality of life, and land tenure and forest management?
Since natural resources, specifically land and forest, are the most important assets for many rural areas, access (or lack of it) greatly determines a person's wealth, vulnerability, health, and independence. Women's role in rural societies varies greatly, as does their access to land and forest. In most African countries, women do most of the agricultural work, whereas in other regions that is largely considered men's work. In many societies, women collect most of the fuelwood, medicinal plants, and materials for making handicrafts. Nonetheless, women are often marginalized from the decision-making processes about their resources, and their needs and opinions are often not taken into account. If women lack rights over natural resources, they are particularly vulnerable in situations where many of the men die of AIDS or other diseases, migrate for work, or are displaced by conflict. For all those reasons, there is an urgent need to give women rights over land and forest.
What is the significance of emphasizing local governance of forested areas? How are governments and communities working to clarify land access laws and regulations?
In many developing countries, and even some developed ones, national governments find it extremely difficult to control what goes on in forested areas. Most are remote and relatively inaccessible. The governments have very limited resources to devote to managing forests and it is easy for isolated groups of forested guards or park guards to be bought off by groups that want to exploit the natural resources. Local governance of forested areas ensures that more decisions will be made by groups that live closer to the forest and can monitor them better. Often these systems work best when national governments give communities the power to use their natural resources, on the condition that they use them sustainably. This is not a panacea; however, there are many cases around the world of indigenous groups and other forest communities that manage their forests sustainably - or at least more sustainably than other groups have done. Thus, for example, there is less deforestation in the indigenous territories in the Brazilian Amazon than in many of the national parks there, and many degraded forests have regenerated in India and Nepal after the government gave local communities greater control over those resources.
When people have secure land tenure they tend to invest more and make longer-term investments. That is good for the economy. It also tends to encourage more sustainable natural resource management. Farmers are more likely to plant trees and perennial crops and conserve their soil and water if they know that they're the ones that will benefit. Although in some circumstances, paradoxically, secure land tenure may also promote long-term investments in less environmentally friendly activities, such as clearing forest for cattle ranching or oil palm plantations.
Secure land tenure does not necessarily mean having a formal title. Informal land rights are often just as good, as long as people generally respect them. In fact, some land titling projects have actually undermined land tenure security by provoking conflicts over land or creating uncertainty about the validity of pre-existing informal rights to land.
What is an example of a project that the Ford Foundation has included in its new funding initiative focused rural land access?
The largest single project the foundation is supporting related to this is the Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI). RRI is an international alliance of 10 global, regional, and national organizations that have joined together to promote greater community rights to forests. It includes grassroots organizations, such as the Federation of Community Forest Users of Nepal (FECOFUN) and the Coordinating Association of Indigenous and Community Agroforestry in Central America (ACICAFOC), NGOs like the Civic Response in Ghana and the Forest Peoples Program (FPP) based in the U.K., and research organizations such as the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) in Kenya. Ford's grant to RRI supports research, policy dialogues, training, and communications activities designed to promote community rights, both at the global level and in about a dozen high-priority countries. By influencing the policies of major global donors such as the World Bank and the European bilateral donors as well as government policies in countries such as China, Liberia, Bolivia, and Nepal, the initiative hopes to affect the lives of literally millions of people.
At the same time, the foundation also supports smaller projects in individual countries. In Brazil, for example, we are working with government agencies, universities, grassroots organizations, and NGOs to support greater recognition of the rights of Afro-descendent communities (called Quilombolas) in the Brazilian Amazon. In Kenya and Uganda, we have been supporting the National Land Alliances, which are working to promote tenure reforms that give greater rights to women, pastoralists, displaced peoples, and ethnic minorities, among others. Since most of the projects funded through this initiative are designed to promote better policies, they can potentially affect large numbers of people, with relatively small investments.
Where would you like to see more funding directed?
It is important that the major global donors such as the World Bank, the regional development banks, and the main bilateral donors devote more attention to ensuring community rights to forests, mountainous areas, grasslands and arid lands, aquatic resources, and low fertility croplands. That is where many of the world's poorest people live and they depend heavily on those resources for their survival. Private foundations such as Ford definitely don't have enough funds to take on this issue alone. Indeed, our most important role is to serve as catalysts to get the large donors and national government agencies to take up these issues.
One particular area that deserves much more attention than we are able to give at this point is the defense of the human rights of grassroots activists that promote greater community control over natural resources. These activists are often threatened, imprisoned, or even killed by groups and individuals that feel threatened by their work, and much more needs to be done to defend them from repression and harassment.
What is the role of the funding community in the alleviation of hunger and poverty worldwide? How do you think the funding community could better direct its resources toward achieving this goal?
The main reason that hunger and poverty continue to exist in the world is that governments and large private companies tend to respond more to the needs of better-off groups, which are better organized and have more resources at their disposal. We will probably never be able to change that situation entirely, but we can help to partially level the playing field by supporting groups that can effectively represent the interests of low-income people, ethnic minorities, women, and other traditionally marginalized groups. The Ford Foundation sees itself as making a modest but significant contribution to that effort, but it is essential that more and more donors in the funding community join those efforts.
Molly Theobald is a research fellow with the Worldwatch Institute. Visit Worldwatch's Nourishing the Planet blog to learn more about the fight for food sovereignty in industrialized and developing nations. | <urn:uuid:d85e79b4-8716-4bbe-abf8-97fa7b171466> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.agriculture-xprt.com/news/strengthening-rural-communities-and-improving-conservation-an-interview-with-david-kaimowitz-193122 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717954.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00555-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962719 | 2,242 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Researchers develop programmable cells to understand living systemsPublished On: Tue, Mar 17th, 2009 | Synthetic Biology | By BioNews
The roots of synthetic biology stretch back only eight years, and the discipline is so new that it does not yet have an established definition. On the one hand, it can be considered from a microscopic and fundamental perspective – to a certain extent more closely related to chemistry – as the synthesis of new, biologically important molecules (for example, nucleotides). Alternatively, it can be considered at the organism level, understood as the creation of new life forms (such as viruses).
The area between these two areas of research is occupied by a sub-discipline that is “more promising, in that it can help us to understand living systems, focusing on the creation of new genetic circuits – formats for genes and proteins that are connected by complex interactions – that can be integrated into cells to alter their function from that which they would perform in their original context, and the standardization of these circuits so that they can then be combined”, explains Jordi García Ojalvo, a researcher for the Department of Physics and Nuclear Engineering working at the UPC’s campus in Terrassa.
One of the current aims of biology researchers is to determine the operation of the genetic circuits that regulate cell activity, a problem that can be solved by adopting an approach derived from engineering. AsGarcía Ojalvo explains, “If you want to understand how something works, that is, how a cell carries out a specific task, construct a circuit that does the same thing”. In his view, ‘hard science’, which primarily involves the study of inert matter, can also play an important role in the study of living matter.
A researcher with a background in hard science, who understands how these mechanisms function in other types of systems, has the skills required to select a circuit, create a mathematical model using computer simulation and analyze its function. This would make it possible to determine the conditions a circuit requires to perform a specific task. Moreover, a number of techniques and devices used in synthetic biology require the expertise of physicists and engineers, for example, ensuring that cells are handled in a carefully regulated environment (microfluidic control), and providing a high degree of optical precision. The knowledge and data that traditional biologists can provide is also important. As such, synthetic biology is widely considered to be inherently cross-disciplinary.
Although it is a new branch of scientific study, scientists working in synthetic biology did not have to start from scratch, and have been able to draw on decades of work carried out in fields such as genetic engineering, molecular biology and, more recently, systems biology. Specific milestones that have contributed to the development of synthetic biology include the discovery of the green fluorescent protein and its use as a marker in the analysis of various processes in all areas of biology, which is now a standard technique that enables scientists to observe the responses of individual cells to different actions and monitor their status in real time.
One of the most novel aspects of this discipline is its inherent capacity for a key concept: standardization. To draw a comparison with electronics, in the same way that a hard disk can be connected to any computer, so genetic circuits can be integrated into any cell to prompt a specific task.
Given the difficulties of analyzing the complex genetic circuits found in nature, synthetic biology offers an alternative approach to the problem: construct the simplest circuits possible, determine how they function, and increase the level of complexity step by step. Since research of this type focuses on simple circuits, involving only two or three genes, it is possible to develop mathematical models that are not only capable of predicting cell behavior in terms of the degree of protein production but can also induce specific dynamics.
This was first achieved in 2000 by a research group directed by Michael Elowitz, at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), which constructed the first oscillator, or synthetic genetic clock. This breakthrough, which effectively marked the inception of synthetic biology as a discipline, demonstrated that cells have a built-in ‘clock’ which enables them to calculate time and synchronize to perform predetermined actions simultaneously.
Since then, research in this field in Spain has been carried out jointly with groups such as the UPC’s Research Group on Nonlinear Dynamics, Nonlinear Optics and Lasers (DONLL), based at the Terrassa campus, coordinated by Ramon Vilaseca and formed by researchers including García Ojalvo. The group has spent six years working in the fields of synthetic biology and systems biology, first concentrating on theory and then moving into experimental work in the last two years. Research conducted in collaboration with the Elowitz group at Caltech and a group coordinated by Gurol Suel of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas focuses on understanding differentiation processes (such as state changes) in bacteria, which are model organisms that can be used to study functions performed in more complex organisms.
The DONLL team is also working with a research group coordinated by Alfonso Martínez Arias, of the University of Cambridge, to understand the process by which embryonic stem cells maintain multipotentiality, which is the mechanism through which they conserve the capacity to differentiate into any type of cell. In this specific area, researchers do not use synthetic biology per se – they do not construct circuits, for example – but try to analyze the way in which natural circuits function. Although the work of the DONLL group is not yet targeted at a specific application, the general objective is to develop the capability to control cell behaviour externally.
One of the most notable aspects of synthetic biology, in the view of many researchers, is that it can help us to better understand living organisms. It could therefore become a fundamental tool for understanding cell machinery, as it illustrates the range of tasks that can be carried out by the components responsible for biological functions. Scientists working in this discipline are able to take a more quantitative approach to biology in general, by using models to make predictions that can then be tested in laboratory conditions.
The challenge facing researchers in synthetic biology is considerable, particularly if we consider that the human genome contains thirty thousand genes and a cell contains around one million proteins. However, a cell is more than just the sum of its parts, and its functions should be interpreted taking into account the complex combination of components involved, since the genes and proteins that make up the genome are interlinked by millions of individual connections.
For now, the aim of this discipline is simply to satisfy our curiosity, to gradually increase scientific understanding of the potential of interactions between genes and proteins, and to define and characterize the flow of information that triggers a biological process.
When asked about their expectations regarding the development of synthetic biology (one of its principal applications is likely to be biomedicine), experts suggest that it will not produce many short-term applications. Nevertheless, there are already notable examples in the field of drug synthesis: a team from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California has reconstructed in the bacteria E. coli the genetic circuit responsible for synthesizing the precursor to the anti-malarial drug artemisinin, which should lead to cheaper and more efficient production.
The environment may be the next field to benefit from advances in synthetic biology. For example, work is currently underway to design more efficient microorganisms for decontaminating ecosystems (bioremediation). Researchers are also developing biosensor devices, which will be able to recognize target substances and microorganisms and interact with them. | <urn:uuid:8fb5bf0a-e19b-47a3-9415-a172f90236a5> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://news.bioscholar.com/2009/03/researchers-develop-programmable-cells-to-understand-living-systems.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500823169.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021343-00416-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946561 | 1,538 | 2.78125 | 3 |
An image of the Cassini spacecraft.
Click on image for full size
Courtesy of NASA
Cassini is Off!
News story originally written on October 16, 1997
Cassini has begun its 2.2 billion-mile journey to Saturn. Cassini was launched on a Titan rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station early in the morning on October 15, 1997.
The Cassini probe is one of the largest interplanetary spacecraft ever launched. It is about two stories tall and weighs more than six tons! Efforts have truly been collaborated for this mission as there are over 33 U.S.states and 16 countries among Cassini contributors.
The Cassini mission will cost 3.3 billion dollars when all is said and done. By studying Saturn's planetary system, scientists hope to learn more about the solar system that is Earth's home.
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NASA's Cassini spacecraft, which is in orbit around Saturn, released the Huygens probe and sent it on its way to Saturn's largest moon, Titan. The probe, pushed away from the Cassini "mothership"...more
The Cassini spacecraft will arrive at Saturn on June 30, 2004. Cassini's engine will make a critical 96-minute burn starting at 7:36 p.m. Pacific Time (10:36 p.m. EDT) on June 30. The burn will slow Cassini...more
It was another exciting and frustrating year for the space science program. It seemed that every step forward led to one backwards. Either way, NASA led the way to a great century of discovery. Unfortunately,...more
The Space Shuttle Discovery lifted off from Kennedy Space Center at 2:19 p.m. EST, October 29th. The sky was clear and the weather was great as Discovery took 8 1/2 minutes to reach orbit for the Unitied...more
A moon was discovered orbiting the asteroid, Eugenia. This is only the second time in history that a satellite has been seen circling an asteroid. A special mirror allowed scientists to find the moon...more | <urn:uuid:aaf60b3c-deaa-4a28-8b90-42aebf47ed31> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.windows2universe.org/headline_universe/cass.html&edu=high | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218194600.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212954-00660-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937399 | 582 | 3.546875 | 4 |
The School District Wide PSAT/SAT date is soon approaching, and the Sayre team is getting the ball rolling with SAT Prep Initiatives! Studying test taking skills is critical in the formula of obtaining a good score on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (the full name for SAT). One thing that this team understands is that it’s not just about knowing the concepts that will be on the test, but developing skills that will help our students learn HOW to take the test. Strategies like speed reading, mental math development, understanding word parts, and process of elimination are all great concepts that help students do well on the exam.
For schools like Sayre, access to SAT Prep outside of school are few and far between, and the Promise Corps Team at Sayre High School is making an effort to bridge that gap! Since the end of September, the College and Career Coaches (CCCs) at Sayre have been engaging their students in the cafeteria during their lunch hour with SAT Prep games. These games include, SAT word hangman, mental math relays, word part definition matching, and first in math styled games. The goal of these activities is to engage students in a way that is fun and informative. Each game highlights a concept that the students will be faced with come test time. The game’s layout and rules are set to help students warm up those skills that they will need to use for the test.
On the days that they are not in the lunchroom, the CCC’s at Sayre also offer for students to come in during their lunch period for SAT Prep sessions. Activities include taking practice tests in sections that the students need the most help in, breaking down the types of questions they will see, and giving tips on how to best handle answering difficult questions. The team hopes that with these efforts, they can make an impact on the turn out and preparedness of our Sayre students come test day!
Ciera M. Osborne – College and Career Coach at Sayre High School | <urn:uuid:439e2acb-ebeb-4f87-8304-ee8dec82cf52> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://promisecorps.com/2019/10/11/sats-here-we-come/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347439213.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604063532-20200604093532-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.966221 | 414 | 2.578125 | 3 |
It has been found that the verbal IQ levels of children exposed to the epilepsy drug in utero was comparatively lower than children who were not exposed to the drug.
The study was conducted in 249 children between the ages of 6 and 16 who were born to mothers with epilepsy and tests were performed on both the mother and child to produce a neuropsychological profile for each child.
It was seen that 41 children exposed to valproic acid during pregnancy had an average verbal IQ score of 84, while other groups in the study had higher scores. The study also shows children exposed to sodium valproate while in the womb are more likely to have IQ scores lower than 69 and more likely to suffer from memory problems than unexposed children.
This retrospective study highlights the potential harmful effects of sodium valproate exposure in utero on neuropsychological development. | <urn:uuid:3a3344bb-a37d-435a-8f2c-542009097138> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.medindia.net/news/view_news_main.asp?x=4503 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806086.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120164823-20171120184823-00606.warc.gz | en | 0.988438 | 171 | 2.84375 | 3 |
What is digital tomosynthesis
Breast tomosynthesis, or 3d mammography, is a technique using x-rays to produce a three dimensional picture of the breast this method. Emerging imaging technologies, including digital breast tomosynthesis, have the potential to transform breast cancer screening however, the rapid adoption of. The digital breast tomosynthesis takes a series of about 15 to 50 images in an arc and then reconstructs them so it is similar to the doctor flipping through the. Digital breast tomosynthesis (dbt) description of procedure or service dbt is a three-dimensional (3d) breast imaging technology that uses a rotating x-ray. Digital breast tomosynthesis (dbt) collects a series of low-dose images of breast tissue and, through a computer algorithm, reconstructs them.
Breast tomosynthesis, also called three-dimensional (3-d) mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis (dbt), is an advanced form of breast imaging,. Digital breast tomosynthesis why digital tomosynthesis in full-field digital mammography, normal overlapping breast tissue can often obscure cancer lesions. Earlier this year, a bill known as hb 1036 passed in the texas house of representatives and the texas senate and was subsequently signed.
Video: digital breast tomosynthesis - martha c wasserman, md digital breast tomosynthesis, also referred to as tomo or dbt, is a new. Digital tomosynthesis • an imaging technique in which multiple x-rays of one object are take from a discrete number angles • these cross-sectional images. Find out about digital breast tomosynthesis from cleveland clinic this breast cancer screening test is beneficial for dense breasts.
Digital breast tomosynthesis (dbt) is a technology for breast imaging that is in the early stages of testing and clinical use it is a promising technology which may. 3d mammography, or digital breast tomosynthesis, has been shown by many research studies to improve the results of mammography when compared to usual. A new type of digital test: 3d mammography 3d mammograms, also known as tomosynthesis or “tomo,” use the same x-ray technology as.
What is digital tomosynthesis
Tomosynthesis, ct, mri and ultrasound • radiographic techniques are now readily achievable because of the prevalence of digital mammography, the. Digital breast tomosynthesis (dbt) is an extension of digital mammography (dm) and is typically incorporated onto a dm platform to accomplish tomosynthesis. Introduction development of digital breast tomosynthesis (dbt) provides a technology that generates three-dimensional data sets, thus reducing the pitfalls of.
Digital tomosynthesis creates a 3d picture of the breast using x-rays breastcancerorg can help you learn more about digital tomosynthesis. This topical review on digital breast tomosynthesis (dbt) is provided with the intent of describing the state of the art in terms of technology,. Digital breast tomosynthesis continues to expand in clinical practice the established sensitivity and specificity of screening mammography are.
Digital breast tomosynthesis, more commonly referred to as 3d mammography, is a potentially lifesaving procedure that makes it easier for doctors to detect. Digital breast tomosynthesis (dbt) is an imaging technique that allows a volumetric reconstruction of the whole breast from a finite number of low-dose. Digital breast tomosynthesis, or 3d mammography, is the latest advancement in breast imaging that has everyone talking, including my mother. Digital tomosynthesis is a medical imaging technique using a flat panel detector and tube rotation producing a series of slices at different. | <urn:uuid:95e4e771-80e8-4483-959a-8c90ce334e36> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://ekassignmenthjvw.californiapublicrecords.us/what-is-digital-tomosynthesis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510893.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016221847-20181017003347-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.908535 | 758 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Open Release Surgery
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is more common in women and people between the ages of 30 and 60 years old. It is the most common nerve entrapment syndrome and affects up to 10% of the population. Individuals with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome may feel numbness, pain, and a “tingly” sensation in their fingers, wrists, and arms. They may have difficulty performing grasping and gripping activities because of discomfort or weakness.
The Median Nerve supplies the sense of feeling to our thumb, index finger, middle finger, and half of the ring finger. It also sends messages to the Thenar Muscles that move the thumb. We use the Thenar Muscles when we position our thumb to grasp and hold objects. If the Median Nerve is compressed in the Carpal Tunnel, it will send faulty messages as it travels into the hand and fingers.
Usually, the cause of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is unknown. However, there are several circumstances that can create pressure on the Median Nerve.
Pressure may develop from prolonged wrist positioning that compromises the position of the median nerve. The median nerve may become irritated when our wrists are bent downward or flexed for long periods of time. Irritation may occur when the wrist is flexed and the hand is turned towards the side of the little finger. We position our hands like this when we hold on to the handlebars on a bicycle or the handles used to push a wheelchair or a lawnmower. These hand positions are also used when we grasp carpentry tools, such as the handle on a hammer or a paint roller. Other factors that appear to contribute to the development of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome include cold temperature and repetitive, forceful, vibratory, and fast movements, such as those used in the meat packing industry.
Some medical conditions, such as diabetes and thyroid disease, are associated with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Rheumatoid arthritis, joint dislocation, and fractures can cause the space in the tunnel to narrow. Some women develop Carpal Tunnel Syndrome because of swelling from fluid retention caused by hormonal changes. This may occur during pregnancy, premenstrual syndrome, or menopause.
Your doctor may ask you to perform a couple of simple tests to determine if there is pressure on the Median Nerve. For the Phalen’s Test, you will firmly flex your wrist for 60 seconds. The test is positive if you feel numbness, tingling, or weakness. To test for the Tinel’s Sign, your doctor will tap on the Median Nerve at the wrist. The test is positive if you feel tingling or numbness in the distribution of the median nerve. Lab tests may be ordered if your doctor suspects a medical condition that is associated with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Your doctor may take an X-ray to identify arthritis or fractures.
In some cases, physicians use nerve conduction studies to measure how well the Median Nerve works and to help specify the site of compression. Physicians commonly use a test called a Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV) test. During the study, a nerve is stimulated in one place and the amount of time it takes for the message or impulse to travel to a second place is measured. Your doctor will place sticky patches with electrodes on your skin that covers the Median Nerve. The NCV may feel uncomfortable, but only during the time that the test is conducted.
An Electromyography (EMG) test is often done at the same time as the NCV test. An EMG measures the impulses in the muscles to identify poor nerve input. Healthy muscles need impulses to perform movements. Your doctor will place fine needles through your skin and into the muscles that the Median Nerve controls. Your doctor will be able to determine the amount of impulses conducted when you contract your muscles. The EMG may be uncomfortable and your muscles may remain a bit sore following the test.
The standard surgery for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is called an Open Release. The surgeon will use a local or regional anesthetic to numb the hand area. For this procedure, the surgeon makes a two to three inch opening along the palm. This allows the surgeon access to the Transverse Carpal Ligament, the roof of the Carpal Tunnel. The surgeon makes an incision in the Transverse Carpal Ligament to open the tunnel and make it larger. By doing so, pressure is taken off the median nerve. The surgery time for an Open Release is short, only about fifteen minutes.
Recovery from Carpal Tunnel Surgery is individualized and depends on the extent of the condition and the type of surgery performed. Your doctor will tell you what to expect.
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This information is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It should not be used in place of an individual consultation or examination or replace the advice of your health care professional and should not be relied upon to determine diagnosis or course of treatment.
The iHealthSpot patient education library was written collaboratively by the iHealthSpot editorial team which includes Senior Medical Authors Dr. Mary Car-Blanchard, OTD/OTR/L and Valerie K. Clark, and the following editorial advisors: Steve Meadows, MD, Ernie F. Soto, DDS, Ronald J. Glatzer, MD, Jonathan Rosenberg, MD, Christopher M. Nolte, MD, David Applebaum, MD, Jonathan M. Tarrash, MD, and Paula Soto, RN/BSN. This content complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. The library commenced development on September 1, 2005 with the latest update/addition on April 13th, 2016. For information on iHealthSpot’s other services including medical website design, visit www.iHealthSpot.com. | <urn:uuid:c1e7b0da-c35c-4aa1-86ae-351a6607eb6f> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.endeavorrehab.com/patient-education-article/carpal-tunnel-syndrome-open-release-surgery-684/?pesource=969 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371612531.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406004220-20200406034720-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.914833 | 1,207 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Cystoid macular edema is a swelling of the center portion of retina called the macula. When swelling develops in the retina, the vision often is reduced. Swelling develops from leakage of fluid from the blood vessels within the retina. There are many causes of macular edema, but the most common causes are post-surgical (such as after cataract surgery), diabetes, inflammation (uveitis), and the use of certain medications.
An optical coherence tomography (OCT) test or fluorescein angiography (FA) test may be performed to detect and follow cystoid macular edema. If detected, the retina physician may recommend treatments such as eye drop medication, injection of medicine into or around the eye, or laser treatment. As the swelling resolves, the vision often improves. | <urn:uuid:f61532df-fc96-47bc-8cdb-e5c4a8b86e13> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://neretina.com/cystoid-macular-edema-cme/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337663.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005172112-20221005202112-00689.warc.gz | en | 0.924729 | 169 | 3.234375 | 3 |
“Politics is everywhere”Yes, politics is everywhere. It is an undeniable fact. Politics is an integral part of human society. We are dependent as well as independent. But it depends upon our perspectives. According to me, we are independently dependent. However, here my intention is not to create controversies. Although politics is a universal term, I want to highlight today’s youths’ spirit of nurturing political consciousness in the context of India.
Every concept bears the traits of virtue and vice. To quote a very common statement, I can say “every coin has two sides”. So, having positive as well as negative impact of anything is quite natural. Today, the term politics has become a very influential and crucial one. We can openly see the utilization of this term everywhere. India is one of the fastest developing countries and Indian economy is one of the fastest growing economies in the world, which is a sign of a dazzling future. One of the reasons of this fastest growing economy is the enormous efforts of our nation’s youths. India is also counted for its huge population of the youth.
Thus, our country is a young nation.But, the dream of a proper young nation, which was well visualized by our great ancestors, will be fulfilled if the youth society takes firm and practical steps. Else, such a dream will remain a mere dream forever. One of the most vital issues quite relevant to this context is the issue of politics. In India, politics is a swayful term. More interesting is the adoration of politics by the ignited youths of modern India. Indian politics got a modern and well-framed shape with the dawn of the great freedom struggle against the British rule (British Raj). Every Indian with his/her deep-rooted patriotism and nationalism involved himself/herself with the term politics.
But, the legacy of that true political zeal is vague today. It seems to be invisible among the Indian youths. I cannot define what that true political zeal is. But, I am sure that every intellectual, who is moving his/her, eyes through this write-up now, can grasp my effort to convey the meaning of a true political zeal. Earlier, politics could not be seen, but its vibrancy could be felt. Even, a layman could feel it. Perhaps this is the reason why today we are fortunate enough to pen down our own thoughts freely. But, in today’s India, politics can be seen prominently without putting one’s own effort. It is well-exhibited. But, unlike our forefathers, we are not fortunate enough to experience the radiance of the term politics, nor our hearts are so pious to embrace the innocence of the term. We may be great human beings, but it is an undeniable fact that we are unfortunate enough to realize the gravity of the term politics.
We are developing new organizations, gathering large folks, achieving huge success in uniting people with similar viewpoints, and thoughts, but, it is also a bitter truth that we are losing one of the greatest virtue for which once we felt proud ourselves as human being (perhaps we feel it today also), i.e., tolerance.
I am keeping this article open-ended and it is for today’s Indian youth community to quest for a fruitful conclusion for the well-being of its own community.
Written by Dhiraj Medhi
A Masters student in Linguistics and Endangered Languages, Dhiraj is fond of writing, singing and playing instruments. He wishes to create a positive atmosphere in the society through this writings and music. | <urn:uuid:259582cf-c0f3-4559-845a-02390fe8e8f3> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.reviewmantra.com/2017/01/politics-and-todays-indian-youths.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187827662.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023235958-20171024015958-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.959522 | 738 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Saturday, November 26, 2011
Curiosity, the world’s largest extraterrestrial explorer, successfully departed earth this morning for Mars. Curiosity will travel a distance of 354 million miles arriving on the red planet in approximately 8 1/2 months or next August.
Curiosity, about the size of a car, is a mobile, nuclear-powered laboratory holding 10 science instruments designed to sample Martian soil and rocks, analyzing them right on the spot. There is a drill as well as a stone-zapping laser machine.
Curiosity is too heavy to use air bags to land like its smaller predecessors, Spirit and Opportunity. Instead, Curiosity will be lowered onto Mars via a jet pack and tether system similar to the sky cranes used to lower heavy equipment into remote areas on Earth. | <urn:uuid:29de6c07-6731-4947-9924-c461b168f740> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://fromtheleft.wordpress.com/2011/11/26/curiosity-departs-earth-for-mars/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189090.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00639-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924418 | 159 | 3.65625 | 4 |
20th Century historian Dumas Malone praised Thomas Jefferson as the exemplar of liberty. “To all who cherish freedom and abhor tyranny in any form, [Jefferson] is an abiding hope that springs eternal,” declared Malone. Jefferson crafted our creed as Americans and once wrote, “Nothing then is unchangeable but the inherent and inalienable rights of man.”
In the April issue of Carolina Journal, I review Long Journey with Mr. Jefferson. You can read the review on page 20 of the issue in PDF form. The book, which is a biography of Dumas Malone, was an enlightening read on a scholar who spent decades studying Thomas Jefferson. His six-volume biography of the author of the Declaration of Independence, titled Jefferson and His Times, spanned from 1948-1981. Malone received the Pulitzer Prize in 1975 and Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1983.
While I haven’t read all of Malone’s volumes, the biography piqued my interest because of the complexity of studying Jefferson and the lengthy duration Malone spent on one man. One of the points I made at the end of the review was the stark contrast Malone provides to an American society that is becoming increasingly ignorant of not just its history, but the meaning and nature of our rights. Studying Jefferson is essential. It’s a great introduction into the whole ethos of the limiting of state power and especially elevating an important truth, that governments gain their legitimacy by their ability to protect the rights that predate government. | <urn:uuid:42a40ed5-d498-46cc-a460-c7403fdb9b02> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://blog.acton.org/archives/category/liberty-2/page/17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701146550.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193906-00148-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945231 | 311 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Statement for Learning
Our Statement for Learning
Our Teaching and Learning aims
- To provide a safe, happy, healthy and friendly environment, which enables children to develop their self-esteem and decision making skills enabling them to make a positive contribution to school life and beyond
- To instil a love of learning and promote high expectations, celebrating both success and effort
- To provide an inspiring, fun, engaging curriculum, with both challenge and support, in and beyond the classroom
- To work hand-in-hand with parents/carers and members of community to maintain and develop a school of which we can all be proud.
Mathematics at Lubavitch MAT Primary School
At Lubavitch Primary School, we endeavour to teach our children a rich and progressive curriculum. We believe that mathematics teaches us how to make sense of the world around us through developing a child's ability to calculate, to reason and to solve problems. In our school we want to help children to understand and appreciate the pattern in both number and space in their everyday lives in and out of school. We encourage the children to develop these key and fundamental skills through their growing knowledge and understanding of the world.
English at Lubavitch MAT Primary School
The study of English develops children’s ability to listen, speak, read and write for a wide range of purposes, including the communication of their ideas, views and feelings. Children are enabled to express themselves creatively and imaginatively as they become enthusiastic and critical readers of stories, poetry and drama, as well as of non-fiction and media texts. Children gain an understanding of how language works by looking at its patterns, structures and origins. Children use their knowledge, skills and understanding in speaking and writing across a range of different situations. In addition, the skills of English are a key part of participating fully in society and within the wider curriculum.
Science Statement of Intent
At Lubavitch Primary School, we recognise the importance of Science in every aspect of daily life. As one of the core subjects taught, we give the teaching and learning of Science the prominence it requires.
The Scientific area of learning is concerned with increasing pupils’ knowledge and understanding of our world, and with developing skills associated with Science as a process of enquiry. It will develop the natural curiosity of the child, encourage respect for living organisms, the physical environment and provide opportunities for critical evaluation of evidence.
The principal focus of Science teaching in EYFS and Key Stage 1 is to enable pupils to experience and observe phenomena, looking more closely at the natural and humanly-constructed world around them. In Key Stage 2 pupils have the chance to broaden their scientific view of the world before developing a deeper systematic style of thinking.
History Statement of Intent
History at Lubavitch aims to help pupils to gain a wider knowledge and understanding of the past and inspire pupils’ curiosity to know more about the things that have happened. We do so by asking questions, think critically, and weigh evidence and arguments. We want pupils to understand the complexity of people’s lives throughout history, the process of change, the diversity of societies and the challenges of their time. Our history curriculum provides identity, allows decision-making and judgement.
Geography Statement of Intent
Geography at Lubavitch aims to inspire pupils with a curiosity and fascination about the wider world. Our geography curriculum allows children to develop a sense of place, whilst exploring, investigating and understanding rivers, mountain and other geographical features of the world. We equip our children with knowledge about places, people, resources and natural and human environments. We want our children to gain confidence and practical experiences of geographical knowledge, understanding and skills that explain how the Earth’s features at different scales are shaped, interconnected and change over time.
D&T Statement of Intent
Design and Technology at Lubavitch gives children the chance to use creative thinking and design within a defined purpose and product outcome. Through a variety of creative and practical activities, pupils are taught the knowledge, understanding and skills needed to engage in a process of designing and making a product. Through the evaluation of past and present design and technology, they develop a critical understanding of its impact on daily life and the wider world. Design and technology makes an essential contribution towards being creativity, cultured, and thinking innovatively.
Art Statement of Intent
Art and Design at Lubavitch allows the children to stimulate creativity and imagination. It provides visual, tactile and sensory experiences and a special way of understanding and responding to the world. It enables children of all abilities to communicate what they see, feel and think using colour, texture, form, pattern and different materials and resources. We teach and encourage children to explore ideas, shapes, patterns and meanings through the work of a range of artists and designers.
Computing Statement of Intent
At Lubavitch Primary School, we aim to prepare our children to be ‘lifelong learners’ with the confidence and ability to develop their skills and understanding when meeting new challenges. Their learning environment should contribute to the development of these skills and they should have access to suitable, up-to-date equipment and emerging technologies. As computing is an increasing part of life today, it is essential that all pupils gain the confidence and ability that they need in this subject, to prepare them for the challenge of a rapidly developing and changing technological world. The use of ICT will enhance and extend children’s learning across the whole curriculum whilst developing motivation and social skills.
PE Statement of Intent
At Lubavitch Primary School we aim to develop a fun, high-quality physical education curriculum. We will provide opportunities for pupils to become physically confident in a way which supports their health and fitness. PE is an imperative element of the curriculum, which develops a need for healthy life styles, a balanced diet, positive- growth mind-set and the resilience to persevere with activities that may be once have felt too difficult. We are passionate about the need to teach children how to cooperate and collaborate with others, as part of a team, understanding fairness and equity of play to embed life-long values.
Music Statement of Intent
At Lubavitch, we know that music promotes positivity, self-confidence and a sense of community. Therefore, we believe that it should be a part of our everyday practice, through davening, singing in class or music lessons. In the annual music week there will be an opportunity for the children to create their own instruments and perform for their peers. On this special week there will also be a performance from the school choir.
At Lubavitch Primary School, it is our intent that we make music an enjoyable learning experience. We encourage children to participate in a music week through which we aim to build up the confidence of all children. Music and signing is also developed through Jewish is learning from the Early Years Foundation Stage straight through to Year 6. At every opportunity music and singing is developed through prayer. Particular attention is given to music through Jewish festivals where the children are taught songs that relate to significant events in the Jewish calendar.
Through singing songs, children learn about the structure and organisation of music. ‘Lubavitch Music Week‘ is where we use Lubavitch nigunnim (songs) to help the children understand about the culture and history of our school.
We teach the children to listen and to appreciate different forms of Lubavitch music from around the world in a creative and child-centred way. Children design and make their own instruments. They compose and perform to develop their understanding of musical composition from within the Jewish community at home and overseas, hence there is an international dimension to music week.
Personal, social, health and economic education (PSHE) Statement of Intent
Lubavitch Primary School recognises that personal, social, health and economic education is an important and necessary part of all pupils' education. The school teach PSHE, drawing on good practice, and following the expectation as outlined in the introduction to the proposed new national curriculum. The school tailors its PSHE programme to reflect the needs of our pupils and to use PSHE to equip them with a sound understanding of risk and with the knowledge and skills necessary to make safe and informed decisions. We use PSHE education to build, where appropriate, on the statutory content already outlined in the national curriculum, the basic school curriculum and in the statutory guidance. Furthermore, the PSHE curriculum is embedded in both secular and Jewish studies, through our assemblies and school policies.
Learning Hebrew Statement of Intent
As with every language in the world, reading is a source of communication and learning. In particular, the Hebrew language is used for prayer and studying at all levels and ages, hence the reason to learn another language in our school.
Being able to learn the language and know the letters and vowels enables a person of the Jewish faith to connect with and participate in a study session. Hebrew is the language of communication used in Kodesh lessons starting in the EYFS at Lubavitch. The letters and vowels are the basis and foundation all all our written texts in every subject matter of the Kodesh curriculum.
Early Reading Statement in the EYFS and KS1:
The teaching of Phonics at Lubavitch will follow the teaching sequence set out in Read Write Inc. supported primarily by resources from RUTH MISKIN LITERACY programme. High quality phonics sessions will be taught daily in Reception and Key Stage 1 classes, enhanced by a multi-sensory teaching approach, aware of different learning styles including visual, auditory and kinaesthetic. The recommended RWI programme includes teaching common exception words. | <urn:uuid:44c75b85-8ec7-4d5c-82a1-2aa69a017fc2> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://lubavitchjuniorboys.com/Statement-for-Learning | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335254.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928113848-20220928143848-00606.warc.gz | en | 0.94595 | 1,969 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Syria is located in the Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Lebanon and Turkey. Damascus, its capital, is located at oasis fed by the Barada River; it is thought to be one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Arabic is the official language, while Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, and Circassian are also widely understood.
Following World War I, France acquired a mandate over the northern portion of the former Ottoman Empire province of Syria. The French administered the area as Syria until granting it independence in 1946. Syria united with Egypt in February 1958 to form the United Arab Republic. In September 1961, the two entities separated, and the Syrian Arab Republic was reestablished.
In November 1970, Hafiz al-Asad, a member of the socialist Ba'th Party and the minority Alawi sect, seized power in a bloodless coup and brought political stability to the country. Following the death of President al-Asad, his son, Bashar al-Asad, was approved as president by popular referendum in July 2000. In May 2007 Bashar al-Asad's second term as president was approved by popular referendum. Influenced by major uprisings that began elsewhere in the region, anti-government protests broke out in the southern province of Dar'a in March 2011. Protesters called for the repeal of the restrictive Emergency Law allowing arrests without charge, the legalization of political parties, and the removal of corrupt local officials.
Since then, demonstrations and unrest have spread to nearly every city in Syria, but the size and intensity of protests have fluctuated over time. The government responded to unrest with a mix of concessions and force - including the repeal of the Emergency Law and approving new laws permitting new political parties and liberalizing local and national elections. However, the government's response has failed to meet opposition demands for Asad to step down. The government's ongoing security operations to quell unrest and widespread armed opposition activity have led to extended violent clashes between government forces and the opposition. International pressure on the Asad regime has intensified since late 2011, as the Arab League, EU, Turkey, and the United States have expanded economic sanctions.
In December 2012, the National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces was recognized by more than 130 countries as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people. Unrest persisted in 2013, and the death toll among Syrian Government forces, opposition forces, and civilians has topped 100,000. In January 2014, the Syrian Opposition Coalition and Syrian regime began peace talks at the UN sponsored Geneva II conference.
CIA World Factbook, 4/2014
This map has also been used:
- Syria, November 2013 | <urn:uuid:09f405ea-9baa-4c7e-8988-f75a632306b5> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.lcweb.loc.gov/today/placesinthenews/archive/2014arch/20140501_syria.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662856.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00208-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97401 | 542 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Bite Symptoms of Bed bugs
Reactions to bites vary significantly with individuals, from mild to severe rash symptoms. Listed are some possible symptoms caused by bed bug bites.
- A white bumpy protrusion with abnormal itchiness on the skin.
- Occurrence of skin rashes and blisters.
- Dry rashes like skin allergies can spread on the skin if not treated properly.
- Possibility of getting secondary infections if they scratch on wounds.
- Can cause psychological effects and allergic symptoms.
The bite of a bed bug is pretty much similar to that of a mosquito bite and the wound or rash is small, circular and red in color. However, more than a mosquito bites bed bugs bites are itchier and swells quicker. Even if you find the bites to be grouped or appear in lines, you can still conclude that your home is infested by bed bugs. Usually the bites appear in thin lines when the bugs stop feeding on you as you might have moved while sleeping. Avoid scratching by all means once you develop these rashes. That is primarily very important and mandatory to avoid getting infection.
The only reason why we cannot feel their bites while they are doing so is because of the factor that bed bugs saliva contains anesthetic properties and we simply cannot feel anything while they are biting us.
It takes approximately about 60 minutes for you to feel the bite and the impact to develop as a rash. However, it depends upon the individual and hence there are people who get to see the rashes developing only after couple of days.
What do bed bug bites look like?
Here are some pictures of what bed bug bites may look like, from common to severe reactions for some people.
Look for these traces to find their presence:
Skin rash: Getting itchy bump and abnormal skin rash on the body.
Dark sand-like patches: Inspect the fabric folding if any dark or black spots mounted like patches appear, the sign includes the fecal spots.
Blood smears: Identify whether there is any blood spots on sheets.
White shells: It is an exoskeleton or mottled shells shed by bugs often spotted in dark crevices.
Unpleasant odor: An obnoxious sickly scent emitted from its glands.
Live insects: Inspect crevices, joints, furniture and bedding. You could possibly spot live bed bugs and shed skins as the juvenile bugs are 4-5mm long.
The easiest thing to do is call Dr. Garry Mann at Avon Pest Control for any bed bug problems you may have in Vancouver, Surrey, Burnaby, Delta, Langley, or anywhere in Metro Vancouver. See more on Vancouver Bed Bug Control. | <urn:uuid:61a22a94-d206-4f43-9359-91cf7f6931c0> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.avonpestcontrol.ca/bed-bugs/bite-symptoms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526799.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720235054-20190721021054-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.937059 | 551 | 2.5625 | 3 |
A percentage is a proportion (or ratio) that states the number of parts or items per 100. For example, if 37 per cent of the pencils in a box of 100 pencils are red, this means 37 of the pencils are red. Percentages for more than one category can be averaged, but it can be a little tricky. In most cases you can’t simply add the percentages together and divide by the number of categories to find the average percentage. This is because the number of items in each category may be different.
Convert each percentage to its decimal form to make calculation easier. In decimal form it’s usually simpler to enter the numbers into a calculator. Divide each percentage by 100 to convert. For example, 37 per cent in decimal form is calculated by dividing 37 by 100 to get 0.37. Do the same for all the percentages in the problem.
Multiply the percentage for each category by the total number of items in each category to find the actual number of items represented by the percentage. For example, let’s say 37 per cent of a box of 200 red pencils has been removed from the box, which is 0.37 x 200, or 74 red pencils removed. Suppose 42 per cent of a box of 300 blue pencils has also been removed. That means 0.42 x 300, or 126 blue pencils, have been removed.
Add the actual number of items represented by each percentage together. For instance, add the number of red and blue pencils removed together. For 74 red and 126 blue pencils used, you get 200 pencils removed overall.
Add the total items in each category together. In the example, the boxes of pencils started with 200 pencils in one and 300 pencils in the other, so 200 plus 300 equals 500.
Calculate the average percentage by dividing the total items represented by percentages by the overall total of items. In the example, a total of 200 pencils were removed out of a total of 500 pencils. Divide 200 by 500, which is equal to 0.40. Convert to percentage form by multiplying 0.40 by 100. The average percentage removed equals 40 per cent. | <urn:uuid:18d11d78-2dfc-4039-bb68-7eb7bb0121c9> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.ehow.co.uk/how_6437936_calculate-averages-percentages.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987823061.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022182744-20191022210244-00553.warc.gz | en | 0.898749 | 452 | 4.15625 | 4 |
January 6, 2011
Scientists Now Know Why Some Cancers Become Malignant And Others Don’t
New research from the University of Montreal
Cancer cells reproduce by dividing in two, but a molecule known as PML limits how many times this can happen, according to researchers lead by Dr. Gerardo Ferbeyre of the University of Montreal's Department of Biochemistry. The team proved that malignant cancers have problems with this molecule, meaning that in its absence they can continue to grow and eventually spread to other organs. Importantly, the presence of PML molecules can easily be detected, and could serve to diagnose whether a tumor is malignant or not."We discovered that benign cancer cells produce the PML molecule and display abundant PML bodies, keeping them in a dormant, senescent state. Malignant cancer cells either don't make or fail to organize PML bodies, and thus proliferate uncontrollably," Ferbeyre explained. Senescence is the mature stage in a cell's life at which in can no longer reproduce and it is a natural defense against cancer formation. When tumor cells are benign, it means that they cannot spread or grow into other parts of the body.
The team of researchers based both on campus and at the University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre built on Dr. Ferbeyre's prior discovery that PML is able to force cells to enter senescence. However, for the past ten years, the mechanism by which this was achieved remained mostly unknown. Hospital researchers worked with patients to collect samples that enabled the team to make their discovery.
"Our findings unravel the unexpected ability of PML to organize a network of tumor suppressor proteins to repress the expression or the amount of other proteins required for cell proliferation," explained researcher V©ronique Bourdeau. Such proteins are essential molecules in our body that play a key role in controlling the birth, growth and death of cells. Researcher Mathieu Vernier emphasized that "this is an important finding with implications for our understanding on how the normal organism defends itself from the threat of cancer."
The work offers exciting avenues for future research. "Our discovery opens new possibilities to explore what other molecules are involved in generating senescence: a goal we consider important if we want to design therapies that turn malignant tumors into benign tumors," Ferbeyre said. The research was published on January 1, 2011 in Genes and Development, and received funding from the Canadian Cancer Society and by the Fonds de la recherche en Sant© du Qu©bec.
On the Net: | <urn:uuid:de9e2a51-55f2-4414-bb02-b5f42b889a09> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1975242/scientists_now_know_why_some_cancers_become_malignant_and_others/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738663010.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173743-00190-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948247 | 521 | 3.515625 | 4 |
|The Caprinae is one of the most successful bovid subfamilies,
with 35 currently recognized species found in mountainous regions across
Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America. Their success is due to a generalized
form with specializations for montane habitats, a combination which confers
flexibility within the alpine biome. The Caprinae tend to be medium-sized
ungulates, with a compact form, thick legs, a sure-footed nature, and tolerance
of extremes in temperature which occur in mountainous environments.
The Caprinae diverged from the other Aegodontia in the early Miocene, appearing in the Eurasian fossil record 18-15 million years ago. The Caprinae were excluded from the Eurasian lowland habitats by the dominant Cervidae (deer), but were able to fill a specific niche in alpine habitats. The prevalence of mountains throughout Europe and Asia provided the perfect setting for the rapid evolution of the Caprinae during the late Miocene. The lack of alpine habitat in Africa (and the abundance of mountains in Eurasia) explains why this is the only bovid subfamily to be significantly more diverse in Eurasia than Africa.
Despite being nested deeply within the Aegodontia, the Caprinae is the only subfamily which is not seen as containing "antelope" (with the exception of the chiru or Tibetan antelope, Pantholops hodgsonii); in an attempt to correct this, some authors chose to describe the members of this subfamily as "goat antelope".
There are four currently recognized tribes in this subfamily:
The position of the chiru (Pantholops hodgsonii) has only recently been resolved. Formerly, this species was thought to ally closely with the saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica) in the tribe Saigini, forming a putative link between gazelles (Antilopinae) and goats (Caprinae). However, molecular testing has determined that Saiga is distinctly antelopine, while Pantholops is distinctly goat-like. Some authors consider the chiru to be distinct enough to warrant placing it in a separate subfamily, the Pantholopinae.
Generally both sexes of the Caprinae bear horns (except in the tribe Pantholopini, where they are only found in males). There is extreme sexual dimorphism in the Caprini - this is especially prevalent in the size and shape of the horns. The other tribes show very few differences between the sexes with regard to size, coloration, and horn size.
(From Hernandez-Fernandez and Vrba, 2005; Ropiquet and Hassanin, 2005)
or jump to the Caprinae Species List | <urn:uuid:81364e69-2996-42d5-8bae-e149b1fd8989> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Caprinae.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826686.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215014028-20181215040028-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.897424 | 585 | 3.390625 | 3 |
This advent season we are looking at how God is With Us and what exactly that brings us.
Read Luke 1:31 in preparation.
“You will conceive and give birth to a son, and you are to call him Jesus.”
God with us gives LOVE...
1. God IS love.
2. God GIVES love.
3. God’s love FLOWS THROUGH US.
1. How is God’s definition of love different from the world’s definition?
2. Read 1 John 4:7-12
a. Which definition of love is used in this passage? God’s or the world’s?
b. Where does love come from?
c. Can you truly love without God? Why or why not?
3. Read 1 John 4: 16-18
a. How do we know God’s love is made complete in us?
b. Can there be fear in love? Why or why not?
4. Make a list: What do the previous passages tell us about love? | <urn:uuid:5d358581-da77-402a-9b16-7f096889a6dd> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.haven-church.org/post/god-with-us-brings-us-love-12-8-19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988758.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506144716-20210506174716-00597.warc.gz | en | 0.852783 | 228 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Thanks to their outstanding performance across a multitude of applications PFAS have become an integral element of modern life, from non‑stick cookware to electric vehicle batteries. As a result, the potential broad spectrum regulation of PFAS poses a major disruptive threat to global industry.
Whilst a decision on the proposed regulation, and the likely timeline for implementation, are still being considered by the ECHA, James Walker is proactively looking at, and qualifying, alternative materials and working with its suppliers to ensure sealing materials are available that will offer the required levels of performance and be compliant with any proposed regulations.
The information on this and other linked pages is designed to clarify the current situation and keep visitors abreast of the latest developments in the regulation scenario. Should you have any specific questions, you can submit further enquiries to our PFAS Project Team by completing our online enquiry form.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large, complex group of manufactured chemicals that are used as ingredients in various everyday products from non-stick pans to fabric anti-stain and waterproofing treatments as well as sealing materials such as PTFE, plus FKM and FFKM elastomers.
The PFAS family comprises thousands of substances. At one extreme these include small molecule chemicals which are proven to cause harm to life. At the other end of the scale are materials such as PTFE and FKM elastomers which are deemed Substances of Low Concern by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and for which no scientific evidence exists to show that these materials cause harm.
Much of the media focus that has been published under the name of PFAS does not differentiate between the thousands of substances in the per- and polyfluoralkyl substances family.
The size and shape of a chemical at a molecular scale significantly impacts its properties. Small chemicals are mobile and more reactive than large polymers. They diffuse and permeate quickly between other chemicals and surfaces. The risk profile of a large chemical that cannot permeate and which is sluggish is totally different to one that can freely pass into human tissue and which is reactive and mobile.
A fully fluorinated material is water insoluble. Large fully fluorinated polymers, like PTFE, are solids with no affinity for water. By comparison PFAS surfactants are small molecule chemicals that are readily soluble in water. Water solubility can allow a chemical to enter the body through food and drink.
PFAS Surfactants, such as PFOA, PFOS and Gen-X, that have been identified as having high health risks are all small, water soluble, and surface active. On the other hand, the vast majority of PFAS materials used by the sealing industry are large polymers which are inert and water insoluble.
Although harmless in their natural state, the chemistry of PFAS polymers means they are incredibly stable and do not degrade under normal usage conditions. This is one of the reasons they are so popular for use in critical sealing applications and why they are known as 'forever chemicals'. The fact that these materials therefore accumulate in the environment is seen as building a potential future environmental disaster unless they are disposed of in a suitably safe manner.
The regulation of PFAS materials across Europe is a 'proposal' at this stage based on chemical structures rather than on hazard properties or risks based on PFAS prevalence, usage, and health effects. All PFAS, including polymers, fall under the scope of the proposed regulation, however, the current recommendation allows for extended use of PFAS materials where they are shown to be critical for socio-economic reasons and where no available alterative exists. The sealing industry believes that critical PFAS sealing materials should be granted an extension of use for this reason.
James Walker is actively working with the European Sealing Association to request such an exemption or extension of use for PFAS polymers in sealing applications. Regulation in Europe will take time to consider and come into force. The earliest possible enforcement in the EU will be from 2026 and if granted, extensions for use for socio-economic reasons could run up until 2039.
Some James Walker sealing materials are manufactured using PFAS base polymers. In some instances the whole product may be manufactured from PFAS polymer; O-rings manufactured in fluoro or perfluoroelastomer for example, or gaskets cut from PTFE sheet materials.
In other instances it may be less obvious - a compression packing that utilises a PTFE lubrication package or the sealing element in a semi-metallic gasket for example.
The proposed regulations however see no difference and any product containing any PFAS at all will potentially be subjected to the same restrictions - only a derogation based on the usage and application of a PFAS product will permit a product’s continued use after the enforcement date.
The lists below show key James Walker products that will be potentially affected by the proposed legislation. In some cases PFAS materials have been specified for applications where alternatives may exist. The European Sealing Association recently commissioned Ricardo PLC to assess impact of the proposed regulation to the sealing industry. Ricardo found that industry manufacturers believe that only 20% of product has the potential to be substituted in application with a non-PFAS alternative.
One potential possibility for the continued use of PFAS polymers is to manufacture these materials without using PFAS surfactants as a processing aid. The resulting material could have performance differences over existing counterparts, and James Walker is currently working with its polymer suppliers to formulate and test options that would allow customers to follow this route.
James Walker products containing PFAS base polymers include;
If a company manufactures, uses or imports products or systems containing PFAS seals or materials into the European Economic Area alternative materials will be required if the proposed regulations come into effect.
Some James Walker sealing materials are manufactured using PFAS base polymers, which themselves have been manufactured using PFAS surfactants. Some of these materials will have alternative grades offered to replace them, and we are already working with our suppliers to develop and test options which are manufactured without the use of PFAS surfactants. Some other materials may well be retired and a non-fluorinated option will need to be found.
We are working closely with our material suppliers to find alternative options in advance of regulation. We are also talking to our customers to assess the potential effects on their business, working in partnership with them to design alternative sealing options and materials.
All alternative materials we consider will be subjected to testing and validation, to ensure they provide equivalent or better levels of personal and environmental safety to the PFAS option they are replacing.
James Walker has commenced a partnership with the University of Warwick, International Institute of Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM) to rapidly develop and screen PFAS sealing compounds that do not use PFAS surfactants in their supply chain, and to develop novel PFAS-free alternatives. | <urn:uuid:0783db3e-16c6-4672-9db5-579743574434> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.jameswalker.biz/en-au/our-solutions/our-technology/pfas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100626.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206230347-20231207020347-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.947864 | 1,467 | 2.75 | 3 |
On February 12, 1947, Dior launched his first fashion collection for Spring/Summer 1947 and put an end to the wartime styles that had dominated fashion ever since 1939. The new collection went down in fashion history as the "New Look" after Harpar’s Bazaar editor-in-chief Carmel exclamation, "It's such a New Look!"
During World War II, designers and clothes makers had been forced to adjust their styles to wartime cloth restrictions and rationing due to lack of materials; women's clothes were close fitting, with square shoulders and shorter skirts. Though clothing restrictions were still in effect in France, UK and the US in 1947, Dior's New Look collection violated all the rules of wartime fashion: his outfits had rounded shoulders, full skirts and a narrow waist. The dresses were lined with expensive and luxurious fabrics such as cambric or taffeta and were beautifully detailed. Outfits were accessorized with a hat, often worn to one side, long gloves and simple jewelry. As Dior described it when the clothing line was introduced, the New Look was "symbolic of youth and the future."
Jean Dessès (1951) Victor Stiebel (1950)
Dior's New Look clothes created an international sensation. Critics scolded the designer for ignoring the continued rationing and the economic distress of the war years. They complained that manufacturers didn't have enough cloth to make Dior's full skirts and that women didn't have enough money to buy them. One British politician claimed that the longer skirt was the "ridiculous whim of idle people," while protestors in Paris called out, "40,000 francs for a dress and our children have no milk," according to Nigel Cawthorne, author of The New Look: The Dior Revolution. But women and other designers disagreed. The first women to see the designs at Paris fashion shows raved that femininity had returned to women's clothes. Designers imitated Dior's look for their collections and quickly produced ready-to-wear New Look-inspired clothing lines. (Ready-to-wear refers to clothes that can be bought "off the rack" as opposed to custom designed, tailored clothing.)
Jean Dessès (1953) Pierre Balmain (1950)
The New Look killed off the utility clothing of the war years and ushered in a new era in fashion. By 1948 the New Look was the dominant fashion in Paris, London and New York. It continued to be popular for several years.
Photos from the Albert and Victoria Museum, London
Article sources from the Fashion Encyclopedia and Wikipedia | <urn:uuid:26559a60-dff2-4fa3-9e3c-9d705b866e0d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.aprettierplace.net/2010/10/new-look-1947.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720062.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00439-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97944 | 537 | 2.734375 | 3 |
What is Metabolic Syndrome?
Metabolic syndrome is a group of risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing heart disease, diabetes, and stroke. It can also be known as insulin resistance syndrome.
The five risk factors are:
- Increased blood pressure
- High blood sugar levels
- Excess fat around the waist
- High triglyceride levels
- Low levels of good cholesterol
The American Heart Association describes metabolic syndrome as a “cluster of metabolic disorders.” These include high blood pressure, high fasting glucose levels, and abdominal obesity. All of these combined increases the risk of heart disease.
What Causes Metabolic Syndrome?
The main reason for metabolic syndrome to occur is from being overweight. Being overweight or obese causes insulin resistance. Meaning, the body isn’t responding to insulin, making it harder for glucose to enter the cells.
What are the signs and symptoms of the syndrome?
People with metabolic syndrome have:
- High Body Max Index and waist circumference
- Blood test results that show low HDL cholesterol, high triglycerides, or high fasting blood sugar
- Acanthosis Nigricans (the darkening of the skin in folds and creases, like the neck and armpits, is a sign of insulin resistance)
Having these factors signifies a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases. There are also other factors that can increase the chance of metabolic syndrome:
- Family history
- Not getting enough exercise
- Women who have been diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome
Doctors may suspect the syndrome in people who are overweight or obese. The doctors will do a BMI and waist measurement, measurement of blood pressure, and many blood tests like a lipid panel, glucose test, or hemoglobin A1c.
How can it be treated?
Start creating positive lifestyle changes. Weight loss is significant to preventing metabolic syndrome and other diseases. Additionally, it can bring major improvements in blood pressure, blood sugar, and lipids.
Families can work with their health care provider, a dietician, or a weight loss program like Options Medical Weight Loss. Some of the recommendations include:
- Eating more fruits and vegetables
- Choosing whole grains
- Exercising and being more physically active
- Avoid smoking
- Limit junk foods and processed foods
Don’t let being overweight affect your lifestyle. Avoid unwanted syndromes and diseases by taking care of yourself and seeing someone like Options Medical Weight Loss, Orland Park. | <urn:uuid:de5142e3-6a03-4e93-989a-b859c514f128> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://optionsmedicalweightloss.com/orland-park-illinois-blog/metabolic-syndrome/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030333541.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220924213650-20220925003650-00664.warc.gz | en | 0.914898 | 516 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Balochistan: A Land producing Gold
By Farhad Karim
Natural resources in the world possess a vital importance for the development and prosperity for any nations. No nation can achieve progress without being the heir of natural resources. God gifted Balochistan with precious minerals for instance gold, copper, gypsum, marble and many other valuable minerals which are the needs of present days of human for well-being. Balochistan is the second minerals producing center in universe and its minerals are first world class.
Balochistan has got well-known status in world because of its natural resources. Balochistan, being the largest natural resources producing centre in the Central Asia region preserving a geological importance. Baloch-istan is replete with lots of rich natural resources, thus the current situations of Balochistan is due to international great game players plunging their fingers in here mattes.
Here in Balochistan exist several precious natural resources and minerals, and I am going to spot light on these. The biggest and most precious minerals reservoir in Balochistan is Reqodik Project, which contains huge amount of gold and counted in world’s large natural reservoirs. Reko Diq is a small town in Chagai District, and situated from 70 kilometres in north-west Naukundi, close to Pakistani border with Iran and Afghanistan.
Details of Reqo Diq:
Reko Diq means sandy peak in Balochi language, and also it is the name of an ancient volcano. The Reko Diq Mining Project is a US $3.3 billion capital investment and produces the world first class copper-gold.
Reqo Diq produces approximately 600,000 tons of copper concentrate per year, which contains 28-31% copper and 7-22 g/ton gold, which translates to about 200,000 tons copper and 250,000 ounces of gold per year.
The mineral resources at Reko Diq are 5.9 billion tons with an average grade of 0.41% copper and 0.22 grams/ton gold. And also an annual production of 200,000 tons of copper and 250,000 ounces of gold, 600,000 tons of other minerals are obtained each year.
However, Reqo Diq project as said by the World Bank studies that Balochistan has the weakest and poor performance of all provinces in Pakistan. Balochistan contributes just over one-fifth to national mining GDP and leads only in the production of coal.
Pakistan fulfills its eighty percent economy from Balochistan’s natural resources and only fifty percent from Reqo Diq project. Pakistan gets such a huge amount from this project by exporting the gold, which is unimaginable. Because of Reqo Diq project Pakistan economy is being slightly escaped from bankruptcy.
In fact, Baloch are the primary stakeholders of rich with mineral Balochi-stan. The plight of Baloch is an ugly sign on forehead of state’s policymakers. The poverty in Balochistan is as high that 47 percent and the illiteracy ratio in Balochistan have scored on top in overall Pakistan’s populations. Poverty, plight, homeless, unemployment have hit Baloch nation awfully. According to the latest reports, females literacy is 16 percent (versus 32 percent for Pakistan), while maternal mortality is 600 per 100,000 live births (versus 350 for Pakistan). This needs to be replaced with economic opportunities, jobs, vocational training, access to health services, education etc.
The Balochistan provincial government needs to harness the immense natural assets of the province that include some 50 known minerals, vast rangelands area for livestock development, immense agricultural potential and a strategic coastline for capturing commercial sea-trade land-locked Central Asian Republics.
The Reqo Dik project is being run by a foreign based company, which is known as Tethyan Copper Company (TCC), and it has planned to invest over $3.3 billion in the development of the Reko Diq mine. The Reko Diq project was meant to be a mining project involving extraction and selling of the concentrate in markets around the world.
The Baloch mass, being the primary stakeholder of this huge invested project, remain deprived of the tremendous socio-economic gains. Balochistans’ public, who live in such a huge gold producing land but still they are deprived of prosperity even they are not getting two times bread properly. | <urn:uuid:a5d41a71-2f44-4968-9349-ec65b53ca7e7> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://bolanvoice.wordpress.com/2012/01/22/balochistan-a-land-producing-gold/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105108.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818194744-20170818214744-00124.warc.gz | en | 0.924502 | 913 | 2.671875 | 3 |
In NW England, certain types of bedrock of Carboniferous age have been found to have a relatively high radon potential, in particular limestones and some mudrocks.
These result in frequencies of domestic indoor radon gas concentrations above the Action Level (200 Bq.m-3) of 5% and 3% for the Dinantian and Namurian subdivisions of the Carboniferous, respectively.
More particularly, villages built on such bedrocks can have frequencies of homes of 10-15% above the Action Level.
Surveys based on the geological radon potential can effectively locate small areas with incidences of high indoor radon levels which qualify them for consideration as Affected Areas (> 1% frequency).
Mots-clés Pascal : Fréquence apparition, Concentration, Radon, Produit radioactif, Dose forte, Carbonifère, Angleterre, Grande Bretagne, Royaume Uni, Europe, Population, Descendance, Irradiation(personne), Radiocontamination, Logement habitation, Gaz
Mots-clés Pascal anglais : Occurrence frequency, Concentration, Radon, Radioactive product, High dose, Carboniferous, England, Great britain, United Kingdom, Europe, Population, Progeny, Radiation exposure(person), Radioactive contamination, Housing, Gases
Notice produite par :
Inist-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique
Cote : 93-0419154
Code Inist : 002B30A03A. Création : 199406. | <urn:uuid:904ddf74-9bd7-4f97-ba18-5684fcad7548> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.bdsp.ehesp.fr/Base/68727/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00228-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.672748 | 342 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Name Game: The 13 Original Colonies
Before the United States became an independent country, it belonged to England. Back then, America was made up of 13 colonies (that later became states). Boost your fifth grader's social studies savvy with a lesson on the 13 original colonies. As he labels each colony on the map with the correct name from the word bank, he'll review U.S. geography, too.
Ready for a new challenge? Try Map the States: Color by History. | <urn:uuid:bdab2fd3-1ba3-46f9-8d17-7f7dcb68777a> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.education.com/worksheet/article/13-colonies/?coliid=619249 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122691893.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124180451-00188-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962859 | 101 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Recent revelations about the National Security Agency have brought a lot of attention to privacy concerns, on behalf of the agency as well as citizens. Amidst all the hubbub, news broke that a new NSA data center in Utah, its biggest yet, will consume enough energy to power 65,000 homes and gulp down 1.5 million gallons of water per day.
Data centers, which house computer data systems, are energy hogs that continue to fatten up thanks to our newfound love of cloud computing. The seemingly insatiable energy appetite of data centers has been well-documented: Facilities are often run at full power 24-7 regardless of demand, gobbling up two percent of the nation’s electricity, and their backup generators are often powered by diesel – not the greenest of fuels.
But how data centers use water, and how much they use, is less well known.
There are nearly 3 million data centers in the US, ranging in size from several servers in an office closet to a 1.4 million square foot in-construction Facebook data center in Iowa. All of them use water, some directly, some indirectly. That is, many large data centers withdraw water directly to cool their servers, while nearly all use electricity generated at power plants – which rely on water for their own cooling needs – to power their servers and cooling systems.
For example, Amazon estimated back in 2009 that a 15 megawatt data center can require up to 360,000 gallons of water a day, leading one of the company’s data center designers to admit that "water consumption (in data centers) is super embarrassing. It just doesn’t feel responsible."
The good news is that water use at data centers does appear to be going down since that candid assessment. How do we know? A handy metric called Water Use Efficiency, or WUE, has been embraced by data center managers.
Here’s just a tiny bit of math: WUE = Annual Water Usage (L)/IT Equipment Energy (kWh)
The resulting number will tell you how many liters of water per kilowatt hour are used onsite to operate the data center. If you want to get a more accurate WUE, and you should, then it’s possible to add the amount of water required to generate the electricity used at the data center in question (The Green Grid provides all the figures and formulas needed).
The ideal WUE is of course 0, meaning that no water is used to operate the data center. But considering our current water-reliant energy system and the tendency of data centers to rely on water for direct cooling, don't expect to find that result any time soon.
Some large online companies are at least becoming more transparent about their water demands. Facebook, for example, has made its results public, posting real-time water and energy use updates for their data centers in North Carolina and Oregon. Ebay offers even more metrics for their data centers, including WUE, although on a quarterly basis.
Other data center heavy hitters are not so public with their WUE scores, but have been promoting their water efficiency work. Google is reducing water use at its data centers by using reclaimed wastewater. Both Microsoft and Yahoo are reducing their water use by installing air-cooling systems, which require just 1-3 percent of the water required for a traditional data center, although such cooling systems require more electricity to operate.
There are many ways for data centers, big and small, to reduce their water use, from raising the temperature and reducing humidity inside the centers to siting them in areas with optimum climate to using recycled water for cooling. All choices to reduce water use will impact energy use and carbon emissions, and vice-versa, in sometimes positive or negative ways. But remember that as more and more Americans rely on the internet to send emails, watch movies and pay bills – or in the NSA's case, keep an eye on all those digital transactions – we place even more strain on energy and water resources. It's just one more example of how the nexus of water and energy systems plays a direct role in our lives. | <urn:uuid:61fcbc0a-1006-4ffb-a039-53ad41f8bffc> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://gracelinks.org/blog/2841/data-centers-not-just-power-hungry-they-re-thirsty-too | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500830903.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021350-00408-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951066 | 846 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Why are we “substituting” milk and cheese? Please refer to our previous post, titled “CHEESE“.
We shall start with milk substitutes. There are plenty of milk substitutes available in your local market, and if not, they’re quite simple to make at home. When choosing your milk, make sure that you select one that meets your nutritional needs. I will say, some of these milk substitutes are an “acquired taste”; so they may have to grow on you. It’s trial and error really…but you’re bound to find one that you’ll absolutely love.
NUT MILK (Almond Milk is the most common)
Technically you can make great milk with almost any nut, but almonds are probably most popular. Almond milk is loaded with all kinds of vitamins and minerals that protect you from everything from heart disease to premature aging. Its smooth nutty flavor isn’t bad either.
This milk contains absolutely no saturated fats. A rather significant amount of saturated fat is found in cow’s milk, and has been proven to lead to heart disease.
Other heart healthy components include flavonoids, Omega-3 fatty acids, and potassium. Research has shown flavonoids & Omega-3 fatty acids promote cardiovascular health; and potassium helps to regulate blood pressure. It also improves the immune system (selenium), strengthens bones (manganese), and promotes weight loss (antioxidants). The low calorie, low fat, zero cholesterol, and high mineral combination definitely helps when trying to shed extra pounds.
Vitamins & Minerals
- Protein (more than dairy or soy milk)
- Vitamin E
How to select the right brand
Almonds can be rather expensive, which means companies are going to cut costs other ways. Most commercially distributed milks have a low amount of almonds in them.
The absence of an adequate amount of nuts also produces a decrease in the vitamins and minerals present in the milk. Some brands have resorted to compensating for this by adding synthetic vitamins to their products. The best advice I could ever give you: Make sure you read the label. The label will tell you who is cutting corners or making unnecessary additions. The label never lies.
How to make Almond Milk:
Soy milk is creamier, smooth, and rich. It is rich in nutrition and substitutes directly (with the same ratio) in all recipes. Soy milk has become increasing popular among those looking for an alternative to dairy. Although, research has raised some serious questions about its effects on overall health, many vegans still stand by this beverage.
Soy milk is the product of soaked soy beans and water. Like the other milk alternatives, you simply blend, strain, and enjoy. If you’re not inclined to make your own, it is available commercially. The benefits of soy milk reduce significantly when opt to buy it; additives are a major concern (some have been linked to cancer). It’s available in a variety of flavors: Unsweetened, Sweetened, Chocolate, and Vanilla to name a few.
Soy milk is rich in some essential vitamins and minerals. It is a rather significant source of: fiber, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, and protein. The protein has been labeled both a benefit of soy milk, as well as a cause for concern.
One of the highly promoted benefits of soy milk is its ability to improve heart health. The Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids have protective powers in the blood vessels. They help prevent hemorrhage and lesions. These fatty acids also keep free radicals from wreaking havoc and cholesterol deposits from forming in the lining of the vessels.
Finally, they also increase the flexibility of cells, which in turn makes them more resilient to blood pressure. The milk has zero cholesterol and mostly unsaturated fat. The unsaturated fatty acids also prevent the transport of cholesterol into the bloodstream.
Research has also suggested that regular consumption of soy may lead to a decrease in low density lipoproteins (LDLs or “bad cholesterol”) and an increase in high density liproproteins (HDLs or “good cholesterol”).
Some scientists, however, claim soy milk may not directly impact heart health. The fact that soy milk is generally a substitute for more dangerous alternatives may make that appear to be a benefit.
Another benefit of soy milk is that it may help alleviate symptoms associated with postmenopausal syndrome. The phytoestrogen in soy milk is an effective replacement for estrogen. Phytoestrogen has also been linked to osteoporosis prevention by enhancing the body’s calcium absorption process. This also prevents bone mass loss as well.
Finally, soy milk contains a considerable amount of isoflavones, which have been linked to cancer risk reduction, as well as, inhibiting tumor growth in prostate cancer patients.
The negative side of soy milk
While soy milk manufacturers may boast about the wonderful benefits of soy milk, there are some red flags waving for others.
One major concern is soy’s effect on the thyroid’s function in the body. Researchers believe the isoflavone geinstein may prevent the thyroid from functioning optimally in the body (hypothyroidism).
This is especially a concern for people that already suffer from hypothyroidism or even an iodine deficiency.
What’s Hypothyroidism & Why Should You Care?
The thyroid gland is the butterfly shaped organ you see in the illustration above. This gland is responsible for producing thyroid hormone. The primary function of this hormone is to regulate the body’s metabolism. The thyroid is in control of how our bodies use energy.
Hypothyroidism is a condition in which something is causing inadequate amounts of thyroid hormone to be produced. This lack of the thyroid hormone is generally easily detected. Some symptoms include:
- Weight gain
- Extreme difficulty in losing weight
- Increased Sensitivity to Cold
- Hair Loss
- Rough, Dry Skin
If left untreated, symptoms will definitely worsen. Rarely, these symptoms progress into life-threatening issues, such as extreme depression or even heart failure.
Treating hypothyroidism is fairly simple. Doctors often prescribe thyroid hormone pills, which will alleviate most symptoms in a short period of time. Unfortunately, this is usually a life-long regimen.
What Breast Cancer Patients & Survivors Should Know
One of the benefits of soy (phytoestrogen) is also setting off some alarms too. How? Scientists believe that phytoestrogen may stimulate cell growth. This increased cell growth increases a survivor’s risk of recurrence of breast cancer.
Medical professionals are encouraging survivors and patients to limit their soy intake (especially if you are taking tamoxifen)until further research is conducted.
Soy milk may also contain enzyme inhibitors, digestive enzyme inhibitors specifically. Soy inhibits the digestive enzyme, trypsin, which breaks down protein into peptides in the body.
Finally, the soy protein allergy is becoming more and more common these days. For those that suffer from this condition, soy milk is definitely not a wise choice.
How to make Soy Milk:
Rice milk is grainier and thinner and is lower in protein and other nutrients. However, rice is the least allergenic food available, so this product works well for people with allergies or who simply prefer the texture.
There is no cholesterol, so that’s always good. Unfortunately, that’s pretty much all this milk has to offer in terms of nutrition. It is higher in calories and carbs than most of the other options we’ve explored. High calorie and high carb foods have a tendency to lead to weight gain, if not consumed in moderation.
Compared to other options available, rice milk is rather nutrient deficient. It has significantly less protein and calcium content, and practically no bone or teeth health benefits at all. Most commercial brands, however, fortify their products with Vitamins A, B, & D, calcium, and iron.
It is probably best to make your own. Here’s why….
Most brands have a tendency to add sweeteners to their products to make the taste a bit more pleasing to their customers. Sweeteners seriously boost the calorie count. Then there’s the always the “additives” debacle. These additives cause cancer, those cause diabetes, they all cause a lot of unnecessary headaches. Lately, some brands have been involved in a bit of controversy also. Traces of arsenic have been showing up in some very popular brands. The appearance of arsenic is possibly linked to the pesticides used in the rice field. Though the levels found in these brands are low, they are still larger than the amount that is allegedly “safe” for people to consume.
How to make Rice Milk:
Oat milk is grainer, but it is thicker than rice milk. Plus, it provides fiber to the mix.
Oats have many healing properties and are best known for their high protein and fiber content and cholesterol reducing abilities. Oats can enhance the immune system, prevent cardiovascular diseases, maintain healthy cholesterol and blood sugar levels, provide strength and energy from natural plant proteins and sugars, and improve the health of your skin and hair.
Oat milk is also completely void of cholesterol and saturated fats. Oat milk is an extremely health-conscious choice, high in natural fiber and iron, and low in fat, sugars, and calories. Switching to oat milk is a preferable option if you are looking to lose weight.
Oat milk also provides many important vitamins and minerals including manganese, potassium, phosphorus, many B vitamins, vitamin E, and Vitamin A. Oat milk also contains a type of antioxidant called phytochemicals, which can protect against diseases including heart disease, stroke, and some cancers.
Those with a gluten intolerance have to avoid store bought oat milk, but can make it themselves using gluten free oats. Oats also have skin clearing properties and drinking oat milk has been known to clear acne and improve the overall health of the skin, as well as strengthen and repair hair.
Oat milk in stores is thinner and has a more subtle flavor than other milk substitutes, it is very versatile can be used just as dairy milk in cooking or drunk plain or with cereal or a hot beverage. Making your own homemade oat milk has many benefits. When you make it yourself, you don’t have to worry about any unnatural additives you may find in commercial brands. Buying oats, especially in bulk, is extremely affordable, and you can save a lot of money by cutting cows milk from your grocery budget. Oat milk is the easiest milk substitute to make in your own kitchen, as well as one of the cheapest. There are many different ways to go about making oat milk.
Quick oats or rolled oats, either soaked overnight or dry, can be blended with water and strained to make oat milk. If you have a coffee grinder, you can also try grinding the oats on the finest setting and stirring them into water.
You can also try blending cooked oats with water to make the milk creamier, or boiling the oats in an access of water and staining the mixture. The more powerful your blender, the smoother your oat milk will be, if you have a soy or nut milk maker, you can use this to make oat milk as well.
A basic ratio for oat milk is a oat : water ratio of 1:2. However, it is advised that you experiment with the thickness of your beverage. You can make your oat milk as thick, creamy, or thin as you would like by straining the blended mixture more or less. The oats left in the nutcloth or cheesecloth after straining can be eaten, added to a smoothie, or used as a facial mask for clear and soft skin.
From here, you can experiment with adding anything you would like to your recipe. Oat milk is naturally sweet, but for a sweeter or even dessert-like drink, try adding molasses, maple syrup, or date syrup. For a special flavor you may like to add coconut shavings, or ripe strawberries or bananas. Adding the banana is also a good way to thicken the oat milk without worrying about lumps, and add some extra nutritional value. Some other suggested flavorings and spices for experimentation include cinnamon, cloves, cardamom, nutmeg, vanilla, or chocolate.
Whether you choose to drink oat milk for the health benefits, taste, cheap cost, dairy intolerance, or vegan diet; I hope that this article will help you enjoy your drink more by understanding the benefits of what you are consuming, and the enjoyment gained by making it yourself.
How to make Oat Milk:
Hemp milk is made with the shelled seeds of the hemp plant. You will NOT get high drinking this milk! There is absolutely NO tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in these seeds even though it is found in marijuana. You can look forward to a stronger immune system, healthier skin, and even an increased mental capacity.
Hemp milk has no cholesterol…0%…That’s right! There’s not one bit of cholesterol in it, which is something that can’t be said of other milks.
This wonder milk also has the ideal Omega-3 to Omega-6 ratio, which is 3 to 1 in case you were wondering. What does that mean exactly? Well Omega-3 rich foods contribute to better brain function and lowers blood pressure & cholesterol levels. Maintaining healthy blood pressure and cholesterol decreases the risk of developing heart disease.
More Health Benefits:
- All 10 Essential Amino Acids
- Calcium (beats cow milk in this department!)
- Folic Acid
- Protein (and doesn’t contain high levels of enzyme inhibitors, like soy, that interfere with the assimilation of essential minerals)
- Vitamins A, B12, D, & E
There are a variety of ways in which hemp milk helps improve your health. Studies have shown that it promotes a stronger immune system, vibrant skin, hair & nails, as well as increased brain function.
Choosing A Trustworthy Brand
If making your own hemp milk is not an appealing idea, there are other options. If you’re willing to brave the brands, here are some simple tips:
Read The Label: There is nothing more important than taking a few moments to read the ingredients of any product you’re purchasing. It could save your life.
Look for Carrageenan-free brands Carrageenan is an additive, used as a thickening agent that has been proven to cause CANCER in rats. There are brands that do not include it in their products
How to make Hemp Milk:
You can adjust this recipe to fit your taste. For example, if you want your milk a little thinner, simply strain it with a nut bag or some cheese cloth. This version is a thick consistency, but it’s quite tasty! Hemp milk has a nutty, yet sweet kind of flavor, comparable to Almond milk actually.
Coconut milk is a delicious alternative to dairy milk, but its high saturated fat content has been a cause for alarm for some health conscious individuals. It has the potential to aid in weight loss & boost your immune system; so it’s not all bad. We’ll explore all sides of this milk substitute.
There are also nutritional differences between the various types of this milk. For example, the calorie and fat contents vary by type. Generally canned milk contains approximately 550 calories per cup, while milk packaged in a carton (& unsweetened) has 50 calories per cup. This milk is also high in saturated fats, which has caused some alarm for researchers.
Are all saturated fats created equal? No. Saturated fats consist of triglycerides, each containing three fatty acid chains. These chains can be anywhere from 2-22 carbon atoms long. Coconut milk contains medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs), which can be 6-10 carbon atoms long. These chains are metabolized more quickly than long chain fatty acids (12+ carbon atoms), that are found mostly in meat and dairy products.
LCFAs are more likely to end up fat deposits in the body. In 2003, McGill University published a study in the International Journal of Obesity that proved that MCFAs significantly increase metabolic rate, but this fact does not necessarily lead to weight loss.
In a similar study, published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2008), 40 men and women participated in a 16 week weight loss program that showed those that consumed mostly MCFA oils loss 6.6lbs, while those that consumed LCFA oils lost only 3.3lbs. Even though research has shown MCFAs positively affect metabolic rate and weight loss (in comparison to LCFAs), there is little proof that MCFAs are healthier for the heart.
In 2004, the American Journal of Nutrition published a study showing that people that consumed mostly MCFAs had 11% higher total cholesterol and 12% higher LDL (“bad cholesterol”) levels than those that consumed sunflower oil, which is rich in unsaturated fat.
The MCFAs found in this milk kills three major types of atherogenic organisms (bacteria that causes the formation of plaque in the arteries, which may lead to heart disease). Antibiotics STILL cannot do that.
Researchers have concluded the addition of healthier fats may actually promote weight loss. Consuming these “healthier fats” leads to eating considerably less, studies show. The decrease in consumption is due to the fact that healthy fats make the body feel full, and actually satiates the brain receptors that control appetite.
Coconut milk contains lauric acid, an acid also found in breast milk. Lauric acid is converted to monolaurin in the body, which has been shown to fight the viruses and bacteria that cause such illnesses as herpes, influenze, & HIV.
There are some things you should know.
1. BPA Exposure: BPA (Bisphenol-A) has been linked to diabetes, ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), heart disease, & infertility. BPA is used in the lining of canned foods. Highly acidic, salty, or fatty (coconut milk is rather fatty) are more likely to absorb BPA, so just keep that in mind when making your purchase.
2. Fructose Malabsorption: Those that suffer from IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome) or IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease) may want to avoid coconut milk. It is considered a FODMAP (Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, and Mono-Saccharides and Polyols)
- Fructose (fruit, honey)
- Fructans (wheat, onions)
- Lactose (milk sugar)
- Polyols (sugar alcohols, fruits like apples, pears, plums)
- Galactooligosaccharides (legumes, beans)
Treatment of both, IBS & IBD, involve avoiding FODMAPs; and even though coconut milk has very little sugar (fructose), it is still considered a FODMAP. Make the right decision for your body.
How to make Coconut Milk:
The picture above is Dreena Burton’s “Vegveeta Dip”
No one has to give up the flavor or texture of cheese anymore because there are an abundance of cheese substitutes. Cheese substitutes are usually lower in saturated fat and cholesterol than cheese made from cow’s milk, making them a healthy alternative. These recipes will help guide you to making delicious dairy-free cuisine that traditionally uses cheese as a main component. The most common natural cheese substitute is a product called nutritional yeast.
What It Is
Nutritional yeast is made from a single-celled organism, Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, which is grown on molasses and then harvested, washed, and dried with heat to kill or “deactivate” it. Because it’s inactive, it doesn’t froth or grow like baking yeast does so it has no leavening ability.
Nutritional yeast has such an unappealing name that somebody started calling it “nooch” and the name caught on on the internet. The brand that most vegans use is Red Star Vegetarian Support Formula because it is a good source of vitamin B12 and contains no whey, an animal product that is used in some other brands. In the U.K., nutritional yeast is sold under the Engevita brand and in Australia as savory yeast flakes. It only takes 1/2-1 tbsp of nutritional yeast to get the daily requirement for B-12. Nutritional yeast is also an excellent source of iron, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, chromium, selenium, and other minerals as well as 18 amino acids, protein, folic acid, biotin, and other vitamins.
What It Isn’t
Nutritional yeast is not the same as brewer’s yeast, which is a product of the beer-making process and is very bitter. It’s also not Torula yeast, which is grown on paper-mill waste and is also not very tasty. And please do not try to substitute active dry yeast or baking yeast, which taste bad and will probably make a huge, frothy mess because their yeasts are alive.
Where Can I Find It?
You probably won’t be able to find nutritional yeast in a typical grocery store. I buy it from the bulk bins at the local natural food store, where it is labeled “Vegetarian Support Formula.” Larger grocery stores might have Bob’s Red Mill brand in the natural food section. If you can’t find it locally, Amazon has several brands, including Red Star.
I use the flaked version of nutritional yeast, but it’s also available in a powder. If you’re using the powder, you will need only about half as much as the flakes.
Why Use It?
As you can guess from its name, nutritional yeast is packed with nutrition, particularly B-vitamins, folic acid, selenium, zinc, and protein. It’s low in fat, gluten-free (check specific brands for certification), and contains no added sugars or preservatives. Because vitamin B12 is absent from plant foods unless it’s added as a supplement, nutritional yeast that contains B12, such as Red Star Vegetarian Support Formula, is a great addition to the vegan diet (though I strongly recommend taking a supplement as the only way to be sure you’re getting enough). Not all nooch has B12, so check the label carefully before buying.
The vitamins and minerals are all well and good, but truthfully, I use nutritional yeast for its flavor, which has been described as cheesy, nutty, savory, and “umami.” Just a tablespoon or two can add richness to soups, gravies, and other dishes, and larger amounts can make “cheese” sauces and eggless scrambles taste cheesy and eggy.
The savory, umami taste of nutritional yeast comes from glutamaic acid, an amino acid that is formed during the drying process. Glutamic acid is not the same as the commercial additive monosodium glutamate and is a naturally occurring amino acid found in many fruits and vegetables. Adding a small amount of nutritional yeast to a dish enhances the flavors present and helps form a rich flavor base.
If for some reason you can’t find nutritional yeast or can’t use it, you can safely leave it out of recipes where it’s used in small amounts as only a flavor enhancer; in some cases, miso or soy sauce can be used in a 1:3 ratio (1/3 of the amount of nooch called for), though both add sodium, so you may need to reduce the salt. In recipes where nutritional yeast provides the bulk of the flavor, such as vegan cheese sauces, it’s best not to attempt to substitute it.
How Do You Use It?
If you’re new to nooch, it’s better to try it a little at a time rather than to dive right into a recipe that uses a lot of it. Try some of the suggestions below, using just a little until you develop a taste for it:
- Sprinkle it on popcorn.
- Stir it into mashed potatoes.
- Add a little to the cooking water for “cheesy grits” or polenta.
- Sprinkle on any pasta dish.
- Make almond “parmesan” by blending nutritional yeast with raw almonds in a food processor.
- Add a tablespoon or two to bean dishes to enhance flavors.
How to make “Faux Parmesan”
For a Cheesy Flavor:
In many of these recipes, nutritional yeast is a central ingredient adding much of the flavor. Leaving it out isn’t advised.
- Easy Macaroni and Cheeze
- Creamy Scalloped Potatoes
- Gluten-Free Chickpea Crackers *I would replace oil with applesauce or other fruit puree (such as pumpkin, banana, squash, or purnes)
- Roasted Eggplant Pesto
- Polenta Lasagna
- Easy Vegan Spinach and Mushroom Lasagna
- Pumpkin and Black Bean Casserole
- Fettuccine No-Fredo with Broccoli and Sautéed Mushrooms
- Golden Potato and Tempeh Casserole
For an Eggy-Cheesy Flavor:
Nutritional yeast contributes a lot of flavor to these tofu-based “egg” dishes.
- Vegan Omelette for One
- Mini Crustless Tofu Quiches
- Ridiculously Easy Curry-Scrambled Tofu
- Vegan Zucchini Frittata
- Monterey Frittata
- Scrambled Tofu with Porcini Mushrooms
- Asparagus and Mushroom Quiche
- French Toast
- Tofu Scramble
- Spinach & Mushroom Quiche
- Eggless Salad
- Quiche with Greens
For More Yeasty Information:
- The Nutritional Yeast Cookbook by Joanne Stepaniak
- The New Farm Vegetarian Cookbook by Louise Hagler and Dorothy R. Bates
- Nutritional Yeast at Bulkfoods.com
- Ask Alisa: What is nutritional yeast and how does it taste?
More Cheesy dishes:
- Feta Cheese
- Tofu Ricotta
- Almond Ricotta Cheese
- Southwest Zucchini Pie
- Seitan Carnitas
- Mock Tuna Salad
- Skillet Green Bean Casserole
- No-Queso Quesadillas
- Eggplant Parmesan
- Brazil Nut Parmesan and Cheesy Sprinkle
- Breakfast Burrito Bake
- Vegan Zucchini Frittata
- Golden Potato and Tempeh Casserole
- Chili Mac
- Let’s Call it a Cheese Sandwich
- Vegan Broccoli and Rice Casserole
- Spicy Broccoli Cheese Soup
- Corn Wraps
- Spicy Not Tuna Wraps
- Low Fat Vegan Nacho Cheese
- Low-Fat Vegan Cheeze Sauce (I would eliminate butter) Head over to Epicurian Vegan for a heartier vegan cheese sauce that gets some extra bulk from cashews.
- Ancho Lentil Bowls with Low-fat Vegan Nacho Cheese
Replace bread crumbs with nutritional yeast in any mixture requiring holding power. This cuts down on the carbs and adds an extra bite. Try using nutritional yeast to hold together veggie burgers or any other patty that would normally require bread crumbs.
- “Oven Dehydrated” Kale Chips
- Mexican Cheese Kale Chips
- Middle Eastern Tahini Kale Chips
- Raw Garlic Kale Chips (I would sub date syrup or maple syrup instead of agave. I would also elminite salt)
- Cheesy Kale Chips
- Spicy and Cheesy Kale Chips
Macaroni & Cheese
- Leafy Green Dip
- “Cheesy” Vegan Black Bean Dip (I would eliminate oil)
- Spinach Artichoke Dip
- Swiss Cheeze
- Seafood Salad Spread (I would elminate oil and salt)
- Onion, Dill & Horseradish Cheez
- Touchdown Spicy Cheese Dip
Much like flour and butter are used to thicken a sauce, nutritional yeast can replace the flour to do the same thing. Brown Gravy
- *Quick 6* Oil-Free Salad Dressing
- Maple Mustard Dressing
- House Dressing
- Cheesy Balsamic Dressing
- Chef AJ’s Husband’s Favorite No-oil Balsamic Vinaigrette
- Engine 2 Basics Dressing
- Appetite for Reduction’s Green Goddess Garlic Dressing
- Very Benevolent Caesar Salad Dressing
Traditional Japanese Substitutes
Another natural substitute for cheese is miso, a traditional Japanese ingredient used in miso soup. Miso is a fermented paste, usually made from soy, that imparts an aged, salty flavor to foods. While high in sodium, miso is also rich in trace minerals like zinc and magnesium. You can lightly spread miso on foods, or you can mix it into hot sauces until it’s dissolved.
Some cheese substitutes might require some effort to find and prepare, but their health benefits might make the effort worthwhile.
***NOW, with all of this being said. I have a challenge for you: Give up dairy for two weeks, use the listed substitutes above, and come back here and let us know how you feel. We would love to hear your feedback! | <urn:uuid:1c3109af-c13f-4846-9a54-ac3aac7ced4f> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.plantbasedjunkies.com/2012/11/11/milk-and-cheese-substitutes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368710115542/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516131515-00043-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932688 | 6,284 | 2.734375 | 3 |
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With climate change causing more extreme weather, and subsequently an increased risk of flooding, the level of protection offered by engineered flood defences, such as flood walls, will reduce over time. Leeds, UK, experienced devastating floods on Boxing Day in 2015. To address this, Leeds City Council has adopted a Catchment-Wide approach to protecting homes and businesses from risk of flooding, with a combination of traditional engineered defences, and nature based solutions, to offset climate change and maintain levels of flood protection.
We’re working with Leeds City Council to help the region become more resilient. The ‘Leeds Flood Alleviation – Natural Flood Management project’ aims to deliver Nature Based Solutions and Natural Flood Management interventions throughout the 700km2 Upper River Aire Catchment. The project will help to store and slow flows through the landscape before reaching the River Aire.
These interventions will create a more climate resilient environment, helping to offset the impact of climate change on rising flood water. Natural Flood Management, working in partnership with the engineered protection in the city centre, will enhance the level of protection for communities both locally and downstream in the city centre.
Watch this video to learn more about what we’re doing to help the region become more flood resilient, improving the quality of life for its residents. | <urn:uuid:61d9f5a9-c321-441d-a2d6-d5f6d96869ae> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.arcadis.com/en-gb/improving-quality-of-life/leeds-flood-alleviation-natural-flood-management | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944452.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322211955-20230323001955-00285.warc.gz | en | 0.927003 | 287 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Click on a thumbnail image to go to an enlarged view and description.
Some Livingstone College History
By Reginald W. Brown
Livingstone College began as Zion Wesley Institute in Concord, North Carolina in December 1879 for the purpose of training ministers and Christian laity for the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. This was the fourth attempt to establish a school for the A.M.E. Zion Church that ended with its closure after three sessions in May 1881. Ineffective fund raising strategies relegated the institute’s existence to a legal document on paper.
The fifth attempt was successful. It began when Bishop James Walker Hood persuaded Rev. Joseph Charles Price to become the institute’s chief fund raising agent during the September 1881 Ecumenical Methodist Conference in London, England. Bishop Hood returned to America after the conference while Rev. Price remained in England until he raised over $10,000 by the spring of 1882.
While Rev. Price was in England, over 38.aces of land and a farmhouse known as Delta Grove was purchased from James Madison Gray in Salisbury, N.C. in the Spring of 1882 The trustees of the institute lead by Bishop Hood purchased the land with $3,000 from England and over $1,000 donated from the black and white citizens of Salisbury. Delta Grove located in the suburbs of Salisbury, NC , 20 miles north of Concord, at the time of purchase became the permanent home of Zion Wesley Institute and its successors. The farmhouse that was the residence of J. M. Gray, a local attorney, became Huntington Hall in honor of Collis P. Huntington, a railroad magnet.
The institute opened in October 1882 with Rev. Price as President and was organized as departments designed to instruct students on grammar school through collegiate and theological levels of education. The grammar school qualified students for the normal course designed for teacher training. Normal school graduates were admitted to the collegiate course. By 1892 the theological department began training graduates from the collegiate department. In later years the collegiate department became the School of Arts and Science, the normal school became Livingstone High School, and the theological department evolved into Hood Theological Seminary.
On February 19, 1885 the institute was re-chartered as Zion Wesley College. In February 1887, Zion Wesley College was renamed Livingstone College in honor of Dr. David Livingstone who was a missionary, doctor, explorer, scientist and anti-slavery activist who spent 30 years exploring the continent of Africa and serving as an advocate for African people.
Livingstone College began the twentieth century by consolidating with the Salisbury Colored Normal School in 1900, followed by the East Tennessee Industrial School in 1902. The Ph. D. program that began in 1895 was terminated in 1902. The lower grades were eliminated by 1906. The Andrew Carnegie Library was constructed in 1908 and the Hood Theological Seminary building was completed in 1910 and dedicated in May 1911.
The second quarter of the twentieth century was Livngstone’s first nadir. Constuction of the Price Memorial building that began around 1921 was not completed until 1943 due to a lack of funds and dwindling resources. The industrial department was closed. Hood Theological Seminary ceased to exist as a graduate program and the teacher education course discontinued in 1927. Livingstone College High School was phased out to become Price High School in 1932. A major reorganization took place between 1925 and 1940 that led to the reopening of Hood Theological Seminary as a graduate school, full accreditation of the College, associate membership of the Seminary in a leading accrediting agency, and the completion of the Price Memorial Building. By the third quarter of the twentieth century, Livingstone College and Hood Theological Seminary were on a more secure financial footing.
The building boom that began in the 1940’s and 50’s continued during the 1960’s and early 1970’s characterized the third quarter of the twentieth century. Improvements and additions to academic programs and the physical plant were made. The fourth quarter of the twentieth century was the second nadir that nearly closed the College and Seminary in 1987. Once again Livingstone pulls a miracle on Monroe Street and continues to serve as a “four-year undergraduate, private, African Methodist Episcopal Zion affiliated, co-educational, residential, liberal arts, historically black college.” Today Hood Theological Seminary and Livingstone College exist as separate and independent institutions.
More information on David Livingstone: http://home.vicnet.net.au/~neils/africa/livingstone.htm
Livingstone College website: http://www.livingstone.edu/NewLivingstone/index.php
Laws and Resolutions of the General Assembly at its SESSION of 1885; Chapter 25, pages 770 - 773. An Act to Incorporate Zion Wesley College, Ratified the 19th day of February, A.D. 1885. Raleigh, North Carolina @ North Carolina Archives (Also H.B. 308 to be entitled: An Act to Incorporate Zion Wesley College copy of handwritten rough draft.)
Catalogue of Zion Wesley College 1884-85 p. 25; Fonvielle, p.15; & State of North Carolina General Assembly SESSION of 1885: Chapter 25 of the Private Laws pp. 770 - 773: State Department of Archives & History; Raleigh, NC
An Act to amend chapter 25 of the private laws of 1885 and change the name of Zion Wesley College to Livingstone College - The General Assembly of North Carolina Session 1887; Chapter 49
Goler, William H. Quadrennial Report of the President of Livingstone College. Salisbury, NC.: 1904 n.p. (From an original copy: Heritage Hall)
Walls, William J. Joseph Charles Price Educator and Race Leader. Boston: The Christopher Publishing House 1943
Walls, William J. The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church: Reality of the Black Church. Charlotte, NC:A.M.E. Zion Publishing House 1974.
Minutes: J. W. Hood. Bishop’s Address: Education. Third Annual Session, North Carolina Conference; pg. 10. & Lewis, Oscar. The Big Four. The recollection of George E. Miles the secretary of Colis P. Huntington referred to him as “... the Negro Principal of the Salisbury School in North Carolina.” New York: Alfred Knopf Co., 1930; p. 262 )
Schools, Salisbury City. Salisbury Schools Papers: Isenberg, Harold D. Superintendent, XIII. 50th Anniversary Edition of the Salisbury Schools as a tottaly separate school system. 3 March 1971
[History of Monroe Street and Price Jr. Sr. High Schools]
[Brawley, James S. “Rowan County Was Slow In Accepting Idea Of Public Education”. Salisbury Sunday Post, June 15, 19?2; no.21. Salisbury, NC]
[Teacher’s Directory, City Schools of Salisbury, NC 1934-35]
Rowan Public Library: Edith M. Clark History Room: 201 West Fisher Street: Salisbury, NC 28145-4039
Carolina Watchman: Salisbury Weekly Vol. XIII #50: September 27, 1882
Livingstone College.Catalogue of Livingstone College 1887-88; 1894-95
Livingstone College. Catalogue of Livingstone College 1901/1902-1904/1905. Salisbury, NC; Livingstone College Press [National Endowment for the Humanities
Preservation Grant 3 1995] [N. Y. Public Library: Fifth Ave. Branch]
Livingstone College. Catalogue of Livingstone College 1911 - 12 Salisbury, NC. Lynchburg, VA; J.P. Bell Company, Inc. Printers 1911-12. pp. 2-11; 19; 32-37 [Heritage House]
Livingstone College. Catalogue of Livingstone College 1921-22, Salisbury, NC, Peeler’s
Printer pp. 5-16; 23-29;47,48 Catalogue of Livingstone College 1924-25. p 13; 1925-26, pp. 6,7,62,63; 1927-28, pp. 39-43; 1930-31, pp. 5, 7, 10-14; 1932-33, pp. 54-57;
Livingstone College. Livingstone College Catalog 1935-36, pp. 6, 16; 1936-37, pp.5, 16, 55-60;1937-38, pp.7,8,18,58-60; 1938-39, pp. 7,8; 1939-40, pp. 8,60-70; 1940-41, pp. 7, 8, 64-75; 1942-43, pp. 6, 7, 81; 1944-45, pp.81, 85;1945-46, pp. 6-9, 55; 1946-47, pp. 63-66, 75-77; 1947-48, pp. 71-
Zion Wesley College. Catalogue of Zion Wesley College 1884-85, Salisbury, NC, Salisbury, NC pp. 23-35
Bradshaw Place: Register of Deeds: Rowan County, N.C.: Book 52; Page 204
Grantor: John A. Bradshaw & Mary B. Bradshaw (Insurance Agent)
Grantee: James Madison Gray Sr. (Lawyer)
Date: April 28, 1876 (38.25 acres: Statesville Rd.)
Delta Grove: Register of Deeds: Rowan County, N.C.: Book 62; Page 265
Grantor: James Madison Gray
Grantee: Zion Wesley Institute (38.25 acres: Statesville Rd.)
Date: August 8, 1882
Shipman, F. George Report of the President of Livingstone College to the Board of
Trustees: September 27, 1979
Joiner, Bernard From The President to the General Conference 1992-1996. Washington, DC:1996
Younge, Dr. J. W., Interim President. The President’s Report to the Board of Trustees of Livingstone College. Salisbury, N. C. September 23, 1982 | <urn:uuid:2a27d9e7-390b-4963-a7d4-fa47089880e7> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.rowancountync.gov/?link=512&tabid=465 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461862047707.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164727-00217-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927607 | 2,141 | 2.9375 | 3 |
|About this Recording
NA485412 - GRIFFITH, H.: Aristotle - An Introduction (Unabridged)
It is impossible to imagine what the history of western philosophy might have been without Plato and Aristotle. For more than two thousand years the two of them have dominated the philosophical landscape. They make a perfect pair—Plato utopian, mystical, idealistic, Aristotle utilitarian, practical, realistic. So strong is the contrast that it is sometimes assumed that Aristotle rejected all that his master had taught him; one ancient writer described him as an ungrateful foal who had kicked his mother. This is an unfair analogy. Aristotle did make fundamental criticisms of Plato’s philosophy, and the two viewed the world in strikingly different ways. Yet the work of Aristotle takes Plato as its essential starting-point, and his aim is more often to modify a given theory than to annihilate it.
To summarise the work of Aristotle is almost impossible; the scope of his interests is too vast. He was a master of abstract reasoning, whose treatises on logic provided the world with its first systematic analysis of how formal argument works. Yet he was also an observer and collector, with a passion for classifying and ordering his materials. He studied the structure, anatomy and physiology of plants and animals. He inspired or cajoled his students to collect information on the different constitutions of Greek states (158 of them, now lost) and on the history of drama. He assembled a great library of manuscripts and maps, together with a museum of objects to illustrate his lectures on natural history.
The papers of Aristotle which passed at his death to Theophrastus, his successor at the Lyceum, included writings on botany, zoology, biology, psychology, chemistry, meteorology, astronomy, cosmology, constitutional history and the history of sport. These are quite apart from the philosophical works for which he is now most renowned, which deal with logic, metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political theory and so on. There seem to have been no limits to Aristotle’s desire to know. We can only marvel at his combination of curiosity, intelligence and sheer energy.
If there was one discipline that received rather less than its due from Aristotle, this was mathematics. Plato, like Pythagoras before him, had been convinced that the key to the world’s design lay in numbers, a view which was ultimately confirmed by the great scientific discoveries of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and their successors. Modern physics could not exist without mathematical equations. But the physics and the astronomy of Aristotle derived from everyday assumptions rather than precise measurement, and in the course of time this led to unfortunate results. In the Middle Ages the pre-eminence of Aristotle was not to be questioned; many Christian thinkers followed the example of Aquinas and referred to him simply as ‘the philosopher’, as though there were no others. What he had written about the motion of bodies or the structure of the solar system was taken as conclusive, and to disagree with it—as Galileo did—was close to blasphemy.
By a false association, his modern reputation has been partially tainted, as if the resistance of the Church to the progress of knowledge meant that Aristotle himself was some kind of enemy to science. In reality, the exact opposite was the case. Aristotle’s theoretical speculations were always firmly grounded in how things actually work. Any conclusions he came to were compared with the facts, as they appeared to him, as well as popular opinion and common sense. This is in marked contrast to Plato, whose deductions led him to construct a philosophical world that was far removed from ordinary experience.
Aristotle’s search to discover system and organisation at the heart of things was not a love of neatness. The real end of all his questioning was deep and comprehensive understanding. Nowhere is this more powerfully demonstrated than in his treatment of moral and political affairs. If modern science has inevitably left the ancient Greeks far behind, modern behaviour has not. At times, certainly, the context of Aristotle’s thought will appear alien. We do not any longer live in small self-governing city-states where women are excluded from all communal decisions and ordinary citizens own slaves. But the basic questions of human conduct, both for individuals and societies, remain largely unchanged; and no one has ever illuminated these more precisely, or more constructively, than Aristotle.
Aristotle was born in 384 BC at Stagira, a small town in northern Greece. His father Nicomachus was a doctor who spent some years as personal physician to the king of Macedonia. At the age of 17 Aristotle went to Athens, which of all Greek cities had most to offer a young man in search of an education. Apart from the usual teachers of rhetoric and philosophy, there was Plato’s Academy, a gathering of like-minded intellectuals drawn from all over the Greek world. Here Aristotle remained for the next 20 years, teaching in the Academy until the death of Plato in 347; he then left and went to live at Assos, near Troy (part of the great swathe of Greek cities that stretched along the west coast of what is now Turkey).
In 342 Aristotle went back to the court of Macedonia, where he had spent part of his childhood, having made the surprising choice to act as personal tutor to Alexander, the son of King Philip II of Macedonia. This was not, one might think, a suitable task for the greatest intellect in the world at that time, but Aristotle seems to have been influenced by the famous dictum of his teacher Plato, that there would never be good government until philosophers were kings or kings were philosophers. His pupil duly became king, but it is hard to see the extraordinary dynamism of Alexander the Great as owing much to any ideas he may have picked up from Aristotle.
Notes by Hugh Griffith
Close the window | <urn:uuid:ee848bed-43c3-44b8-8dd2-e685504997d8> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.naxos.com/mainsite/blurbs_reviews.asp?item_code=NA485412&catNum=NA485412&filetype=About%20this%20Recording&language=English | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860125897.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161525-00038-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980481 | 1,202 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Focusing on illegal trade could help protect world’s most endangered marine mammal
By Bob Berwyn
In a hopeful sign for the critically endangered vaquita, Mexican environmental and law enforcement officials have indicated they’ll work more closely with conservation groups to track illegal fishing in the upper Gulf of California, and try to stop the trade of illegal fish in the region.
Failure to protect loggerhead sea turtles could lead to seafood sanctions
By Bob Berwyn
FRISCO — Mexico isn’t doing enough to protect sea turtles, U.S. officials said last week, issuing a formal warning that could ultimately lead to a ban on seafood imports from Mexico.
At issue are endangered North Pacific loggerhead sea turtles in the Gulf of Ulloa. Mexico earlier this year adopted new regulations aimed at protecting the sea turtles with a fishery reserve, a mortality limit and fishing gear restrictions.
Lack of enforcement seen as stumbling block to recovery
FRISCO — Mexico has launched a last-ditch effort to protect the critically endangered vaquita porpoise by banning the use of gillnets in the northern Gulf of California. Conservation advocates said the ban is a step in the right direction, but expressed concern that Mexico won’t follow through with enforcement.
Vaquitas, the smallest members of the porpoise family, live only in the northern Gulf of California, generally in the vicinity of the Colorado River delta. The species has been on the Endangered Species List since 1985. Scientists say less than 100 individuals remain. Vaquitas could be extinct by 2018 without drastic conservation and recovery actions.
Temporary treaty amendment includes innovative water banking
By Summit Voice
FRISCO — A landmark water agreement between the U.S. and Mexico on Colorado River flows is winning acclaim as a true win-win — a rarity in an era of perpetual water shortages and rising concerns over allocation of the Southwest’s great river.
But even though the deal is getting good reviews, it’s important to remember that the Colorado River is not healthy.
Massive diversions and storage projects have choked off native flows that helped maintain riparian habitat. Those same projects have pushed four native fish species to the brink of extinction. The agreement will help resolve some long-standing issues in the lower Colorado Basin, but doesn’t do anything to alleviate the extreme pressure on the river’s upper reaches. Continue reading “Mexico – U.S. deal a hopeful sign for the Colorado River”→
Major Pacific storm with winds of 120 mph expected to weaken before reaching Baja coast
By Summit Voice
SUMMIT COUNTY — One of the strongest hurricanes of the year has formed in the eastern Pacific and could affect the weather in the southwestern U.S. late in the week, according to the National Hurricane Center.
Hurricane Miriam, southwest of the Baja Peninsula, is generating sustained winds of 120 mph and could strengthen a bit more in the next couple of days before weakening as it encounters strong winds from the west.
The storm is forecast to track northward, and even northeastward, which would put the system on track for a landfall along the Baja coast next weekend or early next week, potentially with tropical storm force winds.
Miriam’s outflow is already streaming over the southern tip of Baja. No coastal watches or warning have been issued for the storm, but the system will likely soon pump up the surf along the Baja Coast. | <urn:uuid:636076fa-21fb-40ac-b083-d56e30c9dc29> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://summitcountyvoice.com/tag/mexico/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121869.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00190-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936883 | 716 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Medven is a village in the eastern Balkan mountains of Bulgaria, located in the Kotel Municipality, Sliven Province. Along with similar villages such as Zheravna, Gradets, and Neykovo. It is famous for its traditional wooden architecture and well preserved 19th century national revival period homes. It is the birthplace of Zahari Stoyanov, a famous writer and chronicler of the Bulgarian War of Liberation (the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78).
Early History of Medven
The origins of Medven are unclear, and as often happens in such circumstances, several proposals have been put forth to fill the historical gap. All of them share one feature in common: that migrants came from another village or town and, finding a favorable location, settled there and made it their home.
The early settlers engaged in animal husbandry, mainly shepherding, and the production of homespun crafts. These trades sustained the village throughout its history.
The Ottomans called the town Papazkyoi, which means Priest’s village. Medven also enjoyed the status of a military village, providing contract services to the Ottoman troops.
Until the war of liberation, Bulgarians lived side by side with Turks in the area around Medven. Once the war started, however, ethnic tension increased and relations soured.
On 16 January 1878, around 200 combined Turkish irregulars, Circassian mercenaries, and regular troops attacked unarmed civilians in Medven, killing 58 men, women, and children. During the attack they burned the local church to the ground. Only one icon survived the church fire, fittingly that of Saint Marina, for whom the church was named. It was found among the ruins hidden in a niche.
The attackers also burned about a dozen homes owned by prominent local citizens. Many of the destroyed homes were said to have been among the most beautiful in the village.
Some of the village men, including Mayor Sabi Nikolov, fled the attack rather than defend their homes and neighbors. When they returned, they found themselves unwelcome by their fellow townspeople, and subsequently some moved away.
Medven After the Liberation of Bulgaria
In 1882 Medven established the Izvor (source or spring) Community Center. In the same year they began construction of a new stone church on the same location as the previous wooden church building.
During the early decades of the 20th century Medven built a public high school, opened a health clinic, and undertook modernization of the village infrastructure.
Despite these efforts, the town slowly faded, and most of the population moved away. The population eventually fell below 200. Today there are more homes than there are people, and the village is primarily a museum of past glories.
Famous People of Medven
Zahari Stoyanov (1850-1889, born Dzhendo Stoyanov Dzhedev) was a revolutionary, historian, and writer. He is best known for his great wartime chronicle, Memoirs of the Bulgarian Uprisings. Eyewitness Reports. 1870–1876.
Gospodin Dimov Buchvarov (1835-1897) was a teacher, patriot, and cultural activist.
Stoyan Bachvarov (1878-1949) Actor and director. A pioneer of the Bulgarian National Theater.
Medven Image Gallery
View a collection of images from around Medven. We strive for realistic representation of the places we visit and write about on this site. | <urn:uuid:7e6642c3-5bb6-40e5-b837-8c575123285e> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://bulstack.com/2017/07/23/medven/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740679.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815035250-20200815065250-00360.warc.gz | en | 0.9653 | 726 | 3.03125 | 3 |
BLETCHLEY PARK VETERAN Betty Webb, who helped decipher secret codes for the British government during the 1940s, has talked about her experiences during her time at the code breaking institution, explaining how the work she took part in then ultimately helped to win World War II.
Webb worked at Bletchley Park during World War II in the Intelligence Office working out cover stories to conceal the fact that the German Enigma ciphers were being broken.
Speaking with The INQUIRER at an event at Bletchley Park on Monday, Webb said that she was shown how to record all messages that were intercepted onto cards that code breakers had to decode. The reports that she constructed had to look as though the intelligence in them had been gathered in some other way, and without them, she said, we wouldn't have been able to track the enemy's movements.
At that time, Webb didn't even know what kind of work she was conducting. It wasn't until later that she discovered the kind of work she was doing, helping her country defeat enemies in the war.
The interview was part of the first media opening of the grounds of Bletchley Park since its restoration that was completed earlier this month. During her talk, Webb also said that we need more women in the intelligence service today. µ
Sign up for INQbot – a weekly roundup of the best from the INQ | <urn:uuid:ec8e76e8-12ca-47b0-8658-f57f1966cef9> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2353611/bletchley-park-veteran-talks-about-wwii-code-breaking-experiences-video | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802775669.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075255-00112-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.99361 | 290 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Capturing an image today has never been easier but making a good photograph is as illusive as ever.
What makes a good photograph and how do we assess photographic practice?
This course introduces students to contemporary photography. This will include an investigation of digital and analogue technologies. The course will study the culture of photography and advanced camera techniques. This will include a review of photography that covers lenses, support equipment and the technical knowledge required to produce high quality images. Composition, design and image construction will form a part of this research practice. The student will, through skill building, exercises, critiques and independent research, produce a portfolio of work.
Not currently available.
This Course was last offered in Semester 2 - 2014.
1. To explore image capture processes;
2. To develop an understanding of composition and image design processes;
3. To develop competencies in image printing and output techniques;
4. To develop an understanding of contemporary photographic practice;
5. To present a portfolio of work referencing to the research undertaken;
6. To encourage independent research into photographic concepts and techniques;
Topics may include:
- Digital and analogue camera control;
- Lenses and lighting;
- Image printing and colour control;
- Development of critical and analytical skills essential to image presentation;
- Research and critical appraisal of photographic applications;
AART1400 and AART1410 or equivalent
Project: Assessment 1 - ABC Open
Journal: Assessment 2 - Journal
Face to Face On Campus 1 hour(s) per Week for Full Term
Face to Face On Campus 2 hour(s) per Week for Full Term | <urn:uuid:cd9bee3b-612c-48c6-8ffd-b64babc19737> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.newcastle.edu.au/course/AART3441?mobile=true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131302428.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172142-00229-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.882873 | 334 | 2.6875 | 3 |
This week's giveaway is in the EJB and other Java EE Technologies forum. We're giving away four copies of EJB 3 in Action and have Debu Panda, Reza Rahman, Ryan Cuprak, and Michael Remijan on-line! See this thread for details.
The UTF-8 encoding is a variable-length encoding; characters take up between one and four bytes.
abalfazl hossein wrote:Does it mean that u0645=>11111111111111111111111111011001
Does this mean every unicode character occupy four bytes in memory?But according to character, maybe change one or two or more bytes?
Note that \u0645 is not a UTF-8 code, it's a two-byte Unicode code. In UTF-8, characters may be encoded with completely different numbers than two-byte Unicode code points.
Apparently \u0645 is encoded in UTF-8 with two bytes: -39, -123, which have bit patterns: 11011001, 10000101. Note that these are not the same as the two Unicode code point bytes (0x06 and 0x45) because UTF-8 is a different encoding than two-byte Unicode code points.
When you convert an 8-bit byte containing -39 (11011001) to a 32-bit int, you'll get 11111111111111111111111111011001 which is also -39, but in 32 bits instead of 8 bits.
So the 11111111111111111111111111011001 is just the first byte of \u0645 in UTF-8 encoding, converted to a 32-bit int.
UTF-8 can use up to 6 bytes per codepoint. But in memory Java uses UTF-16, which uses 2 bytes (and thus maps nicely to the char type) ... until you consider the subject of Unicode codepoints beyond the basic plane - which do not fit into 16 bits. The JavaIoFaq links to a couple of articles on that subject, and you should read http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/Unicode.html.
Ping & DNS - updated with new look and Ping home screen widget
The byte myBytes[i] is implicitly converted to an int (so, from 8 bits to 32 bits, with a widening primitive conversion) because toBinaryString() takes an int and not a byte. This is done by sign extension, which means that the extra bits on the left are filled with the leftmost bit (the sign bit) of the original byte.
For example: 11011001 -> leftmost bit is a 1, so when this is converted to a 32-bit int you get 11111111 11111111 11111111 11011001
But what do you mean with:
abalfazl hossein wrote:The last byte in interger is used to save char.
This line of code doesn't do anything with a char. | <urn:uuid:51521304-3b3c-4df4-813a-6458ab2d51c4> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.coderanch.com/t/525193/java/java/string-UTF | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609532128.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005212-00111-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869877 | 616 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Mildew Causing Problems with Pumpkin, Cucumber, Squash Crops
University of Illinois scientists say they've found a destructive mildew in the state's pumpkin crop that could affect vegetables such as cucumbers and squash.
Plant pathologist Mohammad Babadoost said Wednesday that downy mildew has been found in pumpkin fields in central Illinois. He said the disease moves fast and can turn leaves brown in 10 days.
Babadoost said the impact on Illinois pumpkins grown for canning will be limited because many have already been harvested. But the disease can move to other vine-grown vegetables and fruits. The University says farmers should quickly spray fungicides.
Illinois has about 25,000 acres of pumpkins and last year produced almost a third of the country's crop. | <urn:uuid:089061a8-05dc-46b3-b10f-3d7f17c4984c> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://will.illinois.edu/news/story/mildew-causing-problems-with-pumpkin-cucumber-squash-crops | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936460472.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074100-00043-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951376 | 163 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Skolithos is a common type of trace fossil that has been found in rocks as old as 541 million years. Trace fossils are not the fossilized remains of organisms but rather the burrows, footprints, and other structures that resulted from the animal’s activities.
In the case of skolithos, it’s widely believed that a vermiform (resembling a worm) animal created the straight, vertical, tube structures. These worm-like critters probably lived by filtering plankton from the turbulent water of a shallow marine environment. The vertical tubes may have been a dwelling place to retreat to, though their specific purpose is not known.
In the above picture, captured in north central Arkansas, a sandstone has weathered to reveal skolithos traces permeating the approximately 460 million year old rock. This example is from an exposure of the St. Peter Formation, Buffalo National River Park, Marion County, Arkansas.
To see more views of skolithos traces from Arkansas click here
Rosselia – or Rosselia socialis – is a trace fossil that’s common to rocks deposited in a variety of shallow marine environments such as estuaries, tidal flats, lagoons, etc.. This picture was taken in a quarry in the Pennsylvanian Bloyd Formation, near Greers Ferry, Arkansas. Rosselia is a funnel-shaped burrow with concentric cone-like layers, and a sandy plug near the center. The picture shows a side view, or cross-section, of several burrows.
Like many trace fossils, Rosselia was made by a soft-bodied animal that was rarely if ever fossilized. We only know it existed because of the burrows it left behind. They may represent places an animal lived, fed, or perhaps both.
One theory suggests the burrows were occupied by worm-like animals that fed by filtering nutrients from sediment, then excreting the sediment outward around their bodies in concentric muddy layers. When new beds of sand were deposited, the animal would crawl to the top of the sand bed and make a new burrow; this behavior is clearly evident in burrows at the center of the photo.
Be sure to check out more pictures of Rosselia here!
Above is a commonly misunderstood geologic feature called an Asterosoma. Almost everyone, upon first seeing an Asterosoma, thinks it’s either a fossilized plant, flower, or some kind of fossilized animal – usually an octopus.
Asterosomas are actually trace fossils left behind by ancient marine animals (most likely worms or shrimp) that burrowed through mud in a delta or tidal-flat. This one was found in the Carboniferous section of north Arkansas and is roughly 300 million years old. These trace fossils are called Asterosoma because of their star-like shape.
In cross-sectional view, multiple Asterosomas sometimes overlie one another connected by a central vertical tube – like a garland of Asterosomas. This suggests that, as new sediment was periodically washed into the environment, the animal may have burrowed its way back to the top of the mud and wallowed out another home for itself. The animal itself was too soft-bodied to be preserved in the rock record.
This week was a hot one, so we did some creek work, but also did some road work. Went up a section of lower Lost Creek on Monday. Narrowed down the Cane Hill/Imo to a fairly small area.
Saw more nice trace fossils in the Imo.
Got a few points on the Middle Fork where it leaves the Shirley quad and enters Greers Ferry Lake.
Also, took points on a 4 different shale pits or quarries.
The persimmons aren’t quite ripe yet!
Found these deformation bands right by Highway 16 near Fairfield Bay. These bands are associated with structural features like faults and folds. They form in more coarsely grained sandstone when the stress crushes the individual sand grains along a plane, then recrystallizes to form a slightly more resistant lithology, that when weatherd, stand in slight relief. We will keep looking in this area for more clues and hopefully figure out what the rocks are trying to tell us!
Well, much drier this week, but of course the heat is back!
Ferns on Nubbin Ridge
Paw paws on Middle Fork
Mushrooms on Lost Creek
We’re still working on the Shirley quad this week. Started out Monday by dropping down a steep side drainage off Nubbin Ridge nearly to the Middle Fork, then right back up another one. Got good points at the base of the Witts Springs and Cane Hill. The Imo is at the bottom of the valley but the very large boulders eroding at the top cover most of it. Relief was around 400 feet.
Typical Witts Springs on Lost Creek
near Cane Hill top (1)
Cane Hill (2)
Cane Hill (3)
Cane Hill (4)
Cane Hill (5)
Cane Hill (6)
Cane Hill (7)
near Cane Hill bottom (8)
near top of Imo
Tuesday and Wednesday we were back in the headwaters of Lost Creek. There are many branches to this creek, and there seems to be a fairly large structure crossing them approximately east/west. Could be a fault, or maybe just a fold of some kind—will take much more data collection to be sure. We did observe a repeating sequence from higher elevations to lower—now we just have to figure out which formation they are in! In the Ozarks, the Pennsylvanian-aged rocks are a series of sandstone and shale units deposited in a shallow marine environment. That means they are all very similar to each other and the differences are subtle and vary from place to place. To differentiate one formation from another, we depend a lot on context, which means we must take meticulous notes on each outcrop in the hopes we can see a pattern in the stratigraphy that matches something known. We’re starting in the northwest corner of Shirley because we’ve already mapped the surrounding quads in that area, so have a pretty good idea of the geology there. Things are getting more complicated as we reach the structure because the strata are displaced somewhat from one side to the other. We will continue to add points next week in order to discover what the rocks are doing there.
Since I’ve mentioned some of the formations in the area and how difficult they are to differentiate, let me discuss one that has stayed fairly consistent across the Boston Mountains Plateau. The Cane Hill is a Member of the Hale Formation, and its type section is in northwest Arkansas. It is typically very thin- to thin-bedded, ripple-bedded, very fine-grained sandstone with interbedded shale and thicker shale units. There are abundant trace fossils in the Cane Hill including asterosoma which is a somewhat star-shaped feeding burrow.
Bluffs of this sandstone often affected by a particular weathering phenomenon where the cement holding the sand together actually solutions out which lets the individual grains fall away eventually forming a concave structure. I have included a good set of photos of the Cane Hill and a few of its characteristic structures. It is getting to be over 300 feet thick as we continue to map toward the southeast. | <urn:uuid:fd05c585-61fc-4612-ae95-d72ade95dac9> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://arkansasgeological.wordpress.com/tag/trace-fossil/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370524604.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404165658-20200404195658-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.952993 | 1,549 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Sciatica is one of the most searched terms for people seeking help for musculoskeletal conditions.
It’s also one of the most misunderstood conditions, even to those who suffer from it.
What is sciatica?
Sciatica is actually a set of symptoms rather than a diagnosis for what is causing the pain. What this means is a separate issue is bringing on the symptoms that, together, are called sciatica.
Sciatica means a patient’s sciatic nerve, which starts in the lower back and runs down the back of each leg, is being compressed. This usually causes pain in the lower back, on one side of the buttock and/or down the back of that leg.
The most common lower back problems that cause sciatica are:
- lumbar spine subluxations (misaligned vertebral body or bodies)
- herniated or bulging discs (slipped discs)
- pregnancy and childbirth
Non-spinal disorders that cause sciatica include:
- and, for men, sitting on your wallet when it’s in your back pocket
How do I know if I have sciatica?
If you’re feeling pain that radiates from your lower (lumbar) spine to your buttock and down the back of your leg, you could have sciatica. The pain is often described as dull, achy, sharp, pins and needles, or similar to electric shocks. Other symptoms associated with sciatica include burning, numbness and tingling sensations.
Usually, sciatica will affect only one side of your lower body, so if you’re feeling pain on both sides, it may be another condition.
How can my chiropractor help with my sciatica?
The first thing your chiropractor will do is discover the underlying cause of your sciatica. Forming a diagnosis involves a review of your medical history and a physical and neurological examination. A diagnostic test may include X-ray, MRI, CT scan and/or Electrodiagnosis studies (e.g. nerve conduction velocity, electromyography).
Once a diagnosis has been made, your chiropractor will develop a treatment plan for you. The therapy provided will depend on the cause of your sciatica. A sciatica treatment plan may include several different treatments such as ice/cold therapies, ultrasound, TENS and spinal adjustments. To see what treatment will work best for you, see your chiropractor. | <urn:uuid:ff2b78ca-54df-42a6-b13c-5b99bb4c56da> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://albertachiro.com/chiropractic-for-treating-sciatica/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256600.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522002845-20190522024845-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.931124 | 524 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The Demarest Pond is a central place of enjoyment for Borough residents. The freshwater pond fed by the Oradell Reservoir has an elongated surface area that provides a long shoreline end-to-end, occupying approximately .85 acres. Although it was dredged almost 15 years ago, sections of the pond were being filled-in with organic matter, debris and sediment, causing the water to become green and murky with little visibility and reduced oxygen for fish.
Our professionals helped Demarest investigate methods to improve water quality and pond health, including re-dredging the pond or hydro-raking it. Pond dredging is an intrusive procedure that removes organic material as well as sediment on the bottom of the pond. This method can damage the pond bottom as well as the ecosystem. The deployment of dredge equipment around the project site also has a negative impact on the surrounding community. Hydro-raking, however, has less of an impact on the pond and surrounding area and is designed to remove the organic matter and other debris in a more selective manner. The results of a probing analysis conducted to determine the composition and depth of the sediment for removal revealed that the sediment composition was organic material. This was the ideal circumstance in which to use the hydro-rake. The Borough moved forward, and the project was completed in approximately two weeks. It was recognized as a New Jersey Society of Municipal Engineers Project of the Year, Second Place, for Municipal Management Projects.
- Municipal Services | <urn:uuid:80a78ddb-28c8-4e36-ae22-ae7f7fefa004> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.maserconsulting.com/projects/demarest-pond-hydroraking/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920134548-20190920160548-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.971657 | 298 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Jacob McPherson, Ph.D., assistant professor in Florida International University’s Biomedical Engineering Department, received an Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Engineering Research Career Development grant through the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The grant is entitled “Spinal stimulation for neuropathic pain,” and will aid his research that focuses on individuals with neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury.
Neuropathic pain resulting from spinal cord injury (SCI) impacts up to 80% of individuals with SCI. Physical disabilities are made worse by SCI-related neuropathic pain, which limits or even prevents participation in physical therapy and reduces overall activity level. In addition to the psychosocial burden this places on individuals, the consequences of limited physical activity for the SCI population are severe. Pressure ulcers, cardiovascular decline, and metabolic changes are all leading causes of morbidity post-SCI that arise from limited activity. Unfortunately, therapies for SCI-related pain rarely afford satisfactory relief, and often rely heavily on opioids.
Excessive activation of neurons that process pain-related sensory information is a key component of SCI-related neuropathic pain, even when no painful stimuli are present. For example, in some people simply the touch of clothing against the skin can evoke sensations of burning or pins and needles. Electrical stimulation of the spinal cord is a promising new approach for relief, but the efficacy of current stimulators is limited and the beneficial effects tend to diminish rapidly once stimulation is removed. McPherson and his research team hypothesize that it may be possible to reduce the excessive neural activity that drives SCI-related neuropathic pain by using a novel neural-computer interface to precisely regulate the timing of this activity, effectively ‘retraining’ the nervous system to become less responsive to the false triggers.
By receiving the grant, McPherson and his research will benefit from research funds, salary support, scientific/professional develop mentorship, and clinical training. Dr. McPherson’s research and professional development mentors are Dr. Ranu Jung, PhD, Interim Dean of the College of Engineering and Computing and Wallace H. Coulter Eminent Scholars Chair of Biomedical Engineering at FIU, and Dr. Monica Perez, PT, PhD, Associate Professor of Neurological Surgery at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. | <urn:uuid:420e1459-642a-4a48-a7ed-bb7eb498d0c6> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://bme.fiu.edu/grant-awarded-aid-neuropathic-pain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506658.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924155422-20230924185422-00830.warc.gz | en | 0.930813 | 493 | 2.640625 | 3 |
We want to see you for regular checkups and cleanings — and we hope that’s all we need to see you for. In a perfect world, all our patients would brush at least twice a day, floss daily, eat healthy diets, and drink mostly water. Unfortunately, most of us are falling short of this ideal.
But we’re here to help. Read these statistics; maybe they’ll inspire you to grab your toothbrush. Surprising Statistics About Oral Hygiene
One in five American adults has not seen a dentist recently. Although 52 percent of adults are visiting their dentists every six months, one in five hasn’t been to the dentist in the last few years. Men are less likely than women to see their dentists for regular preventive care. And according to the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, 23 percent of children age 2–11 have never been to the dentist.
Kids should have their first dentist appointment by their first birthday, or when their first tooth appears.
A whopping 92 percent of adults have had cavities at some point in their lives. One-quarter of adults have untreated tooth decay right now, and 47 percent of adults have untreated periodontal disease—the leading cause of tooth loss.
42 percent of children age 2–11 have had cavities in their primary teeth. And sadly, 23 percent of them have untreated cavities. Over 86 percent of children will have tooth decay in at least one tooth by age 17. Although tooth decay in children declined from the 70s to the mid-90s, it is now on the rise again, and in even younger children. This is likely due to increased sugar consumption — not just in candy, soda, and sweets but also in “energy” or “sports” drinks, which have tons of sugar. Water is always the best choice!
Supervise young children while they brush and floss in order to teach them good dental hygiene and help prevent tooth decay. If kids need extra help (or think they’re fun), electric toothbrushes contribute to longer, more thorough brushing. Also, consider sealants for your child’s molars — they reduce the risk of cavities by 80 percent.
One-third of adults never floss their teeth. Did you see a news article a couple of years ago that declared that flossing doesn’t actually do anything for your oral health? It just isn’t true! Have you seen what comes out of your mouth when you floss? Remember, you only need to floss the teeth you want to keep!
The flossing statistics take an uneven split along gender lines. Men are less likely to floss than women, with 39 percent of men reporting that they never floss versus 27 percent of women.
About a third of Americans don’t brush their teeth at least twice per day. As with flossing, the ladies are ahead on this one. Although 57 percent of women brush their teeth at least twice per day, only 49 percent of men do. And 23 percent of Americans have gone two or more days without brushing in the last year. Ew!
One-third of Americans (mostly women) have made their partners brush their teeth before kissing. Well, there’s another reason to maintain good oral health!
Men are more likely to develop gum disease than women. Possibly related to the brushing and flossing statistics above, about one-fifth of women ages 30–54 have gum disease, whereas one-third of men in the same age group have it.
If you don’t want to become a statistic, please:
Brush at least twice a day,
Floss once a day,
Cleaning teeth every a few months,
See your dentist regularly, not just after something has gone wrong. Not only will dentists help you get your teeth shiny-clean, but regular visits allow them to spot problems while they’re small and easy to fix, before they become big problems. | <urn:uuid:a828fc15-34a5-4e81-976d-44c5560012d4> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://oralperfect.com/blogs/news/7-shocking-dental-statistics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104676086.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706182237-20220706212237-00696.warc.gz | en | 0.968939 | 842 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The evolution of sex ratios and sex-determining systems.
Uller T., Pen I., Wapstra E., Beukeboom LW., Komdeur J.
Sex determination is a fundamental process governed by diverse mechanisms. Sex ratio selection is commonly implicated in the evolution of sex-determining systems, although formal models are rare. Here, we argue that, although sex ratio selection can induce shifts in sex determination, genomic conflicts between parents and offspring can explain why single-factor systems (e.g. XY/XX or ZW/ZZ) are common even in species that experience selection for biased sex ratios. Importantly, evolutionary shifts in sex determination do not always result in the biased production of sons and daughters sensu sex ratio theory. Thus, equal sex ratios might be an emergent character of sex-determining systems even when biased sex ratios are favored by selection. | <urn:uuid:5d2a19c4-de97-4e4a-a234-290114d1a892> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/209886 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107905777.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029184716-20201029214716-00127.warc.gz | en | 0.894173 | 183 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Special impact on AAC learners
Everything we’ve talked about applies to children who can speak and children who use AAC for communication. But AAC learners are more likely to have additional challenges that may make it more difficult to learn feeling words.
Sensory processing differences
Children who need AAC are at greater risk for differences in the way they process sensory information. This is especially true for people on the autism spectrum. But anyone with neurological differences that affect speech may also be at risk for sensory processing differences as well. These differences can affect how our brain receives information from both the outside world and our own bodies.
Sight: Children with normal vision learn a lot from watching what goes on around them, including seeing people in emotional situations. This information is an important part of learning what words mean. A vision impairment can make incidental learning difficult. Children who need AAC are also at risk for Cortical Vision Impairment (CVI). With CVI, the eyes work fine, but the part of the brain that interprets what the eyes see doesn’t work properly. This can make incidental learning about feeling words difficult also.
Hearing: Hearing loss makes it difficult to take in spoken language. And even with perfect hearing, children who need AAC are at greater risk for auditory processing disorders. When the part of the brain that makes sense of speech doesn’t work as it should, learning what spoken words mean is especially difficult.
Interoception: Interoception is how the brain knows what’s going on inside your body. Nerves from the organs send information to the brain. This tells you how full the stomach and bladder are, how fast the heart is beating, how tense or relaxed muscles are, and more. Knowing how your body “feels” is an important part of knowing what emotion you’re experiencing. Any problem with interoception can make it very difficult to learn the labels for the emotions you’re feeling. See Interoception and Sensory Processing Issues: What You Need to Know for a description of interoception.
Anyone with these processing differences will need extra help to recognize emotions and learn words to describe them. Fortunately, there’s a great way to help: a teaching method you’re already using! | <urn:uuid:caaa0e70-a5be-45e8-b970-f1e28c953f9b> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.assistiveware.com/blog/using-aac-to-talk-about-emotions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711336.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208114402-20221208144402-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.941082 | 467 | 4.15625 | 4 |
function in c
A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C program has at least one function, which is main(), and all the most trivial programs can define additional functions.
You can divide up your code into separate functions. How you divide up your code among different functions is up to you, but logically the division usually is so each function performs a specific task.
A function declaration tells the compiler about a function’s name, return type, and parameters. A function definition provides the actual body of the function.
The C standard library provides numerous built-in functions that your program can call. For example, function strcat() to concatenate two strings, function memcpy() to copy one memory location to another location and many more functions.
A function is known with various names like a method or a sub-routine or a procedure, etc. | <urn:uuid:3cfbea95-8d65-4c7a-82ee-d7775bdd06f5> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.techglads.com/cse/sem1/function-in-c/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487608702.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210613100830-20210613130830-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.862058 | 184 | 3.984375 | 4 |
Jenna Ladd | May 25, 2018
The human health impacts of climate change are myriad and include heat-related illnesses and vector borne diseases like Lyme disease. However, a new public health consequence of global warming has recently come to light: antibiotic resistance.
Earlier this week, a study published in the journal Nature Climate Change reported finding that higher local temperatures and population densities are associated with increased antibiotic resistance of common pathogens. Researchers looked at 1.6 million bacterial specimens which showed resistance to antibiotics from 2013 through 2015 in various geographic locations in the U.S. These specimens included three common and deadly pathogens: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus.
They found that a temperature rise of 10 degrees Celsius increased the bacterias’ resistance to antibiotics by four percent (E. coli), two percent (K. pneumoniae), and three percent (S. aureus). John Brownstein is a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and one of the study’s authors. He said to the Scientific American, “Places in the South [of the U.S.] tend to show more resistance than places in the North, and a good chunk of that variability can be explained by temperature.”
Researchers also explored how population density may be related to antibiotic resistance. They found that for every increase of 10,000 people per square mile, antibiotic resistance in that area increased by three to six percent. Prior to this study, most research about antibiotic resistance pointed to the overprescription of antibiotic medication as the primary reason for antibiotic resistance, but now, climate change and population density are known play a part.
The study concludes, “Our findings suggest that, in the presence of climate change and population growth, already dire predictions of the impact of antibiotic resistance on global health may be significant underestimates.” | <urn:uuid:a7bbff0e-40fb-4c8a-aac5-e8c7ef5c8c5e> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://iowaenvironmentalfocus.org/author/jennakcladd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744750.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118221818-20181119003217-00033.warc.gz | en | 0.938467 | 385 | 3.484375 | 3 |
A new, less painful and affordable COVID-19 test has just been approved by the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI).
The test called ‘Feluda’ is supposedly a more accurate and quicker paper-based test strip meant to detect COVID-19 infection in a person in around 45 minutes.
The DCGI has now given their approval for a commercial launch of this test and is certainly coming in a time when India is seeing a constant rise in coronavirus cases and almost 10 lakh tests are being done on a daily basis.
The announcement of this launch was made by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) on Saturday and is said to be able to achieve high levels of accuracy and is inexpensive.
What Is The Feluda Test?
The ‘Feluda’ test is a paper-based test strip developed by a research team led by Debojyoti Chakraborty and Souvik Maiti of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and Tata Group.
Apart from Feluda, it is also called the Tata CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) test and reportedly uses the CRISPR technology developed in India itself, to detect and target the genomic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Instead of taking a few hours to even a day or two, as now common RT-PCR tests do to give results, the Tata CRISPR test is said to give results in 30-45 minutes, is not as expensive as current COVID-19 tests and is easier to use.
The CSIR statement said that “The Tata CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) test, powered by CSIR-IGIB (Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology) FELUDA, has met high quality benchmarks, with 96 per cent sensitivity and 98 per cent specificity for detecting novel coronavirus.”
This test also uses a specially adapted protein called the Cas9 protein in order to detect SARS-CoV2 with a better success rate. CRISPR tests, on the other hand, are using CAS12 and CAS13 proteins to detect the virus.
What Does Its Name Mean?
The actual name of the test, Feluda, is an acronym for FNCAS9 Editor Linked Uniform Detection Assay.
The name ‘Feluda’ though has also been given as a tribute to noted writer and filmmaker from West Bengal, Satyajit Ray. Feluda is the name of a fictional private detective created by Ray.
CSIR Director-General Dr Shekhar Mande explained the meaning behind the name, “What we develop paper-based test there also been developed some part of the world and one of the groups have given name Sherlock so we thought Sherlock is another fictitious character so we thought Feluda would actually match that. Feluda is an Indian name Satyajit Rays very showcase name so we thought we give Feluda name to this test strip.”
Cost Of The Test
The best part about this test is how cost-effective it is, unlike the RT-PCR tests.
Where any COVID-19 test currently is priced in the range of Rs. 1,000 to Rs. 3,000 and an RT-PCR test can cost between Rs. 1,600 to Rs. 2,000, the estimated price of the Feluda test is said to be around Rs. 500 or Rs. 600 only.
Since the test “will not require any specialised skills and machines,” as said by Dr. Mande, this helps to reduce the cost of the test quite a bit.
Apart from this, antibody tests that can give results in 20-30 minutes also cost around Rs. 500 to Rs. 600, with antigen tests also priced in the same range.
The TruNat test kit is priced around Rs. 1,300 and it gives results in an hour.
Image Credits: Google Images
Find the blogger: @chirali_08
This post is tagged under: feluda covid 19 test, feluda, covid 19 test, feluda covid 19 test india, feluda india, feluda test india, coronavirus test india, coronavirus new test, coronavirus new test india, covid 19 new test, covid 19 new test india, feluda covid 19 test cost, feluda test cost, feluda covid 19, feluda test, feluda test covid, feluda covid, India New COVID-19 Test, cheap covid test, which test to get done for covid 19, coronavirus detection test india, cheap tests, how much does a covid 19 test cost | <urn:uuid:9b9821b9-4398-4be1-bc2d-5c4d7f266ee8> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://in.style.yahoo.com/india-covid-19-test-cheap-141142286.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107910204.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20201030093118-20201030123118-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.930889 | 1,011 | 2.8125 | 3 |
- Project plans
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- Industry context
Last edited 24 Mar 2021
Green supply chain management
The term 'Green supply chain management' (GSCM) refers to the concept of integrating sustainable environmental processes into the traditional supply chain. This can include processes such as product design, material sourcing and selection, manufacturing and production, operation and end-of-life management.
Instead of simply attempting to mitigate the environmental impact of the supply chain, GSCM involves driving value creation throughout the supply chain organisations to reduce total environmental impact.
While the specific goal of GSCM is often the reduction of CO2 emissions, other tangible benefits for an organisation include; greater efficiency of assets, less waste production, greater innovation, reduction of production costs, reuse of raw materials, increased profitability, perception of added value to the client base, and so on.
Integral to the success of GSCM is the approach taken by each party to their upstream and downstream partners in the supply chain. A much greater degree of collaboration, transparency and integration of supply chain processes and systems is required for the initiative to be effective.
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Click the button to subscribe. | <urn:uuid:307c7120-ff6c-45c5-84c6-23145522ba32> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Green_supply_chain_management | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039379601.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420060507-20210420090507-00633.warc.gz | en | 0.907935 | 414 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Brain Tumor Facts
A brain tumor is defined as any abnormal or uncontrolled growth of cells in the brain. Tumors can be either benign, (non-cancerous), or malignant (they may be cancerous). It is important to recognize that even a benign brain tumor can be dangerous because as a tumor in the brain grows, it presses upon normal brain tissues, which can cause inflammation and brain swelling. It is therefore very important that both benign and malignant brain tumors be treated as early as possible.
A primary brain tumor results when a tumor originates in the brain itself. When cancer metastasizes - or spreads from other areas, such as the lungs or the breasts - to the brain, a secondary (or metastatic) brain tumor results. Brain tumors are less common than other cancers, but they are considered to be dangerous due to their location and sometimes aggressive nature.
Classification of Brain Tumors
Primary brain tumors are classified by the type of tissue in which they begin. The most common primary brain tumors are gliomas, which begin in the glial (supportive) tissue. There are several types of gliomas:
- Astrocytomas arise from small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. They may grow anywhere in the brain or spinal cord. In adults, astrocytomas most often arise in the cerebrum. In children, they occur in the brain stem, the cerebrum, and the cerebellum. A grade III astrocytoma is sometimes called anaplastic astrocytoma. A grade IV astrocytoma is usually called glioblastoma multiforme.
- Brain stem gliomas occur in the lowest, stemlike part of the brain. Tumors in this area generally cannot be removed. Most brain stem gliomas are high-grade astrocytomas.
- Ependymomas usually develop in the lining of the ventricles. They may also occur in the spinal cord. Although these tumors can develop at any age, they are most common in childhood and adolescence.
- Oligodendrogliomas arise in the cells that produce myelin, the fatty covering that protects nerves. These tumors usually arise in the cerebrum. They grow slowly and usually do not spread into surrounding brain tissue. Oligodendrogliomas are rare and occur most often in middle-aged adults, but they have been found in people of all ages.
There are other types of primary brain tumors that do not begin in glial tissue. Some of the most common are:
- Medulloblastomas. Recent research suggests that these tumors develop from primitive (developing) nerve cells that normally do not remain in the body after birth. For this reason, medulloblastomas are sometimes called primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET). Most medulloblastomas arise in the cerebellum, but they may occur in other areas as well. These tumors occur most often in children and are more common in boys than in girls.
- Meningiomas grow from the meninges and are usually benign. Because these tumors grow very slowly, the brain may be able to adjust to their presence. Meningiomas often grow quite large before they cause symptoms. They occur most often in women between 30 and 50 years of age.
- Schwannomas are benign tumors that begin in Schwann cells, which produce the myelin that protects the acoustic nerve - the nerve of hearing.
- Acoustic neuromas are a type of schwannoma. They occur mainly in adults and affect women twice as often as men.
- Craniopharyngiomas develop in the region of the pituitary gland near the hypothalamus. They are usually benign; however, they are sometimes considered malignant because they can press on or damage the hypothalamus and affect vital functions. These tumors occur most often in children and adolescents.
- Germ cell tumors arise from primitive (developing) sex cells, or germ cells. The most frequent type of germ cell tumor in the brain is the germinoma.
- Pineal region tumors occur in or around the pineal gland, a tiny organ near the center of the brain. The tumor can be slow growing (pineocytoma) or fast growing (pineoblastoma). The pineal region is very difficult to reach, and these tumors often cannot be removed.
Benign Brain Tumors
Benign brain tumors do not contain cancer cells. They usually can be removed, and are not likely to recur. Benign brain tumors have clear borders. These tumors do not invade nearby tissue. However, they can press on sensitive areas of the brain.
Malignant Brain Tumors
Malignant brain tumors contain cancer cells and interfere with vital functions. Malignant brain tumors are likely to grow rapidly and crowd or invade the tissue around them. Like a plant, these tumors may put out "roots" that grow into healthy brain tissue. If a malignant tumor remains compact and does not have roots, it is said to be encapsulated. When an otherwise benign tumor is located in a vital area of the brain and interferes with vital functions, it may be considered malignant (even though it contains no cancer cells).
Some brain tumors are referred to by grade - from low grade (grade I) to high grade (grade IV). The grade of a tumor refers to the way the cells look under a microscope. Cells from higher grade tumors are more abnormal looking and generally grow faster than cells from lower grade tumors; higher grade tumors are more malignant than lower grade tumors.
Metastatic brain tumors are the most common brain tumor, with an annual incidence more than four times greater than that of primary brain tumors. The cancers that most commonly metastasize to the brain are breast and lung cancers.
- Meningiomas represent 24% of all primary brain tumors, making meningiomas the most common primary brain tumor.
- Glioblastomas represent 23% of all primary brain tumors.
- Astrocytoma and pituitary tumors each represent 8% of all primary brain tumors.
- Nerve sheath tumors (such as acoustic neuromas, vestibular schwannomas, neurilemmomas) represent 6% of all primary brain tumors.
- Anaplastic astrocytomas and lymphomas each represent 4% of all primary brain tumors.
- Oligodendrogliomas represent 3% of all primary brain tumors.
Led by Farnaz Arabshahi, RN, the Brain Tumor support group provides a comfortable setting for patients, families, friends and caregivers to share their experiences, learn about current therapies, hear interesting speakers who provide information about all aspects of diagnosis and treatments.
- The American Brain Tumor Association
- The Brain Tumor Society
- Cancer Information Service
- The Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States
- Childhood Brain Tumor Foundation
- The Musella Foundation
- National Brain Tumor Foundation
- National Cancer Institute
- The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation of the United States
- Southeastern Brain Tumor Foundation
American Brain Tumor Association
The Brain Tumor Society
National Brain Tumor Foundation | <urn:uuid:7900ee9e-8d5e-45fa-82c2-c00557c1c30a> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://neurosurgery.emory.edu/patient-care/brain-tumor-support-group-pages/brain-tumor-facts.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376830305.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219005231-20181219031231-00589.warc.gz | en | 0.920577 | 1,513 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Your mother may have eaten McDonald’s in high school but she didn’t have a drive-thru. Your grandmother probably walked to the ice cream shop after school. Modern technology has changed the way we live over the last 75 years by creating many labor saving devices. Has the energy we saved gone right to our hips?
If you are reading this, you are probably sitting at your computer and your most vigorous activity is mouse clicking — not very calorie demanding. With industrialization and financial growth, there has been a shift in the typical activities people do daily. Less walking and manual labor replaced by more TV watching and computer use. We have systematically engineered activity out of lives to the point where do don’t even need to get up to change the TV channel or get out of the car to open the garage door.
A research study looked at life in the 1920s compared to life today, to quantify the amount of calories saved through modern labor-saving devices. Half of the difference in energy expenditure between modern and older times was in walking. We simply don’t walk anymore. The average American clocks a quarter mile a day. Living in a city is an advantage because city dwellers walk far more than their suburban or country cousins. In fact many suburbanites walk very little because neighborhoods laid out in the 1950s are sidewalk-less and designed for automobile use. Many towns are addressing that issue today, by providing more bike paths and pedestrian walkways to encourage activity.
After walking, the biggest changes from the good old days to now are that we no longer wash clothes by hand, wash dishes by hand or climb stairs. It takes 2.07 calories/minute to wash clothes by hand, and 1.32 calories/minute to use a washing machine. It takes 1.83 calories/minute to wash dishes by hand and 1.31 calories/minute to use a dishwasher. Walking stairs burns 4.2 calories/minute but taking an elevator uses only 1.3 calories/minute. When the researchers put all these differences together they came up with 111 calories saved daily through mechanization. The difference may not seem significant but over years it can add up to an enormous calorie reserve that winds up being stored as excess weight, unless we reduce our food intake.
When you do less labor you use fewer calories. We are not suggesting that you take your clothes down to the local stream and beat them on a rock. But the next time you use the electric can opener think about what’s happening to those calories you’re saving. Cumulative energy saved, without a reduction in food intake adds up to pounds gained.
Let’s look at what you can gain from 10 minutes of activity a day. If you weigh 150 pounds, 10 minutes of lying on the couch watching TV burns about 15 calories. If you sit up, you’ll burn 20 calories. Walking in place for 10 minutes burns 40 calories; jogging bumps you to 90. Just adding a leisurely 10-minute walk to your daily routine can burn 14,600 calories a year! On any given day, just a little extra effort will help you make up that 111 calorie difference. | <urn:uuid:11e78b71-853c-49a2-b6df-1507e7581447> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.thenutritionexperts.com/2012/03/how-technology-gave-you-111-calories-a-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246634257.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045714-00253-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943855 | 649 | 2.875 | 3 |
German scientists have developed a sturdy material called Aerographite made mostly of air, opening up huge implications for the future development of electronics.
The jet-black, non-transparent porous carbon material — which was created by scientists at Kiel University and Hamburg University of Technology — was detailed in the July edition of scientific journal Advanced Materials.
Since Aerographite is electrically conductive and so lightweight, the scientists hope it could be used in the future as lightweight batteries. They believe these small batteries could be used in green transportation such as electronic cars and e-bikes in the future.
It weighs in at 0.2 milligrams for each cubic centimeter, making it the lightest material in the world. It's lighter than a nickel material that was presented to the public about six months ago.
The news comes as researchers last year at the University of California Irvine developed a material as strong as metal while 100 times lighter than Styrofoam.
"Our work is causing great discussions in the scientific community. Aerographite weights four times less than world-record-holder up to now," Matthias Mecklenburg, co-author and Ph.D. student at the TUHH, said on Kiel University's website.
Made by developing a linked chain of carbon nanotubes onto a zinc-oxide template, it is extremely resilient. If you were to compress Aerographite, it would bounce back to its natural state without any damage. Most other materials weaken when they undergo such stress.
“It is able to be compressed up to 95% and be pulled back to its original form without any damage," said Professor Rainer Adelung of Kiel University. “Up to a certain point, the Aerographite will become even more solid and therefore stronger than before. Also, the newly constructed material absorbs light rays almost completely. One could say it creates the blackest black.”
How do you think this new material will impact the tech world? Let us know your thoughts in the comments. | <urn:uuid:79a44ff0-84c7-44d0-a51c-f26117aee942> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://mashable.com/2012/07/19/aerographite/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187820487.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20171016233304-20171017013304-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.95706 | 418 | 3.953125 | 4 |
Saturn’s rocky F ring
If you want to watch the kind of processes that helped shape the planets, you may find no better laboratory than Saturn’s F ring.
Astronomers using images captured by the Cassini orbiter in 2006 and 2007 report clear evidence of collisions and clumping of material in this narrow ring, a wisp of material encircling Saturn some 2,000 miles beyond the planet’s main ring system. Previous images of the F ring strongly suggested that gravitational interactions plus collisions were responsible for its spiral shapes as well as other odd structures. But outside of Prometheus, one of the ring’s two “shepherding” moons, the key players and their interactions were largely unknown, according to the team from the University of London and the University of Paris.
The team says it found jets of material leaving the ring, evidence of collisions involving objects up to six miles across that travel within the ring’s 25-mile-wide core. The team found features in the images that testify to the gravitational effects of smaller objects.
The finding builds on initial hints from one of Cassini’s other instruments that the F ring hosts objects ranging in size from 88-feet wide to nearly six miles across, orbiting Saturn within six miles of the F ring’s core. The evidence suggests that large-scale collisions – with objects smacking into each other at interstate speeds – happen daily. Scientists say these processes happened on a far grander scale when the solar system was formed some 4.6 billion years ago.
The Pioneer 11 spacecraft discovered the F ring when it sped by the planet in December 1974. The latest results appear in the current issue of the journal Nature. | <urn:uuid:54c32b62-ad65-4c35-a4ed-adf0ca44c426> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.csmonitor.com/Technology/Tech/2008/0605/saturn-s-rocky-f-ring | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320063.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623133357-20170623153357-00354.warc.gz | en | 0.943176 | 353 | 4.21875 | 4 |
Now that the you have had the opportunity to meet your students over the last little while, you can reflect on your daily schedule. Thinking it Through has a plan for both full and half days. http://earlylearningcentral.ca/?page_id=1218 . Some things can’t be changed due to the large schedules within your school, but you can always try to move things around if they are in the best interest of your students. Many schools are on the balanced day program with 3, 100 minute blocks of learning. I always ensure that my students get 60 minutes or more in one of those blocks, and a second block of about 45 minutes. The reason behind the time frames is to allow the children to explore the centre, select materials, create/manipulate, think and change, discuss, and share their learning without having to rush. They are learning how to learn!
During these next few weeks circulating the room with children would be a great opportunity to discuss with them what is available in each centre, behaviours, and routines. Remind them daily of what is available.
- Model the centre
- show what it looks like
- question for understanding
- have them model
- reteach where needed p. 10 Learning in Centres “Thinking it Through” http://earlylearningcentral.ca/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/TIT-aug-8.pdf
I personally do not designate where children should be nor do I have number limits. Children move freely to different centres as it sparks their interest. My ECE partner or myself will call children over to work in small groups during this block of play the other circulates, documenting and asking questions as they pertain to our goals or big ideas for the centre. All children are responsible for the entire room clean-up.
Thinking it Through and Primarily Play have some great ideas on how to prepare your learning environment for this September. As I prepared for my students last September in a newly renovated space, it was difficult to picture how the room should look. Not only did I need to select suitable furniture that was purposeful, but create spaces where students could gather and engage in various centres. What I also needed to consider was that my students eat snack and lunch in my classroom so I needed to have enough furniture for that as well. The furniture had multiple purposes!
Over several days and several discussion with my ECE partner, we moved furniture and carpets into different work areas. As centres do change throughout the year, for the beginning we had set-up the House centre, a Block centre, a Science centre, the main carpet area with a shelf of various toys like Lego, small foam and wooden blocks, cars and ramps etc., an Art centre, Music centre, Math centre and a reading shelf (which we later changed and are continuing to change!). We kept the materials to a minimal for the first few weeks of school so we could practice with our students rules and routines, and slowly add as we learning more about them. Items within the centres had purpose and were organized to engage the students in their new environment.
Next we worked on clutter! Whatever we did not need we found a storage place elsewhere in the building and we talked both to the principal and janitor to find the space. Between the two Kindergarten classrooms we worked together on sharing equipment and toys. Keep in mind this is not an easy task to complete in one day and you for sure will make changes as you see fit throughout the school year.
Today was my first day back in our classroom since the end of the year in June. I hadn’t realized how much I missed it, until I walked through the door to our room.
Throughout the summer, I had picked up little things here and there. I had collected flower petals, leaves, art supplies, books, etc…I had thought about our first week of school and what we do.
My teaching partner and I arranged to meet today. We first discussed what we wanted our first week of school to be like for our students. Since we became partners, we gave each other respect, and listened to one another’s thoughts and ideas. We have had been able to do our planning together and work collaboratively for the best interest of our students. Today, we both had the same thought…lots of play. This would give us time to interact with all of the children, and to start to get to know them. It was also give the new students an opportunity to feel more comfortable and secure during their first week at school.
We set up our sand table, and buried crabs with letters on them for the children to search for. We filled our book centre with stories and picture books about school, being yourself and friendship. Our math centre has simple math manipulatives, especially lots of blocks in it. Our art centre has several containers filled with things children can create whatever they want to with. The dramatic play centre is set up as a house. On the shelves around our large carpet, we have put toys that can promote fine motor skills, as well as encourage the children’s imaginations. We have a gas station, trucks, maps, puppets, puzzles, Lego, and other toys for the children to explore. We will also set up our paint easel before the day begins.
After spending the day at school, I am not only ready for Tuesday, but I am genuinely excited for school to begin! | <urn:uuid:6cf0a59c-010d-4731-87ec-86f843f9f496> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://earlylearningcentral.ca/?tag=back-to-school | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860117914.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161517-00068-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977157 | 1,122 | 2.796875 | 3 |
John McTaggart A Commentary on Hegel’s Logic 1910
Quantity | Pure Quantity
47. Quantity is divided as follows:
I. Quantity. (Die Quantität.)
A. Pure Quantity. (Die reine Quantität.)
B. Continuous and Discrete Magnitude. (Kontinuirliche und diskrete Grosse.)
C. Limitation of Quantity. (Begrenzunng der Quantität.)
II. Quantum. (Quantum.)
A. Number. (Die Zahl.)
B. Extensive and Intensive Quantum. (Extensives und intensives Quantum.)
(a) Their difference. (Unterschied derselben.)
(b) Identity of Extensive and Intensive Magnitude. (Identität der extensiven und intensiven Grösse.)
(c) The Alteration of Quantum. (Die Veränderung des Quantums.)
C. The Quantitative Infinity. (Die Quantitative Unendlichkeit.)
(a) Its Notion. (Begriff derselben.)
(b) The Quantitative Infinite Progress. (Der Quantitative unendliche Progress.)
(c) The Infinity of Quantum. (Die Unendlichkeit des Quantums.)
III. The Quantitative Ratio. (Das Quantitative Verhältniss.)
A. The Direct Ratio. (Das direkte Verhältniss.)
B. The Inverse Ratio. (Das umgekehrte Verhältniss.)
C. The Ratio of Powers. (Potenzen Verhältniss.)
It will be noticed that Quantity is used in an ambiguous manner, since it is the name both of the whole secondary division, and of the first of the tertiary divisions contained in it. The tertiary division might be distinguished if we gave it the name of Undivided Quantity, which, as we shall see, would be appropriate to it.
The treatment of Quantity is not one of the most successful parts of the Greater Logic. It occupies a greater space than any of the other eight secondary divisions. Yet the transitions are frequently obscure, and often appear to owe their obscurity to excessive compression. By far the greater part of the 186 pages which are employed on Quantity are occupied with Notes on collateral points. Some of these, indeed, throw additional light on the main argument, but the rest only contain criticisms of Kant’s views on Quantity, and of certain mathematical doctrines. Hegel is never at his best when criticising Kant, and the mathematical discussions are too purely technical to give us much assistance in comprehending the course of the dialectic.
48. Again, were Hegel’s mathematics correct ? Was he right about the mathematics of his own time, and, if so, would he be right about the mathematics of the present day? To answer these questions requires a knowledge of mathematics which I am very far from possessing. Mr Bertrand Russell — one of the few philosophers who are also mathematicians — says: “In Hegel’s day, the procedure of mathematicians was full of errors, which Hegel did not condemn as errors but welcomed as antinomies; the mathematicians, more patient than the philosophers, have removed the errors by careful detailed work on every doubtful point. A criticism of mathematics based on Hegel can, therefore, no longer be regarded as applicable to the existing state of the subject.”
But the value of Hegel’s treatment of Quantity would only be slightly affected by the fact that his criticisms of mathematics were based on ignorance or by the fact that they had been invalidated by the progress of that science. The main object of the dialectic, after all, is to reach the Absolute Idea, and so to demonstrate what is the true nature of reality. Thus the principal function of the lower categories is to lead on to the Absolute Idea. And for this it is only requisite that each of them should logically follow from the one before it, and lead on to the one after it.
Now the question whether Hegel’s various categories of Quantity do perform this function is not affected by any mathematical mistakes which he may have made, nor can it be settled in the negative by any mathematical criticisms. The only question is whether Hegel was justified in starting the dialectic with the category of Pure Being, and whether the validity of the Hegelian categories of Quantity can be shown to be involved in the validity of the category of Pure Being. And this is a question for metaphysics and not for mathematics.
It is true that Hegel’s main aim in the dialectic was not his only aim. He wished, not merely to deduce an absolutely valid conception of reality, but to account for other less valid conceptions, and to range them in the order of their relative validity. He probably believed that the categories with which he deals in the sphere of Quantity were identical with the fundamental notions of mathematics. In so far as they were not so, he must be considered to have failed in his subordinate purpose, and, in so far as he has failed, to have introduced additional obscurity by the fact that he has called his categories by the names of the mathematical notions.
But the purpose in which he may have failed is, as I have said, only of subordinate importance for him. And his failure if there is one, would not be a sign of any metaphysical flaw in his system, but only of mathematical ignorance. If the dialectic process is correct, it will be true of all mathematical conceptions, as of all others, that the way in which we can judge of the degree of their validity will be by means of the dialectic process. If the ideas are themselves stages in that process, the place which they occupy in it will give us their relative validity. If they are not stages in the process, their relative validity can be found by ascertaining the point in the dialectic at which it becomes clear that they are not absolutely valid. For example, if the absolute validity of mathematical ideas implied the absolute validity of the general conception of Quantum, as given in the dialectic, then, as the dialectic transcended Quantum, it would become evident that the mathematical ideas could not be absolutely valid. Thus, even if Hegel’s judgments about mathematics were all wrong, that would not prevent his dialectic from being the foundation of right judgments on the same subject to a person more skilled in mathematics.
49. This stage (G. L. i. 212. Enc. 99) appears to be identical in content with the last stage of Quality, though expressed with greater immediacy. The two elements, Repulsion and Attraction, which were recognised as inseparable in the final category of Quality, here receive the names of Discreteness and Continuity.
Pure Quantity is a category of the fourth order, while the category immediately preceding it (Relation of Repulsion and Attraction) is of the fifth order. Thus, according to the general method of the dialectic they should not be identical in content. if, however, tile subdivision which produced categories of the fifth order at this point is excessive, as I have maintained above (Section 45), this objection would disappear in an amended dialectic.
But, although Discreteness and Continuity are recognised as inseparable, it is still possible to lay a greater emphasis on one of them than on the other. And we begin, Hegel tells us (G. L. i. 213), by laying the greater emphasis on Continuity. The reason appears to be that this element is more characteristic of Quantity, though not more essential to it, than Discreteness. For as long as we had only Repulsion the process remained within Quality, but, as soon as Attraction was added the transition to Quantity to ok place. And there is always a tendency to put most emphasis on the element last reached.
50. (G. L. i. 229.) By a somewhat abrupt transition we come to this category, in which Magnitude is to be taken first as Continuous. Here there is as yet no plurality. of Quantities, and the one Quantity is indefinite. A plurality of Quantities would require that they should be Discrete from one another. And, again, no Quantity can be definite unless by its having fixed boundaries — that is to say by being Discrete from the Quantity beyond those boundaries. It is true that, as was said above, all Quantity has an element of Discreteness. But, so far, the only things which are Discrete from one another are the units — the Ones — which are alike Discrete from and Continuous with one another.
Now a One, taken by itself, is not a Quantity at all. For it has no plurality in it. And Ones have no possibility of varying in magnitude. All variations of magnitude are only variations in the number of the Ones. These characteristics are essential to Quantity, and they are not possessed by isolated Ones. And the isolated Ones being, so far, the only Discrete things, we have as yet no definite Quantity, and no plurality of Quantities.
It may appear incorrect to say that a One admits of no plurality. Can we not, it may be asked, conceive an isolated One as consisting of two. halves, four quarters, and so on ? But a One which consists of parts is no longer a mere One, which is all that the dialectic has got at present. It is something which, while from one point of view a unit, is, from another point of view, an aggregate of two or four units. And this involves the higher conception of Discrete Magnitude, which has not yet been reached.
In the same way, we may conceive the units of which an aggregate is made up as having magnitude, and as being capable of having different magnitudes, and of varying in magnitude. But we can only do this in so far as we conceive each of them as made up in its turn of parts, and so as not being mere Ones.)
The position at present is that we have a plurality of Ones — of the number of which we know nothing — which form a single Quantity. But within this single all-embracing Quantity there are as yet no minor Quantities. Each One is Qualitatively different from each of the others, but all these Qualitative differences are as yet unique. There are no qualities common to more than one One — except, indeed, the quality, if it may be called a quality, of being a One. And this is common to all Ones.
Continuous Magnitude was formed by passing from One to One in virtue of their Continuity. (Continuity, it will be remembered, is what was previously called Attraction. It is the capability, possessed by Ones, of being united in an aggregate.) We now pass to Discrete Magnitude (G. L. i. 229). Each One is as really Discrete from all the others as it is continuous with them. Thus a Quantity, less than the whole, can be formed by taking certain Ones together, in virtue of their Continuity, and cutting, them off from all others in virtue of their Discreteness. And this Quantity, being cut off by its Discreteness from the indefinite Quantity beyond it, will be a finite Quantity. In the indefinite Quantity, again, other finite Quantities can be formed, and thus we get a plurality of finite Quantities.
51. In the form of this stage, as presented by Hegel, there appear to be two defects. The first is that no reason is given why we should pass from Pure Quantity to the new stage. The second is that, although Continuous and Discrete Magnitude is not divided into a subordinate triad.. yet there is a distinct dialectic advance within it — namely from Continuous to Discrete Magnitude.
These defects seem to me to be merely a matter of arrangement. Continuous Magnitude is not really a fresh stage, or part of a fresh stage, at all. It is nothing but Pure Quantity, since, as we have seen, it does not permit of definite Quantity, or of a plurality of Quantities.
On the other hand Discrete Magnitude is not merely correlative with Continuous Magnitude. It is distinctly a more advanced conception. It gives us the distinctness and plurality which were lacking before, and it gives them to us by differentiating the relation between Ones — by joining some of them to others, and disjoining them from others again, instead of making the relation uniform.
It is, then, in reality, to Discrete Magnitude that the advance from Pure Quantity is made. This is evident in Hegel’s text, but is misrepresented by his headings. In order that these should correspond with his argument, he should have dealt with Continuous Magnitude under the head of Pure Quantity, and should have made his second stage, s imply Discrete Magnitude, instead of Continuous and Discrete.
It should be remarked that, although the transition to Discrete Magnitude lies in the possibility of breaking off the Quantity at any One, this does not mean that it is merely a possible transition. Continuous Magnitude is that which cannot be broken off at any point. Discrete Magnitude is that which can be broken off at any point. When we are forced to admit the possibility of breaking Magnitude off at any point, this is a necessary transition to the category of Discrete Magnitude.
We can break it off, then, at any point we like. But no reason has been given why we should break it off at one point rather than at another. Nor can any such reason be given until we have passed out of the sphere of Quantity into. Measure. To this point we shall recur later on.
52. (G. L. i. 231.) Hegel says that Discrete Magnitude as such is not limited. It is only limited as separated from the Continuous. By this, I conceive, he means that, if the Discrete Magnitude were taken in isolation, its final One would not be a Limit, because it would not divide the Discrete Magnitude from anything else. It is only in so far as it is regarded as in connexion with the indefinite Continuous Magnitude from which it has been carved out, that its final term is to be considered. a Limit. (On Hegel’s use of Limit cp. above, Section 27.)
The Discrete Magnitude, then, shares its Limit with the Continuo us Magnitude outside it. It is thus in a definite relation to that which bounds it, and has itself a definite amount. To definite Quantities Hegel gives the name of Quanta, and so we pass to the second main division of Quantity.
53. (G. L. i. 232. Enc. 101.) In reaching the conception of a limited and definite Quantity we have, according to Hegel reached for the first time the possibility of Number. While Quantity is merely continuous it cannot be numbered. For then there is no intermediate term between the separate Ones and the whole indefinite Quantity. And the separate Ones in their separateness cannot have any Number, since each of them is only One. (But now that we have a definite Quantum, it consists of those Ones which are included between certain Limits, and can therefore be numbered.
54. It may be admitted that, up to this point, there could be no Number of anything less than the whole Quantity. But why could not this have a Number? We do not know how many Ones there are. But this does not prevent them from having a Number, though the dialectic cannot tell us what it is.
Hegel would probably have said that what was infinite could have no Number, and he does not seem to have considered the possibility that there should be a finite number of Ones. But I cannot see that this possibility can be neglected. Each One has — or rather is — a separate Quality. I cannot see anything in the dialectic to exclude the possibility that there should be just twenty such Qualities, and so twenty such Ones, no more and no less.
We must remember that the Ones are not Somethings. The latter had to be infinite in number, since each of them required a fresh Something beyond it. But the Ones have Being for Self, and so avoided, as we saw, this infinite series. Again, if Ones were always divisible into other Ones, their number would necessarily be infinite, but each One is a simple Quality, which is not divisible. Nor does each One involve an endless chain of derivative Ones in the same way, e.g., that every relation is related, so that the number of relations is infinite.
It is true that the Number of the whole Quantity of Ones could not have a Limit, in the Hegelian sense, since there would be nothing outside it. But a Limit, in this sense, does not seem necessary, since the Ones which are numbered have Being for Self. They can reciprocally determine each other, and when their natures are given, the number of them is given also.
Thus it seems quite possible that all the Ones, taken together, should have a definite and finite Number. That this possibility should have escaped Hegel may very well, I think, be due to the fact that he did not keep sufficiently in his mind the precise significance of his categories of Quantity.
These categories, like all others in the dialectic, refer only to what is existent. (Cp. above, Section 6.) He is not dealing with the purely abstract conception of quantity, which can be applied to anything which can be thought of at all. His categories of Quantity are attempts to explain the nature of what is existent by the conception of quantities of existent Ones — the nature of each One being, as we saw in the last chapter, a simple and unique Quality.
So far as I can see, he never definitely asserts anything inconsistent with this view of the categories of Quantity — the only view which he is entitled to take — except when he deals with Quantitative Ratio. (Cp. below, Section 66.) But his expressions often suggest that he is thinking rather of abstract quantity than of a Quantity of existent Ones. This may account for his failing to see the possibility of the total number, under the categories of Undivided Quantity, being limited. For of course there is no limit to a purely abstract quantity.
What Hegel says, however, in reaching his category of Number, only requires a verbal correction. For it is true that Hegel’s category of Number is the first point at which any Quantity, less than the whole Quantity of Ones, could have a number.
55. “Quantity is Quantum” says Hegel, “or has a Limit, both as Continuous and as Discrete Magnitude. The difference of these species has here no meaning “ (G. L. i. 232). This must not be taken as an assertion that Continuity and Discreteness have no longer meaning as different moments in any Quantity. It is only the distinction between Continuous and Discrete Magnitudes which has no longer any meaning. And this result was brought about in Limitation of Quantity. For there we saw that a Discrete Magnitude could only be Discrete in so far as it was positively related to that which was outside .it. And this positive relation is what Hegel calls Continuity.
Quantity is now indifferent to its Limit, but not indifferent to having a Limit, for to have a Limit is identical with being a Quantum (G. L. i. 2.325 h e distinction seems to be that it is always essential to A Quantum to have a Limit, but never essential to it to have a particular Limit. Of course, if it had a different Limit, it would be a different Quantum. But then there is no reason why it should not be different. This will be .explained when we reach the Quantitative Infinite Progress.
Hegel further says that the Ones which make up any Quantum are indifferent to the Limit, but that the Limit is not indifferent to the Ones (G. L. i. 234). As the Limit is that which determines the Quantum to be what it is, it follows that the Ones in a Quantum are indifferent to the Quantum, while the Quantum is not indifferent to them.
This superiority of the units to the aggregate is essential to Quantity, and is implied in all Quantitative statements. When we say, for example, 7 = 5 + 2, we assume that each of the units dealt with will remain unchanged, whether it is combined with more or fewer others. If not, the proposition would not be true. But the aggregates do not remain the same, regardless of the units. If, for example, we take one unit away from 7, what remains is no longer equal to 5 + 2.
56. (G. L. i. 252.) Extensive and Intensive Quanta differ from each other in a manner analogous to the difference between Continuous and Discrete Quantity. The distinction between the two pairs of terms is that Extensive and Intensive refer to Quantitative Limits only, and, as the Quantum, is identical with Q its Limit, they apply to Quanta, while, since no Quantities except Quanta have Limits, they apply to no Quantities except Quanta. Continuous and Discrete, on the other hand, apply to all Quantities.
We have first Extensive Quantum. This conception is identical with that of Number, except that its determination is now explicitly posited as a plurality (Vielheit.) (G. L. i. 253).
I do not see why plurality is more explicitly posited in the conception of Extensive Quantum than in that of Number, nor does Hegel give any reason why it should be so. The idea of Extensive Quantum has the same content with the idea of Number. The Extensive Quantum is looked on as primarily a plurality. It is not exclusively a plurality, for, since it is a Quantum, it must be definite, and, being definite, must be Discrete. It is therefore a unity as well as a plurality, but its distinctive mark is plurality. Now this is also the case with Number. A Number is a unity, or it could not be definite. But it is conceived as more essentially a plurality. In Number, as we saw above, the Ones are indifferent to the Quantum, but the Quantum is not indifferent to them. The plurality is thus more essential than the unity.
But since the Quantum is a unity it can also be taken with the greater emphasis on the unity, and when this is done we get the conception of Intensive Quantum (G. L. i. 253. Enc. 103).
The difference between Intensive and Extensive Quantum is thus one of comparative emphasis. Extensive Quantum has a certain unity, but its unity is subordinate to its plurality. It is comparatively Continuous with what is outside it, and comparatively Discrete within itself. Intensive Quantum is more Discrete from the external, more Continuous within, and its unity is therefore greater than that of Extensive Quantum. The Limit of an Intensive Quantum is called its Degree (G. L. i. 254. Enc. 103). The Degree of such a Quantum is rather Mehrheit than Mehreres, and while it may be spoken of as a Number (Zahl), it must not, since it is simple, be regarded as a Sum (Anzahl) (G. L. i. 254).
57. (G. L. i. 255.) The treatment of this point is rather obscure. Hegel says “Extensive and Intensive Magnitudes are thus one and the same determination of Quantum; they are only separated by the fact that one has its Sum inside itself, the other has its Sum outside itself. Extensive Magnitude passes over into Intensive Magnitude, since its plurality falls inherently into a unity, outside which plurality is found. But on the other hand this unity only finds its determination in a Sum, and in a Sum which is regarded as its own; as something which is indifferent to Intensities otherwise determined, it has the externality of the Sum in itself; and thus Intensive Magnitude is as essentially Extensive Magnitude” (G. L. i. 256).
Does this mean that !the two terms are strictly correlative — that they stand side, by side in the dialectic process, and that the transition from Intensive to Extensive is of precisely similar nature to the transition from Extensive to Intensive? Or does it mean that Intensive Quantum stands higher on the scale than Extensive, and that the transition from Extensive to Intensive is the transition of the dialectic process, while the transition from Intensive to Extensive only means that what is seen under a higher category can, if we choose, also be regarded under a lower one?
The words quoted above suggest the first of these alternatives. And this is supported by the passage which immediately follows them (G. L. i. 257). In this we are told that with this identity we gain a Qualitative Something, since the identity is a unity which is formed by the negation of its differences. This on the whole suggests that the two terms are to be taken as on an absolute equality.
Nevertheless it seems to me that the weight of the evidence is on the whole in favour of the view which finds Intensive Magnitude a more advanced stage of the dialectic process than Extensive Magnitude. To this conclusion I am led by three reasons.
In the first place we cannot safely lay much weight on Hegel’s expressions about the Qualitative Something. For the mention of a Qualitative element here seems very casual. It is dropped as soon as it has been made. We hear nothing more of it while we remain in the division of Quantum. The next mention of a Qualitative element comes in the division which succeeds Quantum — namely Quantitative Relation. And when it comes in there, it is introduced quite independently, with no reference to the passage on p. 257, and in quite a different way. That passage cannot therefore be considered as of much importance.
In the second place, the transition to the next category’ (Alteration of Quantum) does not start from the identity of. Extensive and Intensive Magnitudes, but from the consideration, of Intensive Magnitude taken by itself. This will, I think, be evident when we come to consider the transition, and it would follow that Intensive Magnitude must be above Extensive in the scale of categories, since the possibility of advancing from the intensive a one implies that the Intensive has absorbed the Extensive.
In the third place, this view is supported by several passages. Hegel says (G. L. i. 279, 280) that the notion of Quantum reaches its reality as Intensive Magnitude, and is now posited in its Determinate Being m it is in its Notion. This agrees with the Encyclopaedia, where he says (Enc. 104) that in Degree the notion of Quantum is explicitly posited. Also there is not the slightest doubt that, in the Encyclopaedia, Intensive Quantum is higher than Extensive Quantum, since it falls in the third subdivision of Quantity, while Extensive Quantum falls in the second.
58. On the whole, therefore, although the evidence is certainly conflicting, I think that the Greater Logic regards Intensive Quantum as higher than Extensive Quantum. We can see why this should. be so. Intensive Quantum emphasises ‘the unity of the Quantum rather than its plurality. In other words, it emphasises the Limit. This carries us further away from the indefinite Quantity with which the treatment of Quantity began. Intensive Quantum is thus the more developed idea of the two.
The necessity of the transition does not lie in any contradiction in Extensive Quantum which forces us to pass to Intensive. The contradiction would lie in denying that a. Quantum which was Extensive was also Intensive. For any Quantum must be Continuous within itself, and Discrete from what is outside it. In virtue of this it is a unity, and so is Intensive. Thus the previous conclusion that the universe is such that the conception of Extensive Quantum is applicable to it, involves that the conception of Intensive Quantum is likewise applicable, and anything else which is involved in the conception of Intensive Quantum.
Hegel’s titles,. then, do injustice to the course of his argument. The real advance is not from the difference between Extensive Quantum and Intensive Quantum to the identity between them. It is rather from Extensive Quantum to intensive Quantum. And thus the two first subdivisions of Extensive and Intensive Quantum should have been (a) Extensive Quantum, (b) Intensive Quantum.
Thus, for the second time in this chapter, we find that Hegel’s titles are misleading. In each case the defect arose from the titles taking as correlative two conceptions, of which his argument shows one to be superior to the other. In the first case it was the Continuous and Discrete; in the second case it was the Extensive and Intensive. It may perhaps be the case that the confusion arose from following in the titles the usage of mathematics, for which each of these pairs is a pair of two correlatives which are strictly on an equality with one another. Should this be the true, explanation, it would add another to the cases in which the consideration of the finite sciences, so far from rendering assistance to the dialectic, has distorted it, and injured its cogency.
59. We now come to the transition to the next category. Of this Hegel says. “The Quantum is the determination posited as transcended, the indifferent limit, the determination which is equally the negation of itself. This discrepancy is developed in, Extensive Magnitude, but it is Intensive Magnitude which is the determinate being of this externality, which constitutes the intrinsic nature of the Quantum. It is posited as its own contradiction, as being the simple determination relating itself to itself, which is the negation of itself, as having its determination, not in itself, but in another Quantum.
“A Quantum is therefore posited as in absolute Continuity, in respect of its Quality, with what is external to it, with its Other. It is therefore not only possible that it should go beyond any determination of Magnitude, it is not only possible that it should be altered, but it is posited as necessarily alterable. The determination of Magnitude continues itself in its Other being in such a way that it has its being only in its Continuity with an Other; it is a limit which is not, but becomes” (G. L. i. 261. Cp. also Enc. 104).
That is to say, there is nothing to decide why, when there is a Quantum, it should be one Quantum, with one Magnitude, rather than another Quantum, with another Magnitude. Magnitudes can only be fixed by non-Quantitative considerations. There is an a priori reason why a triangle has three sides, rather than two or four. There is an empirical reason why there are seven apples on this dish, rather than six or eight. But these reasons are not to be found in the nature of three or seven, but in the nature of triangles, or of the distribution of apples.
Now there are no non-Quantitative considerations to determine the Quanta under this category. The only non-Quantitative feature that the Quanta have at all is that each One is a separate and unique Quality, And this obviously can give no reason why some of the Ones should be conjoined in a particular Quantum and others left out. This could only be determined by some general quality, shared by some of the Ones, and not by Others. And this is a conception which the dialectic has not yet reached.
But, it may be objected, why should a reason be wanted at all? Why should it not be an ultimate fact — since some facts must be ultimate — that these seventeen Ones, for example, should be parts of the same Quantum, and that no others should be? This would give a definite Quantum.
I do not think this objection is valid. If this Quantum was an ultimate fact, it would imply that there was some difference between any One inside the Quantum and any One outside it, of a different nature from any difference which could occur between any two Ones inside the Quantum. A, inside the Quantum, cannot differ in the same way from B inside it and from 0 outside it, Now, with the category at present before us, it is impossible that there should be such a difference between differences. Each One differs from every other One precisely in the same way. Each is a separate numerical One, and each is a unique Quality. And there is no other way in w ic any One can differ from another One. Thus, not only can no reason be given for stopping at one point rather than another, but to stop at one point rather than another would introduce a conception (that of different sorts of differences between Ones) positively incompatible with the present category.
60. Hegel expresses this by saying that, while each Quantum has its determination in another Quantum, and stops where the other begins, it is at the same time continuous with this other Quantum — the Ones are just the same on each side of the Limit, and there can be no reason why the Limit should not be put elsewhere, and so add to the Quantum or diminish it. And so we come to
(G. L. 261.) Why, it may be asked, did not this conception of the necessary variation of Quantity come before ? Surely it is as true of an Extensive Quantum as of an Intensive Quantum that it is essentially alterable.
I think it is true that, if we had stopped at Extensive Quantum, without going on to Intensive, this conception of Alteration would have necessarily followed from Extensive Quantum. But the more immediately obvious transition — and therefore the one to take first — was the transition to Intensive Quantum. And, if Intensive Quantum was to come in at all, the transition to Alteration of Quantum comes better after it, for the necessity of that transition then becomes far more obvious. As was said in the passage quoted above, it was developed in Extensive Magnitude, but finds its determinate being in Intensive Magnitude.
When we regard a Quantum as, Extensive, we regard the plurality of Ones as the element which is logically prior, and the Quantum as a whole is regarded as dependent on the Ones. Now so long as we refer the Quantum to the Ones, there is a reason for the Quantum being the size it is, and no other, namely that it includes those Ones, and no others. If we go further, and ask why those Ones and no others should be included, no answer could be given, and the conception of Alteration would arise, but so long as we regard the Ones as ultimate in reference to the Quantum, the necessity of Alteration remains in the background.
But with Intensive Quantum it comes at once to the front. For then the unity of the Quantum is the prominent element. And therefore our question — why is it this Quantum, and not a larger or smaller one — cannot be referred back to the Ones which it contains. And therefore the necessity of Alteration, which is due to the impossibility of answering this question follows more obviously and naturally from Intensive Quantum.
This is what Hegel means when he says (G. L. i. 253) that a determination of a Quantum through Number (which is a, category previous to Intensive Quantum) does not need another Magnitude, because in Number Quantum has its externality, and its relation to another, inside itself. (If this passage seems to deny all tendency to Alteration in the case of an Extensive Quantum, we must remember the explicit assertion on page 261 that the difference in this respect between Extensive and Intensive is merely a matter of degree.) And again (G. L. i. 254) “Degree, therefore, which is simple and in itself, and so has its external Other-being no longer in itself, has that Other-being outside itself, and relates itself to it as to its determination.”
61. We have now come to the end of Extensive and Intensive Quantum, and pass on to the third subdivision of Quantum, which is called
(G. L. i. 263.) The first subdivision of Quantitative Infinity, is, as it should be, the restatement of the last subdivision of the preceding triad. The first movement of the Quantum when it passes its Limit is into a Quantity which is simply defined as not being that Quantum. So far, then, it is only Quantity, and no longer Quantum. And as Quantity is only bounded when it is Quantum, this Quantity has no boundaries at all. Thus it is infinite.
Hegel now proceeds to remark on the difference between the Qualitative Infinity, which was one of the triads in Being Determinate, and that Quantitative Infinity with which we are now dealing (G. L. i. 264). That which is Qualitatively determined is not posited as having, the other in itself. Magnitudes, on the other hand, are posited as being. essentially Alterable — as being, in Hegel’s somewhat peculiar language, “ unequal to, themselves and indifferent to themselves.”
The difference is one which always arises between lower and higher categories in Hegel’s philosophy. The method of the, dialectic changes gradually as the dialectic process advances. (Cp. Enc. III, 161, 240.) It becomes more of a. spontaneous advance from category to category, and less of a breaking, down, by negative methods, of the resistance of categories which oppose any movement beyond them. It is thus to be expected, since Quantity comes later than Quality in the process, that the finite in Quantity should lead on to the infinite more expressly and directly than the finite in Quality does.
The transition to the Infinite Quantitative Progress, which now takes place, is analogous to the transition to the Infinite Qualitative Progress. (Cp. above, Section 33.) The Quantum is after all continuous with the indefinite Quantity into which it has passed over. If it were not, it would not have passed over into it. The passage has only taken place because both terms are Quantities, only separated by a Limit to which it is the nature of Quantity to be But the Quantity on the other side of the Limit will also be composed of Ones, and thus the argument is again applicable which originally transformed Quantity into Quantum. The Other Side (Jenseits) of the original Quantum is now itself a Quantum. And there fore, like the original Quantum, it is essentially subject to alteration, and will pass the Limit, only thereby to reach a third Quantum, which will be suppressed in its turn, and so on (G. L. i. 265).
62. We now come to
(G. L. i. 264. Enc. 104.) At this point Hegel inserts an interesting note on the supposed sublimity of the sort of Infinite which is revealed in such a progress as this. Such an Infinite, he says, can produce nothing but weariness (G. L. i. 268. Enc. 104). This is extremely characteristic of Hegel. When he says that the true Infinite is not the unbounded, but the self-determined, he does not merely change the meaning of a word, but claims for the self-determined all the dignity which is commonly attributed to the unbounded. It is, perhaps, to his deep conviction that true greatness lies in self-limitation, and not in the absence of limitation, that we are to ascribe much of the special reverence which he shows for the ideas of the Greeks, as well as his low opinion of the Romanticism of his own age and country.
We must not forget, however, that Hegel never says that the False Infinite of an Infinite Series is necessarily contradictory, though he does say it is worthless and tedious. But in the present case there is a contradiction, as there was with the Infinite Series in Quality. We had reached the idea of a Quantum, and a Quantum has to be definite. But it can only be definite by having a certain Limit, and by keeping within it. We have seen, however, that any Quantum necessarily passes its Limit, and overflows into a fresh Quantum. It is not, therefore, determined in Magnitude. But it is of the essence of Quantum to be determined, and the dialectic will not permit us to reject the idea of Quantum altogether. In this case, therefore, a contradiction arises.
63. To this argument an objection might be raised. Let us take the Quantum as enlarged till it includes the whole Quantity of Ones. Will it not then be determined, since it is impossible for it to increase beyond this point ? It will not, indeed, have a Limit, in the technical Hegelian sense, but it will have a fixed Magnitude, and this is all that is wanted.
Hegel does not seem to have considered this point. As I said above (Section 54), he would probably have considered that an infinite Quantity of Ones would have no Number, and no definite Magnitude, and he apparently ignored the possibility of the Ones being finite in number. But this possibility, as we saw above, cannot Justifiably be ignored.
It does not, however, remove the contradiction. And this for two reasons. In the first place, the category of Quantum arose from the fact that Quantity, in virtue of its characteristic of Discreteness, could be divided at any point — we could make a Quantum wherever we liked by dividing Quantity. Now if the only way in which we can get a Quantity of a fixed Magnitude is by including all the Ones, then there will only be one such fixed Magnitude, and it will not arise by dividing the total Quantity, but by including it all. This is not a Quantum. For a Quantum is made by dividing the total Quantity, and has always, therefore, other Quanta beyond it. The fixed Magnitude of the whole of Quantity, then, would not be a Quantum, and thus the contradiction would still remain — that it has been proved that there must be determined Quanta, and that no Quantum can be determined.
In the second place, a Quantum would not be determined by the fact that it could increase no further. For its instability works both ways. There is no more reason why it should not be smaller than it is, than why it should not be larger than it is. (Hegel only speaks of the indeterminateness in the one direction, but his arguments apply equally to the other.) Thus, suppose a Quantum could contain all the Ones, the process of Alteration would take place with it as much as with any other, though it could only take place in one direction.
64. How is the contradiction to be avoided? In a very similar way to that in which the same difficulty was met in the case of Qualitative Infinity. That which is outside any Quantum is another Quantum. If we try to find the determination of any Quantum in itself exclusively, then we find that its Limit continually alters, and that the task is endless. But the case is changed if we fully accept the relation of each Quantum to the other which is outside it. No Quantum can determine itself as against another Quantum. But two Quanta can reciprocally determine one another. There is no reason why 7 Ones should not change to 8, or 17 Ones to 16, if we take 7 Ones and 17 Ones as isolated facts, each of which must be determined by itself, or not at all. But if we take these Quanta as related to one another, then there is a reason why 7 Ones should not become 8 — for then the Quantum would bear a different relation to the 17 Ones. And there is a corresponding reason why 17 Ones should not become 16. Thus the Quanta have now some real self-determination, though it is slight; A cannot become greater or less, because it would thereby change its relation to B. And its relation to B is what it is, not only because B is B, but because A is A. With this partial self-determination we reach
(G. L. i. 279. Enc. 105) by which is meant the true Infinity of self-determination, as opposed to the False Infinity of an unending progress.
65. It will be noticed that there is a difference between the Quantitative Infinite Progress and the earlier Qualitative Infinite Progress. In. Quality the Something finds its nature only in another Something, which in turn finds its nature in a third, and so on. The Somethings themselves do not change, but fresh Somethings are continually reached in the vain search for a final determination. In Quantity, however, the Infinite Progress is not a Progress of an Infinity of Quanta, but of a single Quantum, which endlessly increases in size as it successively overleaps every Limit.
In Quality no change of anything was possible. The nature of reality was not yet sufficiently complex to allow anything to become different in one respect while remaining the same in others. If a thing is not completely the same it has utterly vanished. It is impossible, therefore, for a Something to change, and the Infinite Progress can only take place by adding fresh Somethings.
In Quantity, however, change is possible. The gradual addition of fresh Ones to a Quantum affords a changing element, while the Ones previously in it afford the permanent element, without which there can be no change.
With this stage of the dialectic the idea of Quality becomes more prominent again. Not only are the Ones each a separate Quality, as they have been all along, but in each Quantum, also, a Qualitative nature begins to develop (G. L. i. 281. Enc. 105). This is most clearly stated in the Encyclopaedia. “That the Quantum in its independent character is external to itself, is what constitutes its Quality. In that externality it is itself and referred connectively to itself. There is a union in it of externality, i.e. the Quantitative, and of independency (Being-for-Self) — the Qualitative.” The essential character of Quantity was its instability. Now this characteristic begins to disappear. The Quantum can no longer alter without any effect on anything but its own Magnitude. For it is now in relation to some other Quantum, and it cannot alter unless either that other Quantum, or the relation, alters simultaneously. This is the first step (though as yet a very, small one) towards bringing back, on a higher level, the fixity of Quality. With it we pass out of Quantum to the third and last division of Quantity, after some mathematical digressions occupying nearly a hundred pages.
66. (G. L. i. 379. Enc. 105.) The Ratio between two Quanta, says Hegel, is itself a Quantum (G. L. i. 380). And it is true that it is a determinate number. But it differs too much from the Quanta, which it relates, to have any claim to the name of Quantum. For they are Quanta of Ones, while the Ratio is not. The Ratio between twelve existent Ones and six existent ,Ones is certainly two, but it is not two existent Ones. Hegel does not seem to see this, and treats all three quantities here as if they were simply terms in abstract arithmetic, in which he is not justified.
67. The first and simplest form of Ratio is called
(G. L. i. 381.) The related Quanta are here taken as logically prior, and the Quantum which is their Ratio as logically subsequent. Thus we get, for example, that the Ratio of 7 to 3,5 is 5. The Ratio is called the Exponent.
Now the Quantum which is the Patio is no more determined by the two Quanta of which it is the Ratio than it is by an infinite number of pairs of other Quanta. For example, 5 is equally the Ratio of 6 and 30, of 8 and 40, and so on. It follows that the related Quanta can alter to any extent absolutely, provided that they do not alter relatively. So long as one remains five times the other they may both increase or diminish indefinitely.
Nothing is stable but the Exponent. And therefore Hegel finds it a defect in this category that the Exponent is not sufficiently discriminated from the other Quanta. It cannot be the largest of the three Quanta concerned, but it can be either of the others. We have said that 7 and 3.5 stand to each other in a Ratio, expressed by 5. But we might just as well have said that 5 and 35 stand to each other in a Ratio expressed by 7 (G. L. i. 383).
It seems to me that this argument is defective because it ignores the fact, pointed out above, that the Ratio is not a Magnitude of the same sort as the Quanta of which it is a Ratio. They are Quanta made up of existent Ones, using the word One in the special sense in which the dialectic has determined it. But the Ratio is not a Number of Ones, in this sense, at all. Therefore the Ratio and the related Quantum are not interchangeable in the way Hegel asserts.
68. It is on this supposed defect that the transition to the next category is based. Since — this appears to be Hegel’s argument — the Exponent has the stability which the other Quanta do not possess, it must be distinguishable from them. But in Direct Ratio this is not the case, since the Exponent is interchangeable with the related Quanta. We must therefore seek out another sort of Ratio, where the Exponent is marked out by the nature of the relation. Now, if we take three integral numbers, there is a relation between them which has the required definiteness. If one of them is the product of the other two, then it is the largest of the three that will be the product. So we come to
(G. L. i. 384) where the Exponent is the product of the two related Quanta. It appears to be called Inverse because the increase of one of the related Quanta involves the diminution of the other.
69. The transition to the next category is extremely obscure. So far as I can understand it, it is as follows (G. L. i. 389). Either of the two related Quanta can increase, so long as the other diminishes, the only Limit of this process being that neither of the related Quanta can become larger than the Exponent. Thus either of the related Quanta is implicitly (an sich) the Exponent. Hegel calls this “ the negation of the externality of the Exponent.” This means, I believe, that there are no longer necessarily three Quanta, but only two, namely the Exponent, connected with one other Quantum, no longer by a third Quantum, but by some non-Quantitative relation. And thus, says Hegel — without giving any further explanation — we reach
(G. L. i. 389.) By this he appears to mean only the special relation which exists between two numbers, one of which is the square of the other. It is the square, is the result of the process, which is treated as the Exponent.
70. The transition appears very questionable. It may be admitted that the indefinite approximation of one of the related Quanta to the Exponent brings a Qualitative element into greater prominence, and that the Ratio of Powers has also a relatively prominent Qualitative element. But in other respects they are quite different conceptions. And Hegel gives us no reason for passing at this point from one partially Qualitative relation to another and distinct partially-Qualitative relation. He is satisfied with showing that they are both partially-Qualitative, which is clearly not sufficient.
It is difficult to see, too, why Hegel thought himself justified in considering only those cases where one Quantum was the square of the other, and in excluding cubes and other powers. If, however, he had considered those other powers, it would have become evident that the relation between the two Quanta was not yet one which could dispense with a third Quantum. For the question of the power to which one was to be raised to equal the other could only be answered by naming a third Quantum.
Hegel makes the transition to the next category as follows: “Quantity as such appears as opposed to Quality; but Quantity is itself a Quality, a determination in general which relates itself to itself, and which is separated from the other determination, from Quality as such. Yet it is not only a Quality, but the truth of Quality itself is Quantity: Quality has shown itself as going over into Quantity ; Quantity, on the other hand, is in its truth that externality which is turned back on itself, which is not indifferent. So it is Quality itself, in such a way that outside this determination Quality as such is no longer anything .... The Quantum now as indifferent or external determination (so that it is just as much transcended as such, and is the Quality, and is that, through which anything is what it is) is the truth of the Quantum — to be Measure “ (G. L. i. 392).
71. We have now reached the end of Hegel’s treatment of Quantitative Ratio. As we have seen, serious objections exist both to the transition from Direct to Inverse Ratio, and to the transition from Inverse Ratio to the Ratio of Powers. But, apart from these, there is a more general objection. The whole triad of Quantitative Ratio is a blind alley. It does not lead, as it professes to lead, to the category of Measure, and the chain of the dialectic cannot be continued through it.
The passage I have quoted above contains the transition from Quantity to Measure. We have therefore before us the way in which the inadequacies of Quantity are, according to Hegel, to be transcended, and in which Quality is to he synthesised with Quantity in Measure. These objects would certainly have been attained if Hegel had succeeded in his attempt to demonstrate that Quantity is Quality. But it seems to me that he has not reached this result by Quantitative Ratio, and that therefore he has neither removed the inadequacies of Quantity, nor synthesised it with Quality.
As to the first. The special characteristic of Quantity was its instability. We saw, to begin with, that it was that which could alter, and yet remain the same. When we reached Alteration of Quantum, we found that it not only could alter, but must alter, and it was to remedy the contradictions thus caused that we were forced to resort to Quantitative Ratio.
Does Quantitative Ratio remove this indifference, even when taken in its highest form, the Ratio of Powers ? Let us pass over the difficulty that the power to which a number is to be raised can only be expressed in another number, which might be any other. Let us confine ourselves, as Hegel does, to squares, arid ignore the Quantitative nature of the index. Has this removed the instability ? If we take 49 Ones as a simple Quantum, it is under the necessity of changing continually. If we take it as the square of 7, has the necessity disappeared ?
Surely it has not. It is true that the Square cannot now change unless the Root changes as well. But the Root is also a Quantum, and so it also will be unstable, and the Square will be unstable with it. The first numbers the Square can change to are no longer 48 and .50 but 36 and 64. But the number of changes of the Square is unbounded except by the total number of Ones, and we have seen that this restriction does not remove the instability of Quantum. And therefore Quantitative Ratio has not removed the contradictions of Quantitative Infinity, nor has it enabled xis to transcend the characteristic nature of Quantity. It is true that the Square and the Root are linked Quanta, but they are still Quanta.
Very closely connected with this is the second defect of the triad. It professes to lead us to Measure, and it must therefore bring back Quality. In the passage quoted above (G. L. i. 392) Hegel says that it has done this. Quantity “is Quality itself, in such a way that outside this determination Quality as such is no longer anything.” That is to say, he holds that we have here reached a Synthesis of Quality and Quantity. Now it is true that the introduction of related Quanta has introduced a certain Qualitative element into Quantity. The movements of each separate Quantum are no longer completely arbitrary and unconditioned, and every restriction on the movement means some departure from the typical idea of Quantity. But this does not amount to what Hegel claims to have reached the complete absorption of Quantity. We have got a Quantity, which is more like a Quality than before, but which is still essentially a Quantity and riot a Quality. The test of this is the instability, and the Infinite Progress to which the instability gives rise. Till we have got rid of this, we have not transcended Quantity. For the instability is, as we have seen, the special characteristic of Quantity. Thus we have riot reached a point at which Quantity is transcended, and therefore united with Quality. The category at which we stand is still essentially Quantitative, and does not combine Quantity with Quality. And as Measure certainly has to combine Quantity with Quality, we have not yet got a valid transition to Measure.
72. What then is to be done? We saw reason to think that the transition from Quantum to Quantitative Ratio is valid, and I believe that it is possible to recast the triad of Quantitative Ratio in such a way as to make a valid transition to Measure. The Thesis of my proposed triad would be the restatement of the general idea of Quantitative Ratio, as it had been arrived at la the previous category of Infinity of Quantum. It might be called Quantitative Ratio as such, or again Quantitative Ratio in general (überhaupt), either of which would be in accordance with Hegel’s terminology.
The inadequacy of this Thesis would lie in the fact that a Quantum is not fully determined by its Ratio to another unless that other Quantum is determined. Nor can the two Quanta mutually determine one another by their Ratio, for, as we have seen, two Quanta can vary and yet preserve the same Ratio to one another. The second Quantum, then, must be determined by its Ratio to a third, with regard to which the same question will arise, and so on continually. This Infinite Series forms the Antithesis of our triad, and might be called the Infinite Series of Ratios.
It will be noticed that this Infinite Series resembles the Infinite Series of Quality rather than the Infinite Series of Quantity. For the Ratios do not continually alter, as the Quanta did in the Series of Quantity. The Infinity comes in through the necessity of going to fresh Ratios to determine those already existing.
Here, as in the two previous cases, the Infinite Series involves a contradiction. The original Quantum is determined. But it can only be determined by a Ratio to a Quantum which is determined otherwise than by a Ratio. But no such Quantum is to be found. Therefore the original Quantum is not determined, and we have a contradiction.
We must pass on, then, to a fresh category, which will remove this contradiction, avid will form the Synthesis of Quantitative Ratio. We have seen that Quantity, however developed, can never, while it remains only Quantity, get rid of the inadequacy which has shown itself once more in the Infinite Series of Ratios. Now the ground of this inadequacy was the necessary instability of all Quanta. And this instability, we saw, proceeded from the fact that the differences between all Ones, were so similar that no reason could be assigned why a Quantum should stop at any particular limit rather than another. (Cp. above, Section 59.)
The only way of escaping from our difficulty, therefore, will be to reject this similarity of the differences between the Ones, and to find d a state of’ things in which the natures of the Ones shall link some of them more closely together in a group from which others are excluded. And this can be done only if there are Qualities each of which belongs to several Ones, but not to all, so that each of these forms a bond which binds those Ones which have it into a group from which those which do not have it are excluded.
The instability of Quanta would thus be arrested. For there would be a reason why the Quantum should not increase beyond a certain Limit. Every Quantum is a Quantum of Ones which have a certain common Quality, and beyond a certain Limit there would be no more Ones with that Quality. The Ones outside it would have some other Quality.
We have now reached a category which transcends the inadequacy of Quantitative Ratio, and also of Quantity generally, and so reaches the category of _Measure as defined by Hegel (G. L. i. 392) in the passage quoted above. Our argument avoids Hegel’s error of ignoring the difference between a Quantum of Ones and a Quantum (if that name is appropriate to it) which is a Ratio between Quanta.
73. The treatment of Quantity in the Encyclopaedia is practically the same as in the Greater Logic, except in one point. In the Greater Logic, as we have seen, Extensive and Intensive Magnitudes, and the Infinite Progress all fall within the second subdivision, while the third subdivision is completely taken up by Ratio. In the Encyclopaedia, the second subdivision (named, as in the Greater Logic, Quantum) deals with Extensive Magnitude only. The third subdivision is called Degree, and contains Intensive Magnitude, tile Infinite Progress, and Ratio. This arrangement shows more clearly that an advance is made in passing from Extensive to Intensive Magnitude, but otherwise it seems inferior to the order of the Greater Logic. For Intensive Magnitude seems more closely connected with Extensive Magnitude than it is with Ratio. And, again, the Infinite Progress makes manifest the characteristic contradiction inherent in all Quantity. It would seem, therefore, more appropriately placed in the second subdivision, which is the Antithesis of the triad of Quantity, than in the third, which is the Synthesis.
1. Mind, 1908, p. 242.
2. Whether there is such a failure or not is left undetermined by Mr Russell’s criticisms, since these do not deal with the main course of the argument but with one of the mathematical Notes.
3. Hegel’s use of the term Intensive Quantum differs considerably from that of most other writers.
4. This argument assumes the principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles, since it would be invalid if Ones could differ in their relations without differing in their nature. But Hegel habitually assumes the truth of this principle. (Cp. Section 6.)
5. The transition from the Quantum is taken by Hegel as being first to an indefinite Quantity. (Cp. below, Section 61.) It would therefore have been better if he had said here that each Quantum was bounded by another Quantity.
6. The category of the Notion of Quantitative Infinity, which we have just been considering, corresponds to the category in Quality called Infinity in General, and the Quantitative Infinite Progress corresponds to the Reciprocal Determination of the Finite and Infinite. We saw reason to think (Section 31) that the stage of Infinity in General was a mistake, and that we should have passed, in Quality, direct from Finitude to Reciprocal Determination of the Finite and the Infinite.
I do not, however, think that the Notion of Quantitative Infinity is an invalid category. The argument for the Infinity is quite different in the two cases, and here it seems to be valid. If a Quantum passes its Limit, the first result of that is, as Hegel states it to be, that it becomes an unlimited Quantity. It is a fresh step in the argument to show that this Quantity must still be a Quantum and have a fresh Limit, and so on indefinitely. Thus the passage to the Infinite Progress in Quantity, unlike the passage to the Infinite Progress in Quality, does require a transition through a stage of absence of Limitation.
It was possibly the necessity for such a stage of absence of Limitation in Quantity, which misled Hegel into supposing that it was necessary in Quality as well.
7. His expression in the Encyclopaedia is “welches Kant als schauderhaft bezeichnet, worin indess das eigentlich Schauderhafte nur die Langweiligkeit sein dürfte.” in the first edition of his translation Prof. Wallace happily renders this: “which Kant describes as awful. The only really awful thing about it is the awful wearisomeness.” The second edition is, I think, less successful.
8. The related Quanta must be represented by integral numbers, since they consist of indivisible ones. The product therefore must also be integral.
9. I do not recur here to the difficulty that 49 Ones (in the Hegelian sense) are neither the square of 7 Ones, nor of 7, nor of anything else. This is a fresh case of the mistake mentioned above (Section 66). | <urn:uuid:1d69f5f0-d62f-4d63-b87a-7cea45aff75a> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mctaggart/logic/ch03.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111581.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00033-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966873 | 13,602 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Most people never think about sleep cycles until they begin feeling the impact of not getting an adequate amount of sleep. In fact, there are some people who only know of REM sleep because they hear about it in movies, read about it in books, or watch shows on television that mention it. However, they have little knowledge of what it means or how different sleep cycles impact their mental and physical health and well-being.
Each of these sleep phases serves a purpose. The transition period, typically lasts up to ten minutes. This is when your body makes the transition from wakefulness to sleep. Light sleep is when your eye movements stop, your blood pressure drops, and your muscles relax. You’re no longer awake at this point. The two stages of deep sleep are particularly important because the bulk of the work your body does to repair the damage of the day, recover spent energy, and boost immunity occurs here.
This period of sleep typically lasts 40 to 60 minutes, and waking from deep sleep is more difficult. REM sleep is the period of sleep in which you dream. Waking just after REM sleep leaves you with vivid memories of your dreams, sometimes referred to as lucid dreams.
When your body doesn’t receive an adequate amount of sleep at night, everything suffers to some degree. Missing as little as one hour of sleep at night can slow reaction time, reduce cognitive functions, and lower overall immunity.
Additionally, it can lead to a short fuse when dealing with others, which renders you somewhat unpleasant to be around. The damage to your day is greatly exacerbated when your sleep is interrupted during one of the two deep sleep cycles where your body is doing the greatest amount of repair during sleep. One way to avoid interrupting this vital cycle of sleep is to use a sleep cycle alarm clock to help you wake during the lighter sleep phases when the interruption is less problematic.
Regulating your sleep cycles for a better night’s sleep can also help a great deal. Here are a few steps you can take to achieve that goal:
Small changes yield big results in the quality of sleep you get at night as well as the amount of sleep you get. Developing a better understanding of your sleep cycles is just one part of the process of getting more productive sleep.
If you found this article useful and shareable, please copy and paste the following into the html code of your website or blog:
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Whether your interests are to improve your health in general, avoid a specific medical condition, or to improve a health… Read More
People love tea. If provides a similar boost as coffee in alertness, but has less caffeine. Therefore, it doesn't interfere… Read More
For many individuals, a weighted blanket has become a routine part of healthy sleep habits and stress relief, and for… Read More | <urn:uuid:90cf8498-757b-4fa9-8b33-d0ea42c01bf0> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.plushbeds.com/blog/sleep-science/sleep-cycles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120023523-20200120051523-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.94915 | 635 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Measuring the efficiency of health systemsBMJ 2001; 323 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7308.295 (Published 11 August 2001) Cite this as: BMJ 2001;323:295
The World Health Report sets the agenda, but there's still a long way to go
- Martin McKee, professor of European public health
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT
Papers p 307
In June 2000 the World Health Organization provided a long awaited answer to the question beloved of politicians and journalists: “How does the health system in country X compare with that in country Y?” The results, published in the World Health Report 2000,1 delighted some governments, such as that of France, which came first, but infuriated others, such as Brazil, at 125. The rankings are based on measures of achievement of five health system goals. The achievement of health is seen as a core objective of a health system, so goals are a high level of health and a fair distribution. A health system should also be responsive to popular expectations. This includes respect for individuals (autonomy and confidentiality) and client orientation (prompt service and quality of facilities). As with health, the resulting goals relate to the absolute level of responsiveness and its distribution. The fifth goal is fair financing, with expenditure reflecting ability to pay rather than risk of illness.
In this week's BMJ some of the authors of … | <urn:uuid:86211e12-8cd5-4c64-b839-e2012ede7311> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.bmj.com/content/323/7308/295.full | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038464146.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418013444-20210418043444-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.954277 | 308 | 3.125 | 3 |
Kids Courier - Dinosaurs and Fossils
Dinosaurs and Fossils
Zoom Dinosaurs - Learn about different kinds of dinosaurs, fossils, and how and why they went extinct. Includes fun activities such as printouts and quizzes. Information starts at the basics, but progresses to more complicated as you advance in your knowledge.
Dinosaurs - Provides a basic introduction to many different dinosaurs as well as a brief timeline of the earth.
Dino-Roar - Listen to the cry of the Parasaurolophus, a long ago extinct dinosaur.
Dinosaur Pictures - Look at pictures of many different types of dinosaurs. Be sure to click on them to make them bigger.
Dinosaur Illustrations - Send a prehistoric postcard, look up information about dinosaurs and check out the great pictures.
Dinosaur Data Files - Check out the fact about different dinosaurs, and see how big they were in relation to humans.
Pictures of Dinosaurs - Contains three pages of great colour images from one artist.
Bone Heads - Can you imagine having six inches of thick bone covering the top of you skull? And having pointed, wart-like bumps all over the front and back of your head? Click here and learn about pachycephalosaurs, one of the bone heads.
Safe in a Crowd - Did you know that many dinosaurs nested in colonies, much the same way some kinds of birds do. Find out why they did this and learn about nesting habits of dinosaurs and pelicans.
Dinotopia: The Official Website - In this website you can find out Dinotopia ; read the latest dino news; and have fun with puzzles and trivia.
Life Over Time - Take the Field Museum Tour and learn about the beginning of life on earth and its development.
Dinosaur Crafts - Make dinosaur bones, puppets, calendars, cakes and more at this site for free.
Geo Mysteries - Rex the dino detective needs help solving some fun geologic mysteries using rocks, fossils and more clues. | <urn:uuid:6a4fd794-24a0-48e8-a59e-7090173fee89> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://kids-courier.net/kids_learning/science/science_dinosaurs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537376.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00078-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901788 | 414 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Japan in ‘Maximum Alert’ as It Struggles to Contain Nuclear Crisis
Photo by Tokyo Electric Power Company
Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan said his government was “in a state of maximum alert” as the crisis at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear plant continues to spread, with radioactive contamination in the air, soil and water near the plant. Crews used sandbags to prevent radioactive water from the plant from leaking into the Pacific Ocean, and plutonium found in some soil indicates a possible melting of one of the plant’s reactors. If a reactor were to completely melt down, massive amounts of radioactive material would be released.
Work on the plant has slowed with the presence of radioactive water in the reactors, sending several workers to the hospital with burns last week. Efforts to restore the plant’s cooling system, damaged in the earthquake and tsunami on March 11, have been unsuccessful thus far, leaving crews scrambling to cool the reactors with water. The use of massive amounts of water could be contributing to leakage into tunnels in the area.
Workers at the plant have been exposed to high levels of radiation. “On the ground at the nuclear power plant, the workers are working under very dangerous and very hard conditions,” Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano said, adding, “I feel a great deal of respect for them.”
Concerns about radiation in produce from the area has led to a ban on certain vegetables grown in the surrounding prefecture.
The crisis has been described as Japan’s worst since the devastation of World War II. The official death toll from the 9.0-magnitude quake and tsunami stands at more than 11,000. But with 18,000 still missing, that number is expected to rise as recovery workers sift through the rubble.
Hundreds of thousands of people are homeless and remain in shelters. The threat of a nuclear meltdown has compounded the effects of the natural disasters that hit the country and will inflict upwards of $300 billion in damage to Japan’s economy, according to current estimates. | <urn:uuid:684105ef-5f53-4186-9807-f320b612272f> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/japan-in-maximum-alert-as-it-struggles-to-contain-nuclear-crisis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463613738.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530011338-20170530031338-00189.warc.gz | en | 0.963201 | 426 | 2.765625 | 3 |
In the middle of these intensely unsettling and challenging times, what can we do for our families to stay healthy and emotionally resilient? Our regular routines are disrupted. We may be at home for the foreseeable future. Global news hammers on without relent. And as parents, we have the additional stress of making sense of it all for our children. How can we keep ourselves and them strong?
Here is an outline of some basic routines to consider. If you find it useful, come back to it regularly in the upcoming weeks:
1. Focus on staying resilient.
Our mental health relies on our physical routines, all too easily lost during times of change.
- Exercise – Daily exercise will make your children happier, even if they complain – and probably make you happier too. Regular exercise affects mood, energy level, learning, and more. If you can’t get outside, old-school calisthenics for a set time is great, or seek out online programs like the Seven Minute Workout or yoga for kids.
- Sleep – Actually, sleep may be the easiest thing to manage while school is out. But remember, a consistent routine, including a consistent bedtime, encourages better sleep.
- Nutrition – Eat healthy as you’re able. Don’t use food to keep kids happy. Stay with a balanced diet. Cooking is also a great activity when caught inside all day.
- Screen time – Seriously, stay on top of screen time. Kids who spend more time on screen get agitated, edgy, and wound up. Open-ended limits lead to more arguing. Set an amount, and a time, and that’s all. For adults – do the same, particularly by taking breaks from the news through most of the day. It is far easier to set limits and adjust than to create new ones after a difficult situation develops. Use time on-screen wisely and concisely.
- Relationships – One of the best uses for screens is in sustaining relationships with true friends and family. Use technology well. Support your family and your children by reaching out regularly to friends and relatives during these stressful times.
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Parents and educators, dive into Executive Function. Learn research and practical strategies to support your students.
90 minute LIVE Workshop on May 26 with author and developmental pediatrician, Dr. Mark Bertin.
2. Create structure and routine.
Being outside our routine unsettles all of us. Both adults and children may be happier with a rough schedule day to day. Use a piece of paper or whiteboard and post it somewhere for everyone.
- Schedule all your healthy activities, like exercise.
- Set aside time for schoolwork if your school is assigning it or other hobbies and intellectual pursuits.
- Schedule and prioritize whatever else you’d like, like family time or outdoor time.
- Create a chore schedule to keep your physical environment together – or maybe even, use the time home to take on bigger projects (cleaning a closet, giving away toys).
3. Take care of your family and your community.
Stopping the spread of COVID-19 is the bottom line. Follow whatever guidelines are being made as best as you’re able, from reputable sources like the American Academy of Pediatrics. At the time of writing, that means:
- Handwashing and lots of it. For yourself, and your children, teach, practice, and monitor proper techniques.
- Avoid handshakes (that’s easy), and touching your face (that’s not so easy, but worth working on).
- Wipe down public and high use areas often.
- Stay away from others if you are sick, at risk (elderly or immune-compromised), or think someone else might be sick.
- In “COVID-19 hot spots,” stay home if you can – and stay at least six feet from people when you’re able. For most kids, unfortunately, that means not getting together in person with friends for now.
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Mindful Schools has created 10 free online classes for kids! Join us for mindful activities, movement, and more!
4. Around online schooling, stay vigilant.
Online learning is a largely unproven technology, and many teachers have little of their own experience to fall back on.
- Expect your child will need supervision and guidance while working online.
- If your child has ADHD, remember that means they have immature executive function skills – meaning, they are behind in self-management. They will need more direct involvement and structure than same-age peers to get online work done.
- Ask for teacher support early. If your child is struggling to learn at home, seek out advice for what to try next.
5. Stay realistic but reassuring about COVID-19.
Remember – kids process things differently than adults. Encourage discussion and questions but avoid oversharing and flooding with facts. Kids often need more straightforward answers to their questions first. Then wait and see what further questions your responses elicit. Answer those in the same way – brief and to the point, honest, and reassuring.
- It is factual to say that most children do not get ill from COVID-19. Most of the precautions mean to stop the spread, not specifically to protect children at this time.
- Make what is going on a lesson in community building instead of fear: We are all doing this to act together and protect the few of us at risk.
- Consider making this a lesson of preparedness also – as a family, as a community, and a country. What can we all learn to do differently to prevent this in the future?
6. Consider mindfulness practice.
Mindfulness is about building resilience during challenging times – paying attention to how we relate to whatever is happening in real life, moment to moment. As it turns out, right now you may have more time for it than usual. Mindfulness doesn’t mean calm all the time or chipper in spite of being afraid. It simply means building skills that help us do our best to stay settled and on point as often as we’re able. And one of its most proven benefits is around anxiety.
For adults, focus on living with uncertainty. One core source of our stress right now is that we just don’t know. When we’re off balance like that, we tend to wind ourselves up or fall back on reactive habits like snapping at people or withdrawing from the world or compulsively reading the news.
- Set aside a few minutes a day – as many as you can find – to work with uncertainty. What is it like to be uncertain, and then choose when or if to act instead of reacting emotionally? Uncertainty is here, it’s going to be here, and resilience relies on staying patient, alert, and grounded.
- Focus for a few minutes on each breath, one at a time. When our minds are unsettled, counting breaths can help. Count up to seven breaths, then start over. Expect to get lost in distraction. When you do, start where you last recall in your counting.
- Throughout these few minutes – and then through the rest of your day – notice when you get hooked by uncertainty. Explore how it feels. Label it. And see if you can come back to one breath, best as you are able. Don’t expect perfection, but keep working on dropping the hook, over and over again.
For kids, focus on staying settled. Working with uncertainty is abstract for children, and really, the idea around mindfulness for kids is often more of “planting seeds.” Normalize the experience of awareness so that it grows over time.
Mark Bertin, M.D., is a developmental pediatrician and author of How Children Thrive, Mindful Parenting for ADHD and The Family ADHD Solution, which integrate mindfulness into the rest of evidence-based pediatric care. He is a contributing author for the book Teaching Mindfulness Skills to Kids and Teens. Bertin is on faculty at New York Medical College and the Windward Teacher Training Institute, and on the advisory boards for the non-profits Common Sense Media and Reach Out and Read. He is a regular contributor to Mindful Magazine, and his blog is available through Mindful.org and Psychology Today. For more information, please visit his website at developmentaldoctor.com.
This blog article is being republished with permission from Dr. Bertin; it was originally posted on Psychology Today.
Change the future of education.
Learn research-backed K-12 curriculum and strategies to teach mindfulness to your students in the Mindful Educator Essentials course. Next session begins . | <urn:uuid:977df6a1-e667-483d-8c4e-6a423df0e6b2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.mindfulschools.org/implementation-stories/resilience-and-routines-for-families-during-the-pandemic/?utm_source=Mindful+Schools+Newsletter&utm_campaign=d7e0a71973-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_NEWSLETTER_2020_04_26_AllOther&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_024a46d2a1-d7e0a71973- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100534.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204182901-20231204212901-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.948687 | 1,797 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Southampton, village and town (township), Suffolk county, southeastern New York, U.S., lying along the south shore of eastern Long Island. Settlers from Lynn, Massachusetts, landed at Conscience Point in 1640, founding the first English community in New York. The original Shinnecock Indian land deed (December 13, 1640) is preserved. Many colonial buildings in Southampton town have been restored, including the Halsey Homestead (1648; the state’s oldest English saltbox house) and the Old Water Mill (1644). Within the town is the Shinnecock Indian Reservation (1703) and Sag Harbor, once a whaling port. The Southampton campus of Long Island University was founded in 1963. The Parrish Art Museum is in Southampton village. Area town, 139 square miles (360 square km). Pop. (2000) village, 3,965; town, 54,712; (2010) village, 3,109; town, 56,790.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Suffolk, county, southeastern New York state, U.S., on central and eastern Long Island. It consists of a coastal lowland bounded by Long Island Sound to the north, Block Island Sound to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south. Embayments along the northern and eastern shores include Smithtown and…
New York, constituent state of the United States of America, one of the 13 original colonies and states. New York is bounded to the west and north by Lake Erie, the Canadian province of Ontario, Lake Ontario, and the Canadian province of Quebec; to the east by the New England…
Long Island, island in the Atlantic Ocean that comprises the southeasternmost part of New York state, U.S. The island lies roughly parallel to the southern shore of Connecticut, from which it is separated to the north by Long Island Sound. Long Island’s western end forms part of the harbour of…
Lynn, city, Essex county, northeastern Massachusetts, U.S. It lies on Nahant Bay and Lynn Harbor (inlets of Massachusetts Bay), just northeast of Boston. Settled in 1629 as Saugus, it was incorporated as a town in 1629 and renamed in 1637 for Lynn Regis, England. Tanning and shoemaking were early colonial…
Montauk, both a single tribe and a confederacy of Algonquian-speaking North American Indian tribes who lived on the eastern and central parts of what is now Long Island, N.Y.; the confederacy included the Shinnecock, Manhasset, Massapequa, Montauk proper, Patchogue, and Rockaway tribes. Like other Algonquian tribes of this area, the… | <urn:uuid:c2ca8c3b-482b-4255-9544-170b2ced7c94> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.britannica.com/place/Southampton-New-York | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866894.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524224941-20180525004941-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.931311 | 573 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Nursing Care Plan – Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is a cancer that starts in the breast, usually in the inner lining of the milk ducts or lobules. There are different types of breast cancer, with different stages (spread), aggressiveness, and genetic makeup. With best treatment, 10-year disease-free survival varies from 98% to 10%. Treatment includes surgery, drugs (hormone therapy and chemotherapy), and radiation. | <urn:uuid:1b0690d4-e033-4ab5-b4ac-9b3b9f73d313> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://nursingcrib.com/nursing-care-plan/nursing-care-plan-breast-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814787.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223134825-20180223154825-00370.warc.gz | en | 0.932857 | 90 | 3.09375 | 3 |
WILFs: Can recall key facts about the Jack the Ripper Case studied so far (C)... Can explain reasons why Whitechapel became such a centre for crime and social problems (B).. Can evaluate reasons and come to a supported judgement (A)
SMSC Focus: ethical judgements - social versus individualistic explanations for criminal activity
Religion - decline of religion in the 19th century as an explanation of the Jack the Ripper case
Starter: Draw a picture - no words no numbers to show what you have learnt about Jack the Ripper and Whitechapel so far
Share and interpret with 3 different people from 3 different tables.
1. Quiz Quiz Trade to consolidate WILF 1
Mini Plenary: Pair Share:
1. Who were the victims and how did they die?
2. Why was Jack the Ripper never caught? 4 reasons min.
3. What was it about Whitechapel and its development which made mass murder and the avoidance of detection easy? 6 reasons minimum
2. Pair up and log on
Complete a Diamond 9 diagram to answer today's WALT. Explain the order of your choices in the oblong on the right of diagram. Use your source pack and your notes to support your answer
3. Rally Coach this interactive diagram
Plenary: Paraphrase Passport Today's WALT | <urn:uuid:6b408710-adc1-4f70-8b10-ab312d7ea4a6> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://www.theeducationforum.co.uk/gcse-history-health-and-the-people/why-whitechapel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998943.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619083757-20190619105757-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.91762 | 285 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Fifty years before Kermit the Frog invaded Broadway with pigs, rats, and chickens, poet and puppeteer Yosl Cutler regularly performed comedic tragedies with his Yiddish-speaking menagerie.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, half a million Yiddish-speaking Jews lived in New York's Lower East Side. Second Avenue, known as the "Jewish Rialto," served as Yiddish speakers' Great White Way. Cutler, perhaps better known as a cartoonist for a Jewish Communist newspaper, often depicted scenes of social injustice. Simche and His Wife, a musical comedy about a couple getting evicted for not paying rent was wildly popular at the time.
Yet even though he focused on Communist concerns, Cutler never let a political agenda supersede his comedy. In the book, Messiahs of 1933: How American Yiddish Theatre Survived Adversity Through Satire, Joel Schechter describes the scene from Simche and His Wife:
In this miniature musical comedy, Simche sings about how he lost employment as a locksmith, then lost his job as a clothing presser, and couldn't pay the rent […] their cheerful references to the rent protest are so fleeting that modern spectators probably would not know the Council was a Communist-led organization.
Cutler's puppet-stars frequently performed live shows in Second Avenue theaters, but in 1934 he recorded a short film in anticipation of heading to Hollywood for a feature length puppet production. Tragically, Cutler died in a car crash on his way to California, leaving behind his puppets as a legacy. A 1935 obituary published in The New Masses describes the absurdity of Cutler's work:
At first he was merely spoofing. With childish delight he invented topsy-turvy worlds, peopled Heaven with the most absurd and grotesque beings and turned the traditional religious lore into droll and very irreverent nonsense.
His funeral was attended by 15,000 comrades. The original eighteen-minute puppet film was recently restored by the National Center for Jewish Film. | <urn:uuid:bcbc03b7-20d8-413d-b568-c97bb0ffd1e1> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://io9.gizmodo.com/5956998/no-headline?tag=puppets | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701168065.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193928-00315-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974561 | 419 | 2.71875 | 3 |
White Springs in Hamilton County, Florida — The American South (South Atlantic)
The Residents of White Springs
Florida's native Timucuan Indians lived for hundreds of generations in what is now north Florida and southeast Georgia. Beginning in the 1580s, they were organized into mission villages by Spanish Franciscan priests. While exploitation and epidemics caused native populations to decline, the destruction of Spanish missions early in the eighteenth century by the Carolina militia and their Native American allies also caused the scattering and enslavement of the remaining native populations.
Some of these Native Americans raiders remained and settled in the Timucua's abandoned fields and settlements. Other groups, mainly Creek Indians, left their home territories and relocated in northern Florida. These different tribes, along with runaway slaves from the southern states, became known as the cimarrones, a Spanish word meaning “wild and untamed.” The cimerrones or Seminoles, as they became known, established villages on the east and west sides of the Suwannee River.
After Florida was acquired as a US Territory in 1821, waves of settlers from Georgia and the Carolinas immigrated to north central Florida. While most of the earliest settlers in and around White Springs were subsistence farmers, the timber and phosphate booms also brought a variety of investors and laborers anxious to stake their claim
With the development and marketing of the mineral spring in the mid-1800s as a tourist destination, new residents were also able to invest and find employment in the town's hotels, restaurants, and service-related businesses.
Today, the residents of White Springs are a combination of recent arrivals and descendants of the original settlers who continue to practice family traditions.
Location. 30° 19.731′ N, 82° 45.535′ W. Marker is in White Springs, Florida, in Hamilton County. Marker is on Bridge Street (State Road 136) north of River Street, on the right when traveling north. Touch for map. Marker is in this post office area: White Springs FL 32096, United States of America.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within 17 miles of this marker, measured as the crow flies. Florida’s Original Tourist Destination (about 300 feet away, measured in a direct line); White Sulphur Springs (about 600 feet away); Wars and Conflicts in White Springs (approx. 0.2 miles away); White Springs (approx. 0.2 miles away); Apalachee Trail (approx. 12 miles away); Alligator (approx. 12.1 miles away); Confederate Monument (approx. 12.1 miles away); Bethel United Methodist Church (approx. 16.2 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in White Springs.
Also see . . . White Springs, Florida - Land of the Swannee River. (Submitted on July 14, 2011, by Timothy Carr of Birmingham, Alabama.)
Categories. • Native Americans • Settlements & Settlers •
Credits. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. This page originally submitted on July 14, 2011, by Timothy Carr of Birmingham, Alabama. This page has been viewed 611 times since then and 24 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. submitted on July 14, 2011, by Timothy Carr of Birmingham, Alabama. • Bernard Fisher was the editor who published this page. | <urn:uuid:2aec2650-26c2-4fb6-9915-e29458f7e8b3> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=44609 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612327.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529130450-20170529150450-00002.warc.gz | en | 0.953203 | 711 | 3.6875 | 4 |
February 10, 2012
Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS)
49.6° N to 60.9° N
16.5° E to 48.5° E
Hokusai, the large, fresh impact crater at top left, is 90 km (56 mi.) in diameter.
: Azimuthal equidistant
This image is a portion of the MDIS global mosaic basemap
that was acquired during MESSENGER's first year in orbit. The scene shows a region of smooth, volcanic plains
that have been heavily modified by tectonic structures termed "wrinkle ridges". Occurring on the Moon and Mars as well as on Mercury, wrinkle ridges are low, sinuous features that form when lavas cool and subside, causing the crust to contract horizontally. These landforms are often concentrated around buried crater rims
, forming circular wrinkle ridges like those in the center right of the image.
While the innermost planet hosts thousands of wrinkle ridges, they are largely confined to its smooth plains
, and are morphologically different to the larger, longer faults that comprise Mercury's fold-and-thrust belts
. By studying how the different types of tectonic features are distributed across Mercury, MESSENGER scientists can begin to document in detail how the planet has deformed through time.
The MESSENGER spacecraft is the first ever to orbit the planet Mercury, and the spacecraft's seven scientific instruments and radio science investigation
are unraveling the history and evolution of the Solar System's innermost planet. Visit the Why Mercury?
section of this website to learn more about the key science questions that the MESSENGER mission is addressing. During the one-year primary mission, MESSENGER acquired 88,746 images and extensive other data sets. MESSENGER is now in a yearlong extended mission, during which plans call for the acquisition of more than 80,000 additional images to support MESSENGER's science goals.
Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington
For information regarding the use of MESSENGER images, see the image use policy. | <urn:uuid:a8c1a86d-1d29-4c0a-9849-379d186afef3> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://messenger.jhuapl.edu/Explore/Science-Images-Database/gallery-image-834.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.917727 | 493 | 3.734375 | 4 |
People and groups interested in cash flow statements include:
The statement of financial position is a snapshot of a firm's financial resources and obligations at a single point in time, and the income statement summarizes a firm's financial transactions over an interval of time. These two financial statements reflect the accrual basis accounting used by firms to match revenues with the expenses associated with generating those revenues. The cash flow statement includes only inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents; it excludes transactions that do not directly affect cash receipts and payments. These non-cash transactions include depreciation or write-offs on bad debts or credit losses to name a few. The cash flow statement is a cash basis report on three types of financial activities: operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. Non-cash activities are usually reported in footnotes.
The cash flow statement has been adopted as a standard financial statement because it eliminates allocations, which might be derived from different accounting methods, such as various timeframes for depreciating fixed assets. | <urn:uuid:76551b5f-cb63-4bd9-8c2c-9c7dd565c92c> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.infospaze.com/Cash_flow_statement | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647649.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321121805-20180321141805-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.947206 | 204 | 3.265625 | 3 |
The oval green joints, reach up to 10 inches in length and have no spines while only a few glochids cover the surface. In summer the large reddish-orange flowers are borne singly and then produce fruit. This genus has the largest membership of sun loving species. Australia has even banned a few species because of their rapid growth.
Google Plant Images: click here!
Size: Height: 0 ft. to 0 ft.
Width: 0 ft. to 0 ft.
Plant Category: cacti and other succulents, fruits, houseplants,
Plant Characteristics: decorative berries or fruit, low maintenance, seed start,
Flower Characteristics: showy, single,
Flower Color: oranges, reds,
Bloomtime Range: Early Summer to Late Summer
USDA Hardiness Zone: 10 to 11
AHS Heat Zone: Not defined for this plant
Light Range: Sun to Full Sun
pH Range: 5.5 to 6.5
Soil Range: Some Sand to Clay Loam
Water Range: Arid to Semi-Arid
FertilizingHow-to : Fertilization for Young Plants
Young plants need extra phosphorus to encourage good root development. Look for a fertilizer that has phosphorus, P, in it(the second number on the bag.) Apply recommended amount for plant per label directions in the soil at time of planting or at least during the first growing season.
How-to : Fertilization for Established Plants
Established plants can benefit from fertilization. Take a visual inventory of your landscape. Trees need to be fertilized every few years. Shrubs and other plants in the landscape can be fertilized yearly. A soil test can determine existing nutrient levels in the soil. If one or more nutrients is low, a specific instead of an all-purpose fertilizer may be required. Fertilizers that are high in N, nitrogen, will promote green leafy growth. Excess nitrogen in the soil can cause excessive vegetative growth on plants at the expense of flower bud development. It is best to avoid fertilizing late in the growing season. Applications made at that time can force lush, vegetative growth that will not have a chance to harden off before the onset of cold weather.
How-to : Fertilizing Houseplants
Houseplants may be fertilized with: 1. water-soluble, quick release fertilizers; 2. temperature controlled slow-release fertilizers; 3. or organic fertilizers such as fish emulsion. Water soluble fertilizers are used every two weeks or per label instructions. Controlled, slow-release fertilizers are carefully worked into the soil usually only once during the growing season or per label directions. For organic fertilizers, such as fish emulsion, follow label directions. Allow houseplants to 'rest' during the winter months; stop fertilizing in late October and resume feeding in late February.
LightConditions : Light Conditions
Unless a site is completely exposed, light conditions will change during the day and even during the year. The northern and eastern sides of a house receive the least amount of light, with the northern exposure being the shadiest. The western and southern sides of a house receive the most light and are considered the hottest exposures due to intense afternoon sun.
You will notice that sun and shade patterns change during the day. The western side of a house may even be shady due to shadows cast by large trees or a structure from an adjacent property. If you have just bought a new home or just beginning to garden in your older home, take time to map sun and shade throughout the day. You will get a more accurate feel for your site's true light conditions.
Conditions : Full Sun for Houseplants
Don't underestimate the light needs of houseplants that require full sun -- they are often tropicals. Place them within 2 feet of a southern exposure window, or at the very minimum, a room that stays bright. Bright rooms have light colored walls, allowing for light reflection.
Conditions : Dry Houseplants
Houseplants that do not require much water, or dry houseplants, should be allowed to dry out completely between waterings, especially in winter. When you do water, make sure that the soil is completely saturated and excess water runs out the bottom of the pot. Never water just a little bit as mineral salts will build up in soil. It is not uncommon for many plants that require moisture during the growing season to need less during the winter months when the plant is dormant. Cacti are probably the most well known drought tolerant plants, but even they need occasional waterings.
Conditions : Light and Plant Selection
For best plant performance, it is desirable to match the correct plant with the available light conditions. Right plant, right place! Plants which do not receive sufficient light may become pale in color, have fewer leaves and a "leggy" stretched-out appearance. Also expect plants to grow slower and have fewer blooms when light is less than desirable. It is possible to provide supplemental lighting for indoor plants with lamps. Plants can also receive too much light. If a shade loving plant is exposed to direct sun, it may wilt and/or cause leaves to be sunburned or otherwise damaged.
Conditions : Full Sun
Full Sun is defined as exposure to more than 6 hours of continuous, direct sun per day.
WateringHow-to : Xeriscaping
Xeriscaping is a method of planting which promotes naturally drought tolerant plants and water saving methods. Much consideration is given not only to the plants chosen for the design, but the design itself. Lawns are greatly decreased in size and usually located in the center of plantings at a lower grade as to catch any runoff. Shrubs requiring the most water, are conservatively used and thoughtfully placed, where they may be easily watered, preferably from runoff, and moisture conserved. There is a strong emphasis on using native plants, which a purist will do exclusively. At the very least, improved cultivars of natives are highly recommended.
Irrigation maybe used to supplement watering, but takes a creative turn in the form of drip systems and recycled catch water. Organic mulches in the form of compost, straws, and barks are also used to retain as much water as possible. In extremely dry areas, it is not uncommon for gravel and rocks to serve as the mulch.
A xeriphytic landscape is one that takes your particular site into consideration. A plant that maybe considered low water usage in one area of the country, may not be in another area, due to climatic stresses.
Problems : Waterlogged Soil and Solutions
Waterlogged soil occurs when more water is added to soil than can drain out in a reasonable amount of time. This can be a severe problem where water tables are high or soils are compacted. Lack of air space in waterlogged soil makes it almost impossible for soil to drain. Few plants, except for bog plants, can tolerate these conditions. Drainage must be improved if you are not satisfied with bog gardening. Over-watered plants have the same wilted leaves as under-watered plants. Fungi such as Phytophthora and Pythium affect vascular systems, which cause wilt.
If the problem is only on the surface, it maybe diverted to a drainage ditch. If drainage is poor where water table is high, install an underground drainage system. You should contact a contractor for this. If underground drains already exist, check to see if they are blocked.
French drains are another option. French drains are ditches that have been filled with gravel. It is okay to plant sod on top of them. More obtrusive, but a good solution where looks aren't as important, think of the French drain as a ditch filled with gravel. Ditches should be 3 to 4 feet deep and have sloping sides.
A soakway is a gravel filled pit where water is diverted to via underground pipes. This works well on sites that have compacted soil. Your soakway should be about 6'wide and deep and filled with gravel or crushed stone, topped with sand and sodded or seeded.
Keep in mind that it is illegal to divert water onto other people's property. If you do not feel that you can implement a workable solution on your own, call a contractor.
Conditions : Arid
Arid, is defined as the complete absence of water.
Conditions : Semi-Arid
Semi-Arid is defined as very little water/rainfall occurring only during certain times of the season.
Conditions : Dry
Dry is defined as an area that regularly receives water, but is fast draining. This results in a soil that is often dry to a depth of 18 inches.
PlantingHow-to : Preparing Garden Beds
Use a soil testing kit to determine the acidity or alkalinity of the soil before beginning any garden bed preparation. This will help you determine which plants are best suited for your site. Check soil drainage and correct drainage where standing water remains. Clear weeds and debris from planting areas and continue to remove weeds as soon as they come up.
A week to 10 days before planting, add 2 to 4 inches of aged manure or compost and work into the planting site to improve fertility and increase water retention and drainage. If soil composition is weak, a layer of topsoil should be considered as well. No matter if your soil is sand or clay, it can be improved by adding the same thing: organic matter. The more, the better; work deep into the soil. Prepare beds to an 18 inch deep for perennials. This will seem like a tremendous amount of work now, but will greatly pay off later. Besides, this is not something that is easily done later, once plants have been established.
How-to : Preparing Containers
Containers are excellent when used as an ornamental feature, a planting option when there is little or no soil to plant in, or for plants that require a soil type not found in the garden or when soil drainage in the garden is inferior. If growing more than one plant in a container, make sure that all have similar cultural requirements. Choose a container that is deep and large enough to allow root development and growth as well as proportional balance between the fully developed plant and the container. Plant large containers in the place you intend them to stay. All containers should have drainage holes. A mesh screen, broken clay pot pieces(crock) or a paper coffee filter placed over the hole will keep soil from washing out. The potting soil you select should be an appropriate mix for the plants you have chosen. Quality soils (or soil-less medias) absorb moisture readily and evenly when wet. If water runs off soil upon initial wetting, this is an indicator that your soil may not be as good as you think.
Prior to filling a container with soil, wet potting soil in the bag or place in a tub or wheelbarrow so that it is evenly moist. Fill container about halfway full or to a level that will allow plants, when planted, to be just below the rim of the pot. Rootballs should be level with soil line when project is complete. Water well.
How-to : Potting Indoor Plants
Make sure that the plant you have chosen is suitable for the conditions you are able to provide it: that it will have enough light, space, and a temperature it will like. Remember that the area right next to a window will be colder than the rest of the room.
Indoor plants need to be transplanted into a larger container periodically, or they become pot/root-bound and their growth is retarded. Water the plant well before starting, so the soil will hold the root ball together when you remove it from the pot. If you have trouble getting the plant out of the pot, try running a blade around the edge of the pot, and gently whacking the sides to loosen the soil.
Always use fresh soil when transplanting your indoor plant. Fill around the plant gently with soil, being careful not to pack too tightly -- you want air to be able to get to the roots. After the plant is in the new pot, don't fertilize right away... this will encourage the roots to fill in their new home.
The size pot you choose is important too. Select one that is not more than about 1 inch greater in diameter. Remember, many plants prefer being somewhat pot bound. Always start with a clean pot!
ProblemsPest : Spider Mites
Spider mites are small, 8 legged, spider-like creatures which thrive in hot, dry conditions (like heated houses). Spider mites feed with piercing mouth parts, which cause plants to appear yellow and stippled. Leaf drop and plant death can occur with heavy infestations. Spider mites can multiply quickly, as a female can lay up to 200 eggs in a life span of 30 days. They also produce a web which can cover infested leaves and flowers.
Prevention and Control: Keep weeds down and remove infested plants. Dry air seems to worsen the problem, so make sure plants are regularly watered, especially those preferring high humidity such as tropicals, citrus, or tomatoes. Always check new plants prior to bringing them home from the garden center or nursery. Take advantage of natural enemies such as ladybug larvae. If a miticide is recommended by your local garden center professional or county Cooperative Extension office, read and follow all label directions. Concentrate your efforts on the undersides of the leaves as that is where spider mites generally live.
Pest : Mealybugs
Small, wingless, dull-white, soft-bodied insects that produce a waxy powdery covering. They have piercing/sucking mouth parts that suck the sap out of plant tissue. Mealybugs often look like small pieces of cotton and they tend to congregate where leaves and stems branch. They attack a wide range of plants. The young tend to move around until they find a suitable feeding spot, then they hang out in colonies and feed. Mealybugs can weaken a plant leading to yellow foliage and leaf drop. They also produce a sweet substance called honeydew (coveted by ants) which can lead to an unattractive black surface fungal growth called sooty mold.
Prevention and Control: Isolate infested plants from those that are not. Consult your local garden center professional or the Cooperative Extension office in your county for a legal insecticide/chemical recommendation. Encourage natural enemies such as lady beetles in the garden to help reduce population levels of mealy bugs.
Pest : Whiteflies
Whiteflies are small, winged insects that look like tiny moths, which attack many types of plants. The flying adult stage prefers the underside of leaves to feed and breed. Whiteflies can multiply quickly as a female can lay up to 500 eggs in a life span of 2 months. If a plant is infested with whiteflies, you will see a cloud of fleeing insects when the plant is disturbed. Whiteflies can weaken a plant, eventually leading to plant death if they are not checked. They can transmit many harmful plant viruses. They also produce a sweet substance called honeydew (coveted by ants) which can lead to an unattractive black surface fungal growth called sooty mold.
Possible controls: keep weeds down; use screening in windows to keep them out; remove infested plants away from non-infested plants; use a reflective mulch (aluminum foil) under plants (this repels whiteflies); trap with yellow sticky cards, apply labeled pesticides; encourage natural enemies such as parasitic wasps in the garden; and sometimes a good steady shower of water will wash them off the plant.
Pest : Slugs and Snails
Slugs and snails favor moist climates and are mollusks, not insects. They can be voracious feeders, eating just about anything that is not woody or highly scented. They may eat holes in leaves, strip entire stems, or completely devour seedlings and tender transplants, leaving behind tell-tale silvery, slimy trails.
Prevention and control: Keep your garden as clean as possible, eliminating hiding places such as leaf debris, over-turned pots, and tarps. Groundcover in shady places and heavy mulches provide protection from the elements and can be favorite hiding places. In the spring, patrol for and destroy eggs (clusters of small translucent spheres) and adults during dusk and dawn. Set out beer traps from late spring through fall.
Many chemical controls are available on the market, but can be poisonous and deadly for children and pets; take care when using them - always read the label first!
Fungi : Leaf Spots
Leaf spots are caused by fungi or bacteria. Brown or black spots and patches may be either ragged or circular, with a water soaked or yellow-edged appearance. Insects, rain, dirty garden tools, or even people can help its spread.
Prevention and Control: Remove infected leaves when the plant is dry. Leaves that collect around the base of the plant should be raked up and disposed of. Avoid overhead irrigation if possible; water should be directed at soil level. For fungal leaf spots, use a recommended fungicide according to label directions.
Pest : Scale Insects
Scales are insects, related to mealy bugs, that can be a problem on a wide variety of plants - indoor and outdoor. Young scales crawl until they find a good feeding site. The adult females then lose their legs and remain on a spot protected by its hard shell layer. They appear as bumps, often on the lower sides of leaves. They have piercing mouth parts that suck the sap out of plant tissue. Scales can weaken a plant leading to yellow foliage and leaf drop. They also produce a sweet substance called honeydew (coveted by ants) which can lead to an unattractive black surface fungal growth called sooty mold.
Prevention and Control: Once established they are hard to control. Isolate infested plants away from those that are not infested. Consult your local garden center professional or Cooperative Extension office in your county for a legal recommendation regarding their control. Encourage natural enemies such as parasitic wasps in the garden.
Fungi : Sooty Mold
Sooty mold is a fungus that is found on the surface of leaves. It feeds on honeydew excreted from aphids, mealy bugs, scale, or ants. Though not serious, it is unattractive when it covers/blackens the leaves and stems of the plant. The best way to control sooty mold is to control the insects that make the honeydew. Sooty mold can usually be wiped from leaves with a damp cloth or washed away with a hose-end sprayer.
MiscellaneousEdibles : Edible Landscape
An edible landscape is one in which all or most of the plants can be eaten or used for cooking in some way. If you are interested in edible gardening, it is highly recommended that you pratice organic methods in the garden. At the very least, do not use chemicals in the area of the garden where there are edibles. Be creative. Many edibles look great in containers, hanging baskets, or even as foundation plants.
Glossary : pH
pH, means the potential of Hydrogen, is the measure of alkalinity or acidity. In horticulture, pH refers to the pH of soil. The scale measures from 0, most acid, to 14, most alkaline. Seven is neutral. Most plants prefer a range between 5.5 and about 6.7, an acid range, but there are plenty of other plants that like soil more alkaline, or above 7. A pH of 7 is where the plant can most easily absorb the most nutrients in the soil. Some plants prefer more or less of certain nutrients, and therefore do better at a certain pH.
Glossary : Drought Tolerant
Very few plants, except for those naturally found in desert situations, can tolerate arid soils, but there are plants that seem to be more drought tolerant than others. Plants that are drought tolerant still require moisture, so don't think that they can go for extended period without any water. Drought tolerant plants are often deep rooted, have waxy or thick leaves that conserve water, or leaf structures that close to minimize transpiration. All plants in droughty situations benefit from an occasional deep watering and a 2-3 inch thick layer of mulch. Drought tolerant plants are the backbone of xeriphytic landscaping. | <urn:uuid:fb7e04b6-7c5c-4393-bd6d-e7c4d2183235> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/opuntia-atrovirens-opuntia-cactus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250615407.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124040939-20200124065939-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.945356 | 4,291 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Be active, read often, see the good, forgive soon, send good messages;-)
Welcome this new year with a happy and good soul. Happy New Year dear children.
God bless you.
Miss Smalley and Mrs Gorin
Multiply 3 numbers
Before doing the worksheet, go through the whole of the learning video pausing as you need to. Try and answer as many questions on the worksheet as you can, but don't worry if you cannot answer all of them; it's our first day back! 😉
As always at the beginning of our new topic, we want to find out how much we already know before learning new facts. Our new topic is related with teeth and our digestive system. Please open the document below which will help you organise your work. If you don't know much about teeth and digestion - nothing to worry about! We will learn a lot this term but I am sure you will be able to include some facts you already know;-) Good luck.
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A mutual fund is a type of investment vehicle that pools money from many investors to purchase securities. The fund’s manager, who is typically a professional investor, buys and sells stocks, bonds and other investments on behalf of the investors. Mutual funds offer investors several advantages, including convenience, diversification and professional management.
A mutual fund is a collective investment in securities that has a manager who is paid by the fund. Its investment objective is to increase its value. The management fee is usually lower for index funds than for actively-managed funds. There are also distribution charges, which cover the cost of marketing and providing investor services. There are three types of distribution charges. Here’s a look at each of them. Listed below are some examples of each type.
Large-cap companies typically have high market capitalizations and a value of $10 billion or more. Their shares are typically blue chip companies. Small-cap companies, on the other hand, are typically smaller, with values of $300 million to $2 billion. These companies tend to be newer, smaller-cap investments that are not as valuable as their large-cap counterparts. Mid-cap stocks fall between large-cap and small-cap companies.
In terms of expense ratio, mutual funds have a variety of expenses. Many fund critics claim that the expenses are too high and that investors cannot afford to pay the high fees. This isn’t entirely true, but investing in funds with lower expense ratios can raise your returns significantly. By limiting the costs of the funds, you can increase your returns. However, this is not an easy task. In addition, a low expense ratio fund may not be available to you.
Another benefit of a mutual fund is that it allows small investors to enjoy the benefits of professional portfolio management. A team of research analysts and investment managers selects the securities in a mutual fund and invests it in a variety of different assets. This means the fund can take larger positions in a particular asset than a smaller investor. Some funds also have access to structured products and IPO placements that are only available to large institutional investors.
Another benefit of diversification is that your investment will grow over time. By purchasing shares of a fund, you spread your money around. That means the mutual fund’s shares will grow over time. Its total return will depend on the total amount of investments and the size of the load. There are other fees you may have to pay if you choose to buy or sell shares. You’ll need to pay these before investing your money. In addition to fees, there are expenses associated with distribution.
There are different fees associated with mutual funds. Some have recurring fees, such as distribution and service charges, which are deducted from the assets of the fund. These fees are deducted from the net asset value of the fund. Alternatively, you can opt for a mutually managed fund. There are many other benefits to owning a mutually managed fund. Once you have selected the best fund for your needs, you can begin comparing the costs and benefits of various options.
A mutual fund is a collective investment of securities that is run by a professional money manager. Shareholders share in the gains of the fund. The total market cap of the fund will be tracked each day and its performance will be measured based on how well the underlying investments are doing. As you can see, there are many benefits to owning a mutually managed fund. For instance, there are no fees associated with the management of the mutual funds.
A mutual fund can be divided into two types. Some of them focus on company stock in a particular sector or industry. For example, a technology sector fund would include stocks of only tech companies. A bond mutual funds invests in government or corporate bonds and earns interest. The fund manager will distribute it according to the price of the bonds. There are many other types of mutual funds, but whichever one you choose, you should always look for information about how they perform and how they compare with other types of investing.
Some mutual funds have sales loads. These are commissions paid to a broker who manages the fund. These fees are separate from redemption fees, which are commissions paid to the broker. A back-end sales load is a commission paid to the broker for recommending a mutual fund. The fee is usually low, but it can be expensive. Generally, a mutual fund will be listed in the S&P 500. If it’s listed in the S&P 500, it’s a good choice.
In conclusion, a mutual fund is a great investment for those who want to diversify their portfolio. They are also a great way for beginners to get started in the stock market. With so many different mutual funds to choose from, it is important to do your research and find the one that best suits your needs. | <urn:uuid:2370b236-6cf0-478e-81b3-93872760ab99> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://zaviad.com/what-is-a-mutual-fund/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500126.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204110651-20230204140651-00614.warc.gz | en | 0.969212 | 982 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Although Johnson and Smith lived in the same rural county for years, they have never spoken about it: that sickening moment in 1971 when Smith ran over Johnson's daughter, Margaret Ann Knott, and killed her during a civil rights protest.
"I don't hate him in any way," Johnson said, explaining that she did not want her surviving children to live with hate.
The civil rights movement dragged on longer in Choctaw County than many other places, well into the 1970s. Near the Mississippi state line in the timber country of western Alabama, schools desegregated after protests and a federal lawsuit in the late 1960s. Not until later did black people become fed up enough to take action over economic inequality in the county, where the courthouse square has two monuments to Confederate dead, including a statue that looks out over the spot where Margaret Ann Knott died.
Blacks worked as janitors and store stockers in the county seat of Butler, but whites always got the higher-paying positions. Whites held all elected offices in the county of 16,500 people, which is about 55 percent white.
When blacks began organizing protests there, Johnson already was a respected teacher with deep community ties through schools and church. She was a natural to help lead a push for better jobs and wages.
Longtime residents remember a hot summer of protests, with blacks filling the streets and boycotting stores. Dozens of state troopers were called at one point amid a rumored plan to burn down the courthouse.
To judge by the local newspaper, however, all was calm. The Choctaw Advocate didn't cover the protests until after that Saturday when Gladden Smith drove into town.
Smith, a south Alabama native who was assigned to Butler in his job as an agent with the U.S. Agriculture Department, had been working out in the county that morning of Sept. 11, 1971. He drove into the town in his government pickup, stopped at the office and got into his personal car before heading toward home through the courthouse square.
"I remember coming through the intersection and seeing people over to the side," Smith, 71, told The Associated Press during a recent interview at his home in rural Escambia County, near the Florida line. "I didn't know what I was getting into."
Demonstrators were staging a sit-in in the middle of an intersection ahead of him on the other side of the square. Pictures taken by the town photographer, Jack Hopson, show people everywhere.
Smith drove through one intersection and then another, where he turned left. Witnesses said people were chasing the car and hitting it as he approached the intersection where Knott and other protesters sat in the road.
Smith was worried the crowd was after him, but he stopped at a red light.
"They were rocking that car trying to turn it over and everything," he said. "You get caught in a life-and-death situation and you have to make a decision."
Smith said he eased forward. Demonstrators moved, he said, and then he felt the thud.
"I knew I had hit something, but I thought it was a leg," he said.
Seated directly beside Knott on the pavement as the car approached, demonstrator Willie S. Jackson had a different view.
"People started hollering that a car had broken the line," said Jackson, now 64. "I stood up and sure enough a car was coming with people running behind it."
Before Jackson knew it, the front bumper of Smith's car was against Knott's back. Overweight, she was struggling to get up after others already had fled, Jackson said.
A front tire rolled over Knott, and the vehicle seemed to stand up in the air, said Jackson. People grew frantic.
"They were beating on it. I was, too. We were trying to get him off her. We would have lifted the car off her, but then he gunned it," said Jackson.
Smith doesn't remembering accelerating quickly. The sheriff's official account — printed afterward in the county newspaper — said only that Smith "eased through the intersection at a safe rate of speed." Some said Knott was pushed down into the car's path, but nothing was ever proven.
Smith said he saw a police officer just up the street and stopped. He told the man what had happened and drove home but was soon in the county jail.
Knott was rushed to the hospital, where she died before sunset.
"She just kept saying, 'I died for freedom, I died for freedom,'" Jackson recalled.
Carrie Johnson had been at a church preparing for the next civil rights demonstration when her daughter was fatally injured; she got the news later in a phone call.
Johnson, now 86 and retired from the school system, wanted Smith prosecuted for something, although she wasn't sure what.
A demonstrator signed a warrant charging Smith with murder, but Smith was quickly released on bond. Yellowed courthouse records show prosecutors called as many as 53 witnesses to testify before a mixed-race grand jury that considered a charge of second-degree manslaughter and declined to indict him.
The criminal case was concluded by the end of the month, and no one has been prosecuted since in Knott's death.
Smith said his insurance company paid a $10,000 settlement.
Johnson was deeply wounded, but she thought of her other five children, including Margaret Ann's twin sister, Mary Ann. Johnson feared what anger or a quest for vengeance might do to Mary Ann and her sons, plus the unborn boy she was carrying at the time.
So Johnson, a Christian, said she made the only possible decision by forgiving Smith and trying to put herself in the driver's seat that day.
"I've tried to tell my children this, and other people: Imagine yourself (as a white) in a crowd of blacks and they are taunting and shaking your car and rocking your car," she said. "I don't hold it against him because I really don't think he deliberately did it."
Nearly 120 miles away at his rural home ringed by pine trees and azaleas, Smith wishes things were different.
"If I hadn't got up that morning I would have probably been a lot better off," he said. "But it happened."
Smith, who retired in 2000, still owns a home in Butler but only visits occasionally. Yet he and his wife and their three sons, now grown, spent much of the last four decades in Choctaw County.
Smith, a deacon in his church, said the family remained despite taunts and threats directed at his sons while they attended integrated public schools. They stayed despite threatening telephone calls and cars that drove slowly by their home.
"It was either stay there or run," he said. "What I tried to do was do a little bit extra or whatever for the black community. I was trying to do my job, but I was also trying to show that I didn't mean no harm."
Johnson also stayed, at one point serving with Smith's wife on a school committee. Hundreds attended Knott's funeral, and leaders formed a biracial commission which reached an agreement that ended the demonstrations within a week.
Donors gave money for a $4,700 granite monument meant to be erected outside the courthouse in memory of Knott, but the white-controlled commission refused permission to install it. Chipped and stained, the three-piece memorial now lies outside Richard Moore's stone-cutting shop in Meridian, Mississippi.
Johnson said she'd like to talk to Smith, to tell him she doesn't want him prosecuted and doesn't hold him responsible for her daughter's death.
Smith demurs at the idea, saying he made his peace with God.
"I ask the Good Lord to help put behind me the things I can't change," said Smith. | <urn:uuid:3ac45436-4ca5-40ab-8035-97d29f048c57> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.twincities.com/alllistings/ci_25741647/protesters-1971-death-still-echoes-2-families?source=rss | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737913815.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221833-00047-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.992188 | 1,619 | 2.765625 | 3 |
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