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d. The determination of the amino acid sequence, of both light and heavy
immunglobulin polypeptide chains, show that these chains can be divided into two
domains. A light chain has two such domains, one variable (VL) and one constant (CL).
An lgG heavy chain has one variable (VH), and three constant (CH1, CH2, CH3)
domains. The variable domains confer specificity on the antibody molecule, and two of
them; one from the light and one from the heavy chain, form the binding site for antigen
(see figure 1-3). The constant region of both heavy and light chains imparts the class
and subclass characteristics to the immunoglobulin molecule.
e. Papain cleavage of the molecule yields three fragments. Two, composed of
part H chain and part L chain (Fab fragments), retain the antigen-binding properties of
the whole antibody molecule, whereas, a third, the Fc fragment, is concerned with a
variety of general biologic functions such as complement fixation, placental transfer, and
skin sensitization (see figure. 1-2).
f. On the basis of antigenic and functional differences, each immununoglobulin
class can be shown to consist of subclasses. In the case of lgG, four such subclasses
are recognized: lgG1, lgG2, lgG3, and lgG4. The various immunoglobulin classes,
although primarily identified by differences In the amino acid composition of the
constant region of their heavy chains, demonstrate differences in a matter of other
properties such as: physico-chemical properties (electrophoresis, sedimentation,
carbohydrate composition); antigenic properties; biologic properties (skin-sensitizing
properties, ability to cross the placenta, complement fixation, and so forth); and
serologic behavior. The types of immununoglobulins and their properties are
summarized in Table 1-1. | <urn:uuid:6e7becb3-c47a-4633-baa0-d7e9e96a9edd> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://armymedical.tpub.com/MD0846/Antibody-Structure-Function-and-Properties-Immunohematology-and-Blood-Banking-II-15.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948214.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426125104-20180426145104-00577.warc.gz | en | 0.844338 | 432 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The food on your plate influences the numbers on your blood pressure monitor. And some foods are far more effective at managing high blood pressure than others. Eat your way to lower blood pressure with these high blood pressure foods.
Nine out of 10 Canadians will develop high blood pressure in their lifetimes. You don’t have to be one of them. While high blood pressure is the number-one modifiable risk factor for disease and death in the world, the key emphasis should be on the word “modifiable.”
Modify your diet to lower your blood pressure naturally. Researchers have identified ten high blood pressure foods that are especially effective for hypertension.
Citrus fruits are very high in flavonoids—a type of antioxidant—and citric acid.
Both compounds lower your blood pressure. In one study, people who drank lemon juice every day significantly reduced their blood pressure numbers over the course of five months.
Squeeze some lemon juice into your water or tea. Better yet, eat citrus fruits whole for a bonus dose of fibre as fibre also helps you to maintain healthy blood pressure levels.
Berries have some of the highest antioxidant levels of all commonly eaten foods. And when it comes to antioxidants, blueberries are right near the top.
Blueberries are exceptionally high in a specific antioxidant compound known as anthocyanin, which gives the fruit its trademark hue.
In a 14-year-long study monitoring nearly 40,000 people, those who had the highest dietary intake of anthocyanin from blueberries saw the most significant improvements in their blood pressure.
Beets and beet juice
If your blood pressure is in the red, these red vegetables can put your numbers back in the black!
Researchers have found that eating cooked beets and drinking beet juice every day can significantly lower your blood pressure within two weeks.
The improvements in blood pressure may be due to the high nitrate content in these root vegetables. Dietary nitrates dilate (i.e., widen) your blood vessels and have wide-ranging cardiovascular health benefits.
Numerous studies have linked the beneficial bacteria found in fermented foods with improvements in blood pressure numbers, especially in people who already have hypertension.
One hypothesis is that your gut bacteria produce molecules that impact your cardiovascular system.
Healthy, delicious, fermented foods to try include:
- Dairy- or plant-based yogurt or kefir
- Tempeh, miso, natto and other fermented soy products
- Kombucha tea
- Sauerkraut, kimchi, and other fermented vegetables
You may also want to consider taking a daily probiotic supplement.
You can have your whole-grain cake and eat it too.
Whole grains are nutrient-dense, especially when it comes to heart-healthy substances like fibre and essential phytochemicals.
Not only does a diet rich in whole grains boost your overall cardiovascular health, but eating more whole grains can improve your blood pressure numbers in as little as four weeks.
Aim for at least three servings of whole grains a day. Examples of a single serving include:
- 1/2 cup of oatmeal
- 1 slice of bread
- 1/2 cup brown rice
If you need an excuse for an extra serving of guacamole, this is it!
Avocados are one of the best sources of monounsaturated fats. This type of fat can lower high blood pressure and prevent high blood pressure.
A single avocado also has more than 10 grams of blood pressure-reducing fibre.
One study analyzed more than 17,000 people. It found that those who ate the most avocados had the lowest risks of metabolic syndrome (health conditions—including high blood pressure and high blood sugar—that raise your chance of having diabetes, heart disease, etc.).
Numerous studies have discovered that people who eat diets that are high in omega-3 fats have lower numbers for both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
These effects may be because omega-3 fats contain compounds that relax your blood vessels and minimize chronic inflammation.
Some of the best sources of omega-3s include:
- Marine algae oil (ideal if you’re plant-based)
Arginine is a vital amino acid that your body needs to produce blood pressure-reducing nitric oxide.
Pumpkin seeds are one of the best dietary sources of arginine. Eat them whole, take in a supplement, or cook with cold-pressed pumpkin seed oil.
One study found that taking pumpkin seed oil for six weeks led to a significant reduction in blood pressure.
Dark green, leafy greens
Kale, spinach, chard, and similar leafy greens are some of the richest sources of magnesium. This essential mineral plays a role in regulating your blood sugar and your blood pressure.
One meta-analysis of nearly three dozen studies found that higher magnesium intake correlated with lower high blood pressure.
Plus, magnesium helps you handle stress better, and it even reduces your levels of the stress hormone cortisol. Chronic stress and unmanaged cortisol levels raise your blood pressure.
According to numerous studies, eating more beans instead of other starches in your diet can significantly improve your blood pressure.
Researchers believe this is due to the high mineral content and high fibre content found in most beans.
Try swapping out starchy side dishes, such as potatoes or white rice, for beans and legumes.
A recipe for lower blood pressure
Add the high blood pressure foods discussed throughout into your weekly meals to support healthier blood pressure.
And don’t forget to avoid foods that actually trigger high blood pressure, including:
- Foods high in saturated fat
- Processed foods made with hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated oils
- Foods that are very high in salt
For the best results, pair these healthy food ideas with an overall heart-healthy diet (the DASH diet and the Mediterranean diet are two well-researched diets that promote healthy blood pressure numbers).
With every bite, you give your body the nutrition it needs to manage your blood pressure better. | <urn:uuid:abf575c4-6987-46f0-9dda-48206e69bfb5> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.xxoost.com/2021/03/30/better-blood-pressure-top-10-high-blood-pressure-foods-to-eat-today/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587655.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025061300-20211025091300-00713.warc.gz | en | 0.927436 | 1,259 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The defect of present education system
Peace and happiness danced in the ancient India due to blessing of God
Today, there is no place for establishing the existence of God in the entire system of education
All the science and logical analysis in education was made a tool for establishing the existence of God in the minds of the ancient students. Such students on becoming the citizens of the society always feared for sin and omniscient God. As a result of this, the corruption was not found anywhere in the society.
Today, there is no place for establishing the existence of God in the entire system of education. Every student is busy only in sharpening the intelligence for the sake of earning more and more money to achieve more and more amenities, which are supposed to constitute the higher standard of life for more happiness. The concept of God always developed simple life avoiding even the minimum available amenities. All the learned scholars were sages leading very simple life in forests. All the higher education was concentrated in the sages living in forests. The people in villages and in the cities were getting constant guidance from these sages. Every citizen of the society was a student of the learning centers run by sages in the forest. The citizens in cities also tried to minimize even the minimum amenities and hence, there was no place for corruption. By the grace of God, peace and happiness danced in every human being.
Universal Spirituality for World Peace | <urn:uuid:4334c33a-f429-4b58-8063-ba4acb04c39d> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://creative.sulekha.com/the-defect-of-present-education-system_561745_blog | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539705.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00175-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963042 | 285 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Whether you use laptops, tablets, or VR headsets, make sure you have the right use cases for immersive digital learning experiences.
GUEST COLUMN | by Michael Bodekaer Jensen
An educational institution faced with budget constraints and growing student dropout rates — and really, which one isn’t — may look to virtualize and hybridize courses to directly address these challenges. Not only can this maximize savings, but the online flexibility is attractive to many students, as long as they are provided with engaging, worthwhile experiences.
‘Any new edtech tool should be a value-add rather than an additional burden.’
The 2023 Changing Landscape of Online Education (CHLOE) report found that two-thirds of higher education institutions are “adding new online programs based on student demand” to spur enrollment and retention. With the right amount of creativity and the right approach, most coursework in education can be virtualized today. But as we know from Jurassic Park, just because you can, doesn’t always mean you should! The key is to make virtualization effective and productive. An immersive digital learning experience won’t automatically result in a better outcome for students, even if it saves budgets or instructor time.
Any new edtech tool should be a value-add rather than an additional burden. I’ve found there are four specific use cases for virtual simulations, at least in my area of expertise, science and healthcare education. If any one of these factors applies, then virtualization is a worthwhile option.
1. Engaging. Will this make a topic more interesting? There are some topics on which instructors struggle to engage back-row student attention through classic text-based lectures and basic videos. But virtual learning, especially when enhanced with gamified storytelling, can bring boring subjects to life and inspire — and retain — students through opportunities to gain relevant knowledge by standing in the shoes of real scientists, interacting with advanced equipment, learning techniques, performing experiments, and “traveling” through the human body or the universe. In fact, 77% of educators surveyed by the XR Association (XRA) and the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) believe the use of immersive technologies “inspires curiosity and increases student engagement.”
2. Time-consuming. Will virtualization make student and faculty time in physical classrooms more efficient? Simulations can reduce the instructor burden of developing lectures on content more quickly introduced (and easily absorbed) through an immersive, interactive experience. For lab science, simulations can bolster pre-lab training so that students come better prepared to the physical facility, and time there can be reserved for collaborative peer work, in-person teacher feedback, and instructor-led analysis and discussion. Particularly in an era of teacher shortages in many rural areas, virtualization of certain subjects can help overburdened faculty introduce new units, make lessons more relatable, and compile feedback to more quickly evaluate and adjust curriculum and develop quizzes to meet student needs.
3. Expensive. Is the course I want to virtualize costly to offer? An educator with a very limited budget may not be able to tap equipment resources in sufficient quantities. Lab facilities may be basic or only available within strict timeframes, and field trips may not figure in financial plans. Virtualization of lab coursework can be used for teaching both theory and techniques, and can help institutions add competitive offerings without needing to raise tuition. It can expand opportunities for students to experience state-of-the-art facilities and field work that would be cost-prohibitive in real life. It can enhance accessibility for students with physical challenges.
4. Dangerous to teach. Could the experiments that students will undertake pose a threat to their safety? Virtualized lab coursework can allow students to research viruses that are above the Biosafety Level (BSL) of containment that the institution is allowed to teach. Simulations can provide virtual safety training to prepare students with the required skills, confidence and PPE experience for when they do enter physical labs. They ready students for hypothetical situations that are impossible to practice safely in a physical lab, such as an explosion, acid spill, or biohazard contamination.
Choosing among laptops, tablets or fully immersive VR
Upon deciding if a use case merits virtualization, the follow-on question is if students will benefit from three-dimensional virtual reality requiring an investment in specialized VR headgear. Will student learning experiences be enhanced from the sense of “real” presence achieved through higher-order immersive VR? In many cases, lower-order immersive simulations through a web browser on a standard two-dimensional desktop, laptop, or tablet display will serve the purpose well.
Recognizing logistical headaches
Most research that I’ve seen shows about a 10 to 20% increase in memory retention of learning through VR applications, but it depends on the design and context of the experience. The challenges and costs involved in setting up a dedicated VR classroom space, purchasing and managing headsets for a large number of simultaneous users, adjusting to eye strain and dizziness, and training students as well as instructors, must be taken into consideration. In my opinion, until these logistical issues are resolved, VR remains a practical option for many institutions only where immersiveness is truly value-adding to the use case.
Simulating emotional responses
Where VR is exceptionally strong and definitely worth its challenges is in learning use cases involving emotional engagement or empathy. Because immersive VR tricks the brain into believing the virtual stimuli are real, it intensifies the emotional response that can heighten the person’s capacity for learning. As a result, a PwC study finds that VR is a highly effective tool for human resources training for developing leadership and people-management skills, for practicing delivering bad news, or to help people confront fears such as public speaking. In healthcare professions such as nursing, VR provides opportunities to practice skills and exercise clinical judgment in high-acuity scenarios and hone therapeutic communication.
Collaborating to reduce edtech fatigue
For institutions having to manage hundreds of tools and systems, adding new edtech can turn into a nightmare without proper integrations and close collaboration with IT administrator groups. But students and faculty also need a voice in the decision-making process. A 2023 survey of edtech faculty by WGU Labs’ College Innovation Network (CIN) found the people furthest from the classroom (e.g., administrators, instructional designers, department chairs) are believed to have the greatest influence on edtech adoption decisions, while those most directly affected (students and faculty) have the smallest voice.
In my experience, there is often a disconnect between edtech companies and the educational institutions they serve. Building for interoperability is an absolutely critical factor that many edtech vendors ignore, tending to focus on standalone solutions rather than on the pain points of the people who have to integrate the solutions as well as verify their value and results. To address this disconnect and to reduce edtech fatigue, institutions could create edtech committees that involve students and faculty in addition to IT administrators. These could conduct focus groups and regularly survey edtech users about their experiences. Regular audits will also help identify tools that are not meeting expectations, have outlived their purpose, or become redundant.
Incorporating virtual simulations wisely
Asking educators to take on a “sage on the stage” role is a thing of the past. But set aside the alarmism of virtual avatars replacing human teachers in simulations. Even if an educational institution decides to virtualize coursework through a 2D screen or 3D headgear based on one of the four use cases I’ve outlined, there remains huge value for students in having time with a human instructor. It’s up to faculty, administrators, and students working together to determine how to incorporate virtual coursework wisely into curricula to provide the most advantages in terms of access, engagement, and flexibility.
Michael Bodekaer Jensen is the CEO and co-founder of Labster, whose interactive virtual training simulations have reinforced the exciting connection between science and the real world for more than six million students in educational institutions around the globe, empowering the next generation of scientists. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:c848ca9b-9956-4453-ad00-0c77bcfe3540> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.edtechdigest.com/2023/12/19/4-questions-to-ask-before-adopting-virtual-simulations-to-drive-student-success-and-retention/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476180.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303011622-20240303041622-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.929598 | 1,689 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Broadband technology allows users to access the Internet at much faster speeds than are currently possible with a 56k modem. A common analogy for broadband is to compare a garden hose to a fireman's hose: the fireman's hose is wider and pushes water at much greater velocity, therefore delivering more water at a much faster rate. Broadband is concerned with delivering information in a similar manner.
The term 'broadband' is a general term describing many different types of technologies. ISDN has been is use by businesses and private users for a number of years, and is more than twice as fast as a normal 56k modem connection. Broadband connections go way beyond ISDN in terms of performance, with even a relatively slow form of broadband, ADSL (Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line), producing speeds of up to 512k per second, 10 times faster than a typical modem.
With such fast connections available to the general Net user, it becomes practical for the first time to download video, audio and Flash-heavy content without having to wait an eternity. For the business user, e-commerce opportunities arise in the form of selling content to users such as the latest Hollywood movie, or the latest album in MP3 format.
Applications such as real-time video conferencing will take a major leap forward in terms of usability and accessibility, with desktop web cams enabling real-time video and audio conversations to anywhere in the world, without the poor image quality and download lag of existing models.
Web designers would no longer be restrained by the amount of multimedia content that they could place on their sites, with the removal of such technical limitations the emphasis would be placed firmly on creative content.
The real stumbling block for broadband is the delay in ADSL networks being set up. The technology exists but many companies are reluctant to invest so heavily in a new technology that may not produce any financial returns.
Currently there is no 'killer application' where broadband is concerned; most existing web sites are designed with 56k users in mind. Net users are not inclined to pay expensive ADSL premiums because the content is not available to warrant such a connection, while the content to fully exploit broadband connections is not being produced by web designers because most people don't have a broadband connection to access such a site! In this deadlocked situation, it is the Internet's progress as a whole that suffers.
Most users cite slow download speeds as the main headache in using the Net, and it is this issue that needs to be resolved in order to maintain the log-term future of the Internet for business and culture.
Broadband in Ireland is regulated by the ODTR (Office of the Director of Telecommunications Regulations). In 1999 the ODTR granted licenses to just four companies to provide broadband services in Ireland. It is not very encouraging that just two years later one of the companies, Formus Broadband (a subsidiary of the American Formus Communications), went out of business. It seems that broadband is not the money-spinner that it was hoped to be two years previously.
Recently Eircom announced it's plans for a consumer level ADSL service. Eircom has priced it's service at an unbelievable IR£95 (€120) per month, approximately double the amount charged on average to our British neighbours (£40 sterling per month on average). Furthermore, an initial set-up cost of over IR£200 (€254) is imposed, while you will still be charged separately for your normal voice service too.
Broadband rollout may have arrived at the worst possible time, were business confidence in the Internet has been damaged by negative media coverage of a downturn in the I.T. sector worldwide. The current service offered by Eircom for Irish customers is prohibitively priced, and you would have to question Eircom's seriousness about their commitment to ADSL. For the moment I would recommend anyone living in Ireland to stick with their modems until these prices come down.
Broadband technology provides the best way forward for the Internet. Business costs will be pushed down by the ability to supply customers with software and entertainment services directly to their PC's without having to incur the additional costs of packaging and shipment. For the Net user the Internet experience will finally be up to the hype and provide an effective form of entertainment to rival that of the previous centuries great invention, the TV. Lets hope this century sees the fulfillment of all of the Internet's broadband promise. | <urn:uuid:5d3c6e4d-03d7-4dab-a4aa-c920abdf3217> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.alphadevx.com/a/45-Broadband | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00322-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953416 | 907 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The content of this page was updated on 9/7/2012.
If you've read Parts I and II, you're up to speed on the importance of mash pH and you know a few simple treatments to get it in the right ballpark with Madison municipal water. Now it's time to learn a little bit more about why calcium is good and alkalinity is bad.
Based on my own experiments, mashing Pilsner malt with distilled water will result in pH near 5.65. From there, several things will affect mash pH:
-Alkalinity in the water will raise mash pH.
-Calcium and magnesium in the water will lower mash pH.
-Adding acid to the water will lower mash pH.
-In general, darker malts will lower mash pH more than lighter malts.
-In mashes with alkaline water, thinner mashes will raise mash pH.
-In mashes with acidic water, thinner mashes will lower mash pH.
Alkalinity is the amount of strong acid required to lower the pH of a
solution to a given value. For us, that value is 4.3. An alkaline solution doesn't
necessarily have a high pH, but a lot of acid is needed to lower its
pH. It may seem counter-intuitive, but distilled water has a small amount of
alkalinity because its pH is higher than 4.3. For brewing water, alkalinity can be thought of as the
number of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) plus twice the number of carbonate
ions (CO3--) present in a given volume of water. These two compounds,
plus carbonic acid (H2CO3), comprise a buffer system that resists changes in water pH.
If you want to treat your water with slaked lime, it'll be important to know
the concentrations of the three molecules in your water supply. Otherwise, knowing the
overall alkalinity will be sufficient.
In a mash, calcium ions (Ca++) react with malt phosphates to release
hydrogen ions (H+). In essence, adding calcium is an indirect way of
adding acidity. I suspect that magnesium ions (Mg++) behave in a
similar manner, but I don't know for sure. Treating water with
magnesium isn't very common because the ion is detrimental to beer flavor at
fairly low concentrations.
In water reports, ion concentrations are commonly quantified in the
weight-based unit ppm (parts per million) or mg/L. At the minuscule
concentrations we're dealing with, the two units are interchangeable.
However, because pH measures the number of hydrogen ions in a solution -
i.e. molecules with one unit of ionic charge - the interactions between
acidic and alkaline compounds are governed more by electric charge than
molecular mass. A convenient unit to use is milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L), i.e. the number of millimoles of ionic charge contributed
by a compound in a liter of water. Here's how to convert the values in your water report to mEq/L:
mEq/L = mg/L x Ionic Charge / Molecular Mass
For example, a calcium ion (Ca++) has an ionic charge of 2 (the number of + or - signs) and a molecular mass
of 40.08 mg/mmol. If the calcium concentration of a given water supply
is 80 mg/L, its equivalent concentration is 80 x 2 / 40.08 = 3.992
that sorted out, our water utility throws us for a loop and reports
alkalinity as "mg/L as CaCO3". Furthermore, water reports that simply say "mg/L" for alkalinity often mean "mg/L as CaCO3". It's a stupid unit
that equals the equivalent weight of a calcium ion plus the equivalent
weight of a carbonate ion, but it can (and sometimes is) used to describe
the concentrations of compounds that involve neither calcium nor
carbonate. Really, it's just [mEq/L x 50]. If a given water supply has
an alkalinity of 350 mg/L as CaCO3, its equivalent concentration is 350 /
50 = 7 mEq/L.
In the 1950s, a German brewing scientist named Paul Kohlbach found that the pH of 12-Plato kettle wort from a pale malt mash could be estimated by the following equation (adjusted to use mEq/L as the unit for alkalinity, calcium and magnesium):
Wort pH = pHdw + 0.084*(Alkalinity - Calcium/3.5 - Magnesium/7)
In the equation, pHdw is the pH of wort produced by a distilled water mash. I don't think Kohlbach accounted for the fact that distilled water has an alkalinity of about 0.05 mEq/L, so this is probably a better equation:
Wort pH = pHdw + 0.084*(Alkalinity - Calcium/3.5 - Magnesium/7 - 0.05)
The take-home message here is that a unit of alkalinity is 3.5 times
more effective at raising pH than a unit of calcium is at lowering it,
and 7 times more effective at raising pH than a unit of magnesium is at
lowering it. The term [Alkalinity - Calcium/3.5 - Magnesium/7] is known
as Residual Alkalinity (RA), and it quantifies the degree to which a
given water supply will raise or lower the pH of wort. The same holds true for mashes, but the 0.084 multiplier will be replaced by a series of values that depend on mash thickness. We'll get to that in another post.
Returning to our water supply, here are some values from a Madison water report and their conversions to mEq/L:
Calcium (Ca++) = 80 mg/L -> 80 x 2 / 40.08 = 3.992 mEq/L
Magnesium (Mg++) = 45 mg/L -> 45 x 2 / 24.31 = 3.702 mEq/L
Chloride (Cl-) = 36 mg/L -> 36 x 1 / 35.45 = 1.016 mEq/L
Sulfate (SO4--) = 17 mg/L -> 17 x 2 / 96.06 = 0.354 mEq/L
Alkalinity = 339 mg/L as CaCO3 -> 339 / 50 = 6.78 mEq/L
Plugging these values into Kohlbach's equation allows us to calculate the residual alkalinity of the water supply:
RA = 6.78 - 3.992/3.5 - 3.702/7 = 5.111 mEq/L
Since residual alkalinity is often reported in mg/L as CaCO3, it's often nice to know the value for comparative purposes. In our example, RA = 5.111 x 50 = 256 mg/L as CaCO3. To brew a Pilsner at a water-to-grain ratio of 1.5 qt/lb, mash water with a residual alkalinity around -150 mg/L as CaCO3 would be ideal. For a stout, mash water with a residual alkalinity of 40 mg/L as CaCO3 could be appropriate. Regardless of your intended grainbill, the residual alkalinity of our water supply is astronomical. That's why Madison water is challenging to brew with. The next article in this series is here. | <urn:uuid:ff0db35b-4365-4187-aa8b-851614a58339> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | http://www.madisonbeerreview.com/2011/01/five-gallons-at-time-water-chemistry_28.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989637.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518125638-20210518155638-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.909611 | 1,640 | 2.90625 | 3 |
For those who’ve come to my talks and classes you’ll know that I’m a passionate advocate of Seawater Greenhouses, yet this is the first time I’ve written about them on this blog. They are one of the game-changing technologies that form part of the interconnected web of solutions to our global web of problems: Climate Change, Ocean Acidification, Peak Oil, Hunger, Poverty, Loss of biodiversity, Soil Erosion, Water Shortage etc.
The Seawater Greenhouse offers one of the most revolutionary and hopeful technological innovations for ecologically restorative agriculture in the hot arid zones of the world, especially those near the coast. The Seawater Greenhouse process is relatively straightforward: seawater is poured down a cardboard lattice at one end of a plastic greenhouse, while hot dry desert air is blown through the lattice, evaporating the water and leaving the salt behind on the lattice. The now cool moist air makes an excellent growing environment within the greenhouse. Before this moist air leaves the greenhouse it hits the cold surface of plastic pipes filled with flowing cold deep-seawater, where the vapour condenses. The amount of fresh water created in this way is greater than that needed to irrigate the crops growing in the greenhouse, leaving a surplus for irrigating outside orchards or supplying local communities with fresh water.
Charlie Paton thought-up the idea in 1991 and the first trial project was built in Tenerife in 1992. The concept was proved to work and two further research greenhouses were built, one in Abu Dhabi in 2000 and then one in Oman in 2004. The first commercial horticultural seawater greenhouse project has been built near Port Augusta in South Australia and produced its first crop of tomatoes a couple of months ago.
Seawater Greenhouses and Concentrating Solar Power will have synergistic benefits when developed together, and offer the scope for further beneficial uses of the water and electricity so created; surplus water can be used to grow trees and crops outside the greenhouses, develop algae biofuels and aquaculture, sell electricity, horticultural produce and possibly a wide range of other produce including algal bio-fuels. Charlie Paton and his colleagues have researched the possibility of this wider integrated development for some time and use the term “The Sahara Forest Project” to describe this process, which could of course be adapted to a wide variety of desert locations. It has just been announced that the first of these larger scale integrated developments is to be built in southern Jordan, near the port of Aqaba. At this time of political flux in North Africa and the Middle East this is just the kind of ecologically restorative project that offers the hope of sustainable prosperity for the people of the region. I wish this project well, and will follow developments on this blog.
For more see | <urn:uuid:7679ae09-dc2a-44ce-80ef-608feb58361b> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.richardpriestley.co.uk/2011/02/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946120.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423164921-20180423184921-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.933616 | 589 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Oxford University Press | Online Resource Centre | Multiple choice questions
Currency and Inflation MCQs with Answers or objective questions and answers. These general 5 Increasing unemployment and inflation is a situation of: A hyperinflation B devaluation. C deflation Enter Your Email To Get Daily Quiz. a) An outward shift of aggregate demand and demand-pull inflation. b) An outward According to the Phillips curve, unemployment will return to the natural rate when: The Phillips curve shows the relationship between inflation and what?. of inflation and unemployment. Inflation & Unemployment (1) - Revision Quiz Explaining Price Deflation - Causes, Effects and Policies. Study notes.
We studied in the 5Es lesson that more workers or better workers results in economic growth.
- Inflation and Unemployment
- Unemployment and Inflation: Implications for Policymaking
- Chapter 26: Multiple choice questions
Economic growth is increasing out potential level of output. This is good for society since it also reduces scarcity. Therefore governments have economic growth programs to reduce structural unemployment like financial aid for school and job training programs. Cyclical unemployment is a type of unemployment caused by insufficient total spending or by insufficient aggregate demand.
It is unemployment caused by the recession phase of the business cycle. If there is less aggregate demand firms respond by producing less. Output and employment are reduced. The extreme unemployment during the Great Depression 25 percent in was cyclical unemployment. If there is a recession and therefore an increase in unemployment associated with a decrease in output, this results in more scarcity.
This is not good for society since it will be producing at a point inside its production possibilities curve point D on the graph below or at a level of output short of the full employment level. Therefore, governments have policies to reduce cyclical unemployment.
These are the demand management policies discussed in our lesson on the AS-AD. Expansionary fiscal policies increasing government spending or decreasing taxes and easy money policies increasing the money supply are designed to increase AD, reduce cyclical unemployment, and and move the economy back to the full employment level of output. It is sometimes not clear which type of unemployment describes a person's unemployment circumstances.
This is called the "full employment rate of unemployment", or the "natural rate of unemployment" and it includes: In other words, full employment is zero cyclical unemployment. If there is some frictional and structural unemployment in the economy can the potential level of output still be achieved?
The "full employment rate of unemployment" is the unemployment rate occurring when there is no cyclical unemployment and the economy is achieving its potential output Changes in the Full Employment Natural Rate of Unemployment The natural rate of unemployment is not fixed but depends on the demographic makeup of the labor force and the laws and customs of the nations.
Why did the full employment rate of unemployment increase? Or, another way of saying this is "why did the amount of frictional and structural unemployment increase? After World War II ended in the s the baby boom began. This early research focused on the relationship between the unemployment rate and the rate of wage inflation.
ECON102: Principles of Macroeconomics
Phillips found that between andthere was a negative relationship between the unemployment rate and the rate of change in wages in the United Kingdom, showing wages tended to grow faster when the unemployment rate was lower, and vice versa.
As the unemployment rate decreases, the supply of unemployed workers decreases, thus employers must offer higher wages to attract additional employees from other firms. This body of research was expanded, shifting the focus from wage growth to changes in the price level more generally.
Inflation is a general increase in the price of goods and services across the economy, or a general decrease in the value of money. Conversely, deflation is a general decrease in the price of goods and services across the economy, or a general increase in the value of money.
The inflation rate is determined by observing the price of a consistent set of goods and services over time. In general, the two alternative measures of inflation are headline inflation and core inflation. Headline inflation measures the change in prices across a very broad set of goods and services, and core inflation excludes food and energy from the set of goods and services measured.
Core inflation is often used in place of headline inflation due to the volatile nature of the price of food and energy, which are particularly susceptible to supply shocks.
Many interpreted the early research around the Phillips curve to mean that a stable relationship existed between unemployment and inflation. This suggested that policymakers could choose among a schedule of unemployment and inflation rates; in other words, policymakers could achieve and maintain a lower unemployment rate if they were willing to accept a higher inflation rate and vice versa.
This rationale was prominent in the s, and both the Kennedy and Johnson Administrations considered this framework when designing economic policy. These critics claimed that the static relationship between the unemployment rate and inflation could only persist if individuals never adjusted their expectations around inflation, which would be at odds with the fundamental economic principle that individuals act rationally.
But, if individuals adjusted their expectations around inflation, any effort to maintain an unemployment rate below the natural rate of unemployment would result in continually rising inflation, rather than a one-time increase in the inflation rate.
This rebuttal to the original Phillips curve model is now commonly known as the natural rate model. The natural rate of unemployment is often referred to as the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment NAIRU.
When the unemployment rate falls below the natural rate of unemployment, referred to as a negative unemployment gap, the inflation rate is expected to accelerate. When the unemployment rate exceeds the natural rate of unemployment, referred to as a positive unemployment gap, inflation is expected to decelerate. The natural rate model gained support as s' events showed that the stable tradeoff between unemployment and inflation as suggested by the Phillips curve appeared to break down.
Unemploymentby [author name scrubbed]. The CBO estimates the NAIRU based on the characteristics of jobs and workers in the economy, and the efficiency of the labor market's matching process.
The economy is most stable when actual output equals potential output; the economy is said to be in equilibrium because the demand for goods and services is matched by the economy's ability to supply those goods and services.
Unemployment and Inflation
In other words, certain characteristics and features of the economy capital, labor, and technology determine how much the economy can sustainably produce at a given time, but demand for goods and services is what actually determines how much is produced in the economy. As actual output diverges from potential output, inflation will tend to become less stable. All else equal, when actual output exceeds the economy's potential output, a positive output gap is created, and inflation will tend to accelerate.
When actual output is below potential output, a negative output gap is generated, and inflation will tend to decelerate. Within the natural rate model, the natural rate of unemployment is the level of unemployment consistent with actual output equaling potential output, and therefore stable inflation.
How the Output Gap Impacts the Rate of Inflation During an economic expansion, total demand for goods and services within the economy can grow to exceed the economy's potential output, and a positive output gap is created.
As demand grows, firms rush to increase their output to meet this new demand. In the short term though, firms have limited options to increase their output. It often takes too long to build a new factory, or order and install additional machinery, so instead firms hire additional employees.
As the number of available workers decreases, workers can bargain for higher wages, and firms are willing to pay higher wages to capitalize on the increased demand for their goods and services.
However, as wages increase, upward pressure is placed on the price of all goods and services because labor costs make up a large portion of the total cost of goods and services. Over time, the average price of goods and services rises to reflect the increased cost of wages. The opposite tends to occur when actual output within the economy is lower than the economy's potential output, and a negative output gap is created. During an economic downturn, total demand within the economy shrinks. In response to decreased demand, firms reduce hiring, or lay off employees, and the unemployment rate rises.
As the unemployment rate rises, workers have less bargaining power when seeking higher wages because they become easier to replace. Firms can hold off on increasing prices as the cost of one of their major inputs—wages—becomes less expensive. This results in a decrease in the rate of inflation. Model a process for analyzing the impact of employment policies — for example, minimum wage laws or right-to-work laws. Define inflation and differentiate from changes in relative prices. Review the difference between real and nominal values.
Define and distinguish between the consumer price index CPI and the GDP deflator as measures of inflation, and demonstrate how each is calculated. Identify limitations of CPI data and discuss issues related to measurement of inflation. Identify the consequences of inflation and discuss issues related to those consequences, including: Discuss capital markets, interest rates, and inflation.
Discuss the relationship between inflation and unemployment. The employment rate is the percent of the labor force that is employed. The labor force consists of the non-institutionalized civilian population, aged 16 or older, working or looking for work. The unemployment rate is the percent of the labor force that is unemployed, willing to work, and actively looking for employment. Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level of goods and services.
Inflation reduces the purchasing power of money. Interest rates are the prices necessary to get individuals and households to save, instead of spending money for immediate consumption. Nominal interest rates must exceed real interest rates by the percent of inflation in order to provide effective incentives for saving. If employment is rising, unemployment must be falling. High school and college students are not counted in the labor force.
People who work part time are not counted in government employment statistics.Relationships: Unemployment, Inflation EMS
The lower the unemployment rate, the better. High prices are synonymous with inflation. The lower the inflation rate, the better. | <urn:uuid:dbf4e587-dcbc-4f9d-9c7c-611d25494a24> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://mafiathegame.info/and-relationship/inflation-deflation-and-unemployment-relationship-quiz.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525187.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717121559-20190717143559-00505.warc.gz | en | 0.93763 | 2,073 | 3.28125 | 3 |
One of the most challenging tasks at the beginning of any school year is the daunting feat of teaching a classroom full of 5 -7 year olds to function independently…and effectively!!…in centers/stations. From organizing independent groups to setting up differentiated learning centers, fast finisher activities, and planning for small group, it’s a challenge to say the least!
Something I hear from teachers quite frequently is, “they always forget what they’re supposed to do! I end up losing so much of my small group instructional time trying to redirect confused learners and fan out small flames.” Does that phrase sound familiar to you, too? It most likely does if you’ve ever attempted to allow kids the (controlled) freedom of working independently.
Keeping this idea in mind, I wanted to help my teacher friends who were asking for a little help in this area. Time and time again, I was receiving messages from teachers who were looking for literacy centers that were engaging and meaningful, but also provided enough support so that students were able to monitor their learning through self-checking. Something that provided opportunities for skill repetition and repeated practice while providing students with the confidence they would need to complete the activities independently and correctly.
YES! Teacher friends…I heard you!! Loud and CLEAR 🙂
What’s more helpful than having another teacher in the classroom to help facilitate these activities and offer additional support? How about a teacher voice instructing students when you’re facilitating a small group?!
After lots of brainstorming, I figured that a set of audio centers were the perfect solution!
Let’e s take a little peek at what I’m talking about…
This particular set of activities focuses on short vowel CVC words. For the first several months of school, we work in depth on letter sounds, consonants vs. vowels, and blending sounds together to read words. While much of this focus is centered around our time during guided reading small group using decoding strategies, independent practice in these skills are needed, too. It’s important for our kids to practice these skills in both a guided and independent setting. But how can we be sure they’re practicing these skills correctly?
Enter the audio!
Students can scan a QR code that redirects them to soundclips of my teacher voice. They can listen to me blend phonemes, read the word, and then use the word in a sentence. This is a great way for students to self-check their thinking. I even included short, 3.5 minute instructional videos for each vowel that demonstrate HOW to blend and give students an opportunity to blend along with the narration.
Here’s a quick peek…
I organize these centers using THESE self-locking containers. Everything they’ll need to work on these activities fits perfectly inside and can be carried to any spot in the room for a flexible working option. I love these containers!! You can read more about how I use them to organize HERE. They’re great because they’re stackable and as I said before, self-locking. I tend to use these for almost everything!!!
Each container holds the QR code card for the video, a set of blend and draw cards with a self-checking QR code, and a set of blend and cover cards with a self-checking QR code as well. Transparent chips and dry erase markers to use with the activities are also stored inside.
Optional assessment printables are also included for each vowel set. Kids can scan the QR code and it will redirect them to an audio sound file of my voice giving them instructions on how to complete the activity. These are great for quick checks and repeated practice, too!
Hopefully these audio centers are the solution you were hoping for. I’ve heard from several teachers who are currently using these in their classrooms and having tons of success! I’m hoping the same is true for you, too!
You can grab this set HERE.
Simplify Your Teaching
Join our community for tips, tricks, and resources to help you simplify your teaching! | <urn:uuid:8a8c2a95-1a4a-4740-bdf8-aa5b9dbf6a62> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://justcaracarroll.com/audio-cvc-centers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474482.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224012912-20240224042912-00893.warc.gz | en | 0.963145 | 845 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Grafeneck as Heterotopia
Chapter 1 presents a detailed history of the Nazi euthanasia program and of its commemoration by means of an analysis of the former killing center of Grafeneck in southern Germany and various recent commemorative events associated with it. This analysis facilitates an exploration of the historical reasons for the marginalization of the memory of Nazi euthanasia within the discourse on the Holocaust, as well as the various steps that have been and are being taken to overcome this marginalization. The chapter incorporates not only Grafeneck's postwar history but also its present-day function as a home for the disabled. This ambiguous status challenges visitors’ assumptions about what commemoration is or should be and how it invites them to consider the place of disability in contemporary society. The chapter concludes with a reading of Grafeneck as what Michel Foucault terms heterotopia, a liminal space suspended between reality and unreality, past and present. This offers a key to understanding the uncanny character of the site.
Fordham Scholarship Online requires a subscription or purchase to access the full text of books within the service. Public users can however freely search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter.
If you think you should have access to this title, please contact your librarian. | <urn:uuid:64b1675b-7fa8-4ee3-a265-88f563026ded> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://fordham.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.5422/fordham/9780823262786.001.0001/upso-9780823262786-chapter-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986657949.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015082202-20191015105702-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.941558 | 268 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Cadw y tir, ein ceidwad da,
Cynog o wlad Frecania!
Torres y gormes dy gig,
Dy forddwyd di, o fawrddig.
Yno y daeth, enaid ethawl,
Arf i ti i orfod diawl
Keep safe the land, our good guardian,
Cynog of the land of Brecania!
The oppressor sliced your flesh,
your thigh, with great ferocity.
then, o select soul, there came
a weapon for you to overcome the devil …
Hywel Dafi, before 1500
A fifteenth-century poem by Hywel Dafi tells a story of how Saint Cynog, son of Brychan Brycheiniog, sacrificed himself in a battle against monsters afflicting the people of Ceredigion and Brecon. The miraculous weapon he wields is the gold torque which is known to have been venerated as a relic in his church at Merthyr Cynog during the medieval period. Part of the story is also known from an eighteenth-century folk tale, however the allusive style of the medieval verse ensures that many details of the original tale remain unclear.
Over sixty such Welsh poems to saints survive from the Middle Ages: the genre is unusual in a European context and clearly grows out of the deeply rooted tradition of praise poetry to secular lords.
The material on this page and on those listed below are taken from the exhibition that recently toured Bangor, St Davids, Llantwit Major and Holywell. | <urn:uuid:248ea543-0c06-4f7c-b57f-73db482d76fa> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.welshsaints.ac.uk/verses-to-the-saints/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141202590.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129184455-20201129214455-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.92147 | 336 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Down The Hatch - What You Need To Know About Giving Your Child Medicine
When it comes to medication, it’s important to remember that your child is not a ‘little adult’. They can be more sensitive and respond differently to medication than an adult. Talk to your community pharmacist, they are an easily accessible and helpful resource when you need to know how to administer the correct dose of medication; what medicines you can combine; how to store medicine safely; and how to get a reluctant child to take the medication they’ve been prescribed.
Always keep these guidelines in mind:
- Never give more of any medicine than it says on the package for your child’s age and weight and make sure you accurately measure the correct amount. Be sure to use the spoon, cup, or syringe provided with the medication rather than any kitchen spoon.
- Know your child’s weight and if they are overweight or underweight for their age, confirm the dose with your pharmacist.
- Speak to your pharmacist about any other medication you are giving your child to avoid giving interacting or similar medicines that can cause adverse effects.
- Do not give children Aspirin as it has been linked to Reye’s syndrome, a serious condition that causes swelling in the brain and liver damage.
- Keep a record of any medications given to your child to avoid dosage errors, especially if they are at daycare or being cared for by different people. Ask your pharmacist about dose administration aids that can ensure the correct amount is taken at the correct time.
- For children with asthma, make sure your child knows how to use their inhaler and spacer correctly. Your community pharmacist can check your child’s asthma technique and advise them on the best times to take their medication and how to avoid potential side effects.
- Don’t give your child expired medication or another child’s prescription. You can return unused or expired medication to your pharmacy for safe disposal.
- Store medication out of reach of children and check whether the medication needs to be stored in the fridge or a cool dry area (not the bathroom) and away from food and drink.
- Read the labels on the medication carefully. If it says to shake the bottle before giving it to your child, it’s important that you do this to ensure the ingredients are evenly distributed and your child doesn’t get too much or too little. If it says ‘three times a day’ then you should give the medication during your child’s waking hours. If the label says ‘every six hours’ then clarify with your pharmacist whether that means you should wake your child to ensure they get the medication around the clock. With antibiotics, the label will often say to ‘complete the course’ and it’s essential to do this even if your child is feeling better. Also remember to follow directions about whether the medication should be given on an empty stomach or with food.
- Check with your pharmacist before crushing any pills or dissolving them in water. Some pills have a protective coating and they are designed to slowly release the medication.
- You should never refer to medication as ‘lollies’ or juice. It’s important that you child understands that medication will make them feel better, but should be treated with care. Be positive and give your child lots of cuddles afterwards. | <urn:uuid:b15c8e8b-1d6d-4ef0-a1b1-860de3b4faef> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://findapharmacy.com.au/advice/down-the-hatch-what-you-need-to-know-about-giving-your-child-medicine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585305.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020090145-20211020120145-00718.warc.gz | en | 0.926834 | 707 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Frequent sauna bathing may protect men against dementia, Finnish study suggests.
Frequent sauna bathing can reduce the risk of dementia, according to a recent study carried out at the University of Eastern Finland. In a 20-year follow-up, men taking a sauna 4-7 times a week were 66% less likely to be diagnosed with dementia than those taking a sauna once a week. The association between sauna bathing and dementia risk has not been previously investigated.The effects of sauna bathing on the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia were studied in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (KIHD), involving more than 2,000 middle-aged men living in the eastern part of Finland. Based on their sauna-bathing habits, the study participants were divided into three groups: those taking a sauna once a week, those taking a sauna 2-3 times a week, and those taking a sauna 4-7 times a week.
The more frequently saunas were taken, the lower was the risk of dementia. Among those taking a sauna 4-7 times a week, the risk of any form of dementia was 66% lower and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease 65% lower than among those taking a sauna just once a week. The findings were published recently in the Age and Ageing journal.
Previous results from the KIHD study have shown that frequent sauna bathing also significantly reduces the risk of sudden cardiac death, the risk of death due to coronary artery disease and other cardiac events, as well as overall mortality. According to Professor Jari Laukkanen, the study leader, sauna bathing may protect both the heart and memory to some extent via similar, still poorly known mechanisms. “However, it is known that cardiovascular health affects the brain as well. The sense of well-being and relaxation experienced during sauna bathing may also play a role.”
Story Source: University of Eastern Finland. “Frequent sauna bathing may protect men against dementia, Finnish study suggests.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 16 December 2016. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/12/161216114143.htm> | <urn:uuid:b96b915d-22f0-4838-b140-bf1647015a1a> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.safestroke.eu/2017/01/03/frequent-sauna-bathing-may-protect-men-against-dementia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104512702.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705022909-20220705052909-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.967532 | 466 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Berkeley Lab scientists are studying a watershed site near the Upper Colorado River where early snowmelt could impact how much water is available to millions of Americans who need it downstream. For now, like many other researchers studying environmental processes, this team lacks access to timely detailed data about when changes like snowmelt or rainfall might occur at remote research sites. This can make it difficult to plan on-the-ground monitoring.
Yuxin Wu, EESA research scientist, is leading an effort to establish integrated networks of multiple sensors capable of remote telemetry to help bring the data environmental scientists need to their desktops on a more timely basis. These solutions will advance new approaches to measure and connect sensors in soils and plants, and use machine learning and advanced data analytics for interpretation. They are being designed not just to speed up the process of receiving data obtained from autonomously derived field measurements, but to ‘watch’ interactions between above- and below-ground processes as they occur. The approach of using above-and-below ground data to observe these interactions has recently been described by Baptiste Dafflon.
To improve understanding of soil-plant interactions, a SMART (Sensors at Mesoscale for Autonomous Remote Telemetry) Soils Testbed is being developed near Building 83 at Berkeley Lab. SMART Soils will be part of EcoSense, which is related to the lab’s Microbes to Biomes initiative.
Lab researchers are currently establishing advanced sensors and sensor networks to quantify biological-environmental feedbacks across scales, such as from individual plants to entire watersheds or from nanometers to meters. Under EcoSENSE, they will also develop ways to synchronize and provide virtual connections between laboratory, controlled mesoscale and field experiments. This will help research scientists gather insights about ecosystem function, translations from microbe to biome and the potential to control biome behavior.
With the SMART Soils Testbed, Wu and other scientists at Berkeley Lab will replicate a hydrogeochemical setting similar to what you’d find in terrestrial ecosystems, which could include a mountainous watershed site and agricultural field, or a contaminated region. Plans are to establish a mobile ecosystem on wheels that can be relocated if necessary. Tilted to represent the hydrological gradient, the testbed will allow Wu and others to measure the quantity and rate of evapotranspiration from plants using multiple sensors, such as load cells. Another objective is for SMART Soils to evaluate how capable sensors are at measuring not just physical properties, but also chemical and biological properties, such as the nitrate or phosphate concentration of soils.
Most important is for the SMART Soils testbed to help measure how well integrated networks of multiple autonomous sensors can gather diverse data and quantify how these various data relate to one another and enable real-time analysis by environmental scientists.
“We want to leverage advanced data analytics so scientists don’t have to look at environmental data in isolation,” Wu says. “Autonomous and telemetric sensors can measure the soil’s moisture or nutrient concentration, for example, and we can design the analytics so that a researcher can evaluate that information to understand how those measurements relate to one another. The telemetry capability is critical in providing real-time measurements that can trigger field-sampling efforts, which often times happen in very remote locations.”
Yuxin Wu is leading a workshop at Berkeley Lab related to this subject on December 1. Please contact him if you are interested in attending. | <urn:uuid:d96e3771-d035-4cfa-8968-8b53167943eb> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://eesa.lbl.gov/scientists-developing-smart-testbed-help-improve-access-important-environmental-data/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511364.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004084230-20231004114230-00506.warc.gz | en | 0.935484 | 719 | 3.265625 | 3 |
A total eclipse is an event in which the moon and sun are in perfect alignment with a spot on Earth. This occurrence is much more rare than an annual eclipse, in which the sun leaves a halo of light around the moon. A random spot on Earth experiences a total eclipse approximately once every 400 years, explains the University of Virginia Department of Astronomy.Continue Reading
The region in which a total eclipse can be seen is in the umbra of the moon's shadow; no light from the sun can reach this area. Because the sun and moon have the same angular size in the sky, there is only a very small region on the Earth's surface where the entire sun is covered up by the moon.
From geometrical models, the Greeks determined that the sun had to be larger than the moon with a size exactly proportional to its distance from the Earth. During a total eclipse, it is not dangerous to look at the sun at all although the phenomenon is only visible for a few minutes from any given location. During a total eclipse, planets and bright stars that are normally not visible to the human eye can be distinguished in the sky.Learn more about Astronomy | <urn:uuid:757b48be-8d80-4f1a-b157-be94796f986a> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.reference.com/science/total-eclipse-553e1871ac3b32fc | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121869.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00641-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951032 | 236 | 3.75 | 4 |
Name: Trichogaster trichopterus
Origin: Thailand, Borneo
Three-Spot Gouramies are very hardy and pretty fish which can be readily found in several different color patterns, ranging from light to dark blue, yellow, pink and brown. Dispite the name, many of these have no spots at all. They're often sold to and chosen by beginners because of their hardiness, but they do have two points against this choice: first, they grow rather large (~15 cm) and may overcrowd smaller tanks. Second, the males tend to be very territorial and with their large size will often bully all the smaller fish, forcing them to stay hidden in some corner of the tank. This can be very frustrating to beginners, especially kids. The solution is to keep them in large, well planted tanks, or to keep only females. Sexing them is easy, since the male has a long and pointed dorsal (upper) fin, while the female's is short and rounded (as in the picture above). I find it quite disappointing that few employees in fish shops actually know this difference.
In my experience, I have not had any problem keeping males and females together. I have a total of eight gouramies in a 200 liter tank and I believe that in a tank of such length (1,20 m) one should be okay since the fish have plenty of space to move around. Actually, in my situation, the females are more aggressive than the males! Everyone seems to have a different experience with these fish, and with experience comes knowledge of what works for you.
I keep some (now about ten) gouramies in 200 litres and 1 metre long tank. There are also some other species, mostly catfishes. Occasionally even a couple of barbuses for a moment. Up to now without conflicts as gouramies are bigger. During a couple of years gouramies are dominating in this tank and regularly nesting and spawning. I have a lot of Ceratophyllum plants on the surface and it is protecting offspring. Once I had 3 successful nests at the same time with about 30 cm distance. Sometimes females get smaller damages from males, but damages quickly recover and females don`t look stressed.
One of the color variants is called the "Opaline Gourami" or the "Cosby Gourami" after the fish breeder who first established it. In this fish the dark spots are replaced by a marbleized patterning of dark ink blue against the light metallic blue of the body. This is one of the most beautiful of the many color varieties of Trichogaster and Colisa spp. however, when you choose this fish don't accept one where the spots are still distinct, they should be blended into the clody rippled markings of the fish. This Gourami too is subject to intestinal parasites: it needs a quarantine and medication for nematodes before you introduce it to your aquarium.
I haven't intentionally bred these Gouramies, but I've seen them mature and spawn in my tanks, so here's how it normally went:
- As they mature, the male develops a more slender body and a longer and more pointed dorsal fin. Females develop huge whitish bellies, which means they're full of eggs. Their dorsal fins are short and rounded.
- The dominant male chooses some corner of the tank where the water is still, marks his territory and starts building a bubble nest. His colors become very intense (deep blue) and he won't tolerate ANYONE, not even you, coming near his corner. Whenever I stuck my hand into the tank for maintenance he would visciously attack it...good thing they don't have teeth :-)
- He then moves around the tank looking for a receptive female. If they aren't ready they'll just run away while he chases them for a while. If one of them is receptive, he eventually attracts her to just below the bubble nest.
- They begin some interesting dances, and at some moment he bends his entire body, embracing the female's belly, and "squeezes" out the eggs and fertilizes them. This is a truly fantastic scene, it's hard to believe that the male can bend that much until you actually see it.
- They make sure the eggs get to the bubble nest and stick to the bubbles. After that the female is typically dismissed and the male takes over caring for the eggs.
- The eggs hatch after 2 or 3 days (if I remember correctly) and that's the end of the story where my experience is concerned, since the babies had this inevitable tendency to go hide inside other fish's bellies :-)
I believe they need still, warm and soft water in order to do this. The spawning conditions in my tank were typically T 27-30 C, pH 6.6-7.2, GH 3-5. | <urn:uuid:d30e63b4-f724-4ae2-8681-94c8a63865e7> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.aquahobby.com/gallery/e_tricho.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718303.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00526-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970511 | 1,007 | 2.75 | 3 |
Kansas Emigration and ImmigrationEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Kansas was considered part of the Great American Desert and did not attract white settlers until the 1850s. The early settlers generally arrived from the states of Ohio, Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana. A significant number came from the New England states in 1854 and 1855, aided by the New England Emigrant Aid Company. Other families immigrated from the British Isles and Germany.
After the Civil War, many Union veterans settled in Kansas when the Homestead Act (1862) and other public laws opened the land for settlement. Many were from the Ohio River Valley (especially Kentucky and Tennessee) and from the Middle Atlantic and New England states. By 1870 many of the Indian tribes had been removed to what is now Oklahoma, although Potawatomi, Sauk, Fox, and Kickapoo Indians still live on small reservations in the state.
About 7,000 blacks from Tennessee settled in Cherokee County beginning in 1873, and several thousand blacks came from the lower Mississippi Valley states to Kansas City in the "Great Exodus" of 1879 and 1880.
The post-Civil War boom also attracted new settlers from overseas. Between 1870 and 1890, many Scandinavians and thousands of Germans from Russia joined the immigration to Kansas, as did smaller groups of Czechs and French. Settlement of Kansas progressed from east to west until by about 1890 all areas of the state had been settled.
Religious groups also established some of the early settlements in Kansas. These included Quakers, River Brethren, Dunkards and German Baptists, and Mennonites from southern Russia.
A new wave of immigration from other countries began about 1895 and continued until 1915. During this period, small groups arrived from Mexico, Italy, Greece, and Yugoslavia.
Most overseas immigrants came through east coast ports, especially New York. They then proceeded by railway inland to Kansas. Some earlier immigrants landed at the port of New Orleans and then took steamboats upriver to Kansas. The Family History Library and the National Archives have passenger lists or indexes of American ports for 1820 to 1940.
More detailed information on immigration sources is in United States Emigration and Immigration. Further information on settlement patterns can be found in:
- Robertson, Clara H. Kansas Territorial Settlers of 1860 Who Were Born in Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1976. (Family History Library book 978.1 H2ro.)
- Carman, J. Neale. Foreign-Language Units of Kansas. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1962. (Family History Library book 978.1 F2c vol. 1.) Volume 1 is Historical Atlas and Statistics.
Records of major ethnic groups, including Czechs, Swedes, and Mennonites from Russia, are listed in the FamilySearch Catalog under KANSAS - MINORITIES. Other sources are listed under KANSAS - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Records of American Indians are listed under KANSAS - NATIVE RACES and in the Subject Search of the FamilySearch Catalog under the names of the tribe.
National Orphan Train Complex
300 Washington Street
P.O. Box 322
Concordia, Kansas 66901
Many children came to Kansas on the "orphan trains." The Orphan Train Complex, centered in Kansas, is dedicated to preserving the stories and artifacts of those who were part of the Orphan Train Movement from 1854-1929
- This page was last modified on 16 September 2014, at 22:49.
- This page has been accessed 4,759 times.
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Review redesigns of wiki pages and give your feedbackImprove the Wiki | <urn:uuid:cb8744e9-b0e4-41de-8d25-8f1bd3011080> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Kansas_Emigration_and_Immigration | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507445299.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005725-00276-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929445 | 772 | 3.828125 | 4 |
EnvironmentBreaking news on the environment, climate change, pollution, and endangered species. Also featuring Climate Connections, a special series on climate change co-produced by NPR and National Geographic.
Potential annual damages are shown on the county-level in a scenario in which emissions of greenhouse gasses continue at current rates. Negative damages indicate economic benefits.
Hsiang, Kopp, Jina, Rising, et al./Science
An aerial view of the sequoia in Boise, Idaho, as workers prepared to transport it about two blocks. Heavy machinery had to be used to prune its roots and build a structure so they could move the roughly 100-foot tree, which was planted back in 1912.
Diana McLean says coal would be good for the North Cheyenne Tribe. "We've been in the same situation for the last 50 years. And it hasn't changed. It hasn't improved."
Shane Thomas McMillan for NPR
The cladding used in a 2016 refurbishing of Grenfell Tower in London helped last week's fatal fire spread. The combustible material is permitted in some parts of the U.S.
Niklas Halle'n /AFP/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:5d88435e-f939-497b-b0c5-e233bfa1e595> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.npr.org/sections/environment/archive?date=6-30-2017 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744803.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119002432-20181119024432-00344.warc.gz | en | 0.92217 | 247 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Habitat of Oil in the Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela1
A Cretaceous marine invasion occupied a basin of regional extent through Venezuela and Colombia. The basin was severely limited and separated into smaller basins of marine and nonmarine affinities during the Tertiary. Three principal sedimentary cycles since early Cretaceous time embrace the oil-bearing sedimentary section. Behavior of cratonic elements, formation of mobile belts, associated shifting of depositional conditions, and the evolving structural and stratigraphic pattern are described. Contour, isopach, and paleogeographic maps are presented, and restored volumes of sediments cited. Beneath the Maracaibo Basin is a crystalline mass which influenced development of a platform and shelf area respectively during Cretaceous and part of the Tertiary. A summary of oil distribution and geologic aspects of Maracaibo Basin oil fields is also included. History of oil field development is summarized.
Sedimentary facies, hinge belts, and evolving structural conditions have probably influenced oil accumulation. Opinions on probable source beds for oil in the basin are expressed. Nearly three fourths of the estimated ultimate known reserve is found in clastic, shallow-marine to brackish-water Oligo-Miocene and Eocene rocks hinge belt Nearly one sixth is fractured fractured Cretaceous limestones associated with anticlinal structures and a Cretaceous hinge belt. The remaining reserves are found in a shelf area shoreward from the Eocene hinge belt.
Figures & Tables
The history of oil exploration in a large basin is very much like the history of research in most fields of investigation. In the history of research into the subject of oil occurrence, however, the rate of increase of knowledge has fluctuated greatly. Sourced from the 1955 AAPG Annual Meeting, this publication contains many of the papers presented at that meeting, which discuss the habitat of most of the oil found in the world prior to 1955. | <urn:uuid:a1f6d7b3-cb4d-4e95-8b13-84fa47959bea> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/1490/chapter/107178575/Habitat-of-Oil-in-the-Maracaibo-Basin-Venezuela1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516123.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023090235-20181023111735-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.943599 | 402 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The smell of your breath isn’t just a result of your oral health care, but it’s also affected by your gastrointestinal health. So if you are eating foods that cause bacteria to build-up in your mouth, you can still have smelly breath, even if you take good care of your teeth.
Low-Carb Diets Cause Bad Breath
As food is digested, it’s absorbed into your bloodstream and is expelled by your lungs when you breathe. Low-carb diets especially give you bad breath because during a low carb diet certain chemicals called ketones are released in the breath as the body burns fat instead of carbohydrates. As ketones get into saliva, it can cause horrible breath.
If you have bad breath as a result of a low-carb diet, there is little a dentist can do. Some simple ways to mask it are to chew sugarless gum and suck on sugarless mints.
How You Can Prevent Bad Breath
Other food can cause bad breath such as coffee, garlic, onions and spicy food. Coffee contains acids that decrease oxygenation of the mouth, which increases the production of odor-inducing bacteria. Spicy foods, garlic and onions contain smelly sulfur byproducts that are absorbed into the bloodstream and expelled by the lungs.
Some simple ways to prevent bad breath are to:
- Eat carrots, celery and apples, which help clear your mouth of food debris that can create stinky bacteria.
- Drink water or milk, which helps to rid your mouth of bacteria.
- Avoid eating garlic, onions, spicy food and drinking coffee.
- Cut back on alcohol, which can lead to dry mouth. | <urn:uuid:8dbbf944-11da-49ff-a1d7-7bead64bca00> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.lakewaycosmeticdentistry.com/how-does-my-diet-affect-my-breath/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607314.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122161553-20200122190553-00033.warc.gz | en | 0.938671 | 342 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Commonly, binge drinking is defined as consuming either five or more alcoholic beverages (for men) or four or more (for women) within about two hours. Now, a new study has found that a single alcoholic binge can cause bacteria to leak from your gut and increase the levels of toxins in your blood. Worse, this increased level of endotoxins, as they are called, triggers your immune system and so causes negative health effects. “Our observations suggest that an alcohol binge is more dangerous than previously thought,” said Dr. Gyongyi Szabo, professor and vice chair of medicine and associate dean for clinical and translational sciences at the University of Massachusetts Medical School.
Binge drinking is the most frequent form of alcohol consumption worldwide, a pattern of consumption most popular among underage drinkers and young adults. In the study, conducted by a team of researchers led by Szabo, 11 men and 14 women were given enough alcohol to raise their blood alcohol levels to at least .08 g/dL within an hour — this is a precise measurement for binge drinking experience (and is also above the legal driving limit). Blood samples were taken every 30 minutes for four hours after the binge and once again 24 hours later.
After analyzing the results, the researchers arrived at some unexpected conclusions. They observed, for instance, how the alcohol binge resulted in a rapid increase in endotoxin levels in the blood. Endotoxins are poisons contained in the cell wall of certain bacteria and these toxins are released whenever such cells are destroyed. Seeing evidence of bacterial DNA in the blood, then, the researchers understood that bacteria had permeated the gut.
The reason this is important is increased gut permeability and increased endotoxin blood levels have been linked to many health issues, including alcoholic liver disease. Plus, by triggering the immune system, the body begins the process of fever, inflammation, and tissue destruction. Over the long-term, binge drinking and the harm done by these immune system effects can damage the liver and other organs.
Also important, the researchers noted how women had higher blood alcohol levels and circulating endotoxin levels compared to the men.
“While the negative health effects of chronic drinking are well-documented, this is a key study to show that a single alcohol binge can cause damaging effects,” said Dr. George Koob, director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. The study was funded in part by the National Institutes of Health.
Source: Bala S, Marcos M, Gattu A, Catalano D, Szabo G. Acute Binge Drinking Increases Serum Endotoxin and Bacterial DNA Levels in Healthy Individuals. PLOS ONE. 2014. | <urn:uuid:b944596c-5f16-49e8-99e9-dd2f75b53752> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.medicaldaily.com/binge-drinking-even-once-linked-gut-leakage-and-immune-system-effects-283072 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861831994.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164351-00021-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954486 | 547 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The California State Water Resources Control Board (“State Board”) is poised to become “the first regulatory agency in the world to specifically define ‘Microplastics in Drinking Water.’” In September 2018, the California legislature adopted Health and Safety Code section 116376 via Senate Bill No. 1422, adding microplastics regulations to California’s Safe Drinking Water Act (“SDWA”). This provision requires the State Board to adopt a definition for Microplastics in Drinking Water by July 1, 2020. Additionally, before July 1, 2021, the State Board must: (1) adopt a standard methodology for testing drinking water for microplastics; (2) adopt a requirement for four years of testing and reporting of microplastics in drinking water, including public disclosure of the results; (3) consider issuing a notification level or other guidance to help consumers interpret the testing results; and (4) accredit laboratories in California to analyze for microplastics. The State Board can implement these requirements through adoption of a Policy Handbook, rather than through the formal rulemaking process.
Under the requirements of Health and Safety Code section 116376, water suppliers in California will be the first in the nation to test for microplastics in drinking water.
Basis for Regulation: The Prevalence of Microplastics in the Environment
The prevalence of microplastics in the environment was the impetus behind the adoption of section 116376, and the California legislature made a number of relevant findings in adopting the code section, including the following:
- Microplastics in Surface Waters. Plastics are estimated to compose 60-80 percent of all marine debris and 90 percent of all floating debris. According to a 2017 study by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, 9.5 million tons of plastic waste flow into the ocean each year. All of this plastic eventually becomes microplastic as larger pieces break down into smaller and smaller particles. Microplastics account for roughly 94 percent of the estimated 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic found in North Pacific Central Gyre – the ultimate destination for much debris originating from the California coast. Moreover, based on information from the United States Environmental Protection Agency, microplastics are also commonly found in freshwater systems.
- Microplastics in Fish. A recent study by the University of California, Davis, and Hasunddin University of Indonesia found one‑quarter of the fish sampled from fish markets in Makassar, Indonesia, Half Moon Bay, California, and Princeton, New Jersey, contained plastic.
- Microplastics in Tap Water. Researchers at the State University of New York and the University of Minnesota tested drinking water samples on five continents; 83 percent of worldwide samples contained microplastics, while 94 percent of the samples collected in the United States contained microplastics.
Research about the presence and impacts of microplastics in drinking water is in its infancy, as probable microplastics were only discovered in drinking water in 2017. Currently, there is no standard methodology for testing for microplastics in drinking water, no accredited laboratories in which the state can conduct analyses of the testing, and no health standards. Moreover, there are yet to be any studies directly assessing the potential human health impacts of microplastics in drinking water.
Definition of “Microplastics in Drinking Water”
As a first step in implementing section 116376, the State Board issued a proposed definition of Microplastics in Drinking Water, with the public comment period ending on April 24, 2020. Under this proposal, the definition of Microplastics in Drinking Water is as follows:
Solid polymeric materials to which chemical additives or other substances may have been added, which are particles which have at least two dimensions that are greater than 1 and less than 5,000 micrometers (µm). Polymers that are derived in nature that have not been chemically modified (other than by hydrolysis) are excluded.
Acknowledging that the proposed definition could change in response to new information, the State Board’s definition is based on the three criteria of substance, state and dimension.
- Substance. The proposal broadly defines “polymeric material” to mean either (1) a particle of any composition with a continuous polymer surface coating of any thickness, or (2) a particle of any composition with a synthetic polymer content of greater than or equal to 1 percent by mass. The State Board intentionally used the phrase “are derived in nature,” as opposed to “occur in nature,” to ensure the definition was broad enough to include anthropogenic polymers that occur in nature as a result of environmental contamination. Thus, the broad definition of polymeric material includes nylon, polyester (including cotton‑polyester or wool‑polyester textile blends), synthetic rubber, rayon, and cellophane. It also includes polymers containing high quantities of non‑polymeric additives (g., polyvinyl chloride). Polymers, including cellulose, natural rubber, DNA, proteins, wool, and silk, that are exclusively derived from natural origins and materials, are excluded from this proposed definition. But naturally occurring polymers that have been chemically modified such as dyed wool or dyed cotton are covered by the definition if they are composed of >1 percent synthetic polymer by mass.
- State. Intending to be highly inclusive of particle diversities, the proposal defines “solids” as a “substance or mixture which does meet the definitions of liquid or gas,” rather than including temperature thresholds as a defining criteria. As such, this definition also includes “semi-solid” polymers (g., wax‑like polymers and soft polymer gels).
- Dimension. The State Board explains its rationale for requiring “at least two dimensions that are greater than 1 and less than 5,000 micrometers” as follows: (1) plastic particles less than 1 µm are not readily identifiable and require “fundamentally different techniques and instrumentation,” whereas plastic particles greater than 5,000 µm (e., 0.5 centimeters) are generally considered “trash”; and (2) by requiring two dimensions to meet the criteria, larger fibers and films – that are expected to behave “fundamentally different than smaller microplastic particles” and require different techniques for characterization – are excluded. Acknowledging there is insufficient evidence to determine the risk to humans from ingestion of microplastics in drinking water, the State Board references a 2019 World Health Organization report which suggests that smaller microplastic particles are likely more toxic to humans than larger particles and should be prioritized for monitoring in drinking water.
The State Board urges that this definition be broadly interpreted with as few exclusions as possible to ensure that regulations and standardized methodologies based on the definition capture a wide diversity of plastic particle types. The Board also warns that this definition is subject to change in response to new information, as evidence concerning the toxicity and exposure of humans to microplastics is “nascent and rapidly evolving.”
Applicability: Currently Limited in Scope, but Expanded Regulations Are Anticipated
The definition of Microplastics in Drinking Water was promulgated pursuant to California’s SDWA. As a result, its scope extends only to entities and activities covered by the SDWA, which focuses on all waters actually or potentially designed for drinking use, whether from above ground or underground sources. The SDWA applies to “public water systems,” which means a “system for the provision of water for human consumption through pipes or other constructed conveyances that has 15 or more service connections or regularly serves at least 25 individuals daily at least 60 days out of the year.” With over 95 percent of California residents getting their drinking water from a public water system or municipal source, the reach of the new microplastic regulations will be significant.
While many regulated entities may not be directly impacted by the State Board’s current efforts, once the requirements are fully implemented, and data on the prevalence of microplastics in California’s drinking water is better understood, regulated entities should anticipate that future requirements could be imposed that may directly impact their operations. Examples of such requirements could include monitoring and reporting requirements imposed under California Waste Discharge Requirements or federally mandated National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permits, or cleanup obligations under agency ordered directives. Moreover, certain industries, such as those that use synthetic materials in their products, could be targets for future regulation. Based on a study conducted by the outdoor clothing and gear company, Patagonia, and the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California at Santa Barbara, when clothes made from synthetic materials, such as polyester and nylon, are washed, up to 40 percent of the tiny fibers they shed evade capture by wastewater treatment facilities and are released into surface waters.
As California establishes regulations for Microplastics in Drinking Water, regulated entities should consider whether their operations produce particles that fall into the proposed definition and be prepared for possible future efforts by the state to regulate microplastics in arenas other than drinking water.
See State Water Resources Control Board, Staff Report on Proposed Definition of Microplastics in Drinking Water (“Staff Report”), at 3 (Mar. 9, 2020).
See Cal. Health and Saf. Code § 116350 et seq.
Senate Rules Committee Analysis at 3.
Assembly Committee Hearing at 2-3.
Senate Rules Committee Analysis at 3-4.
Id. at 4.
Assembly Committee Hearing at 3.
Id. at 7.
Id. at 3.
Staff Report at 2.
Id. at 15.
Id. at 4, 17.
Id. at 17.
Id. at 3, 18.
Id. at 2, 4.
Id. at 18.
In 2016, California amended the Ocean Plan to include provisions for the control of trash, including a requirement to install “full capture systems” in storm drains to restrict trash particles larger than 5 mm. See State Water Board, Resolution 2015-0019: Amendment to the Water Quality Control Plan for Ocean Waters of California to Control Trash and Part 1 Trash Provisions of the Water Quality Control Plan for Inland Surface Waters, Enclosed Bays, and Estuaries of California (Apr. 7, 2015). The State Board’s proposed definition of microplastics in drinking water took this into consideration – the adoption of 5,000 μm as an upper limit “would eliminate contrasting definitions of ‘microplastics’ within the State Board.” Staff Report at 20.
Staff Report at 19-20.
Id. at 20-21.
Id. at 7.
Id. at 2.
See Health & Saf. Code § 116270(h); 42 U.S.C § 300f et seq.
Health & Saf. Code § 116275(h).
Senate Rules Committee Analysis at 4.
Assembly Committee Hearing at 2. | <urn:uuid:ffbc0ef3-8470-44b9-81de-2916a74868a8> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.huntonnickelreportblog.com/2020/05/regulating-microplastics-in-drinking-water-california-retains-its-vanguard-status/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362952.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204063651-20211204093651-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.928597 | 2,421 | 3.125 | 3 |
US open data legislation
The Open, Public, Electronic, and Necessary (OPEN) Government Data Act was promulgated on January 14, 2019 . By signing it into law, President Trump enacted the basic principle that all government data, including federally funded research data, must be made public by default and machine readable. The OPEN Act on Government Data has been included in the Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act (Public Law 115-435) as is Title II.
The bill requires federal agencies to publish all their information as open data, in standardized, non-proprietary formats – so as not to prevent its use or reuse – and under an open licence – so that the data is available to the public at no cost, without restrictions on copying, publishing, distribution, transmission, quotation, or adaptation. It establishes and formalizes Chief Data Officers (CDOs) within federal organizations with the responsibilities for governance and policy implementation.
A section-by-section summary of Title II is provided online by Data Coalition: https://www.datacoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Summary-OPENGovtDataAct.Section-by-Section-2018.pdf.
The OPEN Government Data Act is based on President Obama’s Open Data Policy (M13-13) of May 2013. The latter had implemented the Open Data policy in the United States, but as a presidential decree, “Executive Order – Making Open and Machine Readable the New Default for Government Information”. This decree was based on the Freedom of Information Act.
Other actions, also aimed at opening up publications and data, preceded this law:
- In February 2013, a Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies was published by the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). Its purpose was to increase access to the results of federally funded scientific research. A site created by SPARC & Johns Hopkins University Libraries allows you to follow the policies of federal agencies.
- Also in February 2013, a bill titled Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act (FASTR) was introduced in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. In this legislation federal agencies were required to develop an open access policy. It provides for the obligation for researchers, whose research is funded in whole or in part by an agency, to deposit their manuscripts accepted for publication in a refereed journal in an open archive. It is a successor to the Federal Research Public Access Act bill which had been introduced three times (2006, 2009 and 2012) but without success.
- In 2009, passed legislation required all NIH-funded researchers to submit an electronic version of their final peer-reviewed manuscript to PubMed Central as soon as it is accepted for publication, and which should be made publicly available no later than 12 months after its official publication date. | <urn:uuid:f19954c5-79f6-4fe7-87d8-d12484b3d6f8> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/us-open-data-legislation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646652.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610233020-20230611023020-00395.warc.gz | en | 0.95538 | 583 | 2.671875 | 3 |
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High blood glucose, also known as hyperglycemia, can cause major health complications in people with diabetes. Several factors can contribute to hyperglycemia—including poor food and physical activity choices, illness or disease, or not getting the right dosage of glucose-lowering medication.
Regular blood sugar testing is helpful for people with diabetes, because many people do not feel symptoms of high blood sugar. Short-term symptoms of high blood sugar include:
If you experience symptoms of hyperglycemia, it’s important that you check your blood glucose levels. Untreated high blood sugar can lead to acute complications, such as diabetic ketoacidosis, and chronic complications, such as eye, kidney, or heart disease and/or nerve damage.
Hyperglycemia rarely causes noticeable symptoms. Symptoms can develop over several days or weeks, and the longer the condition is left untreated, the more severe the problem may become. The signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia include:
A number of conditions or factors can contribute to hyperglycemia, including:
An important part of managing your diabetes is checking your blood glucose level often—and then recording that number in a notebook or blood glucose log so you and your doctor can monitor your treatment plan. Knowing when your blood glucose levels are getting out of your target range can help you get blood sugar back under control before more significant problems arise.
Exercise is one of the best and most effective ways to keep your blood glucose levels where they should be, and lower them if they get high. If you are on medications that increase insulin, be sure to talk to your healthcare team to decide the best times to exercise. If you have complications such as nerve or eye damage, talk to your healthcare team about exercises that are best for your situation.
An important note: If your blood glucose is above 240 mg/dl, it’s vital that you check your urine for ketones. If you have ketones, do not exercise. Do not exercise if your blood glucose is above 300 mg/dL even without ketones. Call your doctor instead. Exercising when ketones are in your body may cause your blood glucose level to go even higher.
Meet with a dietitian or nutritionist and work together to construct a healthy, interesting selection of meals that can help prevent higher blood glucose levels.
Depending on your personal health history and your experiences with hyperglycemia, your doctor may wish to change the amount, type, or timing of your diabetes medication. Do not adjust your medicines without first talking to your doctor or nurse educator.
In rare cases, emergency treatment is needed to lower your blood sugar. This type of treatment usually includes replacing fluids lost during excessive urination; electrolyte replacement, to replace minerals in your body lost as a result of inadequate insulin; and insulin therapy, to reverse the buildup of ketones in your blood.
If you have a history of hyperglycemia, talk with your doctor about safe, practical ways to control your blood glucose. Cutting back on the amount of certain foods you eat might help, as can changing your medication or insulin.
Untreated and chronic hyperglycemia can cause serious complications. These include:
If your blood sugar goes high enough or is too high for a prolonged period of time, you may begin developing symptoms of two serious conditions. They are:
This is a buildup of ketones in your blood and urine. It can be poisonous and might lead to a life-threatening diabetic coma.
If insulin is present but not working properly, blood glucose levels may get as high as 600 mg/dL. The body cannot use glucose or fat for energy, so the glucose is dumped into the urine, which causes more-frequent urination. If left untreated, hyperosmolar syndrome may lead to life-threatening dehydration and even coma.
Good diabetes management and careful monitoring of your blood glucose are both very effective means for preventing hyperglycemia—or stopping it before it gets worse.
Test and record your blood glucose levels on a regular basis each day. Share this information with your doctor at every appointment.
Know how many carbohydrates you’re eating in a day, and strive to stay in the range approved by your doctor or nurse educator. Keep this information with your blood sugar levels.
Have a plan of action for if and when your blood glucose reaches certain levels. Take your medication as prescribed, being consistent about the amount and timing of your meals and snacks.
Written by: Kimberly Holland
Published on: Jan 20, 2012
Medically reviewed on: Apr 29, 2014: Peggy Pletcher, MS, RD, LD, CDE
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Document 18: Mary Heaton Vorse, "Women's Peace Conference: The Suffragettes -- Grief -- Prayer for the Dead -- Futility -- Neutral Landscape," Chapter 5 in A Footnote to Folly: Reminiscences of Mary Heaton Vorse (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1935), pp. 79-89.
Mary Heaton Vorse (1874-1966) was a journalist, novelist, suffragist, and labor activist who wrote sixteen books, two plays, and hundreds of newspaper, magazine and journal articles between 1910 and her death. This document is a chapter from Vorse's autobiography, A Footnote To Folly, in which she describes her experiences while reporting on the International Congress of Women held in Amsterdam in February, 1915. As an American delegate representing the Suffrage Organization of New York, Vorse learned of the pain women from around the world were experiencing as a result of the war in Europe: "What I saw was Grief and Fear." Another chapter from this book can be viewed in the project Women and the Lawrence Textile Strike, 1912.
WOMEN’S PEACE CONFERENCE
THE SUFFRAGETTES--GRIEF--PRAYER FOR THE
The one small green leaf left on the withered tree of internationalism by the spring of 1915 was the women's movement. The women of the world did not stop communicating with each other. The women of England had sent greetings at Christmastime to the women of Germany, and the women of Germany had replied. Letters of protest and of sympathy for women of other nations appeared in the international women’s magazine, Jus Suffragii. Letters came from Frenchwomen and from Russians. Fraulein von Heymann’s open letter, "Women of Europe, when will your cry ring out," found women in every country ready to receive it.
In part she said:
Millions of men have been left on the battlefield. They will never
see home again. Others have returned broken and sick in body and
soul. Europe’s soil reeks in blood.
Shall this war of extermination go on?
Women of Europe, where is your voice?
Are you great only in patience and suffering? Come together in the North and South of Europe and protest with all your might against this war, which is murdering the nations, and perform your duty as wives and mothers, as protectors of true civilization and humanity.
The women’s rising tide of protest against the war came to a point on February 12, 1915. On that date a great peace meeting was held in Washington by the women of America. On the same date, in Holland, an International Congress of Women, to be held in Amsterdam, was called by Dr. Aletta Jacobs, a famous Dutch suffragist.
Joe O’Brien felt that I should report this conference. I never had a decision so hard to make. I had never been away from the children for a longer time than a few days. Joe pointed out that he could take care of them as well as I and that his health seemed re-established. With frightful reluctance and an indescribable feeling of homesickness, I made preparations to go.
I was made delegate for the Suffrage Organization of New York State, representing 150,000 women. I got assignments from McClure’s, then edited by Charles Hanson Towne, to cover the conference, and assignments from Century and other magazines to do articles on the civil population in wartime.
I finally sailed, very heavyhearted. Nor was I to forget my homesickness for one moment, for it was only intensified by the crushing experience of seeing war face to face.
The American delegation, the largest which attended the Congress, was headed by Jane Addams. It included such people as Grace Abbott, Julia Lathrop, Sophonisba Breckinridge, Dr. Alice Grace Hamilton, Miss Kittredge, Mrs. W. I. Thomas, who, with her husband, was so bitterly persecuted during the war for her pacifism, Fannie Fern Andrews, Mary Chamberlain, from the Survey, and Marian Cothren. At my table were Mary Chamberlain and the Pethwick Lawrences.
Besides many of the most forward-looking women of America, the group also included cranks, women with nostrums for ending war, and women who had come for the ride. New Thought cranks with Christian Science smiles and blue ribbons in their hair, hard-working Hull House women, little half-baked enthusiasts, elderly war horses of peace, riding furious hobbies.
As a background was Jane Addams, unassertive, contemplative and sensitive. All the way over we discussed our program. All the way over, that great woman, Miss Addams, listened with as much patience to the suggestions of the worst crank among us as she did to such trained minds as Miss Breckinridge. I have never known anyone who had a greater intellectual hospitality or courtesy. When I spoke of this to her one day, she said quietly, “I have never met anyone from whom I could not learn.” We were held up for four days in the English Channel, off Dover, and arrived late, just in time for the opening meeting on the 27th of April.
The women who attended this Congress were for the most part well-to-do women of the middle class. It was an everyday audience, plain people, just folks, the kind you see walking out to church any Sunday morning. Labor was unrepresented except for Leonora O’Reilly, of the Woman’s Trade Union League, and Annie Molloy, the president of the Telephone Operators Union. It was an audience composed of women full of inhibitions, not of a radical habit of thought, unaccustomed for the most part to self-expression, women who had walked decorously all their days, hedged in by the “thou shalt nots” of middle-class life. This meeting of these women seemed all the more remarkable on that account, much more significant than the famous Ford Peace Ship.
The Congress was held in a great hall, called the “Dierentuin,” in the Zoological Gardens. In front of the gardens on a wide field, soldiers were perpetually drilling. One saw them move off more like automata than men. One saw them go through various maneuvers. They were perpetually there, a living example of the awful madness of war. A Dutchwoman said to me, as we walked past them:
“It is only since the war that I have realized that they do this to learn how to kill other men and to offer themselves to be killed. My head has always known this, but my heart only since the war!”
Counting visitors, there were between 1,200 and 1,500 in the audience. There were delegates from twelve countries. But no delegates from France, Serbia or Russia. Not even the Socialist women would send a delegate while the enemy was on French soil.
On the proscenium sat some of the most famous women in Europe, almost all internationally known; Miss Jane Addams and Miss Fannie Fern Andrews, from America; Dr. Aletta Jacobs and Dr. Boissevain, from Holland; Miss MacMillan and Miss Courtenay, form Great Britain. One wonders where those old feminists are now, Dr. Augsburg and Fraulein von Heymann of Germany, Frau Kruthgar or Frau Hofrath von Lecher of Austria. What has become of those able fighters of twenty years ago from Central Europe?
Of the two hundred English who had planned to come, only two had been allowed visas. And only one Italian delegate had got through, but there were delegates from Poland, from South Africa and from Canada.
For the first time in all the history of the world, women of warring nations and women of neutral nations had come together to lift up their voices in protest against war, through which the women and the workers gain nothing and lose all.
Usually when many people gather together there is soon developed some dominant rhythm to which the feet of the audience keep time. But here the emotion was smothered, it found no easy outlet. There was something more powerful here than the will to protest. At last I understood what the inner meaning of this assembly was and what was the preoccupation of these women.
What I saw was Grief and Fear.
I had, I suppose, expected a noisier protest and a more revolutionary spirit in a group of women whose very presence there was a revolutionary act and who were enacting one resolution after another of a revolutionary nature-resolutions, which, if they could have been carried out, would have reorganized the planet. Instead of that spirit, there was a spirit of terrible endurance such as is bred by grief and fear and suspense. A spirit with which I was familiar, for I had lived in a fishing village and I knew the granite calm of women during a storm when their men were at sea. As they grow old, the faces of such women take on a sort of iron repose, terrible to look at when you know its reason. It was this resisting quiet that held the women at The Hague.
There was not one woman from the belligerent nations near whom death had not walked. There was no man left at home in all Hungary. The Boy Scouts who had so joyfully posted our letters two years before at the suffrage convention in Budapest were all in the trenches. Two years ago they had been long-legged little boys.
All the women of Germany and Austria and Hungary had seen men, who had gone out singing, return wounded and wrecked. The women of Belgium had seen worse. Four of them had seen Antwerp fall and its miserable, hopeless and homeless population stream forth. They had seen little girls, too young to know their own names, wandering around strayed from their families. They had found old women who had dropped from exhaustion. The wide and fertile plains of Belgium had been trampled into a bloody battlefield.
A new set of war statistics, concerning the mortality of noncombatants, especially of children and women, had trickled in from the women who had not stopped writing to each other.
From Serbia and Montenegro, Miss Durham wrote: “Bad as the lot of sick and wounded may be, I consider it child’s play, to the sufferings of the wholly innocent victims of the war, the burnt-out women and children who wander miserably and starve slowly; mothers trying to feed their children on boiled grass and crouching in the rain against the blackened walls of their ruined homes.”
News had come from Poland of a suffering so vast that we could not measure it. All America had helped feed famished Belgium.
From Bulgaria came the word:
“One of the cruelest results of war that men wage upon each other is the sufferings of women and children. In despatches no mention is made of the heroism shown and the tortures endured by women, by mothers for their starving children. Wars will never cease until women at whatever cost to themselves are admitted behind the curtains.”
“In the Boer War I was behind the curtains.” Miss Emily Hobhouse wrote in reply: “It seems futile to turn to statesmen, governments or prelates for aid. They are tied and bound by position, custom and mutual fear. They await propitious moments. Famine, disease, and death do not wait. The women have this advantage: they are still unfettered by custom and expediency; they need consult only the dictates of humanity.”
All this was known through interchange of letters. Now, on this platform the women of the warring countries and the neutral countries told their stories. The stories of the women followed each other relentlessly, until it seemed as if all the grief of Europe were concentrated here in this hall.
The Polish delegate told how her country was the battlefield of the eastern armies. Thousands of villagers had been laid waste and the dwellers of these villages were starving in the forests.
There was one woman whose family owned estates in the Masurian Lakes, into whose swamps the Germans drove the Russians and the Russians then drove the Germans and the Germans and Russians drowned slowly together. The horror of it could not leave this woman, her mind constantly came back to it. She could talk only of that.
From Italy came the story of a state not yet at war but living in nameless suspense. “Our people are starving,” the Italian delegate said, “and some say: 'Let us make a revolution’ and others, 'Let us go to war, then at least our women and children will be given something to eat.’ "
The women of Bavaria repeated over and over again, “There will be no Bavarians left if this war continues," for at that time it was the Bavarian troops who had suffered most.
The woman who, even after all these years, stands out most completely in my mind is Frau Hofrath von Lecher, delegate from Austria. Simple, an aristocrat, so naïve that her original speech, which was shown beforehand to the press committee, had to be deleted, for in it she told too much. Already in April, 1915, food was lacking in Austria, dressings were lacking, anesthetics and supplies of all kinds were lacking. It was not possible to let her make public the things she told so innocently. Until the war she had lived a quiet private life. Now she had an important position in an Austrian hospital which cared for five hundred wounded.
She made the most moving speech of all the Congress. It was so simple that it was as though through her all the women of Europe were speaking. She said:
“I am not a strong and militant woman accustomed to speaking as most of these who have spoken before me. I have never before stood on a platform. All my life, like most of the women whom I know, I have been dependent on my men. But I have seen our men dependent on us weak ones. I have seen their strength wrecked. What are we women of Europe to do? We cannot live without our men, so we dependent women for whom I speak must join ourselves to you strong women and protest against a civilization that under pretension of protecting us, takes our men from us, and so I have come here to cry out: ‘Give us back our men!’ ”
I talked with her afterward and she told me: “I ask as they lie there wounded, ‘What are you fighting for?’ and they all answer, ‘We do not know--we were told to fight.’ When I told them of this Congress, they begged me to come and, in the name of their wives and children, implore the nations of the earth to make peace.”
Everyone there knew that peace is a militant thing, that any peace movement must have behind it a higher passion than the desire for war. No one can be a pacifist without being ready to fight for peace and die for peace. Perhaps some day a fanatic will arrive and put into action some of the talk of the more militant groups, for there was a glimpse of this militancy. The league for anti-war action, for instance, which appealed in a circular printed in four languages to the women of the Congress, urging them to join this militant group. The circular read:
TO WOMEN! KNOW YOUR POWER! You who abhor war, and want Peace, what have you done? You work for the Red-Cross and Committees for War-relief, you work to soften war and you ought to work for Peace. Where are your multitudes, who will kneel before the Powers for hours, days, weeks! not giving way, before the swords are put back in the sheaths and the guns are at rest? Where are you--innumerable--who will lie down on the roads so that men, horses and cannon must pass over you to reach the battlefields? Where are you, who refuse to give up husband and sons for war?
Up, you Women, who know the price of Peace;
To princes and people
To battle-field and fortresses
To prisons and executions
Through mockery and scorn
Up to Peace!
The arms SHALL be put down, it is the WILL OF WOMEN.
This spirit found its expression in the wife of a Dutch officer who from the platform urged the Dutchwomen to throw themselves before the horses of the regiment, should Holland be called to war. It found its expression in a resolution which was not voted on, but which came from a group of Austrians:
“This International Congress of Women, believing that a future war becomes almost impossible if the women of all countries refuse their help, urges the necessity of uniting the women in a Band, every member of which promises to refuse any personal or financial help in case of war.
“That means: that we openly declare that women refuse to do the work men cannot do because they are busy murdering other men--that women refuse to repair the damages brought about by men when they wantonly burn and destroy houses and property,-- that we refuse our help to mitigate poverty and misery caused by the war.”
The Congress found its most open expression of this militant feeling through Rosika Schwimmer. In the midst of her speech, she paused and requested the audience to rise to its feet, and standing, spend a minute of silent thought on the dead of all Europe and on Europe’s stricken women. So this great audience of women rose to its feet and with bowed heads thought of their dead.
I do not know how long we stood there in that terrible quiet. I stood looking into their stricken faces. Tears streamed down the faces of the women. An iron-faced old man opposite me held his head up, while tears slid unchecked down his face. Behind me I could hear the stifled sobs of Wilma Glucklich, for whose family in Hungary I had not dared to ask. An awful, silent, hopeless, frozen grief swept over this audience which, throughout the Congress, had been so contained.
Grief was in the air, one stifled in it. The dumb sorrow of that audience crushed one; and when, after what seemed a long time, we sat down at last, it rushed over me: these stricken women were not the women who had suffered most. They were neutral, for the most part: and those who had come from the warring countries were not, and could never be, the most deeply affected. The women in this meeting would never lose everything as could the stricken women of the people. Hunger and want and slow starvation would not follow in the wake of irreparable loss. In that hall there was only a faint shadow of the grief and despair of the women of Europe.
These women could only suffer. They hated war, but could not make a significant, arresting protest against it. The meeting was only a gesture. It could be no more than that.
They made a final protest, as brave as it was futile. A resolution brought in by Rosika Schwimmer had been passed providing for committees of women to see the heads of the governments of the warring nations requesting them to stop the war. Miss Jane Addams headed the American delegation which plodded on its useless errand from one chancellor of Europe to another.
I had hoped to get into Belgium from Holland through England. It was possible; permits were later given to one or two of Miss Addams’ party. But it was also difficult. Belgium was cut off from the world, except that a few went in and a few came out. Down near the terrible Yser district a thin trickle of German deserters came over the border. Four Belgian women had been allowed to come from Antwerp. They had come by automobile, by trolley, on foot, finally by train. At the border, in spite of military passports and papers of all kinds, they had been searched to the skin. These women had seen the fall of Antwerp and had nursed the wounded ever since the beginning of the war.
One day the kind Dutchwoman, by way of distraction and diversion, took us through the tulip and hyacinth beds of Haarlem. I am sure no such strange, harassed band of women ever walked through these peaceful ways before. That day I talked a great deal with Belgian women. I noticed that they never smiled.
Through Juliette Rublee I met the wife of the mayor of Aerschot. She had managed somehow to escape across the border. She had been made to stand by while her sons and her husband and the other men of her village were shot before her eyes.
Paxton Hibben, whom I met then for the first time and whom I saw a great deal, advised me not to try to get into Belgium. Like most of the other correspondents, he had no patience with the Peace Conference. He felt that the reason the German, Austrian and Hungarian women had been allowed to come was because it was a peace movement by the Central Powers to undermine the morale of the Allies. At this time he hated Germany with a terrible bitterness and blamed Germany for the war. Later he came to hate war itself as he hated Germany and to place the blame for war on the underlying social system.
He was interested in my assignment to write articles on the civil population, and gave me letters to Ponsot, head of the French government’s Publicity Bureau. Together we did some strange sightseeing. We went to a place near the Zuyder Zee to a concentration camp where the German soldiers who had been forced over the Dutch border were interned. In the barracks the bored soldiers were living that peculiar, limbo-like existence of the interned: bored, useless, impatient, but after all safe.
The chauffeur who drove us from the concentration camp to the refugees’ camp still limped from a wound in his leg. His mother, father and sisters had been killed before his eyes as they hid together during the bombardment of Antwerp.
We came to a town of neat wooden sheds on an implacable sandy plain on the edge of the Zuyder Zee. There was a church, a school, a hospital, a theater and an assembly hall. The wide spaces between buildings had been planted with formal garderns and ornate designs of white stone and ground pine. It had everything but life. Over the place hung the air of a perpetual Sunday. There were twelve hundred children, but they were not playing in the broad streets. Everyone seemed eternally waiting.
The refugees divided off little spaces for privacy with blankets or cloth given to them by the kind women of Holland. There they were, old people and young, men, women and children, in small calico cubicles, small storekeepers, working people, peasants, all leading this strange, limbo-like existence. There were woods near-by. The refugees were starting to plant small gardens.
One of the women with me was an American who had been living in a little Dutch town. She had been helping care for the flood of miserable refugees who came over the border from Belgium. And there was no end to her stories of disaster. One landscape remains with me as though I had seen it yesterday. Near the refugees’ camp was a cemetery. There were hundreds and hundreds of tiny white crosses. Smallpox had broken out, and the children had died.
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Galaxies prefer to pair up, too: The Hubble House Telescope not too long ago captured two galaxies at play and so they make the brightest “galactic duo” in house.
The galaxy couple, also referred to as UGC 2369, isn’t your typical celestial sight: Within the picture, the galaxies are interacting, which signifies that their mutual gravitational attraction is drawing them nearer collectively and messing up their shapes within the course of, in accordance with a NASA press launch. A really weak bridge of mud, gasoline, and stars are proven connecting the 2 galaxies and it was developed after they pulled materials out into house throughout the world dividing them.
NASA says interplay is a standard occasion that happens between most galaxies. A majority of bigger galaxies, such because the Milky Method, have interactions that contain a lot smaller “dwarf” galaxies. Each few billion years, a extra vital pairing can happen although, the place large galaxies collide.
#HubbleFriday This galactic duo is called UGC 2369. The galaxies are interacting, that means that their mutual gravitational attraction is pulling them nearer and nearer collectively and distorting their shapes within the course of: https://t.co/S4PTdRFpdd pic.twitter.com/F0wIENfjRf
— Hubble (@NASAHubble) August 9, 2019
The Milky Method’s subsequent massive prevalence is predicted to happen in roughly 4 billion years, when it’s going to merge with the Andromeda galaxy, its bigger neighbor. Ultimately, the 2 galaxies will turn out to be one, which is already being dubbed the “Milkomeda.”
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Happy Flag Day Clipart Images: We are back with beautiful clip art and illustrations of the National Flag Day. On 14th June, the United State will be celebrating its National Flag Day. It is a day on which the flag was adopted as the National Flag of the US in 1777. After sharing animated gif images of the Flag day, here are the clipart pictures. These are dedicated to kids who loves such pictures. You can share them to your social profiles like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram or other social networks.
On this day, citizens of the United States fly the National Flag and do various activities. The oldest continuing flag day parade is in Fairfield, Washington. Beginning in 1909 or 1910, Fairfield has held a parade every year since, with the possible exception of 1918, and celebrated the “Centennial” parade in 2010, along with some other commemorative events. Do not forget to download 4th of July free clipart images.
Happy Flag Day Clipart Images of the United States
Clip art is pre-made images which are used to illustrate any medium. It comes in both electronic and printed form but today, most clip art is created, distributed, and used in an electronic form. The term “clipart” originated through the practice of physically cutting images from pre-existing printed works for use in other publishing projects. Given below are the clip arts you were looking for. Kindly scroll down this page and save them.
Let’s discuss something about the design of the National flag of the United States. The all 13 stripes of the flag represents the all 13 colonies. There are 50 white colored stars on the blue background which represents 50 states. “Stars & Stripes” is the nickname given to it. Read some more interesting facts about the National Flag Day.
That’s all about US flag day Clip arts and illustrations. Hope you like the above collection. You may also need Flag day messages, wishes. If you want some more, feel free to bother us. Mention your query in the comment below and we’ll add more. Wish you very Happy Flag Day! | <urn:uuid:93e4fe0d-4b5a-41c8-ba15-c5dd35ef090c> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://calendar2020i.com/happy-flag-day-clipart-illustrations-images-united-states.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178375529.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306223236-20210307013236-00310.warc.gz | en | 0.924864 | 439 | 2.5625 | 3 |
If your tomato plants are developing yellow or black spots on their leaves, it might be a sign that there's a larger problem at work. And if you don't identify and treat the problem, you might lose your tomato plant---or worse, a whole crop.
Early blight is a fungal infection that produces blackish-brown spots on older tomato leaves. Remove all infected leaves, and plant your tomatoes in a different spot next year---the fungus can continue to live in the soil.
Aphids and Whiteflies
Aphids and whiteflies are common garden pests. Infested plants will have yellowed leaves covered with a sticky substance. Spraying the leaves with a solution of mild, diluted dish soap usually solves the problem.
Named for the fungus that causes it, Fusarium wilt advances up the stem, yellowing foliage and wilting branches as it goes. Remove all infected plants and debris from the garden.
Many tomato varieties are resistant to Fusarium wilt. Check with your nursery to see if they carry Fusarium-resistant cultivars.
Tomato plants need support to keep branches and fruit from trailing on the ground, where they might pick up pests and diseases. Use a stake, cage or trellis to keep your tomato plant upright and healthy.
- Colorado State University Extension: Recognizing Tomato Problems
- Iowa State Extension: Tomato Diseases and Disorders
- You Grow Girl: Start Healthy Tomatoes
tomato plants, tomato diseases, yellow leaves, black leaves, early blight, fusarium wilt
About this Author
Helene Wecker lives and writes in California's sunny East Bay. Her work has appeared in numerous trade magazines, websites, and newspapers including the Chicago Tribune. A professional writer for 14 years, Helene holds a Master's in Creative Writing from Columbia University. | <urn:uuid:17845841-d05a-473f-ab37-51c1059db7b5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gardenguides.com/134068-yellow-black-leaves-tomato-plants.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279176.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00107-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920411 | 375 | 3.484375 | 3 |
One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
1A dog of a breed developed for hunting.
- ‘Some Dachshunds are still bred as hunting dogs and will bravely tackle opponents larger than themselves.’
- ‘For example, the beagle is a hunting dog and was trained to bark when it spotted the prey.’
- ‘Rick's wanted to get a Rottweiler or some other hunting dog for a long time, but our landlord doesn't allow dogs.’
- ‘His article describes some of his investigations into the origins of the Saluki, a hunting dog related to the Afghan Hound.’
- ‘Apart from his family she added that he was passionate about his 15 Saluki hunting dogs, which he bred and are now being cared for by several friends.’
2An African wild dog that has a dark coat with pale markings and a white-tipped tail, living and hunting in packs.
Lycaon pictus, family Canidae
- ‘Scientists in the Serengeti unwittingly contribute to the local extinction of African wild dogs.’
- ‘In African wild dogs, some individuals will chase the prey, and may even change leaders during the chase.’
- ‘The African wild dog's instinct to roam widely is bringing it into lethal contact with humans.’
- ‘The maligned African wild dog, which kills by disemboweling, has been driven close to extinction.’
- ‘They include African hunting dogs, jaguars, and clouded leopards.’
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About the Book
Now in its fourth edition, Analysing Architecture has become internationally established as the best introduction to architecture. Aimed primarily at those wishing to become professional architects, it also offers those in disciplines related to architecture (from archaeology to stage design, garden design to installation art), a clear and accessible insight into the workings of this rich and fascinating subject. With copious illustrations from his own notebooks, the author dissects examples from around the world and all periods of history to explain underlying strategies in architectural design and show how drawing may be used as a medium for analysis.
This new edition of Analysing Architecture is revised and expanded. Notably, the chapter on ‘Basic Elements of Architecture’ has been enlarged to discuss the ‘powers’ various architectural elements offer the architect. Three new chapters have been added to the section on ‘Themes in Spatial Organisation’, covering ‘Occupying the In-between’, ‘Inhabited Wall’ and ‘Refuge and Prospect’. Two new examples – a Mud House from Kerala, India and the Mongyo-tei (a tea house) from Kyoto, Japan – have been added to the ‘Case Studies’ at the end of the book. The ‘Select Bibliography’ has been expanded and the ‘Index’ revised.
Works of architecture are instruments for managing, orchestrating, modifying our relationship with the world around us. They frame just about everything we do. Architecture is complex, subtle, frustrating… but ultimately extremely rewarding. It can be a difficult discipline to get to grips with; nothing in school quite prepares anyone for the particular demands of an architecture course. But this book will help.
Analysing Architecture is the foundation volume of a series of books by Simon Unwin exploring the workings of architecture. Other books in the series include Twenty Buildings Every Architect Should Understand and Exercises in Architecture. | <urn:uuid:9260c4a2-8098-42d0-b2a1-05853c49c495> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415489287/aboutbook.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398453576.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205413-00143-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945671 | 397 | 2.75 | 3 |
It’s been almost 50 years since mankind last set foot on the moon. But in August 2018, PTScientists from Berlin will be joining the race to go where no private company has gone before. The “new space” firm has teamed up with several partners to make this mission truly historic.
Launching from Cape Canaveral, Florida, a SpaceX “Falcon 9” rocket will take the company’s Autonomous Landing and Navigation Module (ALINA) some 42,000km into space before setting it on its three day, 380,000-km journey to the moon.
Once it has landed in the Taurus-Littrow valley, two ultra-light, solar-powered Audi “Lunar Quattro” rovers will travel 5km to the site of the Apollo 17 mission and send data and high-resolution images back to earth. The mission will also use the module to set up the moon’s first data LTE (Long Term Evolution) base station for Vodafone to keep lunar communication costs from getting truly astronomical. | <urn:uuid:bc414280-0df9-42ac-9bfb-a92ec918dc22> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.marketsgermany.com/one-giant-leap-for-germany/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588246.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028003812-20211028033812-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.903385 | 224 | 2.75 | 3 |
This essay, prepared for the Notre Dame Law Review's Symposium, “The American Congress: Legal Implications of Gridlock,” considers three ways in which President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s 1937 Court-packing bill was related to the phenomenon of gridlock in the 1930s. First, as FDR's public remarks on the subject demonstrate, he believed that the early New Deal was a victim of partisan gridlock between the Democrat-controlled political branches and the Republican-controlled judiciary. Moreover, he did not believe that the impasse could be overcome through an amendment to the Constitution, for he regarded Article V's supermajority requirements as virtually encoding gridlock into the amendment process. The Court-packing bill was thus a response to that interbranch gridlock. Second, the bill was itself a casualty of gridlock within Congress owing to two institutional features of that body: the committee system, and the Senate filibuster. Third, the Court-packing fight helped to cement a bi-partisan anti-New Deal coalition in Congress that mobilized to frustrate much of the President's second-term agenda, resulting in gridlock between the President and Congress. The Court-packing controversy thus managed, in a single, high-profile episode, to present in sharp relief and in a variety of configurations the gridlock-related implications of several features of our political and constitutional system.
Monday, November 18, 2013
Cushman on the Court-Packing Plan and Gridlock
Posted by Dan Ernst
Barry Cushman, Notre Dame Law School, has posted The Court-Packing Plan as Symptom, Casualty, and Cause of Gridlock, which appeared in the Notre Dame Law Review 88 (2013). Here is the abstract: | <urn:uuid:1c9e3983-60f5-46a8-ab2a-6d8d18f5dffd> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://legalhistoryblog.blogspot.com/2013/11/cushman-on-court-packing-plan-and.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042981753.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002301-00213-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961159 | 354 | 2.828125 | 3 |
I try to remember to share terms/concepts that I find helpful in illuminating and understanding the world. Two that I apparently haven’t shared and need to share are:
- Triangle of satisfaction
- Contributive justice
The triangle of satisfaction is simply a way to explain how we get to satisfaction for something, acknowledging that it includes 3 parts: result (or outcome), emotion, and process. For tech work, we often talk about acceptance criteria (super important to agree on what the outcome is) and this also builds into the process (agile, iterative, how we get to the outcome), which also supports the emotion on how all of this works out. While we absolutely need a successful outcome (to meet acceptance criteria of the definition of done on the deliverable), we also have to do it in the right way (procedural justice), or we seriously lose out. All of this is core to the work I’ve been doing under the frame of compassionate computing.
I learned contributive justice from T-Kay Sangwand’s article (thanks to T-Kay!) which explains that contributive justice “emphasizes that justice is achieved not when benefits are received, but rather when there is both the duty and opportunity for everyone to contribute labor and decision-making.” This definition explains the world I want and the way I want to be in the world, as part of us: we all work together to make a better world possible. I shared this with Brian Keith (who taught me the terms procedural justice and appreciative inquiry, among many others) and it was new to him. Given that we regularly discuss distributive justice, procedural justice, agency, and other core concepts in relation to systems and practices in our work for supporting people, we checked Wikipedia to make sure this was covered. It wasn’t. Now, there is a brief page on contributive justice. Please help to improve this page so that more folks know and think with this important concept! | <urn:uuid:fe7da2e9-4bdb-4932-89b6-49b6997046bf> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://laurientaylor.org/2021/03/26/triangle-of-satisfaction-and-contributive-justice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988923.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210508181551-20210508211551-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.964138 | 410 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Title : Identify and compare the psychosocial problems and coping strategies of preadolescent girls with early onset of puberty in selected rural and urban schools
Puberty, the biological transition to reproductive maturity is considered as an exemplary marker of transition from childhood to adolescence. Although puberty is a natural event, early puberty poses a risk for number of psychosocial problems in preadolescent girls. Coping strategies may act as mediators of stress that may support or inhibit positive adolescent adaptation.
The present study was carried out to identify and compare the psychosocial problems and coping strategies of preadolescent girls with early onset of puberty in rural and urban schools.
A descriptive comparative - correlational survey design was adopted for the study.A total of 300 preadolescent girls (rural-150 and urban-150), aged between 10-12 years with early onset of puberty were selected.Data was collected from fifth, si xth and seventh standard of eight schools from rural and urban areas of two randomly selected educational district of Kottayam revenue district. Self-reported psychosocial assessment scale, Children’s Coping Strategies Checklist-Revision1 (CCSC-R1) and opinionnaire were used to collect the data.
Findings of study revealed that19.66% of the preadolescent girls in rural school had mild psychosocial problems and 1.33% had moderate problems. Whereas 12.33% of urban subjects had mild problems and only 0.33% had moderate problems. There was a significant difference in the mean score of the
psychosocial problems of preadolescent girls in rural and urban schools (t=2.836, p<0.01). A significant difference was seen in the mean scores of anxieties (t=3.058, p<0.01) and depression (t= 3.824, p<0.001) among the rural and urban girls. Active coping strategies (t=2.847), avoidance strategies (t=2.554, p<0.01) and support seeking strategies (t=1.949, p<0.05) were significantly differ in rural and urban girls.Girls from rural schools were using more active and avoidance coping strategies whereas urban girls used more support seeking strategies. A positive relationship was found between psychosocial problems of preadolescent girls with early onset of puberty and different dimensions of coping strategies such as active, distraction, avoidance and support seeking strategies (p< 0.001). Majority of the preadolescent girls with mild-moderate problems were in the age of less than 11 years (57.1%). Religion was significantly associated with psychosocial problems of subjects in urban schools (p<0.01).
Preadolescent girls with early onset of puberty from both rural and urban background were affected with psychosocial problems. Anxiety and depression were significantly higher among rural girls. The girls were using both productive and non-productive coping strategies when encountered with a problem. Nurses
working with adolescent girls should consider the mental health needs of early maturing girls. | <urn:uuid:25621a1e-3504-47cb-872f-44e64b73c8b4> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://nursingresearchconference.com/program/scientific-program/2022/identify-and-compare-the-psychosocial-problems-and-coping-strategies-of-preadolescent-girls-with-early-onset-of-puberty-in-selected-rural-and-urban-schools | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153980.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730185206-20210730215206-00603.warc.gz | en | 0.940733 | 632 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Grade Range: 5-8
Resource Type(s): Interactives & Media, Primary Source
Duration: 28 Minutes
Date Posted: 7/7/2008
In this electronic field, curators from the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History's exhibition America on the Move take students behind-the-scenes to show how they develop individual stories for exhibitions and provide guidance to students who want to create their own family stories by analyzing objects, documents, and other resources.
Historical Thinking Standards (Grades 5-12)
United States History Standards (Grades 5-12)
World History Standards (Grades 5-12) | <urn:uuid:625fd8b1-fbf5-43bd-abfb-d3738ca34446> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://historyexplorer.si.edu/resource/?key=185&lp=resource&resource=355 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398444138.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205404-00248-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.886356 | 131 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Family Tree DNA has announced to current members that they can do autosomal testing of their DNA. This new test is called Family Finder by FTDNA. So here's a quick explanation of what that means. If you are a member of a surname project, such as the Taylor project, you have had y-DNA tested. This is the Y-Chromosome which is inherited from father to son throughout history. The minor changes that occur in that chromosome happen such that over generations family lines separate. Y-DNA is extremely useful to determine one's patrilineal lineage.
Similarly mt-DNA is testing the genetic material that comes only from one's mother. She got it from her mother and so on back in history. Mitochondrial DNA mutates more slowly than y-DNA, making it less useful in following one's ancestors in historical time, but more useful, perhaps, for deep ancestral investigation.
Autosomal DNA is the DNA in the 22 chromosomes that do not include the final 23rd chromosome that determines whether we are male or female. Thus the remaining 22 chromosomes have genetic pieces from all our ancestors, not limited to our father's direct paternal line or our mother's direct maternal line.
Family Tree DNA proposes to test your sample, should you request the test, and compare it with their database of samples. They assert that with this test you can locate genetic relatives in the database from as far removed as 5th cousins. This would include relatives unknown to you, who may have been lost to your version of your combined family history. While the new autosomal testing will be administered separately from the surname project to which you belong, it will provide useful information that may enhance your knowledge of your family tree. See the quote below from the FTDNA website:
"Surname projects can use Family Finder to better define branches in a family tree. By using Family Finder testing, close Y-chromosome and mt-DNA matches without traditional records may be assigned to a pedigree with greater confidence. Even more exciting, surname projects may now bring female cousins into the project as additional evidence."
Lalia Wilson for the Taylor Surname Project | <urn:uuid:e460ef52-6c97-4fe1-9bb3-27003edfb8d5> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://taylortopicsdna.blogspot.com/2010/02/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315222.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820024110-20190820050110-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.96082 | 437 | 2.71875 | 3 |
About Us » History
History of St George's School for Girls
Equality in Education
St George's High School for Girls was founded in 1888 by a group of Victorian women, led by Dame Sarah Mair, who wanted to give women the education they had been denied. They were leading campaigners for the admission of women to Scottish universities and a full curriculum for girls of school age. Together they helped to change Scottish education.
The founders were inspired by the ideas of the German philosopher, Friedrich Froebel. They were determined to create a school where girls developed all their talents and worked to the best of their ability, but did not have to compete against one another or feel any sense of failure.
In 1876 they set up 'St George's Hall Classes' to provide teaching up to university level, either by attendance in Edinburgh or by correspondence courses.
First Training College in Scotland for Secondary School Teachers
Ten years later in 1886, they started the first training college in Scotland for women teachers in secondary schools. This was followed in 1888 with the creation of St George's School for Girls which put the finishing touches to their system.
Four years later, the Scottish universities finally admitted women and St George's students were among the first Edinburgh University graduates.
The early days in Melville Street
The school began in October 1888 in a converted house in Melville Street in the centre of Edinburgh, with Miss Walker as the first Headmistress. It had only fifty pupils.
Members of the Original St George’s Committee in 1888.
Miss Dundas, Miss Robertson, Miss Mair (Top Row),
Miss Urquhart and Miss Robertson (Bottom Row)
By 1914 the school had grown and needed space for over three hundred girls so it moved to a new, purpose built school on its present site in Ravelston and Murrayfield.
For a time during the Second World War, St George’s was forced to relocate to the Borders for the safety of its staff and students. Many girls remained at home with their families, but there were a number of boarders and staff who moved to Hallrule House in Bonchester Bridge between 1939 and 1942. In 1942 they returned to Edinburgh, where the school building had been occupied by the army. When the school finally reopened in October of 1944, restoration work was undertaken to bring it back into working order.
Lansdowne House School
In the 1976, the neighbouring girls’ school, Lansdowne House, merged with St George’s. For a time, the old building was used for boarders and classes, but it now serves as the main building for the lower school girls. Both the upper school and lower school buildings retain their own character and history.
Find out about St George's Archives
Find out abut St Margaret's School. St Margaret's was founded in 1890 by James Buchanan and flourished as a school offering education for girls until it closed on June 10th, 2010. Many girls came to St George’s from St Margaret’s to complete their schooling, but they retained their devotion for their old school. | <urn:uuid:c6a59aec-17af-40ec-8003-860546e0b3b2> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.stge.org.uk/about/history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347436828.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604001115-20200604031115-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.982488 | 635 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The Portal brings together a broad selection of resources from all six of the National Collaborating Centres (NCCs). Search for resources by clicking on NCC, Type, Topic and Core Competency.
Please note: the Portal is not exhaustive and not all resources are indexed by PHAC Core Competency.
Introduction - Digital Story Research Project
The short video mite achimowin: Heart Talk – First Nations Women’s Expressions of Heart Health Digital Story Research Project, provides an introduction to the project and Indigenous and biomedical models that lend to heart health and wellness.
Indigenous peoples generally, and First Nations women specifically, are experiencing disproportionately higher rates of chronic conditions and cardiovascular disease compared to the general Canadian population. This paper examines the context of First Nations women’s heart health, with a particular view to understanding the role of colonization in the prevalence of and risk factors for heart diseases, and in diagnosing and treating them. Beyond colonization, authors Diffey, Fontaine and Schultz situate First Nations women’s burden of heart-related illness and risk factors for the disease within a determinants of health framework, including racism and gender. They weave first hand narratives of First Nations women into the paper in order to highlight their unique perspectives and experiences of surviving cardiovascular disease as well as their cultural understandings of heart health. The paper concludes by identifying a number of strategies for closing the gap in First Nations women’s heart health, as well as the challenges and barriers that still need to be addressed.Read More
This fact sheet explores family violence as a determinant of health for First Nations, Inuit, and Métis individuals, families and communities. It provides an overview of the potential physical health, mental health and social impacts of family violence on individuals across the life span. It also examines the prevalence of various types of family violence, the risk factors that contribute to family violence generally, and the unique context that increases the vulnerability of Indigenous women to family violence specifically.
Addressing family violence in Indigenous communities is a complex issue because of the diverse socio-economic, geographic, political, cultural and historical barriers that operate at the individual, family, community and system levels. The fact sheet then examines barriers that inhibit Indigenous victims of violence from reporting it, prevent them from leaving violent situations, and constrain efforts to effectively reduce family violence within Indigenous communities. The fact sheet concludes by presenting a wide-array of promising approaches for family violence prevention and intervention in these settings. These approaches are multi-faceted and multi-dimensional, targeted at the level of individuals, communities, systems and policy and operating across multiple domains (legal, education, health and social services).Read More
First Nations communities may be disproportionately impacted by a variety of emergencies and disasters, including floods, wildfires, and crude oil spills in their traditional territories.The aim of this topic page is to provide Indigenous communities and environmental health professionals with resources that describe and improve upon the current state of emergency response at the community-, provincial-, and federal-level. Case studies are provided to show the ways in which standard practice has been problematic (e.g., effects of evacuation on kin relationships and land-based activities). Finally, we have included a number of reports that reflect on past events in Indigenous communities, and provide powerful examples for Indigenous and non-Indigenous communities alike trying to recover from disasters.Read More
Across Canada, syphilis continues to mostly affect men who have sex with men, but on the Prairies, rates are also high among heterosexual women. In this conversation, the last in a series produced by the National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases in conjunction with the National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health, we’ll hear from Dr. Jared Bullard, a paediatric infectious disease specialist at the University of Manitoba who works primarily out of the Children’s Hospital in Winnipeg. He’ll discuss recent increases in cases of congenital syphilis, the risks it poses to a foetus, as well as prevention strategies. He spoke with NCCID’s Jami Neufeld.Read More
In 2015, the United Nations released a new 15-year agenda, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Unlike its predecessor, the Millennium Development Goals Agenda, which focused on eradicating hunger and poverty in only the poorest countries, the SDGs Agenda aims to eradicate poverty in all its forms everywhere, while also addressing the global challenge of sustainable development. This report provides a brief history of the SDGs and an overview of Indigenous peoples in Canada. It then assesses the current state of progress on the SDG targets for Indigenous peoples in Canada and suggests ways that the SDG agenda can be used to improve Indigenous peoples’ socio-economic and health outcomes. The report underscores the role that poverty plays in the health disparities Indigenous people face and the need for comprehensive poverty alleviation strategies that address the various situations that lead to and result from poverty to ensure Indigenous people in Canada are not left behind during the period of the SDGs. This includes addressing issues related to environmental conservation and development, Indigenous peoples’ self-determination, governance, and land rights, as well as socio-economic inequities.Read More
The Health Equity Clicks: Community is an online community where members can collaborate with like-minded colleagues working across Canada, ask questions in a safe space, share work and experiences, and participate in networking events.Read More
The NCCDH Resource Library is a repository of evidence-informed health equity resources from Canada and abroad that are essential for public health practice.Read More
Reaching Underserved Populations: Leveraging Point-of-Care Tests for Sexually Transmitted and Blood-Borne Infections to Explore New Program Options in Canada
Point-of-care testing (POCT) is one solution for rethinking testing and screening strategies. POCT offers the flexibility to perform medical diagnostic testing outside the clinical laboratory in close proximity to where the patient is receiving care. It can be performed in a variety of settings including hospitals, clinics, physician’s offices, pharmacies, ambulances, nursing and long-term care facilities, or the patient’s residence, bringing diagnostics closer to people, especially to populations who are not currently using health services for many different reasons including, stigma, discrimination, criminalization, and geographic isolation.
While there is interest in expanding POCT in Canada, translating research and evidence into POCT policies and programs remains a challenge. To support national efforts to improve sexually transmitted and blood borne infections (STBBIs) screening and support awareness building for equitable access to and uptake of new diagnostic technologies for STBBIs, the National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCCID) commissioned this evidence review on POCT as it relates to the Canadian context. This review is the first of several projects NCCID is conducting, and is intended to summarize POC technologies and devices that are currently used, on the market, approved or available in Canada, or in the pipeline.
Commentary on POCT for HIV/STBBI : an analysis of contextual factors impeding implementation in Canada
As Canada gears up to achieving the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets for HIV/AIDS, an underlying obstacle remains: detecting HIV in the 20% of individuals who remain unaware of their HIV sero-status. In this commentary, we make a case for a greater use of point-of-care technologies (POCTs) , their versatility of use across Canada, and potential for decentralized deployment, which will increase access and improve detection rates, and thus help achieve UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets.
Further, to effectively control HIV/STBBI syndemics, we call for the following: i) increased funding for combined POCT initiatives, ii) scale-up of successful POCT pilots into provincial screening programs, iii) approval of POCTs to increase choice, availability, reduce costs, iv) training/certification of professionals on POCTs, and finally, v) making POCTs widely available nationwide for expanded access and health equity. | <urn:uuid:32847e85-5d3e-4a2d-9a35-bdfe7ded757f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://nccph.ca/portal/category/S48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.927088 | 1,655 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Chang Lom temple
Chang Lom temple is situated at the foot of the Phanom Phloeng mountain range. Parts of a message engraved on King Ram Kamhaeng’s stone inscription indicates that, “…in 1892, the year of the pig, there was a command to unearth the Lord Buddha’s relics. The worship and sacrifice lasted for a month and six days. Then the relics were installed in the city of Sri Satchanalai with great respect. It took twelve months for the construction of the pagoda to be completed, and another six months for the surrounding wall.” Scholars hypothesize that the pagoda mentioned must be the principle pagoda in Chang Lom temple.
This enormous pagoda of red clay laterite brick is built in a spherical shape on a three-step square base. The first level comprises of high relief sculptures of thirty-nine elephants made of laterite soil, with a lamppost soaring between each of the elephants. The second base is a circumambulation space surrounded by a rail of laterite balustrades. The third, which is attached to the pagoda, houses a small shrine holding the Buddha images created during the reign of King Ram Kanhaeng. At the front entrance, there are stairs ascending to a circumambulation space and the pagoda on the top. Close together stretches a low wall that encircles the principle pagoda. There are entrances at the front and rear, but the ones at each side are not real. The area beyond the wall includes the platform of the grand assembly hall, ruins of stupas, and another assembly hall of a smaller size. Archaeologists assume that previously the broad pathway to the assembly hall and the principle pagoda must have been paved with laterite brick because during the first restoration in 1957 they found a considerable number of those bricks scattering around the ground by the assembly hall. | <urn:uuid:b4deca41-af5d-49dd-919f-112342d48d1a> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.tourismthailand.org/Chang-Lom-temple | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510274866.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011754-00176-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941551 | 393 | 3.5625 | 4 |
In establishing a third legal gender, India’s supreme court this week recognizes a historical view of androgyny first described in Plato’s Symposium as “spherical people” who tried to defy the gods — promising improved rights and quotas similar to other “backwards and disadvantaged” minorities. While still barring homosexuality, the mostly enlightened ruling from the two-judge court grants every Indian a right to “choose their own gender” among three legal sexes.
Now, some research on gender suggests extreme levels of sexual dimorphism — great for sexual reproduction — might lead adolescents toward risky and unhealthy behaviors. Boys and girls who conform most strongly to gender norms are “significantly more likely” than others to engage in carcinogenic behaviors such as smoking and indoor tanning. In a new study from Harvard’s school of public health, the most feminine girls made more frequent use of tanning salons and exercised less than others. Similarly, the most masculine boys smoked and chewed tobacco more than betas and omegas among them in the dominance hierarchy of the American high school.
Published in the Journal of Adolescent Health on Wednesday, the study is the first to examine cancer risk behaviors based on what lead researcher Andrea Roberts refers to as gender expression. "Our findings indicate that socially constructed ideas of masculinity and femininity heavily influence teens' behaviors and put them at increased risk for cancer,” she said in a university news release. “Though there is nothing inherently masculine about chewing tobacco, or inherently feminine about using a tanning booth, these industries have convinced some teens that these behaviors are a way to express their masculinity or femininity.”
Roberts and her colleagues at the university’s school of public health say teenagers engage in risky behaviors that include a heightened long-term predisposition to cancer. But after analyzing data on nearly 10,000 adolescents, they found divergent patterns among those who rated themselves most masculine and most feminine. Among findings, the most masculine boys were nearly 80 percent more likely to chew tobacco and 55 percent more likely to smoke cigars than others who’d rated themselves as less masculine. Likewise, the most feminine girls were 32 percent more likely to visit tanning salons and 16 percent less likely than others to exercise regularly.
Yet the least masculine or feminine kids were more likely to smoke cigarettes, which complicates things. Such adolescents may be smoking in response to social stressors, Roberts said, including social exclusion or harassment related to “gender nonconformity” or perceived sexual orientation.
In either case among the boys, the alphas and omegas were both smoking tobacco — with different definitions perhaps of “cool.” Among the girls, media consumption was found to account for one-third to nearly one-half of the higher likelihood to use tanning salons, with gender conformity explaining most of the difference, according to senior study author S. Bryn Austin.
"Engaging in risk behaviors in adolescence likely increases the risk of engaging in similar behaviors in adulthood," he said in the release. "So it is important to focus on prevention during the teen years, challenging notions such as 'tanning makes one beautiful' or 'cigar smoking and chewing tobacco is rugged or manly.'"
How social marketers approach that challenge is a different matter altogether.
Source: Roberts A, Rosario M, Calzo JP, Corliss HL, Frazier L, Bryn Austin S. Masculine boys, feminine girls and cancer risk behaviors: An 11-year longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2014. | <urn:uuid:f3f54c85-c456-4ad0-9613-7bab7e68221a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.medicaldaily.com/feminine-girls-and-masculine-boys-more-likely-engage-cancer-causing-behaviors-smoking-and-tanning | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00113-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951428 | 741 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Back to Chemistry Class
Do you remember studying the periodic table of the chemical elements in your high school chemistry class? The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic number (number of protons in the nucleus), electron configurations, and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number, which is typically listed with the chemical symbol in each box.
Now let’s look at a scripture that mentions the heavens passing “away with a great noise” and the “elements” melting with fervent heat.
2 Peter 3:10 (KVJ) – “But the day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night; in the which the heavens shall pass away with a great noise, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat, the earth also and the works that are therein shall be burned up.”
Now this scripture is a challenge to understand due to the use of the word “elements”. What does that word “elements” really mean? Is the word “elements” in 2nd Peter 3:10 referring to the “elements” listed in the periodic table of chemicals? Is Peter predicting atomic warfare on a massive scale?
Most people are naturally prone to accept, without question the teaching of a person or organization they hold in high regard. They never consider they could be teaching something based on an assumption or a preconceived notion. It may be that many of us have come to understand these verses based on prior traditional assumptions.
It’s Greek to Me
We need to examine the meaning of this word “elements”, which is the same word used several other times in the New Testament. The Greek word for “elements” is “stoicheion” and means “something orderly in arrangement – element, principle, rudiment.” Some believe, and I was among them, that the word “elements” in 2 Peter 3:10 refer to the fundamental elements of material creation. Is this the only interpretation of this verse? Does this word “elements” refer to the scientific idea of the elements of matter, all the “atoms” of the universe? Or the periodic table of elements? Were there other “elements” of another “heaven and earth” that were predicted to pass in Peter’s near future? We will first look at seven passages with the word “elements” or in Greek “stoicheia” or “stoikion”.
Galatians 4:3 (KJV) – “Even so we, when we were children, were in bondage under the elements [stoikion]of the world:”
Galatians 4:9 (KJV) – “But now, after that ye have known God, or rather are known of God, how turn ye again to the weak and beggarly elements, [stoikion]whereunto ye desire again to be in bondage?”
Colossians 2:8 (KJV) – “Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments [stoikion]of the world, and not after Christ.”
Colossians 2:20-22 (KJV) – “Wherefore if ye be dead with Christ from the rudiments [stoikion]of the world, why, as though living in the world, are ye subject to ordinances, (Touch not; taste not; handle not; 22 Which all are to perish with the using;) after the commandments and doctrines of men?”
Hebrews 5:12 (KJV) – “For when for the time ye ought to be teachers, ye have need that one teach you again which be the first principles [stoikion]of the oracles of God; and are become such as have need of milk, and not of strong meat.”
2 Peter 3:10 (KJV) – “But the day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night; in the which the heavens shall pass away with a great noise, and the elements [stoikion] shall melt with fervent heat, the earth also and the works that are therein shall be burned up.”
2 Peter 3:12-13 (KJV) – “Looking for and hasting unto the coming of the day of God, wherein the heavens being on fire shall be dissolved, and the elements [stoikion] shall melt with fervent heat? Nevertheless we, according to his promise, look for new heavens and a new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness.”
In context stoikion never refers to the physical world or the elements on the periodic table, but always denotes the elementary principles of the Old Covenant. The Greek Word for “Elements” in 2 Peter 3:7-13 refers to the elements, principles or customs of the Law of Moses in every other instance in which it is used in the New Testament. The Bible is a covenantal book from Genesis to Revelation and 2 Peter 3 is also covenantal. It is using symbolic apocalyptic language to describe the transition from the Old to the New Covenant in 70 A.D.
The scriptures were written in an apocalyptic style when describing the destruction of the heavens and earth. Apocalyptic literature is poetry. It is not a strictly literal description of events as one might find in a newspaper. Therefore, it is not surprising that the sky and earth did not pass away after the Jewish War. In the same manner, the stars in the sky were not “dissolved and the heavens rolled up” at the fall of Edom in the sixth century B.C. as prophesied in Isaiah 34:4-5.
World Without End
The Bible does not contradict itself. My understanding of these scriptures is in line with other Bible verses that declare that the heavens and earth will NOT be destroyed. Here are some examples:
Ephesians 3:21 (KJV) – “Unto him be glory in the church by Christ Jesus throughout all ages, world without end. Amen.”
Ecclesiastes 1:4 (KJV) – “One-generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever.”
Now we will look at the Bible passages that, on the surface, appear to indicate that the world will end:
Matthew 13:39 (KJV) – The enemy that sowed them is the devil; the harvest is the end of the world; and the reapers are the angels.
Matthew 13:49 (KJV) – So shall it be at the end of the world: the angels shall come forth, and sever the wicked from among the just,
Matthew 24:3 (KJV) – And as he sat upon the mount of Olives, the disciples came unto him privately, saying, Tell us, when shall these things be? And what shall be the sign of thy coming, and of the end of the world?
“Aion” – Greek Word for World or Age
Please, notice in the three (3) verses of Matthew above, the Greek word for “world” is “aion.” Strong’s Concordance gives the definition of “aion” as “an age” or “cycle of time”. Often when we see the word “world” we tend to think of the entire earth or creation instead of a period of time. If I took you into my home and said “Welcome to my world” you wouldn’t think I was referring to the entire world or universe. It’s important to note that this Greek word “aion” is properly translated as “age”. It’s interesting to note that many Bible translations use the English word “age” instead of “world”:
Montgomery New Testament – “the end of the age.”
English Standard Version – “the end of the age.”
Holman Standard Christian Bible – “end of the age.”
Darby Bible – “completion of the age.”
Weymouth New Testament – “the close of the age.”
Young’s Literal Translation – “the full end of the age.”
What we see in all of the above examples in scripture is not a dispute over God’s ability to cause the sun and moon to go dark or the stars to fall from the heavens. Rather, we see the consistent use of symbolic language to describe events that befell nations and peoples. However, it is not necessary to be fully conversant in Hebrew or Greek to become aware of some of the features, or keys, of the language. Once we recognize these keys, we are on the way to a greater appreciation of the Hebraic imagery and, for this reason, a better understanding of the scriptures.
The writers of the Hebrew Old Testament employed all the arts of their language. Hebrew prophets prophesied in a special symbolic manner, sometimes employing apocalyptic language to describe earth shaking events. The prophets often used picturesque idioms that were clearly understood by the people of that day. Idioms are, literally ideas as expressions. They develop from older usage, where the words mean something other than their literal meaning. In some cases, the meaning of the original expression has been lost or is an archaism. Here’s an example of an Idiom: “He really went to town on that issue.” In the Idiomatic usage “He not only went, he apparently hasn’t come back yet.” Everyone who knows and loves the twenty-third Psalm knows that the Lord is not an actual shepherd, and we are not sheep. But we recognize what the Psalmist meant by the green pastures, the still waters, the rod and staff, and the overflowing cup.
In the final analysis, we must let “scripture interpret scripture”. Remember all of the New Testament writers were intimately familiar with the Old Testament and the use of symbolic language to describe places, peoples, and events. Taking a scripture out of context and making a doctrine out of it is simply not “rightly dividing” the Word. Symbolic language, when used in the Old Testament, does not suddenly change its meaning when we see it in the New Testament. | <urn:uuid:c47c2b3a-5794-4947-89f9-a2c59fff1727> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.scripturerevealed.com/prophecy/melting-elements/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510100.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925215547-20230926005547-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.931367 | 2,248 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Cognitive distortions are habitual ways of thinking that cause us to view reality in negative ways. These inaccurate thought patterns dictate the way we interpret events in our daily life.
Though people often develop cognitive distortions from prolonged and severely adverse events, once one cultivates this way of thinking, it doesn’t take a highly adverse event to interpret it with negative bias.
The more you reinforce your cognitive distortions, the more significant toll they can take on your mental health. The stress that arises from negative thinking can be helpful for immediate survival, but it does not support healthy or rational ways of being long-term.
So as an expat, you must be mindful of how your cognitive distortions affect your perception of life abroad.
There are a few common distorted thinking patterns that people struggle with. The following examples provide insight into possible cognitive distortions for expats.
Believing you are destined for failure.
When you are convinced that you are destined for either success or failure, this is an example of polarized thinking.
With the many changes in culture, relationships, and language (to name a few) you face when you transition to life abroad, it undoubtedly yields more opportunities for errors and challenges.
It’s normal to face barriers living life abroad – it is a learning curve that all expats experience. But the problem with thinking in extremes, especially on the negative end of the spectrum, is that it impairs your self-esteem, hinders your ability to acknowledge your wins, and holds you back from trying new things.
Polarized thinking is unrealistic since reality usually falls between the extremes.
Believing that one negative experience dictates them all.
Negative experiences can happen to anyone at any time. Especially if you live abroad, you know how likely it is to encounter obstacles, stress, and other intense emotions like loneliness or homesickness.
You may have had one frustrating experience involving language barriers, and your failure to find the right words to express yourself made you believe that you would never learn.
Or maybe you have wound up lost once or a few times, having difficulty using new means of transportation. This could have led you to form a negative self-belief that you cannot successfully navigate your new country.
These are examples of overgeneralization, and when you do this, you reach a conclusion about one instance and assume it applies to the rest.
Believing you’ve been intentionally excluded.
When you leave your home country, you are not only forced to learn a new location and language; you must be able to navigate both to live a normal life and meet new people.
Making friends as an adult can be quite challenging no matter who or where you are. This is not always a result of your communication or language skills but rather the people you meet being hit or miss.
For instance, you might find yourself chatting with a new friend for a while, but they don’t invite you to join or ask for your contact information when they walk back to their group of friends.
If you struggle with personalization, you are likely to take things personally when they have nothing to do with you. When you incorrectly assume that you have been excluded, it can contribute to conditions like anxiety and depression.
If you are searching for an expat psychologist online to help you overcome your cognitive distortions and develop new and helpful thought patterns, I can help you. In my online counseling, I can help you identify yours and begin seeing your world in a brighter and more rational way.
My counseling approach is based on scientific methods helping you identify, connect, and move forward towards your goals, guided by your values and what matters to you.
If you want to know more about on how to overcome Limiting Beliefs of life abroad, Check my free Workshop here
Do get in touch with me if you need help to navigate the challenges of your international life, I’m here for you. You are not alone!
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Gabriela Encina is an online psychologist specialized in expat women and supports them with the guidance and tools they need to feel confident, make the best decisions for their lives, build and maintain meaningful relationships and prioritize their well-being.
Her approach is practical, solution-oriented and focused on the present.
Gabriela offers counseling to expat women in Spanish, English and German. | <urn:uuid:3ebe2c2f-54aa-45e8-ad67-2d68b6c5117c> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://gabriela-encina.com/en/life-abroad/how-cognitive-distortions-affect-our-life-abroad | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585460.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022052742-20211022082742-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.943539 | 958 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Apple, introduced in 1976, was the first all-in-one computer, with a keyboard for input and only a monitor and printer needed for output. Its success, however, was due in large part to its advertising, which consisted of color print ads aimed at the mass market. The ads depicted cultural figures such as Thomas Jefferson and featured the Apple logo, a multicolored apple with a bite taken out of it.
A host of magazines emerged to serve the new market, which rapidly expanded as rival PC makers emerged to take on Apple. Titles such as Byte, A+ and The User's Guide to CP/M, featured long articles about improving performance, new add-on products and new software applications. Full-page display ads branded the new machines and their makers. Commodore Business Machines emphasized the low price of its VIC-20. Atari Corp. emphasized the quality of its graphics and usefulness for playing games. Radio Shack, in ads for its TRS-80, emphasized the support offered by its retail stores.
Despite the growth of Apple and the other PC companies, however, the decade ended with the market divided. Hobbyists and small businesses bought PCs. Older, established business computer companies, such as IBM and Digital Equipment, sold mainframes, minicomputers, terminals and networks to the more well-heeled. Ads for these more powerful devices often ran in business magazines and emphasized their serious power for "real" applications, such as the online delivery of data to worker desktops.
Reaching the mass market
Computer advertising really came into its own in the 1980s, as the mass market embraced computing and computer makers embraced mass-market media such as TV. Apple had done some effective branding in the 1970s, and even some TV advertising, but when IBM entered the PC market in 1981, it set a new standard in every way.
IBM's PC ran a new operating system, PC-DOS, which it licensed from a start-up company called Microsoft Corp. IBM prenegotiated the launch of an "official" magazine, called PC and introduced its machine with a TV ad campaign from Lord, Geller, Federico, Einstein, New York, that featured a character reminiscent of Charlie Chaplin's Little Tramp. Print ads used straightforward copy that emphasized the simplicity of the machine and carried the headline, "A tool for modern times," an allusion to Mr. Chaplin's 1936 movie "Modern Times."
As the IBM campaign evolved, the "Little Tramp" branding imagery was applied to all product niches related to the PC, including software, service and computer networks. IBM's PC introduction sparked a revolution in offices, which began replacing typewriters and calculators with IBM's PCs. Millions were linked to IBM mainframes as terminals, and millions more were connected to one another to form PC networks.
IBM's product spawned a host of PC clones, all of which licensed Microsoft's operating system under the name MS-DOS. The most successful of these companies was Houston-based Compaq Computer Corp., whose engineers carefully (and legally) copied the IBM PC design through a process called "reverse-engineering," allowing them to produce a machine that ran nearly all the IBM PC's software.
The PC revolution forced publishers to respond, and titles devoted to the PC, such as PC, PC Week and PC Magazine, became some of the most profitable franchises in the magazine business.
While IBM's PC and its imitators remained the market leaders, the market held its breath throughout the early 1980s, waiting for Apple's response Apple responded with perhaps the most famous TV spot in history. Chiat/Day, working with director Ridley Scott, produced the spot, which ran only once—on the telecast of Super Bowl XVIII. It cost $1.5 million.
"1984," named for the George Orwell novel, featured a large screen from which the image of a man harangued a submissive audience. The scene was intercut with footage of a young female athlete carrying a large hammer. As the "Big Brother" figure reached the climax of his speech, the woman ran into the room and hurled the hammer at the screen, which exploded, showering the stunned audience in a white light. Voice-over intoned, "On January 24, Apple Computer will introduce Macintosh, and you'll see why 1984 won't be like '1984.' " The spot ranked No. 12 on Advertising Age's list of the top 100 ad campaigns of the 20th century.
Apple's Mac made possible entirely new computer applications such as desktop publishing because pages designed on its screen looked the same when printed.
The Mac, however, labored under some weighty burdens. Its relatively high price and the huge existing base of PC users in the business world restricted the Mac to niche markets, and in 1990 Microsoft's Windows Version 3.0 brought the capabilities of the Mac into the computing mainstream, so computer buyers did not need to trade up to the more expensive Mac to benefit from its functionalities.
By 1990, a formula for computer advertising seemed set: Marketers used TV for brand awareness and print (mostly magazines) to advertise features, while retailers used radio was used to bring customers into their stores. But that began to change after Gateway 2000 ran an eight-page magazine ad that featured a combination of its models and their features under the headline "PC saloon."
The early 1990s represented a golden age for computer magazines. Publications such as PC Magazine, Computer Shopper and PC Week printed hundreds of pages in each issue, most of them ads for computers and related equipment as well as venues where consumers could buy the products.
Microsoft became the dominant marketer in the computer category. The Redmond, Wash.-based software giant did not buy TV spots but instead concentrated on establishing its Windows operating system as an "ingredient" found inside boxes available from various hardware marketers. Those companies provided the marketing muscle behind Windows, promoting their computers as running Microsoft's operating system. That strategy allowed Microsoft to tag along on the marketing coattails of several big-spending companies, enjoying their largesse while spending considerably less on advertising.
Dell Computer Corp. led the big change in how computers were advertised and sold in the early 1990s: mail order. Early Dell ads emphasized features and price, but as the decade wore on the company's ads began focusing instead on the convenience of having a computer custom-built for each consumer. Chiat/Day, San Francisco, was Dell's agency at the beginning of the decade.
As computers became more powerful and Dell's direct sales channel grew, the marketer began to dominate business as well as consumer markets. In 1993, Dell grew 129%. The Internet supercharged Dell's growth. Dell could reach its buyers directly through Internet advertising rather than buying expensive TV time and could take orders directly via the Internet. By 1998, Dell was bringing in billions of dollars of sales per year through the new channel, and direct PC sales seemed ready to overtake those made through all resellers.
By 1995, even Microsoft was lured onto TV. It began with simple image ads but exploded in that year with the launch of Windows 95. Spots for the new operating system featured quick cuts of people in homes, offices and schools set to the Rolling Stones' "Start Me Up." (Reportedly the Stones were paid $12 million for the song's license.) Wieden & Kennedy, Portland, Ore., created the consumer campaign; Anderson & Lembke, San Francisco, produced the trade ads as well as ads for applications software such as Office 95.
IBM was still spending $150 million per year in 1994 on advertising, most of it product specific. Under CEO Louis Gerstner, IBM's strategy switched to a $1 billion branding campaign via Ogilvy & Mather Worldwide that was built around the theme "e-business." TV spots were presented in letterbox format, with blue bars across the top and bottom of a rectangular frame. Spots focused on making Internet hardware, software and services work together, implying that no company but IBM was up to the task.
In 1999, under the headline, "Where do you want to go today?" Microsoft launched a $500 million integrated marketing push from Wieden for its software in 1999. The ads focused on applications for business, home and school. In 2001, however, Microsoft changed course with a series of TV ads from McCann-Erickson Worldwide that focused on the flexibility of its enterprise (big business) software.
As the new millennium dawned, advertising about the Internet reached its apogee, and many of the ads on the Super Bowl XXXIV telecast in January 2000 were for new, Internet-related "dot-com" companies.
The collapse of the Internet stock bubble in 2000, however, had an impact on some of that advertising, but computer advertising remained strong. Television remained the focus of computer image advertising, while the Internet became the favorite medium for detailed promotions and much of the order taking. By 2001, U.S. ad spending in the computers, software and Internet category hit $2.67 billion, down 36.1 % from 2000.
Spending continued to drop in 2002, tumpbling another 18% to $2.2 billion with a slight rebound in 2003 when ad spending reached $2.4 billion in the computers, software and Internet category. The growing popularity of mobile computing contributed to the marketing dollars spent with big new campaigns from Intel for its Centrino mobile technology and millions more spent by Wi-Fi connectivity product makers. | <urn:uuid:530fecaa-a6fe-4217-96e4-a1199ca76258> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://adage.com/article/adage-encyclopedia/computers/98591/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160454.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924125835-20180924150235-00157.warc.gz | en | 0.967202 | 1,957 | 3.140625 | 3 |
United Kingdom: Mining Law 2019
Chapter contentFree access
1.1 What regulates mining law?
There is no single UK regulatory regime for mining. Instead, UK mining is governed by different sources of law, dependent upon the mineral type and the relevant aspect of mining activity which is being considered. Broadly, regulation can be categorised by reference to specific minerals as follows: (i) gold and silver; (ii) coal; (iii) oil and gas; and (iv) all other minerals.
Gold and silver
At common law gold and silver belong to the Crown and gold and silver mines constitute “Mines Royal” dating back to the Inclosure Awards and Acts of the early nineteenth century.
The Crown Estate grants exclusive options to take a lease of ‘Mines Royal’ for a specific area. Leases are obtained from Wardell Armstrong, the Crown Estate Mineral Agent. Permission of the Crown Estate is needed to remove gold in any form, in addition to the need for rights of access from the owner of the surface of the land. The option is in a standard form and is for a one-year period (two in Northern Ireland).
By statute (the Coal Industry Act), the vast majority of unworked coal and coal mines are owned by the Coal Authority. The Coal Authority is an executive, non-departmental public body, sponsored by the Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. The Coal Authority’s responsibilities include, among others, the licensing of coal mining operations in the UK and the administering of coal mining subsidence damage claims.
Oil and gas
Oil and gas in the UK (both onshore and in territorial waters and the UK Continental Shelf) also vests with the Crown pursuant to the Petroleum Act 1998 and the Continental Shelf Act 1964.
In order to conduct onshore exploration, a licence is required. The licence grants exclusive rights to exploit for and develop oil and gas onshore within Great Britain. The rights granted under such licences do not include any rights of access, and the licensees must also obtain any consent under current legislation, including planning permissions. The Oil and Gas Authority (“OGA”), was created in April 2015 as an Executive Agency of the DECC (as it was in 2015). In October 2016, OGA became a Government company limited by shares with the Secretary of State for the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy as the sole shareholder. It is responsible for the regulation of offshore and onshore oil and gas operations in the UK, including licensing, exploration and production, and oil and gas infrastructure.
All other minerals
Other than in respect of gold and silver, coal and oil and gas, the Crown and/or the State do not own mineral rights in the UK (with the exception of Northern Ireland – see below). As such, mineral rights generally belong to the landowner. They are held in private ownership where the owner of the surface land is entitled to everything beneath or within it, down to the centre of the earth. The Land Registry holds information regarding minerals held in private ownership, along with details of the land surface ownership.
Although there is no specific UK licensing system for exploration and extraction activities in the mining sector, planning permission must be obtained from a mineral planning authority for the extraction of minerals, and a number of environmental consents and safety systems must be in place in order for any specific mining operation to be conducted lawfully.
In Northern Ireland, the Mineral Development Act (Northern Ireland) 1969 vested most minerals in Northern Ireland in the Department of the Economy (“DE”) (formerly, the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment). This enables the DE to grant prospecting and mining licences to commercial companies for exploration and development of minerals. There are three main exceptions: (1) gold and silver; (2) minerals which were being worked at the time of the 1969 Act; and (3) ‘common’ substances (including aggregates, sand and gravel).
1.2 Which Government body/ies administer the mining industry?
The primary bodies responsible for administering mineral rights which vest in the Crown, are the Coal Authority, the Crown Estate, and the Marine Management Organisation (“MMO”). The MMO is an executive, non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (“DEFRA”).
Planning authorities play a large part in the regulation of mines in the UK. This is both at a regional level (regional planning policies for mineral extraction) and at a project-specific level (granting permission for specific mining projects).
Environmental regulation is undertaken by independent Government regulators. The principal environmental regulator for England is the Environment Agency. However, in some cases, the regulator will be the relevant local authority or Natural England. As of 1 April 2013, Natural Resources Wales is the environmental regulator for Wales. The Scottish Environmental Protection Agency together with Scottish Natural Heritage is the regulator for Scotland and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency is Northern Ireland’s environmental regulator.
The Health and Safety Executive (“HSE”) enforces health and safety law in England, Wales and Scotland, together with local authorities and other bodies authorised under statute. The Health and Safety Executive for Northern Ireland enforces health and safety at work standards in Northern Ireland.
1.3 Describe any other sources of law affecting the mining industry.
General principles of the law of nuisance will apply to the use of land as a mine or quarry. Examples of mining activities capable of creating a nuisance include emission of dust or noxious fumes, the discharge of polluting effluents into a river, the creation of noise and vibration, and the projection of debris by blasting. The emission of smoke or fumes and the lack of proper fencing of abandoned and disused mines and quarries are in certain circumstances a statutory nuisance.
An employer of workers at a mine or quarry owes a common law duty to each employee to take reasonable care for safety in all circumstances and exposure against unnecessary risk. Similarly, the occupier of a mine or quarry owes a common law duty of care to those lawfully visiting the premises under the Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957.
With effect from 6 April 2015, the Mines Regulations 2014 replaced all previous legislation specifically relating to health and safety in mines. Where a person suffers injury by reason of a breach of any mining legislation creating a duty that person may be entitled to recover damages in a civil action for breach of statutory duty.
A mine or quarry owner may potentially be liable both in negligence and for breach of statutory duty as the Mines Regulations 2014 are not to be construed as derogating from the legal duties owed by an employer to his employees.
2.1 What rights are required to conduct reconnaissance?
See question 2.2 below.
2.2 What rights are required to conduct exploration?
Any onshore exploration activity will require access rights granted by the landowner or obtained through the acquisition of land.
For coal, an exploration licence from the Coal Authority is required, together with the necessary surface rights and any other necessary permissions or consents (i.e. planning consents). Exploration licence application forms can be found on the Coal Authority website and should be submitted along with the application fee to their Licensing & Permissions Department. Model exploration licences are also available on its website (as required by the Coal Industry Act 1994).
2.3 What rights are required to conduct mining?
Again, any onshore mining operator will require rights of access granted by the landowner, generally in the form of a lease, or obtained through the acquisition of land.
For coal, pursuant to the Coal Industry Act 1994, certain mining operations require a statutory licence from the Coal Authority. These are: (i) “the winning, working and getting” of coal by surface or underground methods; and (ii) the treatment of coal in the strata and the winning, working or getting of coal resulting from such treatment – in any part of Great Britain, under the territorial sea adjacent to Great Britain or on the UKCS.
In order to commence mining operations, in addition to such statutory operating licence conferring the authorisation to mine, an operator would need a proprietary interest in the coal (which is likely to be vested in the Coal Authority, and therefore would be granted in conjunction with the licence), together with all the necessary surface rights, and any other permissions or consents (i.e. planning permission). Model licences and leases are available and published by the Coal Authority. These are required to be entered into to comply with the Coal Industry Act 1994.
There are different applications for surface and underground mining. All applications are published by the Coal Authority. When carrying out its licensing function, the Coal Authority’s duties are broadly to act in a manner it considers best to secure that those authorised to carry out coal mining operations ensure that: (i) an economically viable coal mining industry is maintained and developed; (ii) they are able to finance both the proper carrying on of those operations and the discharge of liabilities arising from those operations; and (iii) they do not sustain loss as a result of historic subsidence damage (inherited from coal mining operations that failed to adequately fund their liabilities in this regard).
The Coal Authority may also grant a “conditional” licence and an option for lease of coal and any other minerals in its ownership, whereby the authorisation to mine is deferred until certain requirements have been met (i.e. the obtaining of planning consent).
In order to mine gold or silver, a licence for the exploration and development of the relevant mineral must be obtained from Wardell Armstrong, the Crown Estate Mineral Agent (as stated previously). There is no standard application form or licence: applications must be accompanied by a proposed work programme and details of the applicant’s financial resources and technical ability. The exploration licence can be converted into a mining lease, subject to the applicant’s progress and prospects. The exploration licence confers no rights of entry and the applicant has to negotiate access with the relevant surface rights owners and obtain planning permission from the local authority (if necessary).
The rights to other minerals in the UK are mainly in private ownership. Regardless of this fact, any onshore mining operator will require rights of access granted by the landowner, generally in the form of a lease, or obtained through the acquisition of land.
2.4 Are different procedures applicable to different minerals and on different types of land?
Yes. A range of different procedures are applicable for applying for mineral rights which vest in the Crown. The procedures relating to coal, gold and silver and other minerals are discussed above. However, the ability to mine for all minerals is contingent on achieving necessary planning approval and access rights, which will be influenced by the laws and regulations relating to the specific area.
2.5 Are different procedures applicable to natural oil and gas?
Yes. The Petroleum Act 1998 established the regulatory regime applicable to oil and gas exploration and production in the UK (other than onshore in Northern Ireland) as well as the UKCS. Under the 1998 Act, all rights to petroleum including the rights to “search and bore for, and get” petroleum, are vested in the Crown. The Act provides the licensing regime for oil and gas companies, as supplemented by environmental and health and safety regulation.
3.1 What types of entity can own reconnaissance, exploration and mining rights?
Generally, mineral rights, whether they derive from the Crown or are leased from the landowner, can be held either by natural persons or corporate entities.
Direct ownership of mineral rights via land ownership is subject to a number of rules specific to landownership (e.g. land cannot be owned by minors) though generally both natural and corporate entities can own such rights.
3.2 Can the entity owning the rights be a foreign entity or owned (directly or indirectly) by a foreign entity and are there special rules for foreign applicants?
There are currently no special rules relating to foreign investment in the UK mining sector.
3.3 Are there any change of control restrictions applicable?
Any change in ownership or operatorship of a mine is likely to require a range of regulatory approvals, notifications, and landowner or third party consents (see section 5 for more details on transfers of operational rights).
For example, a change in name and/or address of the owner of a mine or quarry must be reported to the HSE within 28 days. The owner of a quarry must notify the HSE within 14 days of appointing or changing the operator.
3.4 Are there requirements for ownership by indigenous persons or entities?
There are no indigenous ownership requirements in the UK (except those relating to Crown reservation).
3.5 Does the State have free carry rights or options to acquire shareholdings?
Whilst there are currently no such rights in respect of equity shareholdings, the Crown Estate Commissioners have certain powers of sale over mines and minerals comprised in land which is the property of the Crown. Notably, the Crown automatically gains ownership of any gold and silver mined in the UK. Similarly, property in petroleum existing in its natural condition (in strata) is vested by statute in the Crown.
The Duchy of Cornwall may, either by way of absolute sale or for a limited period, dispose of any mines, minerals or rights of entry or other rights in respect of mines and minerals forming part of the possessions of the Duchy.
The Coal Authority has powers, pursuant to section 4 of the Opencast Coal Act 1958, to compulsorily purchase land with minerals; however these have rarely been exercised. The Acquisition of Land Act 1981 states in Part I that a Compulsory Purchase Order may provide for the incorporation with it of Part II of the Act, which allows for the digging and carrying away of minerals by statutory undertakers if necessary for construction work.
4.1 Are there special regulatory provisions relating to processing, refining and further beneficiation of mined minerals?
The processing of mined substances is likely to be subject to a range of operational controls relating to environmental protection and safety (see sections 8 and 10).
4.2 Are there restrictions on the export of minerals and levies payable in respect thereof?
Restrictions may apply depending on the class of mineral that is being exported. Licences are required for the export of certain controlled goods outside of the EU (only particularly sensitive goods require a licence for EU Member States).
An export licence is required in order to export specified goods with military uses, or for trade in strategically controlled goods between overseas countries. Mineral exporters may require an export licence for goods with a “potential military use”. These would include, for example, alloys with particular characteristics (such as the ability to withstand very high temperatures).
Certain substances, provided they are not chemically modified, are partially exempt from the requirements of the EU Regulation on the Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (“REACH”). Very broadly, Annex V of REACH includes generic exemptions from registration requirements under REACH for minerals, ores, ore concentrates and coal that meet certain requirements. Even if an exemption applies, REACH may require certain information to be provided down the supply chain to enable the safe use of the substances. Chemically modified minerals, ores, ore concentrates and coal may be subject to registration requirements under REACH at the point of placing on the market (i.e. manufacture or import) within the EU. We are not currently aware of any restrictions on levies payable on the export of minerals.
5.1 Are there restrictions on the transfer of rights to conduct reconnaissance, exploration and mining?
Transfer restrictions will depend on the nature of the rights being transferred.
Where the owner of a freehold estate transfers that interest in the land to a third party, the third party buyer will inherit the full title to that property (including, subject to those exceptions already mentioned, any precious minerals therein). Planning Consents authorising various kinds of mining activities will run with the land, unless the consent expressly indicates otherwise. Where mineral rights are held through licences granted by Government bodies, there will generally be a formal statutory process to arrange for the licences to be transferred to a new entity.
Operational permits such as environmental permits authorising particular activities will also need to be transferred to any new operator. Again, there are statutory rules governing the permit transfer process.
5.2 Are the rights to conduct reconnaissance, exploration and mining capable of being mortgaged or otherwise secured to raise finance?
Where rights to conduct reconnaissance, exploration and mining arise by virtue of being the owner to the land under which the activity takes place, and on the condition that the requisite planning consents are obtained, the interest in the land will be mortgageable in the usual manner.
Where such rights arise by virtue of a Coal Authority licence, permit or lease they will be mortgageable, provided the instrument conferring the rights comprise a mortgageable interest. Terms of specific instruments should be consulted to determine if there are any restrictions in this regard.
6. Dealing in Rights by Means of Transferring Subdivisions, Ceding Undivided Shares and Mining of Mixed Minerals
6.1 Are rights to conduct reconnaissance, exploration and mining capable of being subdivided?
The ownership of mines under land may be severed from the ownership of the surface, by the sale of the mines and minerals themselves, or the reservation of them on a sale of the surface of the land to a third party. Further, the presumption arising from surface ownership may be rebutted by evidence showing that the ownership of the land has been severed from the mines beneath where this is stated in (a) a conveyance or demise of land excluding the mines, (b) a conveyance or demise of the mines excepting the surface, (c) an Act of Parliament, or (d) evidence of long and continuous enjoyment of the mines by a person other than the surface owner.
The different strata of a parcel of land may similarly be shown to be in different ownership, and proof of ownership of a mine under a parcel of land does not raise any presumption of evidence regarding ownership of the surface, or vice versa.
6.2 Are rights to conduct reconnaissance, exploration and mining capable of being held in undivided shares?
In relation to coal licences, only one party can be responsible for the conditions of the licences. In relation to aggregates, licences can be held by two entities for the same area (i.e. for joint development).
6.3 Is the holder of rights to explore for or mine a primary mineral entitled to explore or mine for secondary minerals?
In relation to coal, any rights to secondary minerals (owned by the Coal Authority) would need to be stipulated within the licence/lease application in order for the holder of the licence to be permitted to work that mineral.
6.4 Is the holder of a right to conduct reconnaissance, exploration and mining entitled to exercise rights also over residue deposits on the land concerned?
Mines, quarries and minerals (including any debris dumps, residue deposits, tailings and mine dumps) in their original position are part and parcel of the land. Consequently, the owner of the surface land is generally entitled to everything beneath or within it, down to the centre of the earth. This principle applies even where title to the surface has been acquired by prescription, but it is subject to exceptions.
Any minerals removed from land under a compulsory rights order for opencast working of coal become the property of the person entitled to the rights conferred by the order.
6.5 Are there any special rules relating to offshore exploration and mining?
There are special rules for offshore exploration and mining. Rights with respect to the sea bed (other than coal) are vested by statute in the Crown. Rights to exploit coal under the territorial sea, and designated areas of the continental shelf, are vested in the Coal Authority.
The majority of offshore mining in the UK relates to aggregates. Licence applications are made to the MMO, and require approval by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency (an executive Government agency sponsored by the Department for Transport) for navigational risk assessment.
7.1 Does the holder of a right to conduct reconnaissance, exploration or mining automatically own the right to use the surface of land?
There are two main rights that are required to use the surface of land. First, there is governmental permission for the proposed land use which is governed by the UK planning regime (Town and Country Planning Act 1990). An operator will need to apply for planning permission which involves a public consultation process, a key part of which will be an Environmental Impact Assessment (“EIA”).
Second, there are the necessary land rights, i.e. rights of access to conduct operations. These would be dependent on the terms of the deed or document that granted the rights to conduct reconnaissance, exploration or mining. Any mining company would have to ensure that the deed granting such rights also granted all suitable and necessary rights in respect of use of the surface land that the mining company would require. This, in effect, would be a discussion and negotiation of terms between the mining company and surface landowner.
7.2 What obligations does the holder of a reconnaissance right, exploration right or mining right have vis-à-vis the landowner or lawful occupier?
The deed or other documentation that granted such rights would specify the obligations owed to the landowner and these can be as the parties choose and agree. We would expect these obligations to include:
a. payment for the grant of the rights either via a one-off payment or perhaps daily/weekly/monthly payments (in the form of lease payments, royalties or otherwise) based on how long the rights are to be exercised;
b. for the rights holder to make good any damage caused to the surface as soon as reasonably practicable or immediately and to the satisfaction of the surface owner;
c. obligations on the rights holder to make good and make safe any excavations, shafts, etc.; and
d. obligations on the rights holder to ensure support for the surface of the land and to excavate in a manner so as to ensure adequate surface support at all times.
Other general matters would be for the rights holder to comply with all relevant planning matters, statutes and applicable laws and there would possibly also be a general indemnity in favour of the landowner indemnifying it against any losses and costs it incurs as a result of the exercise of the rights by the rights holder. The rights holder may wish to prevent the surface owner from developing or building on the surface.
7.3 What rights of expropriation exist?
Compulsory acquisition of land and rights for mining and extraction is available. In England and Wales, the Mines (Working Facilities Support) Act 1966 is available, but does not appear to envisage the acquisition of freehold interests in land, only rights over land. The procedure involves an application to central Government, who will then instigate proceedings in the High Court. Rights under the Mines (Working Facilities Support) Act 1966 will not be granted unless the court is satisfied that the grant is “expedient in the national interest”. The local planning authority may also acquire land compulsorily for planning purposes. These powers can be used if the acquisition of interests in land will facilitate the carrying out of development (mining operations fall within the scope of “development” for these purposes), redevelopment or improvement on, or in relation to, that land and it is not certain that the land can be acquired by way of agreement. The authority must not exercise its powers of compulsory purchase unless it considers that the proposed development is likely to contribute to the achievement of the promotion or improvement of the economic and/or social and/or environmental wellbeing of its area.
In either case, compensation will be payable to landowners who have land taken from them, or otherwise suffered as a result of the compulsory acquisition, and there is a specialist tribunal to assess compensation if it is not agreed.
8.1 What environmental authorisations are required in order to conduct reconnaissance, exploration and mining operations?
Regulatory environmental controls and restrictions are imposed on UK mining operations from a number of sources. Perhaps the most fundamental source is the planning regime. Any UK mine will require planning permission and the conditions imposed through such permissions generally include operational environmental controls: e.g. limitations on the numbers of vehicle movements; and limitations on total quantities to be extracted, etc. See question 8.4 for further discussion of the planning regime.
In addition to planning controls, a range of environmental permits are likely to be required. One of the most important environmental consents relating to mining operations is a mining waste permit to manage extractive waste. The legal requirement for such a permit derives from the EU Mining Waste Directive (Directive 2006/21/EC) and is implemented in England and Wales through the Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2016 (“EPR”). In addition to mining waste, the EPR covers other operational aspects of onshore mining and quarrying including discharges to water, emissions to air, quarrying and mineral crushing processes.
If mining or quarrying operations require the abstraction of surface and/or ground water, or for water to be moved from one location to another without intervening use, a licence may be required under the Water Resources Act 1991.
Mining and quarrying projects may also give rise to the need for licences to disturb species or habitats protected by conservation legislation including the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (which consolidated and updated the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010), the Protection of Badgers Act 1992 and the Offshore Marine Conservation (Natural Habitats, & c.) Regulations 2017 (which consolidated and updated the Offshore Marine Conservation (Natural Habitats, & c.) Regulations 2007).
8.2 What provisions need to be made for storage of tailings and other waste products and for the closure of mines?
Coal mining leases and licences issued by the Coal Authority contain provisions relating to the provision of financial security in various forms such as bonds, charges, deposits, guarantees, indemnities, mortgages or trusts. For example, the Coal Authority’s model underground mining lease requires the tenant to provide security to cover its lease obligations which include yielding up the site in a satisfactory condition.
An application for a mining waste permit under the EPR will need to include details of a financial guarantee or equivalent that will need to be in place prior to the commencement of any extractive waste operations.
Restoration bonds may also be required in connection with planning consents.
8.3 What are the closure obligations of the holder of a reconnaissance right, exploration right or mining right?
Closure obligations are regulated by environmental legislation as well as contractual arrangements (which could contain more onerous requirements than statute) such as leases of land. Planning permissions are also likely to include site restoration programmes that need to be complied with.
To surrender certain environmental permits including those for mining waste operations, the operator will need to satisfy the regulator that necessary measures have been taken to avoid a risk of pollution and to return the site to a satisfactory state.
As required by the Directive 2006/21/EC, operators managing extractive waste will need to include a closure plan (dealing with rehabilitation, after-closure procedures and monitoring) in their waste management plan delivered by an environmental permit.
Clean up, investigation, mitigation and monitoring of contamination may also be required if the regulator identifies land as contaminated and serves a remediation notice.
8.4 Are there any zoning or planning requirements applicable to the exercise of a reconnaissance, exploration or mining right?
Planning permission is required in order to extract minerals. In England and Wales, planning permission is granted by the mineral planning authority (“MPA”). This means that in areas where there is a County Council, the County grants planning permission for mineral working. In unitary areas, metropolitan districts and London Boroughs, the local planning authority grants permission. In Scotland, mineral planning permissions are granted by the local planning authority and in Northern Ireland, the strategic planning unit deals with applications for planning permission for mineral working centrally. If permission is refused, there is a right of appeal to central Government, which also has the power to recover jurisdiction of certain applications where it considers them to have more than local importance.
All four countries operate what is called a “plan-led” system, which means that permission for mining should be granted in accordance with the minerals development plan for the area unless there are material considerations which indicate otherwise. These “other considerations” can be wide-ranging, which does not help with certainty, but in the majority of cases will relate to the impact of the development, particularly on protected natural assets (e.g. countryside of protected value, or on watercourses). Most minerals-related developments will require assessment under the respective domestic applications of the EU-wide environmental impact assessment regime.
Planning Permissions granted for the working of minerals will almost always include conditions, which can regulate how the development is carried out and which will usually impose restoration and aftercare requirements. Conditions will, crucially, determine the life of the mineral planning permission by imposing a time limit. The body which granted the planning permission will be responsible for all aspects of development control including, for example, taking steps to enforce any breach of planning conditions imposed.
9.1 Does the holding of native title or other statutory surface use rights have an impact upon reconnaissance, exploration or mining operations?
There is no concept of native title in English law.
In certain circumstances some entities (such as services providers for gas and electricity) have statutory rights of access on to land including privately-owned land.
10.1 What legislation governs health and safety in mining?
The Mines Regulations 2014 and the Quarries Regulations 1999 constitute the primary legislation governing health and safety in mines and quarries.
Further, the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (“HSWA”) and the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (“MHSWR”) govern health and safety in the workplace generally. The HSWA and the MHSWR establish a “goal setting” safety regime. Under this regime, employers have a statutory duty to ensure that risks associated with mining are reduced as low as reasonably practicable through a system of constant risk assessment.
In addition to this primary legislation, there is a wide range of industry-specific secondary legislation governing health and safety in mining. This includes regulations on: the control of noise, vibration, electricity and explosives at work; dangerous substances and explosive atmospheres; the reporting of incidents, diseases and dangerous occurrences; and the provision and use of work equipment.
10.2 Are there obligations imposed upon owners, employers, managers and employees in relation to health and safety?
Health and safety obligations are imposed on owners, employers, managers and employees.
The HSWA imposes general duties on employers to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare at work of their employees and that of non-employees who could be affected by their undertaking. It requires employees to take reasonable care for their own health and safety and that of others who may be affected by their acts or omissions.
Employers are required under the regulations to make, and implement, measures identified by a suitable and sufficient risk assessment considering risks to the health and safety of employees and third parties.
Regulations impose a wide range of additional duties and obligations on managers, operators, owners, employers, employees and workers relating to health and safety at mines and quarries.
11.1 Is there a central titles registration office?
The Land Registry is the central title registration office in the UK and keeps a register of interests in land in England and Wales. In addition, the British Geological Survey, through its “BritPits” database, holds extensive information on mines and quarries in Great Britain, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. This information includes details of the name of the mines and quarries, their location and address, the geology and mineral commodities produced, the name of the operator and the responsible mineral planning authority.
11.2 Is there a system of appeals against administrative decisions in terms of the relevant mining legislation?
Legislation governing mining in the UK does not provide for any bespoke appeals system reserved solely for mining matters. Those wishing to challenge or appeal against administrative decisions are required to initiate court proceedings in the usual manner where an actionable cause of action arises. Where parties disagree with particular administrative decisions of Government regulatory bodies they may bring a claim for judicial review. Grounds for bringing judicial review claims include illegality, irrationality and procedural impropriety, each as regards the administrative decision being challenged. A successful judicial review claim will not result in the court substituting an alternative administrative decision. The authority in question will, however, be required to reconsider their decision with reference to those factors the court deems relevant.
12.1 Is there a constitution which has an impact upon rights to conduct reconnaissance, exploration and mining?
The UK does not have a formally-adopted written (codified) constitution but rather it relies on foundational principles of common law and equity (together with certain key statutes) that provide a constitutional framework. Any restrictions affecting rights of reconnaissance, exploration and mining will be as set out in mining-specific legislation and case law.
12.2 Are there any State investment treaties which are applicable?
The UK has ratified a number of bilateral and multilateral investment treaties with others States that provide protections to foreign investors that are operating in the UK. These treaties are governed by public international law and provide companies with protections that are independent of any protections afforded by contractual relationships or domestic laws. For a list of the relevant treaties, see the UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development websites.
13.1 Are there any special rules applicable to taxation of exploration and mining entities?
There are no special rules applicable to taxation of exploration and mining entities.
13.2 Are there royalties payable to the State over and above any taxes?
There are no royalties payable to the State over and above any taxes.
14.1 Are there any local provincial or municipal laws that need to be taken account of by a mining company over and above National Legislation?
In Britain, the legal framework for land use planning is largely provided by the Town and Country Planning Act 1990. The division of local Government responsibilities between England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland is through regionalisation. Currently within England, nine regions are defined (North West, North East, Yorkshire and the Humber, East of England, East Midlands, West Midlands, South West, South East and London). This aims to secure the most efficient and effective use of land in the public interest and to reconcile the competing needs of development and environmental protection. Please also refer to the detail provided in question 8.4.
14.2 Are there any regional rules, protocols, policies or laws relating to several countries in the particular region that need to be taken account of by an exploration or mining company?
Yes. Particularly in the context of environmental and health and safety, legislation from the EU may be applicable.
15.1 Are there any provisions in mining laws entitling the holder of a right to abandon it either totally or partially?
When granting a licence, the Coal Authority will agree to and include provisions for the transfer of the rights. Standard form licence provisions provide that a licensee may at any time surrender or determine the licence by giving one month’s notice to the Coal Authority of its intention to do so.
The OGA seeks to avoid unworked licences. Licences to explore for oil and gas can be voluntarily surrendered, in part or in their entirety, at any time, provided that the surrender does not result in a failure to fulfil an obligation assumed at the time of the licensing. The abandonment of offshore installations and pipelines is controlled through the Petroleum Act 1998.
15.2 Are there obligations upon the holder of an exploration right or a mining right to relinquish a part thereof after a certain period of time?
The Coal Industry Act 1994 provides that the Coal Authority may grant a conditional licence to an applicant. This will make the right to explore conditional or further requirements, such as gaining access and planning permission, and will provide that the licence lapses after a specified period if these conditions are not met.
Oil and gas
When a licence is granted to explore for oil and gas, an agreement will be reached specifying a work programme for exploration over a specified period. The licence will expire at the end of this term unless the work programme has been completed. At this stage, the licence holder will be obliged to surrender a percentage of the land leased for the exploration.
15.3 Are there any entitlements in the law for the State to cancel an exploration or mining right on the basis of failure to comply with conditions?
Gold and silver
Whilst there is no clear guidance provided by the Crown Estate on this, it is assumed that the Crown Estate would be able to impose conditions on the lease, if granted, and that a material breach of these conditions would be grounds for the revocation of the lease by the Crown.
The Coal Industry Act 1994 permits the Coal Authority to impose conditions and obligations within mining licences, in pursuit of the Coal Authority’s general duties to the UK coal industry. The Act makes provision for the authority to take enforcement action, including the removal of exploration and mining rights, if the licensee is in material breach of these conditions. If, after six months of the grant of an exploration licence, a licensee has demonstrated no intention to exercise the right granted, the Coal Authority may determine the licence.
Oil and gas
The model exploration licence clauses provided by the OGA list numerous circumstances that will give rise to a right to revoke a licence. The OGA reserves the right to immediately revoke a licence if it has been assigned to a third party without the express prior consent of the Secretary of State. This will apply equally to assignments made between companies within the same group.
Planning consent will also be subject to ongoing conditions, and non-compliance with those conditions will be grounds for cancellation of the relevant consents. | <urn:uuid:0e773ec6-2554-4d7e-aba5-8013fa9a33d8> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://iclg.com/practice-areas/mining-laws-and-regulations/united-kingdom | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255562.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520041753-20190520063753-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.938778 | 7,880 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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Interface (computing) - Wikipedia
In computing, an interface is a shared boundary across which two or more separate components of a computer system exchange information. The exchange can be between software, computer hardware, peripheral devices, humans, and combinations of these. Some computer hardware devices, such as a touchscreen, can both send and receive data through the interface, while others such as a mouse or ...
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Trees have a predetermined tendency to look a certain way. A better understanding of the genetics behind that predetermined fruit tree architecture could aid growers in their never-ending quest for reduced costs, enhanced efficiency and increased fruit quality.
Courtney Hollender, an assistant professor at Michigan State University, studies fruit tree architecture at the genetic level. She’s mainly studying scion architecture, but also scion and rootstock interactions. Her ultimate goal: find high-density, two-dimensional fruiting wall systems that work for each tree fruit species grown in Michigan.
“If you can understand the whole picture, you can get plants to look the way you want them to with minimal input,” she said.
In a plot at MSU’s Clarksville Research Center, Hollender and a team of research assistants have planted hundreds of trees — a mix of peach, plum and apple — that have some rather unusual shapes. Many of the trees originated from USDA and Cornell University collections. Some have wide-angled branches, some narrow-angled. Some are weeping, some columnar. Some spread out, some curl in. Some branches are barely off the ground.
Hollender aims to answer several questions: Which genes regulate their architecture? Why do some branches reach for the light while others droop? What role does a tree’s environment play? How can tree shapes and branch angles be manipulated through cultural practices? Can nonstandard architectures make better fruiting wall systems than standard architectures?
Hollender has crop-specific goals for the project. Plums aren’t common in Michigan. High-density peaches barely exist. High-density apples are plentiful but expensive to grow. A better understanding of tree architecture could help advance all of those crops.
Her lab also is propagating tart and sweet cherry varieties in tissue culture, as well as cherry rootstock, in anticipation of future work with those species.
“If you can find a way to make a cheap, easy, two-dimensional tart cherry system, you can have a lot more automation, and maybe can help keep growers in business in Michigan despite the weather and pathogen problems,” she said.
Hollender is closely studying the LAZY1 gene, which regulates lateral shoot and branch orientations in many plants. LAZY1 promotes more upward branch orientations, narrowing branch angles in response to how the plant senses gravity. Light also likely plays a role, but many of the details of its function at the molecular level aren’t known.
Unlike most trees, when LAZY1 plants have their main shoot headed, the new branches that emerge do not grow upward and take the place of the leader. Hollender also discovered that when buds from these trees are grafted onto standard rootstocks, the emerging shoots grow horizontally, never vertically. She wants to test whether a rootstock with buds from a LAZY1 tree would require less pruning and training.
Identifying other key genes and proteins involved in regulating branch angles could give researchers a better idea of how to manipulate branch angles, she said, potentially leading to the development of simple and inexpensive cultural practices.
Hollender, who earned her doctorate in cell biology and molecular genetics from the University of Maryland, joined MSU in 2016. She came from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Appalachian Fruit Research Laboratory in West Virginia, where she studied the genetics of peach and plum trees with peach breeder Ralph Scorza and geneticist Chris Dardick.
Her architecture project touches on other tree fruit research being done at MSU. Peach breeder Bill Shane helps her propagate trees, and horticultural professor Greg Lang works with her on tree training strategies.
Lang said his work with Hollender examines how fruit trees with various genes for unusual branching and growth traits respond to canopy manipulation strategies. They want to find out how easily horticultural techniques could be applied to different branching habits and orientations and what the tree responses might be in terms of light interception, flower bud formation and leaf-to-fruit ratios.
If there is an optimized integration of specific branch developmental genes and horticultural techniques that can advance things such as grower yields, fruit quality, technology adoption and improved labor efficiencies, they want to find it.
“We are just entering the project phase that will start to yield some of these answers,” Lang said. •
—by Matt Milkovich
—Calling out the codes in the trees | <urn:uuid:23710f65-f46b-4d62-a8d1-52ede229aa5c> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.goodfruit.com/when-research-grows-sideways/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154385.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802203434-20210802233434-00044.warc.gz | en | 0.946186 | 922 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Persia / Achaemenid Dynasty /
(?-358 BCE) King of Persia 404-358 BCE, belonging to the Achaemenid Dynasty.
Artaxerxes 2' tomb, Persepolis, Iran.
Artaxerxes 2's almost 50 years in power were marked by numerous tensions inside the empire, and no advances into new territory. The period clearly indicates that neighbouring powers were more than capable of protecting themselves. As a result, when Artaxerxes 2 died, Persia was no larger than when he had become king.
Artaxerxes came to exercise much impact on Zoroastrianism because he reintroduced cults of the older Iranian gods, Anahita and Mithra.
Around 420? BCE: Born as oldest son of King Darius 2.
404: Conclusion of a 27 year long war period with Athens, resulting in all Greek cities reverting to Persian control.
Artaxerxes loses control over Egypt.
401: Defeats his brother, Cyrus, who had rebelled against Artaxerxes.
400: The Greek state of Sparta breaks with Persia, and invades Anatolia. Persia gets a number of other Greek states as allies.
394: The Spartan navy is defeated and destroyed by the Persians at Cnidus.
386: A final peace agreement is signed with the former ally, Athens, called the King's Peace, defining rights to the lands of the border zone between the Greeks and Persia.
385: Launches a military campaign against Egypt, but without success.
374: A second campaign is launched against Egypt. This too ends in complete failure.
366: A revolt among local rulers, satraps, of Anatolia breaks out. But the satraps were not unified, and the Persians used distrust to destroy one after another.
358: Dies, and is succeeded by his son Artaxerxes 3. | <urn:uuid:1675ab9b-7dc4-40ab-a16e-f5822dbd7bb0> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://i-cias.com/e.o/artaxerxes2.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267865250.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623210406-20180623230406-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.951067 | 397 | 3.625 | 4 |
A new wearable brain-machine interface (BMI) system could improve the quality of life for people with motor dysfunction or paralysis, even those struggling with locked-in syndrome - when a person is fully conscious but unable to move or communicate.
A multi-institutional, international team of researchers led by the lab of Woon-Hong Yeo at the Georgia Institute of Technology combined wireless soft scalp electronics and virtual reality in a BMI system that allows the user to imagine an action and wirelessly control a wheelchair or robotic arm.
The team, which included researchers from the University of Kent (United Kingdom) and Yonsei University (Republic of Korea), describes the new motor imagery-based BMI system this month in the journal Advanced Science.
"The major advantage of this system to the user, compared to what currently exists, is that it is soft and comfortable to wear, and doesn't have any wires," said Yeo, associate professor on the George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering.
BMI systems are a rehabilitation technology that analyzes a person's brain signals and translates that neural activity into commands, turning intentions into actions. The most common non-invasive method for acquiring those signals is ElectroEncephaloGraphy, EEG, which typically requires a cumbersome electrode skull cap and a tangled web of wires.
These devices generally rely heavily on gels and pastes to help maintain skin contact, require extensive set-up times, are generally inconvenient and uncomfortable to use. The devices also often suffer from poor signal acquisition due to material degradation or motion artifacts - the ancillary "noise" which may be caused by something like teeth grinding or eye blinking. This noise shows up in brain-data and must be filtered out.
The portable EEG system Yeo designed, integrating imperceptible microneedle electrodes with soft wireless circuits, offers improved signal acquisition. Accurately measuring those brain signals is critical to determining what actions a user wants to perform, so the team integrated a powerful machine learning algorithm and virtual reality component to address that challenge.
The new system was tested with four human subjects, but hasn't been studied with disabled individuals yet.
"This is just a first demonstration, but we're thrilled with what we have seen," noted Yeo, Director of Georgia Tech's Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering under the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, and a member of the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience.
Yeo's team originally introduced soft, wearable EEG brain-machine interface in a 2019 study published in the Nature Machine Intelligence. The lead author of that work, Musa Mahmood, was also the lead author of the team's new research paper.
"This new brain-machine interface uses an entirely different paradigm, involving imagined motor actions, such as grasping with either hand, which frees the subject from having to look at too much stimuli," said Mahmood, a Ph. D. student in Yeo's lab.
In the 2021 study, users demonstrated accurate control of virtual reality exercises using their thoughts - their motor imagery. The visual cues enhance the process for both the user and the researchers gathering information.
"The virtual prompts have proven to be very helpful," Yeo said. "They speed up and improve user engagement and accuracy. And we were able to record continuous, high-quality motor imagery activity."
According to Mahmood, future work on the system will focus on optimizing electrode placement and more advanced integration of stimulus-based EEG, using what they've learned from the last two studies.
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MDA awarded next contract for flagship Canadarm3 Program
Toronto, Canada (SPX) Jul 27, 2021
MDA Ltd. has been awarded a $35.3 million contract from the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) for the design of the Gateway External Robotics Interfaces (GERI), a key component of Canadarm3 which will be installed on the international Lunar Gateway. MDA has completed Phase A, the system definition phase of this GERI project. This new contract award covers the preliminary and detailed design of the robotic interfaces (Phases B and C), valued at $35.3 million. Today's contract announcement is the th ... read more | <urn:uuid:1b6c38f2-4282-4481-a890-b4dd41a51874> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.copernical.com/news-public/item/25425-2021-07-29-13-55-18 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057417.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923074537-20210923104537-00707.warc.gz | en | 0.940483 | 1,010 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Energy efficient windows are a great way to help the environment, keep your home insulated and reduce your energy bills. Making your windows energy efficient might include getting double or triple glazing, installing better draught excluders or even just investing in some thicker curtains. Read on to learn more about energy efficient windows.
Benefits of Energy Efficient Windows
There are many benefits of energy efficient windows. You will reduce your carbon footprint and help the environment by keeping your energy inside your home. Draughts will be reduced so you lose less heat through your windows. This means you will also experience lowered energy bills as your heating system does not have to work so hard to keep your home warm.
Other benefits include reduced condensation on your windows and reduced noise. Whether you opt for glazing or thicker curtains, draught excluders or a combination of all three, you can experience all these benefits by investing in energy efficient windows.
Energy Efficient Double Glazing
Perhaps the most effective of all the energy efficiency solutions for your windows is fitting double glazing or triple glazing. This works by having two sheets or three sheets of glass with spaces in between. The spaces are filled with a stable gas and this is how you will achieve sound and heat insulation.
Glazing and construction materials that are used in window frames and other construction areas such as UPVC fascia and soffits, can easily be found at expert stockists. There are many options for consumers, including specialists such as https://www.absolutebuildingplastics.co.uk/upvc-fascia-boards/. The best approach is to do your own research to find the right company for you that can offer the appropriate window and building solutions.
Other Ways to Be Energy Efficient
There are many other ways to improve the energy efficiency of your home, including installing a new boiler and using more efficient, long-lasting light bulbs. However, your windows are really important elements of your home and should be a high priority when looking to improve efficiency.
What Materials are Used?
Wooden frames are more environmentally friendly for windows, but plastic lasts far longer and can also be recycled, as can aluminium and steel window frames. Composite frames are also popular; these are timber inside and then covered with a plastic or aluminium top layer to make the window frame weatherproof. | <urn:uuid:3e740cc2-0c54-4151-939d-4b00637fa8d2> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.hayzedmagazine.com/know-energy-efficient-windows/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746227.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120035814-20181120061814-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.944796 | 476 | 2.59375 | 3 |
"Teachers are not only in the school, they are everywhere" said the outstanding scholar.
I agree that everything in the world can be our teacher and can teach us something. It simply depends on whether or not we can see it.
Think about the story of Newton when he saw the apple fall down from the apple tree. He learned the lesson. When the Buddha saw the old man, the sick man, the dead man and the monk, he also learned a lesson, which is the lesson of life.
The Virginia Living Museum in Newport News is a wonderful place to spend time with family and friends and learn about the world around us. There is a lot to learn from such a visit, such as the life of the butterfly.
Everyone in the world prefers the butterfly because they are so beautiful and amazing. Let's take a look at the butterfly's life cycle, which begins with an egg and progresses to caterpillar, chrysalis, adult, and then finally ends with the natural transformation of the butterfly.
If we look closely at the process of transformation from one state to another state, we see it is not an easy process. It takes time. It is very hard for every egg to go through the state of the caterpillar. After that, the caterpillar may die before even becoming a chrysalis or before changing into the beautiful butterfly. But when it transforms into the butterfly, it is attractive and beautiful for everyone to see.
In Buddhism, if we compare life to the life cycle of a butterfly, a great transformation also can exist within us. When human beings transcend from ordinary people (in Pali: Putuchana, the person who is full of greed, hatred and delusion) to a good person (Kallayanachana, the person who is good, and knows what is right and wrong) then transforming into the noble one (Ariyachana, he who gets rid of greed, hatred, and delusion) we can see all these steps as similar to the process a butterfly must undergo. We have a firm belief that every human being has the capacity to become a better person or the noble one, but they have to train themselves.
To transform oneself from an ordinary person to a good person and finally to a noble human being is not easy. To me, an ordinary person (putuchana) is like the caterpillar, because caterpillars do not look pretty — right? When we see them, some of us fear them; some do not want to touch them and try to escape from them. On the other hand, an ordinary person (putuchana) does a lot of good and bad things, such as following their own desires and cravings.
In the Buddha's time, Anathapindika is the business man who offered the temple to the Buddha. He was a very good lay disciple; however he had a son who was so bad that he feared that he would go to hell in the afterlife. He gave a lot of money to his son to return to the temple. His son went and slept somewhere in the temple and in the evening came back to get the money from his father. Everyday his son went to the temple but one day, his son got bored with sleeping and didn't have anything to do. So he went to the chanting hall and listened to the Buddha teach, and then realized the truth. His transformation is one from an ordinary person to the noble one. Soon after he began his own spiritual transformation.
To transcend to a good person and the noble person is like the butterfly's transformation. The Buddha shows each one of us the technique to transform our own mind from an ordinary state to the noble mind. One important thing we should remember is that every human being has the capacity to become a noble person since each one of us has the Buddha within us. But we all need training. In order to transcend from an ordinary person to good person and finally to a noble person, we need three techniques to transform ourselves.
The first technique is self-discipline, we have to control our anger to not harm and kill any beings, control our greed to not get anything that is not belong to us, control our lust or desire to not have sexual misconduct, to control our mouth to not speak what is not true, to control our desire to not drink or have something that we damage our consciousness.
The second technique is concentration, whatever work or thing we do, put our full energy to and try to concentrate and enjoy with that.
The third technique is being mindful or know when we stand, walk, sit, sleep, eat, drink, work, speak, think and so on. This is the way to transcend ourselves. We can become more beautiful like the butterfly.
Phramaha Piya Uttamapanno(Jundadal), a Buddhist Missionary Monk of Wat Pasantidhamma temple in Carrollton. He can be reached by e-mail at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:b4a21565-615b-458c-95fd-d6b1f2d5534e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-xpm-20100807-2010-08-07-dp-fea-relcol-0808-20100807-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.968614 | 1,019 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Drivers of transport consumption
- Increasing consumption of transport since 2000 by 14 Mtoe at EU level
- Change in traffic of passenger (including air) and goods ("activity effect") contributed to increase the energy consumption (by 58 Mtoe);
- This effect was counterbalanced by energy savings (i.e. change in the efficiency of cars, trucks, airplanes etc) which tend to decrease the energy consumption.
- Few impact of modal shift, i.e. change in the share of each transport mode in the total traffic.
- Other effects (behavioral effects and "negative savings" in freight transport due to low capacity utilization) tend to slightly increase the energy consumption.
Drivers of energy consumption variation in transport at EU level | <urn:uuid:a6b560d3-f784-45c8-9ae6-02d9bf4bcf60> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.odyssee-mure.eu/publications/efficiency-by-sector/transport/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247495001.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220125916-20190220151916-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.921257 | 152 | 2.59375 | 3 |
John 10:22-31 (ESVST)
22 At that time the Feast of Dedication took place at Jerusalem. It was winter,
Hanukkah, the Feast of Dedication. It was apparently not a required pilgrimage festival, but the eight- day celebration of lights in the temple was beautiful, and many pious Jews from nearby Galilee would come to Jerusalem. It was the next festival after those immediately connected to the Feast of Tabernacles. The Feast of Dedication was the commemoration of the dedication of the temple by Judas Maccabeus in December, 164 b. c., after it had been profaned by Antiochus Epiphanes. The Jewish celebration of Hanukkah, which celebrates the Israelite victory over the Syrian leader Antiochus Epiphanes, who persecuted Israel. In 170 b. c. he conquered Jerusalem and desecrated the Jewish temple by setting up a pagan altar to displace the altar of God. Under the leadership of an old priest named Mattathias, the Jews fought guerrilla warfare (known as the Maccabean Revolt—166–142 b. c.) against Syria and freed the temple and the land from Syrian dominance until 63 b. c. when Rome (Pompey) took control of Palestine. It was in 164 b. c. on 25 Chislev (December approximately), that the Jews liberated the temple and rededicated it. The celebration is also known as the “Feast of Lights” because of the lighting of lamps and candles in Jewish homes to commemorate the event.
It was winter. The word winter used here is a Greek is the word “cheimon” meaning bad weather or stormy weather. This means that this was around the time when it was cold and raining in Jerusalem.
23 and Jesus was walking in the temple, in the colonnade of Solomon.
The word colonnade used here in Greek means porch. A porch is a structure often build on the outside of a building normally covered to allow people to walk or sit or stand underneath without being exposed to bad weather. The outer part of the temple had porches on all four sides; the Royal Porch, on the south, had four rows of pillars. Solomon’s Porch was on the east side of the temple, with two rows of pillars (as on the west and north sides). The south portico was called Solomon’s because people thought that it contained remains of Solomon’s temple. Greek public buildings often included such porches, and they had long been a popular place for public lectures and discussions. It was cool and raining in Jerusalem in winter, so people would be especially inclined to walk under the colonnades.
So John is telling us that the reason why Jesus was walking in the temple under the porch of Solomon was that it was winter and in winter it is cold and rainy and it is better to be under these porches. Now that John has given us the background of the area where Jesus was and why, john now get straight into the message.
24 So the Jews gathered around him and said to him, “How long will you keep us in suspense? If you are the Christ, tell us plainly.”
Now for anyone who has not read John from chapter 5, would at this stage think that Jesus had not already told these Jews that he was the Christ. Not only did he tell them but he showed them. Now here they are asking Jesus not to keep them in suspense or doubting but to plainly tell them if he was the Christ.
25 Jesus answered them, “ I told you, and you do not believe. The works that I do in my Father ‘s name bear witness about me,
Jesus then gave them an answer which was so obvious and said, people I told you and you did not beleive. I have been telling you all along but you do not beleive. Jesus went on to say to them that even the works that he did bear witness of him. Jesus simply meant that not only did he tell them and they did not beleive but the works that he is being doing among them also bear witness of him and they still don’t beleive.
26 but you do not believe because you are not among my sheep. 27 My sheep hear my voice, and I know them, and they follow me.
And now here Jesus gives a reason for this unbelief by the Jews. Jesus told them that they don’t beleive because they are not among his sheep. If they were, they would hear his voice and they would follow him. They would beleive in him but now that they are not among his sheep, they cannot. Jesus then told them as well that he knows his sheep and that is why he says that they are not among his sheep. Jesus introduces here the doctrine of predestination which I will not discuss here. All we need to know here is that Jesus knows his sheep and his sheep will beleive in him.
28 I give them eternal life, and they will never perish, and no one will snatch them out of my hand. 29 My Father, who has given them to me, is greater than all, and no one is able to snatch them out of the Father’ s hand.
The reward of being among Jesus sheep is that he gives his sheep eternal life and they will never perish and no one will snatch them out of his hand. Now I want us to look at this closely, reason being that there are people that think that once saved, a born again Christian can loose his salvation. I am going to show you using this verse that once saved always saved. A born again Christian will never loose his salvation. Let’s us look at the verbs used in verse 28:
1. I “give” them eternal life. The word used here in Greek is “didomi”. This word is used is in an indicative mood. Now the indicative mood in Greek makes an assertion of fact and is used with all six Greek tenses. Jesus used this specific word in this specific mood to indicate a fact. Therefore a Greek person listening to Jesus would understand that Jesus is stating a fact when he says “I give them eternal life and they will never perish and no one will snatch them out of my hand”. This is a fact that was stated by Jesus.
2. And they will “never” perish. The word in Greek is “ou me”, negative expression consisting of the word “ou” which means “not” and “me” which also means “not”. A double negative strengthening the denial, meaning not at all, no never. This word is in an emphatic future negative. The Emphatic Future Negative is indicated by the negative particles ou, “not,” and me, “not,” which are used together to emphasize the negation. A Greek person listening to Jesus would understand this as a fact that cannot and will never be snatched out of Jesus’s hand, now or in future. This clearly shows then that they will never loose their salvation..
So when Jesus speaking in Greek to a Greek person made this statement “I give them eternal life, and they will never perish, and no one will snatch them out of my hand“, this was understood by a Greek person as Jesus stating a fact and indicating that a born again Christian will never, never, never loose his salvation. The choice of words here in Greek makes it very clear that once saved, always saved.
Then Jesus went on to say that it is God his Father, who has given him his sheep and since God is greater than all, no one is able to snatch them out of his hand as well. Here Jesus giving further assurance to believers that it is not only him that will protect the believers from loosing their salvation I but also God who is greater than all, also protect the believers.
30 I and the Father are one.”
Then Jesus said me and my father are one. This meant that we both protect the believers. No one is able to snatch them out of my hand and no one is able to snatch them out of my Father’s hand. I and the Father are one.
31 The Jews picked up stones again to stone him.
This was now becoming sort of an automated response by the Jews. | <urn:uuid:7bd7ab12-ccc8-4029-aa36-c915b1e6514d> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://undilutedwordofgod.co.za/2014/03/john-1022-31-i-and-father-are-one.html?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107890586.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20201026061044-20201026091044-00160.warc.gz | en | 0.987366 | 1,753 | 3.859375 | 4 |
KUALA LUMPUR, July 7 – Countries with greater women’s leadership, universal social protection and care systems, and space for feminist organisations to participate in democratic decision-making are more effective at responding to crises such as the Covid-19 pandemic, according to a new report released last month by United Nations Women and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
As the overlapping impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic, a deepening climate emergency, and geopolitical conflicts threaten gender equality and women’s rights, analysis based on new global data provides specific recommendations for governments to ensure their economic recovery and emergency preparedness strategies are gender responsive, integrated and resilient.
“Countries with stronger social protection systems and public services do better on gender equality and have correspondingly been better able to weather the storms of recent years,” said UN Women executive director Sima Bahous.
“But the world remains in turmoil. We must build on the many policy innovations we have seen in every region during the pandemic and redouble our efforts to ensure that women are included in decision-making in crises.
“This report shows that when women lead, everyone benefits from a more inclusive and effective crisis response, and more resilient economies and societies, today and in the future.”
Nearly 5,000 policies were examined over a two-year period by the UNDP-UN Women Covid-19 Global Gender Response Tracker, the most comprehensive global repository of gender-sensitive government responses to the pandemic.
The tool identifies how global decision-makers reacted to the pandemic’s economic and social impacts, which continue to fall disproportionately on women.
In 196 of the 226 countries surveyed, at least one gender-sensitive measure was adopted, according to the report, Government Responses To Covid-19: Lessons On Gender Equality For A World In Turmoil, which was released last June 23.
Countries with higher proportions of women in elected office, irrespective of national income, adopted more policies and budgeting that integrated gender considerations.
Countries with strong democracies, powerful feminist movements or high shares of women in parliament adopted an average of five more gender-sensitive measures than countries without them.
Even in countries with less-than-equal representation, however, women political leaders demanded their voices be heard.
For example, Fiji activated its existing crisis response mechanism to respond to natural disasters by adopting 14 measures to mitigate the scourge of violence against women and girls during the pandemic.
The Women’s Parliamentary Group in Tanzania championed gender-responsive public information campaigns and targeted public funds to women-specific initiatives.
Egypt’s minister of Planning and Economic Development Hala El-Said chaired a task force that aimed to identify how to reduce the impact of the pandemic on informal work, where women’s employment is concentrated.
“Rebuilding women’s economic security and ensuring their rights is a critical priority for governments and the United Nations, including UNDP,” said UNDP administrator Achim Steiner.
“Responding to current and future crises requires action now to ensure that economies and societies are better prepared and more resilient in the future. This report shows what governments can achieve in their crisis response when they prioritise gender equality.”
Women’s collective action also boosted a country’s gender responsiveness. Feminist civil society groups both influenced the immediate response in their countries and contributed evidence and data to drive a feminist-informed vision of post-pandemic recovery and transformation.
Ireland and Chile were among the countries where activists not only took to the streets to demand government action, but also contributed feminist plans and gender budget assessments to legislative and executive discourse.
Adding to the economic consequences of the pandemic for women everywhere is the greater burden of unpaid labour.
Even before the pandemic, women worldwide were doing more than three times the amount of unpaid care and domestic work as men.
Now, the increased inequity in time spent in caring for children, elders, and other family members is forcing many women to leave the paid workforce.
According to the UNDP, there are 19.7 million fewer paid jobs for women globally than there were before March 2020, compared to 10.2 million fewer jobs for men.
These calamitous reversals in women’s economic opportunities will mean that 388 million women will be living in extreme poverty in 2022, expanding an already cavernous gender poverty gap.
The tracker’s analysis of nearly 5,000 measures demonstrates that countries tend to work within their existing systems and structures when crises hit.
Through the new report, UNDP presents a clear opportunity to champion improved, gender-responsive social protections and to ensure meaningful participation of women to identify solutions to acute and chronic challenges that leave no one behind. | <urn:uuid:2b6b05c0-6774-4b89-9cbf-f1acd5b48f5b> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://ova.galencentre.org/un-report-participation-of-women-ensure-more-inclusive-effective-crisis-response/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948609.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327060940-20230327090940-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.94451 | 984 | 2.625 | 3 |
Just because your plants live indoors doesn’t mean they are not susceptible to insect infestations. If you notice that your little date palm has sprouted new tiny “cotton balls” all over it, you most likely have an infestation. Here’s how to identify the five most common houseplant pests and tips on how to get rid of them.
Warning: These bugs have a high creepiness factor when viewed up close!
Image: Thomas Shahan via Flickr
Description: These bugs are pear or oval shaped. They are tiny: about 1/4 inch and wingless. They are typically green, but they can be yellow, black, brown, pink, gray or white. Aphids cause damage by sucking the sap from the plants. They are often found in large groups and are only noticeable when they shed their outer skin and droppings.
Treatment: Most commercially available insecticides will kill aphids. For a more environmental approach, try insecticidal soap or horticultural oils. They are less harsh and will easily kill aphids. If you do not want to use chemicals at all, you can try blasting the bugs off with water from a hose or using a cotton swab dipped in rubbing alcohol.
Image: Melanie Cook via Flickr
Description: An oval, soft-skinned scale type bug with a fuzzy wax coating. They can grow up to 1/4 inch and like to hang out on the undersides of leaves, on leaf axils and branches. They reproduce quickly and will completely cover a plant in a short amount of time, eventually killing the plant.
Treatment: If the bugs are isolated on a stem or leaf, remove the infected part of the plant. Alternatively, you can pluck the bugs off of the infected area or use a cotton swab dipped in alcohol. If the entire plant is covered, use a horticultural oil. Repeat with the oil until the majority of the infestation is under control and then use the cotton swab treatment to get any stragglers.
3. Spider mites
Image: Lucis via Flickr
Description: These tiny spiders are cousins of the common spider. They are 1/16 inch and are pale yellow or green. They hang out on the undersides of leaves, where they spin fine webs for protection. You know the infestation is bad if you see webbing on the upper surface of leaves. Spider mites cause leaf loss by sucking the chlorophyll from the plant, eventually causing the plant to die.
Treatment: You can try the water blast treatment if the infestation is not too out of hand. For a bad infestation, thoroughly wet the leaves of the plant to dislodge the mites and then spray the plant with insecticidal soap or horticultural oil. Keeping the plant misted often will help discourage spider mites.
Image: Gilles San Martin via Flickr
Description: They can have soft or hard, oval bodies that are brown, green, white, gray or black. Soft scale may be as large as 1/4 inch, with hard scale up to 1/8 inch. Mature scales adhere to stems and the undersides of leaves. They destroy the plant by sucking the sap. The plant will yellow and weaken; becoming susceptible to disease.
Treatment: Scales are a tough one. Because the mature scales have a hard outer shell, many insecticides will not penetrate them. The insecticides will get rid of the soft-shelled newly hatched scales. For the mature bugs, use the pluck-and-cotton swab method.
Image: Lisa Brown via Flickr
Description: A tiny, white moth-like insect that likes to hide under leaves. The tiny whiteflies are difficult to control due to their ability to fly from plant to plant. Both nymphs and adults suck the sap, causing yellowing and leaf drop.
Treatment: Start by removing the yellowed, diseased leaves. In order to eradicate whitefly, a couple of methods need to be employed. To get rid of the adult whiteflies, use a sticky trap (similar to fly paper) available at a garden center. To get rid of the eggs and nymphs (babies), you can apply insecticidal soap or neem oil (a natural oil used as an insecticide). | <urn:uuid:995b4d89-1620-4afc-bab3-b5bd622a5425> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.sheknows.com/living/articles/1058485/creepy-bugs-that-could-be-living-in-your-houseplants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198942.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200921050331-20200921080331-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.920445 | 888 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Can Insects Provide the “Know-How” for Advanced Artificial Intelligence?
December 02, 2019
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has set out to find ways to build artificial intelligence (AI) systems that are as efficient at computing and processing as the brain of small flying insects. DARPA wants to explore cutting-edge technology that involves the study of insect brains and their ability to react to the world around them with minimal computation.
Additional AV News: click here
AV Media Gallery: click here | <urn:uuid:0ffa0045-2d4b-416b-b060-2890da5f72fb> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.avinc.com/resources/case-studies/view/microbrain-case-study | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178376206.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307074942-20210307104942-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.928361 | 108 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Education and Recreation
Children between the ages of 5 and 15 make up the largest age group in Machar Colony, with families in the community having 9 children on average. There is a huge need to provide educational and recreational programs for the children of this community.
Machar Colony has very low levels of literacy — only 11.6% of the community has completed some form of education. This includes those who can only read and write their own names. Currently 33% of children in Machar Colony attend a school or madrassah and over half of all children work in shrimp peeling factories.
Despite there being 67 private schools and 9 government schools in the community, children are still getting involved in anti-social activities on the streets, including drugs, gambling, and violence. As the majority of the community is stateless, children without recognized identity documents are unable to gain admission in mainstream schools. Several of the children who are able to attend school eventually refuse to go and drop out due to the use of corporal punishment, long working hours in shrimp peeling factories, and unaffordable tuition fees.
Khel is a learning and recreational centre for the children of Machar Colony. It is a safe haven for the children and a space trusted by families where their children can play, learn, and grow.
Khel uses a holistic approach to child development, with a focus on addressing the individual physical, mental, and emotional needs of children.
History and Evolution of Khel
In 2015, a rundown shrimp peeling factory was turned into Machar Colony’s first recreational centre: Khel. As Imkaan’s flagship project, Khel has been reimagined over the years with input from the community.
With the change in attitude and behavior of the children towards learning, the parents and elders of the community requested Imkaan that education be a part of everyday activities at Khel.
Khel now has two areas of focus: Education and Sports/Recreation.
Khel’s education component provides children with basic literacy skills, with a focus on reading and writing in Urdu and English and mathematical abilities. Through their learning, children gain knowledge on topics related to science and the world around them, the importance of hygiene and cleanliness, and values like generosity.
At Khel, teachers don’t follow a typical structured classroom curriculum. Instead, they utilize a multi-age teaching approach where children are grouped according to their learning level rather than age. This child-centric and learner-centric approach allows for the following benefits:
- Peer to Peer Learning
- Cross Age Interactions
- Continuous Reinforcement
There are no letter grades assigned at Khel, nor are children compared to one another. As a result, children can focus on learning and are more likely to cooperate than compete. A spirit of cooperation and caring makes it possible for children to help each other as individuals and not see each other as competitors.
The need for an informal educational setting like Khel is dire in Machar Colony due to the inability of stateless children to access mainstream schooling. Those children who possess the required identity documents and the financial means to attend private or government schools are supported by Khel teachers in bringing up their literacy and education levels to the standards set by schools.
Khel’s Accomplishments in Education
- Approximately 60 new children are enrolled in Khel every year, with a total of 140 children, including returning children, in 2022- 2023
- Over 60 children from Khel have successfully transitioned into the mainstream education system. Children who did not know how to read or write prior to coming to Khel have passed entrance tests for admission into Grades 1, 3, and 9.
- 226 children from the host community (non-stateless children) successfully transitioned to mainstream education after only a year at Khel.
- 476 children (combination of stateless and non-stateless children) have been registered in Khel’s education component since its launch.
- Khel has developed a strong relationship with parents based on a foundation of trust, which has helped reinforce the importance of education especially for girls.
For more information download brochure
Khel’s sports and recreation program focuses on the following:
- Skill development
- Physical exercise
- Character development
- Building positive self-esteem
- Learning to respect rules, coaches, team colleagues, and opponents
Khel’s Accomplishments in Sports/Recreation
Children at Khel have excelled at gymnastics and table tennis in particular, with achievements in cheerleading as well. Khel has qualified coaches who have coached both boys and girls to form teams that participate in local and regional games.
The girls’ gymnastics team of 7 have participated in 9 inter-school level games and have won several championships and medals including best team, best gymnast, all-around, vault, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise. Out of the 7 girls, 3 have gone onto become Gold Medalists in the Sindh Gymnastics Team.
Although the children at Khel have developed into fine athletes, they are limited in their ability to further their athletic aspirations due to statelessness and a lack of identity documents. The COVID-19 pandemic provided a rare opportunity to the gymnastics team to participate in international events online. These events included the Gensan International Competition in which Khel gymnasts Umme Kulsoom and Anwara won gold, silver, and bronze medals for competitions in Olympic-level games, and the International Cheerleading Festival organized by Russia in which the Khel team achieved First Position in the Junior Category.
The table tennis program was created for the older children of the community who were looking for extracurricular activities after school and madrassah. Table tennis is taught at Khel to children ages 7 and up. The Khel boys team has been participating in inter-school level games and has been a runner-up in all games after two years of dedicated practice and the girls team have won two championships. The team continues to learn and develop their skills with enthusiasm.
From Athletes to Child Rights Defenders
Article 1 of the UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders states that “everyone has the right, individually and in association with others, to promote and to strive for the protection and realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms at the national and international levels”.
By participating in professional sports in various local, national, and international platforms and through capacity building efforts by Imkaan, Khel’s gymnastics and table tennis teams have been empowered to come forward as Child Rights Defenders, bringing their stories and their struggles as stateless children to the forefront in the fight for their rights and the rights of other stateless children.
The children have advocated for their community through a number of media campaigns and have facilitated media coverage of their community’s plight as stateless individuals with no opportunities to grow. With an understanding of their role as Child Rights Defenders, the children are able to offer recommendations on what needs to happen to protect and promote their human rights in hopes of influencing decision makers at the national level and contributing to the strengthening of the international human rights framework.
For more information download brochure | <urn:uuid:c7f159da-d9a4-4cfe-8a3d-c935d87f7910> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://imkaan.org/education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506399.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922102329-20230922132329-00509.warc.gz | en | 0.966617 | 1,511 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Population growth world wide is projected to increase by 3 billion between 2010 and 2050. As more people migrate into urban centers, access to food will become more critical to sustaining diverse livelihoods. How should the international community prioritize solutions to food security?
The Hague Institute will coordinate an agenda to explore the role of cities with regards to the Right to Food. This initiative, in partnership with the City of The Hague, follows a successful event in Milan, Italy which explored the challenges facing global hunger and access to food.
Below is an overview which concerns The Hague Institute’s work examining the relationship between food security and international peace and justice.
Listen to former U.S. Secretary of State and Hague Institute Chair Madeleine K. Albright discuss the importance of food security below, followed by Mayor Jozias van Aartsen of The Hague and a number of other leading experts in the field. The City of The Hague is playing an important role in the advancement of the Right to Food framework.
News and Commentary
The Right to Food: International Peace and Justice and the Role of Cities | 24 September 2015
The Hague Institute convened a roundtable dialogue in Milan on ‘The Right to Food’, in partnership with the City of The Hague, as part of the Milan Expo 2015. The aim of this high-level event is to determine whether a concrete agenda can be developed for realizing the Right to Food in the context of international peace and justice, with a special focus on the role of cities. The dialogue, which was chaired by Dr. Abi Williams, consisted of presentations from leading experts and discussion with more than 30 participants, with input from recorded interviews with 15 senior political leaders and policy makers from the Netherlands and abroad.
Starvation in North Korea: A Case of “Supreme” Responsibility? | 17 March 2014
The 2014 report published by the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea concluded an investigation into systematic, widespread and grave violations of human rights in North Korea. One particular focus of the report was on violations of the right to food and starvation. Jill Coster van Voorhout’s commentary discusses the report’s findings and poses a number of questions for the international community in addressing violations of human rights in North Korea.
Advancing the Right to Food: A Model to Emulate? | 05 November 2013
In this commentary, Georgios Kostakos analyzes how the right to food framework as it has developed in recent years offers a model for encouraging the advancement of emerging sustainable development goals. By encouraging civil society participation, enshrining rights in national legislation, as well as through pro-active compliance mechanisms and a holistic governmental approach to realization of rights, these rights can guarantee increased resilience and sustainability of communities on various scales.
Equitable Distribution of Natural Resources
Policy Brief 3 | July 2013
The Hague Institute for Global Justice convened a roundtable on the equitable distribution of natural resources with a select group of experts on 10 June 2013 in The Hague. The motivation was to understand how to prevent conflict over natural resources, which are becoming increasingly scarce as populations grow, standards of living improve, and environmental challenges, including climate change, become more acute.
The Hague Dialogue ‘The Right to Food: International Peace and Justice and the Role of Cities’ | Milan, Italy – 24 September 2015
On 24 September the City of The Hague and The Hague Institute for Global Justice organized a roundtable, The Hague Dialogue ‘The Right to Food: International Peace and Justice and the Role of Cities’. The aim of this roundtable was to determine whether a concrete agenda can be developed for realizing the Right to Food in the context of international peace and justice, with a special focus on the role of cities. | <urn:uuid:f9c4eb5b-1e56-463a-9286-28d8bf4f4882> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.thehagueinstituteforglobaljustice.org/latest-insights/latest-insights/news-brief/spotlight-on-the-right-to-food/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120001.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00290-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928635 | 772 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Submitted to: Book Chapter
Publication Type: Book / Chapter
Publication Acceptance Date: December 5, 2005
Publication Date: July 1, 2006
Citation: Bestelmeyer, B.T., Brown, J.R., Havstad, K.M., Fredrickson, E.L. 2006. A holistic view of an arid ecosystem: a synthesis of research and its applications. In: Havstad, K.M., Huenneke, L.F., Schlesinger, W.H., editors. Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem. The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 354-368. Interpretive Summary: The book chapter reviews and synthesizes Jornada LTER research to date.
Technical Abstract: A primary objective of the Jornada Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program has been to provide a broad view of desert grassland ecology. Early architects of the LTER program felt that existing ecological datasets were usually of too short a duration and represented too few ecosystem components to provide a foundation for predicting dynamics in response to disturbances (NSF 1979). This recognition gave rise to the LTER approach—using long-term and multidisciplinary research at particular places to advance a holistic and broad-scale, but also mechanistic, view of ecological dynamics. Such a view is essential to applying ecological research to natural resources management (Golley 1993; Li 2000). In this synthesis chapter we ask: What has this approach taught us about the structure and function of a desert grassland ecosystem? How should this knowledge change the way we manage arid ecosystems? What gaps in our knowledge still exist and why? | <urn:uuid:5a4c5085-6fa9-41fc-9e82-8e8027f3c552> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=172322 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375635143.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627032715-00146-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.851912 | 361 | 2.53125 | 3 |
ReadWriteThink has a variety of resources for out-of-school use. Visit our Parent & Afterschool Resources section to learn more.
Episode 68 — Nonfiction Roundup
|Grades||6 – 12|
|Podcast Series||Text Messages: Recommendations for Adolescent Readers
See all episodes in this series
|Original Air Date||Published November 18, 2013|
Music in this podcast is courtesy of Scott Andrew.
With each annual crop of new nonfiction, teens have the opportunity to discover and explore new disciplinary worlds. Tune in to hear about an array of recently-published nonfiction titles that will engage teens in learning about history, science, economics, and medicine. You’ll hear about junk food and advertising, the atomic bomb and civil rights, bird watching and volcanoes – books written in a variety of formats for a variety of teen readers.
After listening to this episode, be sure to print out this list of recommended titles to take to the library or book seller.
Books featured in this episode:
- Your Food is Fooling You: How Your Brain is Hijacked by Sugar, Fat, and Salt by David A. Kessler, adapted for young readers by Richie Chevat (Roaring Brook, 2013)
- Made You Look: How Advertising Works and Why You Should Know by Shari Graydon (Annick Press, 2013)
- Economix: How our Economy Works (and Doesn’t Work) in Words and Pictures by Michael Goodwin (Abrams, 2012)
- Courage Has No Color: The True Story of the Triple Nickles, America’s First Black Paratroopers by Tanya Lee Stone (Candlewick, 2013)
- Trinity: A Graphic History of the First Atomic Bomb by Jonathan Fetter-Vorm (Hill & Wang, 2012)
- Primates: The Fearless Science of Jane Goodall, Dian Fossey, and Birute Galdikas by Jim Ottaviani & Maris Wicks (First Second, 2013)
- Look Up! Bird-Watching in Your Own Backyard by Annette LeBlanc Cate (Candlewick, 2013)
- Eruption! Volcanoes and the Science of Saving Lives by Elizabeth Rusch (Houghton Mifflin, 2013)
- Mountains Beyond Mountains: The Quest of Dr. Paul Farmer, a Man Who Would Cure the World by Tracy Kidder, adapted for young readers by Michael French (Delacorte, 2013) | <urn:uuid:7bbd36fe-e8fa-4115-b6ac-26de17a04747> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.readwritethink.org/parent-afterschool-resources/podcast-episodes/nonfiction-roundup-31063.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171463.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00152-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.834135 | 515 | 2.75 | 3 |
Some Japanese researchers did the math on the fate of the billions of tons of rocks and water that were tossed into space when Earth was hit by an asteroid 65M years ago. It turns out that much of that material probably bore life, and it wound up not just on the Moon, but also on on Mars and the moons of Jupiter and Saturn. Some of the ejecta (about 1,000 rocks) would have even wound up on an Earth-like planet orbiting a red dwarf star, located 20 light years away. This math tells us that life would only have needed to evolve at 25 sites throughout the Milky Way for these sorts of spores from those planets to have seeded the entire galaxy with life. →
It’s been hypothesized that pesticides are the source of the global collapse of bee populations, but there had been no controlled experiments demonstrating correlation. A French government group performed just such an experiment and found that, indeed, colonies exposed to low levels of imidacloprid (a common, Bayer-developed insecticide) failed to thrive. They were 100–200% more likely to die while away from their nests, possibly because imidacloprid damages their ability to navigate back. →
- ThinkProgress: The Conservative Recovery Teeters Into Recession
17,000 new jobs were created by the private sector last month. 17,000 jobs were eliminated by the public sector last month. Bummed by last month's flatlining of job growth? Thank a congressman.
- New York Times: Rep. Shelley Berkley’s Cause Is Often Her Husband’s Gain
She's a strong supporter of (admittedly much-needed) better funding of kidney-care facilities. He's making a fortune on it as a nephrologist. If you ask her, it's just the darnedest coincidence. If you ask an ethicist, it's just plain wrong.
- List of Virginia Caves
The most extensive cave system in Virginia is Butler-Sinking Creek, in Bath County, at seventeen miles of total passages. The deepest is 786 feet—that's measured from the highest point to the lowest point—at Burns Cave, in Highland County. That's more than half again as deep as Virginia's tallest building is tall, the 38-story Westin Virginia Beach Town Center
- Wall Street Journal: Waffle House Index Measures Hurricane Recovery
Their approach to disaster recovery is impressive. People have to eat, Waffle House wants to make money—everybody wins.
- Wikipedia: Bunyip
There's a widespread Australian Aboriginal belief in the "bunyip," a terrifying, water-dwelling mythological creature. It's theorized that these stories arose from occasional discoveries of fossilized bones from any of the many enormous prehistoric marsupials that could be found wandering around Australia until about 40,000 years ago.
- New York Times: Where Pay for Chief Executives Tops the Company Tax Burden
A study of the Fortune 100 has found that at least 25 of them paid their CEO more last year than they paid in federal taxes. eBay, Boeing, GE, and Verizon all made the list. This makes it rather difficult to takes seriously claims of excessive taxation of major U.S. businesses.
- IBM Many Bills: A Visual Bill Explorer
IBM is doing some really interesting work with legislation here. In my own work on Richmond Sunlight, I've long treated the text of the bill as a black box, doing very little with the text of bills. IBM demonstrates here that there's actually some valuable data to be gleaned from the actual words within the bill. Their interface is lousy—the site is hard to use—by I really admire their original thinking.
- Think Progress: In Washington, You Don’t Need To Know Anything About Policy To Be a Senator Or Chair Important Commissions
Former Senator Alan Simpson knows disturbingly little about Social Security and, indeed, history and math, especially for the guy who is the co-chair of the President Obama's budget commission.
- Wikispecies: Free Species Directory
From the Wikimedia foundation, Wikispecies is like Wikipedia, but for species. One entry for every species. They're up to 265,369 articles.
- Wall Street Journal: Grandparents and Grandkids Connect Via Facebook, Twitter and Texting
My grandfather kept up with his grandchildren—and we kept up with him—via Facebook until shortly before his death last year. My grandmother had photos and status updates cherry-picked from Facebook and e-mailed to her—delivered via her HP Presto e-mail printer—until her death last month. Of course, the ability to assign grandparents (and grandchildren) to a specific group to limit access is helpful, too—kids need not share everything with their elders.
- Virginian Pilot: Large alligator spotted near NC-VA state line
Global climate change means alligators are marching northward, clear to Virginia. Ken Cuccinelli should go for a swim in the Pasquotank River with seven feet of global warming hoax.
- The Washington Post: The shocking truth about the birthplace of Obama’s policies
Ezra Klein's sensationalist headline aside, it's a fact that the president's agenda is substantially consistent with standard Republican positions in the early nineties. Cap-and-trade, an individual mandate for healthcare, and mixing tax increases and spending cuts for deficit reduction—all sensible conservative positions that Republican leaders are hysterically insisting are the stuff of communism. Conservatives eager to pretend that Obama is a "socialist" or a "Marxist" have tacked so far to the right—giving the president a wide berth—that they're left with Donald Freaking Trump as the most likely get to the the Republican nomination.
- Future Journalism Project: Who Pays Teachers Best for their Time?
A ranking, by country, of how much teachers work and their salary. Teachers in the United States work more than in any other ranked nation, but are paid the fifth-lowest amount.
- Politico: Half of Iowa Republicans don’t believe Barack Obama was born in U.S.
Another quarter simply aren't sure. Iowa Republicans must be some of the dumbest people on Earth.
- Rubular: A Ruby regular expression editor and tester
Enter a regular expression and a test string, and it evaluates the results. Marvelously useful.
- Reuters: Swedish spruce may be world’s oldest living tree
A cluster of Norway spruces on the Swedish border are 8,000 years old. That was the beginning of the Copper Age, before the Sahara existed, when England was connected to Europe with a land bridge, and just before wine was invented.
- Guardian: Honeybees ‘entomb’ hives to protect against pesticides, say scientists
Bees are awesome.
- New York Times: More Physicians Say No to Endless Workdays
I'm glad to see that more doctors are ditching the habit of working endless hours. Though I appreciate that a small-town doctor or a specialist has an obligation to always be available, it's great that doctors who have a choice are working 40-hour weeks. The inventor of the residency program wrote of a doctor's obligations: "What about the wife and babies if you have them? Leave them." Enough of that.
- Good: Scientist Beloved by Climate Deniers Pulls Rug Out from Their Argument
A climate change doubter funded by the Koch brothers presented a report to Congress on climate change the other day. He intended to expose existing global temperature data as inaccurate. And, after a bunch of research he discovered that…climatologists are absolutely correct. AWK-ward.
- Discover: Sex, Ys, and Platypuses
Instead of the XY/XX chromosomes that most mammals have, the platypus has a much more complicated sex chromosomes: five pairs instead of one. The male platypus is XYXYXYXYXY. That's the biggest number of sex chromosomes of any vertebrate. Man, platypus is weird. And so are the others.
- Christian Science Monitor: Pepsi bottles—no more plastic
PepsiCo is testing out a plant-based plastic bottle, with the intention of converting all of their bottles from the now-standard polyethylene terephthalate. Coca-Cola says they're doing the same thing. What I'd like to know is whether this material will biodegrade, or if it can be composted. I hope that, at least, it can be recycled, although I'm dubious of municipalities' ability to add a new class of recycling to their systems.
- New York Times: Mormon Politicians Feel Tea Party Heat at Home in Utah
"'On a good day, he’s a socialist,' said Darcy Van Orden, a co-founder of Utah Rising, a clearinghouse group, referring to Mr. Huntsman. 'On a bad day, he’s a communist.'" That's a leader of Utah's radical conservative movement describing Jon Huntsman, the state's former Republican governor.
- Science Daily: Eastern cougar is extinct, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service concludes
Well, that sucks. They figure it's been extinct since the 1930s. This isn't to say that cougars don't still exist in the eastern U.S., just that the rare specimens are not, in fact, of the eastern cougar species.
- Data Center Knowledge: Congressman Defeats IBM’s Watson in Jeopardy
If a congressman is going to defeat Watson, it's Rep. Rush Holt. He's an honest-to-God rocket scientist and, in fact, one-time Jeopardy champ.
- UX Movement: Why Hover Menus Do Users More Harm Than Good
This is a compelling argument for eschewing hover-based multi-level website menus with click-based menus. I use a hover-based menu on Richmond Sunlight, and I now suspect that's a mistake. | <urn:uuid:bced4fd8-4354-4717-ae96-4d2cd735e87a> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://waldo.jaquith.org/blog/tag/nature/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211167.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816191550-20180816211550-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.946217 | 2,072 | 3.140625 | 3 |
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Loperamide for diarrhoea
Loperamide for diarrhoea
This leaflet is about the use of loperamide for diarrhoea.
This leaflet has been written specifically for parents and carers about the use of this medicine in children. The information may differ from that provided by the manufacturer. Please read this leaflet carefully. Keep it somewhere safe so that you can read it again.
You should only give your child loperamide if your doctor has prescribed it. If your child has diarrhoea, do not buy loperamide from the pharmacist to give to them. You must take them to see your doctor first.
Name of drug
Brand names: Imodium®, Norimode®
Why is it important for my child to take this medicine?
If your child has diarrhoea (runny poo), it is important that they drink a lot of liquid so they do not become dehydrated. Normally this is enough and they will not need any medicine. Sometimes children need to take loperamide to reduce infectious diarrhoea, especially if they have had it for a long time. If your doctor has prescribed loperamide, it is important that your child takes it to reduce their diarrhoea.
What is loperamide available as?
- Tablets: 2 mg ; these may contain small amounts of lactose
- Capsules: 2 mg; these may contain small amounts of lactose
- Liquid medicine: 1 mg in 5 mL
When should I give loperamide?
Loperamide is usually given once at the start of treatment and then after each loose stool (diarrhoea) up to four times in a day, until the diarrhoea is better. It should not be taken more often than every 3 hours or for longer than 2 days.
If your child still has diarrhoea after 2 days take them back to your doctor.
How much should I give?
Your doctor will work out the amount of loperamide (the dose) that is right for your child. The dose will be shown on the medicine label.
The dose at the start of treatment is usually higher than the doses after each loose stool (diarrhoea).
It is important that you follow your doctor’s instructions about how much to give.
How should I give it?
Tablets should be swallowed with a glass of water, milk or juice. Your child should not chew the tablet.
Capsules should be swallowed with a glass of water, milk or juice. Your child should not chew the capsule.
Liquid medicine: Measure out the right amount using an oral syringe or medicine spoon. You can get these from your pharmacist. Do not use a kitchen teaspoon as it will not give the right amount.
When should the medicine start working?
The medicine should start working straight away and your child’s diarrhoea should get better in a few hours.
What if my child is sick (vomits)?
- If your child is sick less than 30 minutes after having a dose of loperamide, give them the same dose again.
- If your child is sick more than 30 minutes after having a dose of loperamide, you do not need to give them another dose. Wait until the next episode of diarrhoea.
What if I forget to give it?
Give the missed dose next time your child has a loose stool (diarrhoea).
What if I give too much?
You are unlikely to do harm if you give an extra dose of loperamide by mistake. If you concerned that you may have given too much, contact your doctor or NHS Direct (0845 4647 in England and Wales; 08454 24 24 24 in Scotland). Have the medicine or packaging with you if you telephone for advice.
Are there any possible side-effects?
We use medicines to make our children better, but sometimes they have other effects that we don’t want (side-effects).
Your child is unlikely to get side-effects with loperamide. Any side-effects that do occur are likely to be mild and will go away when you stop giving the medicine. If you are worried contact your doctor.
- Your child may develop itchiness or a rash.
- Your child may have a dry mouth or feel tired.
- Your child may have stomach pain, bloating or wind, or feel sick (nausea) or be sick (vomit). They may have constipation (difficulty doing a poo) for a few days after stopping the medicine or find it difficult to pass urine (do a wee).
There may, sometimes, be other side-effects that are not listed above. If you notice anything unusual and are concerned, contact your doctor.
Can other medicines be given at the same time as loperamide?
- You can give your child medicines that contain paracetamol or ibuprofen, unless your doctor has told you not to.
- Check with your doctor or pharmacist before giving any other medicines to your child. This includes herbal or complementary medicines.
Is there anything else I need to know about this medicine?
Loperamide should not normally be given for more than 2 days. If your child’s diarrhoea is not better after 2 days, contact your doctor.
General advice about medicines
- If you are not sure a medicine is working, contact your doctor but continue to give the medicine as usual in the meantime. Do not give extra doses, as you may do harm.
- Only give this medicine to your child. Never give it to anyone else, even if their condition appears to be the same, as this could do harm.
- If you think someone else may have taken the medicine by accident, contact your doctor straight away
- Make sure that you always have enough medicine. Order a new prescription at least 2 weeks before you will run out.
- Make sure that the medicine you have at home has not reached the ‘best before’ or ‘use by’ date on the packaging. Give old medicines to your pharmacist to dispose of.
Where I should keep this medicine?
- Keep the medicine in a cupboard, away from heat and direct sunlight. It does not need to be kept in the fridge.
- You may need to keep liquid medicine in the fridge – check the instructions on the bottle. Make sure that the medicine doesn’t freeze.
- Make sure that children cannot see or reach the medicine.
- Keep the medicine in the container it came in.
Who to contact for more information
Your doctor or pharmacist will be able to give you more information about loperamide and about other medicines used to treat diarrhoea.
You can also get useful information from:
Version 1, February 2013. © NPPG, RCPCH and WellChild 2011, all rights reserved. Reviewed by: February 2016.
The primary source for the information in this leaflet is the British National Formulary for Children. For details on any other sources used for this leaflet, please contact us through
our website, www.medicinesforchildren.org.uk.
We take great care to make sure that the information in this leaflet is correct and up-to-date. However, medicines can be used in different ways for different patients. It is
important that you ask the advice of your doctor or pharmacist if you are not sure about something. This leaflet is about the use of these medicines in the UK, and may not apply
to other countries. The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH), the Neonatal and Paediatric Pharmacists Group (NPPG), WellChild and the contributors and
editors cannot be held responsible for the accuracy of information, omissions of information, or any actions that may be taken as a consequence of reading this leaflet. | <urn:uuid:55e68344-3c40-4b1e-90a3-900f33b74689> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.medicinesforchildren.org.uk/loperamide-diarrhoea | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668004.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114053752-20191114081752-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.929198 | 1,674 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Just how small is 'nano?' "
This question tops the list of the National Nanotechnology Initiative's website, nano.gov. There are many misconceptions surrounding nanotechnology which sounds a bit more complicated than it actually is. Really, it's the prefix that holds all the weight.
Any piece of tech or machinery that is within the range of 1 to 100 nanometers can be considered nanotechnology; to put this into perspective, a sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick. Or, another doozy: one nanometer is about as long as your fingernail grows in one second. "
So, needless to say, the nanoscale is small almost impossibly so. And while it seems quite reasonable to be able to observe things on this scale (think atoms, bacterium, etc. etc.), how would it ever be possible to create something that small that actually has a complex, real-world function?
Believe it or not, nanomanufacturing exists, and it's growing. If you're trying to understand an application for such a thing, consider the modern computer technology. Over the past decade or so, you've witnessed cellular phones change from clunky, non-expressive tools to multifaceted mini-computers. Everything is becoming smaller in this industry of technology.
The CPU, or central processing unit the foundation of your computer is likely no more than a square inch. These mini but super-powerful chips can demand mind blowing price tags and are of but one component of a completed computer. Whereas years ago, massive-scale manufacturing projects such as assembly lines of planes, trains, and automobiles took up the majority of industry in the United States, the manufacturing of increasingly smaller products such as computer components (and the many miniature tools and wires needed in their manufacture) has begun to take on a bigger role in this new manufacturing industry.
Intel, the world leader in CPU manufacturing, says, quite plainly: the smaller and more power efficient ...the better. " So, over the next few years, expect everything in computer science to shrink continually. Of course in regards to the manufacturing industry, at large what does this mean?
Probably not much. Though nanomanufacturing shares a few letters with general manufacturing, there really is no threat that one will render the other obsolete. Instead, the growth of nanotechnology may just provide another boost for manufacturing in the future. While it works with insanely small pieces of materials, nanotechnology does make use of common industry-derived raw materials such as silicon, biopolymers, and so-called nanowiring. " While the endless applications of nanotechnology are starting to come to a head in the 21 st century, we're still a long ways from reinventing the wheel. | <urn:uuid:d3f575bb-36b5-4cd4-9aaa-76e013cfe185> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://petroleumservicecompany.com/blog/nanomanufacturing-shrinking-entire-industry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500215.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205032040-20230205062040-00146.warc.gz | en | 0.952849 | 562 | 2.96875 | 3 |
1. INSTILL COMPETENCE
Most of us feel that if the child can identify mysterious, interesting and complex elements, then they are curious. However, that is not the case and it is certainly not enough. Children need to feel that they can understand the complexity of the matter that has caught their attention. We have to create opportunities for them to build skills that will enable this to happen.
One way to go about this is to give constructive feedback on their progress. Besides that, give them time to play without the pressure of not making mistakes and the fear of failure. Throw in praises when necessary.
2. TRAIN THEM TO BE FLEXIBLE
Teach your child to think and do things in a flexible manner. This can be achieved by getting them to look at things from all angles rather than thinking that there is only one way to go about things. They need to know that they can view facts from multiple perspectives and that there is never a dead end.
For example, if your child asks if human beings today are much more clever than 1,000 years ago, don’t answer yes or no. The honest answer is “it depends”. A lot of principles and things practised by people today were derived and found during ancient times.
By giving them this honest answer, it gets them to do their own research to find the answer and widen their scope of thought, along the way.
3. IMBUE CHALLENGE
Put in a regular dosage of challenge into your child’s activities. Most of the time, we choose activities that are easy for our children to do, in the name of wanting them to be in control and feel intelligent. Change that.
Assist them in choosing activities that require them to think hard and stretch their knowledge and skillset to the limit. Why not even choose a whole new activity? A new activity provides a new challenge for them as they have to learn it, practise and eventually master it.
It opens up an avenue for them to use their brains to the fullest to come up with solutions for the tasks that are involved, thus enhancing their abilities think out of the box.
WHEN THE FIVE-YEAR- OLD IS LEARNING TO JUMP ROPE AND HE TRIPS A THOUSAND TIMES, IT IS NOT FAILING REPEATEDLY – IT IS DETERMINATION
Click here to read articles regarding children. | <urn:uuid:ed67bdbc-2672-44b7-aa24-eed3fc54c7f5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.leaderonomics.com/articles/personal/how-to-raise-inquisitive-children | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572898.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817092402-20220817122402-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.967507 | 502 | 3.28125 | 3 |
10 x 10 – size of an allotted space for canopies and displays at most art fairs
1920 @ 300dpi – the size of an image most often used in online application processes
be-backs – a term used by artists about visitors to their booths that leave with the phrase “I’ll be back”. It’s a very common parting comment and the people almost never return.
booth sitter – a helper, usually supplied by the fair producers, often a volunteer, that fills in at an artist’s booth so they can take a break.
booth shot – a photograph of an artist’s booth as it would appear at a show. Many art fairs require a booth shot for jurying purposes.
buy-sell – work that has been purchased from another source, usually from a factory outside of the United States, and presented as handmade by the seller.
card collector – a person at a show that goes from booth to booth collecting business cards, often to generate a mailing list for a new show, but sometimes children who just want pictures of artists’ work
crafter – a person who makes work by their own hand, but usually pieces that are not considered fine craft
dolly-in – moving a display and work to a booth location by hand truck rather than driving up.
loosely juried – a pejorative term meaning that the work at a show is poor.
originals – work that is conceived and hand made by the artist
prints – there is a great deal of confusion about this term. An original print is one that the artist alone has made the image in or upon a plate, stone, wood block, silk screen or other material for the primary purpose of creating a work of graphic art. The impression (print) is made directly from that original material by the artist or under his or her directions. (The image doesn’t exist unless it is printed) The term ‘print’ is sometimes used to denote any multiple image thereby muddying the understanding between and original print and a reproduction.
repros (reproductions) – If a work of art already exists (as a painting, watercolor, drawing, photograph, or whatever) and a copy is made, that copy is a second generation or reproductive image; a reproduction.
set up – putting up a display
shit on a stick (SOS) – an art (or other) object that is mounted on a stick and is most often used as a garden ornament. They are popular, pervasive, and easily seen at art fairs because they are sometimes carried aloft by the buyer.
stroller parade – an audience at a show that is full of children (sometimes dogs) in strollers
tear down (or break down) – taking down an exhibit
vendor – a term used by clueless show promoters to denote exhibitors. Artists hate this term.
wait list – the list of people that were further down on jury scores than the accepted artists. If there are cancellations (which is common) the show invites the next available artist off this list.
Zapp (Zapplication) – an online application processor for art shows. Juried Art Services and EntryThingy are other online application services.
zombies – an audience that walks numbly by booths at a show without moving their heads to the right or left. | <urn:uuid:473f78cd-b863-492c-aa10-2468d008cf9d> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://artfairhistory.com/art-fair-glossary-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676594954.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723051723-20180723071723-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.962928 | 704 | 2.640625 | 3 |
- Featured Partners
German businesses have a problem. For those active during the ’30s and ’40s lucky enough to have remained in business today, there inevitably comes a time when one important question must be asked: what did we do while the Nazis were in power?
For many, it’s an uncomfortable history lesson on the actions of their founders during Hitler’s regime. Deutsche Bank, one of the largest financial institutions in the world, dismissed its Jewish members and loaned the money that paid for the construction of Auschwitz. Hugo Boss, founder of the designer brand that carries his name, was a member of the Nazi party who designed the uniforms worn by Nazi soldiers and Hitler Youth members. The Quandt family, a majority shareholder in BMW, revealed that their factories employed an estimated 50,000 slave laborers from concentration camps, while the family profited from the takeover of Jewish-owned businesses. Ferdinand Porsche, whose car company now produces some of the world’s most revered sports cars, helped create the “people’s car” – or Volkswagen – which later became the Beetle. He reached the rank of SS-Oberführer (senior leader) and used the Volkswagen production facilities to manufacture military vehicles for the Nazis.
Several of the above companies commissioned their own investigations to examine the extent of their involvement in the Nazi regime, and in 1999 a landmark $5.2 billion settlement fund was established by the German government and German companies including BMW, Daimler (which owns Mercedes Benz), Deutsche Bank, Siemens and Volkswagen to compensate those who were subjected to forced labor under Nazi rule.
Now, it’s Audi’s turn to delve into its past. It has released the findings of a study into the Nazi affiliations of Auto Union, the automotive conglomeration which was incorporated into the Volkswagen family and merged with NSU to form the Audi NSU Auto Union – later shortened to just Audi. Audi also examined Dr. Richard Bruhn, installed as chairman of the Auto Union, a merger of four separate manufacturers, in 1932. Unfortunately, the results of Audi’s findings, documented by the manufacturer’s lead historian Martin Kukowski and historian Rudolf Boch from the University of Chemnitz, are pretty damning. “There can be no discussion about the closeness of Auto Union to [the Nazis],” the findings authors state. They continued, adding that the Auto Union and Richard Bruhn had been “firmly ensnared in the National Socialist regime.”
As chairman of Auto Union, Bruhn oversaw the use of more than 3,700 forced labor workers, drafted from concentration camps, while an additional 16,500 forced labor workers not interred in camps were also used in Auto Unions various factories. Towards the end of the war, Bruhn demanded even more forced labor workers, with Auto Union expecting its workforce to grow to 50,000. The increasing demands of the war effort, and the realization that Germany was not going to win, prevented further expansion, but by the end of the war one-third of Auto Union’s workforce was drawn from forced labor.
At Flossenbürg concentration camp, a sub-camp was established for Auto Union to use those imprisoned in the camps as forced labor to help construct tank engines. Unlike Oskar Schindler, the inspiration for Schindler’s List, who used his factory to shield Jewish workers from concentration camps, Bruhn and the Auto Union were shown to have “moral responsibility” for 4,500 workers killed at Flossenbürg. By comparison, Opel, another German automaker, operated throughout the duration of the Third Reich with negligible amounts of forced labor.
Bruhn himself was found to have close ties to the Nazi party. He was appointed a Wehrwirtschaftsführer, a title given to executives of companies considered important for the production of war materials. It also granted permission to circumvent employment laws with regards workers and employees so as to ensure production. The Auto Union was considered to be firmly embedded in the Nazi regime, while Bruhn, who became a member of the Nazi Party in 1933, met with Hitler and Albert Speer during his time as Chairman.
At the end of the war, Auto Union was liquidated and Bruhn was interned by British forces. He was subjected to denazification, where he accepted the responsibility for employing prisoners of war, but was released and allowed to move to Ingolstadt – the current home of Audi. Bruhn revived the Auto Union group in 1949, and was later awarded the West Germany Grand Cross of Merit in 1953 for his work at the company and his service to the nation. He successfully hid the extent of his collaboration with the Nazi party until his death in 1964.
The revelations surrounding Bruhn and the Auto Union’s use of forced labor forced Audi and the city of Ingolstadt to rethink the man branded on various parts of the company’s various global websites as someone who “guided the company with great competence” and enjoyed a high reputation post-war. “I’m very shocked by the scale of the involvement of the former Auto Union leadership in the system of forced and slave labor,” said Audi Works Council Leader Peter Mosch. “I was not aware of the extent.” Furthermore, the company was examining all products that bore his name – such as the Dr. Richard Bruhn pension fund. Ingolstadt’s mayor, Christian Lösel, told Wirtschafts Woche that the city is considering renaming Bruhnstraße, named for Bruhn.
For Audi, though, any fears that descendants of those harmed by Auto Union’s policy of using forced labor could sue the company for restitution will be allayed by its parent company Volkswagen Group. As one of the companies that helped establish the $5.2 billion compensation fund – and given Audi was (and is) a subsidiary of the brand – any claims against Audi can be directed there. In terms of brand reputation, though, it will be of little compensation to Audi, which hailed Bruhn as the “Father of the Auto Union.” As it transpires, our parents can keep even the darkest of secrets from us.
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Our daily emails are personally curated by our editors and feature a wide range of news, features, reviews and interviews. Don't miss out on any of our award-winning content -- from news to arts, cars to tech, food to fitness, we've got it all! | <urn:uuid:6a747230-4c48-48a1-9c43-0ff7c0d0c298> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.metroweekly.com/2014/06/family-secrets-audis-nazi-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00057-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971694 | 1,424 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Freshwater Fish Must Not Only Find, But Often Fight for Food
Table of Contents
Although schools work mostly to defeat predators, the combined senses of many individuals in the group also prove to be excellent at locating food patches in their environment. The result is that fish in schools find food a great deal faster than if they were hunting alone. And there are other benefits to schooling. For example, fish in traveling schools also save considerable amounts of energy by swimming in the slipstream of leading fish. But set against all these advantages, there is one major cost: competition. Fish in schools live among their greatest competitors. Although schools are good at locating food, there is rarely enough to go around for all the school members, and this means that all but the most dominant are left hungry. This can be a significant cost and, as a result, fish must weigh the pros and cons of schooling according to the situation.
How do fish decide when to school and when to go it alone?
In each situation they experience, schooling fish are fairly well able to assess the risks. If danger is lurking, fish very seldom actively choose to leave the safety of the school. If a situation does not appear to be especially risky, and if they are hungry, fish may venture away from the group to try to find some food for themselves. A great deal of research has been done on the habitats occupied by guppies in their home streams of Trinidad in the Caribbean. Some of these streams are also home to pike cichlids and blue acaras, which like nothing more than to feast on the small livebearers. In such streams the guppies form extremely tight, cohesive schools as a defensive measure. Other populations of guppies that live free from the depredations of the cichlids have all but abandoned schooling behavior.
How can fish get an advantage over their schoolmates in the scramble for food?
To find food, schooling fish can either seek it out for themselves or keep a very close eye on the other fish in the school. If they detect that another fish has found a food patch, they will often home in and stake their claim to a share. This kind of exploitation of others is sometimes referred to as “informational parasitism.” And it is not just members of the school that look out for feeding fish; predators keep close tabs on them as well and often concentrate their attacks on the feeders who may be far less vigilant because they are distracted by their feeding.
Do schooling fish ever become aggressive with each other?
Schooling would be a poor strategy if the fish in a group spent all their time fighting. As a result schooling fish are usually extremely peaceable. But this apparent harmony can occasionally vanish. If a school comes across a rich and concentrated food source, it is a case of every fish for itself. Zebra danios are among the least aggressive of all community fish, but studies have shown that their peaceful nature can be easily disrupted when there is a scramble for food. Slow-motion film shows that they nip, block, and charge one another as they try to obtain the greatest possible share for themselves. | <urn:uuid:ba075949-ccdd-4034-8006-b15b5cf2cac7> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://infolific.com/pets/fish-in-the-wild/finding-and-fighting-for-food/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257650993.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324190917-20180324210917-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.976528 | 645 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Most people are familiar with wheat as a grain to be avoided or a grain that is in the white flour they pick up at the grocery store. Many even are aware that whole wheat is an option that is understood to be healthier because it still contains the bran of the wheat kernel.
I am here to tell you that modern wheat is just one of many different family members, some of which are worth exploring. Some of the varieties of ancient wheat are making a comeback today. They include emmer, einkorn, and farro and are considered heritage grains.
Einkorn was cultivated in what is now known as Iraq. It is thought to be one of the oldest grains that is still available in the world today.
Einkorn does not contain the 33 strand peptides that are a problem for those with celiacs disease and although it is still not recommended for celiacs it may be okay for those with more mild gluten intolerance. It is good to add to breads and baked goods but will be very sticky unless put with some other types of flour.
Emmer is is understood to be what the ancient Mesopotamians grew and used. It is popular in Italy and is known as farro there and it is used in pastas and risottos. It has many healthy proteins in it and makes a nicer, softer dough than Einkorn.
Spelt is more commonly known and used than the other wheat family members listed here. It is known to be lower in gluten, probably because it is closer to its ancient form than most modern wheat. It may be closer to the older forms because in the last century it was mostly used for animal feed.
Again many with gluten intolerance do not seem to be bothered by spelt grains. Spelt has more protein and fat than modern wheat and so makes for a heavier product.
Kamut is another ancient relative of wheat, also of Egyptian heritage. It has not been crossbred so again more easy to use for many people. It is considered to be higher in gluten than the other ancient grains but still it is less than modern wheat varieties . It is also high in protein.
Red Fife is a heritage grain first grown in 1842 by David Fife and his family in Ontario, Canada. There is some controversy over whether this wheat is lower in gluten content that many of the more modern wheat grown and sold these days.
Some growers claim there is a gliadin content (a protein that causes intolerance) of 35% as over against that of 80 % in more modern strains. There are also anecdotal stories of how this grain has been tolerated by those who cannot tolerate other more hybridized wheat varieties. (for more on Red Fife, read this.)
Triticale is a combination grain of rye and durum wheat and is a grain that would not occur naturally because it is a hybrid of two different grains. It was first grown in 1875 although it was not released for commercial production until 1969. It does have a lower gluten content than wheat as well as a higher protein content.
Any of these grains in the wheat family may be used in bread recipes but all of them still contain some gluten. My recommendation is that if you try any of them do it in sourdough recipes (as discussed last week.)
Latest posts by Jennifer Dages (see all)
- Nutrition of Peanuts - November 20, 2013
- Happy With Hickory Nuts - November 13, 2013
- Chestnuts Roasting On an Open Fire: All About Chestnuts - November 5, 2013 | <urn:uuid:ab6c612c-6731-461b-90b5-33ec460c6e93> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://naturalfamilytoday.com/nutrition/list-of-ancient-wheat-varieties/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510270399.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011750-00285-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979226 | 728 | 2.921875 | 3 |
How to Make a Mosaic Stained Glass Portrait
Materials and Tools:
enlarged photograph (color or black and white)
clear adhesive shelf liner
several colors and shades of opaque stained glass
diamond wheel glass grinder
black felt-tip pen
ultra-sticky clear adhesive film
piece of tile backer board (cement board)
roll of paper towels
books (for weight)
1. Tape the enlarged photograph face to a piece of mat board.
2. Cut a piece of clear adhesive film slightly larger than the photo.
3. Tape the adhesive film, sticky side up, over the photo with masking tape. The paper backing covering the adhesive film will be facing up.
4. Cut through the paper backing of the adhesive film with a craft knife. Then peel away portions of the paper backing to expose parts of the photo, starting with the face. If the entire photo is exposed, it tends to pick up dust from the room and reduce the stickiness of the adhesive.
6. Cut pieces of stained-glass strips into a variety of sizes with glass nippers. Store the pieces in plastic containers divided by colors.
7. Place the mosaic pieces on the adhesive over the photo. Use the photo as a guide to create the portrait. For some sections of the face, such as the eyes, the glass pieces will need to be ground on a glass grinder to achieve the right shape or smoothness.
9. Trim the edges of the adhesive film with a craft knife. Grab the edges and gently flip the piece over.
10. Peel away the less sticky adhesive film, leaving the glass adhered, face down, to the stickier film.
12. Mix the epoxy adhesive and trowel it onto the cement board.
13. Carefully pick up the film and the glass and put it on the cement board. Place heavy books on top to weigh it down.
14. Let the mosaic dry overnight.
16. Spread premixed grout over the tiles with a flat trowel, getting it into the cracks. With a damp sponge, wipe down the tiles to remove the excess grout.
17. Put the portrait in a picture frame. | <urn:uuid:0d0fb6fc-537e-4ec8-beb4-145a48163f76> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.hgtv.com/design/make-and-celebrate/handmade/how-to-make-a-mosaic-stained-glass-portrait | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574710.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921231814-20190922013814-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.867265 | 461 | 2.515625 | 3 |
While Jews have remained a small faith, the impact of their teachings on the
world has been profound. In particular, the Hebrew Bible has been of greater
significance than any other religious book. Both Christianity and Islam
sprang from this Jewish understanding and scripture.
Over the last 200 years the location and size of the world’s Jewish
population has been radically altered: by mass migration from Europe and
Russia in the late 19th to mid-20th century, mainly to the U.S.; by the tragedy
of the Nazi Holocaust, 1939-45 which destroyed the Jewish cultures of
Germany and Eastern Europe; and finally, by the creation of the state of
Israel. Whereas in 1800 the vast majority of Jews lived in Europe and
Russia, most Jews today are to be found in either the United States or
The state of Israel was created in 1948 as the first homeland for Jews since
the Romans crushed a rebellion against Roman rule in Israel. For centuries
before that, Jews had been living in scattered communities throughout the
Middle East. After the Romans crushed them in 70CE, Jews spread
throughout the Roman Empire. Despite terrible persecutions and
restrictions, Jews established significant communities in Spain and North
Africa, Russia, Persia (modern Iran) and even India and China.
People of Jewish origin have varying degrees of personal commitment to
Judaism or Israel. “Being a Jew” can have religious, ethnic or cultural
meaning, so the numbers cited of Jews tend to vary. In religious terms, a
Jew is someone whose mother was Jewish and who lives by the Law of
Moses and of the Torah. While many Jews with a Jewish mother would
describe themselves as Jewish, they may well not be adherents of the faith
Orthodox Jews assert the supreme authority of the Torah and believe that
Jewish laws are not open to revision. Moves away from traditional or
“orthodox observance” have given rise to Reform, Liberal, Conservative,
Reconstructionist and other forms of Judaism.
Source: Joanne O’Brien and Martin Palmer, The State of Religion Atlas, 1993.
Worldwide: Fewer than twenty million.
Sources: The World Almanac and Book of Facts,1994.
United States: There are 2,831,000 (1.3% of the U.S. population).
Source: The ARIS 2001 study.
Teaching About Religion
in support of civic pluralism | <urn:uuid:98eb31e5-30bc-4ae6-bfee-3ea2f1399ad4> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://worldvieweducation.org/backgroundjudaism.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190295.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00028-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934608 | 518 | 3.65625 | 4 |
In a field due north of Chagford off a minor road leading to the village of Drewsteignton
there stands an unusual structure consisting of a large stone slab or capstone supported by
three upright stones. This is Spinster's Rock, the best surviving example in Devon
of a neolithic burial chamber known as a dolmen or cromlech. Three stones are necessary and
sufficient to support the capstone of a dolmen, though instances of these megalithic
antiquities with more than three supports exist.
Now, as a general rule under such circumstances, three points of support, and three only,
will be found to be effective; hence any of the enclosing stones can be removed, provided
that three are left so placed that the centre of gravity of the capstone falls within the
triangle formed by their points of contact with it. [R Hansford Worth, p468]
The word dolmen is derived from the Celtic words daul, a table, and maen,
a stone. Typically dolmens were covered with earth or smaller stones to form a barrow which
in this case has weathered away, leaving only the stones of the burial mound intact. When
first mapped by archaeologists Spinster's Rock was surrounded by a number of other stones
arranged in circles and rows which may have been added after the dolmen was erected, but
these have now disappeared.
The dolmen's name derives from the legend that three spinsters had time to kill one
morning before breakfast while waiting for the jobber to call and collect the woollen cloth they had spun.
These indefatigable wool-spinners, who were not spinsters in the unmarried sense, decided to
while away the time by artfully balancing a few large stones in an upright position.
The first written account of this legend referring to Spinster's Rock was by William
Chapple who in 1778 interrupted his work on the preparation of a "correct" version of
Tristram Risdon's Survey of Devon to write a book about this antiquity.
Unfortunately he died the following year before either book was published, though the
manuscript concerning the cromlech was already in the hands of a printer. They produced an
advertisement to promote this book that referred to the supposed Druidical significance of
the dolmen; the italicised part is the book's full title:
The Description and Exegesis of a very remarkable Cromlech, hitherto preserved entire,
on Shilston Farm, in the parish of Drewsteignton, Devon: Demonstrating the surprising
accuracy of its geometric and astronomic construction; ascertaining its antiquity and
primary use; and examining how far it might become accidentally subservient to the
superstition of the Druids, and to what purposes afterwards applied by the Romans, or by
some Romanized Britons and Pagan Saxons.
There is more about Tristram Risdon and William Chapple on the Early Devon Topographers page.
Born in Ashburton in 1752, the son of surgeon Nicholas Tripe, John inherited a large
fortune on condition he changed his name to Swete. This allowed him to indulge his passion
for the countryside of his native Devon, and over the years between 1789 and 1800 he made a
series of tours across the county, writing up what he saw in 20 journals which he called
Picturesque Sketches of Devon. These were lavishly illustrated with watercolours
painted by his own hand in the style of his contemporary, the Plymouth landscape painter
The tour covered by the first journal took Swete along the eastern edge of Dartmoor, giving
him the opportunity for a detailed examination of the Drewsteignton antiquities including
Spinster's Rock. As in many of his paintings, his depiction of the dolmen included an image
of himself wearing a distinctive hat. There are no known paintings of Swete by other
artists, so this may not be a true likeness, but from his description of the cromlech he
was surely behatted at the time.
We now remounted, and after a return of half a mile, we left Drewsteignton towards the
east, and rejoined the public road we had quitted near the bridge - a ride of about two
miles brought us in sight of the famous cromlêk, which is certainly one of the most
perfect in the world - it stands in a field belonging to a farm called, (perhaps from this
curious monument) Shel-stone. The covering stone or quoit hath three supporters - it rests
on the pointed tops of the southern and western one, but that on the north side upholds it
on its inclining surface somewhat below the top; its exterior side rising several inches
higher that the inner part on which the superimpendent stone is laid: this latter supporter
is 7 feet high; indeed they are all of them of such an altitude, that I had not the least
difficulty in passing under the covering stone, erect, and with my hat on. [10, p16]
Swete expressed caution in ascribing any Druidical significance to the monument while
concurring with the Cornish antiquarian William Borlase that this dolmen was likely to have
been erected above a burial chamber, as in other instances bones have been found in the
That these monuments have been erected by the Britons there can be no doubt - how true the
conjecture may be that they were Druid altars, and of old applied to sacrificial uses, at
this remote period of time can never be well ascertained. Borlase and others who have
treated on this subject judge them to have been sepulchral monuments; and there is reason
for the supposition, inasmuch as they are often found on burrows - indeed, in Ireland, the matter hath been sufficiently
elucidated - for there (though Borlase failed in his search in Cornwall) bones were
absolutely found in the area, which some of them enclosed - it rests therefore on
probability that, to whatever other purposes it might have been applied, the use and intent
of the cromlêk - that is crooked stone, was primarily to distinguish and to do honour
to the dead... [10, p17]
This was a period when it was fashionable to interpret the standing stone antiquities of
Dartmoor as Druid monuments: Samuel Rowe in his much admired 1848 work A Perambulation of
Dartmoor gives a thorough account of the various ideas put forward on the possible
Druidical significance of the Drewsteignton cromlech by earlier writers such as Borlase,
Chapple, and Polwhele, among others [Rowe, p39-43]. Rowe accepted that its primary function
was of a sepulchral nature, but was open to the possibility of it being a Druid altar where
sacrificial offerings were made.
By the end of the 19th century, mainstream thinking had turned against the Druidical view,
and Samuel's nephew J. Brooking Rowe inserted this disclaimer in the preface to his
expanded edition of the Perambulations published in 1896:
I have made many alterations and some additions, but, although entirely disagreeing with
them, I did not feel at liberty to eliminate altogether the Druidical theories of the
author with which the first edition of the book was saturated.
Richard Polwhele [6, Vol 1, p150] gives this description of the stone rows and circles
that were once seen in the vicinity of the dolmen but have now vanished. The beginning of
this account has a striking similarity to one given earlier by Swete, who is credited in a
Devon & Cornwall Notes & Queries article as being the first to document these
latterly despoiled antiquities [8, p88-93]:
Towards the west of the cromlech I remarked several conical pillars about four foot high.
On the fourth side there are three, standing in a direct line from east to west. With
respect to columns erected on a circular plan, the number of stones erect are various. The
distance of the pillars from each other is different in different circles, but is the same,
or nearly so, in one and the same circle.
Swete's account begins:
In an adjoining field towards the west I remarked several conical pillars about four foot
high - on the southern side there are three standing in a direct line from east to west -
the distance from the more western one, to the middle one was 212 paces...
Swete and Polwhele were near neighbours and the two men of letters established a rewarding
friendship based on mutual respect; Polwhele acknowledged Swete's help in preparing the
chapter on "The Indigenous Plants of Devonshire" in his History. However, by
1796 their relationship had turned sour, ending in a public spat in the pages of the
Gentleman's Magazine, each accusing the other of plagiarism in their writings on
the Drewsteignton antiquities.
The argument became acrimonious and public through the Gentleman's Magazine and
European Magazine with Polwhele's suggestion that Swete had misappropriated his
research. Swete later wrote several letters to the editor of the Gentleman's
Magazine (e.g. The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Chronicle for the year 1796, volume
LXVI part 2, p896), reproaching him for printing the comments and argued that
Polwhele's claim of plagiarism was baseless given that Polwhele's information was derived
from his own volumes. In 1797 Polwhele was still complaining of 'Mr Swete's unhandsome
interference with my Druidical researches'. His particular objections were to Swete writing
on the Drewsteignton cromlech and the Logan Stones (in the River Teign nearby). note1
The eventually patched up their differences, but the relationship remained frosty.
Visiting Spinster's Rock, one is struck by the incongruity of such an imposing antiquity
standing in an otherwise unremarkable meadow. In the past it was arable land, and the
Victorian photographer Falcon, commenting on the location of the dolmen, dryly noted
...this, the only Devonian standing cromlech, reigns in a potato field, or haply over turnips and mangolds. Its dignity somehow survives
the contest with those strenuous vegetables; but many must needs think congruity more
important than locality, and regret the domesticity of its setting. [Falcon, p x]
After an exceptionally wet year during which the field containing it had been furrowed by
ploughing, the dolmen collapsed in January 1862. Fortunately no-one was around at the time as
the capstone is said to weigh 16 tons! Some ingenious locals were able to reinstate it using
tools of Archemedian simplicity for which they were handsomely rewarded. The adjacent image
was produced from a photograph of the fallen cromlech taken on February 21st, 1862.
Here stands, on a farm called Shilstone, the only cromlech left in Devon, which once formed
the central feature of a group of stone circles and avenues. It fell in January, 1862, and
was 'restored' in the same year. Though the 'quoit' is two feet thick, fifteen in length,
and ten in breadth, a builder and a carpenter of Chagford, by the aid of pulleys and a
screw-jack, replaced it at a cost of £20 note 2
; and thus very much reduced the vague wonder that commonly
attaches to the erection of such structures. [R.N.Worth, p324]
The re-erection of the fallen stones was possibly at the instigation of a local
antiquarian and geologist, George Wareing Ormerod, who observed the reconstruction and made
this sketch showing the wooden frame used to aid the raising of the capstone. In her
History of Chagford, Jane Hayter-Hames writes of his preoccupation with the
antiquities of the parish of Chagford:
By profession a solicitor, this enthusiastic gentleman began [to take] an interest in
Spinster's Rock, in stone circles, stone rows and other pre-Roman remains, that helped to
attract the attention of visitors. ..... When the cromlech of Spinster's Rock collapsed in
January 1862 he helped to have it raised to its original position. Indeed, he was very
disappointed that only days previously he had been unable to photograph it due to bad
weather conditions. [Hayter-Hames, p110]
Ormerod's satisfaction at the timely restoration of the dolmen was tempered by the
realisation that the supporting stones were not in their original positions after all. Though
unable to photograph the dolmen, he had made a number of camera lucida
sketches in 1858 which provided the template for the restoration work. Three of these
sketches are shown alongside note3.
The dolmen was restored in November of 1862, but the restoration does not fully reproduce
the original form; the eastern stone has been placed almost at right angles to its original
position, and the capstone, instead of resting on the top of the northern support, rests in
a notch cut in its bevelled slope. [R Hansford Worth, p468]
There had been some suggestion that the fall of the dolmen resulted from foul play, but a
meticulous examination of the surroundings afterwards convinced Ormerod that this was not
the case. He regarded the inconsistencies in the reconstruction of the dolmen as a minor
irritant. Much more serious in his eyes was the removal at an earlier date of the nearby
stone circles and rows by the Shilstone tenant farmer. Ormerod's sketch of the dolmen after
its re-erection is shown above.
A mistake has been made in the restoration of the north-easterly support, but it is not of
much importance. Although, as I consider, the then tenant of Shilston Farm was free from
blame as regards [the collapse of] the cromlech, yet he has been guilty of an act which
every antiquary will regard as one of great atrocity. Polwhele mentions certain rude stones
as there existing, but though I have carefully examined the fields in the neighbourhood of
the cromlech, I could not find a trace of them. Early in 1872 I received the following
extract from the journal of my late friend, the Rev. W. Grey: " Wednesday, 4th July, 1838.
Visited from Moreton the Druidical circles above the cromlech. The cromlech lies in a field
about 110 yards to the east. There are two concentric circles of stones, the inner circle
having entrances facing the cardinal points, that to the north being sixty-five paces in
length and five broad. The outer circle, besides these, has avenues diverging towards
north-east, south-east, south-west, and north-west. A smaller circle seems to intersect the
larger, of which the avenue eastwards is very evident." I examined the field on March 22,
1872, when the field had been recently ploughed, and not a trace remained. The circles and
had given place to the plough. On making inquiries, I found that the stones
had been removed prior to 1832; and that though the via sacra remained in 1848, the circles
had been removed [by then] note4
Rev. W. Grey provided Ormerod with this plan depicting the layout of the stone circles and
rows described above. The cromlech is marked to the east of the circles while Bradford Pool
is shown to their north-east. note5
Soon after the fall of the dolmen Ormerod visited the scene and noted that the upright
stones had been sunk no more than eighteen to twenty-four inches into the ground which was of
light granite gravel that had become sodden by recent heavy rain. He was also present during
the reconstruction and witnessed the steps taken to reduce the likelihood of another
In the course of the re-erection, the ground on which the cromlech stood was excavated, and
a pavement made of large blocks of granite which fixed the uprights firmly in their places,
and to make them more secure a hole was cut horizontally through each of the uprights, in
which a thick bar of iron was placed resting on the granite pavement, and the whole
foundation was covered with earth. note6
From Todd Gray's introduction to volume 1 of Swete's Travels in Georgian
There seems to be some uncertainty as to who actually footed the £20 bill: according
to the sources quoted on the Spinster's Rock page on legendarydartmoor.co.uk, the cost of replacing
the capstone was met by either the Reverend William Ponsford, or by a certain Mrs Bragg.
Backing for Ponsford as the benefactor is to be found in the The Modern
Antiquarian which quotes a letter stating that the work was done "by Messrs. W. Stone
& Ball, builders at Chagford, at the expense of the Rev. W. Ponsford, the Rector of
Drewsteignton." However the scholarly Victoria History of Devon says the dolmen "was replaced
by the late Mrs Bragg, of Furlong" [7, p348].
When in doubt, who better to turn to than that respected authority on Dartmoor, William
Crossing. His Guide to Dartmoor points out the division of responsibility with
The expense of this was borne by the late Mrs. Bragg, of Furlong, the owner of Shilston,
and it was superintended by the rector, the Rev. William Ponsford. [Crossing, p274]
G Wareing Ormerod published these findings and the camera lucida sketches in a paper to the
Journal of the Royal Archaeological Society, vol.29, 1872. The three sketches shown were
reproduced in Worth's Dartmoor [5, p181].
Taken from an article entitled "Drewsteignton Cromlech" by G Wareing Ormerod that appeared
in The Antiquary, Vol. 3, 1880.
According to J Brooking Rowe, the last stones of these vanished antiquities disappeared in
1865 when the few then remaining were used in the building of a farmhouse in the
neighbourhood. [Rowe, p118]
Hansford Worth scanned the literature looking in vain for corroboration of Grey's findings.
Noting Swete's late 18th century description
of these supposedly Druidical
remains, he remarks that Ormerod's plan of Grey's "discovery" shows 105 stones, far
exceeding the number in Swete's earlier account. To uphold the good name of archaeological
endeavour Worth exhorts us to dismiss Grey's elaborate but illusory schema as the product
of a fertile imagination:
It has long seemed to me that the time was overdue for someone in the interests of
archaeology, to deal in an even more summary manner with Rev. W. Grey's "discovery". There
is no evidence that prior to 9:30am on Wednesday, 4th July 1838, any person other than Grey
or his brother ever saw, or imagined that he saw, the remains which the pair conceived that
they then surveyed. And it is certain that no independent observer has since reported
having seen these remains; while it is, or should be, common knowledge that uninformed
enthusiasm can gravely over-stimulate the imagination. [Hansford Worth, p470]
An interesting in-depth review and analysis of the evidence for the existence and nature of
these remains is given in Prehistoric Dartmoor Walks
Quoted from "The fall and restoration of the Cromlech of Drewsteignton in the county of
Devon, 1862" by G Wareing Ormerod, Transactions of the Devonshire Association, Vol. 4
part2, p409-411, 1871.
A History of Devonshire by R.N. Worth, Elliot Stock, London, 1895.
Devon by W.G. Hoskins, Collins, 1954; new ed., Phillimore, 2003.
History of Chagford by Jane Hayter-Hames, Phillimore, 1981.
The Witchcraft and Folklore of Dartmoor by Ruth St.Leger-Gordon, Peninsula Press,
Worth's Dartmoor by R Hansford Worth, David & Charles, 1967. Hansford Worth
was the son of RN Worth cited in 1.
A History of Devonshire in 3 volumes by Richard Polwhele, London, 1793-1806;
facsimile reprint Kohler & Coombes, Dorking, 1977.
The Victoria History of the County of Devon volume 1, edited by William Page,
Travels in Georgian Devon: The Illustrated Journals of the Reverend John Swete,
1789-1800 in four volumes, edited by Todd Gray and Margery Rowe, Devon Books, 1997.
Swete's commentary on Spinster's Rock and the nearby antiquities cited in is found in
volume 1 of this magnificent set on pages 16-19.
Dartmoor Illustrated by T A Falcon, Exeter, 1900.
The 1792 watercolour 'Crom-lek at Drewsteignton' by Revd. John Swete is reproduced from
Volume 1 of Travels in Georgian Devon
[10, p17] by kind permission of the
copyright holders Halsgrove
, the publishers of the Devon Books imprint.
The photograph showing the Devonshire Association meeting at Spinster's Rock in 1946 is
reproduced by kind permission of the Dartmoor Archive who own the copyright of this image.
It comes from the Taylor collection held in that archive. Information about this image and
its copyright can be seen on the Dartmoor Trust | <urn:uuid:30d70f5c-4968-46d6-b7e8-4dbb5146fc74> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.devonperspectives.co.uk/spinsters_rock.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370491857.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328104722-20200328134722-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.958721 | 4,747 | 2.984375 | 3 |
MANY of us will remember being searched with a ‘nit’ comb in our younger years - but even adults can become infested with the contagious critters.
Here's everything you need to know about head lice, including the best treatment options to get rid of them.
What are head lice?
Typically, they grow up to 3mm long, making them are difficult to spot.
They can cause an itchy scalp and general discomfort as the parasites live by feeding on human blood.
Nits are particularly common in school children aged between 4-11.
But it isn’t just kids that can suffer with the itchy critters as researchers recently revealed an explosion of head lice infestations in centrally-heated, draught-free homes across the UK.
Even though head lice are largely harmless, they can live in the hair for a long time if not treated and can frustrating to deal with.
What do head lice look like?
The lice themselves tend to be very small and a whitish or grey-brown colour.
They can range in size and anywhere between the size of a pinhead to that of a sesame seed.
You may also be able to spot eggs in your hair.
These are white, brown or yellow circular shells that attach themselves to strands of the hair.
How do you treat head lice?
The lice can be frustratingly difficult to get rid of, but don’t despair, it can be done.
A variety of treatments to get rid of head lice are available to buy from pharmacies, supermarkets, as well as online and you don't usually need to visit your GP to tackle the problem.
The main treatments are:
- Lotions or sprays - While these can be very effective, certain varieties aren’t suitable for pregnant or breastfeeding women, or for kids under two
- Use a specially designed comb - This is can be done by everyone and is relatively inexpensive. However, several repetitions will be needed to do a thorough job.
If you’re not sure which method is for you, it is well worth chatting to a pharmacist who will be able to advise your best options.
How are head lice spread?
You catch head lice via direct head to head contact, where they climb from one person's hair to another's (they cannot jump, swim or fly). They are very unlikely to be spread by items such as combs, hats or pillows and are specific to people - you can't catch them from animals.
Contrary to old wive's tales, head lice have no preference for dirty or clean hair – nor short or long.
Once they have been removed from hair, head lice will usually die within 12-24 hours.
Are head lice and nits the same thing?
No. While many kids in the playground may refer to suffering with head lice as ‘having nits’, the nits are not the lice themselves.
Nits are the eggs, or more specifically egg cases, of the lice.
How can I prevent myself from catching head lice?
It is very difficult to stop the bothersome bugs from spreading.
A study found that 98% of head lice are now resistant to common treatments.
Regular combing may catch the problem early – but lotions and sprays for removing the bugs should only be used if you currently have the lice.
Avoiding head-to-head contact is your best bet. | <urn:uuid:8cb778fe-dfb1-42a5-bad7-89e7f0c62d32> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.thesun.co.uk/living/2054373/head-lice-find-eggs-signs-symptoms-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825154.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022075310-20171022095310-00167.warc.gz | en | 0.966726 | 737 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Why do students write papers? The answer is simple. In this way, they acquire the skills of independent research activity, which are also significant in a more general sense: these skills actively contribute to the development of free and independent critical thinking. Literature is precisely the area where imagination runs wild. So you can easily find the theme that suits you best. The main thing is to find a source of inspiration.
The following topics ideas for the literature projects are fascinating in terms of finding, collecting, studying, and analyzing information for writing research papers on literature. Let them be your starting point!
Compelling Topics for Literature Based Research Paper
The first thing that any college paper writing starts with is choosing a suitable topic. There is a large number of literature issues that haven’t been investigated by professional research paper writers yet. You can consider one of them in detail. What could it be? Literature issues for research include characters’ personalities in different works, peculiar characteristics of the particular literary genre or simply the life story of a famous poet or writer.
In the course of writing a paper on literature, you should move from general information to more specific things. For example, you first analyze the life of a poet. And then go on to consider one of the outstanding works of your choice and build your research on the circumstances in which it was written, what the author was experiencing at the moment of composing a piece, etc. This is a general rule that applies to all types of research.
Below you’ll find some examples of literature research paper topics for college students, namely issues from English, American, and world literature. Check them out now!
Research Paper Topics on English Literature
English literature is one of the main and most significant parts of world culture. Many works of writers and poets from Great Britain have been translated into other languages and have gained considerable popularity around the world. The origins of English literature go back to ancient times. While studying English literature, you can observe all periods of the historical development of the country and people, understand the features of their national character. Not surprisingly, English literature offers such a wide selection of research topics. Here are some outstanding ones:
- Harry Potter and social stratification
- The peculiarity of the bildungsroman genre in the works of Charles Dickens
- The image of Sherlock Holmes and his influence on world detective fiction
- The use of artificial language in the novel “The Lord of the Rings”
- The image of the young generation in E. Burgess’s “A Clockwork Orange”
Research Paper Topics on American Literature
US literature is a relatively young yet complex and diverse area of world culture. Being in line with the Western model of civilization, American literature over the past two centuries has transformed from the subtle and peripheral phenomenon into a factor that determines many of the dominants and trends of world art. Therefore, if you need an engaging topic, choose American literature:
- Stephen King’s works and the US mass literature
- American feminist literature: the genre origins
- Gender stereotypes in “Game of Thrones” by J.R.R. Martin
- The American dream and its reflection in literature
- “Fight Club” and today’s society
World Literature Research Paper Topics
The good thing about writing a paper on literature is that your topic doesn’t have to cover contemporary issues. This means that you can take as a basis both the literature of the 15th or 20th century, as well as modern works. Take a look at some ideas of topics on world literature:
- Gender issues of the novels “Anna Karenina” by L. Tolstoy and “Madame Bovary” by G. Flaubert
- Formation and development of a female rogue novel in foreign literature
- National identity as the plot of German fiction
- The theme of war in world literature
- Chivalric romance in medieval literature
Literature Research Paper Topics on Genre
You can explore not only authors and their works but also separate literary genres, their features, and development history. Get the choice of topic research paper help here:
- The main characteristics of horror as a genre of fiction.
- Traditions of the dystopian genre in Western literature.
- The basic features of the detective genre.
- The travel genre in literature.
- Limerick as a genre of English poetry.
We hope these ideas are helpful and you’ll find a topic that hits the spot or helps you come up with your own concept. | <urn:uuid:b9b6bd52-084e-48a4-893e-e61080651a4f> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.wepapers.com/topics/literature/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496667333.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113191653-20191113215653-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.931301 | 938 | 3.125 | 3 |
If you have ever downloaded large files such as movies or long sound files over a network connection, you have probably seen files with the .rar extension. Using the .rar file format, files can be archived for easy transfer and storage. While these files can't be opened in their compressed form, it is very easy to learn how to open RAR files by following a few simple steps.
1Learn the difference between compression formats. There are several different file formats that offer compression. Compression is when multiple files are packaged together into one file, or archive. Compression software packs the files so that the single archive takes up less space than the individual files. This makes transferring large quantities of files much easier.
- The most common compression formats are .zip and .rar. Windows has support for zip files built in natively; to extract .rar files, you will need special software.
2Familiarize yourself with the RAR format. A single file with a .rar extension is a compressed file (often called an "archive") that may contain 1 or many files. For example, a .rar file may contain hundreds of images compressed into a single archive. To view these files, you have to first extract or "unpack" the .rar archive.
- RAR archives can be split into multiple pieces, or volumes, when the original archive is too large. Each of these pieces can be transferred individually, and then are reassembled by the compression program. RAR archives with multiple volumes typically have the extensions "file.part1.rar," "file.part2.rar," etc. or "file.rar," "file.r01," "file.r02," etc.
Opening a .rar Archive
1Download and install a compression software application. Compression software allows you to extract RAR archives into their original, usable forms. No operating system has built-in support for unpacking RAR files, so you will need to download a third-party application.
- While there are a variety of free options for extracting files from a .rar archive, the only way to create a .rar archive is by purchasing a commercial program.
2Extract the RAR file. Once you have compression software installed, you can extract the archive. To do this, either double-click on the .rar file or right-click on it and choose your compression application from the context menu. Your compression program will ask you where you want to save the unpacked files.
- Many compression programs allow you to quickly extract an archive to the current folder through the right-click menu.
- You may be prompted for a password if the original owner added a password during the compression process.
3Open the extracted files. The default location for extracting a .rar file is into the folder that it is located in. Usually it will create a new folder with the name of the .rar file, unless you specified differently when you opened the .rar. After unpacking, you can safely delete the original .rar archive.
Opening a Multi-Volume .rar Archive
1Open the folder with the RAR files. To open these files, you must have all the parts. If you are missing even 1, your compression software will not be able to recover the original file.
2Double-click on the first file in the archive. This will open the extraction window as if you were extracting a single file. As long as all of the pieces are in the same folder, you just need to hit Extract or Unpack once and the rest will occur automatically.
- If one of the files is not located in the same folder, your software will ask you for the location of the missing file when it comes to it in the queue.
- When the files are extracted, they will automatically be pieced back together into the original file(s) or folder(s).
3Open the extracted files. After unpacking, you can safely delete the original .rar archives.
How do I use Winrar for a zip file?wikiHow ContributorOnce Winrar is installed, any .zip or .rar file will be recognized, so all you have to do is right click on the file and select the applicable option.
What happens to .rar files after a few years? I downloaded some files and now they are all corrupt.wikiHow ContributorNothing should happen under normal conditions. If you have a magnetic hard drive, it might have bad sectors.
- If you have any trouble with handling .rar files, consider compressing files in a different format. Zip files (archives with a .zip extension) are much more common and enjoy wider software support.
Things You'll Need
- Free file compression software
Categories: File Manipulation
In other languages:
Español: abrir los archivos rar, Português: Visualizar Arquivos RAR, Deutsch: RAR Dateien betrachten, Italiano: Aprire un File RAR, Русский: открыть .RAR архивы, 中文: 打开RAR压缩文件, Nederlands: Rar bestanden uitpakken, Français: ouvrir des fichiers RAR, Bahasa Indonesia: Membuka Berkas RAR, العربية: فتح ملفات RAR, हिन्दी: RAR फाइल खोलें, Čeština: Jak otevírat soubory s příponou RAR, ไทย: เปิดไฟล์ RAR, Tiếng Việt: Mở Tập tin RAR, 한국어: RAR 파일 압축 푸는 법
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 162,362 times. | <urn:uuid:de08f5f4-b51a-4914-9483-f49a95337962> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.wikihow.com/Open-RAR-Files | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982296721.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195816-00054-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.877711 | 1,309 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Why Is Homelessness A Community Problem
Homelessness is a multifaceted issue that poses challenges to the well-being and dignity of homeless individuals and society at large. Homeless people are often confronted with physical, mental, and emotional hardships due to deprivation of basic needs, such as sanitation, food, and healthcare. The problem also carries significant economic and social costs, resulting in increased public spending, crime, and environmental degradation. It is critical that urgent and comprehensive measures are taken to address homelessness and find sustainable solutions to the issue.
How does homelessness affect society?
Homelessness is a complex social problem that has far-reaching impacts on society. Despite not personally experiencing it, it concerns everyone. The effects of homelessness on society are significant and manifold. To name a few, it can strain public resources, increase crime rates, and impact public health. Overall, homelessness is an issue that we all need to address and acknowledge the impact it has on our communities.
Can homelessness be solved?
Community Solutions, led by social entrepreneur Rosanne Haggerty, is addressing the issue of homelessness across the United States through collaboration and innovative strategies. By bringing together 100 cities and counties, Community Solutions is working towards a solution that goes beyond temporary fixes and achieves substantial, enduring change. Through the use of new tools and habits, the organization aims to achieve radically better outcomes in its efforts to solve one of society's most pressing challenges.
What is a Homelessness program & how does it work?
The effects of homelessness are varied and far-reaching, impacting not only the individuals experiencing homelessness, but also the broader communities in which they live. Homelessness can have a negative impact on physical and mental health, employment opportunities, education, and social relationships. It can also strain public resources and increase crime rates. Addressing homelessness through affordable housing and case management services can help mitigate these effects and support individuals in achieving stability and independence.
Why do homeless people get a house of their own?
According to the former US Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Shaun Donovan, providing homeless individuals with housing can significantly reduce homelessness. In fact, statistics indicate that homelessness decreased by 60% once individuals received housing. This reduction allows individuals to focus on finding work and reduces their reliance on welfare assistance. Homelessness is a major issue that affects society, and providing affordable housing is one of the most effective ways to combat it.
What are the top 5 Reasons for homelessness?
According to the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act, lack of affordable housing, unemployment, poverty, mental illness, and substance abuse are the top causes of homelessness among unaccompanied individuals. The Act outlines the government's responsibility to provide aid and resources to homeless individuals and to work towards preventing homelessness in the future. The Salvation Army, among other organizations, provides services to assist homeless individuals in securing stable housing and addressing underlying issues such as employment, mental health, and substance abuse.
What would be the best approach to amerliorating homelessness?
The National Alliance to End Homelessness proposes that the ultimate solution to homelessness is housing. Rapid re-housing is one approach that aims to swiftly connect individuals with housing and accompanying services. In some cases, people may require extended rental assistance and service support to attain self-sufficiency and stability. This organization advocates for implementing these solutions to eradicate homelessness in the United States.
Why are so many people homeless?
The increase in homelessness in the last two decades can be attributed to two major trends: a scarcity of affordable rental housing and an accompanying surge in poverty. These trends are reflected in current poverty and housing statistics. Other factors contributing to homelessness include mental illness, substance abuse, domestic violence, and lack of access to healthcare. The city of New York, in particular, has a high number of homeless people as it is one of the priciest cities in the US with a limited supply of affordable housing, coupled with its relatively high poverty rate. The issue of homelessness requires a comprehensive approach, including the provision of affordable housing, social and health services and poverty eradication measures.
Does investing in homeless services make economic sense?
According to the American Security Project, investing in homeless services is not only morally imperative but also economically sensible. Homelessness negatively impacts individuals' lives, health, and productivity, which in turn can hinder economic competitiveness. Therefore, it is crucial for federal, state, and local governments to collaborate with other partners, identify resources, and implement strategies to prevent and end homelessness.
What are the negative effects of homelessness?
The persistence of homelessness has severe negative impacts on individuals, cities and countries. Notably, it imposes significant financial burdens on public services that range from emergency healthcare to outreach and law enforcement. The personal and human costs of homelessness cannot be ignored, and addressing this issue remains a crucial concern for policymakers. In light of the economic impact of homelessness, data-driven approaches are critical for effective policy-making and sustainable solutions.
Does housing a homeless population reduce public costs?
In Silicon Valley, the Economic Roundtable conducted a report in 2015 on the cost of homelessness. Through their findings, it was discovered that housing homeless individuals can lead to a decrease in certain public expenditures. This suggests that homelessness can negatively impact economic competitiveness by introducing higher public costs that could be reduced through providing housing for the homeless.
Does income inequality affect homelessness?
The recently published research has distinguished the specific manners in which income inequality spurs homelessness in areas with high housing costs such as Los Angeles, San Francisco and Seattle. This report sheds light on unique aspects of the issue that have not been analyzed before. Its findings could potentially inform policymakers to take effective action to reduce income inequality and help the homeless population in these areas.
How do homelessness and poverty intersect in our community?
In summary, the rate of homelessness in most communities is lower than their rate of poverty. However, in the black community, the rate of homelessness is double the rate of poverty, while the rate of homelessness in white households decreases in comparison to their poverty rate. This highlights a stark disproportionality in the occurrence of homelessness within different racial groups.
Is there a link between poverty and homelessness?
The link between poverty and homelessness is undeniable. Poverty constitutes a significant barrier to accessing adequate housing, leading to homelessness, which then exacerbates social and financial difficulties. Some of the world's poorest nations, such as Burundi, Chad, South Sudan, the Central African Republic, and Niger, regularly confront this issue. The facts and statistics show that addressing poverty is a crucial element in preventing as well as mitigating homelessness in both developing and developed nations.
How can Society help alleviate the problem of poverty and homelessness?
In order to alleviate the problem of poverty and homelessness in society, one potential solution is to support the development of low-income sober housing communities. These safe and stable environments allow individuals who are struggling to get back on their feet a place to live and rebuild their lives. Failure to address poverty and homelessness has negative effects on communities, including increased crime rates, decreased property values, and strained public resources. By actively working to combat poverty and create avenues for individuals to become self-sufficient, communities can improve overall quality of life for all residents.
Why do people become homeless?
Homelessness is a complex phenomenon that can affect anyone, and the reasons for it can vary greatly. Poverty, mental health issues, addiction, and domestic violence are all factors that can lead to homelessness. The effects of homelessness can be devastating not just on the individual but also on the community as a whole. However, there are ways to help those who are experiencing homelessness, such as providing affordable housing options, offering access to mental health and addiction services, and addressing the root causes of homelessness. By working together, we can make a meaningful difference in the lives of those who are struggling with homelessness.
How does racism affect homelessness?
Homelessness is disproportionately affecting certain racial groups due to the systemic inequity and lingering effects of racism. Poverty, especially deep poverty, is a significant contributor to the high rates of homelessness among these groups. Therefore, addressing homelessness in a comprehensive manner requires addressing the disparities in critical areas that impact these racial groups and tackling the root causes of poverty and systemic inequities.
What resources are available if you are experiencing homelessness?
There is an article highlights various resources and services that are available to individuals experiencing homelessness. It mentions the Emergency Solutions Grant (ESG), which is a federal and state program that provides emergency shelter and assistance. The article also provides tips on how to end homelessness and encourages readers to take action by volunteering, donating, and advocating for policies that support efforts to combat homelessness. Overall, the article aims to raise awareness about the issue of homelessness and to inspire readers to get involved in efforts to address it.
Who can benefit from homelessness assistance programs?
Homelessness is a pervasive issue facing many individuals and families across the United States, and there are various assistance programs available to help those in need. From government programs to non-profit organizations, a range of resources and support services exist for people at-risk of homelessness or currently experiencing homelessness. These resources include emergency shelters, transitional housing programs, job training and placement services, healthcare assistance, and financial counseling. Utilizing these services and resources can help with prevention and, ultimately, ending homelessness.
How do I get help if I am experiencing homelessness?
The HUD list of resources and services is a valuable tool for individuals experiencing or at risk of homelessness. It provides comprehensive information on a directory of shelters, helplines, and housing counselors, along with guidance to obtain emergency assistance, food assistance, and other services. By utilizing this resource, those in need can access the necessary support and assistance to address their homelessness or risk thereof. Additionally, SAMHSA offers homelessness assistance programs and resources for those seeking further support.
Where can I find information about homeless services?
The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Resource Locator can be used to find contact information for homeless services organizations in your area. This tool can be accessed to seek assistance for yourself or someone in need. For those who require immediate help, the SAMHSA website offers resources and programs that specialize in addressing homelessness. It is recommended to take advantage of these resources in order to get the necessary aid and support for homelessness.
How the lack of affordable housing is contributing to homelessness?
The shortage of available housing options in the Traverse City and surrounding areas has resulted in a significant lack of affordable and low-income housing units. This scarcity of affordable housing is identified as a major contributing factor to the issue of homelessness. The limited availability of affordable housing has made it increasingly difficult for individuals with low incomes to secure safe and secure housing, ultimately leading to homelessness.
Can federal government help reduce homelessness?
The causes of homelessness in the United States have long been a topic of concern. Recently, new research has shed light on how income inequality contributes significantly to this issue. One possible solution to mitigate this problem, according to experts, is for the federal government to ensure that every person who requires a housing choice voucher receives one. This program, also known as Section 8, is the largest initiative of the government aimed at helping individuals with low income secure safe housing.
Why are older people more likely to become homeless?
The rising costs of housing in the United States are causing significant challenges for older adults, who often struggle to afford rent due to increased medical expenses. As a result, this demographic is increasingly becoming homeless. Additionally, a significant portion of the population moves every year to find more affordable housing after experiencing an eviction or foreclosure. The issue of unaffordable housing is a pressing concern, one which must be addressed to prevent further homelessness in the country.
Can homelessness be blamed for a mental health crisis?
According to Dr. Margot Kushel, director of the Center for Vulnerable Populations and the Benioff Homelessness and Housing Initiative at the University of California, the primary cause of homelessness is the lack of affordable housing. She argues that neither the opioid epidemic nor limitations in the mental health system can be solely blamed for homelessness. Instead, the housing crisis must be addressed in order to find a solution to homelessness.
Where does homelessness policy come from?
Homelessness policy in the United Kingdom was directed from Westminster until 1999, after which it became the responsibility of each nation within the UK. The Housing (Homeless Persons) Act of 1977 led to an increase in the number of people receiving aid from local authorities.
How can public policy reduce homelessness?
This chapter highlights the effectiveness of public policy initiatives in addressing and reducing homelessness. The outlined reforms demonstrate that homelessness can be predicted, prevented, and solved in a timely and permanent manner. This signifies the importance of government intervention in tackling homelessness, which can lead to lasting and positive impacts.
What is the'systematic prevention of homelessness' plan?
The Biden administration's plan to address homelessness places a strong emphasis on preventing individuals and families from losing their housing. The plan seeks to establish a systematic approach to addressing the issue, recognizing that preventing homelessness is the most effective way to improve outcomes for those experiencing housing instability. The administration calls on states and local governments to adopt this approach as a model for addressing the issue of homelessness in their communities. Overall, the plan represents a significant shift towards prevention and early intervention as key strategies for tackling homelessness in the United States.
What racial minorities experience homelessness disproportionately?
The homelessness crisis in America disproportionately affects ethnic minorities, particularly African Americans and Indigenous people. This is evidenced by the fact that although African Americans make up only 13% of the general population, they account for 40% of the homeless population. Indigenous people continue to experience homelessness at even higher rates. The problem of homelessness is therefore not only an issue of socio-economic disadvantage but also a matter of racial and ethnic inequality.
What percentage of Americans are homeless?
The homeless crisis in America has led to a disproportionate number of indigenous people experiencing homelessness, comprising 5% of the overall homeless population and 7% of the unsheltered homeless population. Alternatively, white individuals make up 48% of all individuals experiencing homelessness while representing 74% of the U.S. population. These statistics highlight the need for increased attention and resources for marginalized groups affected by homelessness in America.
Why do we need to know about homelessness?
The issue of homelessness in the United States affects over half a million people on a nightly basis, with certain demographic groups being disproportionately represented in the homeless population. A lack of stable housing is a complex issue that requires a deeper understanding of the demographics and statistics surrounding it. Gaining knowledge about these facts is vital for developing effective solutions to address this crisis.
Are African Americans overrepresented in homelessness?
According to the Demographic Data Project on Race, Ethnicity, and Homelessness conducted by the National Alliance to End Homelessness, African Americans, Native Americans, and Hispanics/Latinxs are disproportionately affected by homelessness in the United States. This means that the percentage of individuals within each of these racial/ethnic groups experiencing homelessness is greater than their percentage within the general population. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions and support for disadvantaged communities in efforts to address homelessness and its associated challenges.
How does homelessness affect a person's life?
Homelessness has significant impacts on individuals, families, communities, and society at large. The effects of homelessness are multifaceted and vary depending on the individual's circumstances. Homelessness can impede one's ability to live a fulfilling life and pursue meaningful work. The social, psychological, and economic consequences of homelessness have ripple effects throughout society. Given its far-reaching implications, addressing homelessness should be a priority for individuals, organizations, and governments.
How many people are homeless?
According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, there were 127,768 chronically homeless individuals in the US, making up almost 30 percent of the total homeless population. The majority of these individuals, 62 percent, were living in outdoor areas or places not intended for human habitation. These statistics underline the significant challenges surrounding chronic homelessness in the United States.
What is the median duration of homelessness?
This study examined risk factors for long-term homelessness and found that the median duration was 190 days. The majority of those who were able to exit homelessness moved in with family or friends. The study provides important insights into the factors that contribute to long-term homelessness and underscores the need for effective interventions to address this issue. These findings can help inform policy and programs aimed at reducing homelessness and promoting stable, long-term housing solutions.
How can a community help a homeless person?
The United States Interagency Council on Homelessness (USICH) has identified ten strategies to reduce homelessness utilizing the American Rescue Plan. These strategies include setting community-specific goals, cultivating political will and partnerships, ensuring racial equity in all decision-making processes, reducing administrative and regulatory barriers, and guaranteeing paths to housing from unsheltered homelessness. Other strategies involve reducing waiting periods for housing placements, recruiting and retaining landlords, and expanding affordable housing options. These measures have been designed to address the complex issue of homelessness and to ensure that all individuals and families have access to safe, stable, and affordable housing.
Can Housing First help reduce homelessness?
There is an article proposes 10 strategies to reduce homelessness with the American Rescue Plan, emphasizing the importance of equity and evidence-based approaches, particularly the Housing First approach. The pandemic has highlighted the systemic racism present in housing and health institutions, making these strategies even more critical. By implementing evidence-based solutions, we can not only reduce homelessness but also lower the costs associated with emergency services. This section highlights the importance of following a comprehensive approach that prioritizes equity and data-driven solutions.
What are the health problems facing homeless people?
Homelessness has significant public health implications, with individuals experiencing a range of health problems due to a complex set of factors. These include a shortage of housing, discrimination, limited access to healthcare, poor nutrition and sanitation, and inadequate social services. Addressing homelessness and its associated health challenges requires a multifaceted approach that incorporates interventions aimed at improving access to housing, healthcare, and social services. Additionally, policies and programs must be implemented to reduce discrimination and promote equity and social justice. Overall, addressing homelessness and its health implications must be a priority for public health efforts.
How can we increase participation for hunger and Homelessness Awareness Week?
Pirtle's research revealed that raising awareness is crucial in promoting participation for the Hunger and Homelessness Awareness Week. He suggests that organizations utilize the Faces of Homelessness Speakers Bureau to invite individuals who have experienced homelessness to share their story. By bringing in firsthand accounts, organizations can educate their community and encourage action towards ending homelessness. Overall, Pirtle highlights the importance of educating and engaging individuals in efforts to solve the issue of homelessness. | <urn:uuid:0181aa5e-5626-4af6-973c-c3a42cf66cbe> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://lindysplace.org/why-is-homelessness-a-community-problem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.948031 | 3,826 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The science of operations research (OR) is intended to be an alternative with enormous potential for solving complex problems. Traditionally, different types of problems are presented using playful contexts, for instance:
Contextualizing such problems is efficient to understand their concepts and challenges; however, for many students, this contextualization distances itself from the reality of a problem in the market.
In order to appreciate these classic problems, we will show how the Knapsack Problem can serve as a basis for more complex problems.
As previously described, the problem involves maximizing the value of a knapsack in such a way that the quantity of items loaded in it does not exceed its weight limit. To make the decision that maximizes the value of the knapsack, it is necessary to know:
From them, we can define for each item if it is part of the knapsack or not, being that:
This problem, at first, appears to be directly applicable only to a seller who needs to travel by plane and comply with the hand luggage limit. How could it assist an industry?
In its classic format, the Knapsack Problem is already capable of supporting the board's decision in investment planning. For that, we only need to (re)contextualize our concepts:
From this perspective, it is clear how an optimization model like the Knapsack Problem would help. It can show the ideal set of projects to be authorized to increase the return to the company. This is a problem of resource allocation!
Another context it could be applied to is the definition of customer supply. Imagine that a company has to rent a fleet of vehicles to distribute its products. For the company, it is important to define how to load the vehicles (intended for different customers) in order to maximize its profit. In this case:
In this scenario, it is important to note that it is essential to define:
Note that the weight of the product does not vary by vehicle or by customer.
The most common in industries would be to find Context 2 with additional restrictions. For example, teams can load the fleet with different rates and this should be considered when planning customer supply.
As much as the operational character of the load is emphasized, the core of the problem remains the Knapsack Problem! Operational restrictions will only exclude some of the Product-Vehicle-Customer combinations that would have previously been considered possible solutions in the model.
Discernment about the classification of a real problem into a classic problem by experience, however, is of great value in speeding up its resolution. Such problems already have a great theoretical basis and different technological possibilities to find the best solution.
For operations research enthusiasts, a tip: invest your time in understanding the classics to generate value in the future!
Co-author: Fabio Silva - Senior Manager at Cassotis Consulting | <urn:uuid:ab6f1d74-48b0-4a56-9bf4-437242ec101d> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.cassotis.com/insights/analogies-of-classical-problems-in-operations-research | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710712.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129232448-20221130022448-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.949418 | 582 | 3.015625 | 3 |
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Hence, with the help of our Normal Distribution Homework Help team of My Homework help you will get a great advantage. Every solution is provided by us is cent percent accurate. You will not get any kind of calculation mistake or grammatical mistake. Just come and register yourself to achieve a great target. | <urn:uuid:6f6ee597-9299-4e5c-bb36-7c2949749afb> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://myhomeworkhelp.com/normal-distribution-homework-help/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150067.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724001211-20210724031211-00211.warc.gz | en | 0.954695 | 489 | 3 | 3 |
Man Becomes Math Genius After Getting Beat in the Head
Science| | By Lauren Boudreau
It sounds like the origin story for a superhero – man suffers injury, man develops super abilities. But this exactly what happened to one man from Tacoma, Washington.
Jason Padgett, a former furniture salesman, was attacked by two men outside a karaoke bar. He suffered severe head injuries and a concussion. When he recovered, he noticed something was different. Padgett began to see shapes, not just any shapes, but complex shapes and angles and lines. He could see the geometry in everything.
“I see shapes and angles everywhere in real life,” Padgett told the Washington Post. “It’s just really beautiful.”
What Padgett developed is rare condition called acquired savant syndrome. It rarely ever happens, but in some cases, when a person experiences a severe injury or disease, they develop magnificent abilities.
In Padgett’s case, he developed mathematical abilities, but it can also come in the form of artistic abilities or memory.
Padgett said he was never one for school when he was younger. In fact, he never made it past pre-algebra. “I cheated on everything, and I never cracked a book,” he said.
But it’s all different now. In addition to being able to visualize math concepts and shapes, he can also draw them. Being able to draw out the concepts helped him understand pi and that there’s no such thing as a perfect circle.
From the Washington Post:
“He describes his vision as ‘discrete picture frames with a line connecting them, but still at real speed.’ If you think of vision as the brain’s taking pictures all the time and smoothing them into a video, it’s as though Padgett sees the frames without the smoothing.”
However, Padgett still didn’t fully understand what the equations represented. That’s when a physicist, who had heard about his abilities, encouraged him to receive mathematical training. Padgett is now a sophomore in college and training to become a number theorist.
He also wrote a book detailing his experience called Struck by Genius.
But scientists still want to know what caused his abilities. Brain scans showed a major increase in activity in the left hemisphere, which is where math and technical thinking are said to take place.
Also in question was whether or not his abilities are here to stay. However, if his changes were structural, then they most likely are.
While Padgett is no doubt talented, he also suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and finds it difficult to go out in public. However, he loves his new abilities so much, he says he wouldn’t have it any other way.
“It’s so good,” he said. “I can’t even describe it.” | <urn:uuid:16a04830-6431-40a7-a305-49bfc3d0a2d6> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://preview.yourdailydish.com/man-becomes-math-genius-getting-beat-head/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542686.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00217-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979113 | 632 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Sierra Leone's president has launched a scheme to save part of an endangered rainforest, which campaigners say will help fight climate change.
The forest could have been destroyed in 10 years
People living near the Gola Forest, near the border with Liberia, are to be paid annually to compensate for the loss of royalties from logging firms.
The 75,000 hectare park is home to 50 species of mammals, including leopards, chimpanzees and forest buffalos.
President Ernest Bai Koroma hopes the new national park will boost tourism.
Although few turned up to hear his announcement, the president said he hoped the creation of the country's second national park would create jobs and extra income.
"Over the years we have had a lot of rainforest, all over, covered... but today what we have as a mature forest area is under 5% and if we don't take a serious approach to this issue, we will lose everything," President Koroma said.
Sierra Leone is recovering from a brutal decade-long civil war, which ended in 2002.
Campaigners say that without official protection, the Gola Forest would have been destroyed within 10 years, as Sierra Leone tries to raise living standards.
Aid agencies, the European Commission and France are setting up a $12m (£6m) trust fund to pay for the park's running costs and to make annual payments to some 100,000 people.
It is to become Sierra Leone's second national park.
The Gola Forest is also home to 274 bird species, 14 of which are close to extinction, and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) is helping to fund the scheme.
"We are helping the government turn a logging forest into a protected forest," said the RSPB's Alistair Gammell.
"Huge amounts of carbon will be saved and the site is an excellent example to those now involved in climate talks in Bali." | <urn:uuid:3e8a9dc3-3e86-40fc-ae66-6ff56da05f69> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7136606.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539337.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00005-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964322 | 400 | 2.875 | 3 |
Not long ago, I attended a colloquium of French scientists and philosophers in Corsica, France, called “How to Think About the Future.” With few exceptions, the astrophysicists, economists, physicians, and social theorists on hand offered dark visions of tomorrow. A new financial crisis, water and grain shortages, endless war, a general collapse of ecosystems—we were spared no catastrophic scenario.
A month earlier, as it happened, I had been invited by the environmentalist think tank Breakthrough to San Francisco, where I reflected with a group of thinkers on the Schumpeterian economic idea of “creative destruction” and its application to energy production. My experience there was quite different. Three days of vigorous and sometimes tense debates followed among advocates favoring, respectively, nuclear power, shale gas, and renewable energy sources. Defenders of threatened species had their say, too, but no one doubted in the slightest that we had a future, even if its contours remained unclear.
I recall an observation that Michael Schellenberger, Breakthrough’s president, made in the proceedings: “The United States’ greatest hope at present lies in shale gas and in the 11 million illegal immigrants who will soon become legal, 11 million brains that will stimulate and renew our country.” Such a comment, whatever one’s views on the specific policies that it implied, exhibited a hopefulness completely missing in Corsica—and hard to find in today’s France, which has outlawed not only the development but even the exploration of possible reserves of natural and shale gas, and which sees every stranger on its soil as a potential enemy. France has become a defeatist nation.
A striking indicator of this attitude is the massive emigration that the country has witnessed over the last decade, with nearly 2 million French citizens choosing to leave their country and take their chances in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the United States, and other locales. The last such collective exodus from France came during the French Revolution, when a large part of the aristocracy left to await (futilely) the king’s return. About a century earlier, almost 2 million Huguenots fled the country, frightened by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, which had put Protestants on an equal legal footing with Catholics. Today’s migration isn’t politically or religiously motivated, however; it’s economic.
This is borne out by the makeup of the departing population, which consists disproportionately of young people—70 percent of the migrants are under 40—and advanced-degree holders, who do their studies in France but offer their skills elsewhere. The migrants, discouraged by the economy’s comparatively low salaries and persistently high unemployment—currently at 10.9 percent, with the private sector losing more than 360,000 jobs in the second quarter of 2013—have only grown in number since Socialist François Hollande became president. In the teeth of an economic downturn, Hollande imposed onerous new taxes on the wealthy; the government’s tax haul has hit 46 percent of GDP, the highest in the eurozone, reports The Economist. The president has taken to roaming through France’s cities and towns, seeking “the first tremblings of the recovery,” but his diatribes against the well-off—“I hate the rich,” he said on television—provide no more encouragement to young entrepreneurs than do his tax policies. If economic success is all but criminal in France these days, why not depart for places that reward it instead?
The young and enterprising in France soon realize that elsewhere—in London, say—obstacles to success are fewer and opportunities greater. The British capital is now France’s sixth-largest city, with 200,000–400,000 émigrés, a number of whom have made fortunes. They’ve re-created a familiar way of life in their new home, frequenting French restaurants and patisseries and often barely speaking English.
The emigration of France’s aspirational young has also taken the form of a colonial inversion. Just as Spaniards now go to find work in Latin America or Morocco and Portuguese head for Angola and Mozambique, the French have started to seek opportunity in North Africa and in the sub-Sahara, where the energy and the taste for innovation appear greater than back home. Of course, emigration can go wrong: disillusionment can set in with, or homesickness can wear on, recent exiles, causing some to return, beaten. This helps explain why emigration counseling is a French growth industry. A good example is Lepetitjournal.com, a website that offers career and practical advice for expatriates.
The exile rolls also include hundreds of thousands of French retirees, presumably well-off, who are spending at least part of their golden years in other countries: tired of France’s high cost of living, they seek out more welcoming environments. Our beloved country, in other words, has been losing not only its dynamic and intelligent young people but also older people with some money. I’m not sure that this social model can work over the long term.
The protests that swept France in autumn 2010 reflected the country’s defeatist attitude, too, though in a different way. The government of Hollande’s predecessor, Nicolas Sarkozy, hoping to put tottering public finances on somewhat firmer ground, sought to increase the average retirement age in France from 60 to 62. This was an inadequate measure to deal with the magnitude of France’s massive deficit, especially compared with Germany’s fixing of retirement at 67, but, as was typical of the Sarkozy era, it unleashed a gigantic wave of unrest. The French confronted the surprising spectacle of high school students demanding pensions. Even before starting their working lives, the adolescent demonstrators were already thinking about ending them. Their response to French stagnation contrasted with that of the young economic exiles. For the protesters, existence—even if it were mediocre—had to come with a government guarantee, from beginning to end. (Some time ago, the far-Left political leader Olivier Besancenot proposed the creation of a Great Strikers’ Party. What a wonderful notion: our youth, by joining, could go on strike without ever having worked!)
Consider, in this light, an astounding 2005 survey of French youth, which showed that about three-quarters wanted to become government bureaucrats. So intently did they shun taking chances that they could imagine no happier future than working as (presumptively secure) state functionaries. Gravely affected by the weak economy, these young people make up the avant-garde of what may as well be France’s largest contemporary party: the Party of Fear. For the French have become afraid of everything: the world, poverty, globalization, Islam, capitalism, global warming, natural catastrophes—and even, to borrow an American phrase, fear itself.
No longer a world leader, contemporary France has apparently concluded that it must be nothing, and has increasingly abandoned itself to self-denigration. A nation that not long ago brandished its language as the natural idiom of the human race now seems to know only how to groan, rehearse the past, lick its wounds, and endlessly enumerate its failings, though with a suspicious self-satisfaction. Every year, dozens of books are published in France affecting the charm of despair. The French don’t like themselves any longer—they’re one of the world’s most depressed populations, a huge consumer of psychotropic drugs and tranquilizers—and don’t expect others to like them, either. A country so unsure of itself, needless to say, is incapable of inspiring enthusiasm among the young, whether immigrants or native-born.
To put it bluntly, France isn’t where things happen these days. Other players dominate the global arena: the Anglo-American world, Germany, the Gulf States, the rising powers of Asia, the emerging nations of Africa. History has passed us by; we have grown old without finding sources of renewal. Once France felt cramped within its modest territory; now it is detaching itself from Europe, and from the world, in the manner of an old man who feels the approach of death.
Yet the more provincial France becomes, the more it lapses into a pathetic vehemence. Wild lyricism and empty formulas replace concrete action. Economists, philosophers, politicians, and sociologists, at odds with the merchants of gloom, have sought to defend the French social model, portraying the rest of humanity as mistaken, even profoundly ill. We heard, for example, from Jean-Luc Mélenchon, president of the Left Party, who implausibly claimed that Germany was the country in dire straits, not France, despite our neighbor’s obvious comparative economic health. President Hollande conveys a similar message when he assures citizens that the French economy is back, or soon will be, and that we can again rest easy. The pro-Hollande press is masterful in its repeated delivery of this lesson. This brand of journalism reminds me of a song that became famous before World War II: “Everything is fine, Madame la Marquise, everything is fine / the stables are burning, the castle is in flames, but everything is fine, Madame la Marquise.”
Contemporary France, then, combines arrogance with self-hatred—a matchless vanity, rooted in the ages of Louis XIV and the French Revolution, with a lack of confidence typical of nations in decline. France lacks both the self-assured pride—without which nothing great can be accomplished—that has long characterized the United States and, more recently, China and India, and a curiosity regarding other cultures, the passion to learn from what is foreign, which is a sign of intelligence and reason. Our attitude makes us bound to lose on both fronts: pretension prevents us from benefiting from others’ experiences; doubt paralyzes us.
France remains blessed by its extraordinary beauty, which draws 70 million tourists a year, and it can still claim successful multinational corporations, a well-educated youth, a capable military, geological wealth, and a maritime surface that reaches from the Mediterranean to the Pacific and includes the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, thanks to the remaining confetti of our former empire. So where does our strange weakness, at once economic and spiritual, come from?
It has two deeper explanations, I believe. First is a hatred of money, a dual legacy of Catholicism and republicanism. I remember as a child in Lyon seeing the richest families arrive at Mass in the cheapest of automobiles, plainly dressed as they awaited the sacrament. Only when behind the gates of their properties did they abandon themselves to their prosperity, exchanging visits only with one another, and only then bringing out the best silver and scolding the servants. Quite unlike the unabashed pleasure that Americans take in wealth, the French way is to hide one’s goods, so as not to provoke envy.
To understand the French stance toward money, one should return to the well-known Balzac phrase: “Behind every great fortune there is a great crime”—as if the thirst for material success sprang from a desire to deprive others or prostitute their dreams. French leaders left and right have denounced filthy lucre. In 1919, for example, Leon Blum decried “this scum, this putrid fermentation that we see spreading over the surface of our economic life.” “My only adversary, that of France itself, has never ceased to be money,” said Charles de Gaulle in a 1969 interview with André Malraux. A few years later, François Mitterrand denounced “that king, money, that ruins and spoils everything, even the human conscience.” And Hollande, not to be outdone, declared during the 2012 election campaign not only that he hated the rich but also that he had only “one adversary, international finance.”
Such virtuous proclamations cannot replace actual policy in a modern nation. Even as France castigates the reign of money, our country fails to compete globally and suffers from economic stagnation and enforced austerity. King money reigns over a desert. Indeed, money is what is lacking in France—in public finances and among citizens (what the French fear most, by a large majority, is falling into a lower social class).
The second explanation is a widespread conformism, which paradoxically stems in part from our revolutionary history. Because the French made a great revolution more than two centuries ago, they seem to believe that they’re excused from the need to renovate and adapt. And what is distinctive about this conservatism is that it tends to be expressed in subversive language—since the far Left has, for the last half-century or longer, played the role of the French Republic’s superego. All legislation, all action, must be measured against its standard: no social or economic argument is acceptable that doesn’t start with a denunciation of the market and financial powers.
The far Left’s anticapitalism draws reinforcement from older French cultural currents: the idea of equality that lay at the heart of the French Revolution, which would inspire Russian Communism; and Jacobinism, according to which the state is the main agent of change in the nation and which helped do away with the intermediary bodies between individual and government. Given these premises, it’s not surprising that economic liberalism gets such bad press in France. The idea that the nation’s prosperity is not a pure governmental decision and that private actors can overturn the rules of the economic game unsettles some of our deepest convictions.
One discordant note to France’s current defeatism is the nation’s fertility rate, among the highest in the Old World, across all social classes. France is jarringly schizophrenic: we fight against our sense of gloom about the future, it seems, by repopulating our cradles. Here, though, we see the possibility of a fresh beginning, the chance that every generation has to look at the world anew. A nation alive in this way is one that can stumble, even fall, and still come back, better than before. If it is not to be buried in its own mausoleum, a country must prove able to break with old habits and find renewal, and a growing population makes this easier to imagine.
If France is not to become Europe’s new sick man, alongside Greece and Spain, it must rise to the challenge of competing with its neighbors and the world’s emerging economic powers. Indeed, it must accept existence itself as a challenge and undertake the necessary changes, in keeping, of course, with its national character. In an age of variable and fleeting patriotism, France must hold its children close but not expect them to show a limitless attachment. Perhaps the recent diaspora of the young and ambitious will one day be seen as the beginning of France’s salvation. | <urn:uuid:ea8cf3fe-a85a-4c82-a022-4bb0164fab08> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.city-journal.org/html/gloomy-france-13619.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807146.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124070019-20171124090019-00730.warc.gz | en | 0.953502 | 3,120 | 2.578125 | 3 |
LANTERN FESTIVAL- An unforgettable Taiwanese tradition in which thousands of bright lanterns light up the Pingxi sky!
When- March 2nd, 2018
Where- Pingxi, Taiwan
About- The Taiwan Lantern Festival is an annual event hosted by the Tourism Bureau of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications in Taiwan to celebrate the Lantern Festival. During the Taiwan Lantern Festival, thousands of sky lanterns light over Pingxi District in Taiwan.
This unique Taiwanese lantern festival was voted by the Discovery Channel as the second biggest New Year’s Eve celebration in the world! This festival shows the true spirit of Taiwan as floating lanterns carry the prayers and vows of its people across the starry night sky. Folk performances, lantern riddle contests, and street carnivals also accompany the event but the true draw comes from the thousands of glowing lanterns carrying hopes and dreams into a new year.
The lanterns are lit, hopes slowly rise, and the flames of prayer dance in the air as the lanterns magically transform into wings of hope and desire, turning the night sky of this mountain town into an expanse of unimaginable beauty. The sight of sky lanterns with their lights rising slowing into the sky is for many Taiwanese a beautiful memory and the beginning of happiness and dreams.
The theme of the main lanterns often corresponds with the zodiac signs of Chinese astrology. All of them are over ten meters tall. Since 1999, every main lantern has its own theme music which is about 3 minutes in length and plays the rhythm when making performances during Taiwan Lantern Festival.
The smaller lanterns, often carried by children or placed on temples, show images of historical figures, birds, or images from that year’s theme.
History- Tradition has it that the “sky lantern” was invented during the Three Kingdoms period (AD 220-265) by Zhuge Liang. At first it was used to transmit military information, different from beacon towers yet ingeniously serving the same function, and is now generally recognized as the earliest ancestor to the hot air balloon. In the early 19th century the Lantern Festival was brought to Taiwan, where every year, at the beginning of the spring planting season, people would release “sky lanterns” into the air as a prayer for the coming year. Because in olden times marriage was for the purpose of “adding a son” and increasing manpower, people went to the temple to pray for blessings and released sky lanterns on which they had written things like “May a son soon be born.” and “May the harvests be bountiful.” Sky lanterns were released to follow the wind, rising up to the ancestors to report that all was well and to pray for blessings. Slowly this evolved to become a local event for the Yuanxiao Festival in the Pingxi area. Through many, many years of changes, the one thing that never changed was the reflected lives and hopes of the people as the sky lanterns slowly rose aloft. For many years the “Pingxi Sky Lantern Festival” has had a brilliant history. | <urn:uuid:aab5e9d8-1730-4138-98cf-80248509ec20> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://readerchoices.com/2018/01/21/sky-lantern-festival/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947931.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425154752-20180425174752-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.962835 | 635 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The Passo dello Stelvio, SS38, is located on the border between the municipality of Bormio and the province of Bolzano in the Ortler Alps. It dates back to 1820 when its construction was initiated by the Austrian Empire as a means of connecting the province of Lombardy with the rest of the Empire. The engineer tasked with overseeing this monumental project was the Italian Carlos Donegani, an expert in high-mountain engineering, who had already shown his skill in building the Passo dello Spluga at 2117 metres. Work started in 1822 to build the pass, which measures 24.7 kilometres (north-eastern side) and 22 kilometres (south-western side). During this period there was very little mechanical machinery to aid the 2500 workmen, so much of the work was done by hand. It took some 3 years to complete at an estimated cost of 3,000,000 florins. Once the pass was completed Donegani was revered across the Empire, becoming known as the progettista dell’impossibile, the “designer of the impossible”.
Due to its strategic location on the border of Switzerland, Austria and Italy four military fortifications were built to safeguard the pass from aggressive neighbours. On the Austrian side, the Gomagoi barrage was built, with Fort Gomagoi, Fort Kleinboden and Fort Weisser Knott. The Goldsee Fort was built on the actual pass. Its remains can still be seen there.
During world war one the pass became the front in Italy’s fight against Austria-Hungary. It was a bitter war fought out on the mountain and ice fields above 3000 metres, where troops were as likely to die from the bitter cold and lack of supplies as they were from wounds inflicted during the fighting. By the end of the war the fascists had seized both sides of the Stelvio. It has remained in Italian hands ever since. | <urn:uuid:6594ac42-3d72-4b0e-b64a-17a64e6d1d62> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://conquista.cc/pages/passo-dello-stelvio-01-03 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101195.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210025335-20231210055335-00687.warc.gz | en | 0.985667 | 409 | 3.125 | 3 |
If you're willing to put aside the cancer and emphysema and be a smoker, your last excuse might have just gone up in smoke. Smokers often claim that their habit serves as an appetite suppressant. They may be risking disease later in life, but at least they're preventing obesity today. But that contention has just been disproved. For the most part, smokers are actually more overweight than non-smokers.
The study looked at 6,000 smokers and non-smokers, comparing their body-mass index (BMI, a ratio of height to weight) and their waist-hip ratio (WHR). Lo and behold, the smokers were not the waifish models one has come to expect. Rather, both male and female smokers had higher WHR and male smokers had higher BMIs.
Could this mean that overweight people are simply more likely to smoke? Possibly, though during the course of the study, female smokers' WHR increased, while female non-smokers stayed the same. It's enough to poke holes in smokers' last hiding place. There is nothing good to come from smoking, and the medical costs associated with caring for smokers affect us all.
[Image: Flickr user Law PrieR]
Read More: Diet Soda Is Why You're Fat | <urn:uuid:59ede5a0-5afb-4639-b006-35cbc5c24570> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.fastcompany.com/1765096/smoking-isnt-why-youre-thin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928562.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00033-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979679 | 265 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Toronto, Ontario (CTV Network) — Experts say there just isn’t enough evidence to support a hypothesis that flu-vaccinated individuals may be more resistant to COVID-19, despite a recent study’s findings.
The study, which was published in the American Journal of Infection Control, was conducted by researchers out of the University of Michigan looking at data from 27,201 Michigan residents who took a COVID-19 test before July 15, 2020. Of those residents, 12,977 were previously vaccinated against the flu.
According to the findings, the odds of testing positive for COVID-19 were reduced in patients who had received an influenza vaccine compared to those who had not received a flu shot by 24 per cent.
Additionally, the study found that flu-vaccinated residents were less likely to require hospitalization or mechanical ventilation, and had a shorter length of stay in hospital.
Importantly, however, the researchers found no difference in mortality or the need for intensive care between those who had been vaccinated against the flu and those who hadn’t been.
While the authors of the study acknowledged their study couldn’t determine why flu-vaccinated individuals appeared to fare better against COVID-19 than their fellow subjects, they put forth a “hypothetical, yet plausible” explanation.
The researchers hypothesized that the influenza vaccine may also offer protective effects against the novel coronavirus due to a process called “trained immunity.”
Rob Kozak, a clinical microbiologist at Sunnybrook Hospital in Toronto who helped isolate the SARS-CoV-2 virus in March 2020 and who was not involved in the study, explained that there are two branches of the immune system – the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system.
The innate immune system is the “first line of defence,” he explained, and it doesn’t have a memory for certain pathogens so it just attacks anything that invades the body.
The adaptive immune system, on the other hand, is the one that can be trained to recognize specific pathogens.
“The idea of trained immunity is that the stimulatory molecules from any pathogen can kind of get that [innate] immune system really fired up and activated,” Kozak told CTVNews.ca during a telephone interview on Thursday.
According to the researchers, this means that the introduction of the influenza pathogen during vaccination may be enough to activate the innate immune system, which then fights off a potential infection from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.
And while Kozak called it an “interesting hypothesis,” he said the data to draw such a conclusion just isn’t there in this particular study.
Dr. Michael Silverman, chief of infectious diseases at the London Health Sciences Centre and St. Joseph’s Health Care London in London, Ont. and who was not involved in the study, said the researchers are only able to show an association and not causality.
He said it’s more likely that the lower rate of COVID-19 infections and severe outcomes among flu-vaccinated individuals is due to socio-economic factors and not due to something immunological, such as trained immunity.
“People who get their flu vaccine tend to be people who take care of their health and tend to go to doctor’s appointments,” he explained during a telephone interview on Thursday.
“This is an American study, so they tend to have insurance if you go get your vaccine, whereas, people who have limited insurance, or limits on the number of visits they can take, are not going to go just to get a flu shot.”
Kozak agrees that the flu-vaccinated residents were more likely to follow public health guidelines and take care of their health. If they had access to the vaccine, he says, it’s also more likely they would have an insurance plan and a job that allows them to work remotely as opposed to those who work in lower-paying jobs with potentially more exposure to the virus.
“I’d like to see this data repeated in other populations, including in populations outside the U.S., because then you can account for differences in habits and lifestyles and all those kind of socio-economic factors,” he said.
To their benefit, the researchers did note in the study’s limitations that they were unable to control for disparate socio-economic factors between the flu-vaccinated group and the others, and further research is needed.
“A prospective study accounting for these differences is needed to explore the possible protective effect of the influenza vaccine on COVID-19 susceptibility and outcomes,” the study stated.
FLU SHOT NOT ENOUGH
While Kozak said the researchers’ hypothesis about the influenza vaccine being potentially protective against COVID-19 was worthy of further investigation, he stressed the importance of getting a COVID-19 vaccine.
“I wouldn’t want anybody taking away from this that they shouldn’t get a COVID vaccine,” he said. “They absolutely should get a COVID vaccine… the flu shot doesn’t protect you from anything except flu.”
Silverman added that now is not the time for people to be bombarding their health-care providers with requests to receive the flu shot because it’s the end of the influenza season.
“With all the family doctors’ offices and pharmacies and everything gearing up to start giving COVID vaccines, should we then be throwing a whole bunch more people at them to get the flu shot now based on an association study? No, I don’t think so,” he said.
In the fall, however, Silverman encouraged people to go get their flu shots as they would any other year and hopefully by that time, everyone who wants to be vaccinated against COVID-19 will have already received their shot.
“I think it’s an interesting study, but it’s not likely to change what we do. Had this come out in September, before the COVID vaccine was available, this would be one more argument that people in October and November should get their flu shot,” he said. “It needs further research.”
Please note: This content carries a strict local market embargo. If you share the same market as the contributor of this article, you may not use it on any platform.
Nicole Bogartctvnews.firstname.lastname@example.org(416) 384-5000 | <urn:uuid:9a9498ec-72eb-4f35-ac0f-7520f8605f2e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://ktvz.com/news/national-world/2021/04/02/covid-19-protection-from-the-flu-shot-experts-wary-about-new-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153966.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730091645-20210730121645-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.972904 | 1,370 | 3.0625 | 3 |
March Sunshine Averages for Canadian Cities
The tables here list the average amount of sun that major cities in Canada get in March. The numbers allow you to compare the month's total hours and days of sunshine for large Canadian urban areas.
For each city there are three measurements of sunshine. The number for % Sun is the usual percentage of daylight hours with bright sunshine.
Hours gives the total hours of bright sunshine that's normal this month. Days statistics are for the typical number of days in March with any amount of measurable sunshine. All the data are averages for the years 1981 to 2010.
|36||Abbotsford, British Columbia||132||24|
|39||Halifax, Nova Scotia||143||23|
|40||Kelowna, British Columbia||148||28|
|38||Moncton, New Brunswick||140||22|
|41||Québec City, Quebec||152||24|
|38||St. Catharines - Niagara, Ontario||140||24|
|41||Saint John, New Brunswick||150||23|
|29||St. John's, Newfoundland||107||19|
|43||Thunder Bay, Ontario||160||25|
|37||Vancouver, British Columbia||135||25|
|39||Victoria, British Columbia||145||27|
Environment Canada. Meteorological Service of Canada. Canadian Climate Normals. 1981-2010 Climate Normals & Averages. | <urn:uuid:00ec7b7b-8e21-43ad-b516-7e023287bc78> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Canada/Cities/sunshine-average-march.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578626296.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424034609-20190424055606-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.670752 | 306 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Epsilon User's Manual and Reference >
Command Reference >
Select new screen colors.
This command displays a dialog listing all defined color schemes and
color classes, and the colors Epsilon should use for each combination.
In the Win32 GUI and X11 environments, this command displays a dialog;
use the usual dialog navigation keys.
In the Win32 console and Unix terminal environments, this command
displays a map of possible screen color combinations, instead of a
normal dialog. By moving the cursor, you may select a color for each
element on the screen, called a color class. The N and P keys change
from one color class to the next (or previous), and the arrow keys
change the color of the currently-selected color class.
In all environments, color classes appear grouped in a tree control.
- to expand or collapse categories in the tree.
In dialog-based versions of set-color, the <Right> and <Left> keys
also expand and collapse categories. In most environments, you can
press Ctrl-S or Ctrl-R to search for color class names.
Epsilon has many pre-configured sets of color classes. These are
known as color schemes. Use the F and B keys to select a color
scheme. You can then fine-tune it using the above commands. Or you
can press D to define a brand-new color scheme based on the current
Once you've selected colors, you can make them permanent for the
current editing session by pressing the S key. (Use the
write-state command to save the changes for future editing
sessions.) Or you can press T to try out the colors in a recursive
editing session. Run the exit-level command on Ctrl-X Ctrl-Z to
return to setting colors. If you decide you don't like the colors,
you can cancel all your changes by pressing C.
You can use the mouse to select colors, too. Click on a name to
select a color scheme or color class. Click on a color to select it.
Click on the capital letters in the help window to run those commands
(like S to set).
It's also possible to change colors by editing an EEL file like
mycolors.e, which you can construct using the export-colors
command, or by copying from the stdcolor.e file which defines
Epsilon's standard color schemes.
Copyright (C) 1984, 2012 Lugaru Software Ltd. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:1a9ebaf9-b80b-4114-bf35-ae571665c219> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.lugaru.com/man/set-color.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645311026.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031511-00306-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.79846 | 531 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Service Dogs: 11 Reasons Puppy Raising is AWESOME.
Service Dogs: 101
January 30, 2016
Before we go any further in a series about service dogs, we want to clarify the basics. So the first important question we will answer is:
What exactly is a service dog and how is that different from a therapy dog (or other dogs who help people in public)?
Service dogs and therapy dogs are the two types of dogs most frequently seen helping people in public. Sometimes, they do similar types of work so often the terms "service dog" and "therapy dog" are used interchangeably. However, usually the dogs have very different purposes and are considered distinctly different in the eyes of the law, so it is important to clarify what we mean when we say "service dog".
We've listed some basic information about service dogs and therapy dogs below, but we'll address many of these topics in a little more detail during the following posts. Have a question you didn't see answered below? Follow the link at the bottom to send it to us!
What are they? Service dogs are dogs which have been highly trained to do specific tasks for an individual with a disability. The dogs have been trained to work with one specific person and what type of work they do depends on what type of disability the individual has. Common disabilities which service dogs help with are: physical disabilities (that may or may not require the person to use a wheelchair), visual impairment (guide dogs), hearing impairment (hearing dogs), autism, diagnosed psychiatric disorders (such as post traumatic stress disorder), or medical conditions causing seizures. In the United States there is no required certification for a dog to become a service dog, however due to the significant stress put on a dog in public, it is highly recommend to work with a professional organization or trainer to be sure any particular dog is up to the task. It should be noted that other countries do require certification, so speak with a professional trainer to get more information if you plan to travel with your service dog.
How are they legally defined? "Service animal means any dog that is individually trained to do work or perform tasks for the benefit of an individual with a disability, including a physical, sensory, psychiatric, intellectual, or other mental disability... the work or tasks performed by a service animal must be directly related to the individual´s disability " (quoted from the revised American with Disabilities Act found here: http://www.ada.gov/regs2010/titleII_2010/titleII_2010_withbold.htm)
What kind of public access rights do they have? Federal law states that service dogs are granted full public access (per the American with Disabilities Act). This means that a service dog is allowed to enter any public area which the individual with the dog is allowed to go. (We'll go into more details about this topic later) Dogs who are being trained are not federally granted public access, however most (but not all) state laws allow dogs in training into the same public areas as working service dogs.
What do they do? Because a service dog has been trained to meet the unique needs of a particular person, the type of work they do can vary greatly. A few of the common tasks the dogs have been trained to do are:
- opening doors - turning on lights
- pulling a wheelchair -alerting to medical or psychiatric emergencies
- responding to a medical or psychiatric crisis
- retreiving items such as medication, a telephone, or assistance from a nearby person
- providing physial support to individuals with balance issues
What are they?Therapy dogs are dogs which have been trained to provide therapeutic assistance to a variety of people with a different types of disabilities or injuries. They are often handled and owned by volunteers who will periodically bring the dog into therapy facilities, schools, or hospitals. These do not have to have been trained to do specific tasks, however they can be used in a variety of animal assisted therapy programs. Many different of organizations and training programs have been created to certify a therapy dog, however each facility or program the dog participates with will set their own requirement for training or certification.
How are they legally defined? There is not a legal definition of a therapy dog, however federal law indicates that therapy dogs are NOT considered service dogs (because they have not been trained to do multiple tasks for a specific individual).
By default a therapy dog will be legally considered a pet, unless state law indicates otherwise.
"...the provision of emotional support, well-being, comfort, or companionship do not constitute work or tasks for the purposes of this [service dog] definition"
*It should be noted that per the above definition by the ADA, emotional support animals (which often peform therpeutic work similar to therapy dogs, but for one particular individual) are, like other therapy dogs, not considered a service dog.
What kind of public access rights do they have? Therapy dogs are not granted public access, however particular facilities and locations will allow certain trained therapy dogs into their facility. Often dogs are trained through a non-profit organization which facilitates the relationship between the volunteers handling the dogs and the specific facilities they are allowed to visit. State laws will determine if therapy dogs are allowed into other public spaces.
What type of work do they do? They provide therapeutic support largely by relieving anxiety. This may be through physical contact, deep pressure, or simply the calming presence an animal can have. Some dogs may also support occupational or physical therapy programs by promoting physical interaction such as petting, grooming, or playing.
Questions about service dogs? Send them our way, and we'll answer them in an upcoming post!
(No worries, we'll keep your question anonymous and won't use your contact information for any further correspondence unless you ask us to! ) | <urn:uuid:552a811e-0af2-404a-a193-6f6cf3ec1501> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.rightoncuek9.com/single-post/2016/1/30/Service-Dogs-101 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668618.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115093159-20191115121159-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.959 | 1,192 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Purple Prairie Clover ( Dalea purpurea) Native Wildflowers Heirloom Prairie Flower
Height 1-3 ft
Purple Prairie Clover is an incredibly interesting plant that is perfect in bulk plantings or as a stand alone specimen. Legumes such as Prairie Clovers, harbor beneficial bacteria called rhizobia-plants are able to capture nitrogen from the air, and the bacteria assists in restoring it in the plant. Plants act as a natural soil fertilizer when the spent plant material is left to enrich the soil.
Prairie Clover has purple thimble shaped flowers that adorn splayed stems and delicate foliage. This prairie plant is easily grown in average to dry soils; it has a deep taproot that supports a long-lived plant - virtually impervious to heat and drought. Excellent in a variety of plantings including rock gardens, sunny perennial borders, native plant gardens or naturalized prairie habitats.
Prairie Clover is a pollinator favorite, and is the host plant for Dogface Butterfly larvae, and provides nectar to many species of butterflies, bees and other pollinating insects. One of the most widespread of the Prairie Clovers, this variety is a key element in rebuilding prairie habitats and areas disturbed by development.
The root of Purple Prairie Clover was used by several native American first nations for chewing and it is said to have a pleasant, sweet flavor. The dried leaves have been used as a tea substitute. The first nations from Montana used the steeped bruised leaves as a poultice to be applied to fresh wounds.
- Full sun
- Sand to Clay soils
- Start seeds indoors at least 5 weeks prior to last frost ( 50F evenings) Plant seeds in slightly moistened soilless growing mix. Sow seeds 1/8 in deep. Seeds will germinate upon sowing when placed in a warm location. Keep moist but not soggy and keep warm ( 70 F) When seedlings are 2 in tall transplant into the garden
- OR sow direct outdoors in mid spring or late fall; plant seeds 1/8 in deep and water in lightly.
- Spacing: 1 ft
- Seed Count: 8 | <urn:uuid:7213be00-63b8-4255-bf83-7d27108294c6> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://bumbleseeds.com/products/purple-prairie-clover-dalea-purpurea-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510412.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928130936-20230928160936-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.921837 | 449 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The Ozanne Tower
Andrew Dyke, NTG’s Building Advisor, describes The Ozanne Tower as “a lovely little building”.
NTG purchased the Ozanne Tower at Ruette de la Tour, Castel (Perry’s Guide Page 8, B4) from the States Water Board.
Ozanne Tower is an imposing square-shaped grey granite structure. It was built as a folly in the mid 19th century by the Ozanne family whose family home, Les Mourains, is opposite Saumarez Park. The Ozanne family coat-of-arms is clearly visible above the entrance door of the tower.
The tower has magnificent views over the west coast of Guernsey. The exact year in which the folly was purchased by the de Saumarez family is unknown but was probably towards the end of the 19th century. Lord de Saumarez turned the tower into a museum containing objects he had collected whilst posted abroad, including a brick from the Great Wall of China.
Ownership of the Tower remained with the de Saumarez family until 1938 when the estate was split up and Saumarez Park and outlying land sold to the States of Guernsey. During the German Occupation, the Tower was used as a lookout for an anti aircraft battery located close by. In 1980, the then States Archaeology Officer expressed a view that the base stones of the Tower could be part of a prehistoric tomb. The elevated hill on which the Tower stands would have been an ideal site for Iron Age defence and, in 1982, pottery dating c. 500-400 BC, was found in the vicinity.
The Ozanne Tower has been purchased as a very rare example of a folly which is worthy of preservation and restoration. | <urn:uuid:e1dc9b6d-9f8a-4f26-8403-acc216027484> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.nationaltrust.gg/about-us/our-property/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509958.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015225726-20181016011226-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.973553 | 361 | 2.796875 | 3 |
C++ Templates and the STL MP4 | Video: AVC 1280×720 | Audio: AAC 44KHz 2ch | Duration: 2 Hours 13M | 315 MB Genre: eLearning | Language: English
C++ templates support generic programming, code that works independent of type. The C++ Standard Template Library (STL) is one of the most complete and powerful container libraries available. Having a solid grasp of both C++ templates and the STL is essential for programmers looking to attain competency in C++. In this course, the second in a series focused on C++ essentials, instructor Bill Weinman dives into both of these fundamental topics. To begin, he covers templates, discussing template syntax, template functions and classes, and argument deduction. He then builds on that knowledge to discuss STL containers, iterators, transformations, functions, and algorithms.
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© 2018 MathanTech. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:825a57e1-e0fe-4895-a19f-7fde6974298b> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.mathantech.com/c-templates-and-the-stl-hd-video/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247522457.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222180107-20190222202107-00233.warc.gz | en | 0.819556 | 241 | 2.96875 | 3 |
document.getElementById- returns one
document.getElementsByClass- returns a collection of
HTMLElement.innerHTML- get or set text of an HTML Element
HTMLElement.onclick- set this to a function and that function will run whenever a user clicks on that element
hub create <repo_name>- Creates a repo on Github for you
hub remote add <remote_name>- Adds a remote to your local repo and names it based on a repo for your Github user and then the current folder name.
Today in lab we looked at making a calculator using the tools we have.
Commit the work we did in class. Catch up on your outstanding homework. | <urn:uuid:973572da-ac52-46f0-934b-99d005a265e1> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://rtablada.gitbooks.io/front-end-engineering-june-2015/content/week-3/day-2/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986710773.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020132840-20191020160340-00054.warc.gz | en | 0.75876 | 150 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Dealing with uncertainty is widely recognized as the key challenge for environmental and natural resource decisionmaking. Too often, though, that challenge is considered only from an ex ante perspective which treats uncertainty as an invariant feature that must be accounted for but cannot be changed. With respect to many natural resource management decisions, that picture is misleading. Decisions are often iterative or similar, providing significant opportunities for leaming. Where such opportunities are available and inaction is not feasible or desirable, learning while doing can provide the benefits of both the precautionary principle and scientific decisionmaking while minimizing the key weaknesses of each. After highlighting the benefits of a learning-while-doing approach to natural resource management, this paper briefly addresses how management agencies might be encouraged to adopt such an approach.
Precaution, Science, and Learning While Doing in Natural Resource Management,
82 Wash. L. Rev.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr/vol82/iss3/8 | <urn:uuid:1ec220e5-1901-4c80-9281-b913a37a8bc1> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr/vol82/iss3/8/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141717601.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203000447-20201203030447-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.898442 | 204 | 3 | 3 |
One of the arguments against democracy and in favor of authoritarian forms of government turns to the economy. Economic development requires consistency, coherence, long term and central planning, all of which is said to be incompatible with democracy. The rotation in office typical of a democracy puts always other people in power, with other priorities and laws. Democratic governments, laws and policies change continuously. This goes against the interests of long term planning, as well as the interests of companies that need stability for their investments.
Furthermore, the constant pressure of public opinion and the next election, forces governments to sacrifice long term benefits for short term advantages that may even have negative consequences in the long term.
However, it is difficult to deny that the democratic procedures for changing governments create stability because they help to avoid revolt. Opposition movements do not have to resort to extreme measures to gain some influence. In addition, if the people decide to change something, this is because they believe that it ought to change, that it is not good as it is. Consistency is not the only value. | <urn:uuid:3bc9e6ac-6a6d-4676-b1a0-7f90114ca61e> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2008/05/16/human-rights-cartoon-81/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163986869/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133306-00017-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967813 | 213 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Your snoring is not only annoying your partner – it is also harming your mind and body. Because snoring decreases both the quality and quantity of your sleep, it can contribute to depression, weight gain, heart disease, mental health problems, and diabetes, ultimately putting you at an increased risk for an early death. Since nearly half of adults are known to snore at least some of the time, chances are pretty good that it has an effect on someone in your bedroom. Fortunately though, there are steps you can take to identify the cause of your snoring problem and put an end to it once and for all.
Why do you snore?
Snoring occurs when air, rather than moving straight through the nose and throat, becomes obstructed and causes the nearby tissue to vibrate. Some causes of snoring, such as pregnancy, allergies and congestion, sinus problems, certain medications such as muscle relaxers, or even a night of heavy drinking, are likely to pass on their own. Others, such as smoking and obesity, may require an intensive overhaul in lifestyle to change. However, still other types of snoring, caused by aging or genetics, are simply unavoidable.
Some people, unfortunately, live in a state of complete denial when it comes to their snoring. Thankfully, there are some signs to look for besides the telltale sound. If you often wake up with a dry mouth or sore throat, then you, my friend, might have a snoring problem. Sorry you had to find out this way.
If your snoring is severe enough to lead to sleep apnea, you may experience other troubling symptoms. You may stop breathing or even choke while you are asleep, which can disrupt your brain’s functionality during the following day. This can cause daytime fatigue, headaches, irritability, and trouble focusing on tasks. Coffee can only do so much – at this point, it’s time to address the root of the problem.
What can you do to curb your chances of snoring tonight?
- Keep your body hydrated. There are a million reasons why you should probably be drinking more water, and this is one of them. Nasal dryness leads to snoring, and is so easily prevented. Try to get eight glasses a day.
- For the same reason, you should put an end to dryness in your air. Today’s humidifiers are attractive, easy to use, and great for your skin. Because of the dry Colorado air and our son’s eczema, we own several.
- Try sleeping on your side. Sleeping on your back or stomach can increase your chances of snoring, and sleeping on your left side, in particular, offers additional health benefits. Sleeping in a new position can feel awkward at first, but it’s certainly better than sleeping alone.
- Don’t drink alcohol right before bed. I know, I’m no fun, but neither is your snoring. Save the boozing for bottomless mimosas tomorrow at brunch.
- Use a mouthpiece. This is an oral appliance that you put over your teeth at bedtime. Mouthpieces like are meant to keep your airway open, so it does not get stuck and cause the tissue vibration mentioned above.
- If your snoring is caused by allergies or congestion, you may simply need to open up your nasal passages. This will make you more comfortable in addition to relieving your snoring. You can do this with a hot, steamy shower, nasal strips, or a neti pot. Your partner will thank you.
How can you lessen your risk for snoring in the future?
1. Wash your sheets regularly. If you are sleeping in a filthy cocoon of dust, pollen, and pet dander, your nasal passages are sure to react accordingly. In fact, dust mites and other allergens could be hiding all over your room, so you should probably give the whole place a thorough scrubbing. Don’t bother making the bed, though – oddly enough, this could actually increase your chance of having dust mites!
2. Quit smoking. There are a million reasons to do this, and you’ve probably heard them all. I feel compelled, however, to make sure that snoring is on that list. Breathe easier, save money, snore less, and live longer. Start cutting back today.
3. Try some mouth and throat exercises. You may feel like a dork, but doing this on a regular basis can strengthen your respiratory muscles, making them less likely to inhibit air flow while you sleep.
4. Start a workout regimen. As with quitting smoking, the reasons to do this are seemingly infinite – and this is one to add to the list. Besides the obvious effect of decreasing your risk for obesity, exercise has a positive impact on your immune system, making you less vulnerable to congestion.
Hopefully you (or your loved one) found one of these suggestions to be helpful. Between stress, work, and family life, nobody needs an extra hurdle to a good night’s sleep. Start taking steps to cut back on your snoring tonight, and your body, mind, and bedmate are sure to thank you tomorrow! | <urn:uuid:364b973f-72dd-400f-8487-736a01ebb6b6> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://iheartintelligence.com/2016/04/22/stop-snoring/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818695726.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926122822-20170926142822-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.955672 | 1,081 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Britain invented the steam locomotive, which, for more than a hundred years, was to reign supreme on her railways. Her engineers carved out of the countryside a new iron-age architecture of unparalleled grandeur and audacity. This film seeks to capture the spirit of an era. A tribute to the men who built British Railways. Unique film, photographs and old prints are used to tell the story of the creation of the railways of Britain, and the heyday of the steam locomotive.
Return to Main Index | <urn:uuid:d7e5999f-afe3-4e21-80d8-430cfd65448d> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://nicwhe8.freehostia.com/btf/productions/films/BT0457/BT457.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049270798.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002110-00193-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952986 | 104 | 3.109375 | 3 |
- Langley Research Center
- Armstrong Flight Research Center
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- Kennedy Space Center
- Physical Science
- Exploring Space
- 060 min(s)
- 080 min(s)
How does the mass of each planet in our solar system relate to gravitational force?
This module is appropriate for video conference AND web conference at Dryden Flight Research Center (DFRC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and Kennedy Space Center (KSC).
This module is appropriate for video conference AND web conference (ConferenceME ONLY) at Langley Research Center (LaRC).
How high can you jump on Mars? Which planet has the most moons? Find out the answers to these questions and many more as you tour the solar system with a NASA Education Specialist. In this highly interactive session, students will use mathematics to explore and learn characteristics of the planets in our solar system.
As students hop through the Solar System, the student will:
Learners will describe what they know about the solar system.
Learners will explain the differences between matter, mass and gravity.
Learners will determine how mathematics can be used to determine planetary jump heights.
Learners will hypothesize which planet they can jump the highest and lowest
Learners will calculate hypothetical jump heights on different planets
Learners will tell which planets are terrestrial and which are gas giants.
Learners will contribute to the discussion of planetary facts.
Learners will explain how the data supports the proposed hypothesis.
Learners will relate mass to gravitational force.
Sequence of Events
How far away is most distant planet from the sun? By doing this activity, students will discover that it takes a long time to travel through our solar system. In the lesson, students use string to construct a distance scale model of the solar system. They will observe that the outer planets are much farther apart than the inner planets. To find out more about the lesson, Modeling Orbits in Our Solar System, please go to http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/educ/docs/modelingsolarsystem.pdf
Please download the Planet Hopping fact sheet located at the url listed below. Each student should have a copy of this sheet for the video conference.
Meter sticks and calculators should also be available for at least each group of three students.
During this highly interactive event, students will physically simulate hopping around the solar system. They begin by determining how high they can jump on Earth. Using those measurements, the students calculate how high they can jump on other planets. Join the DLN as we hop from planet to planet.
Please download the Planet Hopping fact sheet located at the url listed in the pre-conference activities. Each student should have a copy of this sheet for the video conference.
Do other stars besides our own sun have planets orbiting around them? NASA's Space Interferometry Mission cannot see the planets of nearby stars but can take measurements that indicate if a planet is present. In this simple hands-on activity, Looking for Planets Without Seeing Them, students will discover how NASA finds new planets beyond our solar system. http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/resources/pq_activity_guide.pdf
National Science Content Standards
* The student will develop an understanding of properties and motion of objects
* The student will develop an understanding of motions and forces
National Math Content Standards
* The student will formulate questions that can be addressed with data and collect, organize, and display relevant data to answer them
* The student will understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, relationships among numbers, and number systems | <urn:uuid:c9235e5b-c860-4ccf-91ac-0f7e43beda23> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.nasa.gov/offices/education/programs/national/dln/events/Planet_Hopping.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542938.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00283-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.852751 | 748 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Money has been making the world go round since it was first invented. Though leaders such as Genghis Khan, Joseph Stalin, Akbar I, and Emperor Shenzong ruled countries, dynasties, and empires which amassed vast amounts of wealth, there are individuals throughout history who have personally accrued record-breaking sums.
It is difficult to arrive at a precise financial figure for many wealthy individuals in history. However, estimates, which have been adjusted to reflect levels of inflation today, arrive at figures which put Jeff Bezos’ wealth to shame. From rags-to-riches entrepreneurs to dynastic, multi-generational inheritors, here are the 10 richest people in history.
Alan ‘the Red’ Rufus (1040–1093) – $194 billion
The nephew of William the Conqueror, Alan ‘the Red’ Rufus was his patron during the Norman Conquest. It paid off: in return for helping him win the throne and putting down a rebellion in the north, William the Conqueror awarded Rufus some 250,000 acres of land in England.
Upon his death in 1093, Rufus was worth £11,000, which was worth a whopping 7% of England’s GDP at the time, and certifies him as the richest man in British history.
Muammar Gaddafi (1942-2011) – $200 billion
Though much of his wealth was derived from Libya, which Gaddafi brutally ruled for 42 years, the dictator personally amassed an enormous fortune, the majority of which he funnelled out of the country in secret bank accounts, dubious investments and shady real estate deals and companies.
Shortly before his death, he sold a fifth of Libya’s gold reserves, and most of the proceeds from the sale are still missing. Upon his death, it was reported that the deposed leader had died one of the richest people in the world.
Mir Osman Ali Khan (1886-1967) – $210 billion
In 1937, Time Magazine proclaimed their cover star Mir Osman Ali Khan as the richest man in the world. As the last Nizam of Hyderabad State in British India from 1911-48, the Khan owned his own mint which he used to print his own currency, the Hyderabadi rupee. He also had a private treasury which was said to contain £100 million in gold and silver bullion, as well as a further £400 million worth of jewels.
He owned the Golconda mines, the only supplier of diamonds in the world at the time. Among the finds at the mine was the Jacob diamond, which is valued at around £50 million. Khan used it as a paperweight.
William the Conqueror (1028-1087) – $229.5 billion
When Edward the Confessor died in 1066, he was succeeded by Harold Godwinson instead of William. William angrily invaded England to enforce his claim. The subsequent Battle of Hastings saw William crowned King of England.
As the first Norman ruler of England, William the Conqueror profited from the spoils of war, seizing lands and plundering treasures across the country that would be worth $229.5 billion today. He spent his enormous wealth on everything from tapestries to castles, including the Tower of London‘s famous White Tower.
Jakob Fugger (1459–1525) – $277 billion
German textile, mercury and cinnamon merchant Jakob Fugger was so wealthy that he was nicknamed ‘Jakob the Rich’. As a banker, merchant and mining pioneer, he was Europe’s richest man during the early 16th century. His business methods were so controversial that Martin Luther spoke out against him.
His wealth even allowed him to influence politics of the time, since he loaned money to the Vatican, funded the rise of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and bankrolled the Spanish King Charles V.
Tsar Nicholas II (1868-1918) – $300 billion
The Romanovs’ wealth was like no other family that has existed since. Though ultimately ill-fated, Tsar Nicholas Romanov ruled over the Russian Empire from 1894 to 1917, during which time they invested in palaces, jewellery, gold and art. After they were murdered, the family’s possessions and assets were largely seized by their killers.
Since he was posthumously canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church, Tsar Nicholas II is the richest saint of all time. Moreover, his net worth by today’s standards makes him wealthier than the top 20 Russian billionaires of the 21st century combined.
John D. Rockefeller (1839–1937) – $367 billion
Widely regarded as the richest American to have ever lived, John D. Rockefeller started investing in the petroleum industry in 1863, and by 1880 his Standard Oil company controlled 90% of American oil production. He attributed all of his success to God and taught Sunday School at his local church throughout his life.
His obituary in the New York Times estimated that his overall fortune was equivalent to almost 2% of US economic output. He was the first man in US history to amass a fortune of $1 billion.
Andrew Carnegie (1835–1919) – $372 billion
Born into a humble Scottish family, Andrew Carnegie went on to become both one of the richest men and the greatest philanthropist of all time. He was responsible for massive expansion of the US steel industry in the late 19th century.
He famously redistributed almost all of his wealth, giving around 90% of his fortune away to charities and educational establishments. He even offered $20 million to the Philippines as a means of buying back their country from the US, who had bought it from Spain after the Spanish-American war. The Philippines declined.
Mansa Musa (1280-1337) – $415 billion
Mansa Musa, the king of Timbuktu, is often referred to as the richest person in history, with a wealth that has been described as ‘incalculable’. His west African kingdom was the largest producer of gold in the world at a time when the metal was in high demand. Pictures of Musa depict him as holding a sceptre of gold, on a throne of gold, holding a cup of gold and with a golden crown on his head.
He famously made an Islamic Hajj to Mecca. His retinue included 60,000 people as well as 12,000 enslaved people. Everything was covered in gold and was a means of transporting gold, with the entire group reportedly carrying items worth over $400 billion today. He spent so much money during a brief stopover in Egypt that the national economy was damaged for years.
Augustus Caesar (63 BC–14 AD) – $4.6 trillion
As well as personally owning all of Egypt for a time, first Roman emperor Augustus Caesar boasted an individual fortune equivalent to a fifth of his empire’s whole economy. For context, the Roman Empire under Augustus was responsible for around 25-30% of the world’s economic output.
His rule of the vast empire from 27 BC until his death in AD 14 was changeable, however: in his final years Caesar was plagued by a succession of military failures and poor overall economic performance. | <urn:uuid:75de8c99-098c-48f1-ac4f-be6eeaee5799> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.historyhit.com/richest-people-in-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500619.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207134453-20230207164453-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.981841 | 1,520 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Last September, NASA officials were confident the Voyager 1 probe had passed into interstellar space. They weren’t 100% positive, though. Today, they are.
What makes researchers so sure today? Radiation from the sun described as a “tsunami wave” enabled scientists to calculate exactly how far away the Voyager 1 spacecraft is from Earth. The spacecraft sits over 11 billion miles from Earth and continues its trek into the unknown everyday. | <urn:uuid:fb619ce9-4b16-42bd-9026-1d8110696f0f> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.newshub.org/m/tsunami-wave-radiation-confirms-voyager-1-has-hit-interstellar-space-1905642.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806070.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120145722-20171120165722-00743.warc.gz | en | 0.9607 | 90 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Lesson: Isaiah 56:1, 6-8
1 Thus says the LORD: Maintain justice, and do what is right, for soon my salvation will come,
and my deliverance be revealed.
6 And the foreigners who join themselves to the LORD, to minister to him, to love the name of the LORD, and to be his servants, all who keep the sabbath, and do not profane it, and hold fast my covenant —
7 these I will bring to my holy mountain, and make them joyful in my house of prayer; their burnt offerings and their sacrifices will be accepted on my altar; for my house shall be called a house of prayer for all peoples.
8 Thus says the LORD GOD, who gathers the outcasts of Israel, I will gather others to them besides those already gathered.
The Book of Isaiah is a composite of writings from three distinct periods in Ancient Israel’s history. The writings were compiled from about 700 BCE to about 300 BCE.
Chapters 1-39 are called “First Isaiah” and are the words of a prophet (one who speaks for YHWH – translated as “LORD” in all capital letters in the NRSV) who called for Jerusalem to repent in the 30 years before Jerusalem came under siege by the Assyrians in 701 BCE. “Second Isaiah” is Chapters 40 to 55. In these chapters, a prophet brought hope to the Judeans during the Exile in Babylon (587 to 539 BCE) by telling them they had suffered enough and would return to Jerusalem. “Third Isaiah” is Chapters 56 to 66 in which a prophet gave encouragement to the Judeans who had returned to Jerusalem (which was largely destroyed by the Babylonians in 587 BCE) after the Exile had ended.
Today’s reading is part of Third Isaiah and is inclusive in tone. Speaking for YHWH, Isaiah affirmed that foreigners (Gentiles) who join themselves to YHWH and keep the sabbath will be joyful in the Temple, YHWH’s house (v.7). In the omitted verses, Isaiah spoke for YHWH in giving eunuchs (sexually mutilated persons) who observe the sabbath access to the Temple (v.4-5). These verses contradict the prohibitions in Lev. 21:18 and Deut. 23:1.
In the period after the Exile, there was a tension between those who sought to keep Judaism only for Jews and those who were open to including Gentiles. Ezra and Nehemiah (who wrote around 450 BCE) were exclusivists who sought to keep Judeans “pure” by excluding foreigners, including the foreign wives some Jews who remained in Jerusalem had married during the Exile (Ezra 10). An inclusivist position was taken by the authors of 3rd Isaiah, and the Books of Jonah and Ruth.
This disagreement continued into the First Century of the Common Era. In opposition to the exclusivist Sadducees, Jesus of Nazareth is clearly presented in the Gospels as an inclusivist. As shown in Acts of the Apostles and in the reading today from Romans, Paul saw the Jesus Follower Movement (which remained a Jewish sect for most of the First Century), as inclusive and welcoming to Gentiles.
Epistle: Romans 11:1-2a, 29-32
1 I ask, then, has God rejected his people? By no means! I myself am an Israelite, a descendant of Abraham, a member of the tribe of Benjamin. 2a God has not rejected his people whom he foreknew.
29 For the gifts and the calling of God are irrevocable. 30 Just as you were once disobedient to God but have now received mercy because of their disobedience, 31 so they have now been disobedient in order that, by the mercy shown to you, they too may now receive mercy. 32 For God has imprisoned all in disobedience so that he may be merciful to all.
Paul’s letter to the Romans was his longest, last and most complex letter. It was written in the late 50s or early 60s (CE) – about ten years before the first Gospel (Mark) was written – to a Jesus Follower community that Paul did not establish. Among other messages in the letter, Paul sought to encourage respectful and supportive relationships between the Gentile Jesus Followers and the Jewish Jesus Followers in Rome.
The “backstory” is that the Roman Emperor Claudius expelled the Jews from Rome in 49 CE. His successor, Nero (54-68 CE), allowed Jews (including Jewish Jesus Followers) to return to Rome, and this created tensions about leadership and worship within the Jesus Follower Community.
Paul was a Jew all his life, and the Temple in Jerusalem was active all during Paul’s life. (Paul died in 63 and the Temple was destroyed in 70 CE.) In today’s reading, Paul reaffirmed that he is an “Israelite” (v.1) and warned against arrogance by Gentile Jesus Followers (v.31-32).
For Paul, the Jesus Follower Movement was a part of a reformed and expansive Judaism, one that was also open to uncircumcised Gentiles. Paul’s view was consistent with the inclusivism of Jesus in the Gospels and the inclusivism in 3rd Isaiah in today’s reading.
Gospel: Matthew 15: 21-28
Jesus left that place and went away to the district of Tyre and Sidon. Just then a Canaanite woman from that region came out and started shouting, “Have mercy on me, Lord, Son of David; my daughter is tormented by a demon.” But he did not answer her at all. And his disciples came and urged him, saying, “Send her away, for she keeps shouting after us.” He answered, “I was sent only to the lost sheep of the house of Israel.” But she came and knelt before him, saying, “Lord, help me.” He answered, “It is not fair to take the children’s food and throw it to the dogs.” She said, “Yes, Lord, yet even the dogs eat the crumbs that fall from their masters’ table.” Then Jesus answered her, “Woman, great is your faith! Let it be done for you as you wish.” And her daughter was healed instantly. | <urn:uuid:3cfa48ce-e1fb-461e-8e08-2d172fcedcbb> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://bbts.org/sundays-reading-for-august-16-2020/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474737.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228143955-20240228173955-00700.warc.gz | en | 0.97841 | 1,358 | 2.828125 | 3 |
|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions through America, Seen Through Photographs, Darkly.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. A photograph seems to be taken in order to guarantee that the event has actually ___________.
(a) Touched others in the event.
(b) Been a success.
2. The prisoners in the cave see only shadows, and thus believe those shadows are the totality of ____________.
(a) Their days.
(c) Their families.
(d) Their food.
3. Alfred Stieglitz produced photographs which supported Whitman's ideas, termed euphoric _____________.
4. Arbus admitted to the fact that her own work violated her own ______________ because of its content.
5. Photography idealizes subjects and makes ________ of people who are in the photographs.
Short Answer Questions
1. What was the profession or the career choice for Whitman during his time in the world?
2. In relation to sexuality, the very act of photography infers a perverse ________________.
3. The art of taking documentary photographs instead of helping a situation is a tacit ____________ that whatever is going on should keep on happening.
4. Photographs do not create ___________ but they reinforce existing morality, according to Sontag.
5. Arbus made everybody look ________________ when she took her photographs.
This section contains 194 words
(approx. 1 page at 300 words per page) | <urn:uuid:166c3993-e11b-4557-88d5-3200b11c972b> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/on-photography/quiz8b.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121618.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00184-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887119 | 327 | 2.765625 | 3 |
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