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These five volumes in the new Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions
and Discoveries through the Ages series, describes key inventions and
discoveries at the beginning of the scientific revolution. Entries cover
concepts in astronomy, biology, geology, chemistry, mathematics, and physical
sciences and inventions of tools--such as the telescope or barometer--that
helped scientists measure and test their hypotheses. Developments in the
seventeenth century are discussed in context, including their origins, usually
from ancient Greek science, and in light of modern theories. Cross-references
are represented within entries by all capital letters. There is a glossary at
the end of the work, and glossary terms are highlighted the first time they are
used in an entry. Bibliographies are included, and a complete list of
bibliographic references is found at the end of each book.
material contained in five volumes in this series of historical groundbreaking
experiments, inventions and discoveries encompasses many centuries from the
prehistoric period up to the 20th century. Topics are explored from the time of
prehistoric humans, the age of classical Greek and Roman science, the Christian
era, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance period from the years 1350 to 1600, the
beginnings of modern science of the 17th century, and great experiments,
inventions, and discoveries of the 18th and 19th centuries. This historical
approach to science by Greenwood Press is intended to provide students with the
materials needed to examine science as a specialized discipline. The authors
present the topics for each historical period alphabetically and include
information about the women and men responsible for specific experiments,
inventions, and discoveries.
concentrate on the physical and life sciences and follow the same historical
format that describes the scientific developments of that period, In addition to
the science of each historical period, the authors explore the implications of
how historical groundbreaking experiments, inventions and discoveries influenced
the thoughts and theories of future scientists and how these developments
affected peoples' lives.
progress through the volumes, it will become obvious that the nature of science
is cumulative. In other words, scientists of one historical period draw upon and
add to the ideas and theories of earlier periods. This is evident in contrast to
the recent irrationalist philosophy of the history and philosophy of science
that views science, not as a unique, self-correcting human empirical inductive
activity, but as just another social or cultural activity where scientific
knowledge is conjectural, scientific laws are contrived, scientific theories
are all false, scientific facts are fickle, and scientific truths are relative.
These volumes belie postmodern deconstructionist assertions that no scientific
idea has greater validity than any other idea and that all "truths" are a matter
example, in 1992 the plurality opinion by three jurists of the US. Supreme Court
in Planned Parenthood v. Case restated the "right" to abortion by stating: "at
the heart of liberty is the right to define one's own concept of existence, of
meaning of the universe, and of the mystery of human life." This is a remarkable
deconstructionist statement, not because it supports the right to abortion, but
because the Court supports the relativistic premise that anyone's concept of the
universe is whatever that person wants it to be, and not what the universe
actually is based on: what science has determined by experimentation, the use of
statistical probabilities, and empirical inductive logic.
deconstructionist statement, not because it supports the right to abortion, but
because the Court supports the relativistic premise that anyone's concept of the
universe is whatever that person wants it to be, and not what the universe
actually is based on: what science has determined by experimentation, the use of
statistical probabilities, and empirical inductive logic.
scientists develop factual knowledge as to the nature of nature they understand
that "rational assurance is not the same thing as perfect certainty." By
applying statistical probability to new factual data this knowledge provides the
basis for building scientific hypotheses, theories and laws over time. Thus,
scientific knowledge becomes self-correcting as well as cumulative.
addition, this series refutes the claim that each historical theory is based on
a false paradigm (a methodological framework) that is discarded and later is
just superseded by a new, more recent theory also based on a false paradigm.
Scientific knowledge is the sequential nature that revises, adds to and builds
on old ideas and theories as new theories are developed based on new knowledge.
is a prime example of how science progressed over the centuries. Lives of people
who lived in the prehistorical period were geared to the movement of the sun,
moon and stars. Cultures in all countries developed many rituals based on
observations of how nature affected the flow of life, including the female
menstrual cycle and people's migrations to follow food supplies or adaptations
to survive harsh winters. Later, after the discovery of agriculture around 8000
to 9000 B.C.E., people learned to relate climate and weather, the phases of the
moon and the periodicity of the sun's apparent motion in relation to the Earth,
because these astronomical phenomena seemed to determine the fate of their
invention of bronze by alloying first arsenic and later tin with copper occurred
about 3000 B.C.E. Much later, after discovering how to use the iron found in
celestial meteorites, and still later, in 1000 B.C.E. when people learned how to
smelt iron from ore, civilization entered the Iron Age. The people of the
Tigris-Euphrates region invented the first calendar based on the phases of the
moon and seasons in about 2800 B.C.E. During the ancient and classical Greek
and Roman periods (about 700 B.C.E. to A.D. 100) mythical gods were devised to
explain what was viewed in the heavens or to justify their behavior. Myths based
on astronomy, such as the sun and planet gods as well as Gaia the Earth mother,
were part of their religions and affected their way of life. This period was the
beginning of the philosophical thoughts of Aristotle and others concerning
astronomy and nature in general that predated modern science. In about 235
B.C.E. the Greeks first proposed a heliocentric relationship of the sun and
planets. Ancient people in Asia, Egypt and India invented fantastic structures
to assist the unaided eye in viewing the positions and motions of the moon,
stars and sun. These instruments were the forerunners of the modern telescopes
and other devices that make modern astronomical discoveries possible. Ancient
astrology was based on the belief that the positions of bodies in the heavens
controlled one's life. Astrology is still confused with the science of astronomy
and is still not based on any reliable astronomical data.
ancients knew that a dewdrop on a leaf seemed to magnify the leaf's surface.
This led to the invention of a glass bead that could be used as a magnifying
glass. In 1590 Zacharias Janssen, an eyeglass maker, discovered that two convex
lenses, one at each end of a tube, increased the magnification. In 1608 Hans
Lippershey's assistant turned the instrument end-to-end and discovered that
distant objects appeared closer; thus the telescope was discovered. The
telescope has been used for both navigation and astronomical observations since
the 17th century. The invention of new instruments, such as the microscope and
the telescope, led to further discoveries such as of the cell by Robert Hooke
and the four moons of Jupiter by Galileo, who made this important astronomical
discovery that revolutionized astronomy with a telescope of his own design and
construction. These inventions and discoveries enabled the expansion of
astronomy from an ancient "eyeball" science to an ever-expanding series of
experiments and discoveries leading to many new theories about the universe.
Others invented and improved astronomical instruments, such as the reflecting
telescope combined with photography, the spectroscope, and Earth-orbiting
astronomical instruments that resulted in the discovery of new planets and
galaxies as well as new theories related to astronomy and the universe in the
20th century. The age of "enlightenment" through the 18th and 19th centuries
culminated in an explosion of new knowledge of the universe that continued
through the 20th and into the 21st centuries. Scientific laws, theories, and
facts we now know about astronomy and the universe are grounded in the
experiments, discoveries and inventions of the past centuries, just as they are
in all areas of science.
in the series Groundbreaking Experiments, Inventions and Discoveries, are
written in easy-to-understand language with a minimum of scientific jargon. They
are appropriate references for middle and senior high school audiences as well
as for the college-level non-science major and for the general public interested
in the development and progression of science over the ages.
Quick perusal of the pages gives a good schema of the major developments of
science in western Europe and North America especially.
Quick perusal of the pages gives a good schema of the major developments of science in western Europe and North America especially.
Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the
Ancient World by Robert E. Krebs, Carolyn A. Krebs
(Greenwood Press) This reference work describes the trial-and-error experiments,
discoveries, and inventions of early humans who lived before recorded history to
the Middle Ages. Krebs travels through the ancient periods of
Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries Middle Ages
and the Renaissance by Robert E. Krebs (Greenwood Press) This
reference work describes the trial-and-error experiments, discoveries, and
inventions of during the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance. Krebs notes in
alphabetical listings Arab inventions and conservation of classical Greek and
Roman knowledge, scholastic experimental science and theory in Christian era,
and the revivial of classical knowledge and stimulations to experimental science
and naturalism. The volume provides students with the link between science and
history, while revealing information about the development of scientific
perspectives. Each entry provides where, when, and by whom the discovery or
invention was made or the experiment was carried out.
Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the 17th
Century by Michael Windelspecht (
Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the 18th
Century by Jonathan Shectman (Greenwood Press) In
over 60 alphabetical entries, Shectman examines at the tremendous scientific
discoveries, inventions, and inquiries of the period. Familiar topics such as
the steam engine and hot air balloon are covered, along with lesser-known topics
such as the Watt copy press and
Near the end of the eighteenth century, James Watt (1736-1819) wrote that "the very existence of Britain as a nation seems to me, in great measure, to depend upon her exertions in science...." When he wrote this, Watt was already a legendary figure in England. His steam engines powered nearly every factory in nearly every industry, surpassing all forms of energy that the world had ever seen. His name was, in the minds of scientists and commoners alike, very nearly synonymous with the industrial revolution. Many people even thought that the steam engine might one day carry them all the way to the moon.
By the end of the century, scientific research and its practical applications had become two sides of a golden coin. Science could not only remake the`world, it could very well carry ordinary people to the far-flung reaches of their imagination. However, unity of science and practical application was a relatively new concept during the late eighteenth century.
In ancient Greece, Archimedes (ca. 287-212 B.C.) used principles of geometry to build ingenious war machines that effectively repelled invading Roman armies. Centuries later, Plutarch (ca. 46-120) admonished his predecessor for using mathematics for meekly practical purposes. Even the greatest of Archimedes' contemporaries never conceived of science in the enlightenment terms of practical application. In fact, a cornerstone of ancient philosophy was the distinction between knowledge and usefulness.
A millennium and a half later, Renaissance scholar Francis Bacon (1561-1626) began the arduous task of conceptually removing "philosophy" and science from the ivory tower and placing it at the service of ordinary people. The seventeenth century "age of genius" began delineating applied science for collective benefit, but individual reactions of philosopher-scientists varied wildly. In the heavily chronicled life of Isaac Newton (1642-1727), only a single laugh is officially recorded. Newton lent a copy of Euclid's Elements to a friend. After perusal, Newton's friend asked him about the useful benefits of such a study, thereby eliciting the historic chortle.
At end of the seventeenth century, few scientists could have imagined the world at the end of the following century. Conceptually, the world was a different place. Scientifically, the world was changing faster than it ever had before. Rarely, these events came together on a single day. On November 20, 1783, a crowd of 400,000 Parisians gathered to witness the first human flight in a hot air balloon. Most scholars believe that the crowd's scientists, royalty and ordinary people all 400,000 of them-made up the largest human gathering to that point in history.
Just 10 days later, a smaller crowd gathered for the first launch of a hydrogen (lighter than air) balloon, which carried a human passenger to a height of 9,000 feet. On seeing the ascent, a spectator somehow failed to see the practical aspects of the new invention, turned to the man next to him, and asked what good the new invention was. The man next to him was Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), minister to France from the newly formed United States. To this man's question, Franklin replied, "What good is a newborn baby?"
Franklin's hapless spectator represents an unwitting eighteenth-century counterpart to Newton's Euclid-reading friend from a century earlier. Franklin himself represents a conceptual shift on a level the world had never before witnessed, a link between empirical science and technical application in the person of the scientist. Franklin (or one of his contemporary colleagues) might have laughed at the spectator's absurd question, but never at its being asked. The very spirit of the century-its urgent, flourishing ethos impatiently straining against its own temporal yoke required and even demanded an answer.
That this answer came in the form of Franklin's cheerful question is emblematic of the optimistic spirit of the times. Science must and will have a purpose. Science will make things better, easier, more efficient. Science will improve the lives of ordinary people. Science will do something. In the easy, scientific optimism of the late eighteenth century, one can almost hear the words of seventeenth-century mathematician Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), like a scientific prophet from a former era: `Joy, Joy, Joy, Tears of Joy."
When Franklin began his study of electricity, there existed no practical use for the substance. In a famous letter, Franklin apologized for this fact. (He later made amends when he invented the lightning rod, which is still in use today) Franklin wrote that he was "Chagrin'd a little that We have hitherto been able to discover Nothing in the Way of Use to Mankind" from his many early electrical experiments. Similarly, when German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) invented his binary system of numbers, eighteenth-century scientists and mathematicians accepted it as rationally sound. However, they paid no further attention because it offered no practical use. (It was entirely abdicated when binary numbers formed the basis of modern computing in the 1940s.) The point is that, without practical application, scientific knowledge was not enough. The eighteenth century opened all forms of esoteric scientific practice to public scrutiny.
In the space of little more than a century, science was completely transformed. In the same space, the world also was completely transformed. It took few more than 100 years to journey from Newton's time-honored laugh (a laugh heard since antiquity) to Franklin's easy optimism about the practice of science. At this point, a question presents itself: "How did this happen?" Or, more urgently, "How did it happen so quickly?"
In a very literal sense, these questions form the basis of this book. Each entry represents a groundbreaking experiment, invention or discovery on the road from science-in-transition of the seventeenth century "age of genius" to science-as-benefit of the eighteenth-century "age of reason" (and beyond). The seventeenth century claimed the very scientific precepts that the eighteenth century demonstrated through observation, experiment, and analysis; calculation, invention, and application; technique, classification, and nomenclature; and, especially, widespread dissemination, for eighteenth-century scientists realized their work would be nothing, if not readily available to as many people as possible.
For example, the Franklin heating stove would have made its inventor one of the wealthiest men in America. Instead of patenting it, Franklin printed its plans-along with (and this is key) an easily accessible, scientific explanation of thermal energy. A decade earlier, Pierre Fauchard (1678-1761) began founding modern dentistry with publication of Le Chirurgien Dentiste in 1728. Previously, dental knowledge was the closely guarded, esoteric knowledge of barber-surgeons and tooth-drawers. After Fauchard's publication, dentists began publishing their findings and freely sharing information for the benefit of their patients and fellow practitioners.
At the eighteenth century's end, mathematician and surveyor Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806) published impeccably precise information--complete with his scientific calculations--in his excellent Farmer's Almanac. During this period, scientists Denis Diderot (1713-1784) and Jean D'Alembert (1717-1783) began publishing the first modern (17-volume) encyclopedia. Never before had such a diversity of scientific topics appeared in one single compilation. Diderot and D'Alembert's Encyclopedie became emblematic of the free exchange of ideas that began taking place among scientists of the eighteenth century. For this reason, the eighteenth century is called not only the "age of reason," but also the "age of the encyclopedia."
So how did this revolution in applied science happen so quickly? One straightforward answer is that the age of reason had one more permutation: the age of revolution-French, American, chemical, industrial, and so forth. In other words, this answer says that the same century birthed democracy and also applied science quite literally from the same general milieu. A tougher answer says that it happened a little at a time, through the hard work of experimenters, inventors and discoverers engaged in a process much larger than their personal subjectivities and ending far beyond their own historical moments.
The eighteenth century opened with just such a revolutionary theory. In 1700, Georg Ernst Stahl (1660-1734) proposed the phlogiston theory of substances. This theory explained combustion, calcification (or oxidation), and animal respiration. It stated that these processes release the hypothetical substance phlogiston from an object to the surrounding air. Phlogiston was the first reasonable, rational theory of substances. It explained both everyday events (such as a burning candle) and scientific phenomena (such as calcification experiments). In terms of practical uses for both, phlogiston was wildly successful.
Virtually all discoveries of pneumatic chemistry were made by scientists subscribing to the theory of phlogiston. Discoveries of every one of the first independent gases to be identified carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, chlorine, and especially oxygen-were a direct result of scientists consciously conducting phlogiston experiments. Because of pneumatic discoveries, scientists realized the compound nature of water. For the first time, scientists had unshackled chemistry from the ancient four-element theory of Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), which had led them astray for nearly two millennia. Now, scientists quit trying to discover how many elements existed (be it 4, 8, or 177) and began trying to discover as many as they could. Science was quickly becoming free of the ancient, backward practice of adapting conclusions to fit abstract theories.
Indeed, phlogiston was so practically successful that it paved the way for its own replacement by a better theory. In the 1780s, the founder of modern oxygen chemistry, Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794), began paying close attention to the concept of mass in quantitative chemical reactions. In many reactions, he found that reactants gained weight. If phlogiston was escaping, he wondered how this could be. Because phlogiston had led to the discovery of the first distinct gases, Lavoisier began to suspect that something from the air was joining with an object during combustion. When Lavoisier discovered that something was, in fact, joining with an object and found that that something was oxygen-the phlogiston theory self-destructed. It had served its practical use. Lavoisier also drew up a seminal list of elements and compounds, and created a rational system of chemical nomenclature. The basic transformation of chemistry took place during the space of a few frenetic years in the 1770s and 1780s. In fact, the chemical revolution could be said to be conceptually completed with Lavoisier's publication of the magnificently important book Traite Elementaire de Chimie in 1789. Since Lavoisier's day, scientists have adopted his oxygen theory of chemistry most succinctly laid out in Traite-with near universality.
Phlogiston was certainly not the basis of all scientific research, but it was fruitful in many different areas. Henry Cavendish (1731-1810) was one of the last scientists to subscribe to phlogiston. This theory led him to the discovery that hydrogen is an independent gas. Cavendish quickly discovered that hydrogen was only about one-fifth the density of ordinary air. Fellow chemist Joseph Black (1728-1799) began experimenting with the uses of this gas, when he captured hydrogen in a small bag, which began to "float." Several yeas later, French chemist Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles (1746-1823) began a series of fruitful inquires with the gas. These trials led to the formulation of Charles's law, which states that a gas expands by the same fraction of its original volume as its temperature rises. In turn, this law led to Charles's understanding of gas density and to his successful hydrogen balloon launch (the one on December 1, 1783).
During this period, Joseph Black was also conducting a series of inquiries into latent heat. Black noticed that an "extra" amount of heat was required to turn ice into water and to turn boiling water into steam. Black shared his scientific findings with his friend, James Watt. Watt had noted a similar finding in his work with outdated steam engines. He found that he needed a tremendous amount of fuel just to heat and reheat the engine's single chamber, which was cooled to create every power stroke. Out of the fruitful conversations between Black and Watt came Watt's most important innovation, the separate condenser. Watt realized that, in effect, he had to overcome latent heat for each and every power stroke. Once he took latent heat out of the picture (with the separate condenser), he could run his steam engines on about a quarter of the fuel. Later, dependable steam engines were adapted for the first self-propelled vessels in history, which were river-navigating steamboats. Eventually, steamboats ushered in a new, heralded age of modern transportation.
In biology, a new age was dawning, too. Stephen Hales (1677-1761), the founder of pneumatic chemistry, began a new study of plant physiology. In doing so, he ushered in a methodological shift in scientific practice so familiar it seems almost like "common sense" today. Since Aristotle, philosophers had studied plant physiology by projecting the features of animals onto plants. This practice was called the analogist approach because it draws comparisons between plants and animals. For example, many early enlightenment scientists thought that sap "circulated" similarly to blood in animals. Even today, one hears residual analogist phrases like the "heart" of wood and the "veins" of a leaf.
Hales not only rejected earlier findings. He also rejected this method. In earlier experiments, Hales had become the first person to measure blood pressure, when he did so on a horse. One day Hales was working with a "bleeding" grapevine when he suddenly realized he needed a similarly rigorous empirical approach to studying plant physiology. In a number of experiments to measure the "force" of sap in plants, Hales essentially replaced the analogist tradition with a new method of rational experimentation, decisive analysis and functional equilibrium. For this reason, Hales gets credit for founding the field of plant physiology. He also gets credit for founding many modern methods of scientific analysis.
Astronomy is often called the oldest science. It is also a field in which dedicated amateurs have made many of the most important discoveries. During the eighteenth century, an English sailor-turned-astronomer, Thomas Wright (1711-1786), spent many nights staring. up at the Milky Way. He first suggested that the Milky Way is a slablike distribution of stars. This important discovery eventually led twentieth-century astronomers to one of that century's watershed discoveries: the classification of the Milky Way as a spiral galaxy.
A few years after Wright, Edmond Halley (1656-1742) demonstrated that comets follow a predictable orbit. Throughout the Middle Ages and well into the eighteenth century, the mere sighting of a comet routinely caused public panic and end-of-the-world scenarios. Halley demonstrated that, far from harbingers of earthly demise, the motion of comets is just as predictable as ' that of more conventional stellar objects. During the same decade, astronomer William Herschel (1738-1822) became the first person to discover a planet since the dawn of recorded history, when he realized that Uranus was indeed a planet (rather than a comet).
Throughout the history of astronomy, one sees time and again that astronomy is not just for professional astronomers. The practice of celestial navigation made amateur astronomers out of ancient sailors, who often had no formal education. When the age of exploration dawned in Europe, practical need propelled the need for astronomy to new and unforeseen levels. More than any other science, astronomy caught the attention (and funding) of Europe's royal governments. Even before the age of eighteenth-century scientific practice, astronomy had become a living practice of applied science on the high seas. Overwhelming need for practical instruments led to the revolutionary navigation inventions of the eighteenth century, navigational quadrants (strictly speaking, octants and sextants). Instruments for optically "lowering" a celestial body to the horizon for purposes of navigation were invented independently by John Hadley (1682-1744) in England and Thomas Godfrey (1704-1749) in the United States. In today's age of Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites, instruments like those of Hadley and Godfrey are still routinely found aboard vessels of varying sizes.
Not all eighteenth-century work followed the specific model of applied science. Pierre-Louis de Maupertuis (1698-1759) stumbled onto the principle of least action while trying to discern the scientific basis for the existence of a deity. An Enlightenment thinker to the core, Maupertuis thought he had found it with an eighteenth-century version of Ockham's razor. Voltaire (1694-1778) had a good laugh at the whole notion. Nonetheless, the principle of least action, stated broadly, is the idea that nature is thrifty in all its actions. This principle explains water running downhill as well as a ray of light "bending" when it enters water. The principle of least action turned out to be one of the most important generalizations in the history of science. This generalization was not specific to work done during the eighteenth century but continues in importance-along with many of the century's experiments, inventions, and discoveries.
In similar context, another of the eighteenth (and nineteenth) century's greatest chemists, Humphry Davy (1778-1829), wrote that "science, like that nature to which it belongs, is neither limited by time nor by space. It belongs to the world, and is of no country...." Along with Count Benjamin Thompson Rumford (1753-1814), Davy made one of the century's final discoveries: that heat was synonymous neither with the substance phlogiston nor with the so-called heat fluid, caloric. Rumford and Davy made the lasting discovery during 1798 and 1799 that heat is a form of energy. At the end of the century, applied science had come so far since 1700 and the advent of phlogiston.
And here, at the eighteenth century's end, is Watt's statement of Britain's debt to science, from the beginning of this introduction. When he made the statement, Britain was on the threshold of a period of unprecedented growth. It had lost its crown colonial jewel and had lost recent political capital to the new French republic, but Britain was still the most technologically advanced country in the world. It stood on the threshold of unprecedented empire and unequaled riches, but Watt does not mention military prowess or economic supremacy. Science, he says, is the key to Britain's greatness-Watt hangs Britain's "very survival as a nation" on the single peg of applied science. At the end of the eighteenth century, this contested practice (of one nation and many, of all nations and none) had come so far since Plutarch's scold and Newton's laugh.
Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the 19th
Century by Michael
Windelspecht (Greenwood Press) The 19th century is known as the modern era of
science. Many of the ideas, theories, and inventions developed during this time
are used everyday in today's society. Windelspecht investigates the century's
tremendous discoveries, inventions, and inquiries in more than 60 alphabetical
entries. This reference presents familiar subjects, such as the telephone and
elevator, as well as those less frequently studied, such as the spectroscope and
Pasteur's development of the germ theory.
The importance of the 19th century to the history of science and technology is
best represented by the names that are frequently assigned to this period. In
mathematics this is commonly called the "Golden Age of Mathematics." Many
historians consider the 19`h century, especially the latter half, to be the
start of the modern era of science, because many of our current ideas and
theories of the natural world were initiated during this time. Just as the
scientific community experienced a Scientific Revolution in the 17th century,
the 19th century is frequently referred to as the center of the Industrial
Revolution, when technology and inventions forever changed society. Each of
these instances signify that important events occurred during the period, but in
reality the 19' century is actually a culmination of almost two centuries of
work by scientists and mathematicians.
Scientific Revolution of the 17th century forever changed the way in which
scientists view the natural and physical world. In the place of the method of
the ancient Greeks, which involved observation followed primarily by
philosophical discussion, arose a method of experimentation and validation that
persists to this day. The science of the 17th century also introduced the
formation of scientific societies and journals in which scientists presented
their ideas and results to be critiqued by their peers. During the 17th century
mathematics, astronomy and the physical sciences flourished, and names like
Newton, Kepler and Galileo dominated the century. This is not to say that
important advances were not made in the biological and chemical sciences, but in
many cases these were still descriptive. During the 18`h century chemistry as a
science was finally separated from the study of alchemy by the action of
scientists such as Lavoisier. Also during this time the naturalists, the early
name given to biologists, began to study the structure of the natural world and
to question the processes by which it functioned and changed over time.
In the 19th
century these ideas and practices culminated in some of the most important
theories in the history of science. The biological sciences became an important
force in the study of the natural world during the 19`h century. Previously the
study of living creatures had been primarily descriptive as naturalists
collected samples and attempted to establish order to the natural world in the
same manner as the chemists and physicists did in their fields. Early
naturalists recognized that organisms changed over time but lacked an
explanation for what was causing the process. Mechanisms of change had to be
developed by early evolutionary theorists to account for the relatively rapid
changes in organisms on an Earth that was very young according to biblical
scholars. However, advances in the study of geology, most notably by Charles
Lyell, forever changed the concept of geological time and established the
framework for one of the more important theories of the 19"' century. In 1859
Charles Darwin published his ideas on how organisms change over time in The
Origin of Species. This landmark publication revolutionized the study of the
biological sciences and established one of the greatest controversies of the
modern age, the question over divine creation or common descent as the process
of human evolution.
century was also a time for new ideas in the study of medicine. Preventive
medicine, a major component of modern healthcare systems, originated in the
1800s as a result of the development of vaccines and the realization that
diseases may be caused by microscopic organisms. The work of Louis Pasteur
ensured that generations of humans would be protected from the natural microbe
content of food supplies from his simple experiments with a process that is now
called pasteurization. Other advances, such as the discovery of synthetic dyes,
were the beginning of the modern practice of studying diseases using
technology. Another development in the study of medicine was the invention of
specialized instruments, which advanced the specialization of physicians into
diverse areas of medical practice in the 20th century.
influence of the scientific advances of the 19th century on modern science and
society cannot be underestimated. The term science itself is a 19th century
creation, first used in 1851 by the English philosopher William Whewell. The
word is derived from the Latin word scientia ("knowing"), and it accurately
reflects what the goal`of 19th century scientific studies was. The scientists of
the 19th century were dedicated not only to describing the natural world but
also to knowing how it functioned and was structured. To do this scientists and
inventors participated in more extensive research and professional
organizations, and also developed research laboratories dedicated to the solving
of specific problems. The most famous of these is probably the one Thomas Edison
founded at Menlo Park, New Jersey. At this site Edison applied scientific
principles to the development of many inventions, including the incandescent
light bulb, and established some of the principles of modern electric power,
which in turn shaped the structure of 20th century society.
relationship between scientific studies and technological advances was
recognized and firmly established in the 19th century. In many cases this was a
reciprocal arrangement: inventors sometimes provided the instruments for
advanced scientific studies, and in other cases the scientists providing the
basic science that fostered the ideas of the inventors. An invention or
discovery frequently resulted in a cascade of events. For example, the study of
steam engines led to investigations into the study of thermodynamics, which in
turn disproved many of the existing concepts regarding heat. The design of
improved steam engines not only powered the Industrial Revolution, but also
enabled the western expansion of the United States, which interested inventors
in designing a means of communicating across greater distances. The invention of
the telegraph and telephone soon followed.
important aspect of the 19th century was the decentralization of the scientific
community For most of the history of science, isolated hotspots of scientific
inquiry have existed. Early in the history of science scientists congregated for
study and support in small areas of ancient Greece and Alexandria, Egypt, for
example. Areas of study existed in China, the Arab world, and India even before
the fall of the Roman Empire. During the Scientific Revolution the majority of
the scientific advances occurred in Europe. By the 19' century, though, the
study of science became more global. Europe continued to play a major role, as
it had for several centuries, but scientific communities were developing in the
United States and Russia. The accomplishments of Russian and American scientists
would dominate much of the science of the early 20th century. This was the
beginning of a trend that continues to this day, and scientific and
technological advances occur on every continent of the globe. Of course
decentralization could also inhibit the exchange of information, but by the late
19`h century inventions such as the telegraph and telephone, as well as
improvements in means of transportation such as the steam engine and internal
combustion engine, would ensure that the scientists of the 20th century could
easily be in contact with colleagues across the world. The modern Internet,
originally constructed for military use, is an extension of these technologies
and has become an importance avenue by which the scientific community
communicates its findings in the electronic world.
is designed as a reference volume for anyone interested in obtaining an
overview of the advances in mathematics, science and technology during the 19th
century. The topics in this volume were chosen from a historical perspective
because of their influence on the development of science, mathematics and
technology. By no means is this a comprehensive compilation of all of the
accomplishments during this time frame. Entries were chosen not only because of
their influence, but also to indicate the wide array of accomplishments during
this century. In each case, though, the work of these investigators eventually
led to scientific, mathematical or technological breakthroughs that shaped the
course of science, and often society, in the following centuries. Each entry
provides a brief history of the topic, which in some cases dates from the time
of the ancient Greeks but in others goes back only a few decades. This allows
the reader to more fully understand the climate of the times and thus appreciate
the methodology by which the scientists and inventors approached their
discoveries. Because many advances of the 19th century were built on the
achievements of many disciplines, each entry is cross-referenced to other topics
in the book that may provide additional insight on related events that occurred
during this time. Each entry contains descriptions of experiments, discoveries,
and inventions and how the specific achievement influenced the science and
culture of the times. Although, described from the perspective of 19th century
science and culture, some of these creations were so revolutionary that their
potential influence on science and society were not completely recognized during
the time frame of the 19th century. However, all of the chosen items made
important contributions to the development of modern science and society in the
20th and 21st centuries.
is targeted for the general science audience and I have tried to use common
language to describe many of the scientific and mathematical discoveries. For
areas that require a deeper understanding of technical and scientific
terminology, a Glossary appears at the end of the book. Each entry contained in
the Glossary is highlighted in boldface type when it is first used in the text.
Also included for each entry is a bibliography of reference materials that
direct the reader to sources of additional information, and a complete
Bibliography is included. An index of subjects and names used within the work
allow readers to quickly access desired information from the century covered by
this book. The timeline at the front of the book helps to illustrate other
advances that were occurring during the century. These reference materials make
this volume attractive for secondary school libraries as well as for
undergraduate students in colleges and universities, where students may be
seeking general information about a specific experiment or discovery. In
addition, community libraries that wish to possess a general reference volume
on the 19th century, as well as anyone with an interest in science history, will
find this work a useful addition to their collection.
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reduce environmental pollution
In the Volkswagen showroom, near Wolfsburg, gathered about 5,000 dealers from all over Europe (Germany, Hungary, Austria) to witness the preparation of the company to enter the world market of electric vehicles from the series I. D. the Manufacturer wants to prepare its sales team for the era of electric mobility. The event was attended not only by dealers, but also by everyone who wants to get acquainted with the world of electric mobility.
Most of the information at the event remains confidential, as some electric vehicles presented in the showroom will not be released to the market for several years. Also, some details about vehicles and plans should remain confidential for reasons of competition, which is the norm at such events. Continue reading
1. Minimum engine options maximum power configurations
The biggest advantage of electric vehicle manufacturers is the easily variable power inherent in electric motors.
The manufacturer can produce only a few motors, but offer up to 30 different transmission options. In short, “horsepower”, which is not the correct definition for electric motors, can be adjusted, that is, one motor can have several power options.
In turn, the manufacturer of cars with ice, to offer similar variability and be able to compete, must spend money on the development and creation of a much larger number of engines, with each engine will need its own production and Assembly line, while the manufacturer of electric vehicles is satisfied with the simplicity of design and savings on Assembly due to the smaller size of the electric motor. Continue reading
Cars will change in the next decade more than in the last century. And that’s probably a good thing, because cars account for a significant share of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. It is estimated that there are more than 1.37 billion cars in the world, and this figure is expected to rise to 2 billion by 2040.
There are many innovative ideas on how to deal with emissions from cars: from Hyper-efficient flying cars to hydrogen fuel cells, which as a by-product emit only water, however, this is a distant prospect compared to electric cars and Autonomous cars, which are expected to appear on the roads by 2030. Continue reading | <urn:uuid:2b8138e1-7431-4c75-9e07-bd5f60e0d13c> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://ccp-ebikes.com/top/reduce-environmental-pollution | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370494331.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329105248-20200329135248-00127.warc.gz | en | 0.965186 | 449 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Shelby Harris: I’m Shelby Harris; I am the Director of the Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program at Montefiore Medical Center Sleep-Wake Disorders Center.
Question: What happens in our brains while we sleep?
Shelby Harris: So when you go to sleep at night, if you’re someone who hasn’t had any sleep deprivation, you have a very normal sleep pattern, what we tend to see is that, in adults, they go to bed and they start off by going into the deeper stages sleep. So the deeper stages of sleep are really those times of quiescence, you’re really restoring your body and we have a few different stages of sleep. So you have Sleep Stage One, Two, and then Three/Four. One is a little bit lighter stage of the quiet, non-REM sleep and then Three/Four is really deep, deep sleep. And what you want is, you actually want a number of – you want to go through all of these stages throughout the night. So people only focus on getting the really deep sleep, but in reality, we spend almost 60% of the night in the stage two sleep.
So we go through in the beginning of the night, we go into the really deep stages of sleep and we actually cycle through. So, when you go down to the deep stage, then you go back up and you actually come into something called REM sleep, which is after about 90 minutes. So when you’re in REM sleep, your brain is very active, our body is quiet, but your brain is really processing a lot of things, a lot of emotions; we dream the most in REM sleep. And then you go back down in the deep stages, and so on and so forth. And you cycle throughout so that you do about five to six cycles throughout the night. And we spend more time in REM later on in the night than we do earlier on.
That’s why people tend to remember their dreams in the morning a little bit better and if earlier in the night, when you’re in a lot of deep sleep, if someone wakes you, or the phone rings or something, you’re really confused. Really if it’s an hour or two after you’ve fallen asleep because you’re in such a deep sleep at that point.
Question: Why do we need to sleep?
Shelby Harris: Well sleep tends – we actually don’t know the function of sleep all that well yet, but sleep is a time of quiescence in the brain. When you’re in the more deeper stages of sleep – REM sleep, your body is quiet, but your mind is actually very active. So it’s a time when your body and your brain is restoring itself. It’s repairing any cell damage that happened during the day, it’s really repairing, like I said, repairing your body, but also helps with digestion, helps with memory. It has a lot of things that it’s doing while you are asleep.
Question: What happens to the brain when it doesn’t get sleep?
Shelby Harris: So, sleep deprivation, and sometimes an insomnia, which is a little bit of a different form, but just getting a lack of sleep, can lead to a number of different decrements. So, decrements in attention and concentration, being able to learn more efficiently, that’s just not as good. Also, there are motor vehicle accidents, workplace accidents, we see that a lot. Workplace accidents with people who are sleep deprived or people who work shifts and they don’t get the right amount of sleep during the day or at night.
And also, there’s a new line of research showing that people who don’t get enough sleep, they’re body doesn’t metabolize as well. And so they actually – it leads to weight gain. So if you’re not getting enough sleep, you might have difficulty losing weight.
Question: Why can’t people with insomnia get to sleep despite having large sleep debts?
Shelby Harris: Well, the actual function of the brain, not so sure yet. There’s a lot of different theories about it, but when you talk about psychologically in your brain, a lot of people with insomnia, though not all, report that they can’t turn their minds off. So, it’s not every patient that I see, but I’d say a good 70% to 80% of the patients when they go to bed it’s like a stereo is playing at an 11 or 12 and they can’t turn it down, at all. So it makes it very hard for their body to down regulate to be able to go to bed at night. And in those patients they tend to then be more awake at nights, they’ll toss and turn, they’ll think more, they get frustrated. And when that starts to happen, you really don’t sleep even more because you’re making your body tense and your mind is getting more and more active.
And you said, “sleep debt” so, in general, there are patients with insomnia who – many patients with insomnia will actually over report the lack of sleep that they are getting. They are still having insomnia, but it’s seems worse to them than actually it is. So, if they say they’re sleep deprived, they haven’t slept at all in three days; if we actually take them into a lab, most of the time we actually do see they’re sleeping on and off here and there. There might be little episodes of micro-sleeps or naps during the day, but they’re actually getting a little bit of sleep.
And we’ve looked at sleep diaries of patients with insomnia, and they’ll say that they don’t sleep for one or two days. And the body actually has a natural function, after about the third day to start catching up and you get a little bit more sleep the third night. And that’s usually what I tell my patients. When they start worrying about not sleeping, I’ll say, “Say the mantra to myself; if I don’t sleep tonight, I’ll likely sleep tomorrow, and if not tomorrow then definitely the third” because our body has a way of naturally catching up.
Question: How can we treat insomnia?
Shelby Harris: So there’s a few different ways that we treat insomnia. The first thing that we always do is we look at the cause. So, more times than not, but not every time, it can be linked to a medical problem, such as menopause, cancer, chronic pain, it can be linked to anxiety and depression. Those are the more common causes. There are some patients who just have insomnia and they’ve had it since they were a kid and we don’t quite know why. So when we look at the cause, we definitely want to treat whatever else is going on, but insomnia often because it becomes its own diagnosis and that requires its own treatment. So if somebody has chronic pain, we want to manage the pain, but we still want to treat the insomnia separately. So what we’ll tend to do in our sleep lab is we’ll do a thorough evaluation and we usually have myself, who is a Psychologist and a Sleep Behavioral Sleep Specialist, I treat the patients first. So we try not using medications initially, and we use something called **** behavioral therapy for insomnia. This changes behaviors people do in bed, none of the tossing and turning. I’ll work on patient’s thoughts about sleep, “So I must get eight hours of sleep tonight or I won’t sleep tomorrow.” That sometimes – or “I won’t function tomorrow.” That sometimes makes it very difficult for you to sleep at night. We’ll work on relaxation strategies and also changing the times you go to bed will actually make them sleep a little bit less for a few nights so their body’s natural sleep drive starts to kick in. That is very effective in about 60% to 70% of patients who do it, four to eight sessions, not even every week; it works for 60% to 70% of patients. The rates are just a good as all the medication that are out there, and the rates are actually better in the long term.
The other option we have are medication treatments. So you’ll have the treatments such as Ambien, Lunesta, Sonata, and we’ll also have Rozerem and for some patients we use Benzodiazopine/Clonazepam. Things like that to help with anxiety. Those are another option that we’ll use. Sometimes we’ll use them in combination with behavioral, sometimes alone. It really depends upon the patient.
Question: How do circadian rhythms affect our sleep patterns?
Shelby Harris: So when it comes to circadian rhythms, it’s a clock that’s basically programmed in our body. So if you think back to times when people lived on farms and we didn’t have electricity. People went to bed when the sun went down and they woke up when the sun came up. That’s what our bodies are naturally programmed to do. However, with all the new stresses in life with electricity, with technology, we tend to override that system and we’ll stay up later and we’ll get up earlier or later, and we use alarm clocks, we use the light. We haven’t really – it’s harder for us to set those rhythms. So it’s really important to keep a steady bedtime and wake time to really lock in those rhythms.
Now circadian rhythms become very interesting and problematic for patients because when you become a teenager, your rhythms actually tend to naturally shift. So someone who is a child usually goes to bed about 8:00 or 9:00 at night, but then when they have a circadian rhythm shift, it shifts later. And this is natural. And they start to go to bed at 11:00, 12:00, 1:00 and they want to sleep later. So we see this a lot in teens. And there’s a problem for them when they have to get up and go to school in the morning, they’re very sleepy, yet on the weekends, they’ll sleep 12 hours, they’ll sleep late and then go to bed late and wake up late. And on vacations, it’s not a problem.
So we don’t really treat it unless it’s actually a real problem for them in school. And then some patients actually find that this problem continues into adulthood. We’re not really sure why it continues, but when they become adults, we usually have to treat it because many people need to get up early to go to work and they can’t be sleeping until 11:00 or 12:00. So we use treatments like bright light therapy, melatonin, things like that that are very effective.
And then we have other opposite problems with circadian rhythms that can happen when you – a lot of times with older adults. They start to go to bed at 6:00, 7:00 at night and they wake up at 2:00 in the morning. And they’re rhythms actually shift earlier, but sometime it can just kind of miss the mark and shift too much earlier and that’s when we need to treat it with bright light.
And circadian rhythms come into play with shift work. So a lot of people who work rotating shifts and they work at night, their bodies are set to want to be awake during the day and sleep at night. So there are some people who have a lot of trouble adjusting their rhythms and they have trouble working the night shift, they’re sleepy, they’re drowsy driving home. And that’s when we need to look at as well and really treat it if it’s becoming a problem.
Question: Is it possible to live nocturnally and get enough sleep?
Shelby Harris: Yeah, there’s some people who just naturally do it better. It’s uncommon, but there are some people who just have a delayed circadian rhythm and they just – they sleep better during the day then they do at night. So they’ve – a lot of those people with delayed sleep phase disorder they start to work in bars, they work some of the late night shifts, they sort of adjust to doing it more and more as time goes on.
Question: What’s the best way to deal with jet lag?
Shelby Harris: All right, so jet lag depends on which direction you’re going and it can be a little complicated, but there are a few different treatments. So one would be if you’re going somewhere – sorry it’s hard to think about it. If you’re going somewhere East from here, generally what you want to do is you want to try to have your bed time earlier and earlier so what we’ll do is I’ll have someone adjust for a week or two by going to be 15 minutes earlier and getting up 15 minutes earlier every night. So that can be a really simple thing. Honestly, what we use a lot is melatonin. So we use lower dosages of melatonin, taking it at different times, depending upon where we are traveling and that can really help adjust the body’s rhythm to wherever you are going.
Question: How has our understanding of the function of dreams changed over the years?
Shelby Harris: Okay. So the older models, when you look at Freudian, when you look at Jungian thought, and there’s still people who really – who really use the Jungian thought of dream analysis, is really that you would analyze the dreams. The dreams are there for a purpose. For some people they say, it’s about wish fulfillment, it’s about the things you are never able to do in your day you are actually fulfilling at night. There are other people who will say that it’s actually telling you something. If there’s a lot of fear that’s going on, if there’s a lot of anxiety, it’s manifesting itself in your nocturnal world so that analyzing it can help open up basically thoughts about what you need to do during the day. So a lot of people who subscribe to the psychoanalysis, the Jungian thought will really focus a lot on dreams, the meaning, and how it can be used to help you during the day.
Now if you go to more modern thought, there are different – it’s actually quite a controversial area. There are some people who believe that dreams really are just kind of a throwaway thing. They are just a way of your brain processing what’s happening during the day, but there’s really no meaning to them; a lot of imagery of just flashes of what happened. There are other people that think that dreams actually do serve a purpose. But what that purpose is, we’re not really sure. So some people believe that it actually does have some psychological representation of what’s going on in the day, but there’s no need to sit and really analyze it. There are other people who think, like myself, that dreams are almost – they’re a reenactment of what happened during the day, but it’s a way of your figuring out and your brain processing, to figure out what does it need to hold onto and remember and what can it just throw away. So it’s like your brain has a large filing cabinet and it’s opening up each drawer and it’s taking in various images and memories from the day, consolidating what it needs to and puts in whatever file. And then if there’s something that doesn’t fit in any of the files and doesn’t really belong, you’ll forget about it. So it’s a way of really getting a succinct way of storing things in your brain.
Question: How are nightmares different than regular dreams?
Shelby Harris: So nightmares are distinctly different from dreams in the way that people feel them and experience them. So a lot of people think that a nightmare is something where something is chasing them and you have to wake up screaming. Yes, that’s one of the more common nightmares that we see is the person chasing someone or they’re being chased. But really, a nightmare just really has to evoke some sort of, we call it, dysphoric emotion or something uncomfortable. You could be sad, you could be unhappy; you could be scared, anxious. But traditionally, the definition is you have to awaken from this nightmare. So you have it, you awaken from it and you can recall, in detail, what just happened, that’s a nightmare. So it’s very different from a dream where you generally don’t wake up from it and you don’t have this dysphoric emotion.
There’s some debate as to whether you need to awaken from them because there are some patients who are actually starting to say, “I had these horrible nightmares, but I never woke up from them.” But they can still recall them when they get up in the morning. So there’s still some debate in the field.
When it comes to the reason why we have nightmares, we’re still debating that. It’s a new area of research, nightmares. And the way I like to think about it is, our brain – we have stress during the day and our brain needs to learn to process this stress. So there are people who have repetitive nightmares. And what happens is their brain is trying to process the stress and help their brain actually deal with what happens if this stress happens again, so their brain’s preparing them to deal with it in case the stress happens again, but it’s so scary that they awaken from it. So they’re never actually able to finish the file and put it away, it just keep happening because they awaken from it.
Question: How does IRT help one overcome nightmares?
Shelby Harris: So Image Rehearsal Therapy, or IRT, we’ll call it for now, it’s a very, very simple treatment that was developed by Barry Krakow in the late 90’s, early turn of the decade to really help change the imagery that you’re having at night. So we think of it as imagery during the day, seeing things, picturing things in your head, painting a picture is very similar to imagery at night. That’s what dreams are, nightmares; imagery in the night. So what we do is we take these very simple techniques by basically telling someone if they have a nightmare – so take someone who has a recurrent nightmare of being chased by someone. We’ll have them come in and we’ll say to them, “Okay, not take that nightmare, tell me what it is, but now I don’t want you to think about it anymore. Just take it almost like it’s on at piece of paper and throw it out. Change that nightmare anyway you want. You change a tiny bit of it; you can change the whole thing. It doesn’t matter.” And I’m not the one to tell them how to change it. It’s their dream that they’re making. “so change it anyway you want to make it – just it could be neutral, it can be positive, whatever.” So the person chasing them could be a very scary experience.
What they would do is for example, I had a patient yesterday who changed his nightmare from him being chased to actually having his two younger brothers chasing him around in his old apartment and they were playing. So just by still having the chasing element, but making it a fun, playful chase with two people he knew, made it a much different dream than the nightmare he was having.
So then what I had him do was to close his eyes and I had him picture the story of his brothers came in they started chasing him, his mom yelled at them to stop, then they stopped for a minute and then they kept running after each other. He pictured that whole story in his head into the picture and he could see what everyone was wearing, the smells he could tell, he could see the carpet, every detail. And once he took himself through that picture for about five minutes, practiced it morning and night, if you keep doing that it actually helps reduced the nightmare frequency because you’re getting control over your nightmare.
Question: Does the patient then have this new dream while they’re asleep?
Shelby Harris: For some patients, they’ll have that new dream, for others it just reduces the nightmare frequency. We don’t know why yet. But it’s such a simple technique because it gives you control over it, over the nightmare that it works – there have been studies that showed for upwards of 90% of patients who actually do this treatment actually report it getting better, the nightmare frequency.
Question: Are night terrors different from nightmares?
Shelby Harris: Night terrors are very different from nightmares. A lot of people will think they’re the same, but they’re really not. Night terrors – you want to look at the time of night when you’re having the problem. Night Terrors happen in deep sleep. Nightmares tend to happen in a lighter REM sleep. So, night terrors are in deep sleep, and they’re more common in kids, as are nightmares, but what happens in a night terror is like a flash – we think a flash of some image or something happens in the brain. We don’t really quite know what. And it usually ends up with the child screaming almost like screaming bloody murder. It’s very scary for the parents or whoever else is around. But it happens very fast and the child has no recollection of it. They tend to stare off into space when they’re screaming. You can’t really engage them at all. And the child will go right back to sleep afterwards and have no recollection of it in the morning, or very little recollection. Usually there’s no recollection. It’s more scary for the parents.
So in kids, what we think is happening in the brain, the way I like to think about it is, it’s almost like, you’re brain is going through all these stages of sleep and it’s developing in children so fast that it’s almost like you’re shifting gears in a car. And at some point, you actually stall out a little bit, and that’s kind of what happens during a night terror. They’re brain is shifting so fast that it stalls out, they have this episode, but then they go back to sleep and everything regulates itself.
Very common in kids, like I said, it tends to get better as you get older. Now there’s some night terrors that happen in adults. And if it starts as an adult and you’ve never had them before, then there might be other things that are happening; it might be anxiety, depression, stress. And that’s when you might have more of a thorough psychological evaluation. In kids we don’t generally attribute it to any psychological basis.
Question: What is sleep paralysis?
Shelby Harris: Sleep paralysis is something that is actually very common. Many people have it, I’ve had it myself. And what happens is, when you’re in that REM stage of sleep, your brain is very active. You’re dreaming your most during that stage, you’re mind, your eyes are moving, there’s a lot going on. It’s like fireworks going on in your brain. Now, what happens in the rest of your body, and this is an evolutionary function, is that your body has muscle atonia, meaning your muscles are basically turned off. You can’t work. So, you’re brain is active, your muscles can’t work.
Now for what happens in sleep paralysis is that some patients, and we’ll notice this earlier in the morning because you’re having more REM sleep then, will wake up in the middle of REM sleep. So, I know myself, I woke up once in the middle of REM sleep and I couldn’t move my muscles. And it was very scary. And it’s scary for anyone who has it because you’re mind is very active, your eyes are active, but nothing else is moving. So you have to give yourself a little while. You’ll come out of the REM sleep and you’re muscle will awaken and it’s find. It’s a totally normal thing to have.
Now, it can be indicative sometimes of other sleep disorders, so we’ll see that a lot in narcolepsies. Some patients will report that they have sleep paralysis. If we see sleep paralysis alone and nothing else, we don’t really think all that much of it, but if we see other symptoms, then it might be a red flag for something else that’s going on.
Question: What happens if our muscles aren’t paralyzed during REM sleep?
Shelby Harris: So REM Behavior Disorder, RBD. It’s newer diagnosis, I’d say probably about the past 10 or 15 years, we’re really recognizing it more and more. Patients will come to our practice and they’ll say, “I’m waking up in the morning and ****, I have bruising on my arms. My fists are bloody” or they’ll say, “My house was a mess. I found things all over the place.” Generally that could be sleep walking, but sleep walking tends to not be as violent. And that’s earlier in the night when you are in the deep stages of sleep. In RBD, it tends to be a bit more violent, a bit more aggressive. So when you are in REM sleep, you’re muscles are supposed to have atonia, and no function for them, but for some patients their muscles don’t turn off. So if they’re having nightmare or a very vivid dream, they’ll actually act out – essentially their dream in their sleep during REM sleep. So that’s why we’ll start to see patients come in with bruises, their bed’s a mess, they might fall out of bed, things like that. So it can be, for some patients, a very violent problem that we actually need to treat them aggressively.
Question: Have there been court cases in which RBD has been blamed?
Shelby Harris: Yeah. There are some that are – REM Behavior Disorder, we’ll see some court documented cases. And they really need to have a thorough evaluation with a sleep specialist. You can’t just say, “Oh, it was while I was sleeping.” There’s confusional arousals, there are states in deeper sleep that can happen where people will go and they’ll disappear and they’ll take on some other persona. They’ll commit some crime, but it’s all when they are in a very deep stage of sleep. So you really need to have a very thorough evaluation. But yes, there is a line of work of people who work with people who have been charged with crimes and we’ll actually do a sleep disorder analyses with them.
Question: What is narcolepsy?
Shelby Harris: So, narcolepsy is a disorder that affects many different areas of life. So in typical patients with narcolepsy, they have something called “excessive daytime sleepiness.” So, they’re very sleepy during the day. Yet, at night, they’re still sleepy, but their sleep is very broken. So we’ll see patients with narcolepsy, you’ll see the classic narcolepsy with cataplexy, as we call it. When patients will have – they’ll just fall asleep, right away. So, if there’s a loud noise, a strong emotion, happiness, anger, fear, can actually make their bodies shut down and have muscle weakness that they fall asleep. Other patients it’s not that severe. They’ll have a lot of muscle weakness.
I have one patient who used to hear a loud noise when she was at work and her right side of her face used to become numb and weak. So there are a lot of symptoms that happen with narcolepsy. We’re not fully – we’re starting to learn what’s causing it. There’s something in our bodies in our brain called hypocretin, and they’re seeing that people who have cataplexy, so that muscle weakness, those patients tend to have a lack of hypocretin and it decreases even more as they age. So we don’t really know why it’s happening, but that’s one theory as to what may be what’s going on.
Other things that happen in narcolepsy is they tend to have very vivid dreams. So when they do fall asleep, when they take those really brief naps that are very refreshing, so even a five minute nap is completely refreshing for these patients, but the minute they go into sleep, they dream and they have very vivid dreams during the day and night. More so then most patients do.
Now narcolepsy is really hard though because they’re very tired during the day, they’re sleepy during the day and it’s managed mostly with medications. So we use medications to help them sleep better at night and to stay away during the day. But there are behavioral things you can do also by changing diet, exercise, having an actual nap schedule. But it can be difficult because patients want to work. They want to have functional lives and to have a discussion with an employer about being able to take a quick nap, it’s refreshing for them to be more energetic during the day, it’s actually a real problem so sometimes we’ll have to work with employers to help them see that narcolepsy is a real diagnosis.
Families will often call patients lazy, so it’s really a disorder that affects not only the patient, but marriages, families, workplaces, it can really affect a lot of people.
Question: Did you see “Inception”?
Shelby Harris: I haven’t. I have a five-and-a-half month old at home, so I’ve barely seen any movies recently. But I’ve heard a lot about it, yeah.
Question: What have your colleagues thought about the movie?
Shelby Harris: It’s interesting. I haven’t heard a lot of colleagues who have seen it yet. But the few people I have, they – it’s an interesting movie. I think anything about sleep is interesting. It’s just what I do for a living, but there’s the notion that you can change your dreams, you can invade people’s dreams. I think it’s much more of a sci-fi futuristic way of thinking about it. But it does touch upon things that we can do nowadays. So if you really want to dream about something at night, if you think about it a lot and you have – you think about it right before you go to bed, you’re going to increase your chances of dreaming about it. So there are – it’s interesting in that it takes what we do and what we know to a much more extreme measure. And that’s what I kind of like about the theory behind it, about the movie. | <urn:uuid:d8b249db-766a-452c-94d7-42a4e87c6cdc> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://bigthink.com/videos/big-think-interview-with-shelby-harris | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946199.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423203935-20180423223935-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.965153 | 6,840 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Equipment used to identify gemstones
First and foremost, use your eyes and your brain!
Gemology is a science of elimination. Based on the observation of the various properties of a gem, the possibilities of what it could be are removed until you are left with only one possibility: the correct identification.
Some gems are easily identified with a few simple tests, like rubbing a pearl across your teeth to see if it feels rough or smooth. But before doing so, you have already subconciously eliminated all of the other gemstones other than pearl based on the visual observations that you have made: color, shape, luster, etc. Of course, the "tooth test" won't tell you if it's cultured or not, or in the case of coloured pearls, if they have been irradiated or dyed.
Most gemstones are considerably less easy to identify. In order to isolate the various properties of a gem, gemology requires some specialized equipment.
A word of caution:
- Simply buying the equipment needed for gemology is not enough. One needs formal training from an expert to learn how to apply techniques so one doesn't embrace bad habits that are hard to get rid of.
- It is strongly recommended that you take practical training from one of the institutes outlined in "becoming a gemologist". | <urn:uuid:8cb9bcf3-b355-4961-85fb-4d17dd8ab876> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://gemologyproject.com/wiki/index.php?title=Equipment_used_to_identify_gemstones | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320257.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624101204-20170624121204-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.948817 | 273 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Satellite Map Of Usa
A satellite data company has created the first map of the UK’s warmest areas in preparation for what could be one of the hottest summers on record. The U.S. has suffered from devastating wildfires over the last few years as global temperatures rise and weather patterns change, making the otherwise natural phenomenon especially unpredictable and HURRICANE SEASON has not yet begun, but already dangerous weather systems are churning across oceans around the world and sparking weather warnings. Here are the latest maps and satellite images of
Many lakes across Canada have seen an increase in the occurrence of algal blooms. Algal blooms occur when phytoplankton (photosynthetic organisms including single-celled plants and cyanobacteria) grow Images taken by US Cold War satellites have revealed the impact of farming on wildlife in the former Soviet state of Kazakhstan.
Viasat says it is open to building a constellation of nearly 300 satellites in low Earth orbit if it can qualify for some of the $20.4 billion in broadband subsidies the U.S. Federal Communications They rely heavily on data from the Dark Energy Survey, a groundbreaking effort to map the skies led by Fermi National Accelerator These galaxies can tell us a lot about the cosmos, including how
Satellite Map Of Usa : GOOGLE MAPS is a great tool for navigating around the world from your local shops to across the waters. But more recently the Street View map has been popular with users trying to spot the strangest Using a tool created by National Library of Scotland, ordnance survey maps have been accurately layered over modern satellite maps to allow an insight into just how much the landscape has changed. All Agricultural expansion drives biodiversity loss globally, but impact assessments are biased towards recent time periods. This can lead to a gross underestimation of species declines in response to . | <urn:uuid:e46048e0-f742-41c6-89dc-81f51b5f0bee> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://missionmia.nl/satellite-map-of-usa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655929376.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711095334-20200711125334-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.928907 | 379 | 3.375 | 3 |
More than 50% of devices running Google's Android mobile operating system (OS) have unpatched vulnerabilities, opening them up to malicious apps and other attacks.
Security provider Duo Bulletin assessed 20,000 Android devices worldwide with its X-Ray scanner. The scanner is a mobile app that performs vulnerability assessments by identifying known, yet unpatched, vulnerabilities on the device that could be exploited.
Duo Bulletin says this statistic is a “fairly conservative estimate” which identifies the importance of expedient patching. The company also points to carriers and device manufacturers for poorly addressing this element of mobile security.
Android is one of the most used platforms in the world, yet it is very susceptible to security attacks.
In August, Google introduced stricter rules for applications on its Android mobile OS to reduce the number of malicious apps in the Google Play app market and improve its reputation. The revised Google Android developer policy includes new rules on app naming and a ban on apps that disclose personal information without permission.
More about Android security
Prior to this tightening of Google Play regulations, 100,000 Android devices in China were affected by a Trojan malware, called MMarketPay.A. The virus, hidden in applications which appeared to be legitimate, was designed to purchase apps and content without the consent of the device user, running up high mobile bills.
Additionally, at the beginning of September, an Android SMS malware firm was fined £50,000, by the UK premium phone services regulator PhonepayPlus. The company, SMSBill, produced a malicious Facebook link that led to malware being downloaded onto Android smartphones. | <urn:uuid:4c2b96ce-66ad-4a23-91cd-79646f2a75cf> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240163351/Android-devices-vulnerable-to-security-breaches | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578765115.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426093516-20190426115516-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.932985 | 325 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Resolution on the international situation
1. In 1916, in the opening chapter of the Junius pamphlet, Rosa Luxemburg formulated the historical meaning of the First World War:
"Friedrich Engels once said: ‘Bourgeois society stands at the crossroads, either transition to socialism or regression into barbarism.’ What does ‘regression into barbarism’ mean to our lofty European civilisation? Until now, we have all probably read and repeated these words thoughtlessly, without suspecting their fearsome seriousness. A look around us at this moment shows what the regression of bourgeois society into barbarism means. This world war is a regression into barbarism. The triumph of imperialism leads to the annihilation of civilisation. At first, this happens sporadically for the duration of a modern war, but then when the period of unlimited wars begins it progresses toward its inevitable consequences. Today, we face the choice exactly as Friedrich Engels foresaw it a generation ago: either the triumph of imperialism and the collapse of all civilisation as in ancient Rome, depopulation, desolation, degeneration - a great cemetery. Or the victory of socialism, that means the conscious active struggle of the international proletariat against imperialism and its method of war. This is a dilemma of world history, an either/or; the scales are wavering before the decision of the class-conscious proletariat. The future of civilisation and humanity depends on whether or not the proletariat resolves manfully to throw its revolutionary broadsword into the scales".
2. Almost 90 years later, the report from the laboratory of social history confirms the clarity and precision of Luxemburg's diagnosis. Rosa argued that the conflict that began in 1914 had opened up a "period of unlimited wars" which, if permitted to go on unchecked, would lead to the destruction of civilisation. Only 20 years after the hoped-for rebellion of the proletariat had halted the war, but failed to put an end to capitalism, a second imperialist world war had far surpassed the first in the depth and extent of its barbarism, which now featured not only the industrialised extermination of men on the battlefields, but first and foremost the genocide of whole peoples, the wholesale massacre of civilians, whether in the death camps of Auschwitz and Treblinka or the firestorms that liquidated Coventry, Hamburg, Dresden, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The record of the period 1914-45 alone is enough to confirm that capitalist society had irreversibly entered its epoch of decline, that it had become a fundamental barrier to the needs of humanity.
3. Contrary to the propaganda of the ruling class, the 60 years since 1945 have in no way invalidated this conclusion - as if capitalism could be in historic decline in one decade and miraculously snap out of it the next. Even before the second imperialist slaughter had ended, new military blocs began to jockey for control of the globe. The US even deliberately postponed the end of the war against Japan, not to spare the lives of its troops, but to make a spectacular display of its awesome military might by obliterating Hiroshima and Nagasaki - a display aimed first and foremost not at defeated Japan but at the new Russian enemy. But within a short lapse of time, both of the new blocs had equipped themselves with weapons capable not only of destroying civilisation, but of annihilating all life on the planet. For the next five decades, humanity lived under the shadow of Mutually Assured Destruction. In the world's “underdeveloped” regions, millions went hungry but the war machine of the great imperialist powers was fed with all the resources of human labour and ingenuity its insatiable maws demanded; millions more died in the “wars of national liberation” through which the superpowers conducted their murderous rivalries in Korea, Vietnam, the Indian sub-continent, Africa and the Middle East.
4. MAD was the principal reason advanced by the bourgeoisie for the fact that the world was spared a third and probably final imperialist holocaust: thus, we should learn to love the bomb. In reality, a third world war was staved off:
in an initial period, because it was necessary for the newly formed imperialist blocs to organise themselves and to introduce new ideological themes to mobilise the populations against a new enemy. Furthermore, the economic boom linked to the reconstruction of the countries destroyed by the second world war - a reconstruction financed by the Marshall Plan - allowed for a certain calming of imperialist tensions;
in a second period, because when the boom brought about by the process of reconstruction came to an end in the late 1960s, capitalism no longer faced a defeated proletariat as it had done in the crisis of the 1930s, but a new generation of workers fully prepared to defend their own class interests against the demands of their exploiters. In the period of decadent capitalism, world war requires a total and active mobilisation of the proletariat: the international waves of workers' struggles that began with the general strike in France in May 1968 showed that the conditions for such a mobilisation were lacking throughout the 70s and 80s.
5. The final outcome of the long rivalry between the US and Russian blocs was thus not world war but the collapse of the latter. Unable to compete economically with the far more advanced US power, incapable of reforming its rigid political institutions, militarily encircled by its rival, and - as the mass strikes in Poland in 1980 demonstrated - unable to pull the proletariat behind its war-drive, the Russian imperialist bloc imploded in 1989. This Triumph of the West was immediately hailed as the dawn of a new period of world peace and prosperity; no less immediately, global imperialist conflicts merely took on a new form as the unity of the western bloc gave way to fierce rivalries between its former components, and a reunified Germany posed its candidature as a major world power to rival the US. In this new phase of imperialist conflicts, however, world war was even lower down the agenda of history because:
the formation of new military blocs has been retarded by the internal divisions between the powers that would be the logical members of a new bloc facing the USA, in particular, between the most important European powers, Germany, France and Britain. Britain has not abandoned its traditional policy of working to ensure that no major power asserts its domination over Europe, while France has very strong historical reasons for putting limits on any possible subordination to Germany. With the break-down of the old two-bloc discipline, the prevailing trend in international relations is therefore towards “every man for himself”;
the overwhelming military superiority of the USA, especially compared to Germany, makes it impossible for America's rivals to square up to it directly;
the proletariat remains undefeated. Although the period that opened up with the collapse of the eastern bloc has thrown the proletariat into considerable disarray (in particular, the campaigns about the “death of communism” and the “end of the class struggle”), the working class of the major capitalist powers is still not ready to sacrifice itself for a new world carnage.
As a result, the principal military conflicts of the period since 1989 have largely taken the form of “deflected” wars. The dominant characteristic of these wars is that the leading world power has tried to stem the growing challenge to its global authority by engaging in spectacular displays of force against fourth-rate powers; this was the case with the first Gulf war in 1991, the bombing of Serbia in 1999, and the “wars against terrorism” in Afghanistan and Iraq which followed the attack on the Twin Towers in 2001. At the same time, these wars have more and more revealed a precise global strategy on the part of the USA: to achieve total domination of the Middle East and Central Asia, and thus to militarily encircle all its major rivals (Europe and Russia), depriving them of naval outlets and making it possible to shut off their energy supplies.
Alongside this grand design - sometimes subordinated to it, sometimes obstructing it - the post-1989 world has also seen an explosion of local and regional conflicts which have spread death and destruction across whole continents. These conflicts have left millions dead, crippled and homeless in a whole series of African countries like the Congo, Rwanda, Sudan, Somalia, Liberia, or Sierra Leone; and they now threaten to plunge a number of countries in the Middle East and Central Asia into a kind of permanent civil war. Within this process, the growing phenomenon of terrorism, often expressing the intrigues of bourgeois factions no longer controlled by any particular state regime, adds a further element of instability and has already brought these murderous conflicts back to the heartlands of capitalism (September 11, Madrid bombings…).
6. Thus, even if world war is not the concrete threat to mankind that it was for the greater part of the 20th century, the dilemma between socialism and barbarism remains just as urgent as ever. In some ways it is more urgent because while world war demands the active mobilisation of the working class, the latter now faces the danger that it will be progressively and insidiously swamped by a kind of creeping barbarism:
the proliferation of local and regional wars could devastate entire areas of the planet, thus rendering the proletariat of those regions incapable of making any further contribution to the class war. This applies very clearly to the extremely dangerous rivalry between the two nuclear powers on the Indian subcontinent; but is no less the case with the spiral of military adventures led by the USA. Despite their intention of creating a New World Order under the benevolent auspices of Uncle Sam, each one has added to an accumulating legacy of chaos and division, and the historic crisis of US leadership has only increased in depth and gravity. Iraq today provides clear proof of this, and yet without even making a show of rebuilding Iraq, the US is being driven towards new threats against Syria and Iran. This perspective is not invalidated by the recent attempts of US diplomacy to “build bridges” with Europe over Syria, Iran or Iraq. On the contrary, the current crisis in the Lebanon is clear evidence that the USA cannot delay in its efforts to attain complete mastery in the Middle East, an ambition which can only greatly accelerate imperialist tensions overall, since none of the USA’s major rivals can afford to allow the US free rein in this strategically vital zone. This perspective is also confirmed by the USA’s increasingly brazen intervention against Russian influence in the countries of the former USSR (Georgia, Ukraine, Kyrgystan), and by the serious disagreements which have arisen over the question of arms to China. At the very time that China is underlining its growing imperialist ambitions by shaking a mailed fist at Taiwan stoking up tensions with Japan, France and Germany have been at the forefront of trying to revoke the embargo on arms sales to China introduced after the massacre of Tien An Man Square;
the present period is marked by the philosophy of “every man for himself” not only at the level of imperialist rivalries, but also at the very heart of society. The acceleration of social atomisation and all the ideological filth that arrives with it (gangsterisation, the flight into suicide, irrationality and despair) bears with it the threat of permanently undermining the capacity of the working class to recapture its class identity and thus its unique class perspective of a different world, based not on social disintegration but on real community and solidarity;
to the threat of imperialist war the maintenance of the capitalist mode of production so far past its sell-by date has uncovered a new menace, one equally capable of destroying the possibility of a new and human social formation: the increasing threat to the planetary environment. As successive scientific conferences warn of the mounting danger posed in particular by global warming, the bourgeoisie shows itself utterly incapable of taking even the minimum measures required to reduce greenhouse emissions. The south east Asian Tsunami exposed the unwillingness of the bourgeoisie to lift a finger to spare the human race from the devastating power of uncontrolled nature; the predicted consequences of global warming would be vastly more destructive and extensive. Furthermore, because the worst of these consequences still appear remote, it is extremely difficult for the majority of the proletariat to see them as a motive for struggling against the capitalist system today.
7. For all these reasons, marxists are justified not only in concluding that the perspective of socialism or barbarism is as valid today as it was in 1916, but also in saying that the spreading intensity of barbarism today could undermine the future bases of socialism. They are justified in concluding not only that capitalism has long been a historically obsolete social formation, but also that the period of decline that definitively began with the First World War has entered into its final phase, the phase of decomposition. This is not the decomposition of an organism that is already dead; capitalism is rotting, turning gangrenous on its feet. It is passing through a long and painful death agony, and in its dying convulsions it threatens to drag the whole of humanity down with it.
8. The capitalist class has no future to offer humanity. It has been condemned by history. And precisely for this reason it must strain all its resources to hide and deny this judgement, to pour scorn on the marxist prediction that capitalism, like previous modes of production, is doomed to become decadent and to disappear. It has thus secreted a succession of ideological antibodies, all aimed at refuting this fundamental conclusion of the historical materialist method:
even before the epoch of decline had definitively opened up, the revisionist wing of social democracy began to contest Marx's “catastrophist” vision and argue that capitalism could continue indefinitely, and that as a result socialism would come about not through revolutionary violence but through a process of peaceful democratic change;
in the 1920s, the staggering rates of industrial growth in the USA led a genius like Calvin Coolidge to proclaim the triumph of capitalism on the very eve of the great crash of ’29;
during the reconstruction period after World War Two, bourgeois leaders like Macmillan told the workers that "you've never had it so good", sociologists theorised about the "consumer society" and the "embourgoisement" of the working class, while radicals like Marcuse looked for "new vanguards" to replace the apathetic proletarians;
since 1989, we have had a real overproduction crisis of new theories aiming to explain how different it all is today and how everything Marx thought has been invalidated: the End of History, the Death of Communism, The Demise of the Working Class, Globalisation, the Microprocessor Revolution, the Internet Economy, the rise of new economic giants in the Far East, the latest being China and India. These ideas are so pervasive that they have deeply infected a whole new generation of those who are asking questions about the future capitalism has in store for the planet, and, even more alarmingly, have been picked up and wrapped in synthetic marxist theory by elements of the communist left itself.
In short, marxism has had to wage a permanent battle against all those who seize on the slightest sign of life in the capitalist system to argue that it has a bright future in front of it. But time and time again, after maintaining a long-term and historical vision against these capitulations to immediate appearance, it has been aided in its battle by the sharp blows of the historical movement:
the blithe “optimism” of the revisionists was shattered by the truly catastrophic events of 1914-1918, and by the revolutionary response of the working class that they provoked;
Calvin Coolidge and Co. were rudely interrupted by the most profound economic crisis in capitalism's history, which resulted in the unmitigated disaster of the second imperialist world war;
those who declared that economic crisis was a thing of the past were refuted by the reappearance of the crisis in the late 60s; and the international resurgence of workers’ struggles in response to this crisis made it difficult to maintain the fiction that the working class had fused with the bourgeoisie.
The current spate of theories about “New Capitalism”, “Post-Industrial Society” and the rest are similarly doomed. Already a number of key elements of this ideology have been exposed by the remorseless development of the crisis: the hopes put in the Tiger and Dragon economies were crushed by the sudden slide which hit these countries in 1997; the dot.com revolution proved to be a mirage almost as soon as it had been proclaimed; the “new industries” constructed around computing and communications have shown themselves to be no less vulnerable to recession than the “old industries” like steel and shipbuilding. And despite being pronounced dead on numerous occasions, the working class continues to raise its head, as for example in the movements in Austria and France in 2003, or the struggles in Spain, Britain and Germany in 2004.
9. It would nevertheless be a mistake to underestimate the power of these ideologies in the present period, because, like all mystifications, they are based on a series of partial truths, for example:
faced with the crisis of overproduction and the ruthless demands of competition, capitalism in the main centres of its system has in the last few decades created huge industrial wastelands and pushed millions of workers either into permanent unemployment or into unproductive, low paid jobs in the “service” sectors; for the same reason it has relocated huge amounts of industrial jobs to the low-wage areas of the “third world”. Many traditional sectors of the industrial working class have been decimated through this process, which has aggravated the difficulties of the proletariat to maintain its class identity;
the development of new technologies has made it possible to increase both rates of exploitation and the speed of circulation of capital and commodities on a world scale;
the reflux in the class struggle over the last two decades has made it hard for a new generation to see the working class as the unique agent of social change;
the capitalist class has shown a remarkable ability to “manage” the crisis of its system by manipulating and even deforming its own laws of operation.
Other examples could be given. But none of them put into question the fundamental senility of the capitalist system.
10. The decadence of capitalism has never meant a final and sudden collapse of the system, as certain elements of the German left argued in the 1920s, or a total halt in the productive forces, as Trotsky mistakenly thought in the 1930s. As Marx observed, the bourgeoisie becomes intelligent in times of crisis and it has learned from its mistakes. The 1920s were the last moment that the bourgeoisie really believed it could go back to the laissez-faire liberalism of the 19th century; this for the simple reason that the world war, while ultimately a product of the system's economic contradictions, had broken out before these contradictions could reach their full import at a “purely” economic level. The crisis of 1929 was thus the first global economic crisis of the decadent period. But having experienced it, the bourgeoisie recognised the need for fundamental change. Despite ideological pretensions to the contrary, no serious faction of the bourgeoisie would ever again question the necessity for the state to retain overall control over the economy; the need to abandon any notion of “balancing the books” in favour of deficit spending and financial trickery of all kinds; the necessity to maintain a huge arms sector at the centre of all economic activity. By the same token, capitalism has gone to considerable lengths to avoid the out and out economic autarky of the 1930s. Despite growing pressures towards commercial war and the break-down of international bodies inherited from the period of the blocs, the majority of these bodies have survived as the major capitalist powers have understood the necessity to put some limits on unrestrained economic competition between national capitals.
Thus capitalism has kept itself alive through the conscious intervention of the bourgeoisie, which can no longer afford to trust the invisible hand of the market. It is true that the solutions also become part of the problem - the recourse to debt clearly piles up enormous problems for the future, the bloating of the state and the arms sector generate tremendous inflationary pressures. These problems have since the 1970s given rise to different economic policies, to alternating emphases on “Keynsianism” or “neo-Liberalism”, but since neither policy can get to the real causes of the crisis, neither approach will ever achieve final victory. What is noteworthy is the bourgeoisie's determination to keep its economy going at all costs, its ability to hold off the inherent tendency towards collapse by maintaining a gigantic facade of economic activity fuelled by debt. Throughout the 1990s the US economy led the way in this regard; and now that even this artificial “growth” is beginning to falter, it is the turn of the Chinese bourgeoisie to surprise the world: considering the inability of the USSR and the Stalinist states of eastern Europe to politically adapt to the necessity for economic “reform”, the Chinese bureaucracy has pulled off an amazing feat merely by surviving, let alone by presiding over the current “boom”. Critics of the notion of capitalist decadence have even pointed to this phenomenon as proof that the system still has the capacity for real growth and development
In reality, the present Chinese “boom” in no way calls into question the overall decline in the world capitalist economy. In contrast to the ascendant period of capitalism:
China’s current industrial growth is not part of a global process of expansion; on the contrary, it has as its direct corollary the de-industrialisation and stagnation of the most advanced economies who have re-located to China in search of cheap labour costs;
the Chinese working class does not have the perspective of a steady rise in living standards, but is predicated upon increasingly savage attacks on living and working conditions and on the continued impoverishment of huge sectors of the proletariat and peasantry outside the main areas of growth;
China’s frenzied growth will contribute not to a global expansion of the world market but to a deepening of the world crisis of overproduction: given the restricted consumption of the Chinese masses, the bulk of China’s products are geared towards export to the more developed capitalisms;
the fundamental irrationality of China’s swelling economy is highlighted by the terrible levels of pollution which it has generated – a sure sign that the planetary environment can only be harmed by the pressure on each nation to exploit its natural resources to the absolute limit in order to compete on the world market;
like the system as a whole, the entirety of China’s growth is founded on debts that can never be reabsorbed through a real expansion of the world market.
Indeed, the fragility of all such spurts of growth is recognised by the ruling class itself, which is increasingly alarmed by the Chinese bubble. This is not because it is worried about the terrifying levels of exploitation upon which it is based - far from it, these ferocious levels are precisely what makes China such an attractive proposition for investment - but because the global economy is becoming too dependent on the Chinese market and the consequences of a Chinese collapse are becoming too horrible to contemplate, not just for China, which would be plunged back into the violent anarchy of the 1930s, but for the world economy as a whole.
11. Far from refuting the reality of decadence, capitalism's economic growth today confirms it. This growth has nothing in common with the cycles of accumulation in the 19th century, based on a real expansion into outlying fields of production, on the conquest of new extra-capitalist markets. It is true that the onset of decadence occurred well before the total exhaustion of such markets, and that capitalism has continued to make the best possible use of such remaining economic areas as an outlet for its production: the growth of Russia during the 1930s and the integration of the remaining peasant economies in Europe during the period of post-war reconstruction are examples of this. But the dominant trend by far in the epoch of decadence is the use of an artificial market, based on debt. It is now openly admitted that the frenzied “consumerism” of the past two decades has been based entirely on household debt of staggering proportions: a trillion pounds in Britain, 25% of the GNP in America, while governments not only encourage such indebtedness but practice the same policy on an even vaster scale.
12. There is another sense in which capitalist economic growth today is what Marx called “growth in decay” (Grundrisse): it is the principal factor in the destruction of the global environment. The runaway levels of pollution in China, the vast contribution made by the USA to the sum total of greenhouse gases, the frenzied exploitation of the remaining rainforests...the more capitalism is committed to growth the more it must admit that it has no solution whatever to the ecological crisis, which can only be solved by placing global production on a new basis, "a plan for living for the human species" (Bordiga) in harmony with its natural environment.
13. Whether in boom or “recession” the underlying reality is the same: capitalism can no longer spontaneously regenerate itself. There is no longer a natural cycle of accumulation. In the first phase of decadence from 1914-1968, the cycle of crisis-war-reconstruction replaced the old cycle of boom and bust; but the GCF were right in 1945 to argue that there was no automatic drive towards reconstruction after the ruin of the world war. In the final analysis, what convinced the US bourgeoisie to revive the European and Japanese economies with the Marshall Plan was the need to annex these zones to its imperialist sphere of influence and to prevent them falling into the hands of the rival bloc. Thus the greatest economic “boom” of the 20th century was fundamentally the result of inter-imperialist competition.
14. In decadence, economic contradictions drive capitalism towards war, but war does not resolve these contradictions. On the contrary, it deepens them. In any case the cycle of crisis war and reconstruction is over and the crisis today, unable to debauch on world war, is the prime factor in accelerating the decomposition of the system. It thus continues to push the system towards its own self-destruction.
15. The argument that capitalism is a decadent system has often been criticised on the grounds that it leads to fatalism - the idea of automatic collapse and spontaneous overthrow by the working class, thus removing any need for the intervention of a revolutionary party. In fact, the bourgeoisie has shown that it will not permit its system to collapse economically. Nevertheless, left to its own dynamic, capitalism will destroy itself through wars and other disasters. In this sense, it is indeed “fated” to disappear. But what is anything but fatal is the response of the proletariat. As Luxemburg put it in the same pages as the previously-cited passage on socialism or barbarism:
“Socialism is the first popular movement in world history that has set itself the goal of bringing human consciousness, and thereby free will, into play in the social actions of mankind. For this reason, Friedrich Engels designated the final victory of the socialist proletariat a leap of humanity from the animal world into the realm of freedom. This ‘leap’ is also an iron law of history bound to the thousands of seeds of a prior torment-filled and all-too-slow development. But this can never be realised until the development of complex material conditions strikes the incendiary spark of conscious will in the great masses. The victory of socialism will not descend from heaven. It can only be won by a long chain of violent tests of strength between the old and the new powers. The international proletariat under the leadership of the Social Democrats will thereby learn to try to take its history into its own hands; instead of remaining a will-less football, it will take the tiller of social life and become the pilot to the goal of its own history”.
Communism is thus the first society in which mankind will have conscious mastery of its own productive powers. And since in the proletarian struggle there can be no separation between ends and means, the movement towards communism can only be “the self-conscious movement of the immense majority” (Communist Manifesto): the deepening and extension of class consciousness is the indispensable measure of progress towards the revolution and the ultimate supercession of capitalism. This process is necessarily an extremely difficult, uneven and heterogeneous one because it is the emanation of an exploited class which has no economic power in the old society and is constantly subjected to the ideological domination and manipulation of the ruling class. In no sense can it be guaranteed in advance: on the contrary, there exists the real possibility that the proletariat, faced with the unprecedented immensity of the task, will fail to live up to its historic responsibility, with all the terrible consequences for humanity that would flow from it.
16. The highest point hitherto reached by class consciousness was the October insurrection in 1917. This has been strenuously denied by bourgeois historiography and all its pale reflections in anarchism and related ideologies, for whom October was merely a putsch by the power-hungry Bolsheviks; but October represented a fundamental recognition within the proletariat that there was no way forward for mankind as a whole but to make the revolution in all countries. Nevertheless, this understanding did not grip the proletariat in sufficient depth and extent; the revolutionary wave failed because the workers of the world, and principally of Europe, were unable to develop the overall political understanding that would have enabled them to respond adequately to the tasks of the new epoch of wars and revolutions that opened in 1914. The result of this, by the end of the 1920s, was the longest and deepest retreat by the working class in its history: not so much at the level of combativity, since the 1930s and 40s were punctuated with major outbreaks of class militancy, but above all at the level of consciousness, since politically speaking the working class rallied actively to the anti-fascist programmes of the bourgeoisie, as in Spain 1936-39 or France in 1936, or to the defence of democracy and the Stalinist “fatherland” during the Second World War. This profound reflux in consciousness was reflected in the near-disappearance of revolutionary political minorities by the 1950s.
17. The historic resurgence of struggles in 1968 once again posed the long-term perspective of the proletarian revolution, but this was only explicit and conscious in a small minority of the class, as reflected in the rebirth of the revolutionary movement internationally. The waves of struggle between 1968 and 1989 did see important advances at the level of consciousness, but they tended to be at the level of the immediate combat (questions of extension, organisation, etc). Their weakest point was their lack of political depth, partly the reflection of the hostility to politics that was a result of the Stalinist counter-revolution. On the political level, the bourgeoisie was largely able to impose its own agendas, first by offering the prospect of change through installing the left in power (1970s) and by giving the left in opposition the task of sabotaging struggles from the inside (1980s). Although they were capable of preventing the development of a course towards war, the inability of the waves of struggle from 1968 to 1989 to take on a historic, political dimension determined the passage to the phase of decomposition, The historic event marking this passage – the collapse of the eastern bloc – was both the result of decomposition and a factor in its aggravation. Thus the dramatic changes at the end of the 80s were at the same time a product of the proletariat’s political difficulties; and, as they gave rise to the propaganda barrage about the end of communism and the class struggle, a key element in bringing about a serious retreat in class consciousness - to the point where the proletariat even lost sight of its basic class identity. Thus the bourgeoisie has been able to declare a final victory over the working class and the working class has so far not been able to respond with sufficient strength to refute this claim.
18. In spite of all its difficulties, the period of retreat has by no means seen the “end of the class struggle”. The 1990s was interspersed with a number of movements which showed that the proletariat still had untapped reserves of combativity (for example in 1992 and 1997). However, none of these movements represented a real shift at the level of consciousness. Hence the importance of the more recent movements which, though lacking the spectacular and overnight impact of a movement like that of 1968 in France, nevertheless constitute a turning point in the balance of class forces. The struggles of 2003-2005 have the following characteristics:
they have involved significant sectors of the working class in countries at the heart of world capitalism (as in France 2003);
they have been preoccupied with more explicitly political questions; in particular the question of pensions raised in the struggles in France and elsewhere poses the problem of the future that capitalist society holds in store for all of us;
they have seen the re-emergence of Germany as a focal point for workers’ struggles, for the first time since the revolutionary wave;
the question of class solidarity has been raised in a wider and more explicit way than at any time since the struggles of the 80s, most notably in the recent movements in Germany;
they have been accompanied by the emergence of a new generation of elements looking for political clarity. This new generation has manifested itself both in the new influx of overtly politicised elements and in the new layers of workers entering the struggle for the first time. As evidenced in certain important demonstrations, the basis is being forged for the unity between the new generation and the “generation of ‘68” – both the political minority which rebuilt the communist movement in the ‘60s and ‘70s and the wider strata of workers who have been through the rich experience of class struggles between ‘68 and ‘89.
19. The subterranean maturation of consciousness, denied by the empiricist distortion of marxism which sees only the surface of reality and not its deepest underlying tendencies, has not been obliterated by the general reflux in consciousness since ‘89. It is a characteristic of this process that it becomes manifest only in a minority, but the growth of this minority is the expression of the advance and development of a wider phenomenon within the class. Already after ‘89 we saw a small minority of politicised elements questioning the bourgeois campaigns about the “death of communism”. This minority has now been reinforced by a new generation preoccupied with the whole direction of bourgeois society. At the most general level this is the expression of the undefeated nature of the proletariat, of the maintenance of the historic course towards massive class confrontations which opened up in 1968. But at a more specific level the “turning point” of 2003 and the emergence of a new generation of searching elements are evidence that the proletariat is at the beginning of a second attempt to launch an assault on the capitalist system, following the failure of the attempt of 68-89. Although at the day-to-day level the proletariat is faced with the apparently basic task of reaffirming its class identity, behind this problem lies the prospect of a far closer intertwining of the immediate struggle with the political struggle. The questions posed by struggles in the phase of decomposition will more and more be around seemingly “abstract” but in fact more global issues like the necessity for class solidarity against the ambient atomisation, the attacks on the social wage, the omnipresence of war, the threat to the planetary environment – in short, the question of what future this society holds in store, and thus, the question of a different kind of society.
20. Within this process of politicisation, two elements, which up till now have tended to have an inhibiting effect on the class struggle, are destined to become increasingly important as stimuli to the movements of the future: the question of mass unemployment, and the question of war.
During the struggles of the 1980s when mass unemployment was becoming an increasingly obvious fact, neither the struggle of the employed workers against impending lay-offs, nor the resistance of the unemployed in the streets, reached significant levels. There was no movement of the unemployed on anything like the scale reached during the 1930s, even though the latter was a period of profound defeat for the working class. In the recessions of the 80s, the unemployed faced a terrible atomisation, especially the younger generation of proletarians who had never had any experience of collective labour and combat. Even when employed workers did launch wide-scale struggles against redundancies, as in the British mining industry, the negative outcome of these movements has been used by the ruling class to reinforce feelings of passivity and hopelessness, demonstrated recently by the response to the bankruptcy of Rover cars in Britain, where workers’ only “choice” is presented as being between one or other set of new bosses to keep the company running. Nevertheless, given the narrowing of the bourgeoisie’s margin of manoeuvre and its increasing inability to offer even the minimum of benefits to the unemployed, the question of unemployment is set to develop a far more subversive side, facilitating solidarity between employed and unemployed, and pushing the class as a whole to reflect more deeply and actively on the bankruptcy of the system.
The same dynamic can be observed with the question of war. In the early 90s, the first major wars of the phase of decomposition (Gulf, Balkans) tended to reinforce the feelings of powerlessness which had been induced by the campaigns around the collapse of the eastern bloc, while the pretext of “humanitarian intervention” in Africa and the Balkans could still have a semblance of credibility. Since 2001 and the “war on terrorism”, however, the mendacity and hypocrisy of the bourgeoisie’s justification for war has become increasingly evident, even if the growth of huge pacifist movements has largely soaked up the political questioning this has provoked. Furthermore, the current wars are having a much more direct impact on the working class, even if this is still mainly limited to countries directly involved in these conflicts. In the USA, this has manifested itself through the number of families affected by death and injury to proletarians in uniform, but even more significantly by the awesome economic costs of military adventures, which have risen in direct proportion to cuts in the social wage. And as it becomes apparent that capitalism’s militarist tendencies are not only an ever-growing spiral, but one over which the ruling class has less and less control, the problem of war and its connection to the crisis is also going to lead to a far deeper and wider reflection about the stakes of history.
21. In a paradoxical sense, the immensity of these questions is one of the main reasons why the present revival of struggles seems so limited and unspectacular in comparison to the movements which marked the resurgence of the proletariat the end of the 1960s. Faced with vast problems like the world economic crisis, the destruction of the global environment, or the spiral of militarism, the daily defensive struggle can seem irrelevant and impotent. And in a sense this reflects a real understanding that there is no solution to the contradictions assailing capitalism today. But while in the 1970s the bourgeoisie had before it a whole panoply of mystifications about the possible ways of ensuring a better life, the present attempts of the bourgeoisie to pretend that we are living in an epoch of unprecedented growth and prosperity more and more resemble the desperate denials of a dying man unable to admit his impending demise. The decadence of capitalism is the epoch of social revolution because the struggles of the exploited can no longer lead to any real amelioration in their condition; and however difficult it may be to move from the defensive to the offensive levels of the struggle, the class will have no choice but to make this difficult and daunting leap. And like all such qualitative leaps, it is being preceded by all kinds of small preparatory steps, from strikes around bread and butter issues to the formation of tiny discussion groups all around the globe.
22. Faced with the perspective of the politicisation of the struggle, revolutionary political organisations have a unique and irreplaceable role. However, the conjunction of the growing effects of decomposition with long-standing theoretical and organisational weaknesses and opportunism in the majority of proletarian political organisations have exposed the incapacity of the majority of these groups to respond to the challenge posed by history. This is illustrated most clearly by the negative dynamic in which the IBRP has been caught up for some time: not only in its total inability to understand the significance of the new phase of decomposition, compounded by an abandonment of a key theoretical concept like that of the decadence of capitalism, but even more disastrously in its flouting of the basic norms of proletarian solidarity and behaviour, via its flirtation with parasitism and adventurism. This regression is all the more serious in that the premises are now being laid for the construction of the world communist party. At the same time, the fact that the groups of the proletarian milieu are more and more disqualifying themselves from the process which leads to the formation of the class party only highlights the crucial role which the ICC has been called upon to play within this process. It is increasingly clear that the party of the future will not be the result of the “democratic” addition of the different groups of the milieu, but that the ICC already constitutes the skeleton of the future party. But for the party to become flesh, the ICC must prove itself equal to the tasks imposed by the development of the class struggle and the emergence of the new generation of searching elements. | <urn:uuid:c3921de9-c486-4380-bf11-5d76d5dcb6c9> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://en.internationalism.org/ir/122_intsitres | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123270.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00293-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953865 | 8,554 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The perspective shown here is looking down from high above Earth's North Pole, a kind of bird's eye view of the solar system. The planets are shown as blue dots, and their orbits are the dashed lines. Earth is the third blue dot from the sun. The big mass of black dots consists of asteroids in the main belt, between Mars and Jupiter. The green dots show the known near-Earth objects, both asteroids and comets, that NEOWISE has spotted so far. Newfound near-Earth objects are shown as red dots. The turquoise squares are comets observed by the mission so far, and the yellow squares are newfound comets. | <urn:uuid:b5022f58-fcb7-4e7a-bdfc-58d1baeb5248> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.planetary.org/multimedia/space-images/small-bodies/asteroid-and-comet-census-wise.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668782.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117014405-20191117042405-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.954609 | 134 | 3.3125 | 3 |
made of cells, adapt to changes, develop, uses energy, moves,reproduces
all the chemical reactions within an organism
to build or make something
An organism's regulation of its internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for survival.
increase in size
The group with the normal or natural conditions. You already know the results in this group.
*THE TEST GROUP*. It has all the same conditions of the control group except for the 1 thing you test.
an explanation of a natural phenomenon that is supported by scientific evidence. A hypothesis that has withstood repeated testing over a period of time.
facts about nature that are known to be true.
An explanation for a question or a problem that can formally be tested. An educated guess.
using as many senses to gather information about a particular situation. EX: Women is kneeling.
made from observations and data collected. Inferences will be used to form a conclusion. EX: Women is using electricity.
living factors in the environment
non-living factors in the environment
Highest level of biological organization made up of all the ecosystems on earth.
3 levels of biosphere
Land Atmosphere Water
Consist of communities of organism and the abiotic factors that affect them.
trap energy from the sun to make their own food through photosynthesis.
organisms that cannot make their own food, they eat the producers.
cannot make their own food.some eat for energy and nutrients.
are organisms that break down the remains of dead or decaying plants and animals and return them to the soil. Decomposers absorb nutrients from organisms.
both species benefit in this (++)
one partner benefits and the other one stays to same. (+0)
Parasites benefit but causes harm to the host (+-)
very low animals left in species. Could become extinct.
no more animals left in the species
matter is composed of
particles of atoms
low energy, slow speed, packed tight
medium energy, medium speed, looser packed
most energy, fast speed, packed very loose.
cannot be broken down
composed of two or more separate elements; a mixture.
solid - liquid
liquid - gas
gas - liquid
liquid - solid
solid - gas
has carbon, hydrogn and oxygen
all living things are made of cells. cells are the basic unit of sturcture. all cells are produced from other cells.
stores food water and waste
organelle that contains chlorophyll ONLY IN PLANT CELL
protects the plant cell ONLY IN PLANT CELLS
where all the cells activities take place
controls all the cells activities
protects the cell, controls what goes in and out of cell,
Movement of a fluid from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
transport of water
where most fossils are found
changes in an organisms DNA adaptations are result of
any variation that makes an organism better suited to its environment
series of changes that occur within an entire species over a period of time
keeping traits that parents developed during their lives. REJECTED! EX: mom dies hair blue baby will have blue hair.
humans choose organisms with the best traits and breed them to get offspring with best traits from both.
4 Parts of Darwins theory
1.organisms producing more offspring than can survive 2.variations are found amoung individuals of a species 3.some variations enable members of population to survive and reproduce better than others 4. overtime offspring of individuals with helpful variations make up more and more pop. | <urn:uuid:b378940b-fc77-4102-b1ec-8edd3bf4b17d> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://quizlet.com/12607816/science-final-7th-grade-flash-cards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826049.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023130351-20171023150351-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.884946 | 739 | 3.078125 | 3 |
TREATMENT FOR BELL’S PALSY OR FACIAL PALSY
BELL’S PALSY OR FACIAL PALSY
Facial palsy called Bell’s Palsy is generally a paralysis or severe weakness of the facial muscles. It is believed to be caused due to a swelling of the nerve that controls the muscles of the face. It might be worrying, but most of the people make a full recovery. Symptoms of paralysis often appear very first thing one morning, an individual wakes up and finds that one side of their face doesn't move.
The patient might find that they suddenly cannot control their facial muscles, usually on one side and that side of the face which is affected tends to droop. The weakness can also affect saliva, tear production and therefore the sense of taste. Many of them tend to wonder if they're having a stroke, but if the weakness or paralysis only affects the face, it's more likely to be Bell’s palsy. It is classed as a comparatively rare condition. In very rare cases, Bell’s palsy can affect all sides of the face.
Although the exact reason for Bell's palsy or facial palsy occurs isn't clear, it's often related to having a viral infection. Viruses that have been linked to Bell's palsy include viruses that cause:
- Cold sores and genital herpes (herpes simplex)
- Chickenpox and shingles (herpes zoster)
- Infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr)
- Cytomegalovirus infections
- Respiratory illnesses (adenovirus)
- German measles (rubella)Mumps (mumps virus)
- Mumps (mumps virus)
- Flu (influenza B)
- Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (coxsackievirus)
- HIV, which damages the immune systemsarcoidosis, which causes organ inflammation
- sarcoidosis, which causes organ inflammation
- Lyme disease, which is a bacterial infection caused by infected ticks
The nerve that controls your facial muscles passes through a narrow corridor of bone on its way to your face. In Bell's palsy, that nerve becomes inflamed and swollen — usually related to a viral infection. Besides facial muscles, the nerve affects tears, saliva, taste and a small bone in the middle of your ear.
Signs and symptoms of Bell's palsy or facial palsy come on suddenly and may include:
- Rapid onset of mild weakness to total paralysis on one side of your face — occurring within hours to days
- Facial droop and difficulty making facial expressions, such as closing your eye or smiling
- Pain around the jaw or in or behind your ear on the affected side
- Increased sensitivity to sound on the affected side
- A loss of tasteChanges in the amount of tears and saliva you produce
- Changes in the amount of tears and saliva you produce
- Difficulty in eating and drinking
- An inability to make facial expressions, like smiling or frowning
- Facial weakness
- Muscle twitches within the face
- Dry eye and mouth
- Irritation of the attention on the involved side
In rare cases, Bell's palsy can affect the nerves on both sides of your face.
Bell's palsy or facial palsy occurs more often in people who:
- Are pregnant, especially during the third trimester, or who are in the first week after giving birth
- Have an upper respiratory infection, such as the flu or a cold
- Have diabetes
Recurrent attacks of Bell's palsy are rare. But in some of these cases, there's a family history of recurrent attacks — suggesting a possible genetic predisposition to Bell's palsy.
A mild case of Bell's palsy or facial palsy normally disappears within a month. Recovery from a more severe case involving total paralysis varies. Complications may include:
- Irreversible damage to your facial nerve.
- Abnormal regrowth of nerve fibers. This may result in involuntary contraction of certain muscles when you're trying to move others (synkinesis) — for example, when you smile, the eye on the affected side may close.
- Partial or complete blindness of the eye that won't close due to excessive dryness and scratching of the clear protective covering of the eye (cornea).
Currently, there isn’t any known way to prevent Bell’s palsy or facial palsy.
There's no specific test for Bell's palsy. Your doctor will look at your face and ask you to move your facial muscles by closing your eyes, lifting your brow, showing your teeth and frowning, among other movements.
Other conditions — such as a stroke, infections, Lyme disease and tumors — can cause facial muscle weakness that mimics Bell's palsy. If the cause of your symptoms isn't clear, your doctor may recommend other tests, including:
- Electromyography (EMG). This test can confirm the presence of nerve damage and determine its severity. An EMG measures the electrical activity of a muscle in response to stimulation and the nature and speed of the conduction of electrical impulses along a nerve.
- Imaging scans. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT) may be needed on occasion to rule out other possible sources of pressure on the facial nerve, such as a tumor or skull fracture.
In most cases, Bell’s palsy symptoms recover without any treatment. However, it might also take several weeks, months or even years for the muscles in the face to regain their normal strength. The following treatments may help in your recovery, it might also provide cure and relief.
- Medication : Corticosteroid drugs, which reduce inflammation. Antiviral or antibacterial medication, which may be prescribed if a plague or bacteria has caused your Bell’s palsy. Over-the-counter pain medications, like ibuprofen or acetaminophen, which can help relieve mild pain
- Eye drops and an eye patch (for your dry eye). Placing a warm, moist towel over your face to alleviate pain. Facial massage and physical therapy exercises act as one of the best remedies to stimulate your facial muscles
If you have tumors or nasal polyps in your nasal passages or sinuses that are keeping mucus from draining out, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove them.
Most patients make a full recovery within a short span of time. The patients who may have more serious nerve damage, might require further treatment. This may include:
- Mime therapy : This is often a sort of physiotherapy. The patient would be taught a series of exercises that strengthens the facial muscles. This usually leads to better coordination and a wider range of movement
- Plastic surgery : This will improve the looks and symmetry of the face. Some patients experience enormous benefits if they're able to smile again. However it doesn't cure the nerve problem
- Botox : Botox injections within the affected side of the face can relax tight facial muscles and reduce any unwanted muscle contractions.
Lifestyle and home remedies
Home treatment may include:
- Protecting the eye you can't close. Using lubricating eye drops during the day and an eye ointment at night will help keep your eye moist. Wearing glasses or goggles during the day and an eye patch at night can protect your eye from getting poked or scratched.
- Taking over-the-counter pain relievers. Aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) may help ease your pain.
- Doing your physical therapy exercises. Massaging and exercising your face according to your physical therapist's advice may help relax your facial muscles
EFFECTIVENESS OF ACUPUNCTURE TREATMENT
Acupuncture, as a typical Chinese Medicine (TCM) therapy that has persisted throughout history, can effectively treat facial paralysis. Acupuncture reverses facial paralysis caused due to Bell’s Palsy. Researchers prove that acupuncture is an efficient treatment for infranuclear facial paralysis that affects the facial (cranial nerve VII). The scientists have noted that modern Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) sources indicate that Bell’s Palsy involves inflammation of nerves which affects regions of the stylomastoid foramen and causes facial channel obstruction.
MECHANISM OF ACUPUNCTURE
Acupuncture is a traditional therapy that supports the thought of energetics within the body.
- Treatment consists of inserting needles at various pressure points on the body and through the skin. Needles aren't meant to cause pain, harm or discomfort
- A professional acupuncturist would target energy (or “qi” in Chinese medicine) acupuncture points for treatment. These also are termed as meridians, with some being of special benefit to painful nerves and muscles
- By stimulating these points, parts of the systema nervosum also are stimulated to alleviate pain. Acupuncture also can provide pain relief from other similar neurological issues that there might not be too many pain remedy options
- Acupuncture treatment principles are to dredge the channels, expel external pernicious influences and to reinforce blood circulation. A macroscopic TCM view indicates that localized stimulation of facial muscles using acupuncture promotes recovery
- Acupuncture restores normal movement to facial muscles for patients with Bell’s Palsy and other kinds of infranuclear facial paralysis that helps to cure facial palsy
- Acupuncture is known to plug effective functioning of the nervous system and stop stress (which may exacerbate Bell’s Palsy). For ages acupuncture has been said to assist in Bell’s Palsy remedy by addressing an underlying deficiency in qi (one’s inherent energy). Through treatment, qi is invigorated as blood circulation gets improvised in the face
- Acupuncture is now considered a mainstream option for several medical conditions and is proving to be efficient as well as effective in treating and managing Bell’s Palsy. Studies have shown that acupuncture might provide up 80-90% improvement rates and it acts as a best remedy, even for those patients experiencing chronic Bell’s Palsy and facial paralysis
BEST CURE FOR BELL’S PALSY OR FACIAL PALSY
Looking for a best remedy to treat Bell’s palsy or facial palsy in Chennai, here’s why you should reach out to the best Acupuncturist Dr. Shaji Bharath from Dr.Bharath’s AcuHeal. He is currently treating patients for a wide range of conditions. As a certified acupuncture practitioner with 15 years of experience, with vast knowledge on neurology and having worked with several neurologists and otolaryngologists, doctor Bharath has seen Acupuncture doing wonders on people suffering from facial palsy and it is considered as the best alternative treatment. The effectiveness rate increases several times just with one course of Acupuncture and it can help alleviate the symptoms, reduce pain and increase the rate of curing facial palsy, helping patients get back to their normal routine, by evaluating your condition and offering permanent treatment. Most of the people swear by acupuncture, citing it as a ‘miracle’ in improving their quality of life, that focuses on treating facial palsy, which allows you to live a hassle free healthy life. Dial: +91 9884746916 or Visit: drbharathsacuheal.com for more details on treating facial palsy using Acupuncture, contact the top acupuncture clinic in chennai.
BEST ACUPUNCTURE DOCTOR NEAR ME
To choose the Best doctor for Acupuncture, it's important that the Acupuncturist should have a decade of experience and treated at least 1000 to 2000 patients.
You can also search for the Best Acupuncture Doctor near me or ask your primary care physician to refer an experienced Acupuncturist nearby. Once you find the Best Acupuncture Doctor in Chennai, you may go through their google reviews first and then fix an appointment with the doctor only when you are satisfied with the reviews.
The Best Acupuncture Doctor should address your concerns and help you feel more comfortable before your first session. Acupuncture usually takes numerous sessions or several weeks to get a complete cure in any ailment but within 3 or 4 sessions the patients will experience positive differences.
BEST ACUPUNCTURE CLINIC NEAR ME
There are numerous clinics popping up and it is sometimes skeptical to choose the best or even the safe one. To address such concerns, you can look into the following points to choose the best acupuncture clinic for treating bell’s palsy or facial palsy. Acupuncture is also offered in hospital, pain clinics and by healthcare organizations but it is ideal to visit the best Acupuncture Clinic. If you are not sure, it would be a good idea to contact your local doctor to see if they would be prepared to refer to the best rated acupuncture clinics.Acupuncture is offered in top rated acupuncture clinics near me because conventional treatment has failed or produces unacceptable side effects. Most of the best acupuncture clinics will spell out very clearly what type of acupuncture they practice and how professional they are - at present anyone can set themselves up as an acupuncturist but reputable practitioners will belong to an organization. So while you are filtering the best clinics for acupuncture that treats bell’s palsy or facial palsy,
you can look out for these factors.Treatment without drugs for bell’s palsy or facial palsy is possible through acupuncture and it gives the best result.
We have been rewarded a 5-star rating from Google & Practo. You can also check the reviews there.
THE BOTTOM LINE
The recovery time may vary depending on the severity of nerve damage. In general, however, people can see an improvement within two weeks after the initial onset of symptoms. Most will completely recover within three to six months, but it may be longer for people with more severe cases of Bell’s palsy. In rare cases, symptoms may continue to return or may be permanent.
Dial +91 9884746916 or Visit: drbharathsacuheal.com immediately if you’re showing any signs of Bell’s palsy. Acupuncture treatment can help speed up your recovery time and prevent any complications.
- iang YB, Feng Y. (2014). Therapeutic Effect of Special Acupuncture in the Treatment of Facial palsy. JCAM. 30(1).
- Ikeda M, Abiko Y, Kukimoto N, Omori H, Nakazato H, Ikeda K. Clinical factors that influence the prognosis of facial nerve paralysis and the magnitudes of influence. Laryngoscope. 2005 May;115(5):855-60.
- Terzis JK, Konofaos P. Nerve transfers in facial palsy. Facial Plast Surg. 2008 May;24(2):177-93.
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What are the services provided for Bells or facial palsy by Dr. Bharath’s Acu Heal?
Acupuncture treatment will be given based on the disease’s chronicity and acuteness. The Acupuncturist can understand the condition of the disease only after a thorough investigation by pulse and tongue diagnosis. In the first few sessions, there will be a positive change in the symptoms and after several sessions, there will be a 90% to 100% chance that the patient will get cured of the Bells or Facial Palsy. Simultaneously the patient will be advised on a diet with food restrictions like exercise regime which includes an induced sound sleep that plays a vital role in reversing the disease.
What are the benefits of acupuncture for Bells or facial palsy?
This is a drugless therapy and there are no side effects. After completing the course of treatment any form of medication can be stopped
How many sessions do you need for Bells or facial palsy?
It depends upon the severity of the disease. Generally, it takes 30 to 40 sessions in a period of 4 to 5 months to get cured. | <urn:uuid:3302aa98-7401-467d-9c2a-89eebf2715e2> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.acuheal.co.in/treatment-for-bells-palsy-or-facial-palsy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103669266.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630062154-20220630092154-00294.warc.gz | en | 0.919246 | 3,482 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Australian researchers are reporting a promising new approach for an HIV vaccine, by piggy-backing it on a common cold virus (which is RNA) and also on a harmless DNA virus, to produce very early defenses to keep the virus from entering T helper cells, An ABC affiliate in Australia reports here.
Time Magazine, p. 38 of the Nov. 28 issue, “The Race to Zero”, by Alice Park, describes efforts to eliminate HIV transmission by 2030. It is still more commonly transmitted among lower income gay men (especially of color) than other groups. Anecdotally, obvious disease is not common among “everyday” gay social circles as it was 20 years ago.
An article in Time this summer indicates that antiretroviral drugs may stop the transmission of HIV even without condoms. It seems as though side effects are probably minimal for most men. But of course the meds have to be paid for. | <urn:uuid:0bf20302-072d-4c18-90eb-c30128589831> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://billonglbt.blogspot.com/2016/11/new-hiv-vaccine-tested-in-australia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826840.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023221059-20171024001059-00341.warc.gz | en | 0.964271 | 194 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The Benefits of Foreign
"I wonder what we will do this afternoon," Angela thinks, "Will we visit the rainforest? The museum? Will we go to the market? Will we learn salsa?"
She smiles with anticipation, and realizes that for the first time, she is thinking in Spanish!
As a homeschooling family, you have the joy of participating in your children's learning process using a multitude of experiences. You are not limited to a classroom, or even your living room -- the world around you becomes your classroom! A trip to the grocery store becomes a math lesson, a trip downtown becomes a history lesson, or a family trip to the Grand Canyon becomes a geography lesson.
But how do you apply that same philosophy of teaching -- and learning -- a foreign language in a way that will give your children both a skill and a memory that will last a lifetime? This is often a subject that worries homeschool parents because they, themselves, are not fluent in a second language.
Being part of a foreign language immersion program as a family is one way to bring your homeschool experience to the next level, and is one of the best gifts you could give to your children. Bilingualism not only opens the doors for them socially and economically in an increasingly interdependent world community, but it also helps them become better problem solvers because they are challenged to process information in multiple ways.
Immersion programs can take place locally, but learning a foreign language within a native-speaking country adds a level of cultural integration that is an experience unmatched by anything you can offer your children, especially if you make it a family learning adventure! Your family will not only learn the structure and fluency of the language, but you will also imbibe it through experiencing daily life and culture. You will learn to communicate, live and think in a new and exotic world!
Just as your children learned English as toddlers, the new language will become part of who they are and how they navigate the world around them. And, if you learn with them and carry on with the language after your immersion, it will become part of your family's ongoing learning experience! | <urn:uuid:4e23225f-57bc-4a5e-b445-79cc217995e8> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.homeschool.com/articles/ILISA/default.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189403.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00206-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961555 | 436 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The economic crisis has hit cities across the U.S. almost like some sort of natural disaster. People have been forced out of their homes, jobs destroyed, schools shut down – everywhere cities are being ripped apart. This is no natural disaster but a man-made one, a disaster orchestrated by the big banks and corporations in order to force down wages and benefits, drive cities into bankruptcy, and profit from the privatization of public services. This is happening all over the U.S., but the worst hit city by far has been Detroit.
The destruction that has taken place in Detroit is incredible. A city which was once the home of two million people has been reduced to a population of 700,000. Houses stand in the middle of fields of vacant lots, abandoned by their owners. Electricity and other utilities only function occasionally. This is the outcome of an economic attack on a working class city by some of the wealthiest banks and corporations in the world, led by their political servants in office.
Detroit was once the center of the U.S. auto industry. Companies like Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler had factories in Detroit and the surrounding area, employing thousands of people. But in the last decades this has changed. Plants were modernized with new technology, allowing companies to lay off thousands of workers. Then in the 1980s and 90s, these companies moved much of their production to other countries where labor is cheaper. Those workers that remained in Detroit and held on to jobs suffered huge attacks. Today only one in four adult residents of Detroit has a job. The median income level is only $27,000 per year. About 19 percent of working adults are making $10,000 per year or less.
The result has been a shrinking city whose remaining population has only gotten poorer. And as a consequence, housing, public services, education, and everything else has suffered. In the 1990s, the banks preyed upon the poor with predatory loans known as “sub-prime” mortgages. Hundreds of thousands of people holding onto their housing by taking out unstable mortgages were suddenly put out of their homes when the housing market crashed in 2008.
The crisis has also resulted in a massive growth of public debt. By 2012 the city was $12 billion in debt, about $17 billion including interest. The result is that public services in Detroit have been severely cut. In the last six years, 136 public schools were closed. One third of the fire department was laid off, and the department has lost half of its firetrucks and ambulances. Only 40 percent of the streetlights are working. Garbage is collected only once per week.
The debt that Detroit faces was not a result of financial mistakes by public officials. For example in 2005 mayor Kwame Kilpatrick facilitated a deal with USB Financial Services to invest public money. This supposedly profitable investment resulted in Detroit owing $2.6 billion. GM, Chrysler and Ford all received hundreds of millions of dollars in tax breaks on their property.
Today Detroit is filing for bankruptcy. The bankruptcy will result in the cancellation of retiree pensions for city workers. And plans are being drawn up to privatize the cities’ infrastructure. In other words, the electricity, water, sewage and other services developed and paid for with public money will be handed to companies so they can begin to profit. The impact of this policy is already clear. In 2011 Detroit’s public transit system was handed over to a private management company, Transpro. This company immediately fired two thirds of the transit workers and eliminated 24-hour service. Similarly, many of the public schools, closed due to lack of funds, were soon re-opened by private charter school companies. New proposals are on the table to privatize the city’s water and sewage department, reducing the current 2,000 person workforce to about 600. What’s clear is that Detroit’s debt is being used as an excuse to put public services on the table for the profits of private companies.
Detroit is a glimpse of the agenda the wealthy elite are bringing to other cities in the U.S. Nothing could show more clearly that the interests of working people cannot be met while the resources are controlled by private interests and a government that serves them. These are our cities and our society – we should decide what to do with them! | <urn:uuid:463de510-7d5f-4237-ad32-ad110565bf92> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://speakoutsocialists.org/detroit-a-destroyed-city-coming-to-you/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945323.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325095252-20230325125252-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.979666 | 881 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The meaning of the name Rosetta is Little Rose. The origin of the name Rosetta is Italian. This is the culture in which the name originated, or in the case of a word, the language.
Rosetta is a diminutive form of the name Rose.
The Rosetta Stone is a famous tablet containing heiroglyphics and classical Greek writing, authored by Ptolemy V. Rosetta Stone is also a software course for learning foreign languages.
Click button to listen on iTunes | <urn:uuid:ee2ff4f1-a1c7-4c1a-8445-96a684661a43> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.babynames.com/name/rosetta | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890874.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121195145-20180121215145-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.922686 | 104 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Cambridge Primary provides an optional testing structure to assess learner performance and to report progress to learners and parents.
- Progression tests: these are end-of-stage tests which are available for English, Mathematics and Science for Years 3 to 6.
- Cambridge Primary Checkpoint: this is a diagnostic assessment tool for the end of the primary phase of education in English, Mathematics and Science.
View our outstanding 2018 Cambridge Primary Checkpoint results.
The progression tests are given by Cambridge and marked in the school while Cambridge Primary Checkpoint is marked by Cambridge International Examinations. Note – the tests cover only the core subjects (English, Maths and Science).
- Internal tests and examinations
These are set and marked in the school by the teachers. They are usually given at the middle and end of Term 1 and 2.
- Continuous Assessment
This usually takes various forms such as bi-weekly tests or projects. The eventual scores are counted as part of the term grade. | <urn:uuid:13c07a87-b924-4af5-8944-3ac5d2503524> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://schoolofthenations.org/students-assessment-primary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573759.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919224954-20190920010954-00406.warc.gz | en | 0.921864 | 200 | 2.546875 | 3 |
This is a very useful and simple circuit diagram for amplifying weak signal from a capacitive condenser microphone. You can use this circuit for sound sensing applications and some automatic robotic sensors. We have already posted an efficient audio amplifier circuit using 1895 IC, it is somewhat complicated and is suitable for very sensitive applications. But this condenser microphone DIY audio sound amplifier is very small and simple to implement because it uses only two BC547 transistors and some discrete components. You can construct this circuit with a minimum price of $2. This circuit is apt for cheap amplification purposes in electronics such as pre amplifier for FM transmitters.
- Resistors (2.2kΩ; 3.3kΩ; 470kΩ; 220kΩ; 1.2kΩ)
- Capacitors (0.1µF x 2; 10µF,16V)
- Transistors (BC547 x 2)
- Condenser mic
- Speaker (8Ω, ½ Watt)
Working of amplifier
- The circuit is alienated into three divisions: Condenser mic, audio amplifier and loudspeaker.
- Condenser mic is a type of capacitive audio sensor (audio transducer) that converts the sound (audio) signal into electrical signals.
- These electrical signals are too weak so it is amplified by the amplifier unit. The amplified output is obtained across the speaker.
- The output of condenser mic is coupled via a coupling capacitor of 0.1µF, the purpose of this capacitor is to remove DC contents in the audio signal.
- A 2.2kΩ resistor is used to give the required biasing to the condenser microphone.
- Transistor Q1 is configured as collector to base biasing mode. This is accomplished via 470kΩ resistance. This resistor provides negative feedback to the transistor Q1.
- The output of Q1 becomes available at the collector (across 3.3kΩ resistor), which is the input to the transistor Q2 via a 0.1µF capacitor. The capacitor removes DC voltages due to the biasing of Q1.
- Transistor Q2 is configured as fixed bias using a 220kΩ resistor. It also provides further amplification.
- The amplified output from Q2 is available across the 1.2kΩ resistor.
- The 10µF electrolytic capacitor also used to block the DC voltages associated with the biasing of transistor Q2.
- Use a 8Ω, ½ watt speaker to hear the amplified signal. | <urn:uuid:6e244a85-3cd4-477e-8c99-d93d9e68f1b0> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.circuitsgallery.com/2012/07/Simple-condenser-microphone-mini-audio-sound-amplifier-circuit-schematic.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769894.131/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00083-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.868472 | 537 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Chiropractic is a health care profession that is over 100 years old. It is based on the scientific premise that the body is a self -healing and self-regulating organism. The profession of chiropractic is focused on the relationship between structure, primarily of the spine and pelvis and the function of the body, as co-ordinated by the nervous system.
Our central nervous system (CNS), consists of the brain and spinal cord and this controls, coordinates and regulates all the systems of our body. Peripheral nerves branch from the spinal cord and when the spinal and extremity joints are not functioning correctly, these nerves may become irritated and pain can result. The muscles in the affected areas are also controlled by the CNS and the effect on these muscle groups may cause stiffness and spasm, as well as weakness and pain. It is the relationship of the structure and how the function of the body occurs, as to how the health of the individual can be restored and maintained.
Chiropractic care includes the adjustment to specific joint segments combined with joint and soft-tissue manual treatments. Rehabilitation exercises and patient education regarding any alterations to daily activities are also implemented and depending upon the care that is required, orthotics and other aids may also be needed to assist in the healing phase/s.
Chiropractors must complete a five year university degree course which includes the Master’s Degree in Clinical Chiropractic. Chiropractors must be registered by the Chiropractors’ Registration Board and all registered chiropractors are members of AHPRA –Australian Health Professional Regulation Agency.
Everyone of all ages should have their spine checked for nerve interference from the stressors in their life, whether they be physical, chemical or emotional. Stress may cause this nerve interference (subluxation) and only a chiropractor has had the education to check and adjust the spine for subluxation(s). The lack of pain or discomfort does not necessarily mean there are no subluxations present. Chiropractic is about having your nervous system working to its optimum level.
People who present and can be helped with chiropractic care include those with low back pain, neck pain, headaches, shoulder, hip and knee pain, balance disorders and dizziness, sporting injuries and various conditions of the neuromusculoskeletal system (nerve, muscle and joint).
Just as you have your teeth checked regularly, each person’s spine should be checked. Due to the complexity of the spine, normal movements can easily be disrupted by accidents and falls, incorrect lifting, poor posture, illness and repetitive movements. It is these altered movements of the spine (subluxation) that a chiropractor assesses and can adjust.
X-Rays are often needed, especially if there has been some trauma or if the condition is long standing. Your chiropractor will analyse and report to you on the findings of each X-ray. The good news is that X-rays can be bulk billed under Medicare.
As a health care provider, referrals are not needed. If your medical condition has been present for at least six months, you may be eligible for the Chronic Diseases Management Program. This allows you 5 visits per calendar year, (funded by Medicare) to a chiropractor, so speak to your medical doctor.
Yes it is safe for all ages, because the chiropractic adjustment is low force and gentle techniques are used. The adjustment is tailored to the age of the person, whether it be an infant through to the very elderly.
On your initial consultation you will meet with your highly trained and caring chiropractor to discuss your physical and medical history. A thorough evaluation will then be made of your posture and spine, along with muscle and neurological testing. Spinal X-rays may be needed to ensure that other serious conditions are not present and to offer a full assessment of the spine. This will assist in developing the most effective chiropractic care for you.
A remedial massage therapist will involve a clinical approach to your problem and assess the source of your pain or limited movement. Remedial massage can be deep or shallow, gentle or strong and may involve a particular section or a full body massage, depending upon the areas that are highlighted with the assessment and history. The remedial massage therapist will endeavour to eliminate the source of your problems as well as the symptoms you may be experiencing. Where necessary, the therapist will refer you to another allied health practitioner or medical doctor for further treatment. | <urn:uuid:6bd231e6-3a32-428c-81ec-e1adec62022b> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://dynamicchiropractic.net.au/chiropractic-f-a-qs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742906.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115182450-20181115204450-00298.warc.gz | en | 0.948274 | 924 | 2.75 | 3 |
Though today it holds a visitor’s center, exhibit space, and offices, the Smithsonian Institution Building, or "Castle," once also contained residential spaces. The Castle was home to the Institution’s first Secretary, Joseph Henry, and his family from 1855 to 1878. During the building’s early years it also included apartments for Smithsonian employees and visiting scholars.
But some other inhabitants of the Castle have been less conventional. In the late 19th century, barn owls took roost in the building's lofty towers. These uninvited occupants were nevertheless welcomed and were the object of study by researchers. The Smithsonian collections contain two owl eggs gathered from the roof of the Castle in 1861 and 1865 (specimens USNM B 9986 and 9693), the latter conserved by ornithologist, Spencer F. Baird, who would later become second Secretary of the Smithsonian. Ornithologists collected samples of the owls' pellets, droppings containing undigested remains of the rodents they ate, to study hunting habits. Another later Secretary and ornithologist, Alexander Wetmore, gathered over two thousand pellets from the Castle towers while working for the Biological Survey in 1913.
Though the owls were useful study subjects, they were at some times pests. Residents of the Castle noted that the owls often crashed into their windows, startling them from their work. When the owls would dive to catch prey at night they would nearly collide with superstitious guards who patrolled the National Mall and took the swooping birds to be curses of bad luck. The guards complained to sixth Secretary Wetmore during his tenure from 1945–1952 and asked that he remove the owls, but he wittily replied that "our guards must remain dauntless to any and all attacks." However, by the 1950s the owls had outstayed their welcome. A large quantity of droppings that had accumulated had generated an unpleasant smell and caused the floor of one tower to collapse. The owls were put out and the windows were barred.
But in 1971, eighth Secretary S. Dillon Ripley, yet another ornithologist interested in the tower owls as much as his predecessors, decided to reinstate the winged residents. He believed that the owls could hunt the rats attracted by the newly placed garbage cans on the National Mall. Ripley argued that the owls would be beneficial "for reasons of biological harmony as well as tradition." He wrote to former-Secretary Wetmore inquiring about the history of the tower owls, and set about equipping replacements. Barn owls to be put in the towers were trained at the National Zoological Park to breed in captivity and hunt live prey. In 1974, a male and female were placed in the northwest tower of the Castle. Alex (named for Wetmore) and his mate Athena were fed dead lab rodents and soon hatched seven young owlets.
Once the observers felt that the owls were comfortable in their new home, they unbarred the windows. But by December 1975 the last of the owl family had, quite literally, flown the coop. Not to be deterred, Ripley commissioned a second pair of trained owls from NZP, this time named "Increase" and "Diffusion" for language found in the Institution’s bequest (under a clause in his will, the Institution’s founding donor, James Smithson, left his fortune to the United States to found under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, "an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men."). The aptly-named owl duo was placed in the tower in January 1977, and hatched three young owlets that spring. However, when given the chance to fly to freedom, the second family also took to the air never to return to the Castle tower.
Now the towers are uninhabited. And though Ripley was saddened by the lack of traditional residents, those who had to tend to the owls probably were not. Writing in 1993, one such caretaker remembers climbing the ladder to place a bag full of dead rodents in the coop, dressed in a protective suit and helmet to guard against (as Ripley put it) "more than a gentle tap" on the head. Ripley himself once received an aerial attack when, while poking his head in to take a look at the birds, an owlish deposit fell squarely in his eye. | <urn:uuid:cab75291-35f2-4006-917b-417d1882fe9d> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://siarchives.si.edu/blog/residents-different-feather | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499966.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230209112510-20230209142510-00706.warc.gz | en | 0.984494 | 899 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Civil Censorship Detachment
On August 15, 1945 Japan surrendered to the Allied Forces. General MacArthur
arrived in Japan on August 30, 1945. Within three weeks, General MacArthur's
General Headquarters (GHQ) of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP)
issued a ten-point
Code for the Japanese news media. The Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD), an
operating unit overseen by the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence (G-2) and
transferred from the Philippines to Japan at the beginning of the Occupation,
was responsible for censorship of civilian communications (mail, telephone,
telegraph, film, radio and publications). The CCD operation was brought to a
close in November 1949. The holdings of the Prange Collection are the materials
that once constituted the publication files of the CCD.
of 1945 and November of 1949, Japanese publishers, including publishing houses,
organizations and individuals, were required to submit two copies of their
proposed publications to the CCD for review. The publications were submitted in
pre-publication form, such as galley proofs or manuscripts, or in published
form. Censorship markings were written directly on the publications by CCD
examiners, usually in colored pencil, and included CCD classification and
accession numbers, date received, Romanized title, proposed circulation and
paper type. If a CCD examiner felt that a publication violated the Code for the
Japanese Press, he/she translated the objectionable portion into English for
review (and final determination of censorship action) by the examiner’s
supervisor. One copy of the publication was returned to the publisher with
publishing instructions. The second copy was retained as a file copy by the CCD.
Censorship action included deletions, complete suppression, publishing
delays and other changes. No indication of censorship could appear in
publications, such as blackening out of text or use of ellipses. Type had to be
reset or spaces left by the deletions had to be filled with new material.
Consequently, the Japanese public was unaware that censorship was in place until
well after the occupation ended. | <urn:uuid:0b9a8951-e90c-4a68-b139-19779482b88d> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.lib.umd.edu/prange/about-us/civil-censorship-detachment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542695.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00195-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9524 | 459 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Background: Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is a major public health problem worldwide.
Iron Bisglycinate Chelate (FeBC) and polymaltose iron (FeP) are used for the treatment of
IDA and exhibit good tolerability with a low incidence of adverse effects. However, these compounds
have important differences in their structures and bioavailability.
Objective: To compare the efficacy of oral supplementation with FeBC and FeP in anemic children.
Methods: In this double-blind study, children aged 1 to 13 years who were diagnosed with IDA
were randomly divided into two groups: i) FeBC, supplemented with iron bisglycinate chelate, and
ii) FeP, supplemented with polymaltose iron (3.0 mg iron/kg body weight/day for 45 days for both
Results: Both treatments resulted in significant increases in hemoglobin levels, Mean Corpuscular
Volume (MCV) and Cell Distribution Width (RDW) and in a reduction of transferrin levels, relative
to initial values. However, only FeBC treatment significantly increased ferritin and Mean Corpuscular
Hemoglobin (MCH) levels. A significant negative correlation was observed between the
increase in ferritin and initial hemoglobin levels in the FeBC group, indicating that the absorption
of FeBC is regulated by the body iron demand.
Conclusion: These results provide preliminary evidence to suggest a greater efficacy of FeBC than
FeP in increasing iron stores. | <urn:uuid:3cf4216b-b689-4d8b-9002-790453c93585> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.eurekaselect.com/165885/article | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371830894.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409055849-20200409090349-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.916025 | 312 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Lean Culture and the Six Sigma Process
What is the Six Sigma Process?
Six Sigma refers to a set of quality management methods that are integrated into a company’s sales, service and manufacturing sectors. These methods identify and remove product defects, while streamlining business processes from customer engagement to delivery and service guarantee.
In the wake of the widespread global popularization of the Six Sigma Process, a culture based on efficiency, quality and customer service--or a lean culture, is transforming the way companies do business, by eliminating any processes or procedures that do not enhance customer value and experience. At the same time, value added practices customers find appealing, such as fair pricing, helpful customer service, and expedient delivery of products are implemented as a plan-of-action for increased business success.
“Six Sigma is a systematic process that is used to improve the capability of business processes by strategically reducing redundancy and other forms of inefficiency. It accomplishes this while eliminating defects in any sales, service, manufacturing-industrial or corporate processes. This results in a proactive, customer oriented, dynamically flexible, and profitable corporate culture that benefits your bottom line and customer satisfaction alike.”
Pat Lucansky, CSSMBB, CLS, CMC
Executive Director, VIP Group
The Five Phases of the Six Sigma Process
This Six Sigma Process is a five phase methodology for continuously improving quality by reducing inherent variability. The five main phases are:
The general Six Sigma Process can be further refined and individualized to suit the needs of which specialized Lean Culture facet is being focused on:
What is the History of Six Sigma Process?
The history of the Six Sigma Process differs depending on who you ask. To be as thorough as possible for your educational benefit, we have traced Lean Culture from its inception to today:
- The discovery of the Six Sigma Process as a measurement standard is credited to Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855), who introduced the concept of the normal curve.
- In the 1920’s, the Six Sigma Process as a measurement standard was employed by Walter Shewhart, who showed that three sigma from the mean (standard) is where a process requires correction.
- The actual coining of the term Six Sigma, and canonizing of the (now) generally accepted process, is due in large part to a Motorola engineer named Bill Smith (in fact, the term Six Sigma is a registered trademark of Motorola).
What is the Formula Behind the Six Sigma Process?
The Six Sigma Process strives for 99.99966% of every opportunity to produce some feature of a part, to be statistically expected to be free of defects. This means that instead of measuring defects in the thousands, the Six Sigma Process standard dictates that opportunity for defect should be no more than 3.4 defective features per million opportunities. So in this regard, the Six Sigma Process means tremendous precision--and it is orders of magnitude ahead of the traditional quality management protocols the Motorola engineers found wholly insufficient for their needs, as well as the expectations of con
Let Our Lean Culture Experts Put Six Sigma to Work for You
Contact us today, and our Lean Culture team will begin assessing and implementing a Six Sigma Process program that benefits you and your customers—as well as increases your profit margin from top to bottom.
About VIPGroup’s Six Sigma and Lean Culture Consulting Services
Value Innovation Partners Ltd. specializes in Six Sigma and Lean Culture implementation for businesses of all sizes and specificities. Our Lean Enterprise and Operations Improvement Experts are known throughout the corporate world for their expertise, precision, professionalism and high success rate. We have helped implement and maintain streamlined operations, industrial, manufacturing and customer service-based practices in businesses just like yours. Contact us today to see how your business, your customers, and your bottom line can immediately benefit from our experience. | <urn:uuid:d3dadcf3-0cce-4eff-9061-1e134cae0d9c> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.vipgroup.us/six-sigma.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948214.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426125104-20180426145104-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.93562 | 781 | 2.609375 | 3 |
At the close of the eighteenth century the slave trade was a thriving and very big business. Prominent families held slaves and interests in the slave business, a vast swathe of people depended on slavery for their livelihoods, and public opinion was undisturbed by it. When Clarkson threw in his lot with a small group of Quakers in opposition to the trade the odds of success were seemingly impossible.
On May 22, 1787 Clarkson and about a dozen others met in the James Phillip Bookstore for the first official meeting of the Committee of the Slave Trade. They devised a strategy to gather intelligence on the trade, expose it’s inhumanity via pamphlets, posters and public lectures, and build momentum for a banning of the British slave trade. Clarkson became their only full time anti slavery campaigner. He travelled tirelessly throughout England seeking to gather intelligence on the slave trade and to draw people’s attention to its cruelty and inhumanity.
The task was incredibly difficult. Few of those involved in the slavery business would talk to him; he received death threats, and at least one attempt on his life; many mocked him. In that first year he noted
I began now to tremble, for the first time, at the arduous task I had undertaken, of attempting to subvert one of the branches of the commerce of the great place which was then before me…. I questioned whether I should even get out of it alive.
Yet the tide of opinion began to turn. Petitions containing thousands of names started to find their way to Parliament. More people joined themselves to the cause, including the potter Josiah Wedgewood, who crafted a relief of a kneeling slave with the words “Am I not a man and a brother?” that became a popular and influential adornment, and parliamentarian William Wilberforce, who championed the cause in Parliament. Hundreds of thousands stopped using sugar, the major slave produced good in England, and slave-free sugar started appearing. The autobiography of freed slave Olauda Equiano became a best seller and many heard him speak.
Within five years of that first meeting at the James Phillip bookstore public opinion had turned against the slave trade. Parliament however would take longer to conquer. William Wilberforce was the spearhead of the parliamentary campaign.
So enormous, so dreadful, so irremediable did the trade’s wickedness appear that my own mind was completely made up for abolition. Let the consequences be what they would; I from this time determined that I would never rest until I had effected its abolition
Like Clarkson, Wilberforce met with fierce opposition and derision. Admiral Horatio Nelson for example, condemned “the damnable doctrine of Wilberforce and his hypocritical allies”. He also found the support of colleagues such as the Prime Minister, William Pitt.
Bills against the trade were moved in 1791, 1792, 1793, 1797, 1798, 1799, 1804, and 1805, all without success, until on February 27, 1807 a bill for the abolition of the slave trade passed the House by a vote of 283 to 16.
The anti slavery activists had assumed that once the shipping of slaves was outlawed slavery would collapse. This assumption proved naive. While no more slaves were shipped, slaves continued to be held on British owned plantations in the West Indies and their children enslaved. This set off continued campaigning. A mass uprising of slaves in 1831 signalled the oppression of slaves was no longer sustainable, and in 1833 the Emancipation Act finally saw the end of British slavery.
It took fifty six years, but who’d have thought that from that meeting of a dozen people in the James Phillip Bookstore on May 22, 1787, armed with nothing but their determination and their voices, would issue such a result?
In 2004 Victor Yushchenko stood for the presidency of the Ukraine. Vehemently opposed by the ruling party Yushchenko’s face was disfigured and he almost lost his life when he was mysteriously poisoned. This was not enough to deter him from standing for the presidency.
On the day of the election Yushchenko was comfortably in the lead. The ruling party, not to be denied, tampered with the results. The state-run television station reported “ladies and gentlemen, we announce that the challenger Victor Yushchenko has been decisively defeated.”
In the lower right-hand corner of the screen a woman by the name of Natalia Dmitruk was providing a translation service for the deaf community. As the news presenter regurgitated the lies of the regime, Natalia Dmitruk refused to translate them. “I’m addressing all the deaf citizens of Ukraine” she signed. “They are lying and I’m ashamed to translate those lies. Yushchenko is our president.”
The deaf community sprang into gear. They text messaged their friends about the fraudulent result and as news spread of Dmitruk’s act of defiance increasing numbers of journalists were inspired to likewise tell the truth. Over the coming weeks the “Orange Revolution” occurred as a million people wearing orange made their way to the capital city of Kiev demanding a new election. The government was forced to meet their demands, a new election was held and Victor Yushchenko became president.
Philip Yancey writes
“When I heard the story behind the orange revolution, the image of a small screen of truth in the corner of the big screen became for me an ideal picture of the church. You see we as a church do not control the big screen. (When we do, we usually mess it up.) Go to any magazine rack or turn on the television and you see a consistent message. What matters is how beautiful you are, how much money or power you have. Similarly, though the world includes many poor people, they rarely make the magazine covers or the news shows. Instead we focus on the superrich, names like Bill Gates or Oprah Winfrey.… Our society is hardly unique. Throughout history nations have always glorified winners, not losers. Then, like the sign language translator in the lower right-hand corner of the screen, along comes a person named Jesus who says in effect, Don’t believe the big screen – they’re lying. It’s the poor who are blessed, not the rich. Mourners are blessed too, as well as those who hunger and thirst, and the persecuted. Those who go through life thinking they’re on top end up on the bottom. And those who go through life feeling they’re on the bottom end up on the top. After all, what does it profit a person to gain the whole world and lose his soul?”
Source: Philip Yancey, What Good Is God, pages 184-186
George Mallory was the famed mountain climber who may have been the first person ever to reach the top of Mount Everest. In the early 1920’s he led a number of attempts to scale the mountain, eventually being killed in the third attempt in 1924. Before that last and fatal attempt he had said “I can’t see myself coming down defeated.”
Mallory was an extraordinary climber, and nothing would force him to give up. His body was found in 1999, well preserved by the snow and ice, 27,000 feet up the mountain, just 2000 feet from the peak. Give up he did not. His body was found face down on a rocky slope, head toward the summit. His arms were extended high over his head. His toes were pointed into the mountain; his fingers dug into the loose rock, refusing to let go even as he drew his last breath. A short length of cotton rope – broken – was looped around his waist.
When those who had set up camp for Mallory further down the mountain returned to England a banquet was held for them. A huge picture of Mt Everest stood behind the banquet table. It is said that the leader of the group stood to be applauded, and with tears streaming down his face, turned and looked at the picture. “I speak to you, Mt Everest, in the name of all brave men living and those yet unborn” he said. “Mt Everest, you defeated us once; you defeated us twice; you defeated us three times. But Mt Everest, we shall someday defeat you, because you can’t get any bigger but we can.”
In 1953 two climbers, Sir Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzig Norgay, reached the top.
Source: Information reported in Seattle Times (Jan 16, 2000) and Illustrations Unlimited
The Olympic Games, Mexico, 1968. The marathon is the final event on the program. The Olympic stadium is packed and there is excitement as the first athlete, an Ethiopian runner, enters the stadium. The crowd erupts as he crosses the finish line.
Way back in the field is another runner, John Stephen Akwhari of Tanzania. He has been eclipsed by the other runners. After 30 kilometers his head is throbbing, his muscles are aching and he falls to the ground. He has serious leg injuries and officials want him to retire, but he refuses. With his knee bandaged Akwhari picks himself up and hobbles the remaining 12 kilometers to the finish line. An hour after the winner has finished Akwhari enters the stadium. All but a few thousand of the crowd have gone home. Akwhari moves around the track at a painstakingly slow pace, until finally he collapses over the finish line.
It is one of the most heroic efforts of Olympic history. Afterward, asked by a reporter why he had not dropped out, Akwhari says, “My country did not send me to start the race. They sent me to finish.”
Sylvester Stallone shot to fame in the movie Rocky. But Stallone’s own story is as inspiring as that of the character he plays. His slurred speech and snarling look are the result of a facial nerve that was severed during his birth and his early years were spent bouncing between foster families in the infamous Hells Kitchen area. An outcast at school thanks to his facial deformities, he was sent to a high school for troubled kids and voted “most likely to end up in the electric chair”.
After school Stallone went to beauty college, but left to turn his attention to acting. He didn’t meet with much success. He worked at a deli throughout most of his twenties and before Rocky made him a star was so broke that he was forced to sell his dog, to which was so attached he was in tears, for $25, to sell his wife’s jewelry and ended up living in a bus shelter.
His break came when he went to a boxing match in which an unknown underdog Chuck Wepner took the world champion Muhammed Ali to 15 rounds. Stallone went home and in three days wrote the first draft of Rocky. When he started hawking it around to the studios there was immediate interest. They saw the script as a great vehicle for a big star – names such as Robert Redford and Burt Reynolds were thrown around – and offered to buy the script. But Stallone wasn’t selling, not unless he was given the lead. The studios kept offering more, on the condition Stallone didn’t act in the movie. Each time Stallone refused, even when $325,000 was put on the table, the highest amount ever offered for a script. Despite having just $106 in the bank Stallone wouldn’t give up.
“I knew that if I took the money I’d regret it for the rest of my life,” said Stallone. “And the picture was about taking that golden shot when you finally get it.”
The studio eventually gave in, buying the script for $35,000, with Stallone to work as a writer without a fee and as an actor for award wages. Stallone got the lead role and the movie was reduced to low budget production.
The rest is history. Rocky was a massive hit, won an Oscar for best picture and Stallone became a star.
Sir Winston Churchill took three years getting through eighth grade because he had trouble learning English. It seems ironic that years later Oxford University asked him to address its commencement exercises.
He arrived with his usual props. A cigar, a cane and a top hat accompanied Churchill wherever he went. As Churchill approached the podium, the crowd rose in appreciative applause. With unmatched dignity, he settled the crowd and stood confident before his admirers. Removing the cigar and carefully placing the top hat on the podium, Churchill gazed at his waiting audience. Authority rang in Churchill’s voice as he shouted, “Never give up!”
Several seconds passed before he rose to his toes and repeated: “Never give up!” His words thundered in their ears. There was a deafening silence as Churchill reached for his hat and cigar, steadied himself with his cane and left the platform. His commencement address was finished.
History abounds with tales of experts who were convinced that the ideas, plans, and projects of others could never be achieved. However, accomplishment came to those who said, “I can make it happen.”
The Italian sculptor Agostino d’Antonio worked diligently on a large piece of marble. Unable to produce his desired masterpiece, he lamented, “I can do nothing with it.” Other sculptors also worked this difficult piece of marble, but to no avail. Michelangelo discovered the stone and visualized the possibilities in it. His “I-can-make-it-happen” attitude resulted in one of the world’s masterpieces – David.
The experts of Spain concluded that Columbus’s plans to discover a new and shorter route to the West Indies was virtually impossible. Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand ignored the report of the experts. “I can make it happen,” Columbus persisted. And he did. Everyone knew the world was flat, but not Columbus. The Nina, the Pinta, the Santa Maria, along with Columbus and his small band of followers, sailed to “impossible” new lands and thriving resources.
Even the great Thomas Alva Edison discouraged his friend, Henry Ford, from pursuing his fledgling idea of a motorcar. Convinced of the worthlessness of the idea, Edison invited Ford to come and work for him. Ford remained committed and tirelessly pursued his dream. Although his first attempt resulted in a vehicle without reverse gear, Henry Ford knew he could make it happen. And, of course, he did.
“Forget it,” the experts advised Madame Curie. They agreed radium was a scientifically impossible idea. However, Marie Curie insisted, “I can make it happen.”
Let’s not forget our friends Orville and Wilbur Wright. Journalists, friends, armed forces specialists, and even their father laughed at the idea of an airplane. “What a silly and insane way to spend money. Leave flying to the birds,” they jeered. “Sorry,” the Wright brothers responded. “We have a dream, and we can make it happen.” As a result, a place called Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, became the setting for the launching of their “ridiculous” idea.
Finally, as you read these accounts under the magnificent lighting of your environment, consider the plight of Benjamin Franklin. He was admonished to stop the foolish experimenting with lighting. What an absurdity and waste of time! Why, nothing could outdo the fabulous oil lamp. Thank goodness Franklin knew he could make it happen.
It’s often easy to look at “successful” people and think that it’s all come easily to them. In many cases this is not what happened. Colonel Sanders went to more than 1,000 places trying to sell his chicken recipe before he found an interested buyer. Thomas Edison tried almost 10,000 times before he succeeded in creating the electric light.
The original business plan for what was to become Federal Express was given a failing grade on Fred Smith’s college exam. And, in the early days, their employees would cash their pay checks at retail stores, rather than banks. This meant it would take longer for the money to clear, thereby giving Fed Ex more time to cover their payroll.
Sylvester Stallone had been turned down a thousand times by agents and was down to his last $600 before he found a company that would produce Rocky. The rest is history!
The poet Robert Forst had his first poetry submissions to The Atlantic Monthly returned unwanted.
Ray Kroc, the late founder of McDonalds, knew this too. “Nothing in this world can take the place of persistence” he once said. “Talent will not; nothing is more common than unsuccessful men with great talent. Genius will not. Un-rewarded genius is almost a proverb. Education will not. The world is full of educated derelicts. Persistence, determination and love are omnipotent.”
It was the summer Olympics of 1992. It was the quarter finals of the 400 metre sprint. British athlete Derek Redmond was one of the favourites for the gold medal. A lifetime of training had brought him to this moment. The starters gun fired and the athletes burst out of the blocks.
Halfway through the race Derek Redmond was leading. Then disaster struck. His hamstring went and he collapsed on the track. The agony on his tear streaked face was both physical and mental. It was a crushing blow.
Medical attendants ran to assist him. Derek waved them away. He came to race and he was going to finish. He got to his feet and started hobbling down the track.
The crowd was mesmerised. Officials didn’t know what to do. And then an older man ran onto the track. He brushed off officials who tried to stop him. He ran up beside Derek and placed his arms around him.
The man was Derek Redmond’s father, Jim.
“You don’t have to do this son” Jim said.
“Yes I do” Derek replied.
“Then we’ll finish this race together” came the response from Derek’s father.
Arm in arm, with agony on Derek’s face, tears on his father’s, Derek and Jim continued down the track. Derek buried his face in his father’s shoulder. His father’s strong shoulders carried his son physically and emotionally. Jim waved away officials who tried to stop them.
Finally, accompanied by a now roaring crowd, standing on their feet and applauding, Derek Redmond crossed the line. It became the defining moment of the Barcelona Olympics.
Derek Redmond was favoured to medal in the 400m sprint at the 1092 Olympics. When he tore a hamstring halfway through the race his dream died. But his determination to finish the race, with his father by his side, became the defining moment of the Games. A beautiful story of persevering to finish the race and of a father’s heart.
Dick Hoyt has a severely disabled son, Rick. After discovering his son’s love for athletic events Dick undertook to do them with him. Together they compete in triathalons, with Dick pushing his son in a wheelchair for the run, towing him in the swim and cycling tandem in the ride. | <urn:uuid:8f3bf8c3-0210-4fe7-868f-a0db8a9153b5> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://storiesforpreaching.com/category/sermonillustrations/determination/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213666.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818114957-20180818134957-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.98259 | 4,084 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Pancreatic carcinoma is cancer of the pancreas.
Pancreatic cancer; Cancer - pancreas
Causes, incidence, and risk factors:
Pancreatic cancer is slightly more common in men than in women. The risk increases with age.
The cause is unknown, but it is more common in smokers and in people who are obese. Almost a third of cases of pancreatic cancer are due to cigarette smoking.
There is controversy as to whether type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. A small number of cases are known to be related to syndromes that are passed down through families.
Signs and tests:
This disease may also affect the results of the following tests:
At the time of diagnosis, only about 20% of pancreatic tumors can be removed by surgery. The standard procedure is called a pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure).
This surgery should be done at centers that perform the procedure frequently. Some studies suggest that surgery is best performed at hospitals that do at least nine of these surgeries per year.
When the tumor is confined to the pancreas but cannot be removed, a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy may be recommended.
When the tumor has spread (metastasized) to other organs such as the liver, chemotherapy alone is usually used. The standard chemotherapy drug is gemcitabine, but other drugs may be used. Gemcitabine can help approximately 25% of patients.
For patients who have a blockage of the tubes that transport bile (biliary obstruction ) and the tumor cannot be totally removed, the blockage must be relieved. There are generally two approaches to this:
- Placement of a tiny metal tube (biliary stent) that is similar to stents placed in the arteries of the heart, to relieve blockages during ERCP
Management of pain and other symptoms is an important part of treating advanced pancreatic cancer. Hospice can help with pain and symptom management, and provide psychological support for patients and their families during the illness.
Some patients with pancreatic cancer that can be surgically removed are cured. However, in more than 80% of patients the tumor has already spread and cannot be completely removed at the time of diagnosis.
Chemotherapy and radiation are often given after surgery to increase the cure rate. For pancreatic cancer that cannot be removed completely with surgery, or cancer that has spread beyond the pancreas, a cure is not possible and the average survival is usually less than 1 year. Such patients might consider enrolling in a clinical trial (a medical research study to determine the best treatment).
This cancer has a 5-year survival rate of less than 5%, meaning 95% of the people diagnosed with it will not be alive 5 years later.
- Blood clots
- Liver problems
- Weight loss
Calling your health care provider:
Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you have:
- Back pain
- Loss of appetite
- Persistent abdominal pain
- Other symptoms of this disorder
- If you smoke, stop smoking.
- Eat a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
- Exercise regularly.
Brand R. Pancreatic cancer. Dis Mon. 2004;50:545-555. | <urn:uuid:1a12433f-3c65-479c-84f1-721e12e1a308> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.emanuelmed.org/body.cfm?id=11&action=detail&AEArticleID=000236&AEProductID=Adam2004_1&AEProjectTypeIDURL=APT_1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131296456.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172136-00101-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944925 | 683 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Tungsten Metal has the distinction of being one of the hardest and densest materials, second only to diamond in hardness. It has an extremely high melting point at 6,192 ° F, with the highest tensile strength among all metals, capable of withstanding temperatures above 3,000 ° F. Its chemical symbol is ‘W’ and it has an atomic weight of 183.85 and the atomic number is 74. It was first isolated towards the end of the 18th century, almost by accident.
Today, tungsten is put to several uses, thanks to its unique properties. It can be mixed with other metals to form strong alloys, and is used widely where high tensile strengths are required. It was first used in its pure form as the filament in the ordinary incandescent light bulb. This was due to its high tensile strength that let it withstand high temperatures without melting. Tungsten is also used in starters of fluorescent bulbs, otherwise known as tube lights. Pure tungsten also goes into the making of heating elements for high-temperature electric furnaces that are used in iron and steel foundries and aluminum smelting plants.
Tungsten is also extensively used in the manufacture of medical equipment like X-ray units, where it forms the important electron beam in the vacuum tubes present inside. It is also used in industrial imaging equipment. This pure metal has several other applications and is also used in fishing weights and shotgun pellets that are free of lead. High temperature welding rods and heavy darts used in sporting events also feature this unique metal.
In addition to tungsten being used in its pure form, it is used extensively in making several strong alloys. A very hard substance is formed when tungsten is alloyed with carbon in proper proportions. This alloy is used in making the heads of golf clubs, high-speed drill bits, lathe cutting tools, and grinding wheels. The other industrial uses include milling bits that are made from tungsten carbide alloy, nozzles used in water jet-cutters, hack-saw blades and artillery shells that are capable of piercing armor.
Tungsten is also combined with various other metals like cobalt, copper, nickel and iron to form tough alloys, where almost 90% of the alloy content is tungsten. When cobalt is added to a tungsten alloy, the strength is enhanced manifold as is its ductility. Tungsten-cobalt combination is wear resistant, whereas a copper-tungsten alloy is wear resistant and a great electrical conductor, making it the choice for electrical wiring products. Of late though, due to its sheen, and scratch resistant properties, tungsten carbide is used extensively in making several jewelry products. | <urn:uuid:17c75305-8263-4217-bf51-0dbce6ebeaf2> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://madtungsten.com.au/mad-tungsten-rings-blog/other-products-that-can-be-made-from-tungsten-metal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247500089.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221051342-20190221073342-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.95672 | 566 | 3.25 | 3 |
TODDLERS 18 MONTHS TO 2.5 YEARS
Becoming a toddler is an exciting time where language and self-awareness blossom, mobility vastly improves, curiosity compels children to investigate new concepts, and children begin to develop meaningful relationships.
Our Toddler Program focuses on supporting and continuing to build on the development of the whole child through a structured and engaging program. By providing a social atmosphere, toddlers are able to learn how to navigate their future interpersonal relationships by developing social skills such as as sharing, working with others, socialization, and self-help skills.
The program aims to enhance and expand language, and numeracy skills through a play-based setting that encourages problem solving and inquiry. By encouraging exploratory play that is guided and supported by a professional educator, children begin to establish trust, respect, and confidence.
- Reggio- inspired classrooms
- Healthy seasonal menus review by a dietitian (lunch, morning, and afternoon snacks included)
- Daily digital reports of food intake, sleep times, and online personalized child portfolio
- A warm, intimate, and secure place for children to learn & explore at their own pace
- An environment that inspires curiosity and enhances learning
- Daily music and movement circle
- Daily programming focusing on the following areas of development:
- Language and Literacy
- Creative Block Play
- Creative Art
- Hands-on Sensory Experiences
- Dramatic Play
- Science Exploration
- Cognitive Development
- Fine and Gross Motor Skills
- Practical Life Skills
- Social Skills and Cooperation
- Enrichment programs in cooking, physical education, music, yoga and meditation
- Introduction to early french foundations
- Community outings- we are located in close proximity to various public libraries, community stores, and services (local pet store, bakery, ice cream store, etc.).
- Library visits, parent involvement and special visitors are incorporated into our programming on a monthly basis | <urn:uuid:63674342-88d2-4cdd-984a-de25ccc10e60> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://vincentmassey.com/programs/toddler/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487647232.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619081502-20210619111502-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.92986 | 401 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Coronavirus and the environment
The global coronavirus pandemic has revealed cracks in the foundation of conventional conservation funding. What should we do instead?
An Oil Spill and the Coronavirus Are Creating a Crisis in Ecuador’s Amazon
Why Coronavirus could lead to more rhino poaching
South America’s forests
Bolsonaro and beyond: South America is scorching, so what can be done about it?
Fires still being set in blazing Bolivia
Torching Earth’s Lungs: Bolsonaro’s Environmental Policies Set Scene for Catastrophe
Las elecciones presidenciales en Bolivia marcarán el rumbo ambiental del país
EU holds the key to stop the ‘Notre Dame of forests’ from burning
Message to the EU: you have the chance to stop fuelling devastation in the Amazon
Read more at The Conversation
Coping with ecological grief
Read more at Monkey Wrench
What I learned in a year of not flying
Read more at Monkey Wrench
Climate and ecological crises
How to bend the climate curve in 2020
Carola Rackete and Claire Wordley: Biodiversity Now!
Not all climate solutions help nature
Nature is not just nice to have, it sustains our very existence.
Caring about the climate crisis: not just for girls.
‘Natural’ gas is not just made up of methane.
Climate breakdown is not someone else’s problem
With a rebel yell, scientists cry “no, no, more!”
We scientists must rise up to prevent the climate crisis. Word’s aren’t enough.
Read more at The Guardian
Climate’s last stand: Why Extinction Rebellion protesters are breaking the law
It’s Time for Scientists to Rebel and Demand Climate Action
Read more at the Globe Post
Finally, a mass movement for nature
Twinkle, twinkle, little bat
Why we need to protect bat species
Go batty with this quiz
The world of bats: echolocation
(for Conservation Evidence)
On a wing and a prayer? Evidence for ways to conserve bats
A call to wings
Bats about evidence
Swift starter kits
What Works in Conservation 2018
Making the most of conservation science
Evidence, Experts and Effectiveness
Monkey business: Building a global database of primate conservation studies
Giving a monkey’s about primate conservation
Restoration optimism: Bringing nature back
Audio: How effective is environmental restoration?
Bring it back
Keeping lions from livestock — building fences can save lives
Battling the seven-headed hydra: Crassula control in Europe
Invasion of the swamp monster
Seeing the wood for the trees
AEWA Launches New Partnership with Conservation Evidence
What is Conservation Evidence?
What works in freshwater conservation?
A post-post-truth world: Evidence and conservation in 2017
What works in conservation?
Do you know What Works in Conservation? | <urn:uuid:673af7f0-ef10-486a-9cb7-6a8932d4ad26> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://clairewordley.com/writing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357984.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226205107-20210226235107-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.785602 | 636 | 2.78125 | 3 |
India has come out with its much awaited climate action plan, the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)
All countries are required to submit their voluntary climate action plans as their contribution towards fighting climate change. These contributions will form part of the outcome of the Paris climate summit
India’s INDC reflects its development challenges, aspirations and the realities of climate change
India’s renewable energy target is more ambitious than that of the US
India’s emission intensity target is exactly similar to that of China’s
About 85 per cent of countries have submitted their INDCs. Their collective pledges are not in line with keeping the world within the safe 2°C temperature rise target
New Delhi, October 2, 2015: Ahead of the UN Conference of Parties on Climate Change scheduled in December 2015 in Paris, India has submitted today, its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) has called the Indian INDC “fair”, and its renewable and forestry targets “ambitious”.
In its INDC, India has pledged to improve the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33-35 per cent by 2030 below 2005 levels. It has also pledged to increase the share of non-fossil fuels-based electricity to 40 per cent by 2030. It has agreed to enhance its forest cover which will absorb 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2, the main gas responsible for global warming) by 2030.
India has accepted the huge impact that climate change is exerting and will exert on different sectors of its economy and has agreed to enhance investments to adapt in vulnerable sectors like agriculture, water resources, coastal regions, health and disaster management.
India has also reiterated its need for international finance and technology support to meet its climate goals. In this regard, it has said it would require at least USD2.5 trillion (at 2014-15 prices) to meet its climate change actions between now and 2030.
“India’s INDC is fair and is quite ambitious, specifically on renewable energy and forestry,” says Sunita Narain, director general, CSE.
“India’s INDC reflects its development challenges, aspirations of large numbers of poor people and the realities of climate change,” adds Chandra Bhushan, deputy director general, CSE.
Dissecting India’s INDC
India’s emissions intensity targets are similar to that of China’s. India has pledged to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33-35 per cent by 2030, below 2005 levels. China has pledged to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 60-65 per cent during the same period. In 2030, both the countries will have almost same emissions intensity levels – 0.12 million tonnes of CO2 per billion USD (in 2005 USD). This means that both these countries will emit about 1,20,000 tonnes of CO2 for every 1 billion USD of GDP.
India’s pledge to install 40 per cent of its total electricity capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy sources is more ambitious than even that of the United States. In 2030, even under the most ambitious Clean Power Plan of President Obama, the US will only have about 30 per cent of its electricity capacity on non-fossils.
CSE’s projections show that in 2030, India will have about 250-300 GW of solar and wind energy capacity. Under the Clean Power Plan, the US will reach 275 GW solar and wind capacity by 2030. China has pledged 300 GW solar and wind power by 2030.
India’s forestry target is also very ambitious. It intends to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 through additional forests by 2030. In comparison, China will increase the forest stock volume by around 4.5 billion cubic meters by 2030. This translates into an additional carbon sink of about 5 billion tonnes of CO2. Considering that China has three times more land area than India, India’s goal seems very ambitious.
CSE’s projections shows that in 2030 India’s total emissions could reach about 4.5-5.0 billion tonnes. Its per capita emissions would be about 3.5 tonnes. In comparison, the per capita emissions of the US and China are projected to be around 12 tonnes.
“From all angles, India’s INDC is as good as China’s and better than the US’s considering that both these countries have higher emissions than India and are economically more capable of reducing their emissions and mitigating climate change,” says Chandra Bhushan.
India’s INDC also highlights some tough challenges for the world. The INDCs submitted by all major emitters indicate the cumulative emissions of the world between 2012 and 2030 would be in the range of 700 to 800 Gt of CO2. According to the latest report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), to meet the 2°C temperature increase target, the world has an emission budget of only 1,000 billion tonnes of CO2 till 2100. The world will consume most of this budget by 2030, leaving a small space for developing countries in Asia and Africa to grow in the future.
“INDCs submitted by all major countries indicate that the world is not on a path to the 2°C target. This would be disastrous for poor people across the world. It is important this reality is discussed and resolved in the Paris climate conference,” adds Sunita Narain.
For more on this, please contact Souparno Banerjee at 9910864339 / firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:bedc9203-9260-420c-947e-2d213fa43596> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.cseindia.org/indias-indc-is-fair-and-its-renewable-energy-and-forestry-targets-are-ambitious-says-cse-6053 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195530250.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190724020454-20190724042454-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.943905 | 1,209 | 3.03125 | 3 |
This Properties of Polygons, Same-Length Sides worksheet also includes:
- Answer Key
- Join to access all included materials
Can your third graders spot the differences between these geometric shapes? After studying several sections of triangles, rectangles, and other polygons, learners circle the shape described in each set of instructions. For extra practice, demonstrate this activity in front of the class with larger cutouts of the same shapes. | <urn:uuid:7fcac5f0-d9b7-4497-ab9e-cf068808b14e> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/properties-of-polygons-same-length-sides | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744381.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118135147-20181118161147-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.933811 | 90 | 3.828125 | 4 |
In Praise of Mistakes - Uncovering the Creativity in Mathematics
Posted on June 2, 20160 comments 1284 Views
By Carol Dennis
When I think of doing math, I think of trying to remember what equation to use to get the circumference of a circle, or some memorized but long forgotten phrase to solve for the hypotenuse of a triangle, or even the more basic Times Table chants we used to repeat in school.
But after spending an hour with WOU’s Cheryl Beaver, Ph.D. (Mathematics Professor and recent Pastega Award recipient for Excellence in Teaching), I learned that math could be something quite inspiring – something fun and creative. And I learned that mathematics is actually all about making mistakes.
“Even among our greatest thinkers,” says Dr. Beaver, “the greatest achievements came when they realized why what they were doing was wrong. That’s where the learning takes place.”
My view of mathematics took a dramatic shift
During my conversation with Dr. Beaver, my view of mathematics took a dramatic shift. It was like putting on a new pair of glasses and suddenly realizing the blob of green in front of you is actually a lovely rhododendron. I left inspired - not just by what math could be, but by the vision of math teachers coming out of Dr. Beaver’s classes (and the entire WOU Mathematics Department) ready to pass this inspiration along to the students they will teach.
“We see math backwards,” Beaver explains. “We see the end product [that] somebody figured out. But the process that they went through to get to there, step by step, involved a lot of creativity.”
Math is the study of patterns."
Dr. Beaver says that math is the study of patterns. “The reason we have these shortcuts,” those equations, phrases, and chants, “is because someone has seen the pattern.”
As I listened to Dr. Beaver talk so passionately about math, I
learned that doing math is not only about getting the right answer, but about
the 100 wrong answers that came before. Understanding why the answer is right
or wrong allows students to use the same process to solve the next problem.
Taking her passion statewide
In 2013, Dr. Beaver was part of a statewide team that helped amend rules at the Oregon Teachers Standards and Practices Commission (TSPC), adding an Elementary Math Instructional Leader Specialization.
“Every state [in the US] has a Reading Specialization,” says
Dr. Beaver. “There’s been a push in the last 10 years for every state to have a
Math Specialization, to help students do math.” Dr. Beaver focused her passion to help make that happen in Oregon.
Once the new rules were enacted, Dr. Beaver, along with
colleagues Drs. Laurie Burton and Rachel Harrington, created a graduate
program, Elementary Mathematics Instructional Leaders (EMIL), that allows
Oregon elementary math teachers to get that credential.
Then, working with The Research Institute at WOU, the Willamette ESD, and the Oregon Coast STEM Hub, Dr. Beaver was able to secure a $1 million, three-year grant from the Oregon Department of Education that is providing financial and professional supports for up to 60 Oregon teachers to go through the program. The funded project was nicknamed DEMILO (Developing Elementary Mathematics Instructional Leaders in Oregon).
DEMILO coursework - Content Knowledge, Leadership, Pedagogy
The DEMILO coursework covers three general areas. Content knowledge is not new to these teachers, however the program helps align the content to the Common Core. The Leadership elements of the courses explore mentoring strategies and leadership skills that these teachers will employ back in their home districts. And finally, Pedagogy, through which the participants learn about best practices.
It is in the Pedagogy section that these teachers are trained in how to encourage and facilitate student discourse around math. This concept needed some explaining, since I still had not fully wrapped my head around this new way of thinking about the subject.
“You might think math is about the teacher up there lecturing,” said Dr. Beaver when she saw the confused look on my face. “What we’ve come to understand more is that, if we want it to be about student thinking and pattern recognition and creativity, then we need to get the students talking. We need to make their mistakes valuable.”
Making mistakes valuable - another concept that gave my head a bit of a spin.
“We talk about orchestrating a discussion so the math can be revealed by the students,” continues Dr. Beaver. “So it’s not just ‘come up to the front and show us the answer.’ The teacher can look around the room and say, ‘What you did was important because of this and I want the whole class to see that. You did it one way, and the next person did it a different way, but it’s connected to what you did.’ So it’s about a thoughtful and purposeful discussion, so the math can be revealed by the students.”
This purposeful discussion with elementary school students
At this point in the conversation, I remembered that we are talking about elementary school students, not Leonard and Sheldon from Big Bang working at their whiteboards. Young students taught math in this way are being encouraged to find out why 5 + 4 = 9 and 5 X 4 = 20. They are being asked to explore why Marissa has 7 apples left after her brother brought her 9, and then ate 2. It is about the journey to the correct answer, and any wrong answers along the way help the students understand how to solve these kinds of problems no matter which numbers are inserted, or how many apples or oranges Marissa starts with.
Learning that to make a mistake is not about failure, but about
the process for finding success is a valuable life lesson for all of us. Finding this life lesson in a discussion about math was a complete, and eye opening, surprise.
Photo credit: Whiteboard equation, Scott Woods-Feh; “Second grade writing class” by Woodleywonderworks - Creative Commons | <urn:uuid:45afec2d-f46f-488f-adcc-d72636f4a378> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://triwou.org/blog/post/147/in-praise-of-mistakes-uncovering-the-creativity-in-mathematics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743105.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116152954-20181116174350-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.95871 | 1,317 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Sunscreens have long been revered as our saving grace from skin cancer, premature aging, and sun damaged skin.
But recent warnings against the use of chemical-based sunscreens, including those released by Consumer Reports, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the Environmental Working Group (EWG), along with the rising epidemic of Vitamin D deficiency, have left people with more questions than answers on the topic of sun safety.
- Do you risk it and go without?
- And, considering the real risk of Vitamin D deficiency, is going without as big a risk as we have been led to believe?
- Are certain brands of sunscreens or sunscreen ingredients safer than others?
- Which brands are truly “natural” …and does “natural” actually work?
As a long-time resident of California and lover of all things sunshine and skincare, this topic is near and dear to my heart.
Join me as we answer all these questions (and more) and shine a new light on both the health hazards of sunscreens and the undervalued health benefits of sunshine.
Too Much Sun Exposure Can Cause Cancer…But Too Little Causes Cancer Too
A few years ago, no one would have questioned the use of sunscreen as an effective method of preventing skin cancer. Unfortunately, we were encouraged to take this advice to an extreme; covering up with hats and SPF-protective clothing and applying high-SPF sunscreens any time we ventured outside.
How Much Sun Exposure is Healthy?
There is no magic number in this regard, and recommendations differ for everyone based on several factors including:
- Your skin type and color
- The amount of skin you expose
- Your geographical location
- The time of year
- The time of day
- The season
- You family history
For example, a light-skinned person may only require 10 minutes a day of unprotected sun to reap the optimal amount of Vitamin D, whereas a very dark skinned person may require 2 hours of unprotected sun…or more.
To find out the best amount of sunshine you, talk with your healthcare practitioner or visit the Vitamin D Council’s website for a chart that can help you calculate your needs based on the factors listed above.
What is Lurking in Your Typical Chemical Sunscreen?
Despite what we might believe, the FDA has very little regulation and jurisdiction over ingredients used in common skin care products, including sunscreen, as most of their resources are spent focusing on Food and Drugs.
What does this mean for the consumer? It means we have multibillion dollar, profit-driven, largely chemically-based industry left to police themselves on safety, testing, and disclosing adverse effects.
And though you may not think of skin care ingredients in the same way as food or medicine, the truth is everything you put into your skin winds up in your body. So, the ingredients in common skin care products are often a bigger source of carcinogenic toxins than what we find in our food supply.
Thankfully, consumer-watchdog organizations like the Environmental Working Group have tasked themselves with monitoring the skincare industry and educating consumers on the potentially harmful ingredients lurking in their everyday skin care products.
There have been numerous books written detailing the thousands of harmful chemicals found in personal care products, but the two big offenders when it comes to sunscreen are:
- Vitamin A (retinyl palmitate)
Though Vitamin A appears to be a natural ingredient, a federal study revealed the Retinyl Palmitate form has been shown to increase the incidence of lesions and skin cancers in animals when exposed to sunlight4.
Thanks to the efforts of watchdog groups like EWG, use of this ingredient has decreased substantially in the last seven years, but it is still found in many chemical-based sunscreens.
Our second offender: Oxybenzone is heavily used in the sunscreen industry as a UV filter. Pick up any sunscreen at the local drug store (and even in health food stores–often with the word “natural” on the label) and it will probably list oxybenzone as an active ingredient. However, despite its effectiveness and common use, it has been shown to be an allergen and hormone disruptor5—which is particularly bad for women and children.
Other commonly used chemical UV filters: Octinoxate (Octylmethoxycinnamate) and Homosalate have also shown to have hormone-disrupting effects, with Octinoxate showing alteration effects on thyroid and behavior in animal studies5.
In addition to these harmful UV filters, popular sunscreen brands also contain a variety of controversial chemicals and preservatives, such as parabens, fragrances, and propylene glycol, that have not been proven safe for repeated use, and many of them banned in other countries.
Thankfully, in addition to covering up, there is an effective, completely natural alternative to chemical-based sunscreens…and it’s affordable too.
Minerals: The Ultimate Natural Sunscreen
Mineral-based sunscreens, now widely available in a variety of brands, offer a safe, natural, and effective alternative to chemical-based lotions.
The active natural ingredient in these products is typically Zinc Oxide (preferred) or Titanium Oxide, which create a natural barrier between your skin and sun, are sweat-resistant, and biodegradable so they’re safe for the oceans and coral too.
There are three things to keep in mind when choosing a mineral-based sunscreen:
- Some brands can leave a white film on your skin, which is a natural effect of the minerals. To avoid this, look for brands with the “very emollient” claim or try tinted products.
- Even mineral-based sunscreens can be full of sneaky chemicals, so it pays to read labels and choose products with the shortest lists of ingredients. Some trusted brands include: Suntegrity, MyChelle, Badger, Alba, Bullfrog, and Babyganics.
- There is some safety concern about the compounding effects of applying nano-based mineral sunscreens to your skin. However, you can avoid this by choosing non-nano brands, such as those recommended in the Environmental Working Group’s Guide to Sunscreens.
Given their proven effectiveness, availability, natural sourcing, affordability, and safety record, I highly recommend trading in your traditional sunscreens for a mineral-based product. Just remember to read the labels to ensure you are getting a clean, chemical-free product.
My favorite brands I personally use are:
I love the tint, moisturizer, and feel of these products and I don’t need to use any foundation with them.
Are Mineral-Based Sunscreen Sprays Also Safe?
Mineral-based sunscreens are believed to be safe…however, after years of treating lung issues in people I do have a differing opinion on this…
Though they have not raised health concerns or been issued warnings like their chemical-based cousins, the use of mineral sunscreen sprays is still new.
Therefore, given that even naturally-occurring substances can be harmful if inhaled, I would stick with the lotion-based screens—especially with children or those with lung issues.
Other Natural Sunscreen Alternatives
If mineral-based sunscreens aren’t your thing, there is still a lot you can do to protect your skin from the sun while still reaping its health benefits.
- Cover up—by using a hat and/or light long-sleeved clothing. I would personally skip the SPF clothing in favor of getting more Vitamin D, unless you have a concerning history of skin cancer in your family.
- Find shade—this way you will get a safe level of sunshine without overdoing it.
- Avoid the hottest times of day—for obvious reasons.
- Check the Weather Channel for UV information—some sunny days are stronger than others and the Weather Channel can help you plan accordingly.
Hats and Your Pineal Gland
Hats are a great way to help protect your face and head from too much sun, BUT as with sunscreen, you don’t want to overuse them.
Why? Because hats cover your pineal gland—a light-sensitive endocrine gland located in the center of your brain around eye-level. The pineal is a fascinating little gland made up of light-sensitive tissue, like our eyes, and produces melatonin which controls our sleep cycle, also known as the circadian rhythm.
So, even if you love hats, make it a point to give your pineal gland at least 30 minutes of unfiltered sunshine daily for optimal sleep.
The Bountiful Health Benefits of Just Enough Sunshine
Avoiding Vitamin D deficiency is the most obvious benefit of getting enough unfiltered sunshine, but there are so many more reasons to embrace the sun including:
- Prevention of certain types of cancer6
- It serves as a natural anti-depressant and improves mental well-being7
- Improvement in your sleep cycle8
- Clears up skin issues such as psoriasis9
- It Helps build strong bones10
- May reduce your risk of diabetes and metabolic syndrome11
- Enhanced immunity12
- Reduced risk of asthma in children13
- Reduced inflammation14
- It has also been suggested that children who spend more time outdoors grow more because of increased exposure to vitamin D in sunlight.
- We all need a certain amount of unfiltered sunshine daily for optimal Vitamin D levels and a host of other health benefits, including prevention of cancer and heart disease.
- You can discover how much daily sun exposure you need by talking with your healthcare practitioner or visiting the Vitamin D council’s website for a table and more information.
- Avoid chemical-based sunscreens that often contain carcinogens and hormonal disrupting chemicals, and opt for mineral-based sunscreens (the fewer ingredients the better).
- Cover up as another way to get more Vitamin D without getting too much sun. Opt for SPF-free clothing for more Vitamin D benefit.
- Expose your pineal gland to sunlight by taking off your hat for at least 30 minutes a day.
- Visit the Environmental Working Group’s website at: http://www.ewg.org/sunscreen/ for their latest recommendations on healthy sunscreens and other sun safety tips.
Wishing your health, happiness, and sunshine this summer! | <urn:uuid:cefae073-e37d-41e2-9770-01580d7f7e93> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://patriciafitzgerald.com/healthy-sunscreens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104636.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818121545-20170818141545-00584.warc.gz | en | 0.919127 | 2,177 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Develop Kids’ Financial Awareness With Tips for Smart Spending & Saving
Teaching kids about money early on can set them up for a lifetime of good financial habits.
Financial literacy is the ability to understand and practice smart, informed ways of making decisions about money. It’s an important set of skills for any adult and it’s never too early to start teaching our kids how to save, budget, invest, and more. By the time kids reach seven years old, many of their habits around spending are already formed.
Learning about money is a great way to begin exploring concepts like basic math, personal responsibility, and setting goals for early learners. For older kids, it can help start conversations around the types of things or experiences we value. Whether it’s doing household chores in exchange for an allowance, starting up a piggy bank or savings account, or by helping budget your next family vacation, kids gain invaluable skills through an early understanding of money.
Check out the resources below to help develop your kids’ financial awareness, from smart spending habits to long-term saving savvy.
Grades PreK-K Penny and the KidVision VPK Kids visit SunTrust Bank and explore a real money collection. They learn how to identify money, how to count money, how much money is worth, and how to manage a bank account. Join them and help to count all the money!
Grades 3-8 Money plays an important role in many of life’s big moments. From your first savings account all the way to retirement—these events mark new chapters in our lives. KSPS and the Spokane Teachers Credit Union (STCU) teamed up to share how we can all handle these big moments with financial savvy.
Grades 6-12 In this collection of videos adapted from the NOVA Financial Lab, examine the behaviors and decisions that influence how money is spent, how you can increase or stall progress toward financial well-being, and investigate how investments and debts can affect net worth.
Grades K-2 Peg is taking a trip to the mall and needs your help to pick out items for her list based on requested shape and color attributes. After finding the right objects, practice money skills by adding together the cost of the items and paying the correct amount at the register.
Grades 6-12 Lights, Camera, Budget! is an online game designed to help students learn, study, and review financial literacy topics while also practicing their budgeting skills. In the game, students are positioned as movie producers who have been given $100 million to produce a movie. To get the movie produced, they must prove they have good personal finance skills to keep their budget on track.
Great local stories, previews of everything new, and invitations and updates on Mountain Lake PBS activities!
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Given a year and a weekday, determine how many months of that year had five of those weekdays. It is kind of easy to find.
y = 2014
d = 'Sun'
result = 4
This is unexpected from u
Sorry for this little hack here... ;-)
Create a cell array out of a struct
Duplicate each element of a vector.
Center of mass
Append two matrix as shown below example
Collaborative Fun : Nomination
Cat, Meowcat and Concatenation
Calculate the h-index
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Twitter haiku: 17 syllables and 140 characters through US history
You gotta love the Twitter. Seriously. Even you choose to not use it at a personal level, there’s just too much stuff you and students can do with it.
Historical re-creations. Tweets as historical characters. Exit card activities. Assign homework. Virtual study rooms. Question and answer sessions with students. Connect with parents. With other teachers. With other classrooms. Provide study tips. Ask questions. Share ideas. Real time chats. Follow breaking news and current events.
History as haiku.
H.W. Brands, well-known author of Andrew Jackson, is tweeting his way through the history of the United States. Which is cool enough – and not the simplest of tasks, by the way. But Brand is not just tweeting his way through centuries of American history but doing it in traditional 17 syllable Japanese haiku.
Apparently Brand has been preaching for years that history can be written in any format:
I’ve been saying this for some years when one semester a student said, ‘Well, Professor, have you ever done it?
His bluff called, Brands jumps in and does it. One or two tweets a day. For some historical events, one tweet will do. For others, it can take longer.
I covered 10,000 years in North American history in two or three haiku, but by the time I got to the Civil War, I found, in fact, that I was losing ground. It was taking me longer to write the haiku than it was for the events to roll out. The Battle of Gettysburg lasted only three days, but I wrote it in probably 10 or 15 haiku that were spread out over three weeks.
Recent tweets focus on the Homestead Strike:
I really like using this with students. For a couple of reasons. First, 17 syllables forces kids to focus on the Big Idea of the topic and provides a quick way to check for understanding. Use the haiku idea as an exit card activity. Ask different kids to create haiku from different perspectives. What is the Big Idea if we’re looking at events from a historian’s perspective a century later? What is the Big Idea if I’m Carnegie? If I’m a striker? If I’m a scab?
Second, the Twitter tool provides a broader audience for student tweets. And forces even more concentration of focus.
Extra bonus? Ask kids to make decisions about what events, people, places, topics should be addressed via the haiku slash Twitter strategy. Ask them to justify why they picked what they picked.
A quick reminder of haiku rules:
- A haiku must be three lines
- The lines must follow the 5-7-5 format
- The first line contains five syllables
- The second line contains seven syllables
- The third line contains five syllables
Find out more about how Brands is creating his history via haiku (including a not to missed seven minute interview with PBS) here. | <urn:uuid:dcdb6895-4dea-4096-ac11-10d0d380b179> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://historytech.wordpress.com/2014/04/29/twitter-haiku-17-syllables-and-140-characters-through-us-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379636.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00118-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953506 | 638 | 2.953125 | 3 |
With its exceptional natural beauty, this area has always attracted nature lovers, and already on 8 April 1949, it was proclaimed Croatia’s first national park. The process of tufa formation, which results in the building of the tufa, or travertine, barriers and resulted in the creation of the lakes, is the outstanding universal value, for which the Plitvice Lakes were internationally recognised on 26 October 1979 with their inscription onto the UNESCO World Heritage List. In 1997, the boundaries of the national park were expanded, and today it covers an area just under 300 km2.
The park is primarily covered in forest vegetation, with smaller areas under grasslands. The most attractive part of the park – the lakes – cover just under 1% of the total park area.
The lake system is comprised of 16 named and several smaller unnamed lakes, cascading one into the next. Due to the geological substrate and characteristic hydrogeological conditions, the lake system has been divided into the Upper and Lower lakes. The twelve lakes forming the Upper Lakes are: Prošćansko jezero, Ciginovac, Okrugljak, Batinovac, Veliko jezero, Malo jezero, Vir, Galovac, Milino jezero, Gradinsko jezero, Burgeti and Kozjak. These lakes were formed on impermeable dolomite rock, and are larger, with more indented and gentler shores than the Lower Lakes. The Lower Lakes, consisting of the lakes Milanovac, Gavanovac, Kaluđerovac and Novakovića Brod, were formed in permeable limestone substrate, cut into a deep canyon with steep cliffs. The lakes end in the impressive waterfalls Sastavci, with the Korana River springing under the base of the falls.
The Plitvice Lakes National Park offers visitors seven different routes to tour the lake system, and four hiking trails. The park is open to visitors year round. All visitors are required to follow the instructions listed on the information panels, to keep on the marked trails, and to leave no traces of their visit, such as litter, or marking or devastating nature in any form.
The following is strictly prohibited in the National Park:
- Collection of plant materials, or taking any “souvenirs” of natural origin
- Feeding the animals
- Swimming in the lakes
- Disposal of litter along the trails or elsewhere, except in the garbage bins installed throughout the park
- Straying off the marked trails
- Wearing the appropriate clothing and footwear
- Bringing adequate rain and sun protection (umbrella, raincoat; sunglasses, hat, sunscreen – depending on the season)
- Check the weather forecast before coming to the park
- Be sure to check the information listed on our website about the length of certain trails, to ensure to you have enough time to complete the desired tour
For additional information, please do not hesitate to contact us!
Please take care of the natural environment you are visiting, because if we do not care for it today, our children will not have any place to visit tomorrow!
We wish you a pleasant stay at plitvice lakes national park!
More detailed information about the conditions in Plitvice Lakes National Park and the touring opportunities are available daily from our Marketing and Sales Department. Contact us at tel: +385 (0)53 751 014, +385 (0)53 751 015, or e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:606e9f7f-885f-4ada-9607-c301371ecbe4> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://np-plitvicka-jezera.hr/en/about-the-park/general-information/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676595531.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723071245-20180723091245-00288.warc.gz | en | 0.915155 | 751 | 3.140625 | 3 |
THE UNITED States has been the dominant world power since 1945, and U.S. leaders have long sought to preserve that privileged position. They understood, as did most Americans, that primacy brought important benefits. It made other states less likely to threaten America or its vital interests directly. By dampening great-power competition and giving Washington the capacity to shape regional balances of power, primacy contributed to a more tranquil international environment. That tranquility fostered global prosperity; investors and traders operate with greater confidence when there is less danger of war. Primacy also gave the United States the ability to work for positive ends: promoting human rights and slowing the spread of weapons of mass destruction. It may be lonely at the top, but Americans have found the view compelling.
When a state stands alone at the pinnacle of power, however, there is nowhere to go but down. And so Americans have repeatedly worried about the possibility of decline—even when the prospect was remote. Back in 1950, National Security Council Report 68 warned that Soviet acquisition of atomic weapons heralded an irreversible shift in geopolitical momentum in Moscow’s favor. A few years later, Sputnik’s launch led many to fear that Soviet premier Nikita S. Khrushchev’s pledge to “bury” Western capitalism might just come true. President John F. Kennedy reportedly believed the USSR would eventually be wealthier than the United States, and Richard Nixon famously opined that America was becoming a “pitiful, helpless giant.” Over the next decade or so, defeat in Indochina and persistent economic problems led prominent academics to produce books with titles like America as an Ordinary Country and After Hegemony. 1 Far-fetched concerns about Soviet dominance helped propel Ronald Reagan to the presidency and were used to justify a major military buildup in the early 1980s. The fear of imminent decline, it seems, has been with us ever since the United States reached the zenith of global power.
Debates about decline took on new life with the publication of Paul Kennedy’s best-selling Rise and Fall of the Great Powers , which famously argued that America was in danger of “imperial overstretch.” Kennedy believed Great Britain returned to the unseemly ranks of mediocrity because it spent too much money defending far-flung interests and fighting costly wars, and he warned that the United States was headed down a similar path. Joseph Nye challenged Kennedy’s pessimism in Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power, which sold fewer copies but offered a more accurate near-term forecast. Nye emphasized America’s unusual strengths, arguing it was destined to be the leading world power for many years to come.
Since then, a host of books and articles—from Charles Krauthammer’s “The Unipolar Moment,” G. John Ikenberry’s Liberal Leviathan and Niall Ferguson’s Colossus to Fareed Zakaria’s The Post-American World (to name but a few)—have debated how long American dominance could possibly last. Even Osama bin Laden eventually got in on the act, proclaiming the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan fatal blows to American power and a vindication of al-Qaeda’s campaign of terror.
Yet for all the ink that has been spilled on the durability of American primacy, the protagonists have mostly asked the wrong question. The issue has never been whether the United States was about to imitate Britain’s fall from the ranks of the great powers or suffer some other form of catastrophic decline. The real question was always whether what one might term the “American Era”was nearing its end. Specifically, might the United States remain the strongest global power but be unable to exercise the same influence it once enjoyed? If that is the case—and I believe it is—then Washington must devise a grand strategy that acknowledges this new reality but still uses America’s enduring assets to advance the national interest.
THE AMERICAN Era began immediately after World War II. Europe may have been the center of international politics for over three centuries, but two destructive world wars decimated these great powers. The State Department’s Policy Planning Staff declared in 1947 that “preponderant power must be the object of U.S. policy,” and its willingness to openly acknowledge this goal speaks volumes about the imbalance of power in America’s favor. International-relations scholars commonly speak of this moment as a transition from a multipolar to a bipolar world, but Cold War bipolarity was decidedly lopsided from the start.
In 1945, for example, the U.S. economy produced roughly half of gross world product, and the United States was a major creditor nation with a positive trade balance. It had the world’s largest navy and air force, an industrial base second to none, sole possession of atomic weapons and a globe-circling array of military bases. By supporting decolonization and backing European reconstruction through the Marshall Plan, Washington also enjoyed considerable goodwill in most of the developed and developing world.
Most importantly, the United States was in a remarkably favorable geopolitical position. There were no other great powers in the Western Hemisphere, so Americans did not have to worry about foreign invasion. Our Soviet rival had a much smaller and less efficient economy. Its military might, concentrated on ground forces, never approached the global reach of U.S. power-projection capabilities. The other major power centers were all located on or near the Eurasian landmass—close to the Soviet Union and far from the United States—which made even former rivals like Germany and Japan eager for U.S. protection from the Russian bear. Thus, as the Cold War proceeded, the United States amassed a strong and loyal set of allies while the USSR led an alliance of comparatively weak and reluctant partners. In short, even before the Soviet Union collapsed, America’s overall position was about as favorable as any great power’s in modern history.
What did the United States do with these impressive advantages? In the decades after World War II, it created and led a political, security and economic order in virtually every part of the globe, except for the sphere that was directly controlled by the Soviet Union and its Communist clients . Not only did the United States bring most of the world into institutions that were largely made in America (the UN, the World Bank, the IMF, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), for decades it retained the dominant influence in these arrangements.Image: Pullquote: Instead of trying to be the “indispensable nation” nearly everywhere, the United States will need to figure out how to be the decisive power in the places that matter.Essay Types: Essay | <urn:uuid:89df55f3-e978-4e75-9791-f966dcd7a8d4> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://nationalinterest.org/article/the-end-the-american-era-6037 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741176.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113000225-20181113022225-00260.warc.gz | en | 0.956452 | 1,386 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Cullman in Cullman County, Alabama — The American South (East South Central)
Colonel John G. Cullmann
Founder of Cullman, Alabama 1873
—1823 - 1895 —
July 2, 1823 - December 3, 1895
Thrifty German Colonists led by
Col. John G. Cullmann in 1873
settled this thinly populated plateau
This plaque and Restoration Sponsored by Cullman Federated Garden Club 1973
Erected 1973 by Cullman Federated Garden Club.
Location. 34° 9.842′ N, 86° 50.765′ W. Marker is in Cullman, Alabama, in Cullman County. Marker can be reached from the intersection of 9th Street Southeast and Main Avenue Southwest. Touch for map. Marker is located in the center of the Cullman City Cemetery. Marker is in this post office area: Cullman AL 35055, United States of America.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within one mile of this marker, measured as the crow flies. Evangelical Protestant Church (approx. 0.6 miles away); Bent But Not Broken (approx. 0.6 miles away); Weiss Cottage (approx. ¾ mile away); St. John’s Evangelical Protestant Church (approx. ¾ mile away); Sand Mountain Plateau (approx. 0.8 miles away); “Die Deutsche Kolonie Von Nord Alabama” Cullman Railroad Depot (approx. 1.1 miles away); Johann Gottfried Cullmann (approx. 1.1 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Cullman.
Categories. • Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Notable Persons •
Credits. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. This page originally submitted on September 12, 2010, by Timothy Carr of Birmingham, Alabama. This page has been viewed 1,071 times since then and 31 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. submitted on September 12, 2010, by Timothy Carr of Birmingham, Alabama. • Bill Pfingsten was the editor who published this page. | <urn:uuid:8caa1998-0e33-47ba-9803-c32e25123153> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=35629 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219692.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180822065454-20180822085454-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.919276 | 458 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The more we understand about how the world works the more fraught the questions of our place in the causal network of the world may seem. In particular, the progress made in understanding how the mechanisms of our brain influence the outward behavior of our minds consistently raises questions about how we should interpret the control we have over our behavior. If we can understand the neurological processes in a causal network that explain the way we act, in what sense can we preserve an understanding of our behavior as ‘up to us’?
This has been a concern for those of us with mental illness and neurological disorders for some time: having scientific accounts of depression, anxiety, mania, and dementia can help target treatment and provide us with tools to navigate relationships with people that don’t always behave like ‘themselves’. In serious cases, it can inform how we engage with people who have violated the law: there is a rising trend to use “behavioral genetics and other neuroscience research, including the analysis of tumors and chemical imbalances, to explain why criminals break the law.”
In a current case, Anthony Blas Yepez is using his diagnosis with a rare genetic abnormality linked to sudden violent outbursts to explain his beating an elderly man to death in Santa Fe, New Mexico, six years ago in a fit of rage. His condition explains how he wasn’t “fully in control of himself when he committed the crime.”
Putting aside our increasing ability to explain the psychological underpinnings of our behavior more causally or scientifically, our criminal justice system has always acknowledged a distinction between violent crimes committed in states of heightened emotionality and those performed out of more reasoned judgments, finding the latter to be more egregious. If someone assaults another immediately after finding out they cheated with a significant other, the legal system punishes this behavior less stringently than if the assault takes place after a “cooling off period”. This may be reflective of a kind of acknowledgement that our behavior does sometimes “speak” less for us, or is sometimes less in our control. Yepez’s case is one of a more systematic sort where he is subject to more dramatic emotionality than the standard distinction draws.
Psychological appeals for lesser sentences like Yepez’s are successful in about 20% of cases. Our legal system still hasn’t quite worked out how to interpret scientific-causal influences on behaviors, when they are not complete explanations. Having a condition like Yepez’s, or other psychological conditions we are gaining more understandings of every year, still manifest in complex ways in interaction with environmental conditions that make the explanations fall short of having a claim to fully determining behavior.
It does seem that there is something relevantly different in these cases; the causal explanations appear distinct. As courts attempt to determine the implications of that difference, we can consider the effect of determination-factors in how we understand behavior.
John Locke highlights the interplay between what we may identify as the working of our will and more external factors with a now-famous thought experiment. Imagine a person in a locked room. There seems to be an intuitive difference between such a person who wishes to leave the room but cannot – their will is constrained and they cannot act freely in this respect. On the other hand, something seems importantly different if the person were in the locked room and didn’t know the door was locked – say they were in rapt conversation with a fascinating partner and had no desire to leave. The world may be “set up” so that this state of affairs is the only one the person could be in at that moment, but it isn’t clear that their will is not free; the constraints seem less relevant.
We can frame the question of the significance of the determination of our wills in another way. While not all of our actions are a result of conscious deliberation, consider those that are. When you question what to eat for lunch, what route to take to get to your destination, which option to take at the mechanics, etc., what would result from your certainty that your ultimate decision is determined by the causal network of the world? If, from the perspective of making a decision, we consider ourselves not to be a source of our own behavior, we would fail to act. We would be rendered observers to our own behavior, yet in a perspective of wondering what to do.
Note an interesting tension here, however: after we decide what to do (to have a taco, take the scenic route, replace the transmission) and perform the relevant action, we can look back at our deliberative behavior and wonder at the influences that factored into the performance. It often feels like we are in control of our behavior at the time – say, when we consider tacos versus hamburgers and remember how delicious, fresh and cheap the fish tacos are at a stand nearby, it seems that these factors lead to seeking out the tacos in a paradigmatic instance of choice.
But what if you had seen a commercial for tacos that day? Or someone had mentioned a delicious fish meal recently? Or how bad burgers are for your health or the environment? What if you were raised eating fish tacos and they have a strong nostalgic pull? What if you have some sort of chemical in your brain or digestive system that predisposes you to prefer fish tacos? If any of these factors were the case, does this undermine the control you had over your behavior, the relevant freedom of your action? How do such factors relate to the case that Locke presents us with – are they more or less like deciding to stay in a locked room you didn’t know was locked?
These questions could be worrying enough when it comes to everyday actions, but they carry import when the behaviors in question significantly impact others. If there is a causal explanation underpinning even the behaviors we take to be up to our conscious deliberation, would this alter the ways we hold one another responsible? In legal cases, having a causal explanation that doesn’t apply to typical behaviors does lessen the punishment that seems appropriate. Not everyone has a condition that correlates to violent outbursts, which may make this condition a relevant external factor. | <urn:uuid:97707d20-7bd3-4ad7-b891-5633594db728> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.prindlepost.org/2019/05/it-wasnt-me-neurological-causation-and-punishment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358180.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127103444-20211127133444-00147.warc.gz | en | 0.960905 | 1,271 | 2.640625 | 3 |
As it was written in my last post, I continue to prove the 6 earlier mentioned statements on the discourse community of electronic music. The following points are the second and the third, namely:
2. It has own mechanisms of intercommunication.
3. These mechanisms were set up to provide information about electronic music.
These mechanisms are not confined only to the level of words, but also to the texts. The frequent usage of unique technical terms can be recognized, and at the same time, the texts are constructed also in an individual way. For these cases, several examples of conversation pieces from different weblogs, forums and social networks can be observed: (a) the shorten forms, (b) the unique way of constructing text and (c) the use of metaphorical language can be recognized in these texts. A good example for them was showed in my last post. But what do these features mean deeper?
Let me begin with (a) the shorten forms. In general, thanks to technical developments and contemporary social behavior, we need to get information faster and faster, a phenomenon which leads to several changes in our language use as well. One of them is the usage of shorter and „quicker“ forms that can be also found in technical texts.
Continuing with (b) the unique way of constructing text, it is considered that also in this case, the focus point is on the easiest way of receiving information. Short texts, easy-written (somehow slang) sentences, fast questions are the most adequate way of writing. And these features are true not only for Internet genres, but also for general technical texts. The texts are focused on the main information while using several technical terms.
The third question is (c) the use of metaphorical language. In Wittgensteinian way, we have to ask if we are able to use our languages (not the inner one!) to talk about music? A whole book would not be enough to answer the question, but I try to summarize my observations on it. The borders of our languages have been proved; sometimes it is impossible to talk about feelings, sensations, voices etc. in the case of music. We have to deal with the „language on the surface“ what is not enough in several cases. In these moments, we stop talking, searching for words, expressions and say, „You know what I mean“.
Looking at this phenomenon as a linguist, it exactly plays very important role in the language use by musicians and other people who are part of the electronic music culture (e.g. fans). This use of metaphorical language can be observed at best in album critics and reviews, when a writer wants to express his/her own impressions on music. Here is an example for that:
Bound to split the biscuit, this one: esteemed Dub Techno and Ambient producer presents his Luomo-like suite of vocal-heavy House and Pop. As Yagya, Aðalsteinn Guðmundsson has borne three albums of exquisite ambient techno strongly informed by the likes of Gas, Basic Channel, and Brian Eno. They’re all much loved by those who own them, but they’re also all instrumental, so it’s a bit of a shock to hear full-blooded vocals covering the majority of ‘The Inescapable Decay Of My Heart’. Luckily it does come with a disc of instrumentals for those who can’t handle that level of human emotion, but as for us, we’re not so turned off. They’re a bit raff at times, but but when they work, they do so surprisingly well, finding a fine middle ground between Moritz Von Oswald’s most stripped down Dub House and the ebullient beauty of Vladislav Delay’s Luomo work, all with extra atmospheric detail.“
There is no comment what would be needed to add to the lines above, because the metaphorical expressions like ‘Luomo-like suite of vocal-heavy House and Pop‘, ‘full-blooded vocals‘ or ‘they do so surprisingly well‘ describe in a rich and suggestive way how the author has experienced the tracks in question. More mechanisms of intercommunication could have been described, but for the present post, the above ones were the most relevant.
(to be continued) | <urn:uuid:3580fa30-17ac-43c8-a96d-32a3478e26b7> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.soundstudieslab.org/on-the-discourse-community-of-electronic-music-ii/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500076.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203221113-20230204011113-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.954272 | 905 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Gaining timely and efficient access to target biomolecules through cellular lysis is a critical step in bioscience research and development. Researchers at Sandia National Laboratories developed a miniature acoustic lysis system (mALS) that uses high frequency acoustic waves to rapidly disrupt cellular membranes for the release and extraction of DNA, RNA, and proteins without chemicals or additional processing.
The miniature acoustic wave lysis system (mALS) improves on commercially available lysing technologies with its rapid sample processing, minimal sample modification, condensed power and space requirements, and compatibility with high-throughput assays, nano/micro-fluidic and point-of-care devices. The mALS’ versatility and lysing effectiveness hold promise for rapid sample preparation in diverse settings, such as global health and research applications.
This portable system consists of a compact, five channel array of miniature acoustic transducers and a disposable plastic cartridge that processes the cellular samples. The acoustic transducer array eliminates all thermal variation in contact with the plastic cartridges. Each acoustic transducer, fabricated using lithium niobate (LNBO), is driven by a radio frequency (RF) signal at 68 MHz coupled to a small 2W RF amplifier. The acoustic transducer has an area of 5 mm2 where the fluidic processing region scales as 1 channel for every 5.5 cm2 cartridge space.
The system requires no external cooling and can operate under battery power or with a small switching power supply. Each element can efficiently and independently release genomic material or proteins rather than requiring multiple elements to process them. Compared to a bench-top acoustic lysis system, the mALS has been used to lyse E. Coli bacteria with a lysing dose (defined as ATP released per joule) 2.2x greater and with 6.1x more ATP released. An electric field-based nucleic acid purification approach using Nafion films yielded an extraction efficiency of nearly 70% in 10 min for 50 μL samples.
Applications and Industries
- Infectious disease monitoring
- Genetic analysis
- Global health
- High throughput: Nearly 70% extraction efficiency in 10 minutes for 50 μL samples
- Increased effectiveness: Releases 6.1x more ATP than current bench-top acoustic lysis systems
- Integration with nano/microchannel devices
- Improved safety and biohazard containment
- Reduced cost, power, and space requirements | <urn:uuid:f92c5483-0d58-4e37-9499-0da59b310669> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://covid19.labpartnering.org/lab-technologies/52da5bac-d65c-4a07-9f45-469bac7e640a | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154089.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731105716-20210731135716-00283.warc.gz | en | 0.888925 | 492 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The majority of adolescent stutters have a long history of dysfluency and as they approach the final years of their schooling they may become apprehensive about their future, particulary in relation to further education, career options, job interviews etc. The treatment of this age group is further complicated by the experience of adolescence itself, and the problems presented by this group are very different to those posed by young children or adults who stutter. <p> This book presents a Communication Skills Approach to the treatment of adolescent stuttering which has been developed over many years of clinical experience.
Chapter 1 - Introduction.
The therapeutic relationship.
The nature of stuttering: an overview.
The nature of adolescence.
The adolescence who stutters.
Chapter 2 - The assessment of the adolescent who stutters.
The interview procedure.
The diagnostic interview.
The parental interview.
Chapter 3 - Planning interventions.
Four case study presentations.
Chapter 4 - Communication skills approach.
Self-concepts and relationships.
Components of the communication skills therapy.
Chapter 5 - Intensive group management of adolescents who stutter.
Intensive course procedure.
Criteria for acceptance on the course.
Organisation of the course.
Principles of group management.
Structure of the course.
Chapter 6 - Environemntal influences.
The role of the speech and language therapist.
Strategies for intervention.
Intervention within the school setting.
Chapter 7 - Language impairment and the adolescent who stutters - Claire Toppintg.
Assessment of language skills.
Appendix I Initial assessment form.
Appendix II Adolscent interview.
Appendix III Facts about stuttering.
Appendix IV Assessment booklet.
Appendix V Checklist of social skills.
Appendix VI Social communication skills.
Appendix VII Measurement of change and outcome.
Appendix VIII Measurement of change.
Appendix IX The communication skills workbook.
Appendix X Examples of self-characterisation.
Appendix XI Examples of brainstorm exercises.
Appendix XII Communication, observation, listening, praise and reinforcement.
Appendix XIII Fear of stuttering; ring of confidence.
Appendix XIV Adolescents' view of adolescence.
Appendix XV How adolescents thing parents' view adolescence.
Appendix XVI Parents' view of adolescent.
Appendix XVII Family session.
Appendix XVIII Review of communication skills course.
Series: Exc Business And Economy (Whurr)
Number Of Pages: 212
Published: 6th October 2006
Country of Publication: GB
Dimensions (cm): 230.27 x 154.23 x 15.07
Weight (kg): 0.34
Edition Number: 1 | <urn:uuid:e16bf1c0-d333-4038-ba5a-caa9812af7f7> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.booktopia.com.au/management-of-stuttering-in-adolescence-lena-rustin/prod9781897635605.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512411.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019145850-20181019171350-00165.warc.gz | en | 0.794384 | 570 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The design of the high French heels from the late 1600s to around the 1720s placed body weight on the ball of the foot, and were decorated with lace or braided fabric (pictured). From the 1730s-1740s, wide heels with an upturned toe and a buckle fastening became popular. The 1750s and 1760s introduced a skinnier, higher heel. The 1790s continued this trend, but added combinations of color. Additionally, throughout all of these decades, there was no difference between the right and left shoe.
The perfect outfit just isn't complete without the right pair of shoes, and in many cases, a pair of high heels is the best choice. Women's high heel shoes can elevate your look, literally and figuratively, whether you're going out for brunch with the girls or attending a formal event like a gala or wedding. When you shop for heels in our boutique, you'll find on-trend shoes for any occasion, all at affordable prices that will make you want to fill your closet. (Go ahead: We won't tell!)
Wearing high-heeled shoes is strongly associated with injury, including injury requiring hospital care. There is evidence that high-heel-wearers fall more often, especially with heels >2.5cm high, even if they were not wearing high heels at the time of the fall. Wearing high heels is also associated with musculoskeletal pain, specifically pain in the paraspinal muscles (muscles running up the back along the spine) and specifically with heel pain and plantar calluses (only women tested).
In a 1992 study, researchers from the University of California, Davis and Thomas Jefferson University wanted to investigate the effects of increased heel height on foot pressure using forty-five female participants walking across a pressure plate in various heel heights. A Biokinetics software was used to analyze the exact pressure locations on and along each participants' foot. The researchers were able to conclude that an increase in heel height lead to an increase in pressure beneath each of the Metatarsal bones of the foot. Additionally, they found that the highest heel heights caused constant pressure that could not be evenly dispersed across the foot.
The Turbo 2 is built for women who want to go fast, with a soft, springy ZoomX foam in the midsole borrowed from the record-setting Vaporfly Flyknit 4%. Typically, an EVA foam midsole will compress easily and then take its sweet time recovering shape. But ZoomX technology has blown us away with its quick compressibility and immediate rebound. Nike has added a thin layer of React foam to the bottom so the shoe will hold up for longer, as well as a rubber outsole grid for traction. Overall, this is a high-mileage, versatile shoe that combines the fit and feel of a workhorse Pegasus with the lightweight speed of a racing flat. Just be warned that upper feels slightly less secure than the first Peg Turbo.
High heels have been made from all kinds of materials throughout history. In the early years, leather and cowhide was preferred. As civilizations progressed, silk and patent leather were introduced, while cork and wood were utilized as cheap resources in times of war. After the World Wars and the increase in production of steel, the actual heel was a piece of steel wrapped in some kind of material. This has enabled designers to make heels taller and skinnier without them snapping. The soles below the ball of the foot of Ballroom shoes can also be made of materials like smooth leather, suede, or plastic.
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If you wish to dress up your outfit, shop our women’s dress shoes including high heels and cute wedges, flats and mary janes, and comfortable yet cute women’s boots for any occasion. Visit our women's new arrivals section and improve your outfit with our trendy women’s shoes. Also, find great discounted prices in our women’s sale section. Hurry and check out the variety of shoes for women on sale as these deals won’t last long!
Modern high heels were brought to Europe by emissaries of Shāh Abbās I of Persia in the early 17th century. Men wore them to imply their upper-class status; only someone who did not have to work could afford, both financially and practically, to wear such extravagant shoes. Royalty such as King Louis XIV wore heels to impart status. As the shoes caught on, and other members of society began donning high heels, elite members ordered their heels to be made even higher to distinguish themselves from lower classes. Authorities even began regulating the length of a high heel's point according to social rank. Klaus Carl includes these lengths in his book Shoes: "½ inch for commoners, 1 inch for the bourgeois, 1 and ½ inches for knights, 2 inches for nobles, and 2 and ½ inches for princes."” As women took to appropriating this style, the heels’ width changed in another fundamental way. Men wore thick heels, while women wore skinny ones. Then, when Enlightenment ideals such as science, nature, and logic took hold of many European societies, men gradually stopped wearing heels. After the French Revolution in the late 1780s, heels, femininity, and superficiality all became intertwined. In this way, heels became much more associated with a woman's supposed sense of impracticality and extravagance.
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Alternatively, World War II led to the popularization of pin-up girl posters, which men would often hang in their bunks while at war. Almost all of these girls were pictured wearing high heels, leading to an increase in the relationship between high heels and female sexuality. The tall, skinny stiletto heel was invented in 1950, strengthening the relationship between women, sexuality, and appearance. There was a weakening of the stiletto style during both the late 1960s / early 1970s and also 1990s when block heels were more prominent, followed by a revival in the 2000s.
If you have flatter feet then running shoes with more cushioning is the way to go. Having extra material to absorb impact on ground strike will translate into more distance and less fatigue. Runners with a more neutral foot type can make selections that are considered more “middle of the road”. Make sure you also check the way that your old shoes wear on the outsole, this can tell you a lot about the way you step. | <urn:uuid:ec163f73-2b21-487e-b8e8-44db8e320a79> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://fashionkey.org/high-heel-pumps-dressy-womens-beach-footwear-online-india.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370509103.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402235814-20200403025814-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.952056 | 1,957 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Plastic, once deemed the material of the future (which it was for a very long time), is now one of the biggest threats to the environment. The latest rage with regard to the material is single-use plastics.
This includes things such as plastic shopping bags, straws, plastic cups, and so forth.
Images of marine life suffering because of the presence of these harmful materials are pretty much everywhere, and as a result people have started coming up with innovative ways to tackle this issue, and to limit the amount of plastics infecting the environment.
One such innovator is Leila Siljeur, a South African chemical engineering student from Stellenbosch University. After coming across an image of a sea turtle with a fork stuck up its nose, she was inspired to create something to help reduce the mass production of single use plastics.
Working together with her mentor from the Allan Gray Orbis Foundation, they came up with ‘Eat Me Straws’, edible and environmentally friendly straws. While there is an assortment of biodegradable straws already on the market, made from materials such as metal, bamboo or paper, Siljeur found that many of these are not degrading fast enough.
They still end up in our oceans or in the case of the paper straws, they lose their material integrity, while still in use.
Siljeur experimented with an array of deglazing and emulsifying agents to find the perfect combination. Ultimately she created three different ranges of the edible straws: regular, healthy and vegan.
The regular straws are made from gelatine, the healthy ones from fruit, and the vegan straws are made from plants. The coating of the straws is made from a mixture of liquorice and dried fruit.
These ingredients allowed her to create straws that would not become sticky, affect the taste of the user’s drink, or disintegrate while in use. The young designer’s effort to conserve the environment led to her winning R50 000 from the Allan Gray Orbis Foundation National Jamboree this year.
Siljeur hopes to use the money to increase the production of the straws, and to have them available in major stores country wide. So far she has sold themin small batches of 10 and 20 to the students at Stellenbosch University, and has received a positive response from them, especially with regard to the healthy range of straws.
“It's a funny story. I told my mom I want to save the planet and I want to do that by means of chemical solutions...My hobby has now turned into a full-blown business, " Siljeur mentioned in in an interview with News 24. | <urn:uuid:db3b1d17-e654-45b2-be1c-cc173a584fa2> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.designindaba.com/articles/creative-work/south-african-student-tackles-plastic-waste-edible-straws | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671411.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122171140-20191122200140-00505.warc.gz | en | 0.96146 | 558 | 3.015625 | 3 |
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- An island of the Netherlands Antilles in the Leeward Islands of the West Indies northwest of St. Kitts. Settled originally by the French, it passed to the Dutch in 1632. During the 18th century the island was a favorite haunt of pirates and smugglers.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. an island in the Netherlands Antilles
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Sorry, no example sentences found. | <urn:uuid:2e3e2c7f-e465-4b78-a726-badba758ccea> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | https://www.wordnik.com/words/Saint%20Eustatius | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049277313.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002117-00083-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.867083 | 118 | 3 | 3 |
- Khmer empire
- late 12th–early 13th century
Portable metal sculptures played an important role in both the Hindu and Buddhist art of Southeast Asia. In Buddhism, the commission of any image of the Buddha or other Buddhist figure allowed the patron an opportunity to acquire merit for himself or for those to whom he dedicated the piece. The acquisition of merit through good deeds is the customary manner in which the lay believer can better himself in his next life, for the concept of reincarnation is integral to Buddhist belief. Sculptures such as this crowded the altars and storerooms of the Buddhist temples of the region.
The most common Buddhist image in both Mahayana Buddhism (practiced in Cambodia into the 13th century), and the Theravada Buddhism now practiced in Cambodia, is the Buddha. Sculptures of the Buddha seated under a seven-headed serpent are first found in Dvaravati sculpture of Thailand in the 8th century, and became popular in Khmer art of the 10th century. Various interpretations have been given to this representation. The earliest and most common interpretation of this subject matter is that it represents the story of the naga king Muchalinda, who protected the historical Buddha as he meditated unaware of the terrible storm that swirled around him. More recent interpretations suggest that this form of the Buddha manifests the dharmakaya (law body), sambhogakaya (serene bliss body), and the nirmanakaya (transformation body), and that the coils of the serpent represent the three worlds or the three jewels (Buddha, Dharma, sangha).
The serene Buddha sits in sattvasana, holding his hands in the meditation gesture (dhyana mudra). His downcast eyes allude to his meditative state, while his adornment suggests royalty. One unusual (though not unknown) aspect of this particular Buddha is the fact that he wears monk's robes beneath his jewelry. The naga heads also differ from the more common snakelike heads in their dragon appearance. Still, the style of the sculpture, the proportions of the Buddha, and the overall treatment of jewelry and naga place the piece firmly during the Bayon period of Jayavarman VII.
- Nancy Tingley, "Buddha," in The Arts of India, South East Asia, and the Himalayas, Anne R. Bromberg (Dallas: Dallas Museum of Art; New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013), 223.
- National Gallery of Australia
See another Buddha Muchalinda sculpture. | <urn:uuid:36ee984b-9b50-4aa4-872c-3d1dc84cdf12> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://collections.dma.org/artwork/5326537 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202572.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321213516-20190321235516-00402.warc.gz | en | 0.939483 | 524 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Link here to see our products and Store Most intermediate cyclists have been using sports drinks. They also know the importance of drinking lots of water. But most of them who want to venture into the professional level will want to consider eating sports bars. These sports come in rectangle bar shapes most of the time. They are even sold at bicycle stores that are supposed to sell only bicycles! Due to its wide usage, you could always get it at a convenience store or your favorite supermarket. Examples of these sports bars include brand names like “Clif Bars” and “Torque Bars”. They might come in different colors and tastes, but they all serve one same function, that is to replenish your body’s energy. These snack bars or energy bars often contain a mix of complex and simple carbohydrates that are essential for long cycling rides. These carbohydrates are further digested by our body to produce glycogen for our muscles. Sports drinks also serve this same purpose and contain almost the same ingredients, simple and complex carbohydrates. What is the use of eating sports or snack bars then? The difference is that sports bars have other nutrients like fat, protein, vitamins, fiber and so on. You will notice that most snack bars have about 200 to 400 calories for each. If you find hard enough, you will even find some of them to contain sodium or potassium. Sodium and potassium can work to prevent lactic acid from building up in your muscles. Lactic acid is bad because it decreases your body’s ability to consume oxygen. Other similar snack bars include the sports gel. An example of this is the “PowerGel”. Appearance wise, they look like gel, like its name suggests. You can simply squeeze into your mouth to eat it. There is no need to do much chewing work for your mouth, if compared to eating a sports bar. One thing about gel bars is that they usually have one third of the calories of sports bars. Benefits of sports gels is that they are small and convenient to carry and very easy to consume. But the price of a 100 calories sports gel is similar to the price of a 300 calories sports bar. Therefore, this makes sports gel relatively more expensive. Of course, you might think of packing a sandwich or banana for your rides. The problem is that space is limited when you are on a bike. What about weight? Weight is also another issue. Therefore, people have been turning to sports and gel bars for their convenience despite their higher prices. They often taste good too.
Link here to see our products and Store Health and Fitness I often get questions about nutrition during training and racing. Which sports drink or bar gives you the best advantage in competition? The truth be known is that sports drinks and bars are heavy on the hype and pretty light on the delivery of what they promise. In fact most sports bars are little more than candy bars packaged differently. All the same, people go for it believing that brand “X” will give them that little extra boost. If you were to watch most sports drink and sports bar adds you would most definitely believe that it is your brand of sports drink/bar that makes the difference. Even if you were to read most literature out there you would find that certain brands of sports drinks/bars are critical to your success. However, after taking a closer look at who is doing this research the interpretation of the results become very suspect. After all, most cigarette companies research back in the day found cigarettes to actually be beneficial to your health. Why not? They were selling cigarettes, right? So one must look at today’s current research that is supported by large sport drink companies with the same skepticism. Unfortunately, this is not usually the case. Most athletes really believe that a sugar loaded sports drink or a candy bar disguised as a “sports bar” is going to improve their performance. This simply is not the case. You are much better off taking along a trusty banana or piece of dried fruit on that next long brick or bike workout. You will be a lot better off than sucking down large amounts of processed sugars and artificial flavors. Granted, some sports drinks and bars are more healthy than others but you will be hard pressed to find much research that supports the idea of eating natural foods over mixes and bars. Granted the mixes and bars are easier to carry and easier to absorb into your system but again, this is only because you have become use to using them as in this way. If you trained with dried fruit you probably would just as easily find that as convenient as a gel or sports bar. One last reason to consider natural whole foods as your major energy source during your workouts lasting longer than an hour is the money factor. If you price your sports drink mixes and bars they will soon burn a hole in your wallet. So go the natural route with your nutrition even while training. Don’t buy into the hype out there that is basically designed to promise something for a price but then not really deliver. That goes for you recovery drink mixes as well. Better to simply make a fruit smoothy and throw in some sugar if you must for your recovery drink. It tastes much better, is much cheaper, and is the best recovery drink you can buy.
Link here to see our products and Store Nutrition is an integral part of peak performance. Correct foods allow the athlete a new found stamina and power they never knew existed. Nutrition when used properly separates an average athlete from a superior one. The mind and body, similar to an automobile, always operate at top form when fueled with the top fuel. Anyone who has ever participated in a sport will attest to the fact that their performance is noticeably enhanced by proper diet and nutrition. There are actual ways to improve performance even more so by learning how to boost Serotonin levels in the brain naturally and maintain balanced blood sugar levels in the body. Your game is as good as the body and mind you bring to it. There is no need for special vitamins or drinks to improve your performance when you learn how to correctly use foods that are already in your kitchen. When used correctly they will naturally boost energy, maintain a calm demeanor and feed your brain. This is incredibly exciting once you learn how to use foods to work for you rather than against you. Build up 20 inch arms, muscle building workout, how to build muscle. Essential Rules for Maintaining a Strong Performance: 1- Protein: Learn how to use protein in your diet (protein from whole foods, rather than powders or bars). Protein enables you to maintain balanced blood sugar levels and is the precursor to Serotonin in the brain. Have a lean protein with every meal and snack for maximum effect. 2- Carbohydrates: All Carbs Are Not Create Equal- Along with lean protein, the right carbohydrates are essential to create a strong mind and body and supply the proper amount of energy which enables you to attain peak performance. Always choose the good carbohydrates, such as whole grains, fruits and vegetables, preferably ones that are lower on the glycemic index (lower in sugar). Avoid simple sugar carbohydrates (candy, cakes and sodas)at all cost to maintain balanced blood sugar levels. 3. Good Fats: Extra virgin olive oil, canola oil, flaxseed oil to name a few. Avocados, walnuts, almonds and salmon provide good fats as well. 4. Avoid Sugar Substitutes: These chemical food enhancers interfere with brain power and often create anxiety and irritability. They will affect your performance in a negative way and are not in your best interest to ingest. 5. Hydrate with Pure Water: Even slight dehydration affects your game by slowing you down and interfering with thought processes. A well hydrated body is calmer, more alert and able to withstand stress. Stamina will increase when the body is properly hydrated. 6. Never Skip Meals: When one skips meals, the adrenal gland releases adrenaline into the body to compensate for lack of fuel. This chemical leads to feelings of anxiety, excitability, racing heart and may interfere with your performance. 7. Avoid Protein Drinks and Bars for Quick Energy: They offer a quick boost for about 10 minutes and in less […]
Link here to see our products and Store The workout that will boost your performance Because nutrition bars are convenient, portable, nutritious, and tasty, they make the perfect on-the-go snack for a significant number of health-conscious consumers who often find it challenging to incorporate well-balanced meals into their fast-paced lifestyles. According to the Nutrition Business Journal (Colorado), the value of the Sports Nutrition and Weight Loss (SNWL) market was up by nearly $2 billion in 2010, showing a sales increase of 9 percent over the previous year. In the past 13 years, the SNWL market has seen a remarkable compound growth rate of 10.2 percent. With new delivery methods being developed, sales are showing signs of being re-energized. They were primarily marketed to serious athletes until 1990 when their improved taste combined with a robust health-and-fitness-message, gained wide appeal among mainstream consumers. Reporting sales of less than $200 million in 1997, the sports and energy bar market quickly climbed up to more than $1 billion in 2003. Since then the market has rapidly grown. Types of Nutrition Bars They can play different roles in maintaining healthy diets. For example, there are sports nutrition bars that serve as meal replacements or snacks. There are also for various health needs, such as multivitamin bars, diabetic-friendly bars, anti-aging bars, beauty bars, energy bars, low-carb, weight management bars, protein bars, etc. Before developing the formulation, supplement companies should identify their target consumer market and their desired nutritional needs. Nutrition bars for serious trainers/professional athletes. In sports bars, pre-exercise bars will typically feature less protein and more carbohydrates and fiber. Recovery bars or post-exercise bars will offer more than 15 grams of protein and a moderate to high level of carbohydrates. 3 According to Mintel, a market research company based in Chicago, both soy and whey protein bars are more popular with younger consumers. If you plan on creating them that meet the health needs of Baby Boomers or the elderly, consider adding anti-aging ingredients such as resveratrol and other wholesome nutrients that support healthy aging of bones, eyes and cognitive health. Nutrition bars for children. With more parents favoring better-for-you snack options for their children, specially formulated for children have high market value. Formulations should be low in fat and sugar and should contain key ingredients such as whole grains, fiber, natural fruit extracts, calcium, Vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids and other specific nutrients for growing children. Claims such as “made with organic ingredients” or free from artificial ingredients are more attractive options for parents. Nutrition bars for women including sub-categories such as teenage girls, pregnant women and menopausal women. Health-conscious women use nutrition bars either as meal replacements or as a snack. “Beauty bars” containing skin anti-aging ingredients such as antioxidants like green tea, B vitamins and other nutrients that enhance skin health are extremely popular. For women that are pregnant, nutrition bars that contain omega-3 fatty acids, folic acid and vitamin B12 are popular because these ingredients play an important role in […] | <urn:uuid:f012388a-4eee-4f52-8250-c8043369113d> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://nutritionfithealth.com/http:/nutritionfithealth.com/topics/uncategorized/nutrition-althletes-sport-performance-protein-vitamin-health-supplement-shape-fitness/page/4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145534.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221172509-20200221202509-00030.warc.gz | en | 0.95804 | 2,311 | 2.609375 | 3 |
WATER & ICE SAFETY
Almost everyone knows how enjoyable time on the water can be. Don't let a moment of carelessness ruin your fun. An inadvertent fall in the water can be an amusing story afterwards, or it can result in tragedy -- ALWAYS wear a life jacket when you are on, in, or near water. Follow the tips and links on this page for important safety information.
More info on our
Ice/Winter fishing page, including ice/winter fishing destinations.
PADDLERS - CANOES AND KAYAKS
Paddling sports are very popular recreational water sports in Pennsylvania. There are dangers that can be lessened with knowledge, preparation and practice. Primary hazards are capsizing, swamping or just falling out of the boat. Keep in mind that paddling is a “get wet” sport.
- Wear your
life jacket. Some 80 percent of all recreational boating fatalities happen to people who are not wearing a life jacket.
- Expect to get wet and dress properly. Even the best paddlers sometimes capsize or swamp their boats.
- Be prepared to swim. If the water looks too hazardous to swim in, don't go paddling.
- If you capsize, hold on to your boat, unless it presents a life-threatening situation.
- Scout ahead whenever possible. Know the river. Avoid surprises.
- Be prepared for the weather. Get a forecast before you go.
- Wear wading shoes or tennis shoes with wool, polypropylene, pile or neoprene socks.
- Never take your boat over a
- Portage (carry) your boat around any section of water about which you feel uncertain.
- Never boat alone. Boating safety increases with numbers.
- Keep painter lines (ropes tied to the bow) and any other ropes coiled and secured.
- Never tie a rope to yourself or to another paddler, especially a child.
- Kneel to increase your stability before entering rougher water, like a rapid.
- If you collide with an obstruction, lean toward it.
- File a
float plan with a reliable person, indicating where you are going and when you will return. Remember to contact the person when you have returned safely.
PADDLING SAFETY LINKS | <urn:uuid:1592e53e-128d-4693-b51c-52e20c4c4a3b> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.fishandboat.com/Boat/WaterandIceSafety/Pages/default.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141216175.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20201130130840-20201130160840-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.885238 | 482 | 2.6875 | 3 |
467is an odd number,as it is not divisible by 2
The factors for 467 are all the numbers between -467 and 467 , which divide 467 without leaving any remainder. Since 467 divided by -467 is an integer, -467 is a factor of 467 .
Since 467 divided by -467 is a whole number, -467 is a factor of 467
Since 467 divided by -1 is a whole number, -1 is a factor of 467
Multiples of 467 are all integers divisible by 467 , i.e. the remainder of the full division by 467 is zero. There are infinite multiples of 467. The smallest multiples of 467 are:
It is possible to determine using mathematical techniques whether an integer is prime or not.
for 467, the answer is: yes, 467 is a prime number because it only has two different divisors: 1 and itself (467).
To know the primality of an integer, we can use several algorithms. The most naive is to try all divisors below the number you want to know if it is prime (in our case 467). We can already eliminate even numbers bigger than 2 (then 4 , 6 , 8 ...). Besides, we can stop at the square root of the number in question (here 21.61 ). Historically, the Eratosthenes screen (which dates back to Antiquity) uses this technique relatively effectively.
More modern techniques include the Atkin screen, probabilistic tests, or the cyclotomic test.
Previous prime number: 463
Next prime number: 479 | <urn:uuid:c88c76f8-073c-4080-8349-fd9f77a911d0> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://calculomates.com/en/divisors/of/467/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141169606.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124000351-20201124030351-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.899189 | 342 | 2.65625 | 3 |
It’s hot times for the Earth coldest continent, as Antarctica registered its highest temperature ever this month when it reached a balmy 68 degrees Fahrenheit, according to a report Thursday.
That’s 40 degrees warmer than the typical low temperatures in February in New York City, where an average cold night is 28.9 degrees Fahrenheit.
“We have never seen anything like this,” scientist Carlos Schaefer told The Guardian.
The penguin-tormenting high temperature was recorded at 1 p.m. on Feb. 9 by Brazilian scientists on Seymour Island, where it is currently the summer season for the Southern Hemisphere.
Schaefer, who monitors the Antarctic climate for the Brazilian government, says climate change is interacting with shifts in ocean currents and the ocean-warming climate cycle known as El Nino. | <urn:uuid:b055c08b-9a20-4336-8619-3ac8ec5d7f2c> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://nypost.com/2020/02/13/leave-the-hat-and-gloves-at-home-if-youre-going-to-antarctica/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988758.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506144716-20210506174716-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.935193 | 170 | 2.546875 | 3 |
1. What are "essential qualities"?
The qualities that must be present; the necessary ingredients. For example, the definition "violent movies are movies in which there are scenes of kicking, stabbing, clubbing, choking, hitting, slapping, shooting, and smashing" is not a good conceptual definition because it lists many activities that are not essential and it fails to describe the essential qualities. What are the conceptual qualities that must be present before you will call something "violent"? You may want to say something like "violent movies show scenes in which one person injures, maims, or causes pain to another." This much shorter list of more abstract qualities would probably include all of the specific activities in the list above as well as many violent acts not on that list.
The specification of essential qualities is the most important part of a conceptual definition because it does two very important things: 1) It tells what the concept means so clearly that you can tell whether or not something is an example of the concept. 2) It gives some very good clues about how the concept could be measured in a most straightforward way: look for the presence or absence of the essential qualities. For example, if you accepted the suggested definition of violent movies as those which "show scenes in which one person injures, maims, or causes pain to another" in the previous paragraph, you could determine whether or not a movie is violent, by looking to see whether it contained scenes in which one person injures, maims, or causes pain to another. (But first you will have to decide what counts as injury or pain.)
2. What role do essential qualities play in conceptual definitions?
They tell you what the essential, central "ingredients" of a concept are. In doing this, they let you know exactly what the concept is supposed to mean and, since they tell you what must be in the concept, they give some very good clues as to how you might measure the concept.
3. Why do you need a conceptual definition when you already have a perfectly good operational definition?
A conceptual definition tells you what the concept means, while operational definitions only tell you how to measure it. If you have only an operational definition, you may know how to measure it, but you won't know what you are measuring. This means that your measurements won't be worth much, considering that you don't know what the concept is, so you don't know what you measured.
4. What is the difference between a variable and a concept?
While concepts are associated with theory, variables are associated with measurement and observation. Variables are empirical indicators of constructs. This means that they are things that you can observe or measure, and when you do the measurement, your results tell you about the extent to which the concept is present.
Note carefully: The variable is not the construct. It is something concrete that you can observe, and by its appearance you can tell whether the concept is present or absent or to what extent it is present. In a way, constructs and variables are like diseases and symptoms. When you get the flu, you have a number of experiences. You feel tired, weak, and achy. You may have nausea or other uncomfortable experiences. You may have a fever. None of these experiences, by themselves, are the disease. They are only symptoms of the disease. If you have enough of these symptoms, though, you will probably say you have the flu.
Constructs are like diseases; variables are the "symptoms" of constructs. You observe constructs by watching their "symptoms" the variables that serve as their indicators. For example, the behaviors that we would say are examples of prejudice are the symptoms we would look for if we wanted to see if someone is prejudiced. Although the behaviors themselves are not prejudice, we would say that a person who performs them is prejudiced.
5. What is the relation between a hypothesis and a theory?
This is an important issue that seems to give students a lot of difficulty. Hypotheses are derived from theory, which means they are the logical consequences of the theory. The theory describes a general relationship between the abstract concepts, while the hypothesis describes a particular instance of that relationship in specified circumstances. If the theory is valid, the hypothesis, which the theory logically implies, must also be valid. (also, see the answer to question 9)
6. What is empirical research?
Empirical research is research in which the questions are about things that exist or happen, and in which the answers are obtained by somehow observing things in the world.
7. A professor is studying learning and academic performance and uses GPA (grade point average) as a measure of how much her students have learned. Discuss why (or why not) this is an adequate conceptual definition of learning.
8. What is "reification," and how can it cause problems with the development of conceptual definitions?
Concepts are often created by summarizing a large set of real-life experiences of one kind or another. The name of the concept is like the label that tells what is in a file folder; it is a short easy way to indicate what the folder contains. The problem is that the conceptual summary is so easy to use and so much more convenient than giving a long discussion of the ideas in the concept, that researchers may begin to think of the concept as a real thing, when it is actually just an idea and a few words. The process by which an abstract idea is treated as if it was a real object is called reification.
Reification is latin for "thing-ification" or "transform an idea into a thing".
Reification can cause problems because the concept is not a real object or thing; it is only a bit of conceptual shorthand that was created in the first place to make it easier for people to express their ideas to one another. Yet a reified concept is regarded by the people who use it as if it was a real thing with a natural, real, true meaning that can be discovered by a clever researcher. This can cause problems when different researchers have different beliefs about the "real" meaning of the concept and when they forget to recognize the fact that it is their responsibility to be clear about what they mean by their concepts.
9. Why do researchers test hypotheses when they are really interested in theories?
You don't test the abstract theory directly; instead, you test the specific conclusions logically implied by the theory. If the theory is true, you would expect to see particular things happen in certain situations. Because of the theory, you can make predictions about what will happen in these situations. These predictions are called hypotheses. Since hypotheses are predictions about specific things that may or may not happen in particular situations, they can easily be tested. Do you see what you would predict on the basis of the theory? If you do, you have obtained some evidence that supports the theory. On the other hand, if you don't see what you would predict, you know you have a problem.
10. What does it mean to say that something is "empirically verifiable"? Give an example.
A theory is empirically verifiable if it can be verified by observations of things that exist or happen. It is a theory whose truth would have real-world implications which can be tested or observed.
About twenty years ago I had some long conversations with a student who was supposed to write a term paper about an area of theory and the research that had been done on the theory. This student argued that his particular chosen area of theory could not be subjected to empirical research because it is not possible to devise empirical predictions (hypotheses) based on the theory. Because it is not possible to develop hypotheses logically implied by this theory, the theory can not be tested in any way that uses empirical research methods. Since there can be no empirical research on this theory, it is not possible to describe the research, and what's more, the research that could not be done would have no effect on anyone's understanding of the theory and its consequences. I suggested that a theory that has no connection with reality may be an interesting philosophical oddity, but it is useless as a theory because it doesn't tell us anything. In short, it may be a belief, bit it isn't a theory.
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Scriptures of Hinduism
In Hinduism, the philosophy of dharma is extensively described in hundreds
of scriptures and in the writing of our Jagadgurus and great Saints.
The Brihadaranyak Upanishad (2/4/10) states that the prime scriptures of
the Hindu religion or Sanatan Dharma, which are the Vedas, Ramayana,
Mahabharata, Puranas, Upanishads, along with the Sanskrit language and its
vocabulary and grammar, plus all the scriptural verses or mantras - are
all manifested by supreme God on this earth. They are apourushey,
Divine, and not the product of a human mind.
A material human intellect doesn't have the capacity to decipher the deeper
Divine meanings of these sacred writings. The Upanishads advise that if you
are a seeker of God, the proper method of studying them is through a God
realized Saint directly or through his writings.
The Divine knowledge of Sanatan Dharma exists eternally,
and has been on this earth since its inception.
How old is the earth? According to Vedic chronology, 155 trillion years.
Just as we don't have the technology or even the scientific theory to test
this, similarly we don't have the capacity to properly understand and grasp
the Divinity in these scriptural writings. This is possible only through
our own spiritual practice and the grace of a Saint.
The main scriptures of Hinduism are:
Vedas -- This knowledge was received first by the creator of our
world, Brahma, and later it was received in consciousness by many generations
of Saints. When human civilization started it later took the form of a book.
The language of the Vedas and all the prime scriptures of Hinduism is Sanskrit.
There are four sections of the Vedas:
- Rig Veda
- Sam Veda
- Yajur Veda
- Atharva Veda
Originally the Vedas had 1,180 branches comprised of 100,000 verses.
Each branch has three sections, each containing three types of Vedic verses:
- Mantra bhag -- comprised of mantras or Vedic verses and is related
to material attainments
- Brahman bhag -- specifies use of Vedic rituals and is related to
- Aranyak bhag -- specifies styles of formal worship and also includes
the Upanishads which are directly related to God and God realization
Upanishads -- Part of the aranyak bhag of the Vedas. Originally
there were 1180 Upanishads corresponding to 1180 branches of the Vedas.
Today approximately 200 are avialable. Their philosophy relates to the almighty
aspect of God. They generally refer to the liberation of the soul or its blissful
experience in the Divine world. Out of 200 Upanishads, eleven are prominent: Isha,
Kath, Mundak, Mandukya, Taittariya, Shvetashvatar, Mukti, Yogshikha, Tripadvibhushit
Mahararayana, Krishna, Gopal Poorva.
Upavedas -- There are four 'up' or subsidiary Vedas related to the four Vedas:
- Arthveda -- science of sociology and economics
- Dhanurveda -- science of defense and war and weaponry
- Ghandarvaveda -- the science of instrumental and vocal music
- Ayurveda -- medical science
Vedangas -- Vedangas are also part of the Vedas. They include:
- Vyakaran -- Sanskrit grammar
- Jyotish -- Vedic astrology
- Nirtukt -- detailed explanations and meanings of Vedic words
- Shikcha -- correct pronunciation of Vedic mantras
- Chand -- Vedic poetry
- Kalp Sutras -- The Kalp Sturas include:
- Shraut Sutra - the protocal of Vedic rituals
- Grihya Sutra - prescribed rituals for family life
- Dharma Sutra - one's religious, social and moral duties
- Shulb Sutra - how to create an altar for Vedic rituals
Smritis -- The Smritis relate to social living. They describe what are
good and bad actions, define what penances redeem which sin and also describe
the punishment for a particular sin. They also describe the rites and rituals
prescribed for families as well as the right conduct and behavior for the various
orders and stages of life.
Darshanas or Darshan Shastras - The six schools of philosophy a
re also part of Hindu scriptures. They are:
- Poorva Mimansa by Sage Jaimini explains the performance of lower
or apar dharma actions and rituals for material prosperity and
- Nyaya by Sage Gautama is a system of logic for discerning the difference
between maya, matter, and God, who we should desire to attain and know
- Vaisheshika by Sage Kanad is another system of logic for finding
happiness through renouncing worldly desires and attaining absolute liberation
and knowledge of the Divine
- Sankhya by Bhagwan Kapil delineates 24 stages of physical creation
and discriminates between what is material and what is Divine, and explains
that material attachment binds the soul in the cycle of birth and death, and
the understanding of Divine truth (God) releases the soul from that bondage
- Yoga Sutras or Yoga Darshana by Sage Patanjali explain there are
three kinds of evidence for determining the aim of life, perceptual,
inferential and scriptural.
There are five kinds of mental anguish associated with ignorance, ego, attachment,
hatred, and the fear of death. These are eliminated through the practice of yoga
and total renunciation.
The Yoga Sutras define renunciation as the elimination of all the thoughts and the
desires that arise out of direction perception of, or indirect knowledge of this world.
The practice of perfecting this renunciation is ashtanga yoga,
which has 8 stages:
- yama -- moral codes of behavior
- niyama -- disciplines of self-restraint
- asana -- physical postures,
- pranayama -- breath control,
- pratyahara -- sense control,
- dharana -- concentration,
- dhyana -- meditation
- samadhi -- complete absorption in thought-free trance. For success in
perfecting the final state of samadhi, Patanjali advises the practitioner to seek
God's help (Sutra 2/45).
- Uttar Mimansa or Brahm Sutra by Bhagwan Ved Vyas states the prerequisite
for its study is a deep desire to know God, and true liberation is only attained through
surrender to God. God is unlimited and endowed with Divine qualities including a Divine
personal form. It describes the existing state of the universe, the state of a soul under
the bondage of maya, and the greatness of bhakti. It explains that through bhakti God's Grace
is easily attained. The Brahm Sutra conveys the same theme of the Upnishads, which are the
essence of the scriptures of Hinduism.
Puranas by Bhagwan Ved Vyas are 18 in number: Brahm Purana, Padma Purana, Vishnu
Purana, Vayu Purana, Bhagwat Maha Purana, Narada Purana, Markandeya Purana, Agni Purana,
Bhavishya Purana, Brahmaivarta Puran, Linga Purana, Varah Purana, Skanda Purana, Vaman Purana,
Kurma Purana, Matsya Purana, Garuda Purana and Brahmanda Purana.
The important contribution the Puranas make to Hinduism is that they describe the
creation and dissolution of the universe, the succession of Manus or progenitors of
human civilization, and the history of important lineages, successions and dynasties on the earth.
The main focus of the Puranas is to introduce a feeling of bhakti or devotion
towards a personal form of God in the heart of the reader. They praise God and
describe and establish the graciousness of the actions of those Divine personalities
who appeared as Sages, Rishis, and Saints.
The Puranas explain that God's Grace isn't arbitrary nor is it the consequence
of good actions, hatha yoga or the performance of austerities or rituals. It is
automatically experienced through total surrender to God. This loving submission is bhakti.
The Puranas explain the same philosophy as the Upanishads and the Darshana Shastras
in a style that is easy to understand.
Itihasas -- In Hinduism these scriptures refer to the Ramayana, which describes
the descension of Lord Rama, and the Mahabharata, which details the history of the
Puru dynasty and the Pandava family, along with the history of creation, this earth,
general teachings of dharma and devotion to God. The Mahabharata is sometimes referred
to as the 'fifth Veda' of Hinduism because its knowledge and teachings relate to the
Upanishads and Puranas.
Bhagavad Gita -- Part of the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita is considered by
eastern and western scholars alike to be one of the greatest spiritual books in the
world. In a clear and succinct way, Lord Krishna describes in a conversation with His
disciple Arjuna the science of God-realization and the exact process by which a human
being can establish their eternal relationship with God through bhakti, which the Gita
refers to with the term 'yoga'.
Writings of the Jagadgurus - Jagadguru is a title bestowed on a true Saint or
Divine personality by scholars of Hinduism. While on this earth, a Jagadguru's Divine
state of realization and depth of spiritual understanding, and the universal benefit of
his teachings for all the souls make him the supreme spiritual master of that age.
A Jagadguru establishes the path of bhakti and also imparts teachings related to the soul,
the material existence (maya) and God, based on the philosophies of the Brahma Sutra,
Bhagavad Gita and the Upanishads. The most recent Jagadgurus of the last 5,000 years are:
Writings of Saints -- The scriptures of Hinduism include the writings of true Saints
who impart teachings of bhakti also comprise a significant part of the Hindu scriptures.
Two prominent Divine personalities in this category are
Shri Vallabhacharya (1478 CE) who taught the path of pushti, and
Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1485 CE), who was regarded as a descension of Radha Krishna
love, and who revealed the bliss of the Divine name through his sankirtan (chanting) movement. | <urn:uuid:1dfcfaf8-82f4-4070-aef9-1631b06880aa> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.bhakti-yoga-meditation.com/hinduism-scriptures.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722951.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00448-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902092 | 2,358 | 2.96875 | 3 |
- Open Access
Cryptic speciation in a benthic isopod from Patagonian and Falkland Island waters and the impact of glaciations on its population structure
Frontiers in Zoology volume 5, Article number: 19 (2008)
The Falkland Islands and Patagonia are traditionally assigned to the Magellan Biogeographic Province. Most marine species in Falkland waters are also reported from southern Patagonia. It remains unclear if relatively immobile, marine benthic, shallow-water species maintain gene flow, and by what mechanism. Recurrent fluctuations in sea level during glacial cycles are regarded as a possible mechanism that might have allowed genetic exchange between the regions. However, the realized genetic exchange between the Falkland Islands and Patagonia has never been estimated.
This study analyses the genetic structure of three populations of the marine shallow-water isopod Serolis paradoxa (Fabricius, 1775) from the Falkland Islands and southern Patagonia (central Strait of Magellan and the Atlantic opening) applying seven nuclear microsatellites and a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. Both marker systems report highest genetic diversity for the population from the central Strait of Magellan and lowest for the Falkland Islands. The estimated effective population sizes were large for all populations studied. Significant differentiation was observed among all three populations. The magnitude of differentiation between Patagonia and the Falkland Islands (16S: uncorrected p-distance 2.1%; microsatellites: standardized F'ST > 0.86) was an order of magnitude higher than between populations from within Patagonia. This indicates that there is currently no effective gene flow for nominal S. paradoxa between these two regions and it has been absent for time exceeding the last glacial maximum. We argue that specimens from the Strait of Magellan and the Falkland Islands very likely represent two distinct species that separated in the mid-Pleistocene (about 1 MY BP).
The results of this study indicate limited gene flow between distant populations of the brooding isopod Serolis paradoxa. The patterns of genetic diversity suggest that the only recently inundated Strait of Magellan was colonized by different source populations, most likely from Atlantic and Pacific coastal waters. Our results demonstrate that more systematic testing of shared faunal inventory and realized genetic exchange between Patagonia and the Falkland Islands is needed before a consensus concerning the position of the Falkland Islands relative to the Magellan zoogeographic province can be reached.
Present-day distribution of a species is the result of a complex interplay between (1) extrinsic factors such as isolation of landmasses, climatic conditions and availability of niches and (2) intrinsic factors such as dispersal capability and physiological tolerance. Extrinsic factors typically influence the distribution of many species in the same way because they act on an ecosystem scale. Over time, this leads to a characteristic assemblage of species with similar distribution patterns within larger geographical areas, so called biogeographic provinces, and distinct gaps between them . In the Southern Hemisphere, the Magellan Biogeographic Province has obvious close ties to the whole of South America to which it is connected today; some of its species inventory, however, stems from times before the Gondwana breakup [2, 3]. The Falkland Islands are connected to the South American shelf and located approximately 500 km to the east of Patagonia (Figure 1). Based on the current knowledge of their species inventory, the Falkland Islands are commonly assigned to the Magellan Biogeographic Province [4–7], sometimes as a more distinct 'subregion' of this province ( and references therein). The geologic history of the Falkland Islands is completely detached from continental South America as the islands drifted to their current position on a microplate that originally formed part of the African continental plate. Their current position was reached approximately 130 MY BP [9–11]. Close biogeographic ties between the Falkland Islands and Patagonia are widely accepted and even more plausible in the marine realm because here biotic exchange does not depend on the existence of land bridges [12–15]. Furthermore, major ocean current systems facilitate dispersal of specimens. This is generally supported by elevated levels of gene flow among the few species investigated so far in this region [16–19].
In this context, the relatively few reports of species endemic to the Falkland Islands are not unexpected [8, 20–22]. On the whole, evidence from marine species supports that the Falkland Islands form a part of the Atlantic Magellan Biogeographic Province and that migration of species between the continental South America and the Falkland Island is occurring repeatedly. However, recent molecular studies have shown that unrecognized cryptic species may be more common than previously assumed [15, 17, 23–33]. They indicate that morphological and ecological similarity may be an unreliable piece of evidence on which to base taxonomic identifications and, by extension, the definition of biogeographic provinces derived from them.
In this study we investigate spatial partitioning of intraspecific molecular polymorphisms in nominal Serolis paradoxa (Fabricius, 1775), a marine benthic shallow-water isopod, using two independent genetic marker systems. S. paradoxa was originally described from the Falkland Islands but is also frequently reported from the Strait of Magellan, the Patagonian coastal shelf (Atlantic and Pacific side), and also from regions further to the equator [5, 20]. For the current taxonomic status and synonyms of S. paradoxa see . The vertical distribution of S. paradoxa ranges from shallow waters (about 5 m, Held pers. observ., Lopaz-Gappa pers. observ.) down to 113 m . Although in the Magellan region S. paradoxa can be locally very abundant it is often encountered at medium densities (about 1 ind/m2, Mutschke and Rios pers. comm.). Like almost all isopods, S. paradoxa lacks free-swimming distribution stages and broods its offspring in a ventral brood pouch, the marsupium, and is thus expected to be limited in its dispersal capabilities. No information on the life cycle and the duration of S. paradoxa are known. Based on significantly extended embryonic stages of Antarctic serolid isopods in comparison to non-Antarctic isopods it can be assumed that embryonic development, maturation and brooding of S. paradoxa from the cool-temperate regions, each stage lasts several months. Altogether, S. paradoxa is expected to have very limited dispersal capacity due to these factors.
Direct measurements of dispersal and migration over large geographical distances provide a poor means of assessing effective gene flow. The small number of immigrants needed per generation to appreciably change the genetic structure of a population will not be picked up by realistic sampling schemes. Indirect genetic estimates use tools that interpret the genetic structure of a population as a result of past genetic influx and thus represent an easier and more reliable method . However, in this context historic extrinsic factors that may have exerted a structuring force must be considered when estimating present-day population structure. One extrinsic factor known to have had a major impact on genetic structure and distribution of species are glaciation events . Their influence on the marine fauna is two-fold: large-scale glaciations may directly render entire coastal habitats unavailable during glacial maxima [40–42] and also lead to a decrease in sea level of up to 130 m . The latter may disrupt inshore habitats on either side of an emerging barrier (e.g. appearance of the Panama land bridge , or connect shallow water habitats that are disjunct during periods of high sea level (additional file 1).
The focus of the present study is the genetic structure of S. paradoxa from the Falkland Islands and the Patagonian shelf. The present-day situation suggests that the deeper waters on the South American shelf may present an insurmountable barrier to S. paradoxa inhabiting shallow waters around Patagonia and the Falkland Islands. Historically, the lower sea level during glacial maxima may have connected both regions and facilitated migration between habitats thus counteracting independent lineage sorting in the two regions.
By investigating the coherence between gene pools and construction of an approximate timeline, we test whether the disruptive or unifying forces predominated and if the influence of the last glaciations exerted a major influence on the evolutionary history of S. paradoxa. We also test whether the major age difference between marine habitats in the central Strait of Magellan and around the Falkland Islands (< 14 KY BP [43–50] and millions of years , respectively) exerted a measurable influence on the genetics of populations living there today. In particular, we test for differences in genetic diversity and patterns of recent population expansions or secondary contact of colonizers from the Atlantic and the Pacific side in central Magellan Strait. We hypothesize that populations in the central Strait of Magellan are genetically less diverse than populations from the coast or the Falkland Islands due to recent range expansion into the Magellan Strait subsequent to the retreat of the glaciers after the last glacial maximum (LGM).
Materials and methods
Specimens from the Falkland Islands (FI) were collected by dredging in shallow waters (< 20 m) near Port Stanley from a Zodiac during the ICEFISH 2004 expedition. Specimens from the Strait of Magellan near Punta Arenas (PA) were collected in January 1997 by CH SCUBA diving at two neighbouring stations (500 m apart) and specimens from the Atlantic opening of the Strait of Magellan (AO) were provided from the 2nd Cruce Estrecho in 2003, by Carlos Rios and Erika Mutschke, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas (see Figure 1 and Table 1). Animals were immediately preserved in 96% ethanol. Microsatellite analyses were performed for 35 specimens from PA, 33 from AO and 23 from FI. A subset of 27 specimens from PA, 22 from AO and 22 from FI were analysed for variation of the 3'-terminus of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene.
DNA extraction, PCR, sequencing/genotyping
Total DNA was extracted from muscle tissue using the Qiagen DNeasy Mini Kit according to the standard tissue protocol. Only 100 μl of elution buffer were used to increase DNA concentration.
Microsatellite markers Spa04, Spa12, Spa34, Spa35, Spa39, Spa42 and Spa43 were applied to assess intraspecific genetic polymorphisms for all specimens from the three sampling sites. Standard 15 μl reactions consisted of 1× PCR HotMaster Buffer, 0.2 mM dNTPs, 0.5–0.75 μM of each primer (one labelled, one unlabelled), 0.03 U/μl HotMaster Taq (Eppendorf, 5-Prime), 0.5 M Betaine (Sigma Aldrich) and 5–20 ng of genomic DNA. Cycling conditions on an epgradient thermocycler (Eppendorf) were 2 min at 94°C followed by 30 to 34 cycles with 20 s at 94°C, 15 s at annealing temperature, 30 s at 65°C. A final extension step of 45 minutes at 65°C was performed to reduce in vitro artefacts due to incomplete adenylation of products [see for details]. PCR products were visualized on 2% TBE agarose gels, diluted 1–15 fold with molgrade water (CARL ROTH) and 1 μl of the diluted product was denatured in a mixture of 14.7 μl HI-DI formamide with 0.3 μl GeneScan ROX 500 size standard (both Applied Biosystems). Allele length scoring was performed using the software GENEMAPPER 4.0 (Applied Biosystems). To minimize genotyping errors [52, 53], up to four independent reactions were performed on a subset of samples to estimate allele calling errors.
The universal primers 16Sar and 16Sbr were used for amplification. Reactions were carried out in 25 μl volumes with 1× HotMaster reaction buffer, 0.2 mM dNTPs, 0.5 μM of each primer, 0.025 U/μl HotMaster Taq (Eppendorf, 5-Prime). Reaction conditions were: Initial denaturation for 2 min at 94°C followed by 36 cycles of 20 s at 94°, 15 s at 46°C and 80 s at 65°C plus a final elongation step of 5 min at 65°C. PCR products were purified using Qiagen QIAquick or Eppendorf Perfectprep Gel cleanup kits. Cycle-sequencing was performed in 10 μl reaction volumes using 1 μM of either 16Sar or 16Sbr primer, 1 μl of the purified template DNA and the BigDye Terminator Kit 3.1 chemistry (Applied Biosystems) according to the recommendations of the manufacturer. Reactions were purified according to the 'modified protocol' of the Qiagen DyeEx Kit. Sequencing was conducted on an ABI 3130xl sequencer.
Raw data were checked and corrected for genotyping errors using the software MICRO-CHECKER version 2.2.3 and DROPOUT version 1.3 . In addition, MICRO-CHECKER was used to test for the presence of null alleles in populations, i.e. alleles that fail to amplify due to substitutions in the primer binding regions. Corrected genotype tables were converted to specific software formats using the software MSTOOLKIT version 3.1 and CONVERT version 1.3.1 . The program ANIMALFARM version 1.0 was used to test for loci with significantly disproportionate variances that may bias allele-size based distance estimates such as Slatkin's or Rousset's RST estimates [60, 61]. Tests for Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and linkage disequilibrium (LD) were performed using GENEPOP version 4.0.6 . Parameter settings: 10,000 dememorization steps, 50 batches, 20,000 MCMC sampling steps. HWE tests aim at testing whether there is a statistically significant deviation of genotype frequencies from those expected according to Mendelian inheritance. Linkage disequilibrium occurs when two genomic loci are not inherited independently, e.g. due to physical linkage or other processes at population level hindering independent recombination of loci.
To assess partitioning of genetic variability within individuals, subpopulations and regions, we performed hierarchical analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) using ARLEQUIN version 3.11 . Therefore, populations PA and AO were assigned to one group, while FI constituted the other group. In addition, single and multilocus inbreeding coefficients (FIS) and pairwise population coancestry coefficients (FST, similar to Weir and Cockerham's Theta) were estimated as in using GENEPOP. We also calculated pairwise allele-size based differentiation estimates, RST, according to using GENEPOP. Significance was assessed by exact G tests as implemented in GENEPOP. The interpretation of the FST values from multiallelic data is problematic because their maximum values depend on the amount of within-population variation and even in the absence of any shared allele often fail to reach the theoretical maximum of 1 [65–67]. We therefore applied a standardization approach suggested by Hedrick for calculations of GST and derived by Meirmans for Analysis of Variance frameworks (ANOVA).
The main principle of this standardization approach is to correct the maximum possible value for FST as follows: FST(max) is calculated using GENEPOP applying the sampling bias correction suggested by Meirmans using the Software RECODEDATA. F'ST was subsequently calculated by dividing FST by this inferred maximum value.
The standardized F'ST measure calculated range from 0 (populations equifrequent for all alleles) to 1 (populations fixed for different alleles) and therefore makes interpretation of the degree of subdivision much easier and facilitates comparing results among studies.
In addition to these ANOVA based coancestry estimates we performed individual assignment tests using the program STRUCTURE, version 2.2.2 to investigate population subdivision. The advantage of the Bayesian clustering algorithm of STRUCTURE is that no classification of populations has to be done a priori. Assuming HWE and no or only weak LD within subpopulations, STRUCTURE assigns individual genotypes probabilistically to populations and calculates the likelihood of the genotype dataset for a given number of populations (K), i.e. ln Pr (D|K) for K = 1 to K = n, using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm [69, 70]. For the S. paradoxa data set, the most likely number of populations was inferred without making assumptions on geographic origin of individuals. The number of MCMC steps needed to reach convergence was first estimated by comparing run lengths between 10,000 and 2,000,000 steps. Convergence was generally reached with <5,000 steps. Therefore, for the parameter sets 10 independent runs with a burn-in of 5,000 and subsequent 100,000 MCMC steps were performed with and without assuming recent admixture in the prior model, and considering alleles as correlated and uncorrelated. The number of clusters (K) to infer was defined from K = 1 to K = 4 to allow detection of potential cryptic subpopulations. Alpha was inferred from the data for each population separately. Results from 10 independent runs were analysed in CLUMPP, version 1.1.1 to compute a consensus membership coefficient Q-matrix from all 10 independent Q-matrices. Both the individual Q-matrix and averaged population Q-matrix were visualized using DISTRUCT, version 1.1 .
To assess estimates of the present effective population size (N e ), we applied the linkage disequilibrium method proposed by Hill (1981) , modified by Waples to account for a bias correction when sample size is much smaller than effective population size. This method is implemented in the program LDNE, version 1.3 . Calculations of N e and the confidence intervals (CI) were estimated considering alleles with a frequency of c ≥ 0.05 and c ≥ 0.02 and ≥ 0.01, respectively.
Tests for historical population bottlenecks were performed using the program BOTTLENECK. Tests implemented in this program are based on the hypothesis that populations that have experienced recent reductions in their effective population size (N e ) show a reduction in both allelic richness and heterozygosity. In populations decreasing in size, the number of alleles (N A ) drops faster than heterozygosity and therefore the observed heterozygosity is larger than the expected heterozygosity (H O > H E ). Conversely, in expanding populations often the number of alleles increases faster than heterozygosity until equilibrium is reached. From the comparison of both parameters, allelic diversity and heterozygosity, it is possible to make inferences regarding historical demography of a population. For each locus and population BOTTLENECK computes distribution of H E expected from the observed N A , given the sample size (n) under the assumption of mutation-drift equilibrium. This distribution is obtained through simulating the coalescent process of n genes under the three possible mutation models, i.e. a) the Infinite Allele Model (IAM), b) the Two-Phase Model (TPM), c) the Stepwise-Mutation Model (SMM). As recommended by Cornuet and Luikart we tested several proportions of the SMM for the TPM (70–90%). Statistical significance of the parameters were inferred applying a Sign-test and a Wilcoxon-rank-test [76, 78, 79].
Assembly of forward and reverse strands and editing was performed using the software SEQMAN (Dnastar, Lasergene) and GENEIOUS version 4.0.2 (Biomatters Ltd.). Sequence alignment was performed using MUSCLE version 3.6 . The alignment required no manual correction based on secondary structure information . Sequence variation was analyzed using MEGA 4.0 . Gene diversity and nucleotide diversity according to Nei and Theta based on the number of segregating sites, Theta (S), were calculated with ARLEQUIN version 3.11. Genetic differentiation between populations and between regions [(PA + AO) vs. FI] were assessed using an FST and AMOVA framework as implemented in ARLEQUIN. Assuming neutrality, evidence of a population expansion was tested applying Tajima's D and Fu's F S statistic as implemented in ARLEQUIN applying a coalescent simulation approach generating 10,000 selectively neutral samples for assessment of significance of results. A test for sudden population expansion based on the pairwise mismatch distribution was calculated using ARLEQUIN and significance was assessed by 50,000 pseudo replicates.
A statistical parsimony network with a 95% connection-probability limit was created for the 490-bp alignment using TCS version 1.21 . In addition, two outgroup sequences of the serolid isopods Cuspidoserolis luethjei and Cuspidoserolis johnstoni (GenBank accession numbers AJ269802, AJ269803; see ) were aligned to the S. paradoxa sequences using MUSCLE, resulting in a 492-bp alignment. This alignment was used to calculate a neighbor joining tree with bootstrap support (1000 replicates) based on uncorrected p-distances using PAUP* version 4b10 .
The coalescent-based MCMC approach implemented in the software BEAST was used to date the splitting event between the different Serolis paradoxa lineages applying both a strict and a relaxed molecular clock model. The sequence model HKY85 was used for modelling sequence evolution together with a predefined mutation rate of 0.37% per million years , based on a molecular clock for the serolid isopod Ceratoserolis trilobitoides. Dating times and confidence intervals (CI) were filtered using TRACER version 1.4 .
Seven microsatellite loci were analysed for three populations. All loci were highly polymorphic for all three populations (Table 2). The number of alleles per microsatellite locus ranged from 6 to 23. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.0 (Spa39, all specimens homozygous for populations FI) to 0.886. Total heterozygosity was highest in PA, lower in AO and lowest in FI (Table 2). Significant deviations from HWE were detected for loci Spa04 and Spa39 (Table 2). Analyses with MICRO-CHECKER indicate that null alleles may be the cause for inflated homozygosity for these loci. No significant global LD was observed after sequential Bonferroni correction . Based on allele frequencies, the geographically intermediate population AO is clearly more similar to PA than FI (additional file 2). The allele distribution of all microsatellite loci reveal strongly differing frequency spectra with several private and almost fixed different allele patterns between regions (e.g. loci Spa04, Spa12, Spa35, Spa43). Allele length spectra differ between populations but overlap (additional file 2).
Results of ANIMALFARM confirmed that none of the loci contributed disproportionally to distance-based differentiation estimates after Bonferroni or Sidak adjustment of the significance level.
Analyses of the AMOVA indicate that most variation is distributed among individuals (Table 3). ΦIS and the global multilocus inbreeding coefficient FIS are significantly positive for all populations (Table 2, Table 3) indicating further within-population structure. However, a large proportion of variation is distributed among the major geographical regions [(PA + AO) vs. FI] and only a minor but nonetheless significant proportion between populations (Table 3). Strong differences between the two regions were observed for allele frequency patterns at all loci. In particular loci Spa04, Spa12 and Spa43 are nearly fixed for different alleles in populations from the two major regions [(PA, AO) vs. FI] (additional file 2) whereas PA and AO reveal very similar allele frequency patterns. The pronounced differences separating FI from Patagonia are expressed by the high and significant pairwise FST and RST estimates between population PA and FI and populations AO and FI (Table 4). Differentiation estimates were even higher between populations AO and FI. In contrast, FST estimates among populations PA and AO were low albeit significant (P = 0.0005). RST estimates were lower than FST estimates in this study and did not support significance differentiation between PA and AO (Table 4). In general, RST is hypothesized to be larger if an appreciable amount of differentiation between populations is not only caused by drift but by independent mutations in the different, isolated populations according to a stepwise mutation model (SMM). Consequently, RST distance measures are considered a 'memory' of past mutations . FST is superior to RST when populations have diverged mostly by means of random genetic drift and migration m (i.e. mutation rate << migration).
Standardized pairwise FST calculates in this study showed very strong pairwise population differentiation between Patagonia and the Falklands (PA vs FI: 0.86; AO vs FI: 0.91), and much smaller values among the Magellan Strait populations (PA vs AO: 0.063). These values demonstrate that both regions are almost fixed for different alleles at the seven loci investigated. When removing locus Spa39, which is biased due to the presence of null-alleles in population FI, the standardized values did not change, however, the non-standardized FST values were almost twice as high (data not shown).
Inferring the most likely number of populations without making assumptions concerning their delimitation, STRUCTURE identified only two very distinct clusters, which correspond to the two major regions (AP+AO vs. FI; Figure 2). When using the no-admixture model, all individuals are correctly assigned to the two regions with admixture proportions of 1.000 and 0.000, respectively. There was no additional substructure within populations (PA, AO, FI), i.e., when analysing the populations separately Ln Pr (D|K) was highest for K = 1. No significant differentiation between population PA and AO was detected (compare FST estimates, Table 4).
Estimating the present effective population sizes using the LD approach , we consistently received negative Ne estimates with confidence intervals ranging from negative values to infinity, thus indicating very large population sizes . When testing for recent demographic contractions or expansions by looking for deviations from mutation-drift equilibrium under different mutation models using BOTTLENECK we found a significant heterozygosity deficiency under particular mutation models. For population AO there was a significant heterozygosity deficit under both SMM and TPM models (additional file 3), which provides strong evidence for recent population expansion. For FI the evidence for recent population expansion was somewhat weaker: a significant heterozygosity deficit was detected only using the SMM and the Wilcoxon test (P = 0.0195, additional file 3). Thus results of BOTTLENECK do not provide evidence for a similarly drastic decline and subsequent recovery in population size for PA. For population AO under a TPM and a strict SMM, the significant excess of heterozygosity may indicate that this population is expanding presently. Although the evolutionary dynamics of microsatellites are not fully understood [94, 95] it is commonly accepted that the IAM model is not an appropriate descriptor of the mutational dynamics of microsatellite markers and hence that its application often leads to unrealistic conclusions.
In summary, the results from the microsatellite analyses provide evidence for moderate differentiation between the two Patagonian populations and very strong subdivision between populations from Patagonia and the Falkland Islands. Genetic diversity was highest in the center of the Strait of Magellan, lower near its opening towards the Atlantic Ocean and lowest around the Falkland Islands. All populations showed a significant heterozygosity deficit corroborated by high FIS values (Table 2) which may be indicative for inbreeding of local populations.
We sequenced a 490 bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene for a subset of 27 specimens from population PA, 22 from AO and 22 from FI (Table 1) to test whether the strong pattern of differentiation inferred using fast evolving microsatellites is also traceable with a slower evolving gene. The amplified fragment was AT-rich as typical for this gene (A 39.3%, C 13.1%, G 14.0%, T 33.6%; ). Of the seventeen polymorphic positions, ten were parsimony informative and seven represented singletons. Substitutions were located only in loop regions of the rRNA gene fragment (folding model: Drosophila melanogaster 16S rRNA, ). Eleven haplotypes were characterized (HT1-HT11, Table 5). The statistical parsimony network constructed is characterized by two shallow subnetworks (≤ 4 segregating sites) representing the Patagonian vs. the Falkland Islands populations, which are connected by a long internal branch (8 segregating sites, Figure 3). None of the haplotypes was shared among specimens from different regions. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that specimens from both regions form two reciprocally monophyletic clades each supported by high bootstrap values (Figure 4). The average uncorrected pairwise distance between both groups was 2.1% (1.7% for transitions; 0.4% for transversions). Variation within groups was an order of magnitude lower (0.3% among FI and 0.4% among PA and AO; Figure 4). These values are amongst the lower values observed between reproductively isolated species of serolid isopods and other crustaceans [24, 26–28, 31]. This dominant partitioning of genetic diversity by regions was supported by high and highly significant (P < 0.001) values for pairwise population differentiation (FST) between populations from both regions: PA:FI FST = 0.95; AO:FI, FST = 0.97). The results of the AMOVA indicate that 90.48% of the total variance is partitioned between the two regions [(PA and AO) vs. (FI)], corresponding to a high value of ΦCT = 0.905 (Table 6). However, a lower but highly significant proportion of total variance was also distributed between populations AO and PA (4.70%), corresponding to the value of ΦSC of -0.494. Pairwise differentiation estimates support that gene flow is also restricted within the Strait of Magellan (PA:AO FST = 0.45; P < 0.001).
Nucleotide diversity and gene diversity were highest for population PA, lower for AO and lowest for FI (Table 7). Estimates of Theta (S) were also higher for PA than for AO and FI (Table 7). Tajima's D and Fu's Fs were negative and significantly different from zero for FI, and for Fu's Fs only for population AO (Table 7). Recent population expansions are frequently associated with negative values of D and Fs because under these circumstances mutation generates more and closely related haplotypes than are eliminated by genetic drift. It should be considered that according to Fu a significance level of 5% corresponds to P = 0.02, thus Fu's Fs for population AO is not significant. The mismatch analyses could not the reject the assumptions of sudden population expansion for all populations (additional file 4). In summary, there is a stronger signature for population expansion in AO and FI than in PA based on the 16S rDNA data.
Dating of the time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) between both S. paradoxa lineages using a strict molecular clock for the mutation rate differed for the two monophyletic lineages. For the Patagonian taxa as ingroup the tMRCA inferred was 0.948 MY (5% CI 0.344 MY, 95% CI 1.658 MY) and for the Falkland Islands lineage 0.643 MY (5% CI 0.136 MY, 95% CI 1.207 MY). Thus, from both inferences, evidence for a splitting event in the mid-Pleistocene is supported.
The genetic variability within the nominal species Serolis paradoxa turned out to have extensive spatial structure. The differences in mutation rates and coalescent dynamics of the two marker systems help describe present-day population structure and reconstruct historical demographic processes.
Two genetically distinct lineages
There is strong evidence of divergence between populations from Patagonia and the Falkland Islands, supported by microsatellite and mitochondrial data. The dominant feature of the intraspecific variability of mitochondrial DNA data for the Patagonian populations (PA and AO) and the Falkland Island population is that populations form two shallow subnetworks, corresponding to the two geographic regions. The nuclear microsatellite markers support the geographic partitioning of variation with high and significant FST, RST differentiation values and strong support from Bayesian cluster analyses (Figure 2).
The geographic positions of our sampling locations along an East-West axis might suggest testing for isolation by distance effects (IBD). However, in the context of this study, the IBD is an inappropriate method and it is unlikely that this would become more meaningful even if more intermediate sampling locations were available. This is because the central Strait of Magellan became available for (re)colonization only very recently, approximately 9–14 KY BP [46, 48]. This rapid range expansion is typically accompanied by loss of alleles and an excess of homozygosity which violates a mutation-drift equilibrium assumed by the IBD model. Investigating distance effects on the distribution of intraspecific variance inside the Magellan Strait offers a means to trace the recolonization of this young habitat and would be appropriate for IBD but this requires more fine-scaled sampling and is outside the scope of this paper.
Absence of effective gene flow between the Falkland Islands and Patagonia is strongly suggested by nearly fixed population specific differences in fast evolving microsatellites and the perfect congruence of haplotype identity and geography for the 16S rDNA data. The long branch connecting the two groups of haplotypes (Figure 3) and their reciprocal monophyly (Figure 4) indicates complete lineage sorting in both groups. The magnitude of genetic differentiation between 16S genotypes is on the order of magnitude known for reproductively isolated species [26–28, 97]. Speciation ultimately involves the irreversible disruption of a once contiguous gene pool into two . The recognition of species thus centers around direct or indirect evidence for gene flow between them. Our data from two independent molecular markers are in line with the expectations of two independently evolving lineages. The patterns and magnitude of the remaining differences do not suggest the presence of additional cryptic species inside (PA and AO) vs. (FI), they indicate, however, that gene flow is restricted even within the Strait of Magellan. The congruence between both marker systems supports that the 16S rRNA gene tree reflects the species tree rather than being a result of shared ancestral polymorphisms or other processes affecting mitochondrial genes (see for review).
Evolutionary history of nominal Serolis paradoxa
Southern Hemisphere glaciations differently affected both regions: The Falkland Islands were little affected by glacial advances , thus S. paradoxa was able to survive by following the rising and falling sea levels. In Patagonia, however, major parts of today's distribution of nominal S. paradoxa became unavailable due to ice coverage and/or low sea levels. Western Patagonia was covered by a contiguous ice shield similar to the Antarctic Peninsula today and the central Strait of Magellan was inundated only after the LGM, approximately 14-9 KY BP . Contrary to the situation around the Falkland Islands where S. paradoxa was presumably continuously present over evolutionary times, this species was forced to immigrate into the Strait of Magellan only recently after the retreat of the glaciers. Surprisingly, genetic diversity estimates for population PA from central Magellan Strait (Table 7) indicate that the population has the highest genetic diversity and shows almost no signs for recent population expansion (Table 7, additional file 3, 4), although colonization of a new habitat is often accompanied by a loss of genetic diversity (founder event). In comparison, population FI is less diverse for the 16S rDNA with one dominant haplotype only (HT7) and reveals strong evidence for recent population expansion. Diversity estimates decline from population PA in the west to population FI in the east, which seems counterintuitive as the effects of past glaciations are likely to have been much more severe for PA than for AO and FI. This apparent contradiction may, however, be explained by the fact that the Magellan Strait was recolonized after the LGM not only from the Atlantic but also the Pacific side, thus receiving allelic diversity from different source populations. In the contact zone in the central Magellan Strait, this scenario explains the inflated genetic diversity estimates for PA.
In summary, our data are in agreement with the following scenario: Populations of an ancestral species were separated geographically and evolved in allopatry (Falkland Islands vs. Pacific and Atlantic side of Patagonia). Applying a rate for the accumulation of substitutions in 16S rDNA estimated by Held for the serolid isopod Ceratoserolis trilobitoides (Eights, 1833) with a rate of 0.37% per MY for transitions and transversions, the time of divergence was estimated to have occurred several hundreds of thousands of years before present. Thus the initial separation of lineages predates the last glaciations and took place in mid-Pleistocene (average estimates 0.643 – 0.948 BP). In view of the strong genomic signatures of differentiation between Patagonia and the Falkland Islands we must therefore reject the hypothesis that low sea levels during glacial periods led to significantly elevated levels of gene flow between populations of S. paradoxa due to greater proximity of shallow-water habitats. A similar argument applies to potential migration between Patagonia and the Falkland Islands via passive rafting on drifting substrates. Although there are major directional ocean currents that frequently transport substrates suitable for transportation of even rather immobile species [101–103] this apparently played no role in the recent evolutionary history of S. paradoxa. This species exclusively inhabits soft-bottom shallow waters and is frequently half-buried in the sediment (Held pers. observ.). Its capability to colonize new island habitats and maintain genetic continuity across barriers to dispersal and over evolutionary times is therefore small. Further sampling effort should focus on sampling specimens from the West Falkland Islands. It cannot be excluded that members of both lineages live in sympatry today.
Reliability and systematic bias in differentiation estimates
The equilibrium FST estimate for totally isolated populations based on microsatellites can reach the maximum value of FST = 1 only theoretically. Due to the high mutation rate of microsatellites [94, 104, 105] and often a restricted allelic spectrum (, but see ), the intrapopulation variability is generally very high in particular after a long time of independent evolution of large populations. Applying Meirman's standardization approach for pairwise FST, differentiation between PA and FI is 0.86, between AO and FI 0.91 and among the Magellan Strait populations PA and AO 0.063 and thus about three times larger than without this correction. These values underpin that populations from Patagonia and the Falkland Islands are almost fixed for different alleles at the seven loci investigated. The results point out the importance of the recently introduced standardization approach [67, 68] in order to allow for easier comparison and interpretation of the data. Differentiation estimates of the 16S rDNA yield comparable results. Differentiation was significant between all three populations. Although populations AO and PA shared the most common haplotypes, FST estimates between PA and AO revealed much higher differentiation than inferred using microsatellite data. The most plausible explanation is that the fourfold smaller effective population size of mitochondrial DNA lead to much stronger effects of genetic drift, resulting in higher differentiation estimates.
In principle, differentiation estimates can also be biased due to comparing samples obtained in different years (PA: 1997, AO: 2003, FI: 2004). However, as only few years, corresponding to even fewer generations of S. paradoxa, separate the samples and no major disturbances in the regions were reported for the time in-between the samplings. Thus, we regard this a negligible issue.
Concerning the dating of the split between the two lineages, it must be stated that genetic distances between two lineages increase much faster than predicted by molecular clocks if populations experience population bottlenecks . Thus, the realistic tMRCA between the two lineages might be shorter than the estimated mean using the molecular clock. In addition, it is not entirely certain if the molecular clock can be applied to S. paradoxa. The time estimates are based on 16S rRNA substitution rates commonly used for other Crustacea .
Taxonomic and conservation status of the newly delimited species
The genetic data strongly suggest that nominal Serolis paradoxa (Fabricius, 1775) consists of two reproductively isolated species one of which occurs in Patagonia while the other is presumably confined to shallow waters around the Falkland Islands. As the type was originally described by Fabricius as Oniscus paradoxum Fabricius, 1775 from the Falkland Island the species from Patagonia is in need of formal description and a scientific name.
The occurrence of cryptic species has important implications for the conservation of biodiversity in general . If a cryptic species is not recognized, unique and endangered local faunas cannot be efficiently protected. However, the estimates of effective population size for both species contained inside nominal Serolis paradoxa imply that both are highly abundant and neither needs to be considered endangered.
In summary, our data prove low but significant differentiation among populations within the Strait of Magellan and the absence of effective gene flow among populations from the Strait of Magellan and the Falkland Islands. In fact, specimens from both regions belong to two cryptic lineages that probably diverged in the mid-Pleistocene and may already represent reproductively isolated species. The 16S rDNA data supports a genetically rich central Strait of Magellan population, an intermediate population near the Atlantic opening of the Strait of Magellan and a genetically depauperate Falkland Island population. The results are in line with the expectations of colonization of the central Strait of Magellan from both sides of Patagonia after the last glacial maximum approximately 9-14 KY after deglaciation of the habitat and rise of sea levels.
While the fauna of the Falkland Islands has often been accepted to share most of their faunal inventory with Patagonia our results indicate that shallow water species with low mobility may in fact be strongly differentiated populations of one species or even reproductively isolated species.
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Birky CW, Maruyama T, Fuerst P: An approach to population and evolutionary genetic theory for genes in mitochondria and chloroplasts and some results. Genetics. 1983, 103: 513-527.
Bickford D, Lohman DJ, Sohdi NS, Ng PK, Meier R, Winker K, Ingram KK, Das I: Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation. Trends Ecol Evol. 2007, 22 (3): 148-155.
We thank Erika Mutschke and Carlos Rios (Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas) for providing us with material from the 2nd Cruce estrecho and helpful information, 2003. We also thank Andrea Eschbach and Shobhit Agrawal (AWI Bremerhaven) for technical assistance in this study. This work was supported by a DFG grant HE-3391/3 to CH, NSF grant OPP-0132032 to H.W. Detrich III, and a DAAD scholarship to FL and AK. This is publication number 22 from the ICEFISH Cruise of 2004.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
CH and FL designed the study and sampled the specimens. FL and AK carried out the molecular genetic analyses. FL performed the computational analyses, was responsible for the interpretation of population genetic data and drafted the manuscript. CH served as PI for the project and made substantial contributions to the interpretation of the data and together with FL wrote the final manuscript. JWW participated in the coordination of the study and contributed to revising the manuscript. AK helped draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Electronic supplementary material
Additional file 1: Terrestrial (black) and marine habitats (grey, 50 m bathymetry isolines) available at last glacial maximum (approximately 21 KY BP, left panel) and at the present interglacial (right panel). During last glacial maximum the sea level was considerably lower thus bringing shallow water habitats of the Patagonian Coast and the Falkland Islands in close proximity. Adapted from . (TIFF 686 KB)
Additional file 3: Statistical tests for significant heterozygosity (H) excess or deficiency in three populations of Serolis paradoxa(PA, AO, FI) assuming three different mutation models (IAM, TPM, SMM). P-values of the Sign Test and Standardized Differences Test and one-tailed probability for heterozygosity deficiency are based on a 1000 permutations. Significant P-values are printed in bold. The TPM was adjusted to allow for 80% mutations according to a SMM and 20% to an IAM model. (PDF 55 KB)
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Cite this article
Leese, F., Kop, A., Wägele, J. et al. Cryptic speciation in a benthic isopod from Patagonian and Falkland Island waters and the impact of glaciations on its population structure. Front Zool 5, 19 (2008) doi:10.1186/1742-9994-5-19
- Last Glacial Maximum
- Stepwise Mutation Model
- Falkland Island
- Recent Population Expansion
- Sudden Population Expansion | <urn:uuid:1c080acc-31a2-45c6-9f92-c1bba19b164e> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-9994-5-19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668539.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114205415-20191114233415-00152.warc.gz | en | 0.869114 | 14,638 | 3.09375 | 3 |
One of the controversies concerning animal research involves:
a. the age of animals used
b. the belief by some that animals have rights equal to humans.
c. the point of view that animal behavior can't correlate with human behavior
d. the understanding that animal body chemistry is devoid of many human characteristics.
i think its B
You're on a roll! Both answers are right!
At first I thought your question was a little confusing but I think it is just my eyes are getting heavy. I know it is probably a little late but I would have to disagree with answer “C,” let me explain why I say this. If the students are conducting an experiment and part of the experiment is exposing their classmates to an embarrassing experience to gather data for their team,; if you inform the participants concerning the nature of the procedure before they consent to take part, in my opinion, the students are modifying the experiment. I do understand why you would have chosen that answer and I am sure you text probably has the answer right in front of you. However, I would have to answer, “B.” I think setting limits on the emotional responses which might occur would be a better answer. By performing such an experiment, many emotions can fly. By informing them ahead of time, it kind of eliminates the “embarrassing experience,” if that makes sense. I do think many college students regard such experiments as positive thought. After wasting time writing this, I just realized that it has to be within the ethical guidelines published by the American Psychological Association, the answer would definitely be “C.” You are always to get the consent of others before performing an experiment. They must know what is entailed in the experiment, side effects, etc. Sorry for all the other stuff. I know Ms. Sue answered your question for you but I am new to the site and thought I would see how this works. | <urn:uuid:bb81d796-cc95-4159-b360-101c7b38bc95> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1319573811 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737913815.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221833-00183-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980449 | 397 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Welcome, we have 1,000's of different entries, including terms and words unique to South Africa, that will help you demystify all the culinary terms and cooking speak that form such an important part of food and cookery.
The language of South African english cuisine is unusual in that it uses many words of foreign or ethnic origin, often in their original spelling. The purpose of this glossary is to give short definitions of these words so that all cooks, professional or amateur, South African, or international, may quickly determine the meaning. Classic dishes, ingredients, cooking processes, cooking implements and equipment, descriptions of function and details of service are included as well as scientific, botanical, medical, technological, hygienic and nutritional terms. Drinks, wines and spirits are not included except where they are used as flavourings in food and food preparation.
South African Terms
South Africa is home to myriad ethnic and racial groups, many of them migrant communities, all of whom have contributed to the country's rich cultural mix. The resultant kaleidoscope - the famous "rainbow" - applies not only to the people but to the food, for one finds in South Africa the most extraordinary range of cuisines.
The glossary represents ethnic dishes of particular groups, many since adopted by other groups and no longer the preserve of the group of origin. The list is far from exhaustive, representing only a sample of the full South African menu. | <urn:uuid:0f7abca6-6a33-4dbc-92ce-83059c2839e8> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://ejozi.co.za/glossary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209884.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815043905-20180815063905-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.951832 | 296 | 2.875 | 3 |
Globalization and Ethiopia
By Dr. Andargachew Tiruneh (Continued from last week )
The Central Idea
Globalization is a theory which tries to explain what is happening to human affairs in the world today. It is a rather fluid concept
without consensus as to its central concept, its boundaries and its cause and effect. At the same time, it is the central theme
around which today's debate on world affairs is revolving from the Americas to Europe and Asia.
The central idea of globalization is the proposition that the world has become so closely integrated that mankind everywhere faces the same dangers and enjoys the same benefits. However, skeptics, who tend to be the traditional left, refuse to accept that such a change has taken place at all. They insist that the economy is what it has always seen: countries get only little of their income from the outside world; much of the economic exchange is between states of particular regions rather than at the global level; and governments still control the economy. They charge that globalization is a capitalist ploy intended to dismantle the welfare system and to open up the world for free trade and investment. They propose that the most that has happened is a reversion to the 19th century laissez-faire economic system.
On the other hand, those who believe that globalization is a reality in today's world distinguish it from internationalization. To them, the latter is what we had for centuries and refers to inter-state co-operation in promoting one objective or another. By contrast, globalization is something that emerged only in the last few decades and constitutes a much closer degree of integration that was the case under internationalization. It has created a cosmopolitan society, single control systems and standardized procedures in such areas as manufacturing and regulatory processes.
Thus, there is no consensus as to whether globalization has come to exist or not. Moreover, those who accept that globalization is a reality in today's world do not agree on its scope. Some believe it is limited to the world economic system whereas others maintain that is extends to recent changes in such phenomena as science and technology, the environment, culture, personal life, institutions and politics.
The topic is a complex one and can be viewed at three levels. First, each of the phenomena allegedly transformed by globalization are complex subjects in their own right. Second, there is the question of establishing whether the alleged changes concerning each of the phenomena are real. Third, there is the task of uncovering how much the changes in each of the phenomena have affected Ethiopia.
It is up to Ethiopian experts on each of the phenomena to conduct research on them and enlighten us on the likely impact of
globalization on the country. However, experts do not agree on any of the phenomena alleged to have been changed by
globalization. Moreover, the changes implied by globalization affect the lives of individuals and the latter have a vested interest in the determination of policies on them. There is, therefore, a need for oversimplification and generalisation in order to make
globalization palatable to the public. None of us can have expert knowledge on all the phenomena embraced by globalization.
In the following sections, we will focuss on the debate concerning the claimed transformations in each of the phenomena. In each case, we will raise the question of how much Ethiopia is affected, or likely to be affected, by the changes subsumed under
globalization. The point of the exercise is to contribute to the discourses of Ethiopians on globalization. Globalization is not an
established fact; it is an international debate on whether the present-day world society is organized differently from the past and
whether it now manages its affairs any differently from it.
The debatable nature of the subject is reflected by the absence of a clear position on the part of the various western political
parties on globalization. In general, the traditional left-right ideological spectrum has become distorted (according to some because of globalization) with the result that no one knows any more what each of the parties stands for. Obviously, this impacts on their position regarding globalization as much as it does on other issues.
Moreover, as globalization affects many spheres of activities, a party can have a position on each of them but not a general one
concerning the phenomena as a whole. As suggested earlier, for example, the left generally refuses to accept that globalization has come to pass and, to the extent it has, condemns it as a conspiracy of free marketeers. The right, on the other hand, warmly welcomes the deregulation of the national and international economy which globalization implies. Furthermore, the left tends to regard the disintegration of the family as progress whereas the right laments it and calls for a return to the traditional set-up.
Even more interesting is the fact that globalization has given rise to a new political culture in the West. The environmental damage believed to have been caused by globalization is precisely what gave rise to the green movement and its political parties. The focus of the movement's program, its lobby and its acts of violence is the protection of nature from the excesses of globalization.
(To be continued next week) | <urn:uuid:6a2d13af-492b-433c-90ed-571627334a39> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://chora.virtualave.net/globalization-ethiopia2.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00201-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962775 | 1,044 | 2.734375 | 3 |
History of Calgary Cemeteries
The history of Calgary's cemeteries began in 1876 and is closely tied to the establishment of Calgary as a city. The Calgary Heritage Authority deemed Burnsland Cemetery, St. Mary's Cemetery, the Chinese Cemetery and Union Cemetery to be historically significant cultural landscapes that played an important part in the settlement and establishment of Calgary as a city.
In 1876, the Roman Catholic Mission established a burial ground at Second Street and 23 Avenue S.W. In 1897, the cemetery was moved to the site of the new St. Mary's Cemetery on Erlton Street S.W. It is one of the city’s oldest Catholic cemeteries with 15,000 burials. Many of Calgary’s early pioneers and founders are buried there, including: Pat Burns, John Glenn, and Peter Prince.
In 1884 city councillors saw the need for a new Protestant cemetery, as the only existing cemetery was for Roman Catholics. Non-Catholics were buried in unsanctified land set aside for that purpose. In 1885, the new cemetery was established at Shaganappi Point, where the Shaganappi Golf Course is currently located. Rocky soil conditions made digging graves very difficult and it was decided a new site was needed. In August of 1890, Union Cemetery was established on a hill located at 28 Avenue and Spiller Road S.E. The Shaganappi Point Cemetery was then closed, and in 1892, the process of moving the 75 burials from Shaganappi Point to the new cemetery began. Today, Union Cemetery is home to 21,200 of Calgary’s early pioneers and city founders including: A.E. Cross, William Roper Hull and the Lougheed family.
In 1908 the Chinese Cemetery was established at Erlton Street and Macleod Trail S.W. It has over 1,000 of Calgary’s early Chinese pioneers within its grounds, many of whom emigrated over 100years ago from southern China.
In 1923, the existing Union Cemetery was running short of space, so new burial land was opened at 27 Avenue and Spiller Road S.E. This new location was called Burnsland Cemetery. Today, Burnsland Cemetery has 22,100 graves and is the location where most of Calgary’s World War I veterans are buried.
The Queen’s Park Cemetery opened in 1940, so its history is relatively recent for a cemetery. It was originally built with sections for graves with monuments only but has since opened sections for markers (flat stones set flush to the ground) to reduce maintenance costs.
Prairie Sky Cemetery, which opened in June 2021, is the first new cemetery in Calgary since Queen’s Park opened in 1940. Prairie Sky is located in the city’s southeast in a rolling, natural prairie setting with beautiful views of the Rocky Mountains to the west and the Calgary city skyline to the northwest. Among more traditional burial and cremation options, Prairie Sky Cemetery also offers Calgary’s first green burial section, designed to reduce environmental impacts.
Still want more cemetery history?
If you are interested in finding out more about historical details on our cemeteries or about the people that are buried in them:
- visit each cemetery location page,
- join a historical walking tour of our cemeteries, or
- contact Calgary Cemeteries at 403-221-3660.
For more information email firstname.lastname@example.org or call 403-221-3660. Queens Park Cemetery administration building office hours are Monday to Friday from 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Prairie Sky Cemetery administration building office hours are by appointment only. | <urn:uuid:98d7303b-5385-4d71-9867-f99b0117cab2> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.calgary.ca/parks/cemeteries/history.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711150.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207053157-20221207083157-00403.warc.gz | en | 0.968162 | 772 | 3.078125 | 3 |
In the creative industries, many intellectual property rights, such as copyright, trademarks, registered designs and patents, are subjected to licenses, in order for right owners and creators to monetize such rights. However, things do not always go smoothly during and after the term of the licensing agreement, between the licensor and the licensee. Therefore, what are the remedies that the licensor may put in place, in order to ensure that his or her intellectual property rights are fairly monetised? How to remedy a breach of license which term is overran?
1. What is a license agreement?
A license is the contract which authorises the use of a certain intellectual property right (‟IPRs”), be it copyright, a trademark, a design or a patent, for commercial purposes, by a licensee, in exchange for the payment of royalties to the licensor, i.e. the right owner. These royalties are usually computed as a percentage of the turnover generated by the sale of products manufactured, or services provided, by the licensee under this license agreement.
A license is different from an assignment agreement, in that the former has a limited term, whereby the authorisation to use the IPRs granted to the licensee by the licensor will expire, after a period of time explicitly set out in the license agreement. On the contrary, an assignment is a perpetual and irreversible transfer of ownership of some designated IPRs, from the assignor to the assignee, in exchange for the payment of a consideration (usually, a one-off sum of money).
To resume, a license is temporary and reversible upon expiry of a term, while an assignment is irrevocable and irreversible if made for consideration.
2. How are licenses used in the creative industries?
Licenses are often used in the creative industries, in order for creatives to monetise the IPRs that they created.
For example, in the music industry, many copyright licenses are entered into, in order for music distributors to distribute the masters of sound recordings to new territories, which are difficult to reach for the music label which owns such masters because this label is located in a totally different geographical area. Therefore, the licensor, the music label, relies on the expertise of the local licensee, the national distributor, to put in place the best local strategy to broadcast the masters of its sound recordings, via radio plays, local streaming websites, TV broadcasting, and then to generate revenues through these various income streams and local neighbouring rights collecting societies.
Another example of a copyright license, in the fashion and luxury sectors, is when a brand commissions an artist or designer to make some drawings and designs, which the brand will then display on its website(s), as well as in its various stores. These drawings and designs being protected by copyright, the brand, as licensee, will enter into a license agreement with the artist, as licensor, to obtain the right to use these drawings and designs in set locations and premises of this brand.
Licenses are also extremely widely used in the context of trademarks, especially with respect to distribution of luxury and fashion products on new geographical territories by local distributors (who need to have the right to use the trademark to advertise, market and open retail locations), and also with respect to deals where the licensee manufactures products in which it has a lot of expertise (such as perfumes, cosmetics, children’s garments), which the licensee then sells under the trademark of a famous fashion or luxury brand, i.e. the licensor.
In the technology sector, patent and/or copyright licenses are the norm. Indeed, softwares and sources codes are protected by copyright, so many tech companies make a living licensing their copyright into such inventions, to their retail or business customers, in exchange for some royalties and/or licensing fees. As far as technological products are concerned, those can be protected by patents, provided that they are novel, that an inventive step was present in creating such products, and that the invention is capable of industrial application. Therefore, most technological hardware products, such as mobile phones, computers, tablets, are protected by patents. And whenever there is a dichotomy between the creator of these products, and the manufacturers and distributors of such products, then some patent license agreements are entered into.
Technology licenses are, indeed, so critical, that fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms (‟FRAND”) have been set up in order to level the playing field: FRAND terms denote a voluntary licensing commitment that standards organisations often request from the owner of an IPR (usually a patent) which is, or may become, essential to practice a technical standard. One of the most common policies, is for the standard- setting organisation to require from a patent holder that it voluntarily agrees to include its patented technology in the standard, by licensing that technology on FRAND terms. Failing or refusing to license IPRs on FRAND terms could even be deemed to infringe antitrust rules, in particular those of the European Union (‟EU”). For example, the EU commission sent a statement of objections to Motorola Mobility, for breach of EU antitrust rules, over its attempt to enforce a patent infringement injunction against Apple in Germany. The patents in question relate to GPRS, a part of the GSM standard, which is used to make mobile phone calls. Motorola accepted that these patents were standard essential patents and had, therefore, agreed that they would be licensed to Apple on FRAND terms. However, in 2011, Motorola tried to take out, and enforce, a patent infringement injunction against Apple in Germany, based on those patents, even although Apple had said that it was willing to pay royalties, to use the patented technology. Samsung was also the recipient of a statement of objections from the EU commission, after it sought patent infringement injunctions to ‟prevent Apple from infringing patents”, despite Apple apparently being willing to pay a license fee and negotiate a license on FRAND terms.
3. How to remedy a breach of license which term is overran: what to do if the license has expired but your licensee keeps on using your IPRs?
Due to poor management and in-house record-keeping, as well as human resources disorganisation and high turnover rate of staff, the licensee may breach the licensing agreement by keeping on using the licensed IPR, although the license agreement has reached its term.
For example, in the above-mentioned case of the copyright license on some masters of sound recordings, the French local distributors and licensees of such masters overran the term of the license and kept on collecting royalties and revenues on those masters, in particular from French neighbouring rights collecting societies, well after the date of termination of this license. How, on earth, could have this happened? Well, as I experienced first hand at the music trade show Midem, many music distributors, labels and catalogues’ owners, such as music publishers, often mingle together in order to buy and sell to each other music catalogues, be it of copyrighted musical compositions and lyrics, or of copyrighted masters of sound recordings. Therefore, the terms of the first license agreement, between the licensor and the initial first licensee, become more and more blurry and forgotten, with basic provisions, such as the duration of the initial license, being conveniently lost into oblivion by the generation of successive licensees. Yes, I guarantee you, it happens very often.
Another example, relating to the above-mentioned case of a copyright license granted by an artist, on his drawings and designs commissioned by a luxury brand, which used these drawings on its website(s) and stores, in order to promote its luxury products … even after the termination date of the license!
So what can a licensor do, when he or she notices that the licensee has, or is, breaching the terms of the license agreement by overrunning its duration? How to remedy a breach of license which term is overran?
First and foremost, the licensor must gather as much pieces of evidence as possible of such breach of the term of the license agreement, by the licensee. For example, the music label, licensor, may reach out to French neighbouring rights collecting societies and ask for the royalties statements for the French distributor, ex-licensee, up-to-date, in order to have some indisputable evidence that this ex-licensee kept on collecting the neighbouring rights royalties on the sound recordings which were the subject of the license, even after the termination date of this license. The French artist, whose designs and drawings kept on being used by the luxury brand after the term of his license with this brand expired, instructed our law firm to liaise with a French bailiff, in order to have this bailiff execute a detailed report of copyright infringement on internet, by taking snapshots of the webpages of this brand’s website displaying his drawings and designs.
These pieces of evidence are indispensable, in order to prove the IPR infringement (since the license expired), to show it to the ex-licensee, if necessary, and to use it in any future lawsuit for IPR infringement lodged with a local court, if and when the ex-licensee refuses to settle further to receiving the ex-licensor’s letter before court action.
You will have guessed by now that, indeed, once the ex-licensor has gathered as much conclusive evidence as possible that his or her IPR is being infringed by the ex-licensee because the latter keeps on using such IPR outside the contractual framework of the now-expired license agreement, the second stage is to instruct counsel, in the country where such IPR infringement is taking place, and have such counsel send a robust, cordial yet frank letter before court action to the ex-licensor, asking:
- for the immediate cessation of any IPR infringement act, by stopping using the IPR at once;
- for the evidence of, and information about, turnover and sales, relating to the sale of products and/or services, generated thanks to the use of the IPR beyond the term of the expired license, and
- for the restitution of all those revenues generated by the sale of those products and/or services, generated thanks to the use of the IPR beyond the term of the expired license, as well as accrued late payment interests at the statutory interest rate,
within a short deadline (usually, no longer than 14 days).
Here, the ex-licensee has an option: either it decides to cave in and avoid a tarnished reputation by immediately complying with the terms of the ex-licensor’s letter before court action, or it may decide to act as a blowhard and ignore the requests set out in this letter. The first approach is favoured by anglo-saxon companies, while the second option is usual among French, and all other Mediterranean, ex-licensees.
If the dispute may be resolved out-of-court, a settlement agreement will be drafted, negotiated and finalised, by the lawyers advising the ex-licensor and the ex-licensee, which will provide for the restitution of a very clearly defined sum of money, representing the sales generated by the ex-licensee during the period in which it overran the use of the litigious IPR.
If the dispute cannot be resolved out-of-court, then the ex-licensor will have no other option left than to lodge a lawsuit for IPR infringement against the ex-licensee, which – provided the former has strong evidence of such breach of licensing agreement – it will won.
Once the slate is clean again, i.e. after the ex-licensee has paid damages or restituted sums to the ex-licensor with respect to its use of the IPR after the termination date of the first license agreement, then ex-licensor and the ex-licensee may decide to resume doing business together. Here, I strongly advise that the parties draft a transparent, clear and straightforward new license agreement, which clearly sets out the termination date of this new future license, and foreseeable consequences in case the future licensee keeps on using the IPR beyond the end of such termination date. Using the services of either in-house lawyer or external counsel is very much advisable, in this instance, in order to avoid a repeat of the messy and damaging business situation which occured in the first place, between the licensor and the licensee. | <urn:uuid:08f119ee-28a1-4d12-b124-c3827d2095d8> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://crefovi.com/articles/how-to-remedy-a-breach-of-license-which-term-is-overran/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039491784.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420214346-20210421004346-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.957245 | 2,556 | 2.65625 | 3 |
In our first lecture
on gene expression,
I introduced you to the
processes of transcription
and translation in
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
as well as introducing
you to the genetic code.
Now, it’s time to dig a little deeper
into the process of transcription.
So without ado, let’s move forward.
By the end of this lecture,
you will be able to describe
transcription in prokaryotes
as well as differentiate
between the initiation,
elongation and termination
phases of transcription
as well as explain differences in
prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription
and diagram aspects
of RNA processing.
So to start with, I’d like to ask you
a question from the previous lecture.
Can you recall any differences from
prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression?
I’ll give you a hint.
It has to do with the
structure of the cells.
But let’s move forward and see if we can
answer some of those questions one more time.
First of all, this was figure we used to
introduce the process of transcription,
looking at a
and the pink square represents
the entire RNA polymerase
and we are simply using
the template strand
to make a messenger RNA that
looks like the coding strand
and that messenger RNA can then go on
to be translated in a future lecture.
So in this lecture, I’d like to
introduce you to the idea that
RNA polymerase is not quite
as simple as a pink box.
We know that there are several
domains to the RNA polymerase
and there’s the core enzyme.
That core enzyme is really in charge
of doing the synthesis of RNA
and adding RNA nucleotides to
the growing messenger RNA.
However, there are some other subunits
associated with the core enzyme
that actually helped get the
core enzyme onto to the DNA
in the right location and read
it in the right direction.
All of these pieces together,
we call the holoenzyme.
So the holoenzyme is
the whole enzyme.
That whole enzyme is going
to associate itself
with the DNA strand in
the correct location
and the holoenzyme will recognize
the promoter sequence for the DNA,
and it will bind to that DNA and begin the
process of transcribing the genes.
So this is the phase of where
I’m at laptop in my office
and I am hitting print so
that I can print the recipe
and take a copy that I can get dirt all
over in my kitchen and make the recipe.
So right now, we’re taking the copy and let
me introduce you to the promoter sequence.
The promoter sequence is before
the start site for transcription
and the enzyme will
dock onto this.
The holoenzyme will dock
onto this promoter sequence.
These promoter sequences in prokaryotes
have some distinct regions.
There are two sites of sequences
that are very common and conserved
in all bacterial cells.
There is a -35 base sequence.
So this is 35 base pairs before the
start site that’s why we call it -35.
And it has a very conserved sequence.
And then we have the -10 sequence, so
10 base pairs before the start site.
So the holoenzyme docks
onto this promoter region
and unwinds a very small region of the
DNA, starting at the -10 sequence
and only begins transcription at the start
site and continues in that direction.
How does it know which way to go?
Well, because of the orientation of these
two pieces, the -35 and the -10 sequence,
we can get directionality, which
direction the polymerase needs to read,
and which strand is the template strand
and which strand is the coding strand.
So the asymmetry of
these two locations
allows the polymerase to
know which direction to go.
So here we have initiated transcription. | <urn:uuid:79c33113-de61-4638-bfd5-d0bb06abb2b9> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.lecturio.com/medical-courses/transcription-introduction.lecture | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256948.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522183240-20190522205240-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.8718 | 882 | 3.875 | 4 |
This is the best LCD picture frame project I’ve seen lately, Revital writes –
Medical technologies have reached the stage in which biological deterioration no longer means the end of a human life. Life prolonging machines can replace our organs and allow us to maintain various degrees of living. However, as science helps us cheat nature and develop new life forms it also confronts us with the need to reinterpret our perception of ourselves.
When digital technologies enter and merge with the body, they redefine its material and functional properties. As the human anatomy gains technological capabilities, where does the body end and the machine begin?
The Telepresence Frame is a domestic object which utilises the fact that one’s bodily functions are digitised in order to create a new form of telepresence. Allowing loved ones to be constantly aware of your physical state.
The Human Black Box records and stores this information, keeping a record of your very last moments.
The PostHuman Condition – Link. | <urn:uuid:4e0a1afd-ffbf-4366-86e6-d05e406f5b32> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://makezine.com/2008/02/10/telepresence-frame/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823214.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019012514-20171019032514-00658.warc.gz | en | 0.912581 | 202 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Neuritis, bursitis, neuralgia, rheumatism, frozen shoulder, fibrositis, sprain and strains are common terms that refer to neck, shoulder and arm conditions. The main controller behind your shoulders, arms and hands is the brain. The brain communicates to the rest of your body through billions of nerves that make up your nervous system. Some nerves go straight to their destination point, but others mix with other nerves to form complicated nerve networks called a ‘plexus.’ The brachial plexus is made up of nerves that come out of the middle and upper back that supply information to the shoulders, arm, elbows, wrists, hands and fingers.
The nerves that make up the brachial plexus may become irritated as they leave the spinal column. This can occur when the spinal bones in the neck and upper back are misaligned or do not have the range of motion they typically should and damage the very nerves they are supposed to protect. Any injury or trauma can cause the bones to become misaligned or lock down, decreasing the range of motion. Things as serious as an accident or falling down from an accident, or even as simple as sleeping in an awkward position can create the vertebrae to become misaligned or not work the way they were designed.
Muscles and joints throughout the chest wall and shoulder can also contribute to tightness around the brachial plexus, causing similar symptoms. This can be caused be structural deformities (such as previously shoulder injuries or anatomic variations) or created by lifestyle (such as sitting at a desk or having a sedentary workplace). The pressure placed on the nerves and blood vessels can create numbness, tingling and pain down the arm. This can also be known as “thoracic outlet syndrome”.
Symptoms from damage to the brachial plexus can differ depending on location of the trauma.
Common symptoms to the shoulder, arm, wrist or hand are:
- Muscle weakness
- Muscle numbness
- Neck pain
- Neck stiffness
- Decreased range of motion in the neck, shoulder, elbow or wrist
In addition to pain and symptoms in your arm or neck, it is not uncommon to experience headaches, facial pain, dizziness, thyroid or nasal problems as a result of brachial plexus nerve irritation.
symptoms include tingling and numbness in the hand. The pain is described as incredibly intense and has been reported to awaken sufferers at night. This pain is often caused by the swelling in the wrist. Often times people confuse nerves that are disrupted by the spine, muscles or joints as carpal tunnel syndrome, however, this has a completely different approach that a chiropractor would take. This misdiagnosed conditions can sometimes lead to unnecessary injections or surgery which could have otherwise been treated with conservative chiropractic care and Active Release Technique.
There continues to be an increase in people suffering from pain and neurologic symptoms in their shoulders, arms and hands, seeking help from chiropractors. The chiropractic approach analyzes the body’s structure to locate and correct the nerve-damaging structural condition known as subluxations. Sports chiropractors with additional training can further help with use of functional training, rehab exercises and the gold standard in soft tissue therapy – Active Release Technique (or A.R.T.). This will eliminate the pain and correct the underlying structural problem that is referring pain to the arm, wrist, and hand problems. For more information, check out our blog article on carpal tunnel syndrome.
If you are experiencing any of the signs or symptoms listed above, don’t hesitate to reach out to one of our San Francisco chiropractic clinics by filling out our new patient request form to be evaluated to see if chiropractic is right for your condition. | <urn:uuid:b4f24bc9-f117-456a-b39a-17dd6ba7348a> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://sfcustomchiro.com/shoulder-arm-hand-and-neck-pain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886397.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116090056-20180116110056-00593.warc.gz | en | 0.952318 | 791 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Bad breath can be cause by many factors:
-Inefficient oral hygiene can allow bacterial growth on the tongue, gums and teeth. These bacteria ferment the carbohydrate in your diet and cause bad breath.
-Untreated cavities and infected teeth.
-Diet rich in protein can cause excess of sulphurous gases; coffee, alcohol and cigarettes can also give bad breath as well.
-Gastrointestinal problems such acid reflux, indigestion and constipation can play a role in bad breath.
-Dry mouth, due to certain disease or as an adverse effect of medication, can reduce the cleansing effect of saliva, and that can contribute to bad breath. | <urn:uuid:47e8dce5-89a8-4aff-a105-d6069e4aa3f2> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://smilera.ca/bad-breath-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710534.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128171516-20221128201516-00294.warc.gz | en | 0.905757 | 174 | 3.75 | 4 |
Millard Fillmore – 13th president of America
Millard Fillmore became the 13th president of the United States after the death of President Zachary Taylor in 1850.
Millard Fillmore was born on January 7, 1800 in Locke Township, New York in a poor family. Fillmore was largely self-educated and self-made. At the age of 15 he worked in a cloth factory. Fillmore moved to Buffalo after attending an academy at New Hope and studying law briefly under a local judge. In 1823 Millard became a lawyer.
In 1826 Fillmore married Abigail Powers, the daughter of a clergyman. They had two children. Abigail died in March 1853.
In 1833, Fillmore entered the House of Representatives as a member of the Anti-Masonic-National Republican coalition. A year later he joined political party the Whigs.
In the 1830s and 1840s he was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives.
In 1846 he was elected comptroller of New York State.
In 1848 Fillmore became a vice president of the United States under Zachary Taylor. Taylor had become afflicted with cholera and died on the evening of 9 July 1850. So, Millard became the thirteenth President of the United States.
He wanted to make a compromise between antislavery Northerners and proslavery Southerners but it led to the breakup of his political party.
Fillmore helped world trade and opened Japanese ports to U.S. ships.
He returned to Buffalo to become that city’s leading citizen, devoting himself to educational and charitable affairs.
He became the first chancellor of the University of Buffalo and the first president of the Buffalo Historical Society.
In 1858 he married Caroline McIntosh, the widow of Ezekiel McIntosh of Albany.
Fillmore died on March 8, 1874 in Buffalo, New York. He was buried in Forest Lawn Cemetery.
The city in the state of New York, Districts of Minnesota, Nebraska and Utah were named in honor of Fillmore. | <urn:uuid:cb21dfe8-7f1f-4a1f-9849-e913f480e274> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://mirfaces.com/millard-fillmore-13th-president-america/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710533.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128135348-20221128165348-00866.warc.gz | en | 0.985595 | 433 | 3.375 | 3 |
ERIC Number: ED118561
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1976
Reference Count: 0
Oral History as a Teaching Approach.
Neuenschwander, John A.
The book presents information on the use of oral history as a classroom device. The first chapter discusses the evolution of oral history from a practice intended to preserve information on noted Americans to a way of preserving recollections of older Americans about the past. The second chapter explains why interviewing members of their own communities can make children more interested in the subjects they study. The "Foxfire Book," a popular anthology on Appalachia, originating from a social studies class, is used as an example of stimulating, innovative project. The third chapter offers suggestions on preparing the student as an interviewer, such as how to be a good listener, ask good questions, and put the interviewee at ease. Methods of using tapes are compared in chapter 4. It is recommended that segments of the tape be indexed rather than transcribing all the tapes, which is time-consuming and costly. Chapter 5 discusses the development of an oral history project and provides examples, including a sample release form, which gives a project the subject's permission to use the interview, and a sample interview. The author states that the establishment of an oral history association, the increasing use of oral history in schools and colleges, and the enthusiasm usually associated with its use indicate that oral history is likely to be a major adjunct to classroom instruction in the 1970's. (CD)
Descriptors: Class Activities, Community Characteristics, Community Study, Cultural Background, Culture, History Instruction, Instructional Innovation, Interviews, Local History, Older Adults, Oral History, Secondary Education, Social History, Social Studies, Speech Communication, Tape Recordings
NEA Publications, Order Department, The Academic Buidling, Saw Mill Road, West Haven, Connecticut 06516 (Stock No. 1801-X-00; no price quoted)
Publication Type: Reports - Descriptive
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: National Education Association, Washington, DC. | <urn:uuid:8768d028-8711-4ace-9662-156d69d082fe> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED118561 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171166.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00595-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897725 | 431 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Millions of Americans have cast their vote for the next U.S. president, but not all of those votes will be counted equally, even if the system works perfectly. And the candidate who wins the most votes might not be the one who is elected.
This all by design: The Electoral College system favors voters in a small group of battleground states at the expense of most Americans and over-represents white voters while ignoring many voters of color. A growing chorus of legal and policy experts, along with the majority of Americans, believe it should change.
“The history of the Electoral College is not anything to be proud of,” said John Kowal, vice president for programs at the Brennan Center for Justice and an expert on the Electoral College. “At the root of it is a distrust of voters and a desire to appease the slave-holding South by giving them more power.”
Like many critics of the Electoral College, Kowal believes the system is flawed in multiple ways. But at its core, the system is antidemocratic: On five separate occasions — the elections of 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016 — the college has awarded the presidency to the candidate who lost the popular vote.
The U.S. doesn’t actually have a system for a national popular vote. Instead, voters in each state cast their ballots for candidates in hopes of winning all the state’s electors, who then convene in December to pick the next president. States are granted electors proportionate to their populations, with a nationwide total of 538 electors. Candidates need to win an absolute majority of electoral votes, 270 or more, to win the election.
“The most unacceptable and undemocratic feature of the Electoral College is that candidates have no incentive to spend any money or time in California, New York, or Wyoming or Mississippi,” Kowal said.
In its current form, the Electoral College has divided U.S. states into “safe states” — where one candidate is almost sure to win — and swing states. As a result, candidates spend a disproportionate amount of time and money on swing states while ignoring the majority of the country. Voters in reliably Republican or Democratic states can easily feel like their vote doesn’t matter.
“People don’t participate in government because they don’t feel represented, and they’re right to feel that way,” said Jesse Wegman, author of the 2020 book Let the People Pick the President: The Case for Abolishing the Electoral College.
The Electoral College in its current form is also a serious impediment to racial justice. Rev. Dr. William Barber II, founder of Moral Mondays and co-chair of the Poor People's Campaign, has often publicly criticized the Electoral College, calling it “one of the last vestiges of the politics of a slave nation.”
When the college was first established, southern states were granted votes for three-fifths of their slave populations, even though those enslaved people were themselves unable to vote. This effectively gave white southerners an outsized influence on the electoral process until the end of the Jim Crow era.
Even today, many African Americans, who overwhelmingly vote for Democratic presidential candidates, live in reliably “red” states where electors vote for Republicans. This means that their votes don’t make it to the Electoral College, giving them less of a voice in presidential elections.
“Black folks in the South are outvoted all the time,” said Wilfred Codrington III, a constitutional law scholar and professor at Brooklyn Law. “Georgia might be in play and people are talking about it now, but it shouldn’t just be happenstance that now a state is in play.”
“A bunch of the swing states are not reflective of the country’s demographics,” he stressed. “White voters generally are overrepresented.”
The racist legacy of the Electoral College has also impacted efforts to change it. “White southerners stood in the way of even serious consideration of replacing the Electoral College with a national popular vote, from the nation’s founding into the 1970s,” said Alexander Keyssar, Harvard professor of history and social policy and author of Why Do We Still Have the Electoral College? “They did that because they had large disenfranchised Black populations.”
New momentum for change
So what can be done? Since the founding of the United States, there have been approximately 800 congressional attempts to amend or abolish the college, according to Wegman. Abolishing the Electoral College would require a constitutional amendment, a huge feat and one that is unlikely to happen anytime soon. But there’s an alternative that has been gaining momentum over the past decade: the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact.
First introduced in 2006, the interstate compact is an agreement between states that would effectively create a national popular vote while still using the electoral college system — without requiring a constitutional amendment. Sixteen states representing 196 electoral votes have already passed laws enacting the compact, which will go into effect as soon as it has states representing 270 or more electoral votes. That could be as soon as the 2024 election.
Most states grant their electors on a winner-take-all basis, meaning that they give all of their electoral votes to the candidate who wins the popular vote in that state. But this isn’t required by the Constitution and only became the case after states passed winner-take-all laws in the 19th century. This means that the interstate compact isn’t a workaround of the Electoral College. “It’s using the Electoral College the same way it’s being used now,” Wegman said.
“The power exists within the United States Constitution to have a national popular vote for president,” said Patrick Rosenstiel, senior consultant to National Popular Vote, a 501(c)(4) nonprofit that advocates for the interstate compact. “You don’t need to amend a city charter to fix a pothole. You can just fix a pothole.”
The effort has bipartisan support and a majority of Americans (approximately 58 percent to 61 percent, depending on polling) believe that the Electoral College should be replaced with a nationwide popular vote, indicating that they’d also likely support the compact.
Kowal believes a long-term fix should come through the Constitution, but he said the compact is an “ingenious” use of the powers that states already have. “If you move to a national popular vote, both parties would have to go to where their voters are,” he said. “A national popular vote system might energize people.”
Rosenstiel went even further, calling a national popular vote “the ultimate social justice issue.”
“The moral imperative here is that every voter, no matter what zip code they’re in, no matter what state they’re in, no matter what creed, should be relevant in the process we use to select the president of the United States,” he said. | <urn:uuid:186dcfb9-01bd-4fe3-91f4-63d032fa577a> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://sojo.net/articles/why-should-we-fix-electoral-college-its-racist-experts-say | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178385378.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308143535-20210308173535-00384.warc.gz | en | 0.956984 | 1,497 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Waiting to explode in Laos
POOR Laos has the distinction of being one of the most heavily bombarded countries on earth. During the Vietnam war, America dropped some 2m tonnes of explosives along the Ho Chi Minh Trail in the jungles of eastern Laos, flying an average of one bombing mission every eight minutes around the clock for nine years. Up to 30% of the bombs came to earth without going off. They are slowly being cleared with the help of foreign experts. Although the work is far from finished, the foreigners are being asked to leave.
Unexploded bombs maim or kill over 200 people a year, and prevent the cultivation of vast areas of land. Villagers often discover American-made 500lb and 1,000lb blockbusters. Millions of “bombies”—tennis-ball-sized devices from American cluster bombs—lurk in topsoil and bamboo thickets, along with hand grenades and mortar and artillery shells.
A Christian group, the Mennonite Central Committee, began to help Laos start clearing bombs in the 1970s. In time, the United Nations set up a scheme, UXO Lao, through which foreigners were to work with some 1,000 local trainees.
Why are the foreigners being asked to leave? Mainly because the government wants to show its socialist self-sufficiency. For its part, the UN would like to create a sustainable local bomb-clearance programme before its scheme ends in 2002. Yet some people say the locals are not yet skilled enough to continue the job. Whereas a European military bomb-disposal officer is given four to seven years of training, his Lao counterpart has a mere nine weeks. Moreover, most of the locals' training has been in clearing landmines, which represent just 4% of the explosives in Laos. The government has, however, chosen a new contractor to give the locals advanced training in bomb-disposal techniques. They will have no shortage of work.
This article appeared in the Asia section of the print edition under the headline "Waiting to explode in Laos"
From the May 20th 2000 edition
Discover stories from this section and more in the list of contentsExplore the edition
More from Asia
Millions of dead fish are washing up in Australia
Climate change and poor management are imperilling its biggest river system
Russian arms have fewer takers in South-East Asia
South Korea looks set to become the region’s new weapons-maker of choice
North Koreans are at growing risk of starvation
Reports of terrible hunger are emerging from the closed-off state | <urn:uuid:9f214da8-bbea-4dea-98e1-6a41b2af4d54> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.economist.com/asia/2000/05/18/waiting-to-explode-in-laos | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945433.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326044821-20230326074821-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.962716 | 533 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Definition and background:
The raised seventh note ( leading tone) in the C major scale. This pitch has no solfeggio representation because the actual pitch is the same as the tonic or eighth note ( C) in the fixed do system. However, the note name B-sharp is necessary in certain instances such as the key of C-sharp major where B-sharp is the seventh note ( leading tone) or A-sharp minor where B-sharp is the second note ( supertonic). The frequencies of the audible pitches of B-sharp are notated below. See also [Eng.] B-Sharp; [Fr.] Si diese; [Ger.] His; [It.] Si diesis; [Sp.] Si sostenido.
For more information on the music term "B-sharp" check out these other resources:
Wikipedia - Glossary of Musical Terminology
Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary
ORB -- Medieval Music Glossary | <urn:uuid:eb80f299-19e1-42c3-a3c5-c94e14d29752> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://musicterms.artopium.com/b/B-sharp.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549428257.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727122407-20170727142407-00450.warc.gz | en | 0.841349 | 198 | 3.96875 | 4 |
Well, even if you haven’t been familiar with the details, it is considered as common sense that your oil of the engine should never really mix with the water or any coolant, and if it does so, something is going wrong with your vehicle that needs your attention.
But why is it considered so and what does happen when oil mixes with the coolant? What does it mean?
To answer these questions, let’s first understand the basics of engine functioning, which will also help you to identify, which type of problem might be persisting in your vehicle’s engine.
What Do the Oil and Coolant Achieve?
Oil and water shouldn’t come together in your vehicle. This is because oil, as we all know, is a lubricant that is being used to lubricate the different movable parts of your car’s engine. And as the engine drives the vehicle, it generates an immense amount of heat due to the energy being produced.
To cool this down, coolants are used, which keep the temperatures of the engine steady and under control. In your car, truck, or any other four wheeler vehicle, the engine is designed in quite a peculiar manner so that it can be covered completely with a top that would protect the engine from foreign agents.
1. The Structure in Detail
The cylinder shaped head in this system happens to be a part of the cooling system rests on the block of the engine. The block of the engine is the structure, which has several different combustion chambers or cylinders. The cylindrical shaped head forms the upper portion or ceiling of the chambers where combustion and ignition take place.
Between the engine block structure and the cylinder-shaped head rests the head gasket (cylinder) – the central part of your vehicle’s engine that requires attention when oil is getting mixed with the coolant. This head gasket has a paramount function as it seals both the cylinder head and the engine block that contain engine valves and pistons along with crankshafts respectively.
The engine valves are located in the top part whereas the pistons and crankshafts are located at the bottom.
- Two different and distinct channel networks are bored into your vehicle’s engine block. One of those networks is the engine oil while the other is for the coolant.
- The engine oil’s network directs the oil to the parts of the engine where it is required whereas the same is achieved for water or coolant inside the engine’s cooling system.
- Observe your combustion engine if possible. Here, a thin sheet called head gasket was introduced during the early development stages.
- The objective of the head gasket in the internal combustion engine is to ensure highest possible compression and avoid any or all type of leakage of the liquids inside (engine oil and the coolant), onto the cylinders.
- This was achieved by sealing off the cylinders with the head gasket. The cylinder head gasket, therefore, happens to be one of the most significant applications of sealing in a vehicular engine.
- Being a part of the combustion chamber, the cylinder head gasket has the same physical strength specifications and requirements as the other components in the combustion chamber.
2. Mixing of Oil and Coolant
The necessary conclusion that can be drawn from the mixing of oil and water in your vehicle’s engine is that the seal of the engine has broken off, and thus the head gasket has terribly malfunctioned or broken down. Usually, the radiator top up a tank or the reservoir tank shows the mixing of the oil and coolant. We find the coolant to have transformed into a milky substance or a brown mass.
This means the cylinder head gasket and the internal engine require your attention because due to the failure, an unknown internal leakage has been induced, which has caused the mixing of the two liquids. Is it dangerous? Yes, indeed because it can cause damage to your engine and thus, wreck your vehicle.
However, it wouldn’t be wrong to say that this phenomenon does not usually take place in the latest car or vehicular models all of a sudden. Overworking of the engine, improper servicing, accidental heavy impact and age-related vehicle weariness are the common causes of mixing of the engine oil and the coolant.
3. The Common Reasons – Why Does It Happen?
Engine’s head gasket failing to perform its function is just the common guess of every vehicle owner and novice, but there might be other specific reasons as well, which might have caused this malfunction to happen. According to the leading mechanics and vehicular engine experts, some of the reasons why your oil is ending up in the cooling reservoir are as follows:
- The basic, broken or damaged cylinder head gasket is the leading cause of the mixing of the two fluids. In the case of any light or heavy damage to the gasket, the oil and the coolant will be eventually allowed to mix.
- Damage to the cylinder head to is one of the main reasons of the mixing to take place. The cracked or damaged cylinder head might be a result of overheating, overuse of the engine or a heavy impact in the accident. After this damage, there is a dire need to get the cylinder head replaced as soon as possible because if this is not achieved in due time, the damaged cylinder head would not correctly direct the coolant after some time, which might then get mixed up with the engine oil.
- Damage to the engine block is uncommon, but it too can lead to the mixing of the oil and the coolant, leading you to find the oil in the coolant A damaged or cracked engine block happens to rest in the lower engine part that contains several movable parts (that use oil). Slight damage to the engine block too causes the oil to mix with the coolant in the coolant reservoir.
- Overheating or overuse of the engine is not good for every part of the engine and can cause many different malfunctions, one of them being the oil flowing into the coolant reservoir and the eventual mixing of the two liquids. Extreme overheating of the engine tends to destroy the head gasket, which as mentioned, allows internal leakage of the engine oil.
- Excess of water into the engine that rises to the top might also lead to the mixing of the two fluids. Vehicle often passes through water and this water might enter the engine through exhaust pipe as well, damaging the flow and functioning of the engine, causing the oil to leak and water to mix with the engine oil.
4. Handling the Mixing
If you have opened the reservoir or the radiator top and observe that the coolant-oil mixture has formed, and the vehicle has started to behave in an odd manner, it is time for you to take immediate action. However, with little knowledge of the vehicular engine’s functioning, you can’t do much other than cleaning up. Hence, you should be an immediate call for experienced vehicle mechanic who is not only knowledgeable but has the extensive experience of identifying such kinds of problems to give a proper solution.
Depending on whether the problem is extreme or small, the mechanic might give you different solutions. For example, if the problem is small and can be simply taken care of by adequate cleaning or change of a little part in the engine, or can be corrected with a change in the filter, the same would be done, and your vehicle would be a god to go. If the problem, however, happens to be large and has been persistent, you might require an engine overhaul or replacement of several parts of your engine to rectify the issue.
Why Is It So Important?
Well, handling the mixing of the two liquids is important not because it is causing wastage of the coolant or the engine oil, but because it can cause even more severe damage to the engine of your car and lead to even bigger problems. It has been reported that poor use and maintenance of the vehicles often tends to put the engine of your vehicle at a substantial risk of getting damaged, irrespective of the extent.
If the damage takes place and the mixing of the two liquids also happens, the engine will not function properly – neither it will be able to drive the vehicle nor will it cool down efficiently after overheating and overuse. This might, in turn, causes sparking, fire or even small explosion in the engine of your vehicle, putting your car and your life in danger. Thus, it is crucial to counter this problem as soon as possible.
Oil in the coolant reservoir can be a huge issue or a small leakage result, which can be rectified in time if action is taken immediately. As it can turn into a serious problem in the future, it is highly advised that you consider getting proper leak tests done for your engine by an experienced mechanic so that your vehicle life gets extended and you are saved from probable severe damages in the future. | <urn:uuid:60193b87-b18e-4733-9dbf-0a4e19082d9d> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://drivinglife.net/oil-in-coolant-reservior/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687582.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920232245-20170921012245-00490.warc.gz | en | 0.958283 | 1,838 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Bringing Technology To You
EDES have the capabilities to create full augmented models that can be introduced to virtual reality either with mobile device or head set. or we can take 360 degree recording of site for you to playback on any headset/computer/tablet
What Is it?
Virtual reality (VR) is an interactive computer-generated experience taking place within a simulated environment. It incorporates mainly auditory and visual feedback, but may also allow other types of sensory feedback like haptic. This immersive environment can be similar to the real world or it can be fantastical. Augmented reality systems may also be considered a form of VR that layers virtual information over a live camera feed into a headset or through a smartphone or tablet device giving the user the ability to view three-dimensional images. | <urn:uuid:7cce01e9-5ced-48d0-9430-aa419a8e4916> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.edesltd.com/2018/12/06/virtual-and-augumented-reality/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320299852.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220116093137-20220116123137-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.909392 | 158 | 2.859375 | 3 |
COMMON LAW OR CIVIL LAW IN PAKISTAN. LAW APPLICABLE!!
There is a fine distinction between Civil Law and Common Law, however the same are used interchangeably in Pakistan and most countries of the World. Pakistan was a colony of the British Empire pre partition therefore, Common law systems were inherited by Pakistan which places greater weight on court decisions, as opposed to civil law where judicial precedent is given less weight (which means that a judge deciding a given case has more freedom to interpret the text of a statute independently, and less predictably), and scholarly literature is given more. As a general rule of thumb, common law systems trace their history to England, while civil law systems trace their history to Roman law and the Napoleonic Code.
Common law is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals (also called case law), rather than through legislative statutes or executive branch action. A “common law system” is a legal system that gives great precedential weight to common law, on the principle that it is unfair to treat similar facts differently on different occasions. The body of precedent is called “common law” and it binds future decisions.
Due to this fine distinction, it is far more important to assign your case to a lawyer well conversant with the case laws and statutes, since these precedents form the main basis of decision in Pakistani Courts. Most of the case law is and was developed through interpretation of statutes it is also a imperative for a lawyer to have keen eye on Statutes and change proposed in them for resolving of civil dispute.
ADJUDICATING COMMON LAW CASES (CIVIL LAW DISPUTES)?
In a common law jurisdiction several stages of research and analysis are required to determine what “the law is” in a given situation. First, one must ascertain the facts. Then, one must locate any relevant statutes and cases. Then one must extract the principles, analogies and statements by various courts of what they consider important to determine how the next court is likely to rule on the facts of the present case. Later decisions, and decisions of higher courts or legislatures carry more weight than earlier cases and those of lower courts. Finally, one integrates all the lines drawn and reasons given, and determines what “the law is”. Then, one applies that law to the facts.
COMMON LAW CASES (CIVIL DISPUTES) BROUGHT INTO PAKISTANI COURTS?
Common Law seeks to resolve non-criminal disputes such as disagreements over the meaning of contracts, property ownership, divorce, child custody, and damages for personal and property damage. A civil court is a place where people can solve their problems with people peacefully. The function of civil law is to provide a legal remedy to solve problems. Sometimes civil law/common law is based on a state or federal statute; at other times civil law is based on a ruling by the court.
Civil law covers a wide spectrum of topics. Some of these topics are:
- CONSUMER LAW
- INTERNATIONAL LAW
- AGRICULTURAL LAW
- EMPLOYMENT LAW
- ANIMAL LAW
- ENTERTAINMENT LAW
- BUSINESS LAW
- FAMILY LAW
- SPORTS LAW
- TAX LAW
- INTENTIONAL TORTS SUCH AS LIBEL, SLANDER, DEFAMATION OF CHARACTER, BATTERY AND ASSAULT.
CAN MASOOD & MASOOD EXPRESS OPINION PROR TO A COURSE OF ACTION AND HELP PREDICT COMMON LAW OUTCOMES
Yes, the reliance on judicial opinion is strength of common law systems, and is a significant contributor to the robust commercial systems in Pakistan. Because there is common law to give reasonably precise guidance on almost every issue, parties (especially commercial parties) can predict whether a proposed course of action is likely to be lawful or unlawful. This ability to predict gives more freedom to come close to the boundaries of the law. For example, many commercial contracts are more economically efficient, and create greater wealth, because the parties know ahead of time that the proposed arrangement, though perhaps close to the line, is almost certainly legal.
In case you would like our assistance in a legal dispute entailing common law practice or just want us to opine on the balance of probabilities, do let Masood and Masood know at your earliest convenience.
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The greatest scientific advances from the muslim world is that during the dark ages of medieval europe, incredible scientific advances were made in the muslim. Timeline of enlightenment scientific discoveries made with timetoast's free interactive timeline making software. T he 1920's was a prolific period for new inventions and improvements to existing technology, that had a major impact on the way people lived 1920's science and. Definitions of the important terms you need to know about in order to understand the scientific revolution during the scientific revolution advance science. The first great age of science in perhaps none of the hellenistic advances in science surpassed in among his most important achievements were a. 90th anniversary issue: 1950s dna's structure revealed and other perhaps it didn’t help that the research paper began with one of science’s most famous. How technology shaped the civil war with the technological advances of ideas reported by the scientific american during this crisis probably failed. | <urn:uuid:d8c66e93-3e78-494b-8f95-491d29fd6c0a> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://szessayxfhn.voteforthegirls.us/an-important-scientific-advance-during-the.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592150.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721012433-20180721032433-00125.warc.gz | en | 0.966182 | 585 | 3.1875 | 3 |
A cataract is a dense opacity of the lens. Horses may be born with cataracts (congenital cataracts) or cataracts may develop after birth in the foal (juvenile cataracts) or the adult horse (adult or senile cataracts). There are multiple causes of equine cataracts. While cataracts may be inherited, this is not overly common in the horse. Cataracts may also be caused by an injury to the eye, but most cataracts in adult horses are caused by diseases that lead to inflammation within the eye. One such disease is equine recurrent uveitis, also called moon blindness or periodic ophthalmia.
The management of equine cataracts depends on the type of cataract present. Some cataracts remain small enough that vision is not impaired; these cataracts may require little or no treatment, except periodic rechecks by the veterinary ophthalmologist to monitor for changes and the possible need for medications. Congenital cataracts in foals may require surgical removal of the entire lens if the cataracts cause blindness. The lens in an animal less than one year old may be removed under general anesthesia by breaking up the lens with a needle and aspirating it from the eye. Cataractous lens removal in a horse less than one year old has a 60-80 percent chance of success for vision. The procedure is benefited if the foal is halter broken and easy to handle. It must also be kept in mind that congenital cataracts may be inherited, and the trait passed to progeny.
Cataracts of an adult horse may only be removed surgically if the eye does not have other inflammatory diseases and if the deeper structures of the eye are functional. The lens of an adult horse is harder than the foal lens; therefore, surgical removal of an adult lens is more complicated than removal of a foal lens. Lens removal in the adult horse has approximately a 50 percent chance of success for vision.
Surgical removal of the lens is followed by intensive treatment with medications; it may be necessary to continue treatment for several weeks to months. During the treatment period, the horse should be kept in a darkened stall with limited exercise. Hay should be removed from overhead racks and fed on the ground.
Complications of lens removal in any horse include: persistent or recurring inflammation inside the eye, corneal ulcers, corneal cloudiness, glaucoma, bleeding, or retinal detachment. Any of these complications may lead to discomfort, blindness, or shrinkage of the eye.
Any horse that has had surgical lens removal is not considered “sound” because vision is somewhat altered from that of a normal eye. However, the horse may still be functional and serviceable with the appropriate training.
The subpalpebral lavage system is used to deliver medication to the horse’s eye easily and efficiently. The system is made from a flexible tube which is passed through the upper eyelid into the conjunctival fornix (the uppermost space located between the pink tissue of the eyelid and the eye). Medication is introduced to the system at a distant site by injection and is delivered to the eye through the tubing. Upon reaching the end of the tubing in the upper conjunctival fornix, medication exits the system and runs over the eye.
Medications should be injected slowly into the system and significant amounts of resistance should not be encountered. Introduction of medication into the tubing should be followed by injecting enough air into the system to move the medication through the tubing to the eye. With each successful delivery of medication to the eye, the medication should actually be seen running out over the eye. Vaseline can be smeared on the skin under the eye to prevent a moist rash.
The veterinarian should be contacted to check the lavage system if any of the following occurs:
- Swelling of the upper eyelid
- Difficulty or resistance in injecting medication into the system
- Leakage of medication at the injection (introductory) port
- Breakage of tubing
- Medication leaking out over the upper eyelid instead of under it
- Unable to actually see the medication running over the eye
- Increased ocular pain
If you have any question about this information please contact your veterinarian. | <urn:uuid:4fd03565-8742-469a-a420-b855172e124c> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.akorn.com/aec-equine-cataracts.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585381.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021040342-20211021070342-00716.warc.gz | en | 0.93327 | 895 | 3.421875 | 3 |
During the hurricane season of 2004, Florida endured a phenomenon never before encountered in recorded history. The "Sunshine State" took the brunt of not one, not two, not three, but four major hurricanes! Three of these amazing storms, Hurricanes Charley, Frances, and Jeanne, blew directly through Central Florida and impacted the two animal facilities maintained by Natural Encounters, Inc. (NEI).
NEI's primary facility, a 34-acre ranch located in Winter Haven, is approximately 30 miles southwest of Orlando . Maintaining over 200 animals, the ranch is utilized for housing, training, and breeding of an extensive bird collection as well as a few small mammals. This is also the location for a variety of animal training workshops offered and taught by NEI throughout the year
Our secondary facility, and the focus of this paper, is inside the Disney's Animal Kingdom (DAK) Theme Park. This location is home to one of our free-flight bird shows, Flights of Wonder, and maintains over 120 individual animals from parrots to cranes to eagles. All of the animals housed in this facility have received extensive handling and training to either participate in our Disney production or to serve as education birds for guest encounters. As it turned out, that training made all the difference in how these animals were able to weather the storms. It was during these high-stress environments that we realized the enormous impact managing trained animals had in our hurricane preparedness and ride out, and the extrapolations that could be made to any captive animal in an emergency situation.
Preparations for each storm, as you might assume, followed established protocols that had long been in place. Functioning under the Disney umbrella, our first point of reference was the Walt Disney World Resort Hurricane Emergency Management Plan. After all, as contractors, we were expected to adhere to all DAK protocols including the timelines stipulated for the park to be in lock-down (meaning no one was allowed to enter or exit the park), who was allowed to remain on property with the animals during the hurricane, appropriate lines of communication to use at specific stages of the ride-out, and so forth. The storms were divided into 6 phases. The table below illustrates these phases specific to the Flights of Wonder Show.
Review current plans and checklists, review personnel and resource availability for ride-out crew, verify contact numbers and emergency data.
|Storm likely within 24-36 hours
Brief personnel, begin gathering needed supplies.
|Storm probable within 12-24 hours
All pre-determined emergency supplies delivered, intensify clean-up and tie-down, label and preparation of all temporary animal crates, preparation of animal diets for ride-out.
|Storm impending within 6-12 hours
Complete all clean-up and tie-down, authorized ride-out crew and animals report to designated shelter, unauthorized crew are released to go home, animals in outside holding are crated and moved into the bird show building for security.
|Storm imminent, take shelter
Shutdown all activities. All ride-out crews remain in designated shelters.
|Post storm phase
Damage assessment and situational reports submitted. Establish a positive business resumption schedule for DAK show, notify staff with timeline on reporting back to work as soon as practical.
We had also created an NEI Hurricane Protocol to address our specific additional needs. This protocol covered needed supplies, placement of animals and equipment as well as key staff to contact and how to reach them (cell phones are a wonderful thing). A similar, yet slightly less rigid due to differences in security, protocol was in place at our ranch facility. Having said that, our protocols had never been previously tested. That was about to change.
Making Preparations: Phases 5-4
As the first hurricane began brewing in the Atlantic, there was a mere murmur about it among the staff (and most Central Florida residents in general). Most of us had lived in the area for many years and were utterly confident in the assumption that hurricanes wouldn't come far enough inland to have a substantial impact on us. We were accustomed to intense storms and high winds, but a hurricane in Orlando? Come on! So, with a roll of our eyes at the weather forecasters' predictions that Hurricane Charley would indeed make it to our doorstep sustaining hurricane force winds, we went about our daily tasks with a mere glimmer of interest.
However, as Hurricane Charley grew closer and showed no signs of slowing, and in addition, changed it's track from bypassing us to the north to hitting us head-on, we had little choice but to take notice and begin preparations. Given that none of us had experienced a storm of this magnitude in Central Florida, it is no surprise that we learned a great deal from this initial storm that fostered more efficient preparations in the storms to come.
The first order of business for each hurricane was to determine ride-out crews for DAK and the ranch that would remain with the animals throughout the storm. Although the staff at our ranch facility changed with each storm due to availability, we, the authors, rode out each storm at our DAK facility as a team.
As we began preparations, rounding up supplies, securing everything that wasn't a permanent structure and determining how best to situate all of our animals, the first storm found us flying by the seat of our pants at times (bad pun intended). With each hurricane, however, our efficiency and confidence increased. By the time we were preparing for Hurricane Jeanne to roll through, preparations seemed old-hat.
Experiencing the Outer Bands: Phases 3-2
It was during phases 3-2 that the action really shifted into high gear. This was also the time frame when our collection first demonstrated for us the inestimable benefit of working with well-trained, flexible, confident animals.
Once all static items were secured, supplies were in place, and the facility had been checked and double-checked, the staff began preparing to relocate all of our birds residing in outside enclosures to the inside of our concrete bird show building or the inside of our parrot/bird of prey building. The staff cleaned and labeled appropriately sized crates (large enough for them to remain in for 24 hours if need be) with each animal's name or group.
During Hurricane Charley, we were skeptical that all of the birds would crate on cue. Yes, these birds are fully trained for show behaviors. Yes, they voluntarily go into crates several times per day on a daily basis to be taken to their release points, then voluntarily run into different crates to be taken back to their enclosure. Yet, somehow, we were convinced this situation was different. Our inclination was that they would sense the different context, would be nervous about the change in air pressure and weather due to the impending storm, and would require coaxing and/or force under these unusual circumstances. We were wrong.
They amazed us. During each storm they crated as if nothing were unusual—as if the winds weren't whipping around at ridiculous speeds, as if it weren't raining (as a side note, we usually do not do shows in the rain due to the risk to the electrical equipment), as if we weren't all wearing clothes they were not accustomed to seeing us in, as if there wasn't a palpable electricity in the air.
The process couldn't have gone more smoothly. The trainers simply placed each labeled crate in front of the appropriate pen. Then when we felt we couldn't safely wait any longer (we wanted to avoid undue length of time in the crates), we opened the crate doors, gave the crate cue as usual, and almost every animal responded without hesitation. Alright, so it wasn't 100 percent. They're not animatronic, after all, even at Disney! They did however, consistently respond as well as they do for any given show, from the first hurricane to the last.
Weathering the Storms: Phase 1
Phase one of the hurricane protocol is when we experienced the true force of each of the storms. It is the time period when the hurricane passes through, bringing the strongest winds and inflicting the most damage. At this point, all animals should be securely where they will ride out the storm and staff should remain inside a designated building (in our case, it was the bird show building) until the storm has passed. As anticipated, little during the first hurricane went as planned.
It was during the first intense wind gust of Hurricane Charley that we began to question the strength of our parrot/bird of prey building. The combination of watching businesses and homes on the television news having their roofs effortlessly peeled off and hearing our own metal roof creaking and flexing with the pressure of the intense gusts heightened our concerns. The one animal that seemed the most vulnerable in her location was our Harpy Eagle, Imataca.
Normally residing in one of our outside enclosures and too large to fit into even our largest crate comfortably, we had tethered her to a large, extremely heavy, perch in an open space between our parrot row and our bird of prey mews. Behaviorally, she seemed completely relaxed. It was we who were worried. So, between storm bands, but still in rain and high winds, we relocated Imataca to the more secure cement block bird show building. Owing to the Harpy Eagle's experience and comfort being handled by multiple trainers in varied situations as well as being housed in multiple locations, dependent on the season, she tolerated the move beautifully. She stepped up onto DonnaSue's glove and appeared more interested in watching Angi struggle with transferring the heavy perch to the show building than in the swirling debris around her.
After all, Imataca is nothing, if not bold, a trait she demonstrated for us more than once during these storms. Also during Hurricane Charley, she gave Angi a jolt by flying to and attempting to land on a crate right beside where Angi had her legs propped up, watching the news report on television. Once again, Imataca cooperatively allowed herself to be picked up and taken back to her perch (where she was secured with a much shorter tether!) and resumed destroying the catalogs given to her as enrichment. Clearly, the animals were adjusting better to the circumstances than the staff were, demonstrable by the 10-foot leap Angi achieved at the sight of the Harpy landing next to her. It's also interesting to note that Imataca, whom we assumed to be too young to breed at that point, laid an egg the day after Hurricane Charley and has now been paired with a male from the San Diego Wild Animal Park for breeding. Perhaps the clouds of Hurricane Charley truly did have a silver lining.
Another lesson we learned while riding out these storms was better organization of the bird crates in the bird show building. Most of the crates, as mentioned earlier, were quite large and were usually stacked two-high. What we weren't aware of before it was demonstrated quite spectacularly was that if a large bird pounds hard enough, long enough on a crate door, it may jar it open. An Abyssinian Ground Hornbill who, immediately upon release from his crate, flew to a swinging light fixture above the Harpy Eagle, confirmed this particular feat. This led to an entire comedy of errors for the following ten to fifteen minutes involving the Harpy being picked up once again and taken to an adjacent office where Angi's small dog proved much more of a distraction for the eagle than either the hurricane or the hornbill. Once again, due to foundation behaviors such as extensive handling, having a recall or come-to cue and crating, both birds were safely returned to their designated locations without incident. The lesson learned: all birds with the potential to dislodge the doors on their crates are placed with their doors against the walls.
Post Storm Phase
In the end, we found that our animal enclosures were stronger than we anticipated, both at DAK and the ranch, even with large tree limbs on top of them. Of all of the storms, Hurricane Charley inflicted the most severe damage to our facilities. This is potentially simply due to the fact that Charley took out most of the large trees and unstable branches as well as any non hurricane-proof structures, leaving less for the two hurricanes that followed to feed on. In retrospect, we learned that Charley was the first storm of its strength to reach Central Florida in 44 years. Frances, however, was in fact the largest storm by size to hit Florida in over 60 years.
Overall, we sustained minor damage at our Disney facility including large limbs and portions of trees on our enclosures and on the roof of our show building as well as minor damage to our stage area shade structure. Extensive debris followed each hurricane requiring days of clean up, but not a single bird was lost due to the storms.
Our ranch facility did not fare as well. It suffered extensive damage including complete loss of the 2-story pool enclosure that was functioning as an aviary, and the solar panels adjacent to the primary house (Steve Martin's home). Many of the bird enclosures incurred damage due to limbs or entire trees falling on them, the roof over three out of the four goat stalls was blown off, and the roof of the quarantine building was completely lost with many of the 2X4s from the building impaling themselves in the intern house next door (luckily, the resident at the time, Jessie, was in the main house during the storm).
Due to the fact that many of the birds at our ranch are either in breeding situations or are in the process of being trained, securing the animals took additional time and effort. Fortunately for us, we have staff with a wealth of expertise on crating animals voluntarily when possible as well as swift, efficient capture and restraint when needed. At a facility housing over 200 animals, all individuals were secured in either the living room of the main house, the garage, or the hurricane shelter, with the exception of the small birds in our free flight aviary. This aviary housed approximately 50 small birds including finches, starlings, and rosellas. With the collapse of the aviary during the height of the storm, the birds inside were released. Within the first 24 hours after Hurricane Charley, our staff was able to recapture approximately half of that collection.
Although we can never fully eliminate the risk of losing an animal during an emergency, we can and should do everything within our ability to minimize those risks. Having identified some of the weaknesses in our original hurricane protocol, we are now better aware of the measures necessary to best promote the safety of our collection during severe weather conditions. Our new hurricane protocol reflects those lessons learned.
Weathering the storms throughout the hurricane season of 2004 taught us many things. Most importantly, it reminded us of something that we try to teach people everyday in our business: whenever possible, be proactive. Be proactive not only in acquisition of supplies and equipment for emergency situations, but proactive in how you train your animals. Many behaviors existing in our birds' extensive show-based repertoire proved to be life-saving actions. Even in the midst of a hurricane, strong foundation behaviors allowed for minimal stress and loss of life in our collection.
The same can be said of any zoological institution or any domestic animal in an emergency situation. Solid foundation behaviors such as recall, come, and crate have enormous potential to save an animal's life in an emergency situation. Far from a frivolous undertaking, emergency circumstances do arise. Whether the occasion is an unprecedented hurricane season, a fire, a potential prey animal (or worse, a person) falling into a carnivore exhibit, or any other of the million scenarios possible, managing trained animals improves their chances of surviving whatever the situation may be.
Equally important is active desensitization of pets or exotic animals in your care to a variety of individuals and situations. This training promotes a higher comfort level in the animal when circumstances demand that they cooperate with people with whom they are less familiar. If animals are routinely exposed to new people and these experiences are consistently positive, the animal will likely be much more accepting of strangers or people with whom they have a limited history. We believe this strategy of preparedness through proactive operant conditioning had without question a dramatic impact on our ability to weather these devastating emergency situations in the best interest of our animals. Furthermore, we believe it has the ability to do the same for both domestic and exotic animals in any crisis situation. | <urn:uuid:b345f780-5681-4c43-b9b3-f2b192cf6187> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://clickertraining.com/node/283 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999163.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620065141-20190620091141-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.972996 | 3,377 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Please read this sentence:
Can you please tell me which one is correct and why? Or I can use both?On my last visit to Wilton, I found that the village hadn't changed/ didn't change much.
And also is this kind of sentence similar to "reported speech"? I mean what if I changed it to find? Then what will I have to fill in that place?
Thank you all in advance.
From the previous time that you visited the village, up to the point in time that you last visited, there had been very little change.
"Find" doesn't work at all in that context. | <urn:uuid:94260134-19af-446a-a54c-b4c2b067b3c6> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.usingenglish.com/forum/threads/132549-hadn-t-changed-didn-t-change | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257827080.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071027-00132-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981135 | 130 | 2.8125 | 3 |
"We didn't know we would find the reliefs and the inscriptions in such good condition," said Mansour Boraik, general supervisor of the Supreme Council of Antiquities in Luxor.
"The people who built the mosque for Haggag actually saved the inscriptions and reliefs."
More images and inscriptions will likely be discovered as the restoration continues, he said.
The reliefs are thought to depict the temple's dedication. (Read related story: "Giant Ancient Egyptian Sun Temple Discovered in Cairo" [March 1, 2006].)
Among the most important scenes are those that feature Ramses II offering the sun god Amun Re two obelisks to be installed at the temple's front facade. One of those obelisks still stands at the temple, and the other is now at the Place de la Concorde in Paris.
Another relief shows three statues of Ramses II wearing his traditional white crown.
Experts say the carved inscriptions provide some of best examples of cryptographic or enigmatic writing, an unusual form of hieroglyphic text in which each glyph could stand for an entire word, phrase, or concept.
Now that the depictions have been uncovered, archaeologists will likely have to negotiate with local religious leaders who see the exposed renderings in their mosque as a violation of Islamic law.
"There is no damage to the mosque whatsoever, but its a moral quandary because you have these two places of worship, one still alive and one from the past," said Johnson, of the Oriental Institute.
"It's a living sacred space."
Boraik said that his team is in talks with mosque leaders about how to proceed.
"I think all of them understand the importance of these things," he said.
The researchers expect to reach a compromise, they said, which might include retractable coverings or screens over the inscriptions. Removing the ancient features entirely would likely cause damage to the mosque.
"One has to be very sensitive about the restoration work and make sure the people know you are doing something good," said Salima Ikram, a professor of Egyptology at the American University of Cairo.
She added that such issues are common in a country with such a rich religious heritage.
"In a way the mosque is part of the history of the temple—both are significant monuments of antiquity."
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SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES | <urn:uuid:6e615378-5ba7-4533-bd8c-12bb1643bc85> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/09/070927-egypt-temple_2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645310.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317194447-20180317214447-00543.warc.gz | en | 0.959983 | 527 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Origins of apple are from Central Asia. Wild ancestor of fruit is Malus sieversii and it’s still possible to find it. According to researches, apple is cultivated before thousands of years in Asia. Also researches showed that apple tree is earliest tree to be cultivated. According to official reports, 69 million tons of apples are cultivating every year. China is the biggest producer and U.S is second. Also apple is used a cultural reference object in many empires. Most popular one is Adam and Eve’s story. There are also popular proverbs like “An apple a day keeps the doctor away” of British in the world. How many varieties of Apple are there?
According to researches, there are 7500 varieties of Apple in the world. It’s still possible to see scientists creating new varieties of apple. After a genome project, Italian scientists announced that they completely decoded apple genome so it will be possible to produce new apple varieties and apples with less genetic illnesses.
Braeburn is one of the most popular apple varieties in the world. It’s originated in New Zealand and firstly released to market in 50s. After researches, it’s revealed that Braeburn has similar nature with Lady Hamilton and Granny Smith and started to be growth in U.S. It’s color varies from orange to red. Also yellow background in this variety is wide. Braeburn has a crisp flesh and juicy inside. It’s available October through July.
Cortland is possible in U.S till 1800s latest period. It’s originally a cross between Ben Davis and McIntosh. According to official reports, it’s firstly developed in New York State Agricultural Experiment Station. Scientists tried to create a sweeter apple than McIntosh and named it Cortland. Most important feature of Cortland is its snow white flesh. Because of genetic feature, Cortland’s white fresh completely resists to getting brownish. Americans like to use it in salads. Variety is possible September through April.
Empire is one of the newest cross between McIntosh and Red Delicious. It’s created in New York State Agricultural Experiment Station. Most distinctive feature of Empire is its juicy inside. Also it has a delightful sweet−tart flavor. Empire is one of the most selling apple varieties in the U.S but it’s not so popular in Europe and Asia. Empire is available September through July.
Fuji is developed in Japan in 30s. Name of apple is coming from Mt. Fuji of Japan. It is very popular in Japan markets and become available in U.S markets after 80s. It’s a cross between Red Delicious and Ralls Janet. Most distinctive feature of Fuji is its sweet flavor. Also children love Fuji color because of their bi−colored outer side. Cultivation of Fuji starts in September and it’s available on all months now.
Gala is one of the most popular apple varieties worldwide. It’s originated in New Zealand. Variety is a cross between Golden Delicious and Kidd´s Orange Red. In a visit of Queen Elizabeth II to New Zealand, she tried Gala apple and liked it. She ordered to buy Gala apples to Palace frequently and name of apple is given on her honor. It entered United States market in 70s and became one of the most popular apples of U.S sooner. It’s a very sweet apple and many people believe that it’s perfect apple for snacking. Harvest of Gala apples start in mid−July and it’s available year−round.
Ginger Gold is a popular early season apple in the U.S and Asia. It has a sweet taste with greenish−gold color. Americans like to use it in salads. It’s available only limited and supplies start in mid−October. | <urn:uuid:dcfb3f52-cef2-4be9-a661-d86982209d40> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.howmanyarethere.net/how-many-varieties-of-apple-are-there/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746926.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121011923-20181121033923-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.951596 | 803 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Also found in: Financial.
the value of fixed production assets per unit of output. In socialist economies, the capital-output ratio is used in economic analysis and in formulating production and capital construction plans for the national economy as a whole and for individual sectors and enterprises (associations). Data on the gross social product and the produced national income can be used to analyze the capital-output ratio of the national economy, while data on gross (market) or net output can be used to analyze the ratios of individual sectors.
A distinction is made between the direct and the full capital-output ratio. The direct ratio is calculated as the ratio of the fixed assets of a given sector to that sector’s output in monetary terms. The full capital-output ratio takes into account not only the fixed assets that are directly involved in the output of a sector but also the assets functioning in sectors that figure indirectly in production. Coefficients of the full capital-output ratio were calculated for the first time during the preparation of the intersectorial balance sheet for 1966 of the national economy’s fixed capital stock. The relationship between the full and direct capital-output ratios varies from sector to sector; it is determined by the nature of production and of intersectorial relations. The direct capital-output ratio is inversely proportional to capital productivity.
L. E. BABASHKIN | <urn:uuid:5ed809eb-1247-4beb-a11b-186e86e6d8e8> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Capital-Output+Ratio | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320226.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624050312-20170624070312-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.90761 | 280 | 3.703125 | 4 |
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Painter's tape is a type of adhesive tape which is designed for use in painting. This tape is used to mask during painting jobs to keep the lines of the job crisp and clean while protecting windows, woodwork, and other areas from smeared or spilled paint. Using painter's tape is very important when painting, to ensure that the finished product looks neat and clean. Most hardware and home supply stores stock painter's tape, and several different kinds are available.
This tape is often blue in color, and it has a light adhesive which is designed to cling without becoming firmly attached, so that the tape can be removed at the end of a paint job without causing damage. Companies which make painter's tape usually make several grades of adhesive which are designed for different surfaces. Consumers need to be aware of this so that they pick the right tape for the job; most packages detail the types of surfaces the paint is designed to be used on.
There are a few tips to keep in mind when working with painter's tape. The first is that the tape should always be tested on the surface first. This is done by cutting off a small piece of tape and sticking it to the surface it will be masking, to see if it has the appropriate level of adhesion. If the tape does not stick, it is too weak, and if the tape pulls off finish or paint, the adhesive is too strong.
Once painters have determined that they have the right tape for the job, they can apply the tape to the edges of surfaces they want to protect. The surfaces should be wiped down so that they are clean and smooth, and they should be completely dry. It is important to avoid stretching the tape, with painters instead cutting off long strips and gently smoothing them so that they adhere to the surface. This leaves some give in the tape so that if it shrinks, it will not crack or bubble.
After the painting is finished, the paint should be allowed to dry completely before the tape is removed. Painter's tape can be slowly and gently torn off. Ripping the tape rapidly is not advised, as this can cause some of the paint to come up with the tape. Painter's tape is not reusable, and it should be discarded after it has been removed. | <urn:uuid:bce1a5f2-03f6-4ee0-a83a-f9799671498a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.aboutmechanics.com/what-is-painters-tape.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475833.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302152131-20240302182131-00641.warc.gz | en | 0.969679 | 509 | 2.75 | 3 |
by Ellen Anderson, Lawyer, Barrie, Ontario. Published with the University of Toronto Press, 2001.
Bertha Wilson is the first woman to be appointed to the Ontario Court of Appeal. She is the first woman to be appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada at that critical moment when the Charter was entrenched. Nevertheless, Bertha Wilson has never considered herself to be a feminist. But neither has she ever backed off from controversy, a reputation sustained in this authorized intellectual biography. The early Charter years were turbulent times. Wilson is remarkably frank about the many issues affecting judicial decision-making as the Court struggled with Charter interpretation. In this intriguing biography, we come to understand what drove the sense of duty impelling Wilson to take on so extraordinary a burden of dissents and concurrences.
The Bertha Wilson story begins with her Scottish values and experiences and it concludes with her gruelling years on the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Before judging, Wilson said, a judge must “enter the skin.” Seen from an intimate and even affectionate perspective, there can be no doubt Bertha Wilson is one judge who really did make a difference. | <urn:uuid:2b5a9e25-12d4-4328-bb0d-b70d36573289> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.osgoodesociety.ca/book/judging-bertha-wilson-law-as-large-as-life/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738573.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809192123-20200809222123-00403.warc.gz | en | 0.952464 | 234 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Civil War Re-Enactors Mark 150th Anniversary of Civil War's Start
By Magazine Editors | Online Only | Apr. 12, 2011
On April 12, 1861, the first shots of the Civil War were fired at Fort Sumter in South Carolina's Charleston Harbor. Early this morning, to mark the 150th anniversary of the beginning of the war, Civil War re-enactors raised a 33-star American flag over the fort, now a National Historic Monument, and fired several cannon shots.
Civil War battlefields such as The Wilderness in Virginia and Gettysburg in Pennsylvania have been recently protected, but despite these successes, many Civil War sites remain threatened by development.
The Civil War Trust released this list of the nation’s most endangered battlefields last May:
- Camp Allegheny »
- Cedar Creek »
- Fort Stevens »
- Gettysburg »
- Picacho Peak »
- Pickett's Mill »
- Richmond »
- South Mountain »
- Thoroughfare Gap »
- The Wilderness »
Read more about Civil War-related sites:
For more photos, stories, and tips, subscribe to the print edition of Preservation magazine. | <urn:uuid:df6618e1-3064-4e3e-8d73-5eb1b1140cc3> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.preservationnation.org/magazine/2011/story-of-the-day/civil-war-re-enactors-mark.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721268.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00372-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.799689 | 243 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The state of same-sex marriage is constantly changing. If you live in a state that allows same-sex marriage, or a similar legal union, there are many complex issues
Same-sex marriage, also known as gay marriage, is marriage between people of the same sex, either as a secular civil ceremony or in a religious setting.
Read five key facts about same-sex marriage, two years after U.S. Supreme Court issued a landmark ruling that granted same-sex couples the right to marry.
Jun 30, 2017 · Collected news and commentary, focusing on the perspectives of international politics and business.
Jul 27, 2016 · Read CNN’s Fast Facts on same-sex marriage and learn more about gay marriage legislation around the world.
Marriages performed in some municipalities and recognized by the state; For some purposes, from all jurisdictions where same-sex marriage is legal
Review of same sex marriage laws by state outlines current legislation and updates the status of legal actions impacting the institution of marriage.
Dec 08, 2016 · Christian news and views about Same-Sex Marriage. The best articles from Christianity Today on Same-Sex Marriage.
In June of 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled all state bans on same-sex marriage unconstitutional, allowing gay and lesbian couples to marry nationwide. This | <urn:uuid:c0e1f7af-8993-4ffe-8614-3a7a4b07282b> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.uberlove.org/same-sex-marriage-problems/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488257796.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620205203-20210620235203-00608.warc.gz | en | 0.940134 | 268 | 2.859375 | 3 |
By Dr. Lul P. Riek
December 3, 2011 (SSNA) — On 1st December, 2011, the people of South Sudan will join millions of people around the world to observe World AIDS Day. Like no other illness, AIDS is the most single destructive epidemic in the recent human history because it has killed more than 25 million people and an estimated 34 million people are living with HIV. The available information indicates that 4,900 people die every single day from HIV/AIDS in which 90 percent of them are from sub-Saharan Africa and 7,100 people are infected with the AIDS virus globally every day. No other illness has faster infection rate than HIV/AIDS.
This year theme is “Getting to Zero” which means Zero new HIV infections, Zero Discrimination and Zero AIDS related deaths. The first step in getting to zero, however, is for all sexually active people in South Sudan to know their HIV status. The HIV test is voluntary, free and confidential, and is being offered in more than 106 VCT centers across ten states. It is a tough decision to make. But it is a decision that must be taken by all of us if we have to get to Zero new infection. A person may feel perfectly healthy for several years after becoming infected with HIV, and may be at risk for passing on the virus to others especially their loved ones. The only way to know for sure if an individual is infected with HIV is to be tested.
Despite the ongoing effort in the country to boost HIV/AIDS awareness and knowledge, many people still wonder why we should celebrate this day; instead we should be looming in despair, crying and mourning. The purpose of world AIDS day celebration is to educate the public on HIV/AIDS related issues by providing the communities with accurate up-to-date information, advocate for more services such as prevention, care, treatment and support for the people living with HIV/AIDS. This day is an excellent opportunity to remember and honor people who have died from HIV/AIDS. Besides, it is a day to draw an urgent attention to reduce stigma and discrimination that surround the epidemic and to show compassion, respect and dignity for those who are living with the disease. The Ministry of Health estimates that more than 300,000 (Three Hundred Thousand) people in the country are living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and 3.8 millions are at risk of contracting the virus every single day. In which one in ten of those people living with HIV is unaware of his or her status.
The second step to getting to zero is ensuring that all HIV-infected individuals receive timely linkage to medical care. Currently, South Sudan has 21 centers that are providing professional services to more than 15,000 HIV/AIDS patients. The third step is to show compassion, dignity, respect and equal right to those who are living with HIV/AIDS.
Getting to Zero to avoid new infections for newly independent South Sudan is just too much to ask in my opinion but possible if we are all committed. Because all kind of risk factors for the rapid and quick spread of HIV are here in big number, lack of awareness and knowledge (result from South Sudan Household Survey 2010) show that only 9 percent of South Sudanese women age 15-49 years are knowledgeable about three ways of preventing transmission of HIV.
The other problem facing South Sudan is a massive influx of female sex workers to South Sudan from the African countries hardest hit by HIV infection where some of them living openly with virus in their own countries, multiple concurrent sexual partners practice, poverty, illiteracy, high levels of stigma, discrimination, and denial regarding HIV/AIDS. There remains institutionalized powerlessness among women and girls that obviate safer sex practices in most parts of South Sudan. Cultural insubordination of women is a factor in prohibiting women to practice safe sex because most men do not usually engage in protected sex with condoms. Additionally, cultural norms such as tribal marking practices, polygamy and widow inheritance are also ingredients for rapid spread of the disease.
In Juba, the capital of South Sudan, there is no recreations centers; alcohol and sex are the main pastimes. The concern is that extensive consumption of alcohol and practice of unsafe sex may lead to high-risk behavior and the spread of HIV/AIDS. A trend reversal requires that three daunting medical challenges be dealt with immediately; these are (a) expansion of programs for the control and prevention of new HIV infections by increasing awareness among people at highest risk; (b) implementation of guidelines and criteria for standard clinical management of HIV/AIDS, and (c) scale-up of biomedical research.
This World AIDS Day reminds us that HIV/AIDS epidemic may be even more devastating than the civil war which had claimed 2.5 million lives. Now is not the time to mang-mang. Now is not the time to point fingers and look left or right to find someone to blame. It is the time to act immediately, decisively and we must act together with share responsibility. Our message is loud, simple and clear. Prevention is our most powerful weapon against the epidemic. All South Sudanese people should take steps to ensure that they do not become infected, that they do not infect others and that they know their status.
For young people, both girls and boys, the future of this country belongs to them; they must take responsibility of their sexual behaviors and should not expose themselves to unnecessary risks. Always be reminded that our fathers and mothers when to war not because there was no enough sex nor alcohol in South Sudan. We went to war because there was no development going on in South Sudan, because our children were not going to schools, because of lack of medical services, lack of clean and safe water, absent of road networks, injustice and discrimination by our own former government in Khartoum, lack of infrastructures and many more. Let’s make no mistake about it; our failure to prevent the spread of the epidemic could turn SPLM vision of creating a prosperous, peaceful, secular South Sudan into mission impossible.
It appears that many people are still reluctant to be tested because of the fear of discrimination and stigma associated with HIV. Obviously, many people would die from AIDS; it would exacerbate existing poverty, which in turn leaves individuals vulnerable to the adverse affects of the disease.
As such government alone cannot stop the spread of HIV infection or even doctors or nurses, let us all heed the call, everyone should take the lead in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Each individual needs to take a moment to think about the issue of AIDS crisis seriously, we need to talk openly about it and share the concern with our families, friends, collogues, and with our communities. Together we can protect our country from HIV/AIDS.
NB: The author is a Director General for Community and Public Health in the Ministry of Health. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:aa866adc-14e1-411b-b8ea-ebe0b2140361> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://southsudannewsagency.org/index.php/2011/12/03/world-aids-day-2011-celebration-in-south-sudan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251801423.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129164403-20200129193403-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.961147 | 1,412 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Loughborough University Video
Forest School can develop early learning skills
Forest Schools are a growing phenomenon in the UK, but what impact does getting children outside of the classroom have on their overall development? Researchers at Loughborough University hope to find out.
The ‘Forest School’ concept originated in Scandinavia, where schools use local woodland areas to hold outdoor activities which foster children’s problem-solving and cooperation skills, as well as their confidence and self-esteem.
They are most common in early years and primary school settings, but until now little research has been done to demonstrate their impact on children’s learning and school experiences.
Dr Janine Coates of the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences and Dr Helena Pimlott-Wilson of the Department of Geography have conducted preliminary research in two primary schools in Nottinghamshire, one early years foundation class (4-5 years) and a Year 4 class (8-9 years).
Their initial findings suggest that engaging in a Forest School can contribute to the development of collaborative learning skills, by encouraging children to work with others on challenging outdoor activities.
This type of ‘experiential’ learning also appears to equip children with practical skills and an appreciation for being outdoors, which they can then transfer to family activities outside of school.
Forest Schools have also shown to be popular with head teachers and group leaders alike; citing a shift in focus away from the pressures of attainment and achievement and towards an inclusive way of developing children beyond academic skills and giving a more rounded educational experience.
One head teacher who took part in the study said Forest School gives children a “positive mindset towards school”.
“If they don’t enjoy school and feel all of the benefits that they can have from being part of a school, then getting the three R’s [reading, writing and arithmetic] into the minds of those children is going to be beyond a challenge.”
A larger study is planned for 2018.
Loughborough opened its own Forest School in late 2016, working with a local nursery to establish the initiative using the University’s Holywell Wood.
The children visit the woodland three to four days per week throughout the year, where they are given opportunities to explore the area, learn to identify the flora and fauna, as well as make fires, build dens and climb trees.
The space makes use of sustainable resources, including a fire circle built from local wood, and bug and hedgehog ‘hotels’ made from naturally sourced materials.
Danielle Marsh at Westwards Nursery in Loughborough leads the Forest School sessions at Holywell Wood.
She said: “It is a fabulous opportunity for children to explore the outdoor environment, develop a connection with nature and improve a whole range of skills from personal, social and emotional, to physical development and communication.
“They really enjoy participating in the activities and learning all about the woodland.”
The University’s Sustainability team has coordinated the project with Westwards Nursery.
Jo Shields, Sustainability Manager at Loughborough University said: “Promoting our sustainability initiatives in our community allows us to share the naturally biodiverse campus we live, work and play on.
“Engaging with the younger generation through educational outreach projects is one of our key objectives as it not only supports development, but it also means children are learning about the world and how to enjoy it and look after it.”
Press release reference number: 17/147 | <urn:uuid:8fff3396-c26e-4fec-af60-6219e77abc8e> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.ecopsychology.info/forest-schools | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710712.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129232448-20221130022448-00805.warc.gz | en | 0.958856 | 740 | 3.375 | 3 |
Chances are that during the summer months, you’re not even thinking twice about applying sunscreen every day before you head outside. You know the dangers of the sun’s rays to your exposed skin, and you know the benefits that sunscreen offers. Now that it’s getting cooler, you’ve probably tucked your bottle of sunscreen away in the cabinet until the spring. But just because fall is here and winter is right around the corner, that doesn’t mean you should forgo sunscreen. In fact, there are several reasons why you should be wearing sunscreen during the colder seasons.
#1. UV Rays are the Same Year Round
The air is getting cooler as winter is getting closer. And with that, you may feel as though the sun’s rays are less strong. The truth is, however, that whether you’re playing volleyball on the beach in June, playing in the leaves, or sledding down the hills of your snow-covered yard in January, the UV rays are the same strength no matter what time of year it is. Which means your skin is just as susceptible to all of the detrimental effects of UV rays – sunburn, wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, skin cancer – in winter as it is in summer. And even if it’s a cloudy, gray winter afternoon, the sun can still penetrate the cloud cover.
In some ways, the chance of being harmed by UV rays in the winter is greater. This is because the ozone layer, which absorbs those rays, is thinner, which means that more UV rays can get through to you.
#2. Snow Reflects Sunlight
When the sun’s rays beam down on the Earth, those rays are reflected. The snow reflects a good percentage of UV rays back up, approximately 80% of them. That’s a lot, especially when compared to the 17% that beach sand reflects.
UV radiation exposure also increases about 4% for every 1,000 feet above sea level you go. Add that to the percentage of those rays that are reflected, and skiers without sun protection could be in for some significant exposure. You may be covering more of your body with warmer clothing, but parts of your face, neck and possibly even hands may be exposed, and could face some severe sunburns.
#3. Winter Skin is More Sensitive
Winter brings not only the cold, but also drier air. The cold takes away the skin’s natural oils as well as it’s natural moisture barrier. Combine this with the forced heating inside your home and other buildings, which is also dry, and your skin is in for some trouble. As the cold air rushes around you, it can actually cause windburn, which leaves your skin stinging. A sunburn on top of windburn can lead to a significant amount of pain.
Just because fall has arrived and winter is coming doesn’t mean you should slack off on applying sunscreen. It’s just as important, if not more so, to protect your skin during the colder months as it is in the warmer ones. It is recommended that you wear SPF 30 to 50. Look for sunscreens that have hyaluronic acid, which helps to restore moisture, or butters, like shea or cocoa, which can soothe dry, irritated skin. And don’t forget to apply a chapstick or lip balm with SPF protection to protect your vulnerable, and often neglected, lips. Keep sunscreen as a part of your daily skincare regimen, and your skin will continue to stay youthful and healthy all year round.
Noticing sun damage on your skin? Vargas Face & Skin Center offers a number of effective skin rejuvenating treatments that will restore damaged skin to its former glory. Contact us for a consultation to get started! | <urn:uuid:dc94e8bb-0f8e-4afa-ae49-e9feb8026f58> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.vargasfaceandskin.com/why-you-should-be-wearing-sunscreen-this-winter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998581.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617223249-20190618005249-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.958013 | 791 | 2.75 | 3 |
Jaime Hernandez: The assassination of former President John F. Kennedy took place on November 22, 1963 and many grieving individuals wanted to commemorate the late President. Shortly thereafter, it was decided that Kennedy’s portrait would be placed on a U.S. coin.
Initially, Kennedy’s portrait was going to be placed on a U.S. quarter. However, Mrs. Kennedy requested for George Washington’s portrait to remain on the quarter dollar instead of her late husbands. The second best choice was the Half Dollar coin. At the time, the Franklin Half Dollar coins were still being issued and the current law required that a coins design should remain on a circulating coin for at least 25 years before it can be changed.
Consequently, Congress had to act quickly and change the law for the Half Dollar coins. In the end, the Kennedy Half Dollar was approved, therefore, ending the Franklin Half Dollar series at least four years earlier than expected. By February 1964, the Philadelphia Mint struck its first Kennedy Half Dollars for circulation while the Denver Mint had already struck them just a week earlier. | <urn:uuid:5b485ef9-689b-4286-9a1d-8f00bcb1b715> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pcgs.com/setregistry/CoinFacts.aspx?i=45949 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00211-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976168 | 224 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Suppose three firms face the same total market demand for their products. The demand is
Suppose further that all three firms are selling their product for $60 and each has about one-third of the total market. One of the firms, in an attempt to gain market share at the expense of the others, drops it's price to $50. The other two quickly follow suit.
a. What impact would this move have on the profits of all three firms? Explain your reasoning.
b. Would those firms have been better off in terms of profit if they all had raised the price to $70? Explain© BrainMass Inc. brainmass.com July 21, 2018, 3:44 am ad1c9bdddf | <urn:uuid:04592504-3153-4d8d-a614-55d2bf757126> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://brainmass.com/economics/output-and-costs/pricing-and-output-140777 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592420.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721071046-20180721091046-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.9724 | 150 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Everyone 16- and 17-year-olds can now get a Pfizer COVID vaccine booster
AUDIE CORNISH, HOST:
Today, the Food and Drug Administration expanded the authorization given to Pfizer and BioNTech to distribute booster doses of their COVID-19 vaccine. The booster had been available to anyone 18 and older, and now the CDC has endorsed the move, it will be available to anyone 16 and older. Joining me to discuss this decision is NPR science correspondent Joe Palca. And, Joe, first of all, how did the FDA explain its decision?
JOE PALCA, BYLINE: The FDA said in a statement that it based its analysis on data it had already looked at for people 18 and older, and that data showed that a booster would raise antibody levels for that group. And there's also data that makes it clear that antibody levels do decline for people 16 and older. So the FDA concluded that the risk of some rare bad effect - like heart inflammation you may have heard of called myocarditis - was outweighed by the benefit of being protected from getting seriously ill with COVID-19. The FDA also said getting as many people boosted who are eligible for one as well as getting everyone who hasn't been vaccinated vaccinated will be important to prevent a wave of COVID illness in the coming months
CORNISH: Is lowering the age someone can get a booster by just two years really, like, that important or significant?
PALCA: Well, I put that question to Kirsten Lyke. She's at the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health at the University of Maryland School of Medicine.
KIRSTEN LYKE: In light of omicron, it is an important decision.
PALCA: Because from the scraps of evidence that have been emerging about whether the current crop of vaccines will work against omicron, having antibodies boosted to the highest possible level is the most likely way people will be protected.
LYKE: But it's - I wouldn't say controversial, but there is a difference of opinion as to whether young people need a booster, given that their immune responses are already quite high.
PALCA: So not a bad idea to give young people a booster but maybe not necessary - although I would add here that a study from Israel published yesterday in the New England Journal of Medicine showed a benefit for people 16 to 29 years old from a booster.
CORNISH: What's known about whether even younger children will need boosters?
PALCA: Yeah, it's probably too soon to say about that. The vaccine hasn't been around all that long for younger children, and so there's not that good of a database to make a decision on.
CORNISH: In the meantime, Pfizer's CEO has been suggesting that a fourth dose of the COVID-19 vaccine could be useful further down the road. What else did he have to say?
PALCA: Well, Albert Bourla, who is Pfizer's CEO, suggested early on that a third dose of his vaccine might be necessary, and he was somewhat prescient there. Of course, it's also the case that giving out boosters means selling more vaccines, and that's been a major source of revenue for Pfizer. So it's probably premature to speculate on a fourth dose, but it's possible that one may be needed.
CORNISH: Is it controversial? I mean, it seemed like there was a lot of chatter about the fact that richer nations were giving out boosters before other countries could get really mass distribution of a vaccine.
PALCA: Yes. That's exactly right. Many less-well-off countries around the world were upset when the United States and others were giving out booster shots when they weren't able to get - they had very low vaccination levels, in part, because boosters were using up the available supply of vaccine. So there's a vaccine equity argument, but Kirsten Lyke says there's a pragmatic reason to give out vaccines around the world. She says the dangerous variants tend to emerge in places around the world with lower vaccination rates than we have in this country, giving the virus an opportunity to mutate.
LYKE: If we're going to get out of this in a reasonable amount of time, I think we have to distribute vaccines more equitably abroad.
PALCA: Yeah. Yeah. But that's been a tough thing to accomplish, unfortunately.
CORNISH: That's NPR's Joe Palca with the latest. Thank you so much for your reporting.
PALCA: You're welcome. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR. | <urn:uuid:973e84b7-97b4-4789-afbc-ab81e29191e4> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.nprillinois.org/2021-12-09/everyone-16-and-17-year-olds-can-now-get-a-pfizer-covid-vaccine-booster | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510334.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927235044-20230928025044-00817.warc.gz | en | 0.974869 | 961 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The Corpus Ignatianum, usually included in the works of the Apostolic Fathers, is made up of seven letters in koiné Greek, probably written by Saint Ignatius of Antioch. These texts, which have a complicated literary history, are very interesting and original from a linguistic and stylistic point of view. A lexical analysis of the Corpus Ignatianum, in particular, allows identifying first of all a noteworthy lexical creativity. There are indeed some hapax, unusual words and neologisms, which are often compound words. Moreover, in these texts some words already used in classical Greek are first attested in Christian literature. There are also some latinisms. Another noteworthy lexical characteristic of the Corpus Ignatianum is the presence of words and metaphors which are typical of Hellenistic philosophy, especially of Stoicism, and which are present also in Christian literature.
Go to article | <urn:uuid:c407064c-f79a-4881-990c-d943310705d9> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://journals.pan.pl/dlibra/results?action=AdvancedSearchAction&type=-3&search_attid1=5&search_value1=unusual+words | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578582584.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422195208-20190422220155-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.960424 | 186 | 3.0625 | 3 |
In Act II of Shakespeareâs, "Othello," Iago deals with the roots of jealousy. Othello puts Cassio as his 2nd in command while he signed Iago to be his ensign which means third in command. Ironically, he even says to Othello that “O, beware, my lord, of jealousy; it is the green-eyed monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on” (3.3.15). In the plot of Othello, the most devious and perfect example of a human incarnation of the “green-eyed monster” is Iago. Iago starts off the jealousy theme in Othello when he gets jealous of Cassio. The only thing he had power over was his emotions, and he couldn't even control them. The theme of jealousy helps propel the plot naturally and demonstrates the consequences of being morbidly jealous. Essay On Iago Jealousy This video offers an analysis into the fatal flaw of the tragic hero Othello and how the theme operates as the play unfolds. The tragedy Othello focuses on the doom of Othello and the other major characters as a result of jealousy. Brabantio just greets Othello as "valiant Othello." The pathological jealousy of iago. are, believable only He totally succeeds in his, goals despite his However, he first convinces Roderigo to help him because Roderigo is in love with Othello’s wife Desdemona and Iago promises that he can get him together with Desdemona. Jealousy creates power struggles, his mistrust between his and his loved ones and results in him losing what he loves the most” “Throughout the play Iago struggles to keep his power at what It was at and control certain people so he can have more power. He says, âConfess yourself/freely to [Desdemona]. The second is the fact that Othello has made Cassio his lieutenant instead of him, a slight he is not likely to ever forgive (an which provides him with ample jealousy towards Cassio for later use). and gives bold This desperation eventually leads to his downfall as his atte... ...Jealousy
More coursework: 1 - A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I - J | K - L | M | N - O | P - S | T | U - Y, Iago's Jealousy is a strong feeling. so lets use Iago for example. scorns the Moor and Cassio. In Shakespeare’s Othello, jealousy is the prominent theme, which causes the destruction and tragic downfall of the play’s main characters. (line 48) Iago's Jealousy is the ‘monster’ that unresonably conducts the great suffering in the story.
It powerfully portrays a world where the acts of evil ultimately vanquishes fidelity, nobility and integrity. Iago first states that he hates Othello for passing him over for a promotion but he hears rumors that his wife Emilia might have had a fling with Othello. It utterly corrupts their lives because it causes Iago to show ... ...Shakespeare’s Othello, the power of jealousy dominates the play; at first, it’s Iago who is stricken with jealousy, when Othello appoints Cassio as his new lieutenant.
Shakespeare’s Othello is a play about the jealousy of one man, not Othello, but Iago. . He says, and I quote, "Tis in ourselves that we are thus or thus. Iago's jealousy towards Othello quickly turns into a jealousy toward Cassio too because Othello appointed Cassio as lieutenant instead of Iago. One of the passages where it to me becomes most obvious is I. ii. His character in the play shows that he is responsible and well respected. (line 14) black Spanish horses. All of these themes are present in Othello, but the most dominant is the theme of jealousy, which presents itself multiple times throughout the play. evened with him wife for wife . Iago utilizes the opportunity of making a spectacle of Cassio, to mold Cassioâs intentions while he is still in shock. advantages, though true advantage never present itself; a devilish knave." Iago’s Jealousy Essay. As theses lies were unraveled the central theme of his play became. (lines 16-22) Iago mocks him "Well, happiness to
While the primary cause of Iago's jealousy comes from the anger... ...his self-confidence as a result of the schemes of Iago. himself "I am not what I am." himself. In William Shakespeare’s play Othello, Othello is a very honorable man and he has grace with the ladies. This deep wound commands Iago to revenge. His plan is calculated and pre-meditated with, Roderigo being a Jealousy runs the characters’ lives in Othello from the beginning of the play, when Roderigo is envious of Othello because he wishes to be with Desdemona, and to the end of the play, when Othello is furious with envy because he believes Cassio and Desdemona have been engaging in an affair. She is of so kind/a disposition that she holds it a vice/not to do more than she is requested,â (II.iii.337-341). 12 2005. If you are the original author of this content and no longer wish to have it published on our website then please click on the link below to request removal: Essay UK offers students a complete range of free resources for undergraduate, post graduate, PhD and professional courses. ...Throughout Shakespeare’s Othello, the major theme of jealousy is apparent. [05-11-20]. He coolly, remarks "I This coursework was submitted to us by a student in order to help you with your studies. to Iago. to arouse Brabantio to the fact that the Moor has "robbed" (line 88) While his many accusations are, unbelievable, mostly false or overblown, present themselves as clear to Iago. One of the first cases in which Iago passively controls another character is shown to occur, betrayal, love, conflict, and jealousy throughout his plays and sonnets. Would one permit the green-eyed monster to destroy his or her own mind, and control his or her every move? | <urn:uuid:9995f718-c8fa-4d24-a79f-7533b689cb2b> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | http://www.prettyinspiration.com/blog/page.php?tag=f529d4-iago-jealousy-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153223.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727072531-20210727102531-00420.warc.gz | en | 0.968293 | 1,364 | 3.109375 | 3 |
As the crow flies means on the most direct route possible, one not bound by the contour of roads. As the crow flies means in a straight line from one place to another. The term as the crow flies first appears in the 1760s, to describe actual distances not influenced by landmarks or detours. Crows generally fly in direct routes between two places, as the crow flies is an idiom that is drawn from the direct observation of nature. Interestingly, the French have a similar idiom, à vol d’oiseau, which literally translates as flight of the bird. It has a similar meaning to as the crow flies.
As the crow flies, eight miles separate Rancho Cotate and Petaluma high schools, meaning in all of California, the best of the best in heavyweight wrestling live a joggable distance from each other. (The Press Democrat)
One amendment specifically set the “as the crow flies” straight-line measurement method as the standard, but another referred to the walking route method, which can be more circuitous. (The Alaska Dispatch News)
The VA draws a circle around its clinics and measures distances in a direct line as the crow flies, not by highway routes that people travel, Woodford said. (The Brainerd Dispatch)
It’s screened from the Upper Dargle Road by a high wall, but a bus stops just outside and the M11 is 150 metres away as the crow flies. (The Independent)
Luzerne County, after all, is within a short distance – as the crow flies – from the renowned Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, in southern Schuylkill County, and the bird-rich habitats of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area and the Pocono Plateau. (The Wilkes Barre Times Leader)
MLA travel rules allow members to use Executive Air if they live 350 kilometres from Regina; Eston is 302 km away as the crow flies, 374 km by road. (The Regina Leader-Post) | <urn:uuid:a9326254-a053-4d2a-858b-6d26dbcfff4c> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://grammarist.com/idiom/as-the-crow-flies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189525.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00480-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94567 | 411 | 3.59375 | 4 |
When the sugar concentration in the blood increases suddenly and unreasonably, the resulting condition is known as diabetes. Sugar or glucose is generally used in order to provide much needed energy to our bodies. But when the pancreas dysfunctions, it leads to a problem in the insulin production. As a result, glucose or sugar gets directly absorbed into the blood, instead of getting absorbed by insulin. And this leads to the condition of diabetes.
Diabetes Treatment in Ayurveda
For Ayurvedic treatment of diabetes, the first step is usually dietary planning and lifestyle change. Adopting a more active lifestyle, and a healthy, balanced diet low on sugars and starches, is a must. You must begin by avoiding sugars in all forms. This means you will have to get rid of rice, potatoes, white bread, sugar coated cereals, bananas, colocasia and much more. Add a lot of green leafy vegetables to your diet to improve your nutritional status and metabolism. In addition to these, also add some herbs to your diet. Ayurvedic herbs that act as natural medicine for diabetes include turmeric, bitter gourd, gurmar leaves, bael, fenugreek and many more.
Apart from diabetes Ayurvedic treatment, you could also practice yoga, which can help you improve your health. Several yogic asanas help massage your internal organs so that they are healthier and can function much better. Some of the asanas are especially beneficial for the pancreas, which produces insulin. You may have to make some changes to your lifestyle as well. For starters, you will have to maintain a more active lifestyle. You will also have to avoid sleeping in the daytime. Avoid smoking and consuming alcohol and take extra care of your feet.
As an ancient science based on lifestyle related treatment methods that include herbs, massages and life changing tweaks, Ayurveda also provides various methods of managing this ailment. Here's how!
Panchakarma treatments like Snehapanam, Vaman, Virechan are helpful in removing toxins from our body and cure diabetes under supervision of a practising physician. If you wish to discuss about any specific problem, you can consult an ayurveda.
Psoriasis is a Noncontagious, chronic skin condition that produces plaques of thickened, scaling skin. The dry flakes of skin scales result from the excessively rapid proliferation of skin cells. The proliferation of skin cells is triggered by inflammatory chemicals produced by specialized white blood cells called lymphocytes. Psoriasis commonly affects the skin of the elbows, knees, and scalp.
The spectrum of disease ranges from mild with limited involvement of small areas of skin to large, thick plaques to red inflamed skin affecting the entire body surface.
Psoriasis is considered an incurable, long-term (chronic) inflammatory skin condition. It has a variable course, periodically improving and worsening. It is not unusual for psoriasis to spontaneously clear for years and stay in remission. Many people note a worsening of their symptoms in the colder winter months.
Psoriasis affects all races and both sexes. Although psoriasis can be seen in people of any age, from babies to seniors, most commonly patients are first diagnosed in their early adult years. The quality of life of patients with psoriasis is often diminished because of the appearance of their skin. Recently, it has become clear that people with psoriasis are more likely to have diabetes, high blood lipids, cardiovascular disease, and a variety of other inflammatory diseases. This may reflect an inability to control inflammation. Caring for psoriasis takes medical teamwork.
The 5 types of psoriasis and most common symptoms include:
Plaque psoriasis: This is the most common type of psoriasis — about 80 percent of people with the condition have plaque psoriasis. It causes red, inflamed patches that cover areas of the skin. These patches are often covered with whitish-silver scales or plaques. These plaques are commonly found on the elbows, knees, and scalp.
Guttate psoriasis: Guttate psoriasis is common in childhood. This type of psoriasis causes small pink spots. The most common sites for guttate psoriasis include the torso, arms, and legs. These spots are rarely thick or raised like plaque psoriasis.
Pustular psoriasis: Pustular psoriasis is more common in adults. It causes white, pus-filled blisters and broad areas of red, inflamed skin. Pustular psoriasis is typically localized to smaller areas of the body, such as the hands or feet, but it can be widespread.
Inverse psoriasis: Inverse psoriasis causes bright areas of red, shiny, inflamed skin. Patches of inverse psoriasis develop under armpits or breasts, in the groin, or around skinfolds in the genitals.
Erythrodermic psoriasis: This type of psoriasis often covers large sections of the body at once and is very rare. The skin almost appears sunburned. Scales that develop often slough off in large sections or sheets. It’s not uncommon for a person with this type of psoriasis to run a fever or become very ill.
Psoriasis symptoms differ from person to person and depend on the type of psoriasis. Areas of psoriasis can be as small as a few flakes on the scalp or elbow, or cover the majority of the body.
The most common symptoms of plaque psoriasis include:
red, raised, inflamed patches of skin
silver-white scales or plaques on the red patches
dry skin that may crack and bleed
soreness around patches
itching and burning sensations around patches
thick, pitted nails
painful, swollen joints
Not every person will experience all of these symptoms. Some people will experience entirely different symptoms if they have a less common type of psoriasis.
Most people with psoriasis go through “cycles” of symptoms. The condition may cause severe symptoms for a few days or weeks, and then the symptoms may clear up and be almost unnoticeable. Then, in a few weeks or if made worse by a common psoriasis trigger, the condition may flare up again. Sometimes, symptoms of psoriasis disappear completely.
When you have no active signs of the condition, you may be in “remission.” That doesn’t mean psoriasis won’t come back, but for now you are symptom free.
Scientists are unclear as to what causes psoriasis. However, thanks to decades of research, they have a general idea of two key factors: genetics and the immune system.
Psoriasis is an autoimmune condition. Autoimmune conditions are the result of the body attacking itself. In the case of psoriasis, white blood cells known as T cells attack the skin cells mistakenly.
In a typical body, white blood cells are deployed to attack and destroy invading bacteria and fight infections. The mistaken attack causes the skin cell production process to go into overdrive. The sped-up skin cell production causes new skin cells to develop too quickly. They are pushed to the skin’s surface, where they pile up.
This results in the plaques that are most commonly associated with psoriasis. The attacks on the skin cells also cause red, inflamed areas of skin to develop.
CBC(Complete Blood Count)
LFT(Liver Function Test)
KFT(Kidney Function Test)
Sr. Uric Acid
An investigation was done to rule out any other pathology. Investigation were within normal limit.
Treatment & Dosage:
In Psoriatic Arthritic Conditions:
This is an effective treatment for all types of psoriasis.
This special Ayurvedic treatment programme applies for 8 to 28 days.
Result & Discussion: Psoriasis is a disease with unknown etiology and triggered by many factors. In modern science, treatment of psoriasis is a challenge. They do not have any safe and proper medicine for psoriasis. But, Ayurveda treatment gives satisfactory results as well as the quality life to the patients. Ayurveda removes toxin out of the body and corrects the formation of aama. Ayurveda gives the prevention as well as the treatment. So, by following the dietary and lifestyle change we prevent the reoccurrence of the disease.
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The distinctive, philosophically interesting concept of eternity arose very early in the history of philosophy as the concept of a mode of existence that was not only beginningless and endless but also essentially different from time. It was introduced into early Greek philosophy as the mode of existence required for fundamental reality (being) contrasted with ordinary appearance (becoming). But the concept was given its classic formulation by Boethius, who thought of eternity as God's mode of existence and defined God's eternality as
'the complete possession all at once of illimitable life'. As defined by Boethius the concept was important in medieval philosophy. The elements of the Boethian definition are life, illimitability (and hence duration), and absence of succession (or timelessness). Defined in this way, eternality is proper to an entity identifiable as a mind or a person (and in just that sense living) but existing beginninglessly, endlessly and timelessly.
Such a concept raises obvious difficulties. Some philosophers think the difficulties can be resolved, but others think that in the light of such difficulties the concept must be modified or simply rejected as incoherent. The most obvious difficulty has to do with the combination of atemporality and duration.
Special objections have arisen in connection with ascribing eternality to God. Some people have thought that an eternal being could not do anything at all, especially not in the temporal world. But the notion of an atemporal person's acting is not incoherent. Such acts as knowing necessary truths or willing that a world exist for a certain length of time are acts that themselves take no time and require no temporal location. An eternal God could engage in acts of cognition and of volition and could even do things that might seem to require a temporal location, such as answering a prayer.
The concept of God's eternality is relevant to several issues in philosophy of religion, including the apparent irreconcilability of divine omniscience with divine immutability and with human freedom.
Eternality - the condition of having eternity as one's mode of existence - has been understood in more than one way. Sometimes 'eternal' has been associated with endless temporal existence (as in 'eternal life') or with beginningless temporal existence (as in the medieval debate over whether the world was eternal). In these senses the concept of eternality presents no distinctive philosophical difficulties. But there is another sense of 'eternality' in which the concept has been an issue in philosophy from the Greeks to the present. The concept was given its classic formulation in this sense by Boethius (§5), who defined it as 'the complete possession all at once of illimitable life' (The Consolation of Philosophy, bk V, pr. 6).
Although the interpretation of the definition becomes controversial in its details, it pretty clearly identifies four elements of eternality. First, anything eternal in the Boethian sense has life. In this sense, then, eternality could not characterize numbers, truth or the world. Next, the life of whatever is eternal is illimitable - necessarily beginningless and endless. Sometimes this element has been interpreted as attributing to whatever is eternal a mode of existence that is illimitable in virtue of being absolutely unextended (like a single instant) and only in that way without a beginning or an end. But a more natural reading and one more consonant with other things Boethius and his successors say about eternity is that it is illimitable in virtue of its infinite duration. Duration is thus the (implicit) third element of eternality in Boethius' formulation. The fourth and last is conveyed by the phrase 'complete possession all at once'. Although living temporal persons may be said to possess their life, they do not possess it completely all at once because they live out their life successively. Past parts of their life they possess no longer, future parts not yet. Consequently, whatever is eternal is also not in time. Eternality thus combines atemporality and duration. (This apparent incoherence is discussed in §2 below.)
Eternity, then, is a real, atemporal mode of existence characterized by both the absence of succession and limitless duration. Nothing in that concept denies the reality of time or implies that temporal experiences are illusory. Boethius and others who use the concept suppose that reality includes time and eternity as two distinct modes of real existence, neither of them reducible to or incompatible with the other.
Temporal events are instructively ordered in terms of the A-series - past, present and future - and the B-series - earlier than, simultaneous with, later than (see McTaggart, J.M.E.). Because an eternal entity is atemporal, its life cannot be ordered successively in either of those series. Moreover, no temporal entity or event can be past or future with respect to, or earlier or later than, the whole life of an eternal entity, because otherwise the eternal entity would itself be part of a temporal series. But nothing in eternality's absence of successiveness entails that it cannot be characterized by presentness, or that an eternal entity's cognitive or causal relationship with temporal entities and events cannot be a kind of simultaneity. Of course, the presentness and simultaneity associated with an eternal entity could not be temporal presentness or temporal simultaneity. Taking the concept of eternality seriously involves recognizing that it introduces technical senses for several familiar words, including 'now', 'present', and 'simultaneous with', as well as the present-tense forms of many verbs.
In order to allow for real relationships between what is eternal and what is temporal it is particularly important to establish a special sense of 'simultaneous'. A relationship that can be recognized as a kind of simultaneity will of course be symmetric; but, since its relata have relevantly distinct modes of existence, it will be neither reflexive nor transitive. In this sense of 'simultaneous', each of two temporal events can be simultaneous - co-occurrent - with one and the same eternal event without being in any sense simultaneous with each other. This special sort of simultaneity has been called 'ET-simultaneity' (for 'simultaneity between what is eternal and what is temporal'). From a temporal standpoint, the temporal present is ET-simultaneous with the whole infinite extent of an eternal entity's life. From an eternal standpoint, every time is present to or co-occurrent with the whole infinite atemporal duration; that is, each instant of time as it is actually present temporally is ET-simultaneous with the one enduring present of an eternal entity, so that for an eternal entity all of time is present at once.
Many of the difficulties in the concept of eternality have been discussed in twentieth-century philosophical literature. The most obvious difficulty arises from the combination of atemporality with duration - the heart of the concept. Ordinarily, 'duration' means persistence through time, and the incoherence of atemporally persisting through time needn't be argued. But the philosophers who developed the concept of eternality were using ordinary terms in extraordinary ways in order to express their theoretical notion of an illimitable life possessed completely all at once. Of course, language is strained when it is stretched to accommodate things utterly outside the ordinary experience language is founded on, as in the black holes and the Big Bang of twentieth-century cosmology (see Cosmology §3). Serious attempts to show that eternity really is an incoherent concept require showing that the apparent incoherence persists when the technical interpretations of its terms are fully taken into account.
One attempt at doing just that involves taking atemporal duration as a species of extension and then arguing that any extension must be divisible and so cannot be all at once, or atemporal. The problem with such an attempt is that it uses an inductive survey of temporal and spatial extensions to reach the generalization that all extensions are divisible. But since eternity is neither temporal nor spatial, it will not be surprising if the properties attributed to extension as a result of such an induction fail to apply to what is eternal.
Still, this way of avoiding the ascription of divisibility to what is eternal seems to run into an old problem: insisting that terms cannot be used univocally of temporal and of eternal things looks like introducing equivocation into the description of eternality. Not only does 'duration' not have its ordinary sense when used of the eternal, but it is also difficult to say precisely what its extraordinary sense is. This sort of problem has become familiar in connection with discourse about God. It has often been pointed out that to use ordinary terms univocally of God and creatures is to deny the transcendence of God, but to use them equivocally masks a radical agnosticism about God's nature and activity. So discourse about God can use neither univocal nor equivocal predication (see Religious language §4).
Analogical predication is the traditionally recognized solution to this dilemma, and it is also what is needed for interpreting the description of the eternal. Atemporal duration is analogous to temporal duration, enough like temporal duration to make using the term 'duration' helpful, but enough unlike it to mean that the definition of '(temporal) duration' will not apply. Eternal duration is fully actualized duration, none of which is already lost or not yet gained: beginningless, endless, non-successive existence possessed completely, all at once, present entirely to its possessor - a mode of existence consisting entirely in a present that is infinite rather than instantaneous. Timeless duration might well be thought of as Plato thought of it, as the genuine duration of which temporal duration is only the moving image. Not all critics of the concept of eternity find such a response adequate, and the most persistent objections to the concept concentrate on the difficulties of ascribing duration to what is atemporal.
Because eternality in the sense at issue here is taken primarily to characterize God's mode of existence, other objections to the concept stem from combining it with traditional concepts of God. In this vein philosophers have objected that a God who is eternal could not act at all, and especially not in time. But this objection is based on a confusion. Of course, there are things an atemporal God could not do - such as remembering, or planning ahead. But not all cognitive and volitional acts require temporal location, and God could engage in those that do not. Furthermore, an atemporal God could not change the past or foreknow the future. Such actions, if possible at all, would require a temporal location, without which there can be neither past nor future. Still, eternal God, present at once to each temporal instant in its temporal presentness, could in the eternal present directly affect events that are past with respect to us and be directly aware of events future with respect to us. He could also act in time. He could, for example, will timelessly that something occur or come into existence at a particular time. By the same token, he could also do things that might appear to require a particular temporal location, such as answering a particular prayer. Because both the time of the prayer and the time at which the answer to it occurs are ET-simultaneous with the whole of eternity, an eternal God could be aware, timelessly, of a prayer prayed at one time, willing (ET-simultaneously) that the answer to that prayer occur at a later time.
Finally, some critics suppose that if God is eternal and creatures are temporal, then God could not be directly aware of creatures or interact with them directly and immediately as he is traditionally said to do. Such criticisms must presuppose that for one being to interact directly with another, the two must share a mode of existence. But traditional theists are already committed to rejecting this presupposition as regards space. God is traditionally described as non-spatial and thus as not sharing with creatures a spatial mode of existence, and yet that difference in modes of existence is generally thought to be no obstacle to God's being directly aware of or directly interacting with his creatures. If the presupposition is false as regards space, however, it is hard to see why it should be accepted as regards time.
The earliest indisputable appearance of the concept of eternity is in Plato's Timaeus. Parmenides' description of the mode of existence of Being, or the One, in his Way of Truth is much older, but scholars disagree over whether Parmenides intended to ascribe atemporality to Being (see Parmenides §3). Whatever Parmenides meant, what Plato says about eternity is in several respects just what Parmenides says about Being's mode of existence, and to that extent at least Parmenides may be thought of as the inventor or discoverer of the concept of eternity.
Many scholars believe that Aristotle rejected Plato's notion of eternity, although there is also some textual evidence suggesting that, on the contrary, he accepted and made use of it in describing the life of the Prime Mover. Whether or not Aristotle himself accepted the concept of eternity, it is indisputable that the concept came into medieval philosophy through the Platonic rather than the Aristotelian tradition. Plotinus (§4), for instance, has a well-developed concept of eternity, and in Enneads III 7 he stresses the importance of duration in the concept. Boethius seems to have based his definition of eternity on the one Plotinus develops.
Augustine (§8), who was even more clearly in the Platonic tradition than Boethius was, understood and accepted the concept of eternity, which plays a significant part in two of his most important works, the Confessions (bk XI, ch. 11) and The City of God (bk XI, ch. 21). Like Boethius' formulations, Augustine's views of eternity were an important influence on later medieval philosophy.
In the Middle Ages, the concept of eternity was widely used and discussed. It can be found, for example, in Anselm's Monologion (ch. 24) and Proslogion (ch. 13), where it seems taken for granted, as a standard part of traditional theology. But it received its most sophisticated development in the work of Aquinas, who discussed and employed it in several of his works (for example, Summa theologiae Ia, q.10). After Aquinas, although many medieval philosophers and theologians continued to hold that God is eternal, they did not always mean by 'eternal' what Boethius (and Aquinas) had meant by it. Duns Scotus, for example, seems to have held that God's eternality is not co-occurrent with all of time.
In the modern period, with the rejection of the medieval synthesis in theology, the notion of eternity, in the special sense at issue here, was largely abandoned. Hobbes is still aware of it in the Boethian sense 'as a permanent now' (1680: 435), but Locke, for example, takes eternity to be just an infinity of temporal duration: 'By being able to repeat any such Idea of any length of time... and add them one to another, without ever coming to the end of such addition... we come by the Idea of Eternity' (1689, bk II, ch. 14).
Applying the concept of eternality makes a significant difference in considering various issues in philosophy of religion. Here we will concentrate on just two of the most important: omniscience and immutability, and foreknowledge and free will.
It has been argued that omniscience and immutability, two traditional divine attributes, are not compossible. An omniscient knower always knows what time it is (or precisely what is going on) now, and any knower who always knows what time it is now is a knower whose knowledge is always changing. Consequently, a knower could be omniscient and mutable, or immutable and not omniscient, but there could not be an omniscient, immutable knower (see Immutability).
This argument presupposes that knowers are temporal. If omniscient God is eternal, however, the argument becomes more complicated. For example, in the claim that an omniscient knower always knows what time it is now, 'now' and the present tense of 'knows' can each be read as indicating either the temporal or the eternal present, thus allowing for four different interpretations of the claim. Not all of those interpretations make sense; for example, 'An omniscient knower always knows in the eternal present what time it is in the eternal present' incoherently attributes time to the eternal present. The most reasonable interpretation of the claim, on the supposition that the omniscient knower in question is eternal, is that the knower always knows in the eternal present what time it is in the temporal present. But on that interpretation it is much more difficult to show that such a knower could not be immutable.
Even if we suppose that the indexical 'now' is ineliminable, that there is an absolute temporal present as distinct from a present that is merely relative to some particular temporal entity, it is not clear that an eternal God could not know what time it is without constantly changing. On the view that the whole of eternity is ET-simultaneous with each temporal event as it is actually happening, an eternal omniscient knower will know all the events actually occurring at a particular time as well as the temporal location of that time and its being experienced as present by temporal entities at that time. Such a knower will also know that from the standpoint of eternity every temporal event is actually happening. There is nothing further for an eternal entity to know about what time it is now, for either the eternal or the temporal now; and nothing in what it does know requires constant change or change of any sort. Thus, while the argument may show that no temporal knower can be both omniscient and immutable, it does not make its case if the omniscient, immutable knower is eternal.
Arguments that knowledge of future contingent events is irreconcilable with human freedom depend on the notion of foreknowledge, on someone's knowing ahead of time what someone else will 'freely' decide to do (see Omniscience §§3-4). On the face of it, then, the concept of eternity provides a solution to the problem of foreknowledge and free will, as Boethius maintained in introducing the concept. An eternal omniscient knower will be eternally aware of all contingent events as they are occurring, including those that occur in the temporal future, but he will not foreknow them, since nothing eternal can be earlier than anything else. Consequently, arguments purporting to show that foreknowledge and free will are incompatible will not apply to eternal omniscient knowledge, which is evidently compatible with human free will.
But some philosophers have thought that eternality nonetheless fails to provide a solution to the problem of divine knowledge and human freedom, because the fixity and infallibility of divine knowledge seem enough by themselves to make God's knowledge of future contingents incompatible with free will. 'God knows in the eternal present that Paula mows her lawn in 2095' entails that Paula mows her lawn in 2095, and so God's eternal awareness of a future event seems to have the result that the event is inevitable now, before the event occurs, in a way incompatible with Paula's freedom of action. Consequently, the concept of eternity seems after all unhelpful for resolving the apparent incompatibility between divine knowledge and human freedom.
The idea of this line of argument is that a proposition such as 'God eternally knows that p' (where p is of the form 'Paula mows her lawn (at some date future with respect to us in the present)') entails 'It is now the case that p'. That is why eternal knowledge is supposed to have the result that the future is somehow fixed and inevitable now. But is there such an entailment? 'God eternally knows that p' does entail p, and p does seem equivalent to 'It is now the case that p'. But is it equivalent in a context involving eternality? In that context, God knows that p in virtue of being ET-simultaneous with the future events he is eternally aware of. In that context, furthermore, it is also true that God's knowledge that p is ET-simultaneous with the temporal now. That is why we can appropriately say such things as 'It is now (in the temporal present) true that God eternally knows that p'. But, as has already been pointed out, ET-simultaneity is not transitive. From the facts that the state of affairs that p is ET-simultaneous with eternity and that eternity is ET-simultaneous with the temporal present, it does not follow that it is now the case that p. Therefore, while it is true that God's knowing that p entails that p, the relationship between time and eternity is such that God's knowing that p does not entail that it is now the case that p. Hence, it seems that the concept of eternity can constitute the basis for an adequate solution to the problem of foreknowledge and free will.
See also: God, concepts of; Necessary being; Simplicity, divineELEONORE STUMP | <urn:uuid:6b43dae2-4b7c-4021-b9e2-a3315ec54629> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/K017.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100632.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207022257-20231207052257-00661.warc.gz | en | 0.954657 | 4,447 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Health Tip: Risk Factors for Hemorrhoids04/06/11
(HealthDay News) -- Hemorrhoids are painful, swollen blood
vessels that form near the rectum. Symptoms often include pain,
discomfort, anal itching and bloody stools.
The National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse says
about 75 percent of people have hemorrhoids at some point. The
agency mentions these factors that increase a person's risk:
- Having frequent constipation or diarrhea.
- Pushing too hard during a bowel movement.
- Spending a long time on the toilet.
- Getting insufficient dietary fiber.
- Being pregnant.
Copyright © 2011
. All rights reserved.
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. | <urn:uuid:c5635250-5a55-4cc2-910f-df775cc8529f> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.crouse.org/news/health-news.aspx?chunkiid=642537 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223202457.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032002-00162-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.877447 | 236 | 2.921875 | 3 |
As we approach Christmas season, I was inspired to remake a Christmas video lesson that I shot a few years ago. This lesson features a popular Christmas carol, Carol of the Bells. Originally a Ukrainian song, this carol was composed in 1914. The carol has since been arranged and performed in many different genres such as jazz, classical, rock, pop, etc.
A familiar feature of this song was the repeating 4-notes ostinato. The musical term, ostinato, is a phrase that repeats itself. The original ostinato term is derived from Italian word: stubborn. You can watch the following video and hear for yourself what ostinato means. One thing to notice is that I was able to also use a repeating pattern for the left-hand as well. As a result, you are seeing ostinato on both right and left hands.
This is also an interesting carol to experiment with improvisation. In fact, the more you experiment with this song, the more you will get the hang of it. I am having a lot of fun improvising with the right-hand melody using G minor scale. See for yourself on how you can get better at playing the ostinatos and improvising.
I also challenge you to learn this song without any sheet music – you can do it! | <urn:uuid:3bf6434c-0fe9-4f15-ba28-ebed355f911a> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.pianomother.com/carol-of-the-bells-piano.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487582767.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210612103920-20210612133920-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.972021 | 271 | 3.25 | 3 |
This guide looks at medical errors and steps you can take to ensure your safety. A medical error is when a mistake
is made that can negatively affect the patient. Examples can include errors in diagnosis or in a surgical procedure,
mistakes in giving medications or in the use of medical equipment, misinterpretation of a test or lab results and
others. A medical error can involve the failure to carry out a plan of action or use of the wrong plan. An individual
can cause the error or it might happen because of a failure in the system.
Medical errors can take place in health care facilities, pharmacies, doctor's offices and even in your home. They
can involve complex systems like how a hospital tracks the medical services given to patients or a common task like
giving food high in salt to a patient who needs a salt-free diet.
While advances have improved medical care and extended the lives of many people, the complexity of the American
health care system also contributes to medical errors. In addition, poor communication between patients and their
health care providers can lead to mistakes as well.
You can play an important part in patient safety by being actively involved in your health care and the health care
of your loved ones. This guide will look at some of the more common problems and the actions you can take to prevent
Health Care Team
Safety in Health Care Facilities and in Home Care
Prevention of Infections
Prevention of Falls
Health Care Team
Most people no longer have just one physician who takes care of them throughout their lives and knows there entire
medical history. You might change primary care physicians, visit various specialists or find yourself in a hospital
emergency department. At your doctor's office you might see the doctor, nurse practitioner or another professional.
You might receive your care through a clinic where you see a different provider every time you visit.
The one constant in this care is you. You are the most important member of your health care team. You know your
history, medications, allergies, illnesses and surgeries. Part of your responsibility is to educate yourself about your
conditions and treatments and to share important information about your health with your health care providers.
Communication between you and your health care providers is an important part of patient safety. You have the right
to ask questions and to have matters explained to you in a way you understand. You have the right to know what
treatment choices are available for your care.
In addition you may find yourself being an advocate for loved ones because they are unable to make health care
decisions--or a loved one may need to represent you if you are unable to speak for yourself.
Tips for Being a Part of Your Health Care Team:
- Inform all of your health care providers about your medical history including any treatments, surgeries,
medications, allergies or medical conditions.
- Tell all of your providers about every medication you take, including prescriptions, over-the-counter
medicines, vitamins and herbal supplements.
- Write down questions and take them to your appointment. You might want to take notes during the visit
or take someone with you to act as your advocate. They can help you speak up, ask questions and take notes. Later you
can talk with this person about your situation and choices.
- If you need to have medical care, ask what treatment choices you have.
- If something is said that you do not understand, ask for a clearer explanation.
- If tests are performed and you do not receive the results, call the office and ask for them. You can
also request a copy of the results.
- If you want another opinion about a diagnosis or treatment, request one from another doctor. Ask if
your health insurance will pay for a second opinion.
- If you are not satisfied with your health care provider you may want to choose another one.
- If you have a medical condition, are getting a certain treatment or are taking medications--educate
yourself in these matters. Ask your health care provider for educational materials and use your local library or the
Internet to learn more.
Health Care Surrogate Designation
If you are unable to be active in your health care due to physical or mental incapacity (such as being in a coma or
developing dementia) and you do not have a health care advance directive--health care decisions may be made for you by a
guardian appointed by the courts, your spouse, adult child, parent, adult sibling or, under certain circumstances,
another adult relative or close friend.
If you would like someone to represent you if you are unable to make decisions yourself, you can designate a health
care surrogate. Further information can be found in the pamphlet
Health Care Advance Directives.
Actively managing and learning about your medications is an important part of patient safety. Following are
suggestions to better protect yourself and your loved ones when taking medications.
Do your health care providers know all of the medications you take?
Some medicines and supplements may cause harm if used together. Learn about the medications and supplements you take
and any interactions they may have. At least once a year review all of your medicines (prescription and
non-prescription) and supplements (vitamins and herbs) with your health care providers.
Whenever you are prescribed medication, ask if the new medicine will interact with other medications or supplements
you currently take.
Can you read your prescription?
If you cannot read your prescription, the pharmacist may misread it and give you the wrong medicine. Florida law
requires that the prescription be written clearly, so make sure you ask for a clearly written prescription. However,
many doctors now use electronic prescribing so your prescription may be sent to the pharmacy through a secure Internet
connection. Learn more at E-prescribe.
Before leaving the pharmacy check the medication label to see that it is written to you and it's the same name and
strength as written on the prescription. Check this every time you fill a prescription.
Be familiar with how your medicine looks. If it looks different than what you took before, talk with your pharmacist
before taking it.
Do you read your medication label and insert?
The label will tell you how much to take, when and how long to take it, and if there are restrictions. For example,
the label might say you shouldn't drink alcohol while taking the medication, stay out of the sun, or avoid certain foods
or other medications. The insert will include information about safety precautions and side effects. (A side effect
is, for example, when an allergy or cold medicine might also make you sleepy.) If you have questions about the label
directions, safety precautions or side effects, talk with your pharmacist.
If you cannot clearly read the label ask the pharmacist to use larger type. If you do not understand the directions
ask the pharmacist to explain.
Is there a danger of buying medication that has been altered or that isn't what the label says it is?
A good way to protect yourself is to confirm that the pharmacy where you buy your medication is licensed by the State
of Florida. Each pharmacy is required to post the company's license as well as the license of the pharmacy manager.
If you buy prescription medication over the Internet, or by mail order, it is important to be a wise shopper. First
see your own health care provider for a prescription. Check to see if the company is licensed in the state in which it
operates or if the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) certifies the company through its VIPPS program
(Verified Internet Pharmacy Practice Sites ™). Visit the NABP website
nabp.net or call (847) 391-4406.
Be cautious buying medications over the Internet or by mail order. If the company is not legitimate, you may end up
with fake, altered or expired medication that will not help you and may cause harm. In addition, the website or mail
order company may appear to be based in the United States, but actually be operating outside of the U.S. where quality
and safety controls may not be available.
Is there a danger in taking over-the-counter (OTC) medications?
Some OTC medications should not be used with certain prescription drugs. Read your medication label/insert and talk
with your pharmacist if you have questions.
Also compare active ingredients before taking more than one medication at the same time. Many OTC and prescription
medications contain the same active ingredient, which means you could take more than the recommended dose. For example,
if you take a pain medication along with a cough, allergy or sleep medicine, they may contain the same drug and the
combination may be more than is safe to take at one time.
While your health care provider or pharmacist can alert you to unsafe combinations of drugs, you can also watch for
the following two common ingredients:
- Acetaminophen is used in over 600 products, especially headache and cold medicines. Taking more than is
recommended can lead to liver damage or failure.
- NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are common pain relievers. Overuse, or when used in
combination with some drugs, can lead to stomach bleeding or kidney damage.
OTC medications are meant for temporary relief. If you need to use a medication longer than it says
on the label--see your health care provider. You may have a serious medical condition or your provider may recommend
another form of treatment.
Why is it important to know the correct dosage to take?
Medications can make you sick, injure you or sometimes cause death when taken incorrectly. Do not take more of the
medication than is recommended. Some things to watch out for:
- Over-the-counter (OTC) medications come in a variety of strengths. For example, pain relief medication may
be regular, extra strength or time-release; they may be pills, liquid or capsules. Follow package directions for
- Some people mistakenly think taking three pain relief pills at one time will relieve the pain more
quickly. Or they take too many pills within a 24-hour time or for too many days. Taking more than the recommended dose
can be dangerous.
- If you take prescription medication, do not change the dosage before discussing it with your health care
- An adult dosage of medication should not be given to children. Follow directions prescribed by your
child's doctor and for OTC medications by the children's strength and follow the directions. An incorrect dosage can
quickly have a dangerous effect on children because of their smaller size.
- Some seemingly harmless OTC medications may not be appropriate for children. For example, the American
College of Pediatrics recommends that aspirin not be given to children.
- The elderly can also be more sensitive to medications and their side effects. Check with your physician
if you become drowsy, confused, dizzy, or have other side effects, as your physician may be able to adjust or change
Tips on Safe Handling of Medications:
- Put medications in a safe place away from children (and animals) and keep them in childproof bottles.
- If there is an adult who has difficulty reading labels or in knowing when to take medication, have
another adult oversee the medication.
- If medication poisoning occurs call your doctor or the Poison Information Center at (800) 222-1222 or, if life threatening, call for emergency assistance which in most areas is 911.
- Do not store medications in your bathroom as the moisture and heat could change or destroy their
effectiveness. If you store medication in the kitchen protect it from heat and moisture. Find out if your medication
should or should not be stored in the refrigerator.
- At least once a year review all of your prescription and over-the-counter medications as well as
vitamins and supplements. Do not continue to use medications that have changed color, consistency or odor. Safely
throw away any medications that have expired, that you no longer use or whose labels you can no longer read.
- Throw out old medicine in a sealed, outdoor trash can in a manner that children, animals or other adults
cannot take it. Used syringes and needles should be placed in a hard container (like a used laundry soap bottle) with
a tight lid and then thrown into the trash. To dispose of controlled substances, like narcotics, you may want to ask
your pharmacist or health care provider for advice.
- If you take several medications you may want to keep a list and schedule of when you take each one.
Some people keep track of their medications by using a pill organizer they fill once a week. Ask your pharmacist about
pill organizers or other tracking aids.
- If your medications are delivered by mail or another delivery service--make sure they do not sit outside
your home for a lengthy period of time, they're not exposed to heat/cold and that they will not be tampered with or
Safety Tips on Taking Medications:
- If you have an allergic reaction, call your health care provider, or if life threatening, call for emergency
assistance which in most areas is 911.
- Learn about possible side effects of your medication, what you can do about them and when they might be
dangerous or life threatening.
- If you forget to take your medicine, as scheduled, immediately taking the missed dose may not be the
best thing to do. Read the package insert or call your pharmacist for advice.
- Some people do not take their prescribed medications because they can't afford them. If you do not take
your medications or you skip doses, you may be able to get less expensive drugs by comparing the pharmacy prices in
your area. You can compare pharmacy prices in your area by accessing FloridaHealthFinder.gov and
clicking on the "Prescription Drug Prices" tab under Compare on the home page. The site has price information on the top
150 most commonly used prescription drugs in Florida.
- If you cannot afford your medications talk with your health care provider as he or she may recommend a
less expensive medicine or may have free samples. Also, you may be eligible for prescription assistance programs (see
the next section).
- Some medications should not be cut in half, chewed, or have the capsules opened as this will affect the
medication, could cause harm or even result in death. Read the insert or ask your pharmacist if you have questions.
- If you arrange for your child to be given medication at day care or school, ask about the procedures for
storage, administration and record keeping. Every so often confirm that your child is being given the medication
- Do not take medication for recreational use or use medication prescribed to a friend or family member,
even if you have the same illness or symptoms as that person. Doing so is illegal and can be dangerous or even deadly.
- Because older established drugs have been on the market longer more is known about their effectiveness
and side effects. When you are prescribed a medication ask your physician how long it has been on the market. If there
are medication choices ask which will best serve your needs.
Prescription Assistance Programs
The following programs may offer assistance if you meet their eligibility requirements:
- Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Assistance is an insurance benefit to help people with Medicare pay for
prescription drugs and is provided through Medicare approved private health plans. For more information contact
Medicare's toll-free number (800) 633-4227 or TTY (877) 486-2048
or visit Medicare.gov.
- Sunshine for Seniors, a state sponsored program, is for people 60 years or older. It provides referral
to drug assistance programs, helps seniors choose the best program, and can help with the application process. Call the
Elder Helpline toll-free number (800) 963-5337.
- The National Council on Aging has a referral service for people 55 years or older. Visit BenefitsCheckUp.org.
- Some drug companies offer low or no cost medicine to low-income individuals. Ask your pharmacist if he
or she knows of programs or do a search on the Internet of the companies that make your medicines. Some programs can
also be found under the Medical Help Resources tab on FloridaHealthFinder.gov.
You may also want to read Understanding
Prescription Drug Costs at FloridaHealthFinder.gov under the consumer guides tab.
Safety in Health Care Facilities and in Home Care
As a patient, resident in a facility or a person receiving home care services it might be challenging to be an active
member of your health care team. You may not feel well. You may be given medication that makes you drowsy. You may
be frail and find it difficult to speak up for yourself. But even with these challenges you still play a very important
part in your health care team and you have the right to be involved in your care.
It's important to have clear communication with your health care providers. If you think you may not be able to be
clear, due to a temporary condition or to longer term declining health, you may want to have a loved one be your
advocate and speak up for you. You may also want to designate someone as your health care surrogate.
Before entering a health care facility or receiving services from a home care provider you may want to learn more
about the choices you have and the following resources on FloridaHealthFinder.gov can provide helpful
While Receiving Care:
- You have the right to review records related to your care. If you're receiving medical care under a
physician's orders you will have a plan of care that describes your treatment. If a plan of care is not required other
kinds of records may be kept.
- When you are admitted, transferred or discharged from a health care facility review your medications
with your physician. Find out if there were medication changes and if you need to throw away any unused medicine that
was replaced by a different drug or dosage.
- If you are in a facility where you have an identification (ID) bracelet, check that it can be read and
correctly identifies you. If your ID bracelet doesn't have the correct information, if it comes undone or if it can't
be read--ask that it be replaced.
- When you are given medication, ask the person to check the medication, the order and your
identification so you receive the correct medicine and dosage at the correct time.
- Be familiar with how your medicine looks and if it looks different than what you were given before--talk
with the nurse or aide before taking it.
- Ask what hours you are scheduled for medications. Tell the nurse or aide if a medication time passes
and no one has brought your medication.
- Before a medical test or procedure is done, ask the person to check the order and your identification.
Ask what is going to be done and why.
- Tell your nurse or physician if you have a reaction to your treatment or if your symptoms get worse.
- If you are bed bound ask what safeguards are in place to prevent blood clots and skin ulcers.
- While staying in a hospital or ambulatory surgery center, try to have a family member or friend with you
at all times, if possible.
While Receiving Care in a Health Care Facility:
- If you have a loved one with Alzheimer's disease or dementia in a health care or long-term care facility ask
what safety precautions are in place for patients who wander.
- Ask the facility what procedures are in place should the facility need to be evacuated due to an
emergency or natural disaster, like a fire or hurricane. You can even ask to see the facility's Emergency Action Plan.
- Ask the facility what their policies are concerning restraints and seclusion of patients/residents.
While Receiving Care In Your Home:
- When receiving services in your home try to have a backup plan if the caregiver does not show up for the
scheduled appointment. A home health care provider is required to provide all scheduled visits, so tell the agency's
director of nursing or administrator if someone doesn't show. If the problem continues you may want to change agencies.
- If you need medical equipment and supplies, your home care provider is required to train you and your
loved ones in the correct use of the equipment. Keep written instructions as well as the company's phone number nearby.
Call them if you have questions or problems. If the equipment has alarms or error messages, learn what these mean and
what you need to do when these occur.
- The home care provider is required to give you a phone number to call when you have questions or
problems. If you're receiving nursing or therapeutic services or if you're on life-support equipment, the company must
be on-call 24-hours a day, 7 days a week.
- If you have a physical or mental condition that will require help with evacuation and sheltering during
a disaster, like a hurricane, the home care provider must help you register with the Florida Division of Emergency
Safety Tips for Surgery & Medical Procedures:
- If you have a choice, pick a health care provider and facility with experience in the surgery/procedure you
are having. By using the hospitals and ambulatory surgery centers comparison tool on FloridaHealthFinder.gov you can view the
number of visits and range of charges on over a 150 medical conditions and procedures performed at ambulatory surgery
centers and the number hospitalizations and range of charges for hospitals. Additional information on hospitals
includes average length of stay as well as rates for readmissions, complications and infections, and mortality. The
hospital comparison tool provides comparison of pediatric care as well as adult care.
- Carefully follow directions about what you need to do prior to the surgery or procedure. If you don't
understand the directions ask them to be explained to you.
- Ask your health care provider if you need to stop any of your medications prior to the
surgery/procedure. Also, ask what you can eat or drink prior to the surgery/procedure.
- Make sure it is clear who will perform the surgery/procedure, what exactly will be done and what to
expect after the surgery/procedure.
- Ask what safeguards are in place to ensure the correct surgery/procedure is done at the correct site on
the correct patient.
- Ask if you will need a blood transfusion and what safety precautions are in place to assure you receive
the correct blood type. If possible, you may want to donate your own blood prior to the surgery/procedure. Tell your
doctor if you have ever had a reaction to a blood transfusion.
- Ask if there is a risk of complications after your surgery/procedure and what symptoms you should watch
- Have a loved one available during your surgery/procedure to be your advocate. Tell your physician if
you want your loved one consulted, if needed, and to report to them once the surgery/procedure is complete.
- Learn about your follow-up care including healing of the surgery site; how much rest you will need; what
medications, food, and activities to avoid; and when you can return to work and other activities.
- Make sure your health care provider answers all your questions and concerns.
Safety Tips for Anesthesia:
When preparing for a surgery or procedure you will also want to learn about anesthesia. Anesthesia is medication
that keeps you from feeling pain and sensations during a surgery/procedure. Ask exactly who will give you anesthesia
and monitor your vital signs.
Tell your doctor and the anesthesiologist if you have ever had a reaction to anesthesia. Tell them all the
medications you take (prescribed, over-the-counter, vitamins and herbal supplements) and any allergies you may have.
Also, let them know if you have any medical problems and, though this may feel personal, if you have a drinking problem
or use drugs recreationally. This information is very important for safe anesthesia care.
Ask about restrictions on medications, food and alcohol before and after the use of anesthesia.
After surgery under general anesthesia (the kind that puts you to sleep) you may continue to feel drowsy, tired, or
weak for a few days and you may have problems with coordination and thinking clearly. For at least 24 hours after
receiving general anesthesia do not drive, use machines or do things that could be dangerous if you are not alert.
If You Have a Complaint:
If you have a complaint about your health care provider or health care facility talk with them first to see if the
matter can be resolved. If you are still not satisfied and want to file a complaint with the State of Florida, call the
toll-free number (888) 419-3456. Or you can fill out a Health Care Facility Complaint Form.
Prevention of Infections
The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) states that about two million people a year get an infection during their stay
in a hospital in the United States. A person can also get an infection in non-hospital settings like nursing homes,
dialysis centers, physicians' offices or in their own home.
Data is available on infection rates at Florida hospitals. If you are going to receive care or treatment in a
hospital you may want to check your hospital's infection rates or compare several hospitals in your area. You can find
infection rates on the hospital comparison tool on
Tips on Infection Prevention:
- A patient can be at risk of getting an infection, so if you are ill do not visit a person who is sick at
home or in the hospital. If a patient has an infection, he or she may transfer it to others, so take precautions to
- The CDC states that clean hands are the most important part in preventing the spread of infection.
- If you are giving care be sure to wash your hands before and after, and if you are receiving care do
not be afraid to ask your health care providers if they washed their hands.
- As a patient, it's also important to keep your hands clean, particularly after handling soiled
items or after using the bathroom.
- If you are visiting an ill person, wash your hands before and after the visit.
- Gloves should be worn if coming into contact with body fluids, soiled items or when
inserting any invasive devices (like a catheter). Hands should be washed before and after using gloves. The gloves
should be thrown out after caring for a patient.
- If you have a drainage tube or a catheter that comes lose, immediately tell your caregiver or health
care provider. A drainage tube might be inserted to drain a wound; a catheter might be a Foley catheter (a thin tube
inserted to remove urine from the bladder) or an intravenous line (or IV) that is inserted into a vein to give fluids.
- If you have either a catheter or a wound, keep the skin clean and dry around your IV catheter dressing
or wound dressing. If the dressing gets wet or comes lose tell your caregiver or health care provider.
- Long nails and artificial nails can continue to hold infectious germs even after a good hand washing.
If a patient is at risk of getting an infection the CDC states caregivers should keep their nail tips to ¼ inch in
length and should not wear artificial nails.
- Other ways germs can spread are through droplets (from an infected person coughing, sneezing, or
talking, etc); airborne transmission (which may require special air handling and ventilation for treatment); items that
have picked up germs like medical equipment or any item that can then spread infection; or when animals or bugs transmit
infection (like mosquitoes, flies, or rats).
- Sometimes it may be necessary for the patient, staff or visitors to wear protective masks or gowns.
- Under certain circumstances a patient may be placed in isolation in a hospital to protect the patient
and to prevent the spread of infection. Patients placed in isolation will have signs posted outside their hospital
doors. Before entering the room ask the hospital staff about visiting restrictions and any protective requirements for
the patient, staff or visitors.
- Some medical equipment and items may require special handling during and after use, for example,
needles, catheters or items soiled with body fluid (like blood on a bandage). Some items can be thrown in the regular
trash, but others may need to be placed in a biohazard waste container. Other items may be able to be sterilized or
disinfected for future use.
- Ask your health care provider about proper use and disposal of gloves, gowns, masks, medical equipment
- The patient's bed linens and clothing should be changed and washed regularly, or immediately if they
become soiled. The patient's surroundings should be kept clean.
- Tell your health care provider if you show signs of a possible infection, like a fever, chills, pain,
redness, swelling, a discharge or other symptoms.
- If you are diabetic, you have a higher risk of developing an infection. Be careful about controlling
your blood sugar and especially talk with your health care provider about your diabetic care needs if you have surgery,
need wound care, will be bedridden or other situations that might lead to infection.
- If you are given antibiotics for an infection, use all the medication until it is finished. Even if you
feel better do not stop taking the antibiotic.
Prevention of Falls
Injuries from falls are of particular concern for the elderly and for patients who might be frail or disoriented from
illness, recovering from surgery or on medication. Whether you're in a health care facility or your own home, check
for the following to help prevent falls:
- If you are in a hospital bed the side rails may need to be kept up. Ask your caregiver to lock the brakes
on your bed. If needed, call for help to get out of bed.
- Make sure throw rugs and floors are not slippery. Keep the floor clear of clutter.
- Use shoes that give good support and are not slippery.
- Use a walker, cane or wheelchair if needed and learn how to use them correctly.
- Eyeglasses or a change in eyeglasses may help, as poor vision can contribute to falls.
- Make sure you have good lighting.
- Consider a bedside commode if walking to the bathroom in the middle of the night is difficult.
- Use chairs and a bed that are easy to get in and out of.
- Grab bars in the bathroom, a raised toilet seat, shower chair and non-slip mat in the tub or shower are
good safety features.
- Stairs should have handrails on both sides, have good lighting and be clear of objects.
- Ask your physician if an adjustment in your medications could improve coordination.
- An exercise program, even for the frail elderly, can help improve balance and strength and help prevent
falls. You may want to consult an exercise trainer or participate in an exercise program geared towards your skill
Review your surroundings and see what other actions can be taken to help prevent falls.
Additional Consumer Guides Include:
A Patient's Guide to a Hospital Stay
Assisted Living in Florida
End-of-Life Issues - A Practical Planning Guide
Health and Human Services Programs
Health Care Advance Directives
Home Health Care in Florida
Nursing Home Care in Florida
Understanding Prescription Drug Costs
Note: This is not designed to offer medical or legal advice. Please consult with your physician for medical advice
and an attorney for legal advice.
Information is current as of December 2013.
This may be copied for public use. Please credit the Agency for Health Care Administration for its creation.
If you have comments or suggestions, please call (850) 412-3750. | <urn:uuid:58c6b06b-8b5e-4419-8e6e-dc0c4ceb47c5> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.floridahealthfinder.gov/reports-guides/patient-safety.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770130.120/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00028-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928224 | 6,695 | 3.265625 | 3 |
The most thorough statement of one of Emerson's recurrent themes, the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency, and follow his or her own instincts and ideas. It is the source of one of Emerson's most famous quotations, "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds." This essay is considered a watershed moment in which transcendentalism became a major cultural movement. An American classic.
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Don't buy this
- Leah Twitchell
RWE is great, but the narration is lacking
Emerson is certainly one of the great thinkers of the American experience, however the narration of this text makes it quite challenging to get at the heart of Emerson's point. The narrator seems to lack the feeling and flow that would have really brought Emerson's words alive from the page to the listener's ear. | <urn:uuid:4453bc32-3df3-4d45-a27b-594f0df35873> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://mobile.audible.com/pd/Classics/Self-Reliance-Audiobook/B00875EKW4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320063.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623133357-20170623153357-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.959308 | 199 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Firefigher Rob explains how a mask helps firefighters to breathe clean air during a fire
April 6, 2012 -- On Wednesday afternoon, firefighters from Portland Fire & Rescue’s Station 19 (Mt.Tabor) welcomed 19 kindergarten students from Vestal Elementary School into their station for a tour and safety talk.
Firefighters Rob Root, Casey Ray, Chris Foster, and Jon Harrell walked the students around the entire station, showing where the engine and rescue are housed and where the firefighters exercise, sleep, complete paperwork and reports, and cook and eat healthy meals.
Firefighter Rob teaches kindergartens to "get low and go"
The tour then gathered in the apparatus bay of the station for a fire safety discussion. Students were taught by Firefighter Rob how to quickly drop to the floor and crawl to safety if smoke is present. Firefighter Casey then donned full turnouts to show students that although the firefighter may look scary in their firefighter suit, it’s important not to hide from a firefighter during an emergency situation.
Firefighter Casey shows students what gear firefighters wear to keep protected
Much to their excitement, the kinders were finally treated to a tour of the engine and rescue. Firefighter Rob explained that engines carry water, that firefighters use hoses to spray water on the fire, and showed the students the tools commonly used to fight fires.
A big thanks for visiting goes out to the kindergarten students from Vestal Elementary School!
Photos are courtesy of Firefighter Jon Harrell.
Further Information on Requesting a Station Tour
All 30 Portlandfire stations are staffed 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Guests are welcome at our stations by appointment most days at 10:30 am or 1:30 pm. Please use our online forms at http://www.portlandonline.com/fire/index.cfm?c=57868 to request a fire station tour, a visit by a fire station, or a tour of our Historic Belmont Firehouse & Safety Learning Center at SE 35th & Belmont. Activities are planned based on the age and skill level of the audience. We look forward to your visit!
Questions about tours? Contact us at (503) 823-3741. | <urn:uuid:f904e876-9e21-432e-a2f5-664dbee16db3> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.portlandoregon.gov/fire/article/392814 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710869.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201185801-20221201215801-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.937849 | 457 | 2.875 | 3 |
Why do we call Good Friday "good"?Why do we call Good Friday "good"? Isn't that the day of horror and suffering that Jesus endured? We picture the tear-stained cheeks of the disciples and wonder, "What about this is good? Isn't this the most tragic event to ever transpire in all of history?"
What is our relationship with God?
In order to understand why we call this seemingly dark Friday, “good”, we must fully understand our relationship with God and the cost of our sin.
Romans 6:23 tells us, “For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord.” Sin is anything we do that breaks God’s law. That means not telling the truth (even once), stealing anything (even that pen from work), hating someone …the list goes on (and on and on). We have ALL sinned. Not one of us is perfect. Romans 3:23 spells it out pretty clearly “for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God“. With this sin staining our lives, we cannot be in God’s perfect presence. A perfect God cannot be part of imperfection.
So, what hope do we have?
On our own, we will live separated from God forever.
There is an irreconcilable gap between us and a holy God.
Now what? There is an irreconcilable gap between us and a Holy God.
Good news: This gap was closed!
This gap was closed through Jesus’ work on the cross, which allows us to have direct access to God. Many shy away from the mention of the cross. They look at the cross as a symbol of death; a horrific reminder of the murder of Jesus. However, it is crucial to understand that Jesus wasn’t murdered. John 10:18 says, “No one takes it [my life] from Me, but I lay it down of Myself. I have power to lay it down, and I have power to take it again. This command I have received from My Father.” Clearly, Jesus prophesies of His own death and His willingness to offer Himself as a sacrifice for sins.
What about the cross?
Should the symbol of eternal life be the instrument of death for the Savior?
Remember, Jesus’ time on the cross was not about the end of His life. It was about the beginning of ours. Hebrews 9:14 says, “How much more, then, will the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered Himself unblemished to God, cleanse our consciences from acts that lead to death, so that we may serve the living God!” Because of Jesus’ willing sacrifice, we are now free from eternal death and sin and can serve God.
If we accept this gift of Jesus’ life for ours, we are now free.
If we accept this gift of Jesus’ life for ours, we are now free from eternal death and sin, and can serve God as His children.
The Bible as a whole lifts the curtain on this scene revealing what was truly going on behind the scenes on that Friday. Jesus chose each of us as His own and counted us precious enough to give Himself up as a sacrifice on the cross. He loved each of us so much He was willing to pay the ultimate price so that we could be together with God forever if we choose.
Why do we celebrate Easter? It seems it’s just another holiday like all the others, but what makes it stand out?
“Is this not the fast that I have chosen:To loose the bonds of wickedness,To undo the [c]heavy burdens,To let the oppressed go free,And that you break every yoke?7 Is it not to share your bread with the hungry,And that you bring to your house the poor who are [d]cast...
Hey Cameron, Hope all is well and this finds you abundantly blessed. Whenever you have people responding to the gospel you always want to balance your caution with joy. You mustn't become cynical. When Jesus taught the parable of the sower he mentioned that there... | <urn:uuid:824cc037-a856-4798-a2d8-c470f4d58ee7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thegatheringif.com/626-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572174.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815115129-20220815145129-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.95815 | 891 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Rabies has the highest case fatality rate of any infectious disease; without treatment or with treatment delayed, an individual, once infected, has a 99.9% chance of dying. Dogs, throughout human history, have been the primary vectors for infecting humans. Even today domestic dogs cause over 99% of around 60,000 deaths in humans each year from rabies—about half of those who die are children.
The US began campaigns to vaccinate companion pets in the 1940s; mass vaccination of dogs has resulted in essentially the elimination of canine rabies in the US, Canada, Western Europe and Japan. The herd immunity threshold, or the percentage of dogs that must be vaccinated to achieve protection for a community against rabies, has been found to be around seventy percent. A recent example of success from this approach was demonstrated in Bali, which like many Pacific Islands had no history of rabies. In 2008, rabies was introduced to Bali, but an island-inclusive vaccination campaign for dogs launched in 2010 reduced the number of human cases of around 90% by 2012.
The demonstrated success in these countries serves as a model for developing nations where rabies is endemic–about half the world’s population faces the risk each day of receiving a bite from a rabid dog. The Global Alliance for Rabies Control recently has called for an international effort to eliminate this threat of virus from dogs through mass vaccination. The treatment for a human, once bitten, requires an injection of antibodies against the rabies virus and four doses of vaccine on the day of exposure, with three more doses of vaccine applied typically during the next two to four weeks. In the US, post-exposure treatment costs around $1,000; in developing nations, post-exposure treatment can cost a family a month’s worth of wages. For many bite-victims in developing nations, post-exposure treatment is unavailable or unreliable. Mass vaccination represents a cost effective alternative—in developing nations, a single dose of vaccine to prevent rabies in a dog for about a year costs about twenty to forty US cents. One study determined that of the total economic burden globally from rabies, only 1.5% is due to costs for dog vaccination.
While health officials in the US should applaud and support efforts to control canine rabies in the developing world, they also should take a more vigorous approach against a growing rabies problem within our borders. Unfortunately, before rabies was controlled in the canine population of the US, the virus crossed over to wild animal populations, in which it continues to fester today:
- racoons across sixteen states from Maine to Florida
- skunks in thirteen states stretching across Montana, Minnesota and south to Texas
- gray foxes from west Texas into New Mexico and Arizona
- skunks in California and Arizona
- arctic and red foxes in northern and western coastal Alaska and the Aleutians
Death from rabies in the US is rare—only a handful of humans die each year. So, shouldn’t we consider this disease a problem of the past? Not exactly. About 40,000 people in the US receive treatment for rabies in the US annually, and over 90% of these cases arise from exposure to wild animals.
The good news is that vaccination of wildlife has been almost as effective as vaccination of domestic dogs. In the 1980s, rabies in foxes infiltrated Europe from the east but was halted at France and northern Italy with the use of oral rabies vaccine. After a prodigious spread of raccoon rabies across eastern states (noted above) in the 70s and 80s, a campaign in the 90s deployed oral rabies vaccine to check the epidemic from entering unaffected states. Oral vaccines typically contain live, weakened (non-infectious) virus within a blister pack that is incorporated into a food bait appropriate for the target animal. Since these vaccine-bait units are widely distributed, sometimes by aerial methods, precautions must be taken to prevent exposure of non-target species to viral components. Skunks, unlike other animals such as raccoons, reluctantly consume baits containing vaccine, and when they do, their immune systems produce antibodies poorly; researchers recommend a ‘trap-vaccinate-release’ strategy using killed virus vaccine for skunks.
We in the US must move beyond our current wildlife management strategy to contain rabies in broad geographic regions, where it remains unchecked and endemic. We should strive for elimination; we can refer to many examples, including in Texas where rabies was eliminated in coyotes, and in Ontario with rabies among arctic foxes.
We have another incentive for eliminating rabies from reservoir wild animal populations—this virus has the potential to re-emerge in our domestic animal population. However, in the future, the domestic host won’t be the dog, but the cat. The most recently available data show that infection with rabies is over three times higher in cats than dogs in the US. Americans own over 70 million cats and almost as many dogs. However, cat owners are far less likely to get necessary vaccinations for their pets—in 2006, 36% of cat owners did not seek veterinary services. The homeless population of cats in the US, which include feral animals and domestic strays, ranges up to 70 million—even with the efforts of feral cat rescue groups and humane societies, at best, ten percent of these animals receive veterinary treatment of any kind. Considering that cats serve as a ‘bridge’ species between wild animals and humans (and other domestic pets), the exploding homeless cat population, exposed to wild animal populations in which rabies is increasingly concentrated, presents a looming risk for human infection in American communities.
Our experience with euthanization, a method that the government of Bali has unfortunately implemented to control flare-ups of rabies, has provided ample examples that it is counterproductive to rabies control—concerned citizens have sheltered animals from authorities, and animal populations have been able to outbreed control efforts. We can complement vaccination for wild animal species with a strategy of ‘trap-vaccinate/sterilize-release’ for domestic homeless animals to approach an effective herd immunity in these populations. Eradication of rabies is not likely possible, especially since bats can harbour the virus and little research is available to inform us how to vaccinate them; however, bats account for a miniscule percentage of human cases. We can reduce the footprint of rabies in the US to small, isolated pockets that we can better manage; we will be able to control flare-ups with ring-vaccination campaigns, and we will have time to develop new approaches for bat rabies. As the developing world makes a commitment to take a significant step forward with rabies, the US needs to show the way to finally putting this virus behind us.
Steven Smith, M.Sc. is an Infectious diseases epidemiologist | <urn:uuid:24ea2431-8ec5-41a4-b1a1-36dfe97cfb9a> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://outbreaknewstoday.com/developing-nations-and-the-us-have-different-priorities-in-a-unified-fight-to-control-the-growing-threat-from-rabies-44184/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945648.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422193501-20180422213501-00533.warc.gz | en | 0.952381 | 1,417 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Scandinavia could look much different today that it does. Not only the Swedish-Russian and Swedish-Danish wars might have turned out differently, the far north of Finland could have been much smaller. Because Finland wanted to give these lands away to neighbouring Norway, for free.
Featured image: The landscape of Treriksröset, the point in the Scandinavian far north
where Norway, Sweden and Finland meet (Photo by Ville Palmu/Unsplash (CC))
Why? The Fins were happy to safeguard the reindeer areas of the Sami, the indigenous people of Northern Scandinavia. We are talking about the year 1859, five decades after Sweden lost “its Finland” to the Russian army. To make things easier for the reindeer herding by the Sami, the Finnish government was willing to donate 736 km2 (457 mi2) to Norway, which was then under Swedish control.
But the Norwegian-Swedish authorities said no. Historian Steiner Pedersen recently told Norwegian Broadcasting Company NRK the main reason was that the Norwegian-Swedish authorities felt they finally had sufficient control of the nomadic Sami, and did not want to have more of them.
Over the last 271 years, the Sami have been divided over four countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia’s Kola peninsula. In Norway the Sami have the best status, the Sami government is being listened to by Oslo, and the indigenous people have a real say in some of the decision making. After Russia, which is repressing its minorities indiscriminately, the Sami have the worst status in Sweden. Stockholm and the companies run or influenced by the 16 most important Swedish business families still feel that the northern parts of Sweden are to be used for energy production and mining. The Swedish authorities, not the Sami, should decide over hunting and fishing rights in the historic Sami lands, Stockholm feels.
UN Human Rights calls Sweden
The position of the Swedish central government often leads to conflicts in court and the northern Sami societies, and even the United Nations Human Rights Council has repeatedly called for Sweden to honour the Sami’s rights, as late as February this year when Sweden was about to grant another open-pit mining activity. | © 2022 Marcel Burger, nordicreporter.com | <urn:uuid:f4598a04-ff89-4958-a616-b7fc3fc12b57> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://nordicreporter.com/2022/08/these-lands-finland-wanted-to-give-away/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679515260.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211143258-20231211173258-00795.warc.gz | en | 0.967116 | 484 | 3.65625 | 4 |
So, what is the Macrobiotic diet? Like all new diet trends, it is not really that new and is very loosely based on Japanese and Buddhist philosophies balancing the yin and yang elements of food. Needless to say, it is a reported hit with Madonna and Gwyenth Paltrow. Sounds very hippy and Hollywood, undoubtably the 2 most important elements for a diet fad…
Put simply the Macrobiotic diet focusses on unprocessed foods and the consumption of vegetables and grains as opposed to animal based food. Whilst not strictly vegan (some animal products such fish are allowed) it follows similar principles.
image via pinterest
A “typical” Macrobiotic diet includes:
– Wholegrains – often, eg: brown rice, millet, rye, spelt.
– Vegetables – with every meal, eg: Asian veg, broccoli, cauliflower, red cabbage.
– Beans – once a day eg: black soybeans, Azuki beans, chick peas
– Tofu and tempeh – regularly (organic and non GM of course)
– Fish – 2 to 3 a week
– Seeds and nuts – 1 to 2 cups a week
The Macrobiotic diet also advocates the consumption of only eating seasonal produce and portion controlled meals.
The Macrobiotic diet has a lot of good quality complex carbs, high fibre, low fat foods that make you feel fuller for longer and are full of easy to absorb nutrients. According to Macrobiotic practitioners these foods are in harmony with nature and therefore easier for your body to process and digest.
This diet also focusses on wellbeing rather than on body image and is designed to be part of a lifestyle rather than a quick fix.
Another pleasing element is the lack of reliance on processed, pre-prepared food with questionable nutritional benefits.
Macrobiotic diet does not include (or advises only sporadic inclusion at best) red meat, tropical fruit, chicken or dairy. They are considered too yin for the body resulting in stagnation of energy or the vital life force called chi. Excluding these foods however does make it difficult to absorb certain essential nutrients such as calcium, vitamin B12, D and iron to name a few.
This diet plan could not be considered balanced particularly to those with certain nutrient deficiencies. In addition, the strictness of the diet does make it difficult to sustain particularly as certain cooking modalities are prohibited or restricted such as roasting and microwave use.
It is best to consult a medical professional prior to undertaking any major diet changes as we are not all the same and what works for one may not work for the other.
As with everything, the changes you make should be focussed on health and should be sustainable. | <urn:uuid:508a6bfb-7ef7-47c1-b57d-f0d489e8a18c> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://rescu.com.au/what-is-the-macrobiotic-diet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991178.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516171301-20210516201301-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.94673 | 570 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Discovering Computer Science & Programming through Scratch
This curriculum introduces young people to five fundamental principles of computer programming, providing a foundation for exploring and creating. Scratch is a project of the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab. Each youth in a group should have his/her own guidebook.
In Discovering Computer Science & Programming through Scratch, youth interact with a series of tutorials and challenges within the Scratch environment. Young people can work on the activities individually, with partners, or in a guided instructional setting. Grades 6-8.
This curriculm is available from the 4-H Mall and offers a facilitator guide, a youth guide, or a set of both guides.
This material is presented to ensure timely dissemination of scholarly and technical work. Copyright and all rights therein are retained by authors or by other copyright holders. All persons copying this information are expected to adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each author's copyright. In most cases, these works may not be reposted without the explicit permission of the copyright holder.
- The following copyright notice applies to all of the above items that appear in IEEE publications: "Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/publish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from IEEE."
- The following copyright notice applies to all of the above items that appear in ACM publications: "© ACM, effective the year of publication shown in the bibliographic information. This file is the author’s version of the work. It is posted here by permission of ACM for your personal use. Not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in the journal or proceedings indicated in the bibliographic data for each item."
- The following copyright notice applies to all of the above items that appear in IFAC publications: "Document is being reproduced under permission of the Copyright Holder. Use or reproduction of the Document is for informational or personal use only." | <urn:uuid:ded58e82-0985-4450-aab2-bc17dfdfe7b9> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://cred-c.org/publications/discovering-computer-science-programming-through-scratch | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528290.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722221756-20190723003756-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.887952 | 432 | 3.59375 | 4 |
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