text stringlengths 222 548k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 95 values | url stringlengths 14 1.08k | file_path stringlengths 110 155 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 53 113k | score float64 2.52 5.03 | int_score int64 3 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maps don't typically convey time very well. They're static snapshots of a moment in history. They tell you what exists, not when people go there, or how the value of a place might be tied to time – whether it's a nightlife district or a public park most popular with early-morning joggers.
We've come across a handful of animated maps that do a good job combining time and space, frequently using either transit data or geo-tagged social-media hits. Now a new project, called Geographies of Time, is trying to do something similar with a more typical two-dimensional map. The effort is part of a broader EU-funded project called UrbanSensing that's building platforms to detect patterns in how people use urban spaces.
With Geographies of Time, the researchers wanted to erase how we typically think of boundaries within cities – between neighborhoods, for instance – and replace them with new ones dictated by time. Which parts of a city come alive between midnight and 3 a.m.? How about at lunch time? And what might those patterns tell us about how individual places – and whole cities – are experienced differently over the course of a day?
Giorgia Lupi, the Ph.D. researcher at Milan Politecnico behind the project, began with Milan. Using tens of thousands of geo-tagged tweets, she and colleagues divided the map of the city into a fine-grained grid. The tweets were then divided into eight three-hour time intervals (from midnight to 3 a.m., 3 a.m. to 6 a.m., etc.). And the boxes in the grid were digitally colored based on the time window when Twitter was locally most active. Here, for instance, is a representation of a weekday in Milan, with the key at right:
And a weekend:
For comparison, Lupi and her information design agency Accurat prepared another set of maps from New York City for us, using one month of geolocated tweets from the city in July of this year (covering about 3 million tweets total). On this map, the individual squares are miniscule, about 250 by 350 feet. But to reduce anomalies in the map, squares are colored based on the tweet activity in the eight squares surrounding them as well. As with Milan, there are eight three-hour units of time over the course of the day.
This is New York on a weekday:
And a weekend:
Zooming in, you can see heavy mid-day activity around lunchtime in the Financial District on week days:
On a weekend, there are a lot of night-time revelers near Times Square:
And the area around Yankees Stadium lit up around 6-9 p.m. on weekdays, adjacent to Macombs Dam Park:
The result looks a lot like Tetris. But it's certainly effective in re-scrambling how we think about the divisions within cities when we look at a map. | <urn:uuid:29ebc9bc-a19e-4444-9bbe-997cac77a48c> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.citylab.com/tech/2013/10/mapping-time-boundaries-city/7221/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657120057.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011200-00247-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955217 | 608 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Mount Ingalls (California)
|Elevation||8,376 ft (2,553 m) NAVD 88|
|Prominence||2,792 ft (851 m) |
|Listing||California county high points 25th|
|Location||Plumas County, California, U.S.|
|Parent range||Northern Sierra Nevada|
|Topo map||USGS Mount Ingalls|
Mount Ingalls is a mountain located in the Northern Sierra Nevada in California. The peak rises to an elevation of 8,376 feet (2,553 m), and is the highest point in Plumas County and Plumas National Forest. Most of the precipitation that falls on the mountain is snow due to the high elevation.
- "Ingalls". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. Retrieved 2009-08-03.
- "Mount Ingalls, California". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
- "Subsection M261Eh - Upper Batholith and Volcanic Flows". U.S. Forest Service. Archived from the original on 2007-08-13. Retrieved 2014-01-19.
- "Mount Ingalls". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
|This Plumas County, California-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.| | <urn:uuid:ec637c3e-7f28-4488-8412-2c6eb6df8866> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ingalls_(California) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608416.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525195400-20170525215400-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.709016 | 298 | 2.625 | 3 |
With fall in the air, there’s changes that affect milk production for the cows here at the farm. Seasons are always coming and going, and it’s the same with milk cows. They go through cycles naturally.
Below I have posted the latest report on milk production. As you’ll see, the two lowest producing cows (besides a couple dry ones) are Milka and Dora.
As an owner in the cow-share program at Bartlett Farms, your milk deliveries are based on the milk your cow is giving. That’s right. So if your cow Milka is giving less, you are entitled to a lower milk supply.
Below is a visual summary of the herd milking cycles. The curves represent the normal high and low points of the amount of milk a cow is expected to give. At about the middle of the chart, you’ll see September 2015. That’s where we’re at right now. Milka (lavender) is declining in preparation for calving this winter and Dora (light green) is also giving less milk due to late stage in milking. Dora has also experienced a foot injury this summer which has contributed to an earlier reduction in milk as well.
I know you may be wondering exactly which cows you own, and where they fit in this picture. If you’d like to find out, shoot me an email at email@example.com. I’ll be happy to explain.
Posted by Peter on September 17, 2015; updated September 23rd, 2015.
Bartlett Farms Dairy Manager
Lucy, a two and a half year old Jersey cow. | <urn:uuid:501e3f32-6894-4b98-a42d-b91a49543043> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://bartlettfarms.us/learning/owner-report-09-2015/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107891228.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20201026115814-20201026145814-00124.warc.gz | en | 0.960614 | 351 | 2.546875 | 3 |
It has said that leaders do the right thing and managers do things right. While this is a subtle distinction between managers and managers in business, you can be the determining factor between failure and success; Unfortunately, often is overlooked. Management refers to the actions involved in four common functions for companies: planning, organization, direction and coordination of resources. In order to better recognize and appreciate fully the functions of a Manager and its operation, you must first understand what are the basic functions of business management. If the system is an organization, Department, business or project, the general planning process, includes similar activities that are carried out in some sort of sequential order. Often, a plan is applied in a prudent manner and previously defined. Part of the planning process in business management involves some sort of organizational behavior.
The Organizer is seen typically as activities used in an effort to collect and configure resources for the implementation of the plans in an efficient manner. The role of an Organizer includes a broad set of activities, and is one of the main functions of a successful Manager together with not neglecting no point in strategic management. The organization can cover many aspects of business. While the Organization plays a crucial role within the ranks of business management, leadership and the ability to lead people not should be taken for granted. A leader can be regarded as someone who is responsible for the address in an effort to influence people to follow a particular path.
Managers are people who are capable of motivate using a variety of well established methods, such as facilitation, coaching, mentoring, coaching and delegating. Managers who have the ability to drive do so with a variety of styles. A great leader must be able to assess their resources and leverage them accordingly. In the current market of business managers they are in high demand. Check with Infinity Real Estate to learn more. The world has an endless amount of work to perform, however, you must remain aware that the address is not simply a job, but rather a form of art within the business management. If the person responsible for managing and directing a group of individuals can dominate the four management functions of planning, organization, direction and coordination of resources, your opportunities are endless. Juliana Arango management financial original author and source of the article | <urn:uuid:42f88752-a5f5-48a8-8852-20545b2b055f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | http://www.stockinvestingcoach.com/functions-of-business-management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510225.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926211344-20230927001344-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.965936 | 455 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Published by Ulfred Walker in Category Kindergarten at Wednesday, April 25th 2018. Labeled with . 94/100 rated by 510 users
This document section includes 39 picture of Kindergarten, some of them are including The Single Step Addition Word Problems Using Single Digit Numbers A. Elementary Math Word Problems Worksheet Free Printable Educational. Math Worksheets Fifth Grade Word Problems Homeshealth Info. Free Printable Math Worksheets For 3rd Grade Word Problems 10.
All Rights Reserved. Designated trademarks, brands and all uploaded materials by users are the property of their respective owners. Worksheets Kindergarten and Free Printables. All Rights Reversed.
© 2016 Worksheets Kindergarten and Free Printables, Corp.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• | <urn:uuid:75810e76-740e-4c30-a48b-f1bdd01c1111> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://leenkat.com/math-worksheet-word-problems-picture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823785.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212065445-20181212090945-00058.warc.gz | en | 0.691071 | 174 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Playing by the Same Rules:
Discipline of Charter School Students with Disabilities
Earlier this year, the Center for Civil Rights Remedies at the Civil Rights Project published a report entitled, “Charter Schools, Civil Rights and School Discipline: A Comprehensive Review.” The authors reviewed comprehensive data on charter school discipline practices, and their findings included a determination that charter schools, on the whole, disciplined students with disabilities at higher rates than their non-disabled peers.
Many parents of children with disabilities seek out charter schools as a public alternative to their local school district. Parents of charter school students should keep in mind that charter schools must adhere to the same state and federal laws about educating children with disabilities, including the discipline protections of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”).
The following are potential red flags for parents of charter school students to watch out for which can be signs that the rights of a child with a disability have been violated:
- A charter school asking a student with disabilities to dis-enroll from the charter or face expulsion. Sometimes charter schools will do this under the auspices of preserving the student’s record; however, it can sometimes be a way for the school to avoid conducting a manifestation determination review or to “counsel out a student” whose behaviors are a manifestation of his or her disability.
- Statements by charter school personnel that “we don’t have to follow the same rules as public schools.” Charter schools do, in fact, have to follow the law, and in the case of children with disabilities, charter schools must follow the IDEA and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (“Section 504”). This includes holding a manifestation determination review when a student with disabilities is removed from school for more than ten days in the same school year and not disciplining a child for manifestations of his or her disability.
- Claims that charter schools do not have to follow a 504 Plan or IEP because they have a zero tolerance policy. Setting aside the general education implications of zero tolerance policies, parents of charter school students with disabilities should know that IDEA discipline protections trump the charter school’s discipline policy – no matter what its level of “tolerance.”
- Statements by charter school personnel that “we don’t offer that service here.” Charter schools, like public school districts, have to provide those services that a child with disabilities needs to receive a free, appropriate public education, and if the charter school does not have a service the child needs, the school must find a placement for the student with disabilities that can meet his or her needs.
No matter where your child with a disability attends school, parents should remain alert and engaged in the education process both for the general benefit of their child’s development but also to ensure that his or her rights are respected. If you are concerned that your charter school student’s rights have been violated, call our office for a free consultation. | <urn:uuid:681b6faf-6fe4-4c18-8aa2-bb4de241ef4a> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://mcandrewslaw.com/publications-and-presentations/articles/playing-by-the-same-rules-discipline-of-charter-school-students-with-disabilities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578526923.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419001419-20190419022531-00056.warc.gz | en | 0.964513 | 619 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Sneem Black Pudding facts for kids
Produced by local butchers Peter O'Sullivan and Kieran Burns, it is described as "traditional blood pudding, uncased and tray-baked. It has a deep red-brown colour and is free from artificial colours, flavours, bulking agents and preservatives." It is sold in squares rather than rings, and the ingredients are beef suet, onions, oat flakes, spices and blood (from pigs, cattle and lambs of South Kerry).
It is claimed that home blood pudding production in the region dates back to the early 19th century, traditionally produced by women; the current recipe dates to the 1950s. In 2019, Sneem Black Pudding received Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) status.
Sneem Black Pudding Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia. | <urn:uuid:529314e8-e5c0-4f95-a76f-c2d3757ad02f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://kids.kiddle.co/Sneem_Black_Pudding | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100057.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129073519-20231129103519-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.939936 | 175 | 3 | 3 |
Psych 300w Tutorial Sept 26 2013
Extent of research
Quality – Thesis is it simple or challenging?
Reasoning process – why is this the thing you chose?
What is happening in light of a perspective in psychology?
What was the central claim they were making?
Hypothesis? ; a claim.
Previews main ideas
Identifies a defensible goal
Only in argumentative papers
*debatable * claim * debate
Whats the paragraph about ? Introduces a section of the paper.
Not Necessarily first line, near start.. what is the change of thinking you hope to offer to
Change in function of section
Clear and concise
Counter arguments on the table where do we go next, how do we weigh these perspectives now where do
we go.. is there something new? Context is there diff situations in which they both exist? How do we work
with these views together?
Evidence or Logic.. why does it make sense to you?
Doesn’t have to be complete answer can we at least figure out what the Q’s are and what we have to do to
Can you show the reader the steps they would have to go through to change their minds? What do the
papers have to say about our perspective?
Evidence for their perspective?
If we have this conflict or ambiguity which way forward exists. If we have a solution why is it justified?
Can you examine your thought and show how you arrived at the thought and why you continue to hold that
position? Conflicting? Reasoning… Oct 24,2013 | <urn:uuid:305efdef-88fa-4992-b15d-1dc5b61a6b64> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://oneclass.com/class-notes/ca/sfu/psyc/psyc-300w/277236-psych-300w-tutorial-sept-26-sept-26-2013docx.en.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648226.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323122312-20180323142312-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.931891 | 330 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Welcome to week 1 of the Clean Cuisine Challenge! It may take a few days to get the hang of things and to adjust to some of our recommendations, but we will be guiding you through the next 8 weeks with plenty of tips and strategies to make this all doable in the “real world.” We encourage you to connect with us and with other people taking the Challenge on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Pinterest.
Ok, let’s dive right in…
Focus of Week 1: Got Phytonutrients?
What are phytonutrients? Phytonutrients are super healing substances only found in plant-based foods such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, whole grains and beans.
Phytonutrients are the substances that help protect the plants, but they also protect YOU, the plant-eater. They act as super anti-aging antioxidants and play an important role in reducing inflammation in your body. Phytonutrients are ultra-healers and super fat burners too. They actually help to activate genes in your body that help you burn body fat faster and age slower. Through a variety of mechanisms phytonutrients fight disease and obesity. And they play a critical role in how you age, look and feel.
Unfortunately most people eating a modern day diet are severely lacking in phytonutrients. The more phytonutrients you can consume and the more variety, the better!
More Plant Foods = More Phytonutrients
Phytonutrients are not found in processed foods and they are not found in animal foods such as eggs, chicken, beef, milk, and cheese. The phytonutrients found in plants are a major contributing factor to why plant foods play such an important role in Clean Cuisine. And, for whatever it’s worth, most people who eat the standard modern-day diet are in less than optimal health, so it’s not surprising that their diets are exceptionally low in the phytonutrient-rich foods that form the foundation for Clean Cuisine.
We are not the only ones who are praising the powers of phytonutrient-rich plant foods either. The American Heart Association Nutrition Committee, the American Cancer Society, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Dietetic Association, the Division of Nutrition Research Coordination of the National Institutes of Health, and the American Society for Clinical Nutrition all agree that we should eat more phytonutrient-rich unrefined plant foods and less animal food.
NOTE: We didn’t say no animal food, we said less animal food; there’s a big difference!
Phytonutrients offer tremendous health, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging benefits independent of their nutritional value. These plant-based superstar antiagers help cells repair themselves by stimulating the release of protective enzymes. In other words, flooding your system with phytonutrients can help you stay looking and feeling younger by providing your body with the raw materials it needs to repair damaged cells. Your body’s ability to repair damaged cells on a regular basis is a key factor in staying youthful. Without a sufficient supply of phytonutrients, your cells age more rapidly, and they lose their ability to remove and detoxify waste products, increasing the risk for disease.
A phytonutrient-rich diet is also an essential component of preventing the development of degenerative diseases. Research shows populations with low death rates from such diseases and populations with low obesity rates consume upward of 75 percent of their calories from unrefined phytonutrient-rich plant foods. Scientific evidence supports the idea that phytonutrients play an important role in preventing and even treating some of the most deadly diseases, including heart disease and cancer.
It is believed phytonutrients inhibit cancer-producing cells. Cancer starts out as a cell growing out of control and it is now believed some cancer cells are probably formed in every person every day. If you have a strong immune system, your body recognizes these cancer invaders and attacks. Almost always the healthy body with a healthy immune system wins this combat so cancer cells either never have a chance to develop or are destroyed before they have a chance to spread or cause damage. Phytonutrients from a wide variety of plant-based foods help fight cancer on many levels and help keep your cells healthy and strong. A review of 206 human population studies shows raw vegetable consumption to offer the strongest protective effect against cancer among the phytochemical-rich fruits and vegetables.
Pass the Phytonutrient-Rich Fruit & Veggie Platter
Throughout the Challenge we will be showing you numerous ways to increase your phytonutrient intake, but one of the best and easiest ways is to simply eat more fruits and vegetables.
One of the most consistent findings in the epidemiological and nutritional literature is that as fruit and vegetable consumption increases in the diet, chronic disease and premature deaths decline. The CDC, the National Cancer Institute, the American Heart Association, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture all recommend adults eat 7 to 13 servings of fruits and vegetables every day for better health. One of the reasons fruits and vegetables are so important to eat in abundance is because they offer such incredible nutrient and phytonutrient bang for such a teeny-tiny calorie buck.
Vegetables in particular offer big nutrient package for basically zero calories. It is just impossible to overeat vegetables. For example, eating 1 cup of raw spinach delivers hefty amounts of fiber, vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients for a paltry 10 calories. Yet, while spinach is great, you can’t eat only spinach for optimal health. You need to eat lots of different colored vegetables and fruits, and the more variety in color you get, the broader the protection. This is because each fruit and vegetable contains its own unique set of phytonutrients. Red fruits and red vegetables have different phytonutrients from green fruits and green vegetables. Even red strawberries have a different phytonutrient profile from red tomatoes.
For now, just know you should aim to obtain the majority of your daily calories from unrefined plant foods and you should eat A LOT of different colored fruits and vegetables.
3 Big Changes of Week 1
- Start the day right. Eat a Clean Cuisine breakfast containing phytonutrient-rich fruit every day. We will be giving you specific guidelines for how to create a Clean Cuisine breakfast later in the week. But for now, just remember to always be sure to add a fruit to breakfast.
- Redefine lunch. Eat a phytonutrient-rich Clean Cuisine lunch that includes a huge salad, cooked vegetables, or vegetable soup every day. Again, we will be providing specific guidelines for how to create a Clean Cuisine lunch later in the week.
- Drink a SuperGreen Smoothie at some point in the day, either first thing in the morning, midmorning, or midafternoon. Green smoothies take less than 5 minutes to prepare and can be made up to 24 hours in advance so long as they are mixed up a bit before serving. Check out the SuperGreen Smoothie recipes we provided in the Week 1 meal plan for ideas (Note: we will be giving you plenty of SuperGreen Smoothie recipes in the weeks to come!)
The Week 1 meal plan we sent before the Challenge started provides examples of what a Clean Cuisine breakfast, lunch and SuperGreen Smoothie consist of, but we will be providing more information on how to create each of these meals yourself later in the week. Stay tuned!
Note: We do not include a Clean Cuisine dinner meal plan for weeks 1 and 2 because we want you to focus on cleaning up your breakfast and lunch and also get in the habit of drinking a “SuperGreen Smoothie” daily (you’ll learn more about this tomorrow.) But this does not mean you won’t be eating dinner! We still want you to try your best to eat healthy dinners. | <urn:uuid:c16cb854-1238-44c0-9474-b20431a046b5> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://cleancuisine.com/clean-cuisine-challenge-day-1-focus-on-phytonutrients/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999200.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620085246-20190620111246-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.929276 | 1,639 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Groundhog Day (Canadian French: Jour de la Marmotte; Pennsylvania German: Grundsaudaag, Murmeltiertag) is a traditional holiday celebrated on February 2. According to folklore, if it is cloudy when a groundhog emerges from its burrow on this day, then spring will come early; if it is sunny, the groundhog will supposedly see its shadow and retreat back into its burrow, and the winter weather will persist for six more weeks.
Describe what they think a groundhog looks like - drawing it from their drscription... sohuld be fun
then show them a groundhog.
Get them to draw a picture of groundhog day (will it or will it not come out the ground?) and send it to the address below.
Complete the crossword puzzle
Show part of the video if your able to
Background info https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundhog_Day
Some games and more info http://www.groundhog.org/
Would you like to send Punxsutawney Phil or the Inner Circle letter, picture, or card?
Mail them to: The Groundhog Club, 200 West Mahoning Street, Suite 1, Punxsutawney PA 15767 | <urn:uuid:4bf15cf3-730c-45e8-b09f-9575315aba09> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.onlinescoutmanager.co.uk/programme.php?action=view&id=42265 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00292-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.876486 | 261 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Many parents send their kids off to their mandated school and don’t think much about how they can further their education outside of school. Enrolling your child in different programs having to do with different sectors of education can make them predisposed to learn more and better all through life. Learn more about the different parts of education that you can help your children learn more in.
Math is a very important part of learning from an early age. While your child might go to a school where they teach all of the information about math at a quick pace, an important part is building up the fundamentals. By having your child attend a math program or work with a tutor, they can learn each rule and go through problems step by step instead of skipping along just to find the answer. Building up your child’s math skills is an important reason you should look into getting outside help.
Programming jobs are increasingly being demanded in the United States and those coming out of college aren’t even enough to meet needs. Many parents these days are training their kids from an early age to possibly go down the job path of programming jobs by letting them learn programming fundamentals early on. To have your children learn how to program, you can have them attend special camps that usually happen in the summer. These camps will have kids learn the basics of a programming language to the point where they will be able to make their own projects. Learning programming is one of the basics of Computer Science that children should learn at an early age to possibly find themselves on a great job path.
For many kids growing up in the 1990s, you probably remember Bill Nye the Science Guy as the famous scientist of the time that taught you about science. Today, you can have your kids learn about science easier than ever in different ways. At home, many different websites exist that will walk your kids through the basics of many different paths in science such as geology. If your kid gets interested in science more, some places around your area might offer science experiments for your kids that will have them go hands-on to get a reaction. Teaching your kids about science and getting them interested will help them later on when they have to study it in school, and might also get them to start a path of attending college for a science major after graduating high school. Science like many other fields of education is what you should have your children learn at an early age.
Reading is important for not only being able to read any sort of book, but to complete schoolwork. By having your child attend a reading program frisco tx, they can learn important reading skills from an early agee. Make sure your child has the ability to read down before they start doing serious schoolwork.
Education is arguably the most important part of a child’s upbringing. By creating good habits and having them learn early on, you set them up for having a better life when they can make decisions whether they just want to enter the workforce or enter college after high school. Make sure to get involved in your child’s education outside of just sending them to school. | <urn:uuid:a1c46aa6-3f85-4873-a39d-691ab39363f4> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.investrendresearch.com/teaching-your-kids-different-paths-of-education-outside-of-school.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154320.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802110046-20210802140046-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.975942 | 628 | 3.375 | 3 |
The nursing profession is one of the loyal professions perceived by the aspirants towards the welfare of the people suffering from health-related problems.
Nursing is totally biased towards the advancement in providing proper medical care to a specified individual or a group of people suffering from health care problems.
There are certain duties and responsibilities associated with the term nursing as the nurses face tough situations and challenges in their day to day activities.
Nursing covers diverse areas of departments towards the better and extra care of the people, some of them are children’s nursing, adult nursing, mental health nursing and many more.
Nursing jobs are one of the most demanding in all the departments and so the roles related to it should be well known and implemented as there are different types of nurses for those distinguished roles.
Let us find out some of the types of nurses who are useful for the welfare of the people:
There are various types of nurses who work for the betterment and well-being of the patients and the people suffering from illness or injuries. Although we’ll learn about the nurses in the following points but to get a very detailed and thorough explanation of each of these nurses, the aspiring students should look for nursing assignment help online courses for more exploration.
- Registered nurses– Nurses who are associated with a bachelor’s degree in nursing are known as registered nurses.
They provide assistance to the doctors and physicians in the nursing homes and hospitals and offer extra care and treatment to the patients suffering from illness or injuries.
- Licensed practical nurse-The nurses who perform a diverse range of tasks under the administration and management of the registered nurse are Licensed practical nurse check the important signs of the illness and prepare for the medication for them like giving injections, checking the blood pressure, or inserting catheters for removing fluid from the patients.
They generally make sure that the patients are severely taken care of, thereby discussing health care solutions with them and finally reporting to the registered nurses and the concerned doctor.
- Clinical nurse specialist– A CNS nurse or a clinical nurse specialist generally helps the patients in guiding them and supporting their family while controlling the complex healthcare delivery system.
They are also responsible for collaborating with the teams of physicians, social workers, physiotherapists or pharmacists.
A clinical nurse generally focuses on patients, administration or the nurse management.
They are also known as advanced nurses.
- Intensive care unit-The nurses who work for the welfare of the patients in a specified age group such as children are identified as Intensive care unit nurses.
These nurses take cent percent care for the life threating conditions thereby working with the patients from the newborn children ward to the seniors.
They are useful for:
- Recording the important signs for the patients.
- Evaluating the continuous monitoring of the patients.
- Assessing and examining the patients every 4 hours.
- Try to restore health to the patients through every minute care to the patients.
Travel nurse-A travel nurse works all kinds of jobs, mostly temporary and they do it nationally or internationally.
They almost perform the same duties as a Registered nurse.
Travel nurses are generally hired to work at a particular place for approximately 12 to 13 hours and these assignments generally range from 13 to 25 weeks depending on the situations. Travel nurses usually grasp the opportunities of traveling all over the world although in a short span of time but with great benefits.
- Home care registered nurse– Nurses who are inclined towards working for the benefit of the patients in their home are generally termed as Homecare Registered nurses. They provide good care to patients of all ages.
There are services which cater to the broader aspects performed by the home care registered nurses like physiotherapy, medical social services, caring for their wounds and patient education.
- Operating nurse-Operating nurses are also known as perioperative nurses who are generally in charge of patients scheduled for surgery.
An operating nurse usually acts as a medium for communication between the patient and the patient’s relatives and the team involved in the medical group.
- Stuff nurses-The nurses who work in places like rehab centers, critical care or psychiatric wards, thereby providing direct care to the patients are known as staff nurses.
Staff nurses usually have chances to administer or supervise the medical staff like the registered nurses or the licensed practical nurses.
What are the benefits of the nursing career?
As mentioned before, nursing is the most loyal profession as it serves the patients for their quick recovery and well-being.
Since a doctor has too many patients to handle so it becomes merely impossible for a doctor to look after the patient for almost 24 hours a day.
A nurse assigned to take care of that particular patient looks after the patient with utmost care and loyalty for his well-being.
Nurses are treated with high respects all over the society as their any kind of suggestions or opinions for the welfare of the people are always valued and respected.
Nursing is a very important and vital job as the nurses are entitled to look after the patients for almost
24 hours a day without thinking about themselves.
The magic and happiness of birth are experienced by nurses can also make them satisfied after their immense care and treatment to the women admitted for pregnancy.
How do the nursing assignments guide the aspiring students in pursuing nursing as a high profession?
Students who aspire to become nurses already go through a tight and heavy schedule through tough assignments and projects given to them by the university.
So the nursing homework assignments online services help the students with their projects, thereby reshaping their career for their dream jobs.
The students who are in distress, are helped and guide thoroughly through the online services in such a way so that they grasp and understand the value of nursing and its related features. | <urn:uuid:7c7b4181-5e85-45dc-a756-fc00b1bbe4ec> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://nursingassignmenthelper.com/what-is-the-reason-for-choosing-nursing-as-a-profession-in-todays-generation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526508.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720111631-20190720133631-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.965157 | 1,178 | 3 | 3 |
Synopsis by Sally Barber
Age of Flight, a 12-volume series, presents a comprehensive history of aviation, from man's earliest attempts to conquer the wild blue yonder to the development of sophisticated experimental crafts and advanced technology. Archival photography and aerial footage illustrate the fascinating stories of the men, women, and events that defined the evolution of flight. Volume nine, Age of Flight: Choppers, chronicles the progress of this flying machine, from initial concepts to its crucial role in the Vietnam War. See details of how the chopper emerged in the early '40s as a full-fledged aircraft, and follow the trail of advancements that produced rapid development of this important combat machine.
flight, flying, helicopter | <urn:uuid:6f791601-5920-42d0-864c-0e08321a9d54> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-age-of-flight-choppers-v74218 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986692126.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019063516-20191019091016-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.90061 | 144 | 2.609375 | 3 |
NEW YORK, NY (Ivanhoe Newswire) -- Skin cancers account for 80 percent of all new cancers diagnosed each year. That means 430,000 people will be told they have it in 2012. What you don’t know about skin cancer could end up killing you. First, answer some questions to determine how much you know about melanoma.
Where does skin cancer not occur: Between your toes, on your palms, under your fingernails, or on your lips? Answer: skin cancer can actually happen in all of these places.
Can simply staying in the shade can protect you from getting skin cancer? Answer: yes, shade alone can reduce your exposure to ultraviolet rays by 75 percent! But you should still use a sunscreen of at least SPF 30 at all times.
Detecting and diagnosing melanoma can be tricky. The only way is through a biopsy, but even then, dermatologist Jonathan Zippin, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Dermatology at the New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, says it’s not that easy.
"The problem is, this grey area, is a controversial area. A lot of people don’t know how to define it," Dr. Zippin told Ivanhoe.
Once the mole is tested, pathologists agree on just 60 to 75 percent of the cases. That’s why Dr. Zippin has created a new diagnostic test that helps eliminate this "grey" area. "It’s a test that looks for a certain protein in the melanoma or mole," Dr. Zippin said. The protein, called sac, is expressed in all cells.
"It’s not a question of whether it’s there or not, it’s a question of where it is," he said.
When analyzing at test results, doctors look at the red and blue markers. The red in the cell is the sac protein. The blue is the cell nucleus. When the red is next to the blue, the test indicates that the mole is normal. If the red is on top of the blue, the mole is cancerous.
"If it’s in this area it’s bad, and if it’s in this area it’s good. It’s much simpler and much more consistently interpreted," he said.
Doctor Zippin says his protein test is still in the research phase, but doctors can send their biopsies to Cornell and his team will run the test for them. Also, don’t leave your mole health just to your doctor. Experts say you should check your moles each month. To keep track of any changes, go to our site to download a printable body map. MORE
Click here for additional research on What do you Know About Melanoma?
Click here for Ivanhoe's full-length interview with Dr. Jonathan Zippin
If this story or any other Ivanhoe story has impacted your life or prompted you or someone you know to seek or change treatments, please let us know by contacting Andrew Mcintosh at firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:9b9f667b-0e33-4fd9-866e-eaf65a0e610b> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://ivanhoe.com/channels/p_channelstory.cfm?storyid=29789 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049278385.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002118-00047-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932906 | 655 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Segregation, also referred to as solitary confinement or restricted housing, is a practice widely used in prisons and jails in the United States today, largely as a means to fulfill a corrections department's top priority: the safety of its staff and the incarcerated people under its care. Incarcerated people are placed into segregation for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to breaking the rules of an institution, violent or disruptive behavior, or as a preventive measure for people who have been deemed a risk to the safety and security of a facility. Segregation can also be used to protect those at high risk of sexual assault and/or physical abuse in the general population or to hold people in a temporary confinement setting to await a disciplinary hearing or an investigation to be completed.
Many prisons and jails have various forms of segregated housing, but different jurisdictions often use different terms to describe this housing, for example, restricted housing, isolation, disciplinary segregation, and special or intensive management.
The terms in most frequent use today include:
> Disciplinary (or punitive) segregation: This form of housing is used to sanction incarcerated people for violating facility rules. As in the larger criminal justice process, generally charges are written, a hearing is held, evidence is presented, and, if the accused is found guilty, a term in segregated housing may be imposed.
> Administrative segregation: This form of housing is typically used to remove incarcerated people from the general prison or jail population if they are thought to pose a risk to the safety and security of an institution. It is not used as a direct response to a rule violation, but as a preventive measure.
> Protective custody: A form of housing used to remove incarcerated people— such as those who are mentally ill, intellectually or developmentally disabled, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, gender nonconforming, or former law enforcement officers—from a facility's general population when they are thought to be at risk of harm, abuse, or victimization. Other reasons for risk include a history of being victimized, physical limitations, or the nature of the committing offense. While some people who fear for their safety in the general population may request protective custody, this status can also be conferred involuntarily. Many times people in protective custody are housed in administrative segregation, with the same level of restrictions on out-of-cell time, privelages, and services.
The conditions in segregated housing can vary depending on the type of segregation and the jurisdiction, or even the particular facility where an individual is being held. Yet whatever the label, the experience for the person is generally the same—confinement in a small, isolated cell (alone, or sometimes with a cellmate) for an average of 23 hours a day with limited human interaction (with staff or sometimes other inmates in adjoining cells), privileges, access to services, and programming, and in an environment that ensures maximum control over the individual.
There are indications that the use of segregated housing has grown substantially in recent years, yet the precise number of people held in segregation on any given day is not known with certainty. According to a survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, the number of people in restricted housing units in prisons and jails nationwide increased from 57,591 in 1995 to 81,622 in 2005—an almost 42 percent increase. This is the most recent national data available; however, providing an accurate count of people in segregation is methodologically challenging and these challenges could have led to an under-representation of the number of people in segregation.
Based on research conducted by Vera and others over the past five years, the percentage of a state prison system's daily population that is held in segregated housing ranges from five to 14 percent. In the federal system, recent research found that the Federal Bureau of Prisons—the largest prison system within the United States—held five percent of its prisoners in segregated housing units in November 2013. These numbers are snapshots of the number of people held in segregation on a given day. When considering the number of people who will spend some time in segregation throughout their period of custody, the number is much higher. For example, Vera's analysis of administrative data from one state found that, while five percent of the population was in segregated housing at any given time, 60 percent of prisoners had been in segregated housing at some point during their current sentence and 25 percent had spent time in segregation during the previous year.
Decades of research suggest that the common characteristics of segregation—social isolation, reduced environmental stimulation, and loss of control over all aspects of daily life—can produce negative impacts on people housed there, including hypersensitivity to stimuli; distortions and hallucinations; increased anxiety and nervousness; diminished impulse control; severe and chronic depression; appetite loss and weight loss; heart palpitations; talking to oneself; problems sleeping; nightmares; self-mutilation; difficulties with thinking, concentration, and memory; and lower levels of brain function, including a decline in electroencephalogram (EEG) activity after only seven days in segregation. When a person is released from segregated housing, these psychological effects may have the potential to undermine a person's ability to adjust back into a prison's general population or the community to which he or she returns. In addition, there may be negative impacts on staff that work on these units as well, but this is based mostly on anecdotal information as there is currently little research in this area.
The most widely accepted and cited reason among corrections officials for using segregated housing is to ensure safety, order, and control within a prison. Many believe that segregated housing helps restrain the amount and seriousness of violence within facilities and that a decrease in its use would endanger both incarcerated people and staff. However, there is extensive evidence that counters the belief that segregated housing increases facility safety. One study, for example, found no relationship between the opening of "supermax" prisons and the aggregate levels of prisoner-on-prisoner assaults in three prison systems (Illinois, Arizona, and Minnesota). Colorado has decreased its use of segregated housing by 85 percent, and prisoner-on-staff assaults are the lowest they have been since 2006. [100 Other states—such as Illinois, Maine, New Mexico, and Washington—have also reduced their use of segregated housing and increased the use of alternative strategies. Although it is too soon to fully assess outcomes in these states, evidence to date suggests there has been little or no increase in violence.
Other empirical and anecdotal evidence suggests that segregated housing may have little influence on improving the behavior of incarcerated people. Studies have contrasted "control-oriented" prisons, which rely on formal sanctions like segregation, with others that are "responsibility-based"—which provide incarcerated people with self-governance opportunities—or "consensual," which incorporate features of both the control-oriented and responsibility-based models of prison management. Researchers tested the relationship between these approaches and prison order and found that prisons that employed a responsibility-based or consensual management model experienced lower levels of minor and serious disorder than prisons that were more control-oriented. Moreover, there is no evidence that confinement in a supermax facility produces a deterrent effect on the individual. A recent study found that exposure to short-term disciplinary segregation as a punishment for initial violence did not deter incarcerated people from committing further violence in prison. Some theoretical models describe the behavior of incarcerated people as a reaction to the strains, frustrations, and pains of imprisonment combined with little access to mitigating factors.
Recent years have seen a growing interest among corrections officials and policy makers at the local, state, and federal level to decrease the use of segregated housing in the nation's prisons and jails. This is, in part, due to the shift in public opinion and increased understanding of the potentially negative effects of isolation. A subcommittee of the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee held hearings in 2012 and 2014 focused on reassessing the use of solitary confinement. In 2014, 10 states announced or implemented policy changes to reduce the number of adults or juveniles held in segregated housing, improve the conditions in segregation units, or facilitate the return of segregated people to a prison's general population. Some, like Colorado, passed legislation limiting people with serious mental illnesses from being housed in long-term segregation. And, most recently, New York City's Department of Correction made the decision to ban the use of segregated housing for all those in its custody 21 years old and younger.
Yes. A common objection among corrections staff to reducing the use of segregation is that few safe alternatives exist and those that do are too costly to implement. However, in the past decade, several jurisdictions—including some that Vera has worked with—have successfully reduced their use of segregated housing and implemented safe alternatives. The changes have decreased their reliance on segregation while still keeping staff and inmates safe.
For example, rather than rely on segregated housing to deter misbehavior, some prison systems are providing incarcerated people who are most likely to misbehave with special programming. Washington has an Intensive Transition Program for incarcerated people with chronic behavior problems who are frequently placed in segregated housing, in which they move through a curriculum in stages, progressively learning self-control and gradually engaging in opportunities to socialize until they are ready to return to the prison's general population. Pennsylvania is in the process of implementing Behavior Modification Units with a similar focus. Pennsylvania, Washington, and New Mexico have all created step-down programs for gang members held in segregated housing.
Vera's Safe Alternatives to Segregation Initiative aims to address this need by partnering with five corrections systems to find ways to significantly reduce their reliance on segregated housing through the advancement of safe and effective alternatives. These alternatives can include implementing a structured sanctions grid to ensure appropriate and proportionate responses are utilized and using alternative responses to less serious rule violations, such as mediation or anger management classes, withholding access to the commissary, removing TV privileges, restricting visitation rights, making the prisoner responsible for the costs of damaged property, and assigning the prisoner to an undesirable work shift.
For those who need protective custody, housing that has the same privileges and services as the general population can be provided. In addition, officials can provide opportunities for programming and congregate activity in disciplinary and administrative segregation. All of these options increase the likelihood of successful reintegration back into the general population.
The Safe Alternatives to Segregation Resource Center contains many resources on segregated housing of various types, from academic journal articles on the effects of solitary confinement to practical tools that can help corrections professionals reform their use of segregation. The resource center is searchable by keyword, and it also groups resources into major topics in the field, such as "juveniles in segregation" or "segregation and mental health."
In 2012, the U.S. Department of Justice finalized the National Standards to Prevent, Detect, and Respond to Prison Rape. The standards include specific provisions designed to protect vulnerable populations from sexual abuse and sexual harassment in confinement. See: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-06-20/pdf/2012-12427.pdf.
Association of State Correctional Administrators and Liman Program, Yale Law School, Time-In-Cell: The ASCA-Liman 2014 National Survey of Administrative Segregation in Prison (August 2015).
Percent increase calculation done by Vera researchers as part of its Segregation Reduction Project, based on data from the 1995 and 2005 Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities. For an estimate of the number of people in segregated housing in 1995, see U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities, 1995 [Computer file]. Conducted by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor], 1998. Doi:10.3886/ICPSR06953.v1. For an estimate of the number of people in segregated housing in 2005, see U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities, 2005. ICPSR24642-v2. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2010-10-05. http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR24642. v2.
In 2002, 40 states responded to a National Institute of Corrections survey with respondents having an average of five percent of prisoners in administrative and disciplinary custody. See James Austin and Kenneth McGinnis, Classification of High-Risk and Special Management Prisoners: A National Assessment of Current Practices (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Corrections, 2004), 29-30, https://s3.amazonaws.com/static.nicic.gov/Library/019468. pdf.
Sharon Shalev, A Sourcebook on Solitary Confinement (London: Mannheim Centre for Criminology, London School of Economics, 2008). For information on negative effects of solitary confinement, see Haney, 2003, 130-136; Paul Gendreau, et al., "Changes in EEG Alpha Frequency and Evoked Response Latency During Solitary Confinement," Journal of Abnormal Psychology 79 (1972), 57-58; Stuart Grassian, "Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement," Washington University Journal of Law & Policy, 22 (January 2006): 325-383; Stuart Grassian, "Psychopathological Effects of Solitary Confinement," American Journal of Psychiatry 140, no.11 (1983): 1450-1454.
See Craig Haney and Mona Lynch, "Regulating Prisons of the Future: A Psychological Analysis of Supermax and Solitary Confinement," New York University Review of Law and Social Change 23 (1997): 568.
See Mears, 2006, p. 41; Chad S. Briggs, Jody L. Sundt, and Thomas C. Castellano, "The Effect of Supermaximum Security Prisons on Aggregate Levels of Institutional Violence," Criminology 41, no. 4 (2003): 1342. The physical conditions of a prison—some of which are present in segregated housing units—have been found to relate to misconduct, with worse levels of noise, clutter, dilapidation, and lack of privacy predicting higher levels of violence. See D.M. Bierie, "Is Tougher Better? The Impact of Physical Prison Conditions on Inmate Violence," International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 56, no. 3 (2012): 338-355.
There are few, if any, credible studies on the impact of administrative segregation on facility safety; see Daniel P. Mears, "Supermax Prisons: The Policy and the Evidence," Criminology & Public Policy 12, no. 4 (2013): 681-720. The authors of a report on the use of segregated housing in federal prisons said that the literature does not make it "clear if there is a causal relationship between segregation policies and institutional safety," see CNA, 2014. Moreover, the Federal Bureau of Prisons has never assessed whether the use of segregated housing has any effect on prison safety; see U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), 2013, p. 33.
Briggs, Sundt, and Castellano, 2003, p. 1367.
In October 2009, Colorado Department of Corrections housed 1,166 incarcerated people in long-term administrative segregation. In April 2014, 215 incarcerated people were housed in long-term administrative segregation. Office of Planning and Analysis Prison Operations, Colorado Department of Corrections (CDOC), SB 11-176 Annual Report: Administrative Segregation For Colorado Inmates (Colorado: CDOC, 2015), 3; Rick Raemisch, director, Colorado Department of Corrections, e-mail exchange with Vera, Washington, DC, February 27, 2015.
Colorado, Kansas, Maine, Mississippi, and Ohio greatly reduced their use of segregated housing and officials reported little or no adverse impact on facility safety; see U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), 2013, 34. Washington has reduced the number of prisoners assigned to maximum custody by 47 percent from January 2011 to December 2014; see Bernie Warner, secretary, Washington Department of Corrections, e-mail exchange with Vera, Washington, DC, March 12, 2015; Gregg Marcantel, secretary, New Mexico Corrections Department, e-mail exchange with Vera, Washington, DC, March 25, 2015.
When Maine cut its population in segregated housing, incidents of prison violence dropped. See American Civil Liberties Union of Maine, 2013, pp. 30-31.
John J. DiIulio, Governing Prisons: A Comparative Study of Correctional Management (New York: Free Press, 1987); and Michael D. Reisig, "Rates of Disorder in Higher-Custody State Prisons: A Comparative Analysis of Managerial Practices," Crime and Delinquency 44, no. 2 (1998), 230, 239.
Chad S. Briggs, Jody L. Sundt, and Thomas C. Castellano, 2003, p. 1370.
Robert G. Morris, "Exploring the Effect of Exposure to Short-Term Solitary Confinement Among Violent Prison Inmates," Journal of Quantitative Criminology DOI 10.1007/s10940-015-9250-0 (2015): 1-24.
United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights, "Reassessing Solitary Confinement: The Human Rights, Fiscal, and Public Safety Consequences," June 19, 2012, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/ media/doc/CHRG-112shrg87630.pdf; United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Consequences, "Reassessing Solitary Confinement II: The Human Rights, Fiscal, and Public Safety Consequences," February 25, 2014, http://www. judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/reassessing-solitary-confinement-ii-the-human-rights-fiscal-and-public-safety-consequences.
Eli Hager and Gerald Rich, "Shifting Away from Solitary," The Marshall Project, December 23, 2014. Also, South Dakota repealed a law that allowed a county prisoner to be kept in solitary confinement on bread and water for refusal to labor or obey necessary orders, see 2014 S.D. Laws 118 repealed S.D. Codified Laws § 24-11-34 (2014).
"The department shall not place a person with serious mental illness in long-term isolated confinement except when exigent circumstances are present," Colorado Revised Statute, 17-1-113.8 (2014).
In September 2014, the New York City Department of Correction ordered the end of solitary confinement for 16- and 17-year-olds by the end of the year. See Michael Shwirtz, "Solitary Confinement to End for Youngest at Rikers Island," New York Times, September 28, 2014. In January 2015, the New York City Board of Correction adopted rules relating to enhanced supervision housing and punitive segregation, which stated that sufficient resources are made available for staffing and implementing necessary alternative programming; as of January 1, 2016, inmates ages 18 through 21 will no longer be placed in enhanced supervision housing. Rules of the City of New York, Chapter 1, Title 40, §1-16 (c)(1)(ii).
Carlyne Kujath, manager, Strategic Operations, Washington Department of Corrections, e-mail exchange with Vera, Washington, DC, April 15, 2015.
See Shirley Moore Smeal, executive deputy secretary, Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, e-mail exchange with Vera, Washington, DC, April 10, 2015. | <urn:uuid:a1472a4f-2e06-4914-9e39-c08d7e004519> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.safealternativestosegregation.org/faq | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121869.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00504-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940313 | 4,111 | 3.53125 | 4 |
There is a lot of misinformation out there when it comes to cannabis, and that is due to decades of unjust prohibition. Governments around the world worked together to make marijuana seem like the devil’s drug so they could use the criminal gains from the industry to further their global agendas. Indeed, you only have to look at the cases of journalists like Gary Webb to see how committed the powers that be were to keeping the plant on the wrong side of the law. Thankfully, society has opened up a little during the past few years, and most people now disbelieve the propaganda they were fed as children.
In this article, we’re going to take a quick look at a new study that’s helping to dispel some of the health-related myths about marijuana. Hundreds of thousands of people smoke Las Vegas weed every year, and so most people are not too concerned about any fairytale health conditions. However, for those who still have some apprehension, reading about this study should assist in putting your mind at ease. At the end of the day, recreational marijuana is everywhere in Las Vegas and many other states. So, it would be a shame if you were too brainwashed by the fake news to try it out for yourself.
So tell me about the study
The study assessed almost 1000 people from New Zealand over a period of forty years. So, it’s one of the most extensive and most advanced scientific experiments ever conducted on the use of cannabis. Those who smoked consistently for more than twenty years showed no sign whatsoever of issues relating to lung function, diabetes, or high blood pressure. That counteracts many of the other studies published during the last few years that claim weed can damage your health. Indeed, there is no deterioration at all in any aspect of physical health for most of the participants, and the only ones to get ill during that time were determined to have alternative causes.
The only adverse consequence for those who choose to consume cannabis for decades was an increase in incidences of gum disease. However, as the scientists explained, it’s possible to remove that issue by vaping the substance or using edibles rather than lit joints. Of course, some people choose to mix their marijuana with tobacco, and although most recreational marijuana dispensaries in Las Vegas advise against the practice, that could help to explain the rise in gum disease.
A lead study author at Arizona State University said: “We can see the physical health effects of tobacco smoking in this study, but we don’t see similar effects for cannabis smoking.”
So, the only thing anyone has to worry about when visiting the best Las Vegas dispensaries this year is their oral hygiene. Of course, it’s possible to limit any unwanted effects by brushing your teeth every day and avoiding other substances that might encourage deterioration of the gums. For example, many potheads choose to drink fizzy, caffeinated brands like Coca-Cola. That is because the caffeine and sugar counteract the lazy feeling folks get when they’re stoned. However, it also means those smokers increase the chances of developing gum disease, and the weed is not to blame.
A professor of psychology and neuroscience at Duke University said “What we’re seeing is that cannabis may be harmful in some respects, but possibly not in every way. We need to recognize that heavy recreational cannabis use does have some adverse consequences, but overall damage to physical health is not apparent in this study.”
Will the study change anything?
While this new study is not going to change anything straightaway, it should encourage more scientists to conduct experiments and attempt to replicate the results. However, there are many ways in which this information could affect the lives of average smokers in the future. For instance, there are some medical insurance companies out there that want to categorize their clients based on their marijuana consumption. If scientists can provide additional evidence, there is a decent chance that weed enthusiasts will get cheaper premiums than those who smoke their plant with tobacco. That is because the nicotine will increase the chances of developing thousands of illnesses, and most potheads will never expose themselves to those.
Should dispensaries have any concerns?
Experts like those working at the Planet 13 dispensary should have no need to stress when it comes to this new study. If anything, the paper puts weight behind the budtender arguments that weed does not damage the health of users. It’s only those who mix it with tobacco who increase their chances of developing throat and lung cancers. If you’re one of the people who sell Las Vegas weed at the moment, it makes sense to pass this information on to your customers. Tell them not to mix tobacco in their joints if they want to live a long and healthy life. Also, it’s worth pointing out that smoking tobacco and weed together will often alter the effects you feel. Although, most of the time, it’s only the most committed smokers who will notice the difference.
Has anyone ever died from cannabis?
No, they have not! You would have to consume more than five times your bodyweight in the substance within around two minutes to notice any adverse effects. As it’s unlikely even Snoop Dogg could get that much weed into his body, there is no need for anyone to worry. The only people who end up in the emergency room go there due to paranoia, and they tend to feel somewhat silly a few hours later.
Do we need more cannabis research?
We live in a time where most of the population are brainwashed with propaganda about the risks of cannabis that is not based on a shred of evidence. If you want to see the type of rubbish the government wants you to believe, just take a moment to watch some of the movie called Reefer Madness that we mentioned earlier. Of course, we need more research because that is the only way to turn the situation around and show people they were duped for most of their lives. As Las Vegas weed is now legal, experts hope that scientists will find it easy to get funding for their experiments, and so the situation should improve during the next few years. So, if you hear about a recreational marijuana study in your hometown, be sure to take part! Your participation could assist in changing attitudes and giving the public an element of truth for a change.
You should have no doubts left in your mind about the fact that cannabis will not harm your health after reading this article. If you would like to find out more, there are many studies from all over the world that you can find and read online. You could even ask the professors at your local university to look into the substance and attempt to develop a new experiment. Whatever you do, just make sure you always point people in the right direction if you hear them saying anything negative about recreational marijuana in Las Vegas. Millions of tourists and visitors buy and smoke weed here without issue every year. We hope to welcome you to dispensaries like Planet 13 soon! | <urn:uuid:683f4dd6-2a2b-4f70-9bb3-3e466ebbda1a> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.planet13lasvegas.com/2018/05/01/it-turns-out-that-cannabis-users-are-very-healthy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247517815.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222114817-20190222140817-00244.warc.gz | en | 0.967584 | 1,417 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Free Speech: In the name of stopping online piracy of copyrighted material, some propose giving the federal government power to shut down websites without due process and control the greatest mode of free speech ever invented.
Call them "sons of net neutrality," for while the Software Online Piracy Act (SOPA) working its way through the House of Representatives and its Senate companion, the Protect IP Act (PIPA), are shrouded in seemingly worthy goals, they would grant government power it should not have and arguably pose a threat to our First Amendment rights.
Online piracy is a real problem, and the goal of protecting copyrighted material from unlawful copying and dissemination is something we support, just as we support free and unfettered access to the Internet.
But, as in the case of net neutrality, the ends do not justify the means.
Under net neutrality, a concept pushed by President Obama's Federal Communications Commission, the FCC proposed taking for itself the power to regulate how Internet providers manage their networks and how they serve their customers.
The FCC would decide how and what information could flow through the Internet, all in the name of providing access to the alleged victims of corporate greed.
The Internet, perhaps as much as the first printing press, has freed the minds of men from the tyranny of those gatekeepers who know that if you can control what people say and know, you can control the people themselves.
Some suggest SOPA and PIPA are the equivalent of smashing the Gutenberg press, often called the "Internet of its day."
Pushed by Hollywood, the music industry and even the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, SOPA and PIPA are futile responses to advances in technology akin to Hollywood's protests over the advent of VCRs and the music industry's fight over MP3 players.
Giving the federal government regulatory control of the Internet, as in authoritarian regimes such as China and Iran, is not the answer to online piracy.
As the Heritage Foundation reports, under SOPA and PIPA, if a site (or a foreign site that has its domain name registered in the U.S.) is found to be committing or aiding copyright infringement then, on the request of a rights holder, the attorney general could force Internet service providers (ISPs) to block the offending sites.
Many believe — as do we — that this violates due process and suppresses free speech.
ISPs would have to block even sites that unwittingly host or link to material posted in violation of trademark and copyright laws without even knowing they're doing so. | <urn:uuid:739dbaff-e25a-42d3-a783-06b703513e8e> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://news.investors.com/ibd-editorials/011812-598101-sopa-and-pipa-threaten-internet-speech.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164116508/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133516-00061-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958594 | 518 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Just because there's hair on your scalp, doesn't mean you're not nervous about balding. How many times have you done a double take in front of the mirror to check if you've got a receding hairline? Here's a bit of news to make your day.
New research from Johns Hopkins Medicine has shown promising results for the trial of an experimental compound which can reverse hair loss and grey hair. Scientists believe the drug can also help skin inflammation that arises from a typical Western diet, high in fat and cholesterol.
Recruiting mice for the trials, researchers put them on a diet high in fat and cholesterol. Interestingly, the rodents' hair turned grey or white from black or they suffered hair loss. They also saw skin inflammation in the mice.
However, when the scientists gave them the experimental compound, which they believe stops the production of a group of fats called glycosphingolipids (GSLs), hair was restored while skin cleared up.
“Our findings show that a Western diet causes hair loss, hair whitening and skin inflammation in mice, and we believe a similar process occurs in men who lose hair and experience hair whitening when they eat a diet high in fat and cholesterol,” says professor of paediatrics and medicine at the John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Suboroto Chatterjee.
However, more testing is required to see if the compound would work safely and effectively on humans.
"Hopefully someday in the future this can mean faster, more effective recovery from baldness, hair whitening in ageing populations and wound healing,” adds Chatterjee. | <urn:uuid:9b94457d-57ad-4bce-a6c9-dd62872e1dc2> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.menshealth.com.au/scientists-invent-drug-to-cure-baldness?category=style | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526446.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720045157-20190720071157-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.95795 | 330 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Diabetes is one of the most important chronic diseases that impact human health, and the total number of diabetes patients worldwide may rise to about 370 million in 2030 (170 million in 2000). Type 2 diabetes patients account for 90% of all diabetes worldwide. Previous literature reported that type 2 diabetes patients have lower quality of life (QoL) than those healthy persons and that a sedentary lifestyle is a modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes and an independent predictor of poor quality of life. When the physical activity is planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movement performed to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness, it is a denominated physical exercise. Physical exercise has been effective by altering the body composition, glycemic control, blood pressure, insulin resistance, and mental and physical components of QoL. In this chapter, we also focus our attention on mental disorders. Depression and anxiety are the most common in those patients, which can lead to unfavorable influences on metabolic control and micro- and macrovascular complications compared to those with diabetes alone.
Part of the book: Quality of Life | <urn:uuid:eead8469-f1c8-4652-abf7-5f26e90b02df> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.intechopen.com/profiles/304166/armando-raimundo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880038.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022195658-20201022225658-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.919657 | 220 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Shoulder surgery is commonly carried out by an
, a procedure that uses an arthroscope to help examine and repair the cartilage, bones, tendons and ligaments inside or around the shoulder joint. Surgery may be required to treat various shoulder problems, including: a torn or damaged labrum or ligaments;
; a torn or damaged biceps tendon; a torn rotator cuff; a bone spur or inflammation around the rotator cuff; inflammation or damaged lining of the joint; arthritis of the end of the clavicle and
shoulder impingement syndrome
. Open surgery may be needed if the condition is more severe, for example,
scapulothoracic fusion surgery
For other locations use the refine search location field below
Mr Audi Widjaja is an Australian-trained Orthopaedic Surgeon.
Practicing At: aOrthopaedic8 . . .
Orthopaedic Surgeon, Shoulder & Knee Specialist, Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, Total and reverse shoulder replacement, Shoulder instability surgery, Robotic total and unicompartmental knee replacement . . . . | <urn:uuid:23cfc9eb-092c-4c71-8672-27ee25b92673> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://aushealthpages.com.au/directory/categories/shoulder-surgery | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487629209.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210617041347-20210617071347-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.779448 | 237 | 2.703125 | 3 |
* Provides a unique and current summary of common subcellular mechanisms in archaea and eukaryotes
* Emphasizes the use of genomics to provide a biological context for understanding archaea
* Contrasts evolutionary studies on the fossil record with those on molecular phylogeny
* Includes extensive tables, graphs, images, drawings and other illustrations
* Simplifies the interdisciplinary challenge necessary to understand the significance of archaea
Although they comprise one of the three fundamental branches of life, it was only the last decade that Archaea were formally recognized as a group alongside Eukaryotes and Bacteria. Bacteria-like in that they are single celled organisms that lack a nucleus and intracellular organelles, the Arachaea also share a large gene set typical of eukaryotes, for making and repairing DNA, RNA and protien. More surprisingly, they only inhabit environments typical of the extremes of early earth--hot springs, thermal ocean vents, saline lake, or oxygen deficient sediments. A breakpoint on the common evolutionary path, it is evident that the Archaea diverged early in the history of life, establishing thier importance in evolutionary sciences. Archaea: Ancient Microbes, Extreme Environments, and the Origin of Life tells this evolving story, furthering our understanding of the microbe commonalities, and providing for evolutionary justification in the use of archaea as mechanistic model systems.
Cell biologists, geneticists, microbiologists, molecular biolgists, bacteriologists, as well as advanced students and researchers in evolutionary studies. | <urn:uuid:489854d4-6439-47be-a7b2-5f389844c6e2> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://store.elsevier.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780120026500 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657127285.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011207-00005-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896434 | 319 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Understanding Solar PV Technology and how it can help your business save money.
Solar Energy is the earths most available source of energy, working from both direct and indirect sunlight, this means that a photovoltaic system will still function on overcast days in Ireland will continue to generate free electricity for your business.
By installing Solar Power Systems in to your business, you are gaining huge electricity savings for your business and protecting yourself against the inevitable price rise from all energy suppliers. When asking yourself, how much are solar panels, it is important to know that financial incentives may also be available towards the installation cost of photovoltaic system for your business, this makes investing in this technology an attractive investment.
This technology works with a basic component known as a PV cell, often called a solar cell. See Fig 1.1. This solar cell will convert the sunlight into direct current , a solar power inverter is used to turn this current into usable electricity known as alternating current from your business. Meters are then used to show you the output of your solar panels.
As mentioned above, PV Cells work on sunlight rather than heat from the sun and area the most efficient solar Panels. Ireland has the same annual irradiation levels as many parts of Central Europe, a good average for the entire country is 1100 kwhr/m2/yr.
The output shown in Fig 1.2 below shows the output of a 130kwh system in Waterford, during May 2018. Almost at maximum output, this diagram shows how much free energy you can gain by installing Solar PV in to your business. The panels are simple to install, clean and highly effective. The Solar PV System is also the easiest way to meet the Irish Building Regulations Part L and to generate zero-emissions electricity.
The Solar panel cost of installation is currently on a fast reducing track and is expected to continue reducing for the next few years, consequently Solar PV panels has indeed a promising future both for economical viability within your business but also with environmental sustainability. As PV panels have no mechanical moving parts, they require less maintenance than other technologies.
You may also be eligible to add to your income by selling excess power back to the electricity board. It is important to note that solar PV is one of the major renewable energy systems that are promoted through government subsidy and grants, thus financial incentive for PV panels make this technology an attractive investment.
Enerpower is the industry leader in energy efficiency and renewable technologies, delivering high quality products and services with an unparalleled sector knowledge guaranteeing your business energy savings. Founded in 2005, Enerpower is now one of Ireland’s leading renewable energy companies. We are committed to using biomass fuel, solar panel technology and wind energy to ensure businesses save money on heating an energy and also reduce the impact on the environment daily.
By looking towards a photovoltaic system project for your energy requirements, you can reduce your energy costs as well as ensuring increased energy efficiency and promoting a positive green image for your company.
Enerpower can carry out a detailed survey at your property and offer you a bespoke solution that suits your business and circumstances. If you would like to generate renewable energy for your business and be financially rewarded for doing so, contact Enerpower on 051 364 054.
Contact us on +353 051 364 054 for more information or email us directly below. | <urn:uuid:46793617-16bb-4e06-a59b-bcba4b8fbb7a> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://enerpower.ie/2018/07/04/understanding-solar-pv-technology-to-save-your-business-money/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524254.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190715215144-20190716001144-00408.warc.gz | en | 0.943186 | 689 | 2.765625 | 3 |
In 1999, an exhibition of bronzes by the Dutch artist Adriaen de Vries (1556-1626) traveled to the J. Paul Getty Museum. A wide range of sculpture from small table-top pieces to over life-size fountain figures were included in the exhibition, offering the rare opportunity to systematically study the work of a single bronze artist. Of the forty-four pieces exhibited, twenty-five bronzes signed by or attributed to de Vries were analyzed, concentrating on those objects presenting art historical questions, and those that had not been thoroughly examined previously. The analysis included: x-ray radiography, x-ray fluorescence analysis of the alloys, photomicrography of exterior details, and petrographic analysis and thermoluminscence dating of the cores.
By bringing together works securely attributed to de Vries with those of uncertain attribution, the exhibition gave us the opportunity to combine scientific data with historic documentation and visual observation to further understand the artist’s oeuvre. In order to illustrate both our examination methods and the type of information resulting from the project, I will give a cast study detailing the examination of two bronzes. In doing so, I also hope to illustrate the degree to which technical and art historical knowledge can compliment and enhance one another. | <urn:uuid:8c8393d8-dee4-4212-9dab-1e6952bc0a91> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://resources.culturalheritage.org/osg-postprints/v09/bassett/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710764.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130124353-20221130154353-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.949456 | 270 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Impact of small amounts of swelling clays on the physical properties of debris-flow-like granular materials. Implications for the study of alpine debris flow
The effect of the small fraction of clays on the rheological behaviour of alpine debris flow is poorly understood. This is partly due to the complexity of the debris flow mineralogy and the broad particle size distribution. This study has investigated this issue by simulating an alpine debris flow with a mixture of well characterized fractions and then varying the clay fraction composition. Four samples were tested, ranging from a clay fraction made up of only kaolinite (1:1 type clay) to samples where 80 per cent of the kaolinite is replaced by bedeillite (a 2:1 type clay similar to smectite). Changing the content of 2:1 type clay has a strong influence on the behaviour of the whole material, despite its low weight fraction of around 2 per cent. The tests carried out on these reconstituted materials were compared with the results obtained for natural debris flow materials and showed some common trends:in particular, the rheological parameters for materials with and without 2:1 clays with respect to yield stress as a function of solid content. | <urn:uuid:b632a0f5-49d5-4a57-893b-c54898b37b88> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/112012 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280899.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00418-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925168 | 252 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Funnel Wolf Spider
Canon Powershot SX110IS, July 2013, Marana, AZ
Several species of Funnel-Web Spiders (Family Agelenidae) are found here in the Sonoran Desert, and their distinctive, funnel-shaped webs are a common sight in areas with grass, leaf litter, and other plant debris.
Funnel-Web Spiders build broad, funnel-shaped, generally non-sticky, horizontal sheet webs just above the ground. The Funnel-Web Spider hides inside the mouth of the funnel and waits for an unsuspecting insect to blunder across the web. When it senses the vibration of an insect walking across its web, a Funnel-Web Spider will race out of its hole and bite the insect, injecting it with venom. Immobilized by the spider’s bite, the insect is then dragged back into the spider’s lair, where it will be eaten.
The Funnel-Web Spiders found in Arizona are harmless to humans and very shy. | <urn:uuid:a64c760f-d4bf-445d-838d-1d7dbca797e4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.redbubble.com/people/dixiesdigitals/works/10724197-funnel-wolf-spider-and-droplets | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00159-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909075 | 210 | 2.84375 | 3 |
This species is listed as Vulnerable because continuing destruction of its habitat is causing a significant population decline which is projected to be rapid in the immediate future. If habitat is not lost as fast as projected, the species may warrant downlisting to Near Threatened.
del Hoyo, J.; Collar, N. J.; Christie, D. A.; Elliott, A.; Fishpool, L. D. C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International.
32 cm. Strange, long-legged, rail-like terrestrial bird. Brownish-grey on back and crown, with long, dark-bordered, whitish supercilium and long, decurved blackish bill. Tail is rather long and full, legs are fairly long and pinkish. Males are whitish below, marked with black crescents, while females are variably mottled rufous-brown and black. Similar spp. From terrestrial couas Coua by long, decurved bill, pale supercilium, and either largely reddish (female) or mottled whitish (male) breast. Voice Loud, communal song. Call when disturbed is nak! nak! Hints Occurs in groups in spiny, subdesert forest.
Collar, N. J.; Stuart, S. N. 1985. Threatened birds of Africa and related islands: the ICBP/IUCN Red Data Book. International Council for Bird Preservation, and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Cambridge, U.K.
Du Puy, D. J.; Moat, J. 1996. A refined classification of the primary vegetation of Madagascar based on the underlying geology: using GIS to map its distribution and to assess its conservation status. In: Lourenço, W.R. (ed.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on the biogeography of Madagascar, pp. 205-218. ORSTOM, Paris.
Langrand, O. 1990. Guide to the birds of Madagascar. Yale University Press, New Haven, USA.
Morris, P.; Hawkins, F. 1998. Birds of Madagascar: a photographic guide. Pica Press, Robertsbridge, UK.
Seddon, N. 2001. The ecology, communication and conservation of the Subdesert Mesite Monias benschi. dissertation. Ph.D., University of Cambridge.
Seddon, N.; Tobias, J. A.; Butchart, S. H. M. 2003. Group living, breeding behaviour and territoriality in the Subdesert Mesite Monias benschi. Ibis 145: 277-294.
Seddon, N.; Tobias, J.; Yount, J. W.; Ramanampamonjy, J. R.; Butchart, S.; Randrianizahana, H. 2000. Conservation issues and priorities in the Mikea forest of southwest Madagascar. Oryx 34: 287-304.
Tobias, J. A.; Seddon, N. 2002. Estimating population size in the subdesert mesite (Monias benschi): new methods and implications for conservation. Biological Conservation 108: 199-212.
Further web sources of information
Explore HBW Alive for further information on this species
Text account compilers
Ekstrom, J., Evans, M., Shutes, S., Starkey, M., Symes, A., Taylor, J.
Hawkins, F., Langrand, O., Seddon, N., Tobias, J.
IUCN Red List evaluators
Butchart, S., Taylor, J.
BirdLife International (2015) Species factsheet: Monias benschi. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 27/11/2015. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2015) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 27/11/2015.
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000) Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004) Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
Additional resources for this species
|Current IUCN Red List category||Vulnerable|
|Species name author||Oustalet & Grandidier, 1903|
|Population size||mature individuals|
|Distribution size (breeding/resident)||12,400 km2|
|Links to further information|
|- Additional Information on this species| | <urn:uuid:c1037165-c216-42c1-9080-c6e9b7f298a8> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=2956 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447881.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00276-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.666402 | 1,094 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Kilo the Pug Wants To Tell You A Little
Hey Pup Peeps, Kilo the Pug here.
I was thinking about dogs and kids and how we are similar and how we are different. I learned some new dog tricks from Ambassador, Dog Trainer and Performer Jordan at the Canadian Pet Expo (she gave me treats). I think you humans could learn a few things from us dogs as well, like kindness and acceptance.
Have you ever watched dogs playing in the dog park?
We do not divide up into groups of different colours and we do not ask each other “Which country did you come from.” We usually start out trying to make friends and accepting dogs of all sizes, shapes, physical traits and colors, just because we are there in the park together.
Of course some dogs may be more energetic and like to play the same way and become better friends, just like humans. Some may be shy and scared, and prefer their own space like me. There may be dogs that don’t know social rules and there may still be bullies and victims. It is your responsibility to socialize and train your puppy safely from age 10 or 11 weeks old and to supervise your puppy at all times. Remember, they are relying on you.
However, in general, I think you kids can learn from us. Be more like dogs!
Do not judge other kids because they look different or because they are new or because they come from another place or because their skin is a different colour. Maybe the next time you notice a shy or scared kid in your neighbourhood or at school, you could be brave and kind enough to say hello and talk to them. If you are playing in a group and one kid is left out on the sidelines, maybe you could invite them to join in and play? If there is a kid on the school bus or at lunch who always sits alone, you could go and see if they would like you to sit with them. A little company can go a long way. Your smile could make them feel welcome and less afraid.
Smile with Smiley The Blind Therapy Dog
Look at Smiley. He was born without eyes but makes everyone around him happy. Think about how he does not let the fact that he is blind stop him from doing normal doggy things and more. He just has to work a little harder sometimes. His Mom and his brothers have his back and so does Hero the Super Collie. If there is a kid you know that has different abilities or looks different, maybe you can encourage them and have their back. Being different can be cool. Kindness and acceptance can also be cool. | <urn:uuid:880cb929-287d-43a5-9700-a4f07b7fd4cd> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://kidspetclub.com/how-dogs-can-teach-kids-about-kindness-and-acceptance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027319724.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824041053-20190824063053-00054.warc.gz | en | 0.980975 | 543 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The resource has been added to your collection
Watch a short cartoon about a cat chasing a bird. Select noun groups, verb groups and phrases to create sentences and build a basic factual recount. Rearrange the word groups to create the best order in the sentences. Who was involved? What did they do? When, where or how did they do it? Add adjectives and adverbs to make the story clearer and funnier. Choose a picture to go with the recount. This learning object is one in a series of four objects.
Not Rated Yet. | <urn:uuid:d9d36ebe-232b-4dbd-a7f1-d5ef863ed9c6> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.curriki.org/oer/Show-and-tell-that-cat-/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187945.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00432-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965694 | 112 | 2.984375 | 3 |
One by one, Japan is turning off the lights at the giant oil-fired power plants that propelled it to the ranks of the world’s top industrialized nations. With nuclear power in the doldrums after the Fukushima disaster started in 2011, it’s solar energy that is becoming the alternative.
Solar power is set to become profitable in Japan as early as this quarter, according to the Japan Renewable Energy Foundation (JREF), freeing it from the need for government subsidies and making it the last of the G-7 economies where the technology has become economically viable.
Japan is now one of the world’s four largest markets for solar panels and a large number of power plants are coming onstream, including two giant arrays over water in the city of Kato, Hyogo Prefecture, and a ¥110 billion solar farm being built on a salt field in Setouchi, Okayama Prefecture, both west of Osaka.
“Solar has come of age in Japan and from now on will be replacing imported uranium and fossil fuels,” said Tomas Kaberger, executive board chairman of JREF.
“In trying to protect their fossil fuel and nuclear (plants), Japan’s electric power companies can only delay developments here,” he said, referring to the 10 regional monopolies that have dominated electricity production since the 1950s.
Japan is retiring nearly 2.4 gigawatts of expensive and polluting oil-fired energy plants by March next year and switching to alternative fuels. Japan’s 43 nuclear reactors have been idled in the wake of the 2011 triple meltdown at the Fukushima No. 1 power plant. Since then, renewable energy capacity has tripled to 25 gigawatts, with solar accounting for more than 80 percent of that.
Once Japan reaches cost-revenue parity in solar energy, it will mean the technology is commercially viable in all G-7 countries and 14 of the G-20 economies, according to data from governments, industry and consumer groups.
A crash in the prices of photovoltaic panels and improved technology that harnesses more power from the sun has placed solar on the cusp of a global boom, say analysts, who compare its rise to shale oil.
“Just as shale extraction reconfigured oil and gas, no other technology is closer to transforming power markets than distributed and utility scale solar,” said consultancy Wood Mackenzie, which has a focus on the oil and gas industry.
Oil major Exxon Mobil says that “solar capacity is expected to grow by more than 20 times from 2010 to 2040.”
Investors are also rediscovering solar, with the global solar index up 40 percent this year, lifting it out of a slump following the 2008-2009 financial crisis, far outperforming struggling commodities such as iron ore, natural gas, copper or coal.
By starting mass production of solar panels, China is the driving force in bringing down solar manufacturing costs by 80 percent in the last decade, according to Germany’s Fraunhofer Institute.
In Japan, residential solar power production costs have more than halved since 2010 to under ¥30 per kilowatt-hour, making it comparable to average household electricity prices.
Wood Mackenzie expects solar costs to fall more as “efficiencies are nowhere near their theoretical maximums.”
Solar is already well-entrenched in Europe and North America, but it is the expected boom in Asia that is lifting it out from its niche.
China’s new anti-pollution policies are making the big difference. Because of these policies, Beijing is seeking alternatives for coal, which makes up almost two-thirds of its energy consumption.
China’s 2014 solar capacity was 26.52 gigawatts, less than 2 percent of its total capacity of 1,360 gigawatts.
But the government wants to add 17.8 gigawatts of solar power this year and added 5 gigawatts in the first quarter alone, with plans to boost capacity to 100 gigawaatts by 2020.
Coal-dominated India, with its plentiful sunlight, could also take to solar in a big way.
Despite this boom, fossil-fueled power is far from dead.
“Additional generating capacity, such as natural gas-fired plants, must be made available to back up wind and solar during the times when the sun is not shining and the wind is not blowing,” Exxon says. | <urn:uuid:4b9e23d6-2fdc-4d1a-b248-4849ab76bdb0> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/05/05/national/japan-will-be-last-g-7-country-to-make-solar-power-economically-viable/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=japan-will-be-last-g-7-country-to-make-solar-power-economically-viable?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=japan-will-be-last-g-7-country-to-make-solar-power-economically-viable | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313803.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818104019-20190818130019-00375.warc.gz | en | 0.949491 | 912 | 2.625 | 3 |
To generate in increasing order the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, … of all numbers divisible by no primes other than 2, 3, or 5.
Here’s Dijkstra’s solution in Haskell:
hamming = 1 : foldl1 merge [ map (n*) hamming | n <- [2,3,5] ] merge (x:xs) (y:ys) = case compare x y of LT -> x : merge xs (y:ys) GT -> y : merge (x:xs) ys EQ -> x : merge xs ys
This problem was later used to illustrate “perpetual processes” (i.e., the lazy evaluation of infinite terms) in logic programming:
Keith L. Clark and Steve Gregory. 1981. A relational language for parallel programming. In FPCA ‘81: Proceedings of the 1981 conference on functional programming languages and computer architecture, 171–178. ACM Press.
Åke Hansson, Seif Haridi, and Sten-Åke Tärnlund. 1982. Properties of a logic programming language. In Logic programming, ed. Keith L. Clark and Sten-Åke Tärnlund, 267–280. Academic Press.
John Wylie Lloyd. 1987. Foundations of logic programming. Second, extended edition. Springer. (page 189) | <urn:uuid:3d42bbde-6f2a-47b6-acd9-469b817184ed> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://conway.rutgers.edu/~ccshan/wiki/blog/posts/Hamming/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700984410/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104304-00030-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.785571 | 308 | 2.6875 | 3 |
In this primer, I will cover some background needed to explain the results of our group’s JACS paper that I had mentioned previously. Here you’ll learn about how chemists and physicists describe a molecule’s state, and how that relates to the processes that occur in materials used in solar energy devices.
The Ground State
Imagine you are taking a walk through a narrow valley that has steep hills on either side of it. You come across a boulder sitting in bottom of the valley, blocking the path. The boulder is quite stable at the bottom of the valley and certainly isn’t going anywhere on it’s own. You decide that the boulder doesn’t look so big, maybe you could just roll it up one of the valley walls. You get on one side of the boulder and with great effort manage to roll the boulder a few feet off the valley floor. You need to take a break so you let go of the boulder, which promptly rolls back down into the bottom of the valley. Damn. Try again, push the boulder up the valley wall as far as you can, exerting more effort this time, but when you let it go it will inevitably roll back down to the bottom of the valley (figure 1). We all intuitively understand what is going on here. Once we let go of the boulder it rolls down because the force of gravity pulls it down as far as it can go, which in this case is the bottom of the valley. This may seem quite Sisyphian but there is a point!
The boulder-in-valley metaphor presented above is actually a pretty good way to think about molecules. The boulder represents what is called the state of the molecule. When the boulder is in the bottom of the valley, that is called the ground state of the molecule. The molecule is configured (see note 1), such that it is as low in energy as possible. Just as the boulder cannot go down any further once it is in the bottom of the valley, the molecule can’t be changed in any way to decrease its energy. If one were to put energy into changing the configuration of the molecule, by stretching it, squeezing it, rotating certain parts, or even moving the electrons around, the molecule would “roll” back to the ground state in the same way that the boulder would roll back to the bottom of the valley once pushed up the valley walls (see note 2).
The Excited State
Now I will modify the analogy a little bit. Picture the same valley with the same boulder, only this time, halfway up one of the walls of the valley you spy a small ledge with a lip, just large enough for the boulder to sit securely. Perfect! You can now push the boulder up to the ledge and it will sit there instead of in the valley. All of the work you put into pushing the boulder up is not instantly wasted because the boulder now has a place to sit without rolling back down to the bottom (Figure 2). This ledge applies to the molecular picture as well. When the boulder is sitting up in its ledge, it is in a higher energy state than when it was in the bottom of the valley, and similarly with the molecule there are stable states that lie higher in energy than the ground state. These are referred to as excited states.
In the boulder picture it’s pretty easy to imagine yourself pushing the boulder up onto the ledge. However, in the molecule there is no tiny person available to do the “work” invovled in moving the molecule into the excited state. What is available though is the energy that falls upon us every day from the sun: light! Light is a fascinating subject and I could write much more about it (topic for a future post I imagine) but for our purposes here, light is simply a packet of energy (commonly called a photon). When a molecule absorbs this piece of energy it can use that energy to move to an excited state. Picture the absorption of light as giant that can pick up the boulder and easily throw it onto the ledge.
To be more precise in showing how scientists think about states, just strip away the valley walls from our previous picture, and place lines where the stable states of the molecule (or boulder) are. Now we can label each state accordingly. The difference in height between the states is simply the difference in energy between the states, or to put it another way, it is the amount of energy stored in the excited state (figure 3).
Putting the Excited State to Work
One could think of the boulder sitting up in its “excited state” ledge as having stored all the work and energy you put into pushing it up there. You could push the boulder back into the bottom of the valley and change all that stored energy (called potential energy) into kinetic energy, or if you were clever you could hook the boulder up to some kind of pulley system and you could put the stored energy into any number of useful purposes: use the pulley to pull something else up as the boulder rolls to the valley floor, attach the other end of the rope to an axle and set something spinning, or even connect it to a generator and make a little bit of electricity. In molecular systems the idea is the same: once the molecule is in an excited state, it is possible to use the stored energy to do something useful like driving a chemical reaction that makes or breaks bonds, or transferring an electron to into a circuit to create electricity.
This is the whole point here. If the molecules are well designed, then the energy of the photon is stored in an excited state, and that stored energy can be used to do something useful! By making or breaking bonds, the energy in the excited state can be used to make fuels (ethanol or hydrogen) that could run your car or heat your home. By transferring electrons out of a molecule in the excited state efficiently and creating a circuit, the stored energy of the photon can be used to make electricity that can power a device or even your home (solar power). If these processes work well enough and the systems can be made cheaply enough then in the future we could begin to replace gasoline as a fuel source and reduce the amount of electricity that is produced from fossil fuels.
Unfortunately It isn’t as easy as I make it out to be above to use these materials to produce solar energy. In my next primer I’ll talk about kinetics – how fast these processes happen, and why it is so hard to make molecules that use solar energy efficiently.
- When I talk about the ‘configuration’ of the molecule I am referring to two things a) The physical geometry of the molecule, such as the placement of atoms in relation to one another, how they are bonded, and how the different parts of it are folded, flattened, or rotated. b) given a geometric arrangement of a molecule (part a) how the electrons are arranged around the molecule.
- When dealing with chemistry and physics, people tend to personify inanimate particles. One hears explanations such as “the molecule wants to be over here” or “the atom likes 8 electrons”. While useful as a tool to aid in understanding, remember that the electrons and atoms don’t like or want anymore than the boulder wants to be at the bottom of the valley. It is simply a way of saying that the atom or molecule is more stable or at a lower energy. So instead one could say “the molecule is lower in energy over here” or “the atom is more stable with 8 electrons.” | <urn:uuid:9913017d-2c71-4ebf-a20d-0bff2dc1288e> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://electroncafe.wordpress.com/2010/10/24/thinking-about-states/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917126237.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031206-00217-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952197 | 1,563 | 3.34375 | 3 |
7TH-8TH CENTURY LOMBARD CAVALRYMAN
An extract from Armies of the Dark Ages 600-1066
by Ian Heath
43. 7TH-8TH CENTURY LOMBARD CAVALRYMAN
[Based on the Lombard helmet plate of King Agilulf, 7th century]
This figure dates to c.615.
He is armed with sword, dagger, and a long lance wielded in both hands called a contus (the Byzantine kontos), stout enough to lift an enemy from his saddle and hold him aloft according to Paul the Deacon.
A shorter spear capable of being thrown could he substituted, and axes and javelins are also recorded.
Armour was rare in their early period and even after the establishment of their Italian kingdom only the wealthier cavalrymen were expected to serve with body-armour, the majority again probably resembling 54.
This man wears a lamellar corselet, greaves called by their Roman name of ocrea, and an Avar-style helmet with cheek-guards, aventail and plume.
43a shows an alternative of spangenhelm construction. Lombard helmets often had a small cross instead of the plume.
The shield was of lime-wood.
The Lombards certainly wore spurs and it seems probable that stirrups were introduced in the 7th century.
Next: 44. 7TH-8TH CENTURY LOMBARD INFANTRYMAN in Armies of the Dark Ages 600-1066 by Ian Heath | <urn:uuid:34656c13-ad01-49da-8afd-06e5894a7ca1> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://warfarewest.x10host.com/WRG/Dark_Ages-43-Lombard_Cavalry-7-8C.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247480622.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216145907-20190216171907-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.955302 | 331 | 2.921875 | 3 |
What is Rain Water Harvesting and how it can be done for your house?
Water is the most essential requirement of our lives yet we take it for granted. We have started becoming aware of the need of water supply particularly in these parts of India. Rain water harvesting is a method used for gathering and storing rainfall from housetops or landscapes. It is done by using simple methods like using containers or complex ways such as subversive check dams. The methods that are utilized in India are as a result of old civilizations which contribute to the water supply in remote regions.
We benefit a lot from rain water harvesting. By capturing, we decrease our dependence on the water storage compartments. Thus, there will be no need to enlarge the dams or construct others. You will also not be affected by the sudden shortage of water supply that takes place more often. It is economical to yields your own water as you will save on the water charges. It is also cheap to yield comparing to digging a well. It takes a lot equipment cost and labor to dig a well. Yielding rainfall reduces the chances of floods erupting towards the homesteads. It is safe for the environment. By sparing more water on the landscape the better it will be for the living creatures. This is because when people use water from rivers and lakes it destructs the eco system.
The harvested rain fall is more suitable to plants than the municipal water. This is because the rainwater has not been deprived of any minerals through chemicals. This is why plants respond well to rain water. It is also safe for human consumption. All you need is just purification. Purchasing drinking water is quite expensive and damaging to the environment due to the plastic bottles. The overall cost of energy is reduced. A lot of electricity is consumed when pumping and cleansing water. Through rain water harvesting, all these expenses are cut down. Rainfall causes soil erosion. By capturing the rain fall you avoid the showers from flowing down into the sewerage system and destroying the terrain.
How to do rainwater harvesting
The first thing you need to consider in constructing a harvest system is the collection area, storage devices and delivery system. The collection area is anywhere where the rain showers do not fall on the earth. It can include the roof of your house. You need to find out how to do rainwater harvesting by discovering the amount of water that your roof can capture and how much water you need. A farmer who is located in an arid area with a large landscape of plants will need more water compared with own who has a small vegetable yard. The more drums that you have the more rainfall you will capture.
The delivery system is composed of the gutters and downspouts. They are located along the rim of the top. The material can be plastic or aluminum of which it is not relevant. However, the size does matter. They have to be broad in order to accommodate the water flowing off the rooftop. The common size of gutters is five or six inches in terms of broadness. A gutter of five inches will need a downspout of three inches whereas the one for six inches will need a downspout for four inches. The delivery system is also composed of filters. This is important as it will prevent debris from blocking the downspout. If you are located in a place where insects are common it is advisable to use a fine-mesh aluminum filter. This is to avoid the insects from standing on the water in the drum.
The storage devices can either be containers or drums. You also have the option of constructing your own. In either ways, the main aim is to ensure that they are located appropriately. It is good to place it near the place where water is needed most. Dig a three inches extent and broadness of your cinder block bottom. Put gravel in the area up to a level of a third of it. This is so as to make sure your foundation is water-free all the time by flattening the cinder blocks. The more you raise the drums the better because you will get more pressure while tapping the water. Sometimes rainfall can be excess and the drums will overflow. The gravel beneath the cinder blocks will redirect the water from the bottom. | <urn:uuid:8e5b2f6f-19d4-4f20-9455-469f0d9cf4db> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://www.homeplansindia.com/what-is-rain-water-harvesting-and-how-to-do-it-for-your-house.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439736902.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806091418-20200806121418-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.968267 | 858 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Bias arises sometimes because men have been used as the normative standard in medical research. So a complaint by a woman may be unrecognized due to different symptoms, or may be untreated or treated inappropriately. Many ailments, especially attendant on older women, receive if not unequal treatment, unequal attention. There is also a pervading attitude of many physicians about women's complaints that can lead to misdiagnosis where the woman is perceived as suffering from a psychological rather than physical problem. While the medical profession remains male-dominated, a gender slant in inevitable.
Bernadine Healy, a cardiologist and the director of the USA National Institute of Health, called the presumably inadvertent sex bias the "Yentl syndrome" – after the famous I.B. Singer story. Just as the girl, Yentl, had to masquerade as a man to get an education, so a woman has to experience a full-scale heart attack like a man before she can get equal treatment.
Two recent studies showed that doctors treated women with heart disease less aggressively than they treated men – even though in the women the disease tended to be further advanced. The women were half as likely to undergo cardiac catheterization and much less likely to have bypass surgery or a procedure to unclog blocked arteries. There is also very little good information on treated hypertension in women. A recent review of several major studies found that treatments that work for men may be ineffective or even harmful for white (though not black) women. Women seem to suffer from clinical depression more often than men, but the research on anti-depressants was initially done only with men. Now there is evidence that the effects of some anti-depressants vary during the menstrual cycle, which means that a dosage can be too high at some times and too low at others. Osteoporosis, 90% of whose suffers are women, and general frailty of the elderly are other poorly researched areas. | <urn:uuid:7d15a262-f6c9-429c-bdd1-be8a2795a9e8> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/problem/140219 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370493818.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329045008-20200329075008-00218.warc.gz | en | 0.972523 | 396 | 2.578125 | 3 |
It was December 20th, 1944, and the 101st Airborne Division and the 10th Armored Division was sent into the Ardennes forest in Belgium to hold this town called Bastonge. It was a town that had different roads leading into the town, and then multiple roads leaving out of it. The Germans wanted this town so they could send out more tanks and infantry on the many roads leaving out of town to get back the ground they lost to the British and Americans. It was one of the last major attempts the Germans did to reverse the tide of the war.
The 101st Airborne Division commander, Major General Maxwell Taylor was in the United States attending a staff conference when the division was sent to hold Bastonge, so Brigadier General Anthony McAuliffe-who was in command of the division artillery- took command. They held the town for a week before C-47’s resupplied them on December 26th, but on December 22nd something strange happened.
On that day a German truce party came into our lines with a white flag and a note. To sum it up, the German commander said that they had the town of Bastonge surrounded and demanding “the honorable surrender” of the town, and they had two hours to respond before the were going to attack to town. General McAuliffe sent a short brief reply. To The German Commander: NUTS! -The American Commander. The Americans dug in and waited for the attack, they held on and the were eventually reinforced by General George Patton’s Third Army. The Battle of the Bulge continued for a couple more weeks, which resulted thousands of casualties on both sides. By the end of January, the U.S. had taken all of the land they lost to the Germans in the Bulge, and they were heading for Berlin, Germany.
Poll of the Week | <urn:uuid:f49371ea-3c87-49c6-bd24-c7d1fb9003f4> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://uhstalk.org/the-famous-1944-christmas-message/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589404.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716154548-20180716174548-00448.warc.gz | en | 0.987614 | 377 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Back to Resource Topics
By Subject Area: Mathematics
, Educational Options: Enrichment Programs
, For Educators: Curriculum Related
, For Parents: Parenting for High Potential
, Grade Level: Elementary School
, Grade Level: Middle School
||Project M3, Mentoring Mathematical Minds, was a 5-year collaborative research effort of faculty at the University of Connecticut, Northern Kentucky University, and Boston University and teachers, administrators, and students in 10 schools of varying socioeconomic levels in Connecticut and Kentucky. A team of national experts in the fields of mathematics, mathematics education, and gifted education created a total of 12 curriculum units of advanced mathematics. This website, maintained by the University of Connecticut, provide smathematics education through a series of online learning units geared toward educators, students and parents.
The appearance of any information in the Davidson Institute's Database does not imply an endorsement by, or any affiliation with, the Davidson Institute. All information presented is for informational purposes only and is solely the opinion of and the responsibility of the author. Although reasonable effort is made to present accurate information, the Davidson Institute makes no guarantees of any kind, including as to accuracy or completeness. Use of such information is at the sole risk of the reader. | <urn:uuid:7cf2ad3f-1bac-48bf-b14c-adfc30ed85fe> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.davidsongifted.org/db/Resources_id_15966.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011070356/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091750-00032-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909647 | 257 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Short and log Essay on “Diwali- The Festival of Light 2019” It is also called Deepawali. Complete Essay for Class 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 and Graduation and other classes. Diwali, the festival of lights, is one of the important and widely spread holidays celebrated in India. This is a very joyful celebration.
(1) Introduction-Diwali festival of lights. Diwali is a great Hindu festival. It is a festival of lights. It often falls in the month of October or November every year. It is (believed that Lord Ram returned to Ayodhya from forests this day after 14 years of exile. The citizens of Ayodhya gave him a warm welcome. They decorated their houses and lighted them with the rows of earthen lamps. So we celebrate this day in its memory. It is celebrated with great pomp and show. _
(2) Preparation-Great preparations are made for this festival. The houses are cleaned and white-washed. The shops are painted and reset. The market looks very beautiful.
(3) How it is celebrated-People get new dresses prepared. Children. put on bright and colourful dresses. They go to bazaars. They buy sweets; fruit, crackers, and toys. They give presents to friends and relatives. They send greeting cards to their distant friends and relatives. The main days of celebration of Diwali are three days, ‘Dhan-Teras’, ‘Roop-Chaudas’ & ‘Diwali’ on. Amavasya day. These nights are bright. Ladies and children light candles and lamps. These are lighted after sunset. Soon the whole city is lit up.
(4) Worship of Goddess Laxmi-People worship Goddess Laxmi at night on Amavasya, that is, the main Diwali night. They pray her for joy and riches. This is the time to enjoy. Children let off fireworks. There is a burst of crackers. Diwali also marks the change of the year. Some merchants start a new financial year for keeping account books.
(5) Importance-Diwali is celebrated throughout the country. Even in foreign countries, Indians living there observe it and remember their motherland. People of all communities celebrate it. It is a festival of national importance. It helps in building national unity. ‘
(6) For all People-Diwali is enjoyed by people of all age groups. Children, youth and old, all alike feel freshness on commencement of Diwali. The rich and the poor all celebrate it as per their capacity. People forget their differences and greet one another.
(7) Conclusion-Some people gamble and drink wine on this day. This is a very bad custom: They should not do such a bad thing on such a good day. In short, Diwali is a festival of the rich and the poor alike. It is a national festival. It brings happiness to every home in India.
Diwali festival India Essay 250 words
1. Introduction: India is a land of fasts, feasts, fairs, and festivals. There is some fair or festival in every ninth throughout the year. They are mostly religious, social, national or seasonal Diwali is an important festival celebrated all over the country.
2. When and Why Celebrated: Diwali is celebrated on the fifteenth day of the month of Kartik when rains have ended. It marks the advent of winter when the harvest is ready to be reaped. It is said that Ram, the king of Ayodhya returned to his kingdom on this day after his victory over Ravan, the king of Lanka. So people welcomed him by lighting lamps in the city. People illuminate their houses and worship Laxmi, the Goddess of wealth in memory of the same.
3. Celebrations: This festival is celebrated with great Joy. People clean their houses, whitewash and decorate them. In the evening the earthen lamps, candlesticks and electric bulbs of different colours are lighted. Crackers are burnt. Goddess Laxmi is worshipped. Sweets are eaten. The merchants open new accounts-books for their business. Most of the people and children put on new clothes on this auspicious day.
People send greetings to their relatives and friends. ‘Diwali Milan’ is arranged to meet local friends and relatives who join to enjoy this festival. Usually, they forget their mutual enmity and embrace one another with hearty sentiments. Though this is a festival of the Hindus yet people of all communities of the country join in this celebration. Thus this festival increases the feeling of unity and brotherhood.
4. Conclusion: But there is a dark aspect too of this great festival. On this day many People gamble. Many times the fireworks result in accidents and children fall prey to burns, These fireworks are costly, and there is a huge wastage of money. If these evils are controlled, this festival brings the message of a happy future for all alike.
My favourite festival Diwali Essay
My favourite festival Diwali, Nowadays about all exam is asked your favourite festival. Here we shall learn, how to write a Diwali essay in English o paragraph on My favourite festival Diwali is a unique pageant celebrated by way of tens of millions of humans in India. The word Diwali is a Sanskrit compound, made from two simple phrases ‘Deepa’, meaning light, and ‘avail’, meaning a row. So, actually, Deepavali is a pageant of lighting fixtures in which deep are arranged in a row. Diwali, which is also called Diwali, is the day of rejoicing and revelry, prayer, and devotion. In recent years, the custom of changing greeting playing cards on Deepavali has also come into practice. Diwali is the holy festival of Hindus. This festival is celebrated on the new moon day of Kartik. People do their house cleaning and panting. That’s why we call it a festival of cleanliness. After four months of rain, the dirt is cleaned and cleaned. It is said that on this day Lord Ram returned to Ayodhya on this day, after destroying the bananas and Rachas of 14 years.
The beginning of this first-rate pageant is related to many legends and ideals. Consistent with some, there may be a historical occasion linked with Deepavali. King Vikramaditya, who turned into ruling in north India within the 1/3 century, defeated the invading Huns and’drove them in another country.
The victory in that war became celebrated by the people through lighting fixtures lamps and firing crackers. ‘ Human beings inside the north additionally agree with that that is the day on which Lord Rama lower back to Ayodhya after defeating demon king Ravana. This holy day is Celebrated each yr as Deepavali. Rama Rajya is celebrated with illumination. In addition to illumination, the worship of goddess Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, also forms there most effective care for the monetary betterment of a small elite on the value of most of the people of the common people. Crucial a part of the festivities. Consistent with a legend, devas, and asuras, forgetting their eternal enmity, agreed to churn the ksheerasagara (milky ocean) in the hope 0f getting nectar so that there would be no Loss of life and anybody could come to be immortal. Many Precious things have been yielded by using the ocean and amongst them turned into Lakshmi. She became with the consent of all.
Married to Lord Vishnu. Deepavali, as found with the aid of A few, indicates the birthday of Goddess Lakshmi. They Provide unique worship to the circle of relatives money, purses, and jewellery. For south Indians, this is a festival celebrated particularly for carrying new garments after the oil tub earlier than dawn at the holy day. People change sweets and greetings with each other. For Gujaratis and Marwaris, Deepavali is the day that marks the start of the brand new yr consistent with the Vikrama technology. The individuals of the mercantile community worship their account books and open new account books and ledgers and enter into new contracts for enterprise transactions. The Sikhs attach special importance to this festival.
The golden temple at Amritsar is lit wonderfully on Deepavali night time and heaps of Sikh devotees visit Amritsar to have a dip at darbar sahib Tank. , According to Jains, Diwali is a competition commemorated on the death anniversary of Lord Mahavira (founder of Jainism), who discarded his _ physical frame and attained nirvana on this day. The observance of the pageant varies from location to ‘ vicinity in our country, but new clothes, chocolates, and crackers are common to all. This is the only occasion when we discover people making merry anywhere. People of all castes and communities come on a commonplace platform and percentage the pleasure.
People celebrate the Diwali Festival of light fanf
Diwali Festival of India for class11, and 12th
India is a country of fasts, feasts, fairs, and festivals. There is some fair or festival every month throughout the year. They are mostly religious, social, national or seasonal. Diwali is an important festival of India. It celebrated all over the country. Diwali is celebrated on the fifteenth day of the month of Kartik when rains have ended. It marks the advent of winter when the harvest is ready to be reaped. It is said that Ram, the king of Ayodhya returned to his kingdom on this day after his victory over Ravan, the king of Lanka. So people welcomed him by lighting lamps in the city. People illuminate their houses and worship Laxmi, the Goddess of wealth 1n memory of the same. This festival 15 celebrated with great Joy. People clean their houses, whitewash and decorate them. In the evening the earthen lamps, candlesticks and electric bulbs of d1fferent colours are lighted. Crackers are burnt. Goddess Laxmi is worshipped. Sweets are eaten. The ‘ merchants open new account-books for their business. Most of the people and children put on new clothes on this auspicious day. People send greetings to their relatives and friends. ‘Diwali Milan’ is arranged to meet local friends and relatives who join to enjoy this festival. Usually, they forget their mutual enmity and embrace one another with hearty sentiments. Though this is a festival of the Hindus yet people of all communities of the country join in this celebration. Thus this festival increases the feeling of unity and brotherhood. But there is a dark aspect to this great festival. On this day many people gamble. Many times the fireworks result in accidents and children fall prey to bums. These fireworks are costly, and there is a huge wastage of money. If these evils are got rid of, this festival brings the message of a happy future for all alike.
Light festival of Diwali 2019 Essay for class 7,8,9, and 10th
Introduction: Diwali is a very important festival of Hindus. It is celebrated throughout the country with great pomp and show. This festival is also known as the festival of lights. The festival Diwali reflects the cultural life of our country. Some festivals have some religious importance while others have some historical importance. When and Why is it Celebrated? : It is celebrated in the month of Kartika, on the Amavasya day. Some people believe, that Lord Rama returned to Ayodhya after killing Ravana on this day. Some belief, that Lord Krishna killed the demon Narkasur. The Jains believe that Lord Mahavira got salvation on this day. Preparation for the Festival: A few days before the festival the people clean their shops and houses and get them painted. Old things are replaced by new ones. People purchase new utensils, sweets, and crackers. A great rush is seen at the sweet shops and the cracker shops. Children enjoy a lot on this day
How I Celebrated Diwali this Year? This year, I celebrated Diwali with great joy. I cleaned my house and got it whitewashed. Then, I decorated it with balloons, beautiful pictures, and flowers. At about eight o’clock at night, I with my family worshipped Goddess Lakshmi. She is a goddess of wealth. We lit candles and earthen lamps. We all friend burst firecrackers. Conclusion: Diwali is a very joyous festival. But some people drink and gamble on this occasion. We should stay away from these evils. This festival has its own value and utility. People get a chance to rejoice and celebrate together. | <urn:uuid:605a1014-3ae9-42ba-a54e-22121e4467ab> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://www.smartenglishgrammar.com/diwali-festival-of-lights/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540519149.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209145254-20191209173254-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.958703 | 2,723 | 3.21875 | 3 |
In the years before Naval Architecture had evolved, boat and ship design was developed through model construction. A master builder would fashion a hull form to the requirements of the client. The model would then be cut vertically down the center, leaving two halves. One half would be cut along the horizontal planes, known as "waterlines", at evenly spaced distances. The other half would then be cut vertically at evenly spaced distances, known as "stations".
These pieces would be laid out and traced in outline on wood or parchment. The dimensions were then expanded to reflect the true size of the vessel, in what is known as the table offsets. This table was used to put the vessel lines down on the lofting floor, from which the construction forms for the centerline structure and framing systems were made. After the process was completed the "waterline" pieces of the model were reassembled and that half was mounted on a wooden backing plate, and often put in the master builder's office to show off the boats that the yard had built.
The half models we create are made by reversing the process used originally. We work from the ships line drawings to recreate the model from which the lines would have been derived originally.Painted in the colors of the owner's yacht the model is a reminder of the beauty of the real thing and a piece of art to hang on the wall. (Right:The Model Room at the Herreshoff Museaum in Bristol) | <urn:uuid:23280d90-5e65-4a0e-a340-09b033caa7dc> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.tridentstudio.com/history.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886964.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117193009-20180117213009-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.984496 | 293 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Editor’s Note: To read more about spreadsheets, share a tip with other readers, or suggest a topic for Bill Jelen to cover in an upcoming column, click here to visit CFO.com’s Spreadsheet Tips Page.
Reader Walter J. wins a copy of the new third edition of Learn Excel 2007-2010 from MrExcel for his question, “I am looking for a way to reference a row number for data located in one spreadsheet that is based on a reference number in a cell located in a summary spreadsheet. Here’s the situation: In my summary spreadsheet I have several cells that reference data from an another spreadsheet in the same workbook. The data table is updated weekly by date, and I need to reference a new row number each week. Further, I would like to insert a row number in a cell in the summary spreadsheet and use that cell to reference the row number in the formula that references the data in the data spreadsheet.”
The solution could involve any one of the triumverate of arcane Excel functions; INDEX, OFFSET, or INDIRECT. All three of these functions have the ability to refer to a cell by looking at a value in another cell. In this case, since Walter has a row number available in his Summary worksheet, I will use the INDEX function.
How Index Works
The INDEX function will return a value from a range using row and column numbers. The function has several syntax variations, but here are the most common three ways to use INDEX.
If you want to return numbers from a one-column range, you can specify the range and the row location within the range. In Figure 1, below, the range is B4:B11. The formula is asking for the third row within this range. The result is the 4 in cell B6. This is because B6 is the third row in this range.
If you are returning numbers from a one-row range, you specify the range and the column within that range. Below, in Figure 2, the formula is asking for the eighth value in B16:I16. The result is 128 from cell I16.
When you have a rectangular range, you specify the address of the range, then the row number, then the column number within the range. Below, the range is B22:D35. The formula is asking for the third row and second column. The result is the 10004 from cell C24 because this is the third row and second column in the range.
Using Index to Solve the Problem
Walter has a data worksheet. It might look something like this:
He also has a Summary worksheet where he has added actual row numbers. In row 4 of the Summary worksheet, he wants to return a value from the fifth row of the Data worksheet.
In this case, I would specify the entire column as the range. Start the formula with =INDEX(Data!B:B,
Then, specify the row number from cell A4 as the second argument in the INDEX function. Since you might want to copy this formula across several columns, use a single dollar sign before the A to make sure that the formula is always pulling the row number from column A. =INDEX(Data!B:B,$A4).
Figure 5 shows the formula copied down to other rows and columns. It returns the proper value from the Data worksheet.
Bill Jelen is the author of 33 books about Microsoft Excel. For a chance to win a copy of one of his books, post a question at the Community Center to the right. If Bill selects your question as the topic of a future column, we’ll send you a book as a thank-you. Bill’s next MrExcel webcast,
on consolidating data for financial reporting, is Thursday, July 14, at 2:00 Eastern Time. | <urn:uuid:894a84c5-022c-4882-9038-cc6cb4696a2d> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://ww2.cfo.com/technology/2011/07/spreadsheets-cross-referencing-between-worksheets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541697.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00138-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915336 | 817 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Visual artists do not come from a life which is a bed of roses. The ability to visualize the world in a certain point of view, ability to think critically, in direct ratio to social stereotype thinking and visual delicacy, are not the only premises that form a visual artist but also a reason of unavoidable social isolation. However, the tendency to communicate that is implicated in each human is the driving factor which finally transforms a visual artist from social cast-off to enlightener and the leader of the society itself, at the same time, getting him to the highest stage of that social hierarchy.
The establishment of the visual artist is not about the will to “articulate beautifully”, as the public opinion goes, but to have the ability to analyze the surrounding world and desire to learn it. In other words, to have the ability to think critically. A person acquires experience of critical thinking at childhood primarily owing to his parents. While growing up, he realizes that critical thinking is not usual for all individuals and the society responds significantly to a stereotypic thinking. An internal conflict is brewing up providing that he has to make a choice. If a person has already formed such qualities as self-confidence and courage, he rejects the social stereotypical model, by choosing an individual model which in turn is based on critical analysis and its the only method that is able to provide material for his regular internal development. However, by making this choice the person actually condemns himself to social isolation. A society that did not outlive the remnants of xenophobia has the tendency to be hostile to an alien behavior pattern, at the same time the behavior of a person who is seeking the truth is radically different from the behavior of people who live by stereotypes. The environment pushes the person aside. For a social animal such as a human being, becoming alone means if not to die (humanistic development of mankind has made it highly doubtful in the modern society), then at least to deprive yourself of that necessary dose of serotonin. Serotonin is one of the so-called “hormones of happiness” (probably we should call it a “neurotransmitter”), the release of which is usually associated with encouragement that is received from others, as well as communication. Serotonin is very important for animals living in groups and having a social hierarchy. If the serotonin is lost, almost certainly, it means for a person to foredoom himself to a life full of suffering.
At this stage of his formation, the person looks depressed. He begins to search for a new set of people that are like-minded souls. The owners of a brightly expressed and visual sensibility, turn themselves to visual arts as a way of communication breakthrough. The person enters upon the path of becoming an artist. A new social circle is being formed. Passionary and uncomfortable social environment, that was obtained earlier by him at birth, changes to an intimate and friendly type. Gradually, a person ceases to feel lonely. The necessary serotonin level becomes restored. However, this “serotonin harmony” does not last long. There is a second wave of social exclusion ahead associated with the increase in the level of professionalism.
Being actively engaged in the art, the artist accumulates new insights and expands his mental outlook, becoming more aware of the processes and patterns that take place in the world. Deep emotional involvement which is implied in the art promotes hard work and rapid learning. From the category of hobby, contributed by favorable communication with the alike, the art turns into a professional activity. If a person deliberately decides for himself to choose art as a decisive path of life, then the amateur artist quickly turns into a professional, and then even into an expert. Such choice is made rarely, because from an economic point of view, becoming an artist means taking a big risk. At this stage, we can see that there is a new subject of dissonance of the past with a loyal and friendly environment. Now, the artist is turning away from it also. By becoming an expert, he loses any interest in communicating with amateur artists. A new stage of social isolation begins and this time it is initiated by the artist himself.
At first, loneliness does not really bother him, but the concentration of serotonin is gradually drying up. It is impossible to turn back to the past connections implying “amateur artists” — acquired logical design methods cannot be forgotten. It is like a red pill from The Matrix movie. It becomes more difficult for him to find new people who are willing to communicate, as he attains more and more knowledge. The only way out is to start raising your surroundings, in hope that in this way someone will be able to reach the desired level of understanding, and the artist will have a new decent circle of communication. This move makes the expert a leader of opinion. The artist becomes an enlightener to society. His works acquire an auxiliary function of teaching material for others and not just to perceive the world. The former social outcast becomes a leader of society.
At the beginning of evolvement, the visual artist always ends up in a social form of isolation. It might be a very difficult stage but it is necessary to become a true artist. By promoting of the perfection of the world the artist unwittingly finds himself in another kind of social isolation, but the search for some kind of dialog (serotonin addiction) forces him to proceed to another new stage of self-development — the society leader. The way of the visual artist is more like the life of a pupil that emerges one day as a butterfly. Visual artist is a beauty and also a power that comes from weakness and solitariness.
Photo: Chait Goli
Written by Yod. 2019
Read it in Russian
Photo: Dazzle Jam
Photo: Sharon McCutcheon
Translated by Maxim Puhov | <urn:uuid:88f972ff-f27b-46ef-aa01-286bf792cba2> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://yodvisual.art/The-way-of-an-artist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671260.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122115908-20191122143908-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.968648 | 1,188 | 2.78125 | 3 |
5 Math Concepts Needed to Master Algebra
Many students seem do well in math until they reach the 8th and 9th grade and experience algebra. Algebra is a very different class compared to the type of math students have experienced before and requires a higher-level abstract thinking that many students initially struggle with. It may take some time for students to adjust to this level of thinking but if the students can master the 5 concepts below they will be able to breeze through algebra. Having a strong algebra foundation then will propel the students to be success in the higher-level math classes and into college. After the student masters these 5 concepts below they should have no problem acing their math class.
1) First and most important concept – Know the Basics
This is by far the most important skill need to be successful in algebra. Many students go into algebra without the imperative beginning skills that should of have been mastered in the lower in the graders. These skills include:
If a student starts an algebra class without these prerequisite skills it makes impossible to fully understand the new concepts. Many times these students are spending all of their effort trying to work through the arithmetic of the problem and are completely missing the algebra concept at hand. If a student is struggling with these prerequisite skills it is almost always advise that a student takes a remedial pre-algebra class before jumping into an Algebra I class. Read more about the dangers of algebra too soon.
2) Be able to solve linear equations and understand the reasoning and process.
Solving linear equations is an important skill that comes up in every subsequent math class and has many utilities to it. One important thing to note is that students must understand the process and reasoning and not just mimic what the steps. Many times students get in the habit of solving simple problems in their head by guess and check with reason but never take the time learn the process. Students then get stuck when they reach more complex problems, which become extremely more difficult to solve in their head. An example of this is 2x + 5 = 9, which many student are able to solve in their heads as x = 2. They do not take the time to learn the process of subtracting each side by 5 and then dividing all the terms by 2. Many students can make this guessing method work until they reach a problem like 7x – 4.5 = 20 where that answer is going to be a fraction. If the students did not learn the process there is a very little chance that the student is able to solve this problem. It is also very important for students to also understand the concept that when you apply the same action to both sides of the question it will not affect the value of the problem.
3) Know the different methods of solving a system of linear equations and know when to effectively apply each system.
In algebra class students are taught many different ways how to solve a system of linear equations but students often struggle knowing the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods and when to apply them. Students learn how to solve system of linear equations by graphing, elimination and substitution. It is important that students master all of these methods and understand that how they are all related and give the same solution to the problem. Even more important student should understand which method is most effective for the current application.
4) Master Exponential and Logarithmic functions and expressions
This is the first time many students experience exponents and logs. It is important for students to master all arithmetic operations when workingwith exponents and logs because this is the most important skill set that will come up in higher-level math. As well as mastering the arithmetic operations students should grasp a strong understanding of graphing these functions through transformations. Students most know how to graph the basic functions of and and be able to use transformations to graph more complex functions and their inverses. As well as being able to graph these functions students need to be able state the domain and range of each of the functions.
5) Understand everything there is about Polynomial and Quadratic Functions/Equations.
When working with polynomials students need to understand the algebraic representations of the functions. They need to be able to find the roots through factorization and rational roots theorem. In addition to understanding the algebraic representation they also need to understand graphic representation including graphing parabolas given its parameters and its x-intercepts. This is the most complex concept that students see in an algebra class because it requires a lot of prerequisite skills being put together at one time. If the student is just missing one of these prerequisite skills it makes the process extremely difficult to complete.
If the student is able to successful master these five skills they should have no problem with receiving an A in their algebra class and being prepared for higher-level math classes. If you student is having trouble in their math class you can visit one of our Mathnasium locations here to receive help from our expert math instructors. | <urn:uuid:7155ae81-fc36-4dc2-85e6-12e74af1c724> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://cincymath.com/blog/603/secrets-get-algebra | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934808133.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124123222-20171124143222-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.965451 | 1,007 | 3.78125 | 4 |
The roots of the Earthdog program go back to the beginnings of small game hunting. Farmers and hunters used the small terriers and Dachshunds to pursue vermin to its lair and then to follow the game into to the ground. These dogs had to possess not only the physical attributes that would allow them to descend into the animal’s den and to battle, the animal on its own terms, but they needed the courage and mental abilities to accept the challenge of subterranean pursuit.
The American Working Terrier Association initiated artificial den trials in the US in 1971. Several groups, such as the US Dachshund Field Trial Club, had tried various “go to ground” programs much earlier but those had been discontinued shortly after they started. AWTA’s program was designed to encourage the owners of small terriers and dachshunds to take up actual hunting with their dogs. However, many people felt the need for a more extensive and challenging test program. In 1988, a group of go to ground enthusiasts met in Clayton, California and decided to develop a program which could be accepted by the American Kennel Club.
Gordon Heldebrant, with help of Karla Diethorn Martin, headed this group and contacted enthusiasts in most of the eligible breeds across the country. Over the period of several years, they developed a three-level hunting test program for small terriers and Dachshunds. A number of clubs across the country held prototype tests to determine the feasibility of the various parts of the program. By 1993, they had convinced the American Kennel Club that the program would be a viable one.
In September 1993, a task force meeting was held to finalize the new program. At the meeting were Gordon Heldebrant ( Dachshunds), William (Sil) Sanders (West Highland White Terriers), Jo Ann Frier – Murza ( Border and Bedlington Terriers), Linda Sutton (Welsh Terriers), Jim Tebbets (Welsh Terriers). Representing the American Kennel Club were Robert McKowen, Vice-President; John Carroll (Director of Performance Events), and Jacqueline Fraiser O’Niell (Director, Special Projects). Over the two-day meeting, they formalized the regulations to govern the new event. It was Mr. McKowen that suggested the unique title that would differentiate the dogs in this program from other hunting test programs. His recommendation was to award qualifying dogs the title “Earthdog”. The program was adopted by the Board of Director’s of the American Kennel Club and was set to go into effect on October 1, 1994.
This new program encompassed Dachshunds and 14 of the small terrier breeds that had traditionally been used for this type of work. Australian, Bedlington, Border, Cairn, Dandie Dinmont, Fox, Lakeland, Norfolk, Norwich, Scottish, Sealyham, Skye, Welsh and West Highland. The first licensed Earthdog Test was held by the Greater Portland Dachshund Club on October 1 & 2, 1994. In the first two days of tests, Judges by “Sil” Sanders and Karla Diethorn Martin, drew 110 entries, of which 32 dogs earned qualifying scores. Dachshunds in both sizes and all three coats, Borders, Cairns, Smooth Foxes, Westies and Welsh, Pretty Ch.s, a UDTX, a Field Champion and a Dual Champion showed up ready to prove that “these dogs can do it.” By the end of the first weekend, 13 dogs had earned the title Junior Earthdog (JE).
The program quickly gained popularity with dachshund and terrier enthusiasts. In 1995, the first Senior Earthdog title was earned by a Border Terrier, Lady Wheaten, owned by Tarja Varis and John McGirr. In 1996, the first Master Earthdog title was earned by Beejay’s Chocolate Smoke CD, ME, a longhaired miniature Dachshund owned by Betsy Fortman and John Moore.
By 2001 Jack Russell, Manchester, Miniature Bull, Miniature Schnauzer and Silky Terriers had been added the list of eligible breeds and there had been 96 Earthdog Tests, with 4,742 competitors and 336 titles awarded.
Gazette Articles on Earthdog | <urn:uuid:3f99d285-624c-4dea-a9d5-19546810ed77> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.akc.org/sports/earthdog/history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585025.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016200444-20211016230444-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.957565 | 907 | 2.78125 | 3 |
It’s a girl, a film being released this year, documents the practice of killing unwanted baby girls in South Asia. The trailer’s most chilling scene is one with an Indian woman who, unable to contain her laughter, confesses to having killed eight infant daughters.
The statistics are sickening. The UN reports approximately 200 million girls in the world today are ‘missing’. India and China are said to eliminate more female infants than the number of girls born in the US each year. Lianyungang in China has the worst infant gender ratio on record with 163 boys born for every 100 girls. Taiwan, South Korea and Pakistan are also countries in which unwanted female babies are aborted, killed or abandoned.
Gendercide in South Asia takes many forms: baby girls are killed or abandoned if not aborted as foetuses. Girls that are not killed often suffer malnutrition and medical neglect as sons are favoured when shelter, medicine and food are scarce. Trafficking, dowry deaths, honour killings and deaths resulting from domestic violence are all further evils perpetrated against women. This femicide has led the Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces to report in ‘Women in an Insecure World’ that a secret genocide is being carried out against women at a time when deaths resulting from armed conflicts have decreased.
The brutal irony of femicide is that it is an evil perpetrated against girls by women. The most insidious force is often the mother in law, the domestic matriarch, under whose authority the daughter in law lives. Policy efforts to halt infanticide have been directed at mothers, who are often victims themselves. The trailer shows tragic scenes of women having to decide between killing their daughters and their own well-being. In India women who fail to produce sons are beaten, raped or killed so that men can remarry in the hope of procuring a more productive wife.
It is an oft-made argument that parental discrimination between children would end if families across south Asia were rescued from poverty. But two factors particularly suggest that femicide is a cultural phenomenon and that development and economic policy are only a partial solution: Firstly, there is no evidence of concerted female infanticide among poverty-stricken societies in Africa or the Caribbean. Secondly, it is the affluent and urban middle classes, who are aware of prenatal screenings, who have access to clinics and who can afford abortions that commit foeticide. Activists fear 8 million female foetuses have been aborted in India in the last decade.
The Chinese cultural bias towards male children is one exacerbated by the birth control policy. India, however, poses a more complex problem where the primary cause is a cultural one.
Activists attribute a culture of valuing children by their economic potential to South Asia’s patriarchal social model in which men are the sole breadwinners. Sons both carry the family name and work from a young age. Daughters, on the other hand, impose the burden of a dowry before leaving the home upon marriage. Strict moral codes, onerous cultural expectations and demanding domestic responsibilities are all forces that further subjugate women.
Dr Saleem ur Rehman, director of health services for the Kashmiri Valley, has conceded that a healthy male to female infant ratio in Kashmir in 2001 led him and his team to become complacent. Since 2001, the ratio has dropped from 94.1 to 85.9 girls per 100 boys. The solution, however, lies beyond merely holding officials to account.
The cultural root of the problem partially explains why an effective solution has eluded authorities. Legal prohibitions have proved ineffective. In India, dowries were outlawed 1961 and in 1994 the Prenatal Determination Act outlawed gender selective abortions. Yet dowries remain a condition of marriage and action against unregistered or non-compliant clinics fail to intercept registered medical professionals performing illegal operations.
A crude supply and demand distinction can be drawn. Activists argue the demand for eliminating female fetuses is independent of the supply of illegal services. Only those that can afford to abort will do so. Others simply kill or abandon female infants after birth. This foeticide/infanticide equation will only skew towards the latter if the problem of illegal clinics and criminal doctors were solved.
In the New Statesmen, Laurie Penny explained that South Korea improved its infant gender ratio through a programme of education. But is increasing the awareness of contraception, abortion laws and women’s rights a panacea? No. Educational efforts insufficiently target the core cultural canker. Similarly, economic policed designed to encourage development are necessary but insufficient. Any improvement in living conditions is unlikely to offset the financial burden of raising a child and a dowry.
A solution therefore must be three-fold. Policy efforts combatting poverty must be supplemented by legal prohibitions. There must be an educational programme informing women of their rights. Finally and most importantly, there must be a social and religions campaign aimed at destroying ossified cultural attitudes.
The distinction between, on the one hand a programme of economics and education and on the other a cultural campaign is not qualitative but quantitative. The latter warrants a greater level of official engagement, allowing governments to actively discourage femicide rather than passively encouraging change.
A ‘secret genocide’ is a malaise in response to which government paternalism must surely be justified. In Kashmir, officials have enlisted the help of social and religious leaders. It is religious and social leaders that must reinforce legal prohibitions on dowries with campaigns attacking the social pressures of producing one. And they must supplement information of women’s rights by persuading mothers to educate their daughters and to allow their daughters to work. These cultural channels are best placed to begin to erode sexist cultural monoliths. | <urn:uuid:2d1d2279-d50b-400c-9dfa-513cb22622ad> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://a1000shadesofhurt.wordpress.com/tag/foeticide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578759182.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426033614-20190426055614-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.95914 | 1,173 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Well, I promised a post on Privacy and Security online, and it's been long in coming. I'll admit that's because for all that I'd love to waffle on ad infinitum, I haven't done enough research to know that everything I'm saying is up-to-date.
So, to strike a nice middle ground I'll split the post instead. In this installment, rather than offering “active” advice (such as what to install and how to browse), I'll offer the groundwork and the basics of how to “passively” be more secure online and how to preserve your security.
Later posts will advise on everything from which computer and Operating System to use (not necessarily what you expect, especially from me!), to which software, to how to configure your browser and settings to preserve your identity and security.
Internet Common Sense
This might be old news to those old hands of the Internet, but the best way to stay safe and secure is to just know where the threats are. You can divvy them up nicely for ease of understanding;
- Those that are sent to you,
- Those you come across, and
- Those you encounter entirely by chance.
The former are almost always email scams or viruses, the next are usually viruses or spyware you encounter while browsing, and the latter are viruses you get due to using windows or outlook, or having a friend's infected pen-drive in your computer (laugh away, it's a real problem).
Email Threats: Phishing
The most common form of scam on the internet is called “Phishing", and attempts to gain access to email accounts, bank accounts, ebay accounts etc. by posing as the service in question and stealing your account details. The way this works varies; at its most simplistic, a phishing scam is done entirely by email. A supposed customer care person either requests or demands your username and password, alleging that it's needed to prevent your account being frozen or to prevent fraud. When you provide the details as requested, the scammer logs into and takes control of your account, possibly stealing a lot of money in the process or using you as a springboard to scam your friends.
This can be a little more sophisticated, however; phishers and scammers often use their own websites to copy the login page of your bank, and refer you there. So, you'll see what seems to be a link to your bank but in fact you are directed to their own site, where your login details are recorded as you try to log in. In fact, the clever ones will refer you then to your real bank and help log you in, so you don't suspect you've been scammed.
The best way to avoid being caught by a scam like this is to bear in mind the simple fact; nobody will ever, ever ask for your password by email. Part of this is just common-sense; they have your password already on their server so why ask? The other part is security, as emails are not usually encrypted in any way while being sent, so anybody with the right know-how might intercept your emails and get your passwords (I'll deal with email encryption later; it's quite easy with gmail).
Additionally, never ever log in from links provided in an email, even if it's almost certainly the real deal. Because of the risk that the emails are falsely labelled (this is sometimes called “spoofing”, and refers to a very wide swath of false information attacks against computers and internet browsers), you can never truly trust an email link. So, if ebay contact you with some jibber-jabber about your account, log in from the web interface at http://www.ebay.co.uk and NOT from the email.
Email Threats: 419 Scams
Phishing might be the most common attack, but one of the most dangerous is the 419 scam. This is the classic “Nigerian Bank Manager/Exiled Royalty” scam, where someone offers you a bucketload of money if you help conceal or launder it. Part of the problem with this scam is that people don't fully understand how it works, and the other half of the problem is pure human psychology.
The common misconception is that the scammer will try to get your bank details and rip you off that way, but in fact that's rarely how they get your money. The 419 is a scam of escalating payments. The scammer will promise you the moon and apparently come close to providing you with some sort of starting payment, but then a snag hits; an official needs bribing, perhaps. Or maybe the scammer claims he needs a passport registered so he can send you the money. So, if you provide a small bit of money, say €50, then he can release the funds of €60B right away. But oh, after you send that money by Western Union (which isn't traceable or refundable), something else happens. With just a little more money, your investment will pay off! Promise! This time it's €120!
This carries on, the payments getting larger and larger. And it works, because there's a little malign circuit in the human brain that demands a payback on an investment; the same circuit that I'm certain makes MMORPGs more successful than their gameplay alone should account for because of the payment schemes. Once someone has payed a little money to the scammer, it becomes reasonable to pay a little more to at least get the first investment back. After a few more payments, the person starts to need the money to pay back all he has sent over already.
Of course nobody ever gets the money, and the transactions often occur privately (the scammers always demand secrecy). People are ripped off thousands of Euro over these scams. But, it'd be unfair to make it seem like all of these scams involve money; the 419 scam can be anything, and although the prevailing sort might seem petty or greedy (so victims get less recognition), there are those that seem really charitable too; the funds might need releasing in order to pay a charity organisation and only you can help, for example. I read about one where some puppies were being offered for free to a good owner, but if not taken they would be destroyed. The poor victim was charged for vet fees in order to get an expensive animal transfer license, etc etc, only to find a few hundred dollars later that there were never any poor puppies in the first place.
It's natural that when you're offered a load of money for free, you start salivating. Money can be used for anything, and we all want something, whether for our own good or someone else's. So it's easy to fall for this sort of thing when it's framed cleverly, but don't be fooled. Especially on the internet, you will never get something for nothing. Ignore 419 emails, except where they are a source of amusement.
Another basic way to avoid scamming? Don't let them even send you the first page of their scam-plan. Don't post your email anywhere public online, or the scammers and spammers will get it and fill your inbox with rubbish. If you have to provide an email for a website you don't trust, have a “throwaway” email account for just that purpose which you only use for probable spammers. If you keep your personal email between you and your friends/family/coworkers, you'll get far less spam and scams.
Things You Catch: Viruses
This may sound controversial, but I don't believe in antivirus software. I find that the amount of time the software takes out of your life due to slowing down your computer, asking loads of questions, corrupting installations, and barring some normal internet activities is actually greater than a virus would ever inflict.
My philosophy, with which you're welcome to differ, is that it's a much better idea to simply avoid viruses, which isn't as hard as it sounds, and to have a regular backup of your stuff so if you ever do get a virus, you can just reinstall your Operating System. Did that sound drastic? Sorry, but you're only going to get a virus if you're using Windows, and Windows is often never the same after even a single virus infection. The best way to deal with it is just to reinstall and start afresh.
How to manage this easily? Well, first we work on avoidance. Avoid viruses by never opening email attachments. Ok, sometimes you have to. So let's tone it down. Never open an email attachment that comes in an empty or vapid email. If the email came from a friend, it could still have been sent by a virus, so unless it is clearly both from them and intended for you, don't open it without confirming that they sent it.
Even after that, it's often a good idea not to open it anyway. Especially if it's a microsoft document: Word, Excel, Powerpoint, etc.; these files are birthing pools for viruses. For these, use Gmail's built-in reader to view them.
Other ways to pick up viruses: Browsing the wrong places. Looking up cheats for games is a common one, as the cheat websites are often riddled with malware. Others are lyrics-sites and other sites that fit that profile; you'll notice a kind of generalised appearance between these penny-a-dozen sorts of website that are thrown together for quick profit, and it's a good warning sign.
If you must browse these places, never download anything from them unless a more reputable site can attest to the safety of it. Never click banner ads (this is good advice for everywhere, really). Never log in or set up an account to get at something requiring one; often the item isn't there at all, and they just want your email address and favourite password.
Of course, the best way to stop viruses is to simply be immune. No, not Antivirus. If you use any alternative to Internet Explorer, that's a huge jump in security right away; upwards of 50% of browser-based viruses can safely be ignored. If you use Firefox and keep it updated, that's fairly secure. Google's new “Chrome” browser, though I haven't used it much personally, looks to have a very secure architecture too; I suspect it'd be a great one for avoiding viruses.
Better still, why not just use a computer that can't get viruses? Anything Unix-based is very tight against viruses. Not to say they don't exist, but they're so rare they are practically not a real concern. This means one of two operating systems; Macintosh and Ubuntu. The former is only easily available on a Mac computer, but if you ask me they're always, always worth the extra money because of how well-built and perfectly integrated they are. The latter is available for free, and can be installed on any PC alongside windows. So you can keep Windows for games, and use Linux for everything else; word processing and internet. You won't ever suffer from virus fever again, and you're pretty strong against direct hackers, too. Oh, and it's hella faster than Vista.
Things You Catch: Spyware
Spyware is also a big problem nowadays. Spyware is everywhere; it's built into Windows, practically, for Microsoft. In fact, the next version of windows looks set to have GPS support built-in in such a way that Microsoft and anyone else will be able to track you as soon as you enable it. Many of the measures you take to protect against viruses will work against spyware too, but only the auto-install, invasive sort. The rest is stuff you install willingly.
Limewire, Kazaa, and many other download clients, possibly even including the New Azureus and certainly including the new uTorrent all come with degrees of spyware. The former programs just totally override your systems with spyware. The latter spy on your usage, I think.
Games, too: Anything with SecuROM (Sims and Spore are good examples here), or other “Disc Protection Systems”. They do nothing to protect against Piracy (Evidenced by readily available, spyware-free torrents immediately after game release and sometimes before), and instead install as root-kits in your computer that not only spy on your actions, but act as unwitting gateways to other threats and viruses. Thanks for that, Will Wright. You wrecked Spore, and introduced spyware to my PC. Good job.
These are hard to “Passively” ignore, but a later post will include information on blocking the messages this kind of software sends to and fro. Again, if you're using Linux and to a lesser degree Mac, you're safe from this carry-on.
The last type of Spyware though affects anyone online; cookie spyware. Right now, go and download Ablock Plus for your firefox install. It's a one-click install that'll not only make the internet more bearable (it automatically filters out practically every advert, once you pick a list after install; I recommend the ListeFR+Easylist combo), but allows you to block anything, not just ads, based on information in the URL it comes from. The most important thing to immediately do is go to Tools>Adblock Plus, double-click “Add Filter” and add “doubleclick.net”.
All the jazz about evil cookies online came from this one company, who abuse the incredibly handy “Cookies” system which allows you to stay logged into things easily in order to track everything you do online. By blocking them, you're simultaneously ignoring the most annoying ads on the net, and making a huge step in protecting yourself.
While you're at it, go to your internet settings in your browser, find the settings for “Cookies”, and disable “Third Party Cookies” if you can. They're rarely needed, and are often used maliciously.
I know those steps don't sound “Passive”, but once setup you can ignore them and browse more safely.
As a footnote, although there are technically lots of distinctions, Spyware = Trojans = Back-doors = Root-kits = Worms. These words all mean “Something which invades your computer and lets other people access your private data”. So I'm talking about all of them.
Things you get randomly: All of the Above
If you're still using Windows, prepare to just get viruses no matter what precautions you take. All it takes is one friend with a virus and a USB stick; they've become one of the easiest ways to catch a virus offline. If you're on a network at home, too, one infected Windows machine means many infected Windows machines.
It's not actually random, but it's often outside of your control. So the final precaution, which I'm sure I've said already, is to back up regularly. This isn't as tedious or boring as it sounds, it's as simple as being tidy. Just keep all your things organised in one folder, whether “My Documents” or somewhere else. Never put anything important anywhere else; have a maze of subfolders if you like as long as they're all in one place. Keep this place away from the “Program Files” and “Windows” directories, to lower your chances that a virus decides to live in that folder randomly. Try to keep programs out of that folder.
Then, backing up your stuff is as simple as burning the folder onto a DVD/DVD9, or copying it onto a Hard Drive.
Here's the tricky bit: if you're backing up because you've got a virus, the virus will possibly just infect your USB Hard Drive or DVD. So in order to safely copy your files, it's best to do this through Linux or with the help of a Mac friend. If you've got several backups, use one from a time you know you weren't infected first, and try to recover files from between then and now using a Linux PC as an intermediary; copy the files onto the Linux PC and onto a different disc or freshly wiped USB stick, and use that.
By keeping your files and backups tidy and easy, it'll make the inevitable decision to wipe your Windows PC much easier. Because don't kid yourself; you will have to wipe that PC before long.
Next up: Tor, Firewalls, Encryption
Next post, which will hopefully be less lengthly, will cover active measures for protecting yourself online. I suspect it'll be easier because it will, after all this, require less explaining.
On the agenda is TOR, a system that will protect your identity and browsing habits online, Firewalls, which though annoying can certainly help prevent spyware from doing any harm, and Encryption, which effectively (when used correctly) protects your data/emails from intrusion without your say-so. | <urn:uuid:7ff3ec4e-f78f-4e8d-9896-eafe30e5c196> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://cunningprojects.com/post/internet-security-chapter-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587854.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026072759-20211026102759-00332.warc.gz | en | 0.962299 | 3,532 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Two paintings by Caravaggio can be found in German collections: the Gemäldegalerie
's 'Amor Vincit Omnia' (or 'Amor Victorious') and 'Doubting Thomas' in the Picture Gallery at Schloss Sanssouci. Both paintings were created for the marchese Vincenzo Giustiniani and were brought to Berlin when the Giustiniani collection was acquired in 1815.
The 400th anniversary of Caravaggio's death is good cause to place these two works on show together. Thanks to the loan of 'Doubting Thomas' by the Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation Berlin-Brandenburg, both paintings can now be admired in the Gemäldegalerie. The presentation of these two pictures is enhanced by further loans, including Caravaggio's depiction of Saint John the Baptist as a boy from the Musei Capitolini's Pinacoteca in Rome. As well as works by Caravaggio himself, this special show is enriched by works in which the phenomenal power of Caravaggio's revolutionary art becomes clearly visible in other painters: in works by the Utrecht Caravaggisti, paintings by Caravaggio's Italian contemporaries, works by Peter Paul Rubens and, finally, by Rembrandt.
Master Draughtsmen from Caravaggio's Circle
It is a widely held view that Michelangelo Merisi, known as Caravaggio, (Milan 1571 - Porto Ercole 1610), the revolutionary painter of real life, never made drawings himself and also eschewed using preparatory drawings to create his paintings, but rather transferred his impressions of nature and of real people directly onto his canvases.
It is indeed true that until today, not a single drawing is known to us that could be plausibly identified as being by the hand of the great artist himself. Furthermore, drawings by the many painters who were heavily influenced by his seminal works are also rare. In spite of this, however, some 16 sheets of great interest, from the period dating from around 1600 to ca. 1630 have been selected from the Kupferstichkabinett's extensive and exquisite collection of drawings and prints that clearly illustrate the significance of the artistic medium of drawing in Caravaggio's circle.
This one-room show, presented by the Kupferstichkabinett, accompanies the Gemäldegalerie's exhibition 'Homage to Caravaggio 1610-2010' that will be on display from 12 November 2010 to 6 March 2011 in the Gemäldegalerie, Kulturforum Potsdamer Platz, held to mark the 400th anniversary of the great artist's death. | <urn:uuid:2327e3a1-5cb7-42c8-8b29-ad20bb528289> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://artdaily.com/news/42435/Gem-auml-ldegalerie-Celebrates-400th-Anniversary-of-Caravaggio-s-Death-with-Exhibition | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662527.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00012-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963281 | 570 | 2.546875 | 3 |
For my international relations course this fall, I’m introducing a series of brief simulations — two class periods each. I’ve created a preparatory writing assignment that I call the “briefing memo” for each simulation. Here are the instructions:
You are employed by the Humanitarian Information Unit at the U.S. Department of State (HIU). A new President has been inaugurated, and the President’s senior foreign policy advisors want to identify potential areas of conflict around the world. The HIU has been assigned the task of providing these advisors with its assessment of locations that have a history of political and economic instability. Your job is to write a briefing memo for your superiors that does the following:
♦ Analyzes and references the information that is contained in the articles and reports that have been provided to you by HIU staff.
♦ Identifies reasons why conflict might occur in this location.
♦ Explain what form the conflict is likely to take if it does occur.
♦ Recommends in one sentence what the U.S. government’s response should be if conflict does occur.
Your superiors are extremely busy and want information that is concise, detailed, and easy to read. The memo must be in single-spaced paragraphs with a blank line between each paragraph, 11 or 12 point font, and no longer than two pages. Sources should be cited within the text rather than with footnotes or endnotes—for example, “(Eggers, 87)”. The body of the memo should include sub-headings of “Overview” (one paragraph), “Conflict Scenario” (at least one paragraph), and “Recommendation” (one sentence).
I’ve linked these instructions with a sample memo on the course’s website.
Links to the entire Real Thing series: | <urn:uuid:39e878d8-5988-406c-8225-f2841c66efce> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://activelearningps.com/2014/08/15/the-real-thing-ii/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347406365.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529183529-20200529213529-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.940355 | 388 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Civil War official ended in April of 1865, yet the county had been torn apart both literally and figuratively. Much of the infrastructure and economy in the southern states were devastated. Tens of thousands of wounded soldiers struggled to return home and return to civilian life but the problem of readmitting the Confederate state back into the Union was complicated and fraught with difficulty. For years after the last shots were fired, many former Confederate states including Florida were under military rule. Politicians from the north occupied public posts which angered many former Confederates. The documents contained in this module examine some of the challengers brought about by Reconstruction. Students will examine firsthand accounts of Reconstruction efforts in Florida from a variety of different angles. Challenge students to understand all sides of this complex part of American history. | <urn:uuid:1920827d-5b40-4683-aa3f-b2aaf9f3dc45> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://myfloridahistory.org/education/resource/reconstruction-florida | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153392.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727135323-20210727165323-00664.warc.gz | en | 0.980327 | 153 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Southeast Florida Regional Climate Compact – Compact Documents. Miami Beach Atlantic Greenway Network Case Study Category: Case Studies Through the development of the Atlantic Greenway Network (AGN), the City of Miami Beach is creating a regional alternative transportation network, which will interconnect key inter-modal centers, business districts, cultural/tourism centers, residential neighborhoods, parking facilities, parks, schools, and the beaches.
The AGN is comprised of a citywide system of bicycle/pedestrian trails/facilities, enhanced public transit facilities, expanded local circulator service, and innovative regional parking improvement programs. Eventually, this network will link with the larger network of greenways and trails that is planned for Miami-Dade County and South Florida and will be a key component of the State of Florida’s outdoor recreational amenities.
The world's largest climate modelling experiment for the 21st century. Climate Modeling 101: Climate Modeling Groups. Climate Modeling Groups There are many groups in the United States and around the world at universities, federal laboratories, and other organizations that work on climate modeling.
A few of the larger U.S. efforts are listed here: National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) NCAR created the Community Earth System Model (CESM), a fully coupled global climate model that provides state-of-the-art computer simulations of the Earth's past, present, and future climate states.CESM Website Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) The mission of the GFDL is to be a world leader in the production of timely and reliable knowledge and assessments on natural climate variability and anthropogenic changes and in the development of the required earth system models.GFDL Climate Modeling Page Note that this is not a complete list of all U.S. climate modeling activities, but rather a sample list of some of the larger efforts.
Why trust climate models? It’s a matter of simple science. Talk to someone who rejects the conclusions of climate science and you’ll likely hear some variation of the following: “That’s all based on models, and you can make a model say anything you want.”
Often, they'll suggest the models don't even have a solid foundation of data to work with—garbage in, garbage out, as the old programming adage goes. But how many of us (anywhere on the opinion spectrum) really know enough about what goes into a climate model to judge what comes out? Climate models are used to generate projections showing the consequences of various courses of action, so they are relevant to discussions about public policy.
Of course, being relevant to public policy also makes a thing vulnerable to the indiscriminate cannons on the foul battlefield of politics. Skepticism is certainly not an unreasonable response when first exposed to the concept of a climate model. Connect all those equations together and the model operates like a virtual, rudimentary Earth. How reliable are climate models? Climate models are mathematical representations of the interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, ice – and the sun.
This is clearly a very complex task, so models are built to estimate trends rather than events. For example, a climate model can tell you it will be cold in winter, but it can’t tell you what the temperature will be on a specific day – that’s weather forecasting. Climate trends are weather, averaged out over time - usually 30 years. Trends are important because they eliminate - or "smooth out" - single events that may be extreme, but quite rare.
Climate models have to be tested to find out if they work. So all models are first tested in a process called Hindcasting. Where models have been running for sufficient time, they have also been proved to make accurate predictions. 3) CLIMATE CHANGE. CLIMATE CHANGE – Introduction This section of Calder’s Updates is unavoidably a battleground, but within reason it will stick to the physics and dodge the propaganda that surrounds climate research.
Headings in this section News and Comments watching developmentsThe Svensmark Hypothesis outlining the scienceFalsification Tests digging deeper into the physicsUpdating The Chilling Stars with evolving stories In 1997 The Manic Sun by Nigel Calder was the first book to describe a new wonder of Nature – namely Henrik Svensmark’s discovery that the effect of cosmic rays on clouds amplifies the influence of the Sun on the Earth’s climate. Ten years of progress with the physics led to a second book The Chilling Stars in 2007, co-authored with Svensmark.I was also a script consultant to Mortensen Film for the TV programme about Svensmark’s work, “The Cloud Mystery”. The customary give-and-take arguments among experts, about which scientific theory fits the facts better, would be fair enough. | <urn:uuid:e666653d-3f48-4731-917a-7886f744764a> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://www.pearltrees.com/lmfrolich/climate-models/id13615876 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740423.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815005453-20200815035453-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.925691 | 995 | 2.59375 | 3 |
A short description
"No-allowance shooting is simple; give any 19-year-old a machine gun, some tracer ammunition, and put him in the front seat of an FE 2b and he'll discover it for himself." WWI air gunner.
No-allowance shooting, also known as non-deflection shooting or non-deflection sighting is a principle of air combat first discovered and used during World War One. It heavily influenced the specifications drawn up for new fighter aircraft by Britain's Royal Air Force (RAF) in the 1920s and 30s, being largely ignored by the air-arms of other countries. It is therefore ironic that the biggest and most successful use of the principle was made by the German Luftwaffe in the form of the Scräge Musik upward-firing guns used in their night fighters against British bombers in World War Two.
An appreciation of no-allowance shooting is essential to anyone wanting to make sense of the various RAF specifications for new designs of fighter that originated between the two world wars, and yet very little is written about this subject, and what there is often confuses the matter. The term "no-deflection" is sometimes used to denote shooting at an enemy aircraft from directly behind and at very close range, so close that no allowance for bullet drop or deflection need be made; that is not the sense of "no-deflection" this web-page is about.
Beginnings and principles.
No-allowance shooting was first discovered by aviators in the early stages of World War One. Its early users were the front gunners in pusher biplanes such as the British Fe2b; where the front gun is free to be pointed in any direction that the airframe will allow. The principle was then later used by pilots flying aircraft fitted with a "Foster mount" that allowed a machine gun on the top of the wing of a biplane to be swung down into the cockpit to have its ammunition drum changed. The Foster mount also allowed the machine gun to be fired at any angle from straight ahead to vertically upwards. Aircraft that used the Foster mount included the French Nieuport 17 and the British SE5. The most famous user of no-allowance shooting being the British ace Albert Ball VC who flew both the Nieuport and SE5.
Foster Mount: It allowed the machine gun to be mounted on top of the wing to fire outside the arc of the propeller, yet allowed the gun to be pulled back for the ammunition drum to be changed. But it also allowed the gun to be fired at an angle upwards and take advantage of no-deflection shooting.
To explain no-allowance shooting imagine you are flying a Nieuport fitted with a Foster mount with the gun pointed straight ahead. Your ammunition drum is loaded with tracer to observe the flight of the bullets. You fire the gun; what do you see? As soon as the bullet leaves the barrel gravity will start to act on the bullet, causing it to start arcing downward. The speed of the bullet will mean that from the pilot's point of view this "bullet drop" will be negligible at first, but as the bullet starts to slow because of air resistance the effect will become more pronounced. You, therefore, see that to hit a target at some distance ahead you have to allow for this "bullet drop" by "aiming-off" and firing at a point above your target. Now you use the Foster mount to pull the gun back a little so it is angled a few degrees upwards; you fire again. You see the bullets climb, but again after a second or so they start to curve down to earth, but initially not as quickly as when they were fired straight ahead. The diagram below (obviously not to scale and with the curves exaggerated) shows the situation. The red line showing the flight of bullets straight ahead and the blue when the gun is angled up a few degrees.
Now you pull the gun all the way back so that it is pointing vertically upwards. You fire again; what do you see? The bullets go up, but because the aircraft is travelling forward at nearly 100mph they are left behind. To you, in the aircraft, the bullet seems to curve backwards. You then push the gun forward so that it is angled forward a few degrees and fire again, again the bullets curve backwards as from your point of view you catch them up and leave them behind. It is important to stress that this is caused by your forward motion. The bullets themselves never actually start to go backwards, it is your aircraft leaving them behind that gives rise to the illusion, however, if you were firing at an enemy you would have to allow for this deflection and "aim-off" to achieve hits.
Now, if bullets fired forward curve downwards because of gravity, and bullets fired upwards appear to curve back because they are caught up with and left behind by the forward motion of the aircraft, what happens when we pull the gun to a mid-way position? At what point will bullets stop curving downwards and start to curve backwards? It is a matter of common sense that there must be a point where one effect is cancelled by the other, a "sweet spot" at which, from the pilot's point of view, the bullet just appears to keep going in the direction it was fired. You've discovered no-allowance shooting! The angle at which you do not need to aim off to allow for deflection.
The advantages of no-allowance shooting are many. If you can formate under the tail of an enemy aircraft and fly at the same speed, with no "aiming-off" you can virtually guarantee to score hits, and you can open fire at greater range. The position under the tail of the enemy is ideal for approaching without being seen if the target does not have a ventral gun position. The method is perfect for bringing down unescorted bombers flying in formation, with each bomber "locked" into its position within the formation it can do little to avoid an attack by no-deflection sighting, particularly if the attacker can use a longer range cannon to make the attack without getting into range of the bomber's defensive armament. Against night-bombers the no-deflection method is particularly effective, approaching from below the bomber will be silhouetted against whatever light there is remaining in the sky, whereas the attacking fighter will be lost against the "gloom" of the ground. When the bomber starts to take evasive manoeuvres it can be more easily kept in view by an aircraft below and behind, whereas an attacker directly behind can easily lose view of a bomber if it drops below its nose suddenly.
The angle at which no-allowance shooting works depends on two factors; the speed of the aircraft through the air and the velocity of the bullet. For an aircraft in World War One, the angle is in the order of 45 degrees. The increased speed of aircraft in World War Two meant the angle was reduced to about 20 degrees or even as little as 10 degrees.
One of the things that confuse the issue of no-allowance shooting is a perception that the technique owes its existence to the fact that projectiles (i.e. bullets and cannon shells) travel further when fired at an oblique angle from moving aircraft. This is explained by saying that the bullet itself generates lift to combat the force of gravity. You can see this explanation of lift expressed on this web page - Click here - part of a website devoted to the books of Anthony G. Williams and Emmanuel Gustin, the foremost writers on the subject of aircraft gun armament. However, the resulting increase in range would be very small indeed and has no bearing on the ability of the pilot to fire on a target without having to allow for deflection. In the 1970s I had the opportunity to talk to some old WW1 and inter-war air-gunners about no-allowance shooting (or rather, they gave me a lecture on the subject over some beers in a British Legion club). The description they gave me did not fit with Williams and Gustin's explanation at all; rather they stressed the simplicity of just observing that your tracer went in a straight line when the gun was at a certain angle. One of them said he had first been shown the principal by being driven up and down a grass airfield in a Hucks starter and throwing tennis balls at a target attached to the end of the driving shaft. The same chap said there had been an uproar amongst air-gunners when the first Hawker Demon fighter arrived at their Squadron; they found that the cut-away gunner's position, meant to protect gunners from the slipstream, did not allow the machine gun to be fired in a no-allowance shooting mode (the earlier "Hart fighter" was a straight conversion of the Hawker Hart bomber and did not have the issue). It was complaints about this that led to the adoption of the "lobsterback" Fraser-Nash turret that still protected the gunner from the slipstream at the same time as allowing no-allowance shooting over the top of the upper wing.
The Fraser-Nash "lobsterback" turret fitted to later Hawker Demon two-seat fighters. It protected the gunner from the slipstream while still allowing him to fire over the top of the upper wing.
Between the wars, there was a series of specifications for new fighters released by the RAF that sought to maximise the potential for no-allowance shooting. In 1924 specification F4/24 called for a twin-engined design mounting a pair of the new automatic 37mm Coventry Ordnance Works guns (known as "COW guns") firing forward at no-allowance angles. This led to two designs, the Type95 "Bagshot" ¹ from Bristol and the Westland "Westbury" but no production orders were forthcoming. The same year, specification 27/24 was issued which resulted in the twin-engined Boulton Paul Bittern fighter prototype with machine guns in revolving barbettes in the nose.
The rear COW gun position of the Westland Westbury showing the gun was positioned to fire forward over the top of the upper wing. Another COW gun was located in the bow of the aircraft.
Then in 1927, specification 29/27 gave rise to two prototypes, one from Vickers, the other from Westlands, each mounting a single "COW Gun" fitted to fire upwards at a no-allowance angle. This was part of the RAFs desire to acquire "interceptor" fighters (read about that in this article "The First Interceptor").
The Vickers Cow gun fighter: It looks very anachronistic for an aircraft that first flew in 1931. The interceptor-style specification for which it was built stressed the ability to climb to altitude very quickly, something the large wing area of its biplane layout was ideal for. In fact, the Vickers design was as fast as the monoplane COW fighter produced by Westland while possessing a much superior rate of climb.
The Westland COW gun fighter was based on their "interceptor" fighter to F20/27 but with the big COW gun fitted adjacent to the pilot, its barrel enclosed in a streamlined fairing for part of its length. The monoplane configuration looks comparatively modern, but it had bracing wires above and below the wing and the performance was lacklustre.
Specification F5/33 called for a two-seater fighter with the main armament in a turret in the nose, this did not lead to any prototypes but it did push forward turret development.
One of the designs tendered for F5/33 was the Boulton Paul P76. It featured the same turret as used in the Boulton Paul Overstrand bomber in the nose with a bank of 4 machine guns in the fuselage arranged to fire upwards at 45 degrees. Boulton Paul put forward two variants; the P76A powered by two 350hp Napier Rapier inline air-cooled engines (expected top speed 217 mph / 349 kph) and the larger P76B with two 700hp Bristol Pegasus Radial engines (expected top speed 247 mph / 397 kph). This illustration shows them tackling Focke Wulf FW42 bombers, a German "might-have-been" design of the same vintage.
This led eventually to Spec 9/35 and the Boulton-Paul Defiant turret fighter ( Its slower naval counterpart the Blackburn Roc was covered by 15/37). There can be no doubt that no-allowance shooting was inherent in the design of the Defiant; for example, the gun turret of the Defiant could be locked into position and then fired by the Defiant pilot.²
Specification F9/37 which led to the Gloster G39 prototype, which was designed to have 3 cannon in the fuselage behind the pilot firing upward at a no-allowance angle (12 degrees), and another two in the nose, also firing up at at the same angle.
View of the first prototype Gloster G39 F9/37 fighter showing the bulged rear fuselage to accommodate the upward-firing armament of three 20mm cannons. There would also have been two 20mm cannon mounted under the nose, but also at an angle to fire upwards. This initial prototype was powered by a pair of air-cooled Bristol Taurus sleeve-valve engines of 1,050 horsepower and had a remarkable performance; being as fast as a Spitfire Mk I. The first prototype was never fitted with any armament. The second prototype was powered by two of the lower-powered liquid-cooled Rolls-Royce Peregrine engines with chin radiators and had a lower performance, but it was fitted with full armament. Photographs in Tony Buttler's book "British Experimental Combat Aircraft of World War II" show the armament fitted. By the time the Prototypes flew the rival Bristol Beaufighter was starting into production and to proceed with the G39 would have taken resources away from other vital projects. A follow-up design with two Merlin engines called "The Reaper" was also cancelled, the design staff at Gloster concentrating on what was to become the Meteor twin-jet fighter and its single-engined stable-mate the "Ace".
Side view of the Gloster F9/37 showing the alignment of the cannons. Two were in the nose and three amidship.
The Gloster G39 F9/37 painted as if it had gone into production.
Gloster G39 F9/37 in night-fighter colours (Planet scale model).
Another expression of confidence in the no-allowance shooting philosophy was Air Ministry specification F11/37 which specified a cannon armament in a power-operated turret. Of the three companies who tendered to this specification, two (Armstrong Whitworth and Bristol) had turrets that could only traverse through the forward hemisphere and hence were plainly designed with no-allowance attacks in mind.
The Armstrong Whitworth design for Air Ministry Specification F11/37 was powered by two Merlin engines in "pusher" configuration. Its armament of four 20mm cannons was accommodated in a turret that could be only be rotated around the forward hemisphere. The cannons could not be depressed far enough to fire horizontally, clearly showing it was intended to be used in no-allowance attacks.
The Bristol tender to specification F11/37 came in two versions. The first with a pair of Hercules engines and a second "scaled up" version with two of the bigger Centaurus engines. Both features a turret with four 20mm cannon that could only be operated in the forward hemisphere. The aircraft layout is similar to the Grumman XF5F Skyrocket although much larger.
F22/39 was an Air Ministry Specification written around the Type 414 twin-engined fighter design being developed by Vickers. This clearly has no-allowance sighting at the heart of the thinking behind the design and can be seen as the rational successor to the Vickers COW gun fighter of the previous decade. It envisioned a streamlined monoplane two-seater fighter (looking a little like a DH Mosquito but with a twin-rudder tail) mounting a large 40 mm cannon in the nose in a remotely controlled turret which could be elevated for no-allowance shooting.
The Vickers Type 414 design tendered to specification F6/39. A successor to the Vickers "COW" fighter of a decade before. Powered by two RR Griffon engines and mounting its 40mm gun in the nose. The gunner sat beside the pilot with his head in a perspex blister. The gun installation and sighting installation were tested successfully in place of the front turret of a Wellington bomber.
Amazingly, Colin Sinnott in his masterly book "The RAF and Aircraft Design 1923-1939" shows that before WWII the RAF was calling for ways for the wing-mounted armament of Hurricanes and Spitfires to be somehow elevated to fire at no-allowance angles! Indeed this requirement was taken forward to the specification that led to the Hawker Typhoon.
Something that you have to keep in mind when reviewing British interest in no allowance shooting is that it was seen as a way to counter enemy bombers attacking the UK. It was never anticipated that those bombers might be escorted by nimble single-engined fighters. It was the German territorial gains of over-running France, Belgium and Holland that put Britain within range of German Bf109 escort fighters. The presence of these escorts during the Battle of Britain quickly dampened enthusiasm for no-allowance shooting for daylight fighters. However, for night-fighters no-allowance shooting was still seen as desirable and this led to specification F18/40 calling for a fighter with forward-facing cannon armament with a turret with machine guns capable of being used against night-bombers from below.
The Boulton Paul P97B was one of the tenders for F18/40. It was a big twin-boom design powered by two Napier Sabre engines. Armament was a type-A four-gun turret as used on the Defiant along with two forward-firing 20mm cannons. Quite similar in layout to the US Northrop P-61 Black Widow night-fighter.
During the night-blitz of the winter of 1940-41 the Defiant turret-fighter did achieve some successes, many in a no-allowance shooting scenario but the new Bristol Beaufighter, with its on-board interception radar, had a better rate of interceptions. Although there were plans to fit Beaufighters with turrets, and prototypes were flown, these plans were dropped and production was concentrated on the version with only forward-firing armament. Over the course of that winter of 1940 - 41 British interest in developing the no-allowance shooting method faded and disappeared. The Defiant continued in the night-fighter role until the spring of 1942. It was noted that although radar-equipped Beaufighters were far more likely to make an interception, once an enemy bomber was sighted a Defiant was more likely to go on to shoot it down, even though it did not have the heavy cannon armament of the Beaufighter. This was because the Defiant, approaching from below, was better able to keep the enemy bomber in view once it started taking evasive action. ³
It was in Germany instead that upward shooting was developed to its full combat potential as a weapon of the Luftwaffe night-fighter force. Here it does not seem to have been the result of any official development, rather it was a series of one-off trials by individual pilots and armament technicians that led to its adoption.
In the 1950s, the use of upward-firing weapons was once again briefly considered for British fighters. The Fireflash, Firestreak and Red Top guided missile projects had fallen behind schedule and the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) proposed mounting a battery of upward-firing recoilless guns (similar to the British Army's WOMBAT) in a jet fighter. An alternative design mounted a pair of upward-firing 30 mm Aden cannons. The aim was to approach the attacking bomber from the rear and 200 feet (60 metres) below to unleash the recoilless guns in a salvo (or fire the cannon). Infra-red sights were to be provided for use at night or in bad weather. By using upward-firing weapons it was hoped to avoid the fighter having to slow down or turn to avoid collision with the target, thus maintaining speed. The RAE design was sent out to British manufacturers designing the next generation of jet interceptors as an example of the type of aircraft they were considering.
The Royal Aircraft Establishment's idea for a fast interceptor featured a battery of 16 to 25 upward-firing recoilless weapons in the rear of the fuselage. An alternative was to have upward-firing 30 mm Aden cannons. These weapons systems were seen as an alternative or supplement to guided missiles.
¹ The Bristol Bagshot prototype suffered from alarming flexing of the wings which caused the Bristol design staff to go away and design a very strong wing. This found use in the Bristol Bombay transport/bomber which had a small production run and proved a valuable asset in World War Two. The wing was then developed and used in the post-war Bristol Freighter / Superfreighter.
² I've had some people express doubts about the fact that the Defiant's guns could be fired by the pilot - Can I just point out this quote from the Defiant Pilot's Notes (AP1592B) - Section 1 Paragraph 2: "The control column is operated in the normal way and is mounted on the forward edge of the pilot's seat. The spade-grip is of standard type and incorporating a brake operating lever (47), and a gun-firing push-button (48) for use when the gun-firing control is taken over by the pilot.". The numbers 47 + 48 refer to numbers on the associated diagram of the pilot's cockpit. The turret had a switch to transfer control of firing the guns to the pilot. This link <click here> takes you to an online copy of the Defiant Pilots notes on the WWW2 aircraft .net forum (you'll have to register to view it). If you look at this RAF training film on youtube at the link here <click here> you can see the three-position switch clearly marked "Pilot- Off - Gunner".
³ Early in 1942 some Defiants were fitted with radar, but it was not a success. The radar set had to be operated by the pilot which meant he could not concentrate on flying the aircraft, and looking at the radar screen destroyed his night vision. The only radar-equipped Defiant victory was the shooting down a Heinkel He 111 on 17th April 1942. Unfortunately, many books and articles written in the 1960s and 70s imply that the Defiant was only a successful night-fighter after it had been fitted with radar; this is simply not the case.
For details of the many remarkable designs covered in F9/37, F11/37, F22/39 and F18/40 can I recommend "British Secret Projects: Fighters & Bombers 1935-1950" by Tony Buttler ISBN 1 85780 179 2 It was published by Midland Counties Publishing (an imprint of Ian Allan Publishing).
"The British Aircraft Specifications File" by KJ Meekcoms and EB Morgan ISBN 0 85130 220 3, published by Air Britain also covers these designs but in much less detail and without any illustrations or diagrams.
Details of Boulton Paul designs mentioned in this article can be found in "The Turret Fighters" by Alec Brew, published by the Crowood Press. ISBN 1 86126 497 6.
Diagrams of the RAE jet designs with upward-firing recoiless guns and Aden cannon can be found in "RAF Secret Jets of Cold War Britain" by Dan Sharp, Published by Morton Media in 2017. ISBN: 978-1-911276-47-0.
Links to other sites...
Westland COW gun fighter on Aviastar website
Vickers COW gun fighter on Wikipaedia | <urn:uuid:38fb28a0-a198-42e8-8e13-bed232d3f625> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.dingeraviation.net/noallowance/nodeflect.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358180.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127103444-20211127133444-00604.warc.gz | en | 0.966903 | 5,044 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Week 8: Greek Philosophers
READ: K – 3: How We Learned the Earth Is Round by Patricia Lauber
4 – 8: Ancient Greece! :40 Hands-On Activities to Experience this Wondrous Age by Avery Hart & Paul Mantell (Read only pgs 72 – 79 “Think For Yourself: Philosophy”)
NOTE: There are 4 important Great Greek Thinkers you need to remember:
- Pythagoras: A great mathematician & philosopher
- Socrates: Great Philosopher. Urged people to take a deeper look at their beliefs and spoke out against the gods. This outraged many and he was given the option to drink poison or to leave Athens. He drank the poison.
- Plato: Great Philosopher. Socrates’ student. Wrote down many of Socrates’ teachings. He also wrote about the existence of Atlantis.
- Aristotle: Great Philosopher. Plato’s star student. He eventually became the teacher of Alexander the Great. He developed a classification system for science.
- Who first discovered the earth was round? (The Greeks)
- What does Philosophy mean? (love of wisdom)
- T/F There were brilliant thinkers in Ancient Greece. (true)
- Name a famous Ancient Greek mathematician? (Pythagoras)
- What great Philosopher spoke out against the gods and had to drink poison as a result? (Socrates)
- What great Philosopher wrote down many of Socrates teachings? (Plato)
- What great Philosopher taught Alexander the Great and organized a system of classification for science? (Aristotle)
Questions for Grades 4 – 8:
- What lost city did Plato write about? (Atlantis)
- What math theorem did Pythagoras conceive? (Pythagorean theorem: A²+B²=C² for right triangle)
- How did Aristotle feel about slavery? (thought some people were born to be slaves)
- What was a Symposium? (meeting of Greeks who wanted to explore ideas)
K – 3: Using a ball, a toothpick and an eraser, do the experiment with the “boat on the horizon” in your book. Then take a sheet, a tie or sash, and some pins and try to design Ancient Greek clothing for yourself.
4 – 8: Go to page 41 of your text. Using the chart listed, write your first and last name in Greek. (Students in Grades 6 – 8 can also try to write a short sentence in Greek.) Then, according to pg 79 of your text, Socrates once asked this question at a Symposium: “What accomplishment or possession do you most value in yourself?” Answer this question in paragraph form and then give reasons why you feel the way you do.
Copyright October 4th, 2013 by Gwen Fredette | <urn:uuid:f67c49ac-b27d-4b35-9ba2-e0be8e3f1b5d> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://ureadthru.wordpress.com/2013/10/04/ancient-greek-philosophers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323711.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628153051-20170628173051-00692.warc.gz | en | 0.949901 | 591 | 3.796875 | 4 |
According to the Aon Benfield Global Climate and Catastrophe site, there were 31 separate billion-dollar disasters globally in 2017. In addition to considerable economic losses, natural disasters often lead to short- or long-term power outages. Hurricanes, blizzards, earthquakes, even a strong gust of wind can all disrupt connections to the power grid in communities. Having a generator at the ready has always been a go-to solution for disaster preparedness, but is it the only – or best – option?
Portable power packs provide an ideal, renewable energy alternative to generators – especially for indoor use because of their convenience to “power up” when off the grid. These packs contain outputs that enable small electronics and appliances to be plugged in with an electrical cord.
Given these benefits, portable power packs are experiencing increasing demand from consumers and industry alike. According to a study from Markets and Markets, the global portable power pack market is estimated to reach $17.8 billion by 2020, driven by the increase in the number of smart devices, the high-capacity demand for electronic devices, and the evolution of battery technology with greater density.
But like any device powered by lithium-ion batteries, they come with risks. The potential for electric shock from AC outputs and potential for fire and explosive hazards from the use of lithium-ion batteries are very real hazards that are addressed by certification to UL 2743. Additionally, as batteries became more prevalent in all types of products, regulators and the public have become more aware of new incidents and hazards associated with the improper use of battery-operated products.
In its FY 2017 operating plan, the Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC) outlined a project to address the emerging and ongoing hazards associated with high-energy density batteries, including lithium-ion batteries in portable power packs.
To address these market concerns and potential product hazards, UL developed UL 2743 Standard for Portable Power Packs, which, in October 2016, became the nationally accredited standard for portable power packs in the U.S. The safety standard helps to ensure the safe commercialization of these products intended for the following applications:
- Devices that consist of one or more lead-acid or lithium-ion batteries housed within an enclosure and intended to be used as a portable power source for use where normal grid power is not available or in emergency situations.
- The devices are charged from an external supply source, but independently supply power to outputs on the device when used.
- Outputs may consist of one or more of the following: receptacles, jump starter cable/clips, USB connections from a limited power source, DC output jacks and vehicle sockets.
“Portable power packs are one-stop shopping for on-the-go electrical energy. They are in higher demand given today’s increasing reliance on electronics among consumers,” says Ibrahim Jilani, global business development leader for Energy Systems & e-Mobility at UL.
In today’s stay-on-the-go culture, when even disruption from a natural disaster is no longer tolerable, consumers can now power up – whenever and wherever – with peace of mind.
UL 2743 does not cover cellphone or tablet power banks or backup chargers. For more specific information on backup chargers, go to UL 2056 – Power Banks or Assessing Wearable Battery Safety.
For more information on this topic, visit the on-demand webinar, “Personal E-Transportation: Hoverboards, Drones, Electric Bicycles, & Beyond,” to review updated safety standards for e-Transportation technologies.
Article photo posted is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. | <urn:uuid:60282747-9def-4d84-b11d-4eae4815f54a> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.ul.com/inside-ul/off-the-grid-power-up-with-peace-of-mind/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866511.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524151157-20180524171157-00619.warc.gz | en | 0.919939 | 755 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Surgery is performed to remove the tumor. Surgery to remove a small tumor in the mouth many not cause any lasting problems. Surgery to remove a larger tumor may involve the removal of the cancer and some of the healthy tissue and structures around it to provide a margin of safety. Such surgery may affect your ability to talk, chew, or swallow. If the surgeon suspects that the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes in the neck, these nodes will also be removed. This procedure is called a neck dissection. Often, the surgeon will need to reconstruct specific areas, and will work with other specialists to address cosmetic and functional issues.
Questions You May Want to Ask Before Surgery
- What kind of surgery do you recommend?
- Will I need lymph nodes removed? Why?
- How will I feel after surgery? How long will I be in the hospital? What are the risks of the surgery?
- Will I have trouble speaking, eating or swallowing?
- Where will the scars be? What will they look like?
- Will I look different?
- Will I need reconstructive or plastic surgery? When can that be done?
- Will I lose any teeth? Can they be replaced?
- Will I need to see a specialist to help me with my speech?
- When will I be able to resume my normal activities?
What You Can Expect After Surgery
After surgery, your face and neck may be swollen and you may look different. Swelling in the face and neck area usually goes away within a few weeks. However, if lymph nodes are removed (neck dissection), swelling may last for a longer period of time as this surgery can slow the flow of lymph, which may collect in the tissues. Your shoulders and neck may also feel weak and stiff after a neck dissection. Physical therapy, including appropriate exercises and treatments. may help with these problems. | <urn:uuid:0c275d7a-5284-47df-a59f-e305dd8424d2> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.skullbasedisease.org/skull-base/treatment/surgery.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258453.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525224929-20190526010929-00452.warc.gz | en | 0.953114 | 383 | 2.828125 | 3 |
It’s no secret that in the Black community it’s taboo to speak openly about psychological distress. Despite the fact that 16 percent of us have a diagnosed mental illness, there’s still a general consensus that mental disorders can be prayed away, ignored, or soothed via self-medication.
For a varied number of reasons, Blacks have a more pronounced version of mental illness compared to their white counterparts. Socioeconomic inequality, racism, PTSD (Blacks are more likely to be victims of violent crimes), and the number of our fellow Black citizens who are incarcerated all add to the stress of everyday Black life. For many, these factors contribute to mental health issues.
In addition to the stress of just being Black in America, many mental health professionals lack the “cultural competence” to treat Black patients who often display forms of microaggressions during therapy sessions.
The three apps below help confront mental illness in our community, but are in no way shape or form meant as a substitute for seeking a qualified mental health professional if help is needed.
Operating System: Android and IOS
User: Diagnosed mental illness or known depression
MoodTools has many proverbial tricks in its magic hat for diagnosing (unofficially) and combating depression. Users can jot down their thoughts in a thought diary and submit them for analysis in order to identify negative thinking patterns. They can answer questions to help determine symptom severity, develop a suicide safety plan, play mood boosting games and activities, and read and watch research aimed to help combat negative feelings and emotions.
2. NIH Depression Info
Operating System: Android
User: Recently diagnosed
The National Institute of Health app contains many resources on symptoms, causes, and treatment of mental illness. If you have been recently diagnosed, or aren’t sure yet if you have a mental disorder, the Depression Info app can help. What it lacks in bells and whistles it makes up for in solid, trustworthy, information about depression from a reliable source. If you are scared to take the first step towards seeking help, or aren’t sure if you need to, this is a good place to start before contacting a professional. Research is invaluable, and even post diagnosis, the articles found here can prove helpful to someone who suffers from depression.
3. Positive Activity Jackpot
Operating System: Android
User: Experiencing a funk or major blues
One of the hardest things people with depression face is working up the nerve to go outside. The need to crawl under a rock and hide from humanity can often be hard to resist for those suffering from depression. Behind this app sits a therapy called Pleasant Event Scheduling, which is a method used to fight depression. Users virtually pull the lever on a jackpot, and what arises are suggestions for local activities that the user can do. Although not a substitute for seeking professional help, getting out is often the best medicine. The app even provides the option to call friends and invite them on the selected activity. Through the use of sheer FUN, Positive Activity Jackpot helps users overcome the blues and get outside where they can engage socially and have fun with others!
The apps above all display cool ways to fight depression. However, they are no substitute for seeking medical assistance if you believe you have a mental disorder. Although it may take some research, trial and error, finding a professional who is a good fit can be the difference between leading a productive life versus living in sadness and fear. Don’t be afraid to take those first steps.
Elizabeth Aguirre is a digital writer and project manager living and working in Chicago, Il. When she’s not tweeting about social justice issues, she can be found meditating or blogging at cultureofthechi.com. She’s on a one-woman mission to digitally empower people and small businesses. He daughter, Esther, supports her mission. | <urn:uuid:20568a57-ee88-4538-a123-04872cb15680> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.ebony.com/life/mental-health-apps/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621519.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615180356-20210615210356-00099.warc.gz | en | 0.93408 | 802 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Tradition: Celebrating the Inevitability of Change
In 1993 my teen students and I attended a traditional music and dance camp in the remote Popoluca village of Pajapan, Veracruz, Mexico, an hour and a half from paved roads. Local homes were built from thatch.
At the foot of trees, my Chicano students, alongside their Mexican counterparts, practiced instruments and dance of the son Jarocho, a tradition created from generations of cultural encounters among Europeans, Indians and Africans. During breaks between classes the kids played soccer in an open field. At night we slept in a small dormitory visited by goats and chickens.
My students, from disenfranchised neighborhoods in San Pablo and Richmond, Calif., spoke mainly English. The Mexican students were Indigenous Popoluca and Nahuatl, among the most marginalized people in Mexico, as well as Mestizo. Some spoke their ancestral languages. Most did not. | <urn:uuid:a22edd5f-74a5-4dac-a70e-072e207a850b> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://test.giarts.org/article/tradition-celebrating-inevitability-change | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500368.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207004322-20230207034322-00738.warc.gz | en | 0.969854 | 192 | 2.765625 | 3 |
International Clinical Trials Day
International Clinical Trials day is celebrated every year around 20th May.
The first early ‘fair test’ is assumed to be the first randomized Clinical Trial conducted in May, 1747 by Edinburgh’s surgeon James Lind who wanted to treat scurvy and save lives of 12 sailors. Scurvy was thought to have killed more British sailors than French and Spanish army. Lind wanted to cure his patients with acid because he thought the illness is caused by putrefaction of the body.
James Lind allocated two men to each of six different treatments for fourteen days. Groups were treated by:
1.1 L of cider,
25 mL diluted sulphuric acid,
18 mL of vinegar three times throughout the day before meals,
half a pint of sea water,
two oranges and one lemon continued for six days only (when the supply was exhausted);
medicinal paste made up of garlic, mustard seed, dried radish root and gum myrrh.
*The James Lind Library
Lind did not state which method of allocation to groups was used but his report shows his understanding of the need to guard against selection bias.
The best visible effects were observed in a group receiving lemons and oranges.
Lind is recognized for ‘comparing like to like’ in thought of treatments comparing.
It was 270 years ago and from that day near 20th May we celebrate the International Day of Clinical Trials.
All over the world conferences, meetings and seminars are conducted to expand knowledge about clinical trials.
Polish celebration of International Clinical Trials Day:
May, 12 2017 – Celebrating 35th anniversary of Bioethics Committee activity - Jagiellonian University
Place: International Cultural Center, Rynek Głowny 25, Cracow
Time: 10 am – 5 pm
May, 25 2017 - International Clinical Trials Day on Warsaw Medical University
Place: Warsaw Medical University, ul. Ks. Trojdena 2a, Warsaw | <urn:uuid:02d5739d-947a-4d19-9a4f-4bec36525573> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.clinicalconsulting.pl/single-post/international-clinical-trials-day-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243990419.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20210511214444-20210512004444-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.955891 | 411 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The knowledge of parents in the military regarding child sexual abuse
The prevalence of child sexual abuse in South Africa is alarmingly high. Child protection officials’ task is challenging due to the fact that most cases of child sexual abuse are never reported as a result of the stigma attached to child sexual abuse. This article explains the vulnerable position of the children of uniform members of the military due to the fact that one or both parents are absent from the family due to fragmentation. Two main reasons are causing fragmentation. The first reason that can be mentioned is the fact that the soldier him–/herself has decided not to relocate the family to his/her workplace. Cultural beliefs, housing crisis or other practical challenges might play a role in the parent’s decision. The second reason for fragmentation is the fact that soldiers are obliged to attend military courses or to represent their country during a peace operation on the African continent. These military obligations cause physical and emotional absence of the parental figure, which might leave the child in a vulnerable position to fall victim to child sexual abuse. Fragmentation impacts negatively on the parental relationship as well as on the safety of the child. The deployed parent often is left with no choice but to unwittingly leave the child with a harmful caretaker. The aim of the study was to establish the knowledge of parents in the military regarding child sexual abuse. The objectives of the study were: · To investigate parents in the military's basic knowledge of child sexual abuse in preventing their children from falling victim to sexual perpetrators. · To provide guidelines to military parents for preventing and recognising child sexual abuse. Data collection took place by means of interviews with ten South African National Defence Force members. A self–developed interview schedule was used to establish the parent's knowledge regarding child sexual abuse. The results indicated the limited knowledge of parents in the military regarding child sexual abuse. Many parents viewed sexuality as a taboo topic. Some parents presented with an attitude that someone else is responsible for their child's sexual education. Still, the parents indicated that they would like to improve their communication with their children in order to empower and protect the child against sexual perpetrators.
- ETD@PUK | <urn:uuid:07c5c5a4-724f-4670-9e52-3b5fca232252> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://dspace.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/4807 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257830066.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071030-00309-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95657 | 433 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Three-toed Amphiuma, Conger Eel, Congo Eel, Congo Snake, Lamprey Eel, Ditch Eel, Fish Eel
© 2013 James W. Beck (1 of 8)
Amphiuma tridactylum Cuvier, 1827
1. Historical versus Current Distribution. The distribution of three-toed amphiumas (Amphiuma tridactylum) is within the Gulf Coast Plain centered around the lower Mississippi River from the Brazos River Valley in Texas to central Alabama, and north to southern Illinois and extreme southwestern Kentucky.
2. Historical versus Current Abundance. According to Petranka (1998), three-toed amphiumas are locally common and currently do not appear to need protection. The loss of swamps and other forms of wetland habitat have been offset by the creation of canals, ditches, and permanent ponds (Petranka, 1998).
3. Life History Features.
A. Breeding. Reproduction is aquatic.
i. Breeding migrations. Unknown and unlikely.
ii. Breeding habitat. All records of amphiuma nests have been out of water (Salthe, 1973b). However, Baker (1945, in Salthe, 1973b) felt that these observations were artifactual, that nests generally occur underwater and that observed nests were those stranded by drought conditions. Cagle (1948) suggested that females prefer to lay eggs underwater in submerged debris (in Salthe, 1973b).
i. Egg deposition sites. Three-toed amphiumas mate using internal fertilization. Baker (1937, in Salthe, 1973b) outlined courtship behaviors, and copulation has been observed by Baker and colleagues (1947). In Tennessee, Sturdivant (1949) reported mating from December–June (see also Salthe, 1973b; Behler and King, 1998), and nesting from August to mid winter (Parker, 1937, in Salthe, 1973b). In Louisiana, mating was reported from April–September, depending on weather conditions (Wilson, 1940; Cagle, 1948; Rose, 1966a; Salthe, 1973b; and Dundee and Rossman, 1989). In Louisiana, males are in reproductive condition from January–April (Fontenot, 1999). Ovum diameter varies between 5–7 mm (Cagle, 1948; Salthe, 1973b; Petranka, 1998; Fontenot, 1999).
ii. Clutch size. About 200 eggs are laid in a strand 5–12 cm long that becomes tangled in the nesting cavity (Behler and King, 1998; Petranka, 1998). Cagle (1948) counted follicles and found an average of 98 eggs (range 42–131). However, Rose (1966a) examined larger females and found an average of 201 eggs with a maximum of 354 (see also Dundee and Rossman, 1989; Bartlett and Bartlett, 1999a). Similarly, working in Louisiana, Fontenot (1999) found a mean of 201.4 eggs (range 44–282, n = 14). Cagle (1948) and Fontenot (1999) suggest that the incubation period may be about 5 mo. Eggs ready to hatch have been found in August in Arkansas (Hay, 1888; Salthe, 1973b) and November in Louisiana (Baker, 1945, Salthe, 1973b). In Louisiana, oviposition begins in early July (Fontenot, 1999). Many reports suggest that females may have biennial (Wilson, 1942; Cagle, 1948; Salthe, 1973b; Dundee and Rossman, 1989) or triennial (35% gravid females; Fontenot, 1999) reproductive cycles. Dundee and Rossman (1989) repeat Viosca’s findings that three-toed amphiumas may be ovoviviparous.
i. Length of larval stage. Apparently short; gills are lost about 3 wk after hatching (Ultsch and Arceneaux, 1988; Petranka, 1998). Cagle (1948) and Liner (1954) found young with vestiges of external gills in November in Louisiana and Alabama. Hatchlings average 64 mm in length (Dundee and Rossman, 1989).
ii. Larval requirements. Found in the same habitats as adults.
a. Food. Unknown.
b. Cover. Young animals have been found schooling (Parker, 1939; Baker, 1945, in Salthe, 1973b).
iii. Larval polymorphisms. Have not been reported.
iv. Features of metamorphosis. Gills are lost about 3 wk after hatching (Ultsch and Arceneaux, 1988; Petranka, 1998). Metamorphosing animals are about the same size as hatchlings, approximately 60–75 mm TL (Barbour, 1971; Dundee and Rossman, 1989).
v. Post-metamorphic migrations. Unknown and unlikely.
vi. Neoteny. Three-toed amphiumas, as well as the other two species in the family Amphiumidae, are considered to be obligate neotenes (Duellman and Trueb, 1986).
D. Juvenile Habitat. Juveniles use smaller retreats (e.g., tiny holes in mud, discarded cans, etc.) and floating mats of vegetation (C. Fontenot, personal communication) more often than adults.
E. Adult Habitat. Adults are nocturnal; according to Petranka (1998) peak activity occurs 3–4 hr after sunset. Adult three-toed amphiumas occupy bottomland swamps, bayous, cypress swamps, and streams (Behler and King, 1998; Conant and Collins, 1998). They are especially abundant in drainage ditches in suburban and agricultural areas of the lower Mississippi River (Behler and King, 1998). Three-toed amphiumas will frequently inhabit crayfish burrows and can co-exist with fishes (Petranka, 1998). Three-toed amphiumas will move overland during and following heavy rains, and Petranka (1998) reports they have been observed ≤ 12 m away from the water’s edge.
F. Home Range Size. Usually remain within a restricted area, but Cagle (1948) reports dispersal ≤ 396 m (see also Petranka, 1998).
G. Territories. Adult males will fight, suggesting that either territories are defended or there is competition for females (Dundee and Rossman, 1989).
H. Aestivation/Avoiding Dessication. According to Petranka (1998), adult three-toed amphiumas are capable of burrowing through soft mud and utilizing crayfish burrows. They can remain in these refugia for many months without feeding.
I. Seasonal Migrations. Barbour (1971) reports that on rainy nights, amphiumas may be seen wandering on land in swampy areas. They are also known to cross roads, especially during rains (J.B., personal observations).
J. Torpor (Hibernation). Unknown.
K. Interspecific Associations/Exclusions. Three-toed amphiumas occur sympatrically with two-toed amphiumas (Amphiuma means) in parts of their range.
L. Age/Size at Reproductive Maturity. From 45.7–106 cm (18–41 3/4 inches; Behler and King, 1998), although Fontenot (1999) found the minimum size of gravid females to be 33 cm body length.
M. Longevity. Not reported.
N. Feeding Behavior. Crawfish constitute a large proportion of the diet, followed by annelids, insects, mollusks, fishes, and even skinks. Fontenot and Fontenot (1989) found the remains of a snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina; see also Petranka, 1998). Vegetation is probably ingested incidentally. Seasonal differences reflect prey availability (Chaney, 1951; Dundee and Rossman, 1989). After capturing prey, amphiumas often twist violently, which may assist in incapacitating the prey or reduce the risk of the prey attacking them (see Petranka, 1998). The biomechanics of feeding have been detailed by Erdman and Cundall (1984).
O. Predators. Preyed upon by mudsnakes (Faracina abacura) and cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorous; Behler and King, 1998).
P. Anti-Predator Mechanisms. Amphiumas are known to inflict a painful bite and are also known to flee when capture is attempted (Barbour, 1971; Dundee and Rossman, 1989; Petranka, 1998). Amphiumas may whistle when agitated (Baker, 1937; see also Petranka, 1998). Amphiumas are covered with a mucus slime and have thick skin, which makes them extremely difficult to grasp.
Q. Diseases. None reported.
R. Parasites. The trematodes Telorchis stunkardi, Cephalogonimus amphiumae, and Megalodiscus americanus; as well as the nematode, presumably Filaria amphiumae, were documented in amphiumids from Louisiana (Chandler, 1923). Turtle leeches (Placobdella sp.) were found on an amphiuma in Louisiana (Saumure and Doody, 1998).
4. Conservation. Because these animals breathe through their skin, certain chemicals can adversely affect their respiration, forcing them from the water. For example, rotenone, a widely used poison that causes fish gills to constrict, is thought to similarly constrict the integumentary vessels of amphiumids (Dundee and Rossman, 1989). The use of such chemicals as a management technique in amphiumid habitat could contribute to the decline of the species. Large-scale amphiuma kills were noted in Louisiana following flushing of chlorine into a drainage ditch and after a gasoline spill in a bayou and swamp (J.B., personal observations). Three-toed amphiumas are considered widespread and abundant in Louisiana. Several dozen per year are sold from Louisiana as pets, while from several hundred to about 1,000 are sold annually to biological suppliers for laboratory experiments. Most are taken as off-catch during crayfish trapping. Commercial take dropped drastically during a 3-yr drought, but this was due to a reduction in crayfish trapping (J.B., personal observations).
Literature references for Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species, edited by Michael Lannoo, are here.
Feedback or comments about this page.
Citation: AmphibiaWeb. 2019. <http://amphibiaweb.org> University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Accessed 18 Jun 2019.
AmphibiaWeb's policy on data use. | <urn:uuid:6161748c-6f89-4cd0-8b82-6c0e16ffb9d1> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Amphiuma&where-species=tridactylum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998882.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619023613-20190619045613-00517.warc.gz | en | 0.903116 | 2,302 | 3.328125 | 3 |
A new type of damage-tolerant metallic glass has been developed and tested by researchers from the US Department of Energy (DOE)’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the California Institute of Technology.
The new metallic glass is a microalloy featuring palladium, a metal with a high bulk-to-shear stiffness ratio that counteracts the intrinsic brittleness of glassy materials.
‘Because of the high bulk-to-shear modulus ratio of the palladium-containing material, the energy needed to form shear bands (or narrow zones of intense shearing strain) is much lower than the energy required to turn these shear bands into cracks,’ said Robert Ritchie, a materials scientist who led the Berkeley contribution to the research.
The result is that glass undergoes extensive plasticity in response to stress, allowing it to bend rather than crack.
Glassy materials have a non-crystalline, amorphous structure that make them inherently strong but invariably brittle. While the crystalline structure of metals provides microstructural obstacles such as inclusions and grain boundaries that inhibit cracks from propagating, there is nothing in the amorphous structure of a glass to stop crack propagation. The problem is especially acute in metallic glasses, where single shear bands can form and extend throughout the material leading to catastrophic failures.
In earlier work, the Berkeley-Cal Tech collaborators fabricated a metallic glass, dubbed DH3, in which the propagation of cracks was blocked by the introduction of a second, crystalline phase of the metal. This crystalline phase, which took the form of dendritic patterns permeating the amorphous structure of the glass, erected microstructural barriers to prevent an opened crack from spreading.
Now, the collaboration has produced a pure glass material whose chemical composition acts to promote extensive plasticity through the formation of multiple shear bands before the bands can turn into cracks.
‘The addition of the palladium provides our amorphous material with an unusual capacity for extensive plastic shielding ahead of an opening crack. This promotes a fracture toughness comparable to those of the toughest materials known. The rare combination of toughness and strength, or damage tolerance, extends beyond the benchmark ranges established by the toughest and strongest materials known,’ said Ritchie.
The initial samples of the new metallic glass were microalloys of palladium with phosphorous, silicon and germanium that yielded glass rods approximately one millimetre in diameter. Adding silver to the mix enabled the Cal Tech researchers to expand the thickness of the glass rods to six millimetres. The size of the metallic glass is limited by the need to rapidly cool or quench the liquid metals to create the final amorphous structure.
The new metallic glass was fabricated by Marios Demetriou at Cal Tech in the laboratory of William Johnson. Characterisation and testing was done at Berkeley Lab by Ritchie’s group.
‘Traditionally strength and toughness have been mutually exclusive properties in materials, which makes these new metallic glasses so intellectually exciting,’ Ritchie said.
The characterisation and testing research at Berkeley Lab was funded by DOE’s Office of Science. The fabrication work at Cal Tech was funded by the National Science Foundation. | <urn:uuid:afb81553-0699-4299-8406-3a911fc3e674> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.theengineer.co.uk/us-researchers-develop-crack-resistant-metallic-glass/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400187390.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200918092913-20200918122913-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.921894 | 667 | 3.5625 | 4 |
ARTS & PHYSICAL EDUCATION
We have New York State and City requirements and guidelines that enumerate the amount of time for arts and PE instruction students should have. For example:
- Children in grades 1 through 3 should be receiving ONE HOUR PER DAY of arts instruction equally allocated in music, art, dance and theater.
- K-6 students must participate in PE for at least 120 minutes per week.
The NYC Department of Education has a new initiative, called PE Works, that aims to address deficiencies in physical education in NYC schools. More information can be found here.
The program is being implemented in three cohorts of districts across the city. District 30 is in Cohort II and District 24 is in Cohort III. More information about cohorts can be found here.
You can contact the PE Works staff at the DOE at email@example.com | <urn:uuid:9abceca8-5c69-4b29-89f4-7bbb07ebbfe8> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.jhschools.org/arts-physical-education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948515309.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212060515-20171212080515-00704.warc.gz | en | 0.938374 | 183 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Explore one of the popular monuments of India - India Gate
The India Gate (official name Delhi Memorial, originally called All-India War Memorial) is a historic and majestic monument in New Delhi located at the eastern end of the Rajpath (formerly called the Kingsway). Standing about 42 meters in height, it is a war memorial that pays a tribute to 70,000 soldiers of the British Indian soldiers who died in wars between 1914 and 1919 in the First World War and their names are inscribed on the walls of the monument. Designed by the famous architect Edwin Lutyens, the India Gate evokes the architectural style of the iconic triumphal arches such as the Arch of Constantine, in Rome, and is often compared to the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, and the Gateway of India in Mumbai. As one of the largest war memorials in India, the India Gate area is associated with the Republic Day Parade. The gate is a common tourist site in Delhi, easily accessible to everyone without any cost and also a great place to learn about India's history with pleasant walks around. | <urn:uuid:8a3e612f-ecff-42c1-98e2-4563de4db9a9> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.asiatours.com/experiences/explore-one-of-the-popular-monuments-of-india-india-gate.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703499999.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116014637-20210116044637-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.94927 | 218 | 2.609375 | 3 |
As Shark Week wraps up its annual run on the Discovery Channel, sharks are getting more time in the spotlight for a different reason.
Google is wrapping its fiber-optic cables that cross the Pacific Ocean in Kevlar — and according to one Google exec, it is doing so partly to protect them from sharks that may mistake them for dinner.
The report stems from last week's Google Cloud Roadshow event in Boston, where Google product manager Dan Belcher talked about shark-proof cable tactics in the opening keynote. Sharks are supposedly attracted to the magnetic fields surrounding the cables, interpreting them as a sign of struggling fish.
But some other outlets have called bull shark on the claims, saying that stories of the creatures biting through a cable are outdated and that improved cable structure and building materials have long since eradicated the problem.
A spokesperson for Google could not confirm that Belcher talked in detail about sharks, but told Mashable the information about protection from sharks was still accurate from Google's standpoint.
The company offered this response to the claims in a tweet Thursday:
— A Googler (@google) August 14, 2014
Approximately 70% of all damage to cables is caused by "external aggression," the International Cable Protection Committee (ICPC) says on its website. This term refers to objects like boats or fishing nets that could mutilate cables.
For this reason, the wiring is protected by a polyethylene casing and in some cases, extra steel reinforcements are added. Some cables are even buried beneath the ocean floor for extra safety.
The ICPC says most reports of shark damage to cabling came during the late 1980s in the waters off the Canary Islands, when several sharks penetrated a cable using their teeth. However, the organization said theories that the attacks were caused by attraction to electromagnetic fields produced by the cables had not be proven true by further tests.
Here's footage of a shark gnawing on a cable:
Google is adding a stronger underwater cable — known as FASTER — that will run between the West Coast of the U.S. and parts of Japan to provide better Internet access to Asia. | <urn:uuid:02dbf159-925f-47e2-b66a-aab0a1527fa3> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://mashable.com/2014/08/15/sharks-biting-google-cables/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250625097.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124191133-20200124220133-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.961005 | 435 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Self-evaluation grids are a great way to guide students in their evaluations. Students will know exactly what is expected of them and will be made responsible for their own success. This package can also easily be changed to be used as peer evaluations.
Included within this document are over 20 different self-evaluation grids.
These self-evaluation grids are also very helpful to teachers:
Helps the teacher justify the final mark;
Helps the teacher create meaningful evaluation grids;
Helps to identify students’ weaknesses and strengths;
Helps parents and students better understand the task required;
Helps teachers create rubrics for the final evaluation.
This package was created in a Word document in order to be easily modified and changed according to the individual teacher’s needs.
This self-evaluation package contains self-evaluation grids for:
Short story writing (intermediate and senior)
Essay writing (various different types)
Essay evaluation rubrics (for teacher –with and without sources)
Independent study unit
It’s teaching made easy! | <urn:uuid:b406e213-3906-4e37-8c14-082c08e69b4f> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://thebestofteacherentrepreneursmarketingcooperative.net/rubrics-self-evaluation-and-teacher-assessment-rubrics-8/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232259452.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526185417-20190526211417-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.925895 | 225 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Gillian’s question, When and why to use the verb AGIR in French, is a great opportunity to boost your French vocabulary and reflect on grammar, as this verb is used in different sentence structures.
Vocabulary and Spelling of the French Words mentioned in this episode
Agir = to act, to take action
We need to act! Il faut / on doit agir!
Une action = an act
Des agissements (mplur) = schemes, doings, machinations.
Agir = to act, to behave
Tu as bien/mal agi en lui disant cela
agir sur [qch] = to have an effect on [sth]
Les effets de la morphine n’agissent plus sur elle.
s’agir de [qch] = to be a question of [sth] , be a matter of [sth], concerning… (+ topic)
Il s’agit d’un film sur la seconde guerre mondiale.
Il s’agit d’une question de vie ou de mort.
s’agir de faire [qch] = to come to doing [sth] , as far as [sth] is concerned
Mon fils est très fort lorsqu’il s’agit de faire des bêtises. = My son’s an expert when it comes to doing stupid things.
s’agir = must, be necessary
Il s’agit de bien se tenir = We must behave.
Il ne s’agit pas que tu rates l’avion. = You mustn’t miss your flight. / There is no question of you missing your flight.
Thank You for Tuning In!
There are a lot of podcasts you could be tuning into today, but you chose mine, and I’m grateful for that. If you enjoyed today’s show, please share it by using the social media buttons you see at the side or bottom of this page.
Also, kindly consider taking the 60-seconds it takes to leave an honest review and rating for the podcast on iTunes, they’re extremely helpful when it comes to the ranking of the show and you can bet that I read every single one of them personally!
Lastly, don’t forget to subscribe to the podcast on iTunes, to get automatic updates every time a new episode goes live! | <urn:uuid:b19c424e-e259-4ba3-8983-4828d297bf4c> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://frenchyourway.com.au/podcast197 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247479729.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216004609-20190216030609-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.774569 | 536 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Note from BW of Brazil: As the saying goes, the more things change the more they stay the same. It is the perfect phrase for summarizing the situation of millions of black women throughout Brazil. On the one hand, from much of the material presented on this blog over the past five years, one must conclude that black Brazilian women have made great strides in improving their overall social condition in the country. Organizing, blogs, vlogs, marches and seminars, all by or for black women, have brought an unprecedented activism and voice without parallel in Brazilian history. Never have we seen such collective actions on the part of black women and determination to show the world that they are as beautiful and important and can be just as successful as any other group given the opportunity. On the other hand, even with all of this noteworthy progress, black woman as a whole remain vastly under-represented in numerous areas of Brazilian society and their income continues to relegate them to the bottom of the social period in comparison to white men and women and black men. Even though this may sound like bad news, the other side is that, from this position, only place they can go is up!
Income of black women increases but they still suffer from prejudice
Black women grow in income but they still suffer from prejudice
Research shows that black women’s salary has jumped in 20 years but is still far from equaling that of white men and women
By Eduardo Bittencourt and Priscila Natividade
In 20 years, black women’s income grew by 80%. On the other hand, inequalities in gender and race continue. This is because mulheres negras (black women) still receive below what homens e mulheres brancas (white men and women) earn. These are some of the data highlighted in the study Retrato das Desigualdades de Gênero e Raça (Portrait of Gender and Race Inequalities) based on historical series from 1995 to 2015 of the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (Pnad or National Household Sample Survey) of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The analysis also pointed out that Brazilian households are increasingly headed by women and that they are working much more than men.
If in 1995, the income of a black woman was only R$570.3 per month, over time this figure reached R$ 1,027.5. Even so, there is a much greater difference in comparison to the salary of a white man, for example. Despite having the lowest evolution in a 20-year period, with an increase of 11%, white men still earn more than double that of a black woman. Based on the survey, the incomes of the white men in 2015 reached the amount of R$2,509,.7 – that is – 144.25% more than black women.
“The northeastern black woman is more disadvantaged than the others. The country is all structured by inequalities one over the other. There is the question of historical inheritance, exploitation of labor and non-valorization of the worker. There is a whole question of the economic context as well,” explains the specialist in public policies and governmental management and one of the authors of the work, Natalia Fontoura.
Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (Pnad) was not carried out in the years 2000 and 2010. Source: Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA)
In addition to earning less, the survey also found that women work an average of 7.5 hours more than men per week because of the double shift, which includes domestic chores and paid work.
Day laborer Sirlete Santos experienced it when she worked two shifts a day. “I was a teacher and I would go from from 7am until noon, take an hour for lunch and go from 1pm until 5pm,” she says. The heavy burden and uneven salary compared to other less-paid employees made her, after trying unsuccessfully to set up her own business, become a day laborer.
“Sometimes we still suffer from discrimination, but working as a day laborer I can earn more than the minimum salary. Most of the bills at home are the ones I pay for. I pay 80% of the expenses. I want to show all people that women can live alone, without depending on men,” she says. She is also the head of the household and responsible for all household tasks. “I do the house activities. Today, I know that this is something that my mother taught me wrong, because she thought the woman had to take care of everything and I took this culture forward and I prefer to do it myself,” she adds.
The participation rate of women in the labor market increased sharply between the 1960s and 1980s, but in the last 20 years there has been a stabilization. According to Natalia Fontoura, women’s responsibility for home care work still continues to prevent many women from entering the labor market, and at the same time, those who enter the market continue to take care of housework. “This causes us to have double shift and work overload,” the expert analyzes.
According to Márcia Macedo, a researcher at the Center for the Interdisciplinary Studies of Women at the Federal University of Bahia (Neim/Ufba) and head of department of the Bachelor’s in Gender, one inequality does not act separately from the other. “When black women earn less than all women and all men, we see racism and sexism acting in an integrated way, which potentiates the power to produce these inequalities,” she points out.
Yet according to her, even if black women are currently more schooled than men, the integration of discriminatory systems continues to exclude these women. “This is absurdly worrisome because it causes a very large differential in terms of privileges and salaries.”
Source: Correio 24 Horas | <urn:uuid:6752afeb-957f-47de-a830-1122906c9c00> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://blackwomenofbrazil.co/income-of-black-women-increases/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987817685.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022104415-20191022131915-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.967565 | 1,251 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Water is life. For those of us who have clean water in abundance, it is hard to imagine what life would mean without it. The lack of clean water overshadows the entire life of women living in countries without it, as it is their responsibility to provide water for the household.
Ethiopian born Aïda Muluneh chose water as the theme for her exhibition at the Textile Museum of Canada, capturing many aspects about the lack of it and how it determines the lives of women and girls, both ecologically and socially, even limiting their access to education and, as an outcome, their chance for a better future.
All the images in the exhibition are focused on the search for water. We are immediately mesmerized by the strong colors and dramatic atmosphere of The Shackles of Limitations. It is the largest image in the exhibition, mounted directly on the wall. It was photographed on the salt lakes of Dallol, so the water the woman walks in is useless. It is a terrible fact that Ethiopia, a country with a great underground water reserve, doesn’t have access to it because of the lack of irrigation – such a sad paradox.
This photograph has so many layers. It is beautiful but dramatic, colorful, realistic and surrealistic at the same time. The beauty is almost idyllic. The woman walking in ankle deep water holding a striped umbrella could be seen at any beach. The sky is cloudless. It must be terribly hot there. The water is so dirty that it doesn’t even reflect the sky. The lines of jerrycans she pulls after herself are not part of a child’s toy but part of her job, as she is supposed to fill them with clean water. All of the cans are empty as she looks and moves ahead. The idyll suddenly turns into a drama.
The Shackles of Limitations, 2018, Digital photograph
The colors are outstanding. Muluneh said that she found photography in the darkroom of her high school in Calgary. Eventually she added the primary colours: red, blue and yellow to black and white. The woman’s red dress, the blue sky and the yellow cans create a contrasted composition. The parallel horizontal blocks of the sky, the water and the cans are broken by the standing figure, emphasising her loneliness and the difficulty of her task.
Muluneh describes photojournalism as a specific language. There are realistic elements in this image: the water, the sky, the jerrycans—even the woman. However, through the process of her image-making all her photographs become surrealistic, opening an imaginary gate to another, more spiritual world.
In the cities in Africa, access to clean water is the norm, as Mirage of Privilege shows. White bottles filled with water occupy the background around a woman’s head. The reds dots on the bottles symbolize blood, pointing at the close relationship between water and blood, as we can’t live without both. In the rural areas people are less fortunate. Unfilled Promises depicts the same woman holding a tin cup in the rain. I remember having a very similar, painted and rusty cup in my hand, running in the rain as a child. It would overflow in a few minutes as we had plenty of rain. It may be that in Africa, after long periods of drought people will be full of hope when rain finally arrives. But will this weak rain ever fill that cup?
Mirage of Privilege (left) and Unfilled Promises (right), both 2018, Digital photograph
Inside a house, in front of a blue door a woman sits. The composition reminds me of paintings of the virgin Mary in churches. The woman sits in a Madonna-like pose but there is no child. Her lap is empty. And instead of iconic Christian symbols, cleaning tools surround her, in this piece titled, A woman’s work. The jebena, the Ethiopian coffee pot on the ground represents the woman’s traditional role. The broom shows her responsibility to keep the house clean. In the window on the right sits another version of her, turning our attention to the outside, that also has to be taken care of by women. She looks longingly through a window that opens to the sky on the left side with a promise of a better future. We can only hope that it won’t be another unfulfilled promise.
A woman’s work, 2018, Digital photograph
The woman from the window with the clay water pot (an insera) tied to her back reappears in Beside the door. A better dressed woman with some authority stands in front of the door watching the two women carrying clay water pots, their backs arched, and exhausted, they must make their way back and forth to the water source so many times – and it is not over yet. It hits us strongly that these women work very hard, and their work requires lots of strength and sacrifice; the last being strongly encouraged by religion. Muluneh, as part of a family of mixed religions that include both Christian and Muslim, stated that for her, religion is not a practice, it is a culture and a way of life. She uses imagery from both religions as her photographs are heavily influenced by both cultures. Her colours and some compositions are inspired by paintings in orthodox Christian churches, while the landscapes, customs and most of the motifs comes from her Ethiopian Muslim background.
Beside the door, 2018, Digital photograph
We are amazed by the rich and beautiful garments the women wear in the photographs. The inspiration comes from traditional regional Ethiopian dresses. They are all bright coloured: red, blue or yellow but differ slightly depending on the social status of the women who wear them. It seems that women having higher status can leave their necks and arms uncovered, while poorer, rural women are covered from neck to toe. All their heads are covered. Their bodies are painted but I see a little more in those colours than just traditional ornamentation. Many women have painted the top half of their faces in dark blue with white in the remaining area. I see two worlds combined in it, as Muluneh was born in Africa and grew up in Canada; a meeting of black and North American cultures; building a bridge between them. As the artist stated in her tour, that being an African means that there are complex layers in them, different interpretations, but at the same time at the core their roots and heritage and their culture are really deep in them and that is what she really wants to celebrate. It doesn’t mean that she focuses on the past. She considers cultures as evolving entities, having an open window into the future as well. Afro-futurism, a hope for a better future is always an important element in her work.
I was glued to the ground in front of the radiant, decorative qualities of another beautiful, staged photograph, Star Shine, Moon Glow. I found it challenging to understand its many layers, the universal and the actual, region related meanings. Like all the others, it is an illusionary composition. The landscape is a desert one with rocks and sand covering everything, a place not suitable for humans. Still a young girl sits in the middle of it.
Star Shine, Moon Glow, 2018, Digital photograph
She is looking to the left, into an unseen far distance that I interpreted as her wish to be somewhere else. The white stripes on the road in front of her, that almost hurt my eyes, are leading in a different direction. Still, she sits. There is a huge full moon above the sand and rock in the middle of the background, a scary one, too close to the Earth. She sits there with an extremely strong presence that comes mainly from the bright primary colors with which she has been depicted. The blue of her dress is contrasted by the red wings. Those wings are huge and I connect with them easily. When I was a young teenager, we wanted to fly, high up over the mountains, up into the sky, so, along with my cousins, we started to construct wings, following Leonardo da Vinci’s drawings. We’d steal the metal wires and canvases we needed to accomplish making them, but we were discovered and stopped before attempting flight, so after a good beating our wings were taken away, both literally and symbolically. So, looking at those wings, I thought, I understand this. This is her way out. Then, after taking a second look, I recognized how light those wings were, being made of red fabric – no way they can lift anything. They seem more like decorative elements, like butterfly wings. But still, I knew I had missed important elements of this narrative, so I started over. Being a woman, I knew a full moon can represent our monthly cycle, so the red colour might bring blood into the picture. So, this is a girl at the beginning of her womanhood stuck in the middle of a desert. That was the point, confirmed when I decided to read Muluneh’s comment on the work in order to discover the whole story. I learned that girls can’t attend school in Ethiopia when they are menstruating because of the lack of water in bathrooms. The days they miss every month affects their education. So, instead of flying, this girl is a caged bird. She has little chance to walk the striped road either, as she is trapped by the limits of her natural cycle.
Knowing the way to tomorrow feels to me like a conclusion to the exhibition. The women are still searching for water. In some areas they need to travel a long way to find any. The landscape is a cruel one. The woman in red, carrying the insera, sits on the rock, exhausted. The other woman with the jerrycans stands on the top of the rock and indicates something in the distance — a water well or a better future or both. As Muluneh said about this work, “I assume there must be a glimpse of a thought that she has in the hopes that a better tomorrow will come for those she is caring for.”
Knowing the way to tomorrow, 2018, Digital photograph
Let’s hope that the road will carry them into new worlds of possibilities. Into a better future, to places with social justice, gender equity and above all – access to water.
Images are courtesy of the artist and the Textile Museum of Canada
*Exhibition information:: March 23 – September 25, 2022, Textile Museum of Canada, 55 Centre Ave, Toronto. Museum hours: Wed 11am – 8pm, Thurs – Sat 11am – 6pm, Sun 12 – 5pm. The exhibition is part of Scotiabank CONTACT Photography Festival 2022 | <urn:uuid:444b4d71-faa3-4d37-b618-39ec32f605f8> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.artoronto.ca/?p=49953 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337971.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007045521-20221007075521-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.968007 | 2,224 | 2.65625 | 3 |
What Parents Want: Education Preferences and Trade-offs
This groundbreaking study finds that nearly all parents seek schools with a solid core curriculum in reading and math, an emphasis on science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) education, and the development in students of good study habits, strong critical thinking skills, and excellent verbal and written communication skills. But some parents also prefer specializations and emphases that are only possible in a system of school choice.
- Pragmatists (36 percent of K–12 parents) assign high value to schools that, “offer vocational classes or job-related programs.” Compared to the total parent population, Pragmatists have lower household incomes, are less likely themselves to have graduated from college, and are more likely to be parents of boys.
- Jeffersonians (24 percent) prefer a school that “emphasizes instruction in citizenship, democracy, and leadership,” although they are no more likely than other parents to be active in their communities or schools.
- Test-Score Hawks (23 percent) look for a school that “has high test scores.” Such parents are more likely to have academically gifted children who put more effort into school. They are also more likely to set high expectations for their children, push them to excel, and expect them to earn graduate degrees. Test-Score Hawks are also more apt to report that their child has changed schools because, as parents, they were dissatisfied with the school or its teachers.
- Multiculturalists (22 percent) laud the student goal: “learns how to work with people from diverse backgrounds.” They are more likely to be African American, to self-identify as liberal, and to live in an urban area.
- Expressionists (15 percent) want a school that “emphasizes arts and music instruction.” They are more likely to be parents of girls and to identify as liberal; they are less likely to be Christian. (In fact, they are three times more likely to self-identify as atheists.)
- Strivers (12 percent) assign importance to their child being “accepted at a top-tier college.” Strivers are far more likely to be African American and Hispanic. They are also more apt to be Catholic. But they do not differ from the total population in terms of their own educational attainment.
What Parents Want: Education Preferences and Trade-Offs uses market-research techniques to determine what school characteristics and student goals are most important to parents. | <urn:uuid:43ff0451-2107-4255-994f-42b4e154ba72> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://edexcellence.net/publications/what-parents-want.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661155.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00167-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973851 | 523 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Keep in mind the 10 principles of children’s playground design, make money easily
People all know that when children play in a park or outdoor playground, they are the ones who can truly feel the joy and joy. The main responsibility of a playground designer is to consider how to design a space for children, and at the same time provide them with a safe, healthy and pleasant environment, let them play games for a long time, enjoy the fun of playing outside and getting close to nature. 11 things to keep in mind when designing a play space for kids. Before that, we must first understand why children need to play outdoors, and then follow the principles when designing.
1. Why do children need to be outdoors?
Playing outdoors can improve the children's immune system, increase their time for physical activity, stimulate their imagination and creativity, etc., so that they can feel vitality, because when playing with play equipment, they will use all the senses . Other benefits include the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills, as well as the cultivation of respect for nature and other biological ideas. To this end, psychologists have conducted countless studies to prove these points.
2. Safety first
After considering the first step, the next step is to select the location of the children's area. A safe playground needs to be kept away from busy streets-such as motorways, sidewalks and dangerous water sources. But this does not mean that a tall fence or hedge should be installed. Admittedly, safety is paramount, but aesthetic design is still important. For example, Sunken Garden is an example of defining space through terrain rather than fences.
3. Design for age
The next thing to note is age-appropriate design. In order to provide a more interesting and safe playground, the designer needs to plan play areas of different ages. Children of different ages have different heights and abilities. For example, children's play areas of 6-23 months should have activities such as climbing, standing, and walking; on the other hand, children of 5-12 years old need to be able to play ball space. A well-designed playground helps promote children’s physical, emotional, and intellectual development.
4. Playground accessibility
Playground accessibility is another key point to keep in mind when designing children’s spaces. Good designers should provide playground facilities suitable for all children's abilities, while better designers will design play elements for people with physical defects, sensory and visual impairments, and autism. Nowadays, we have witnessed the development of healing, sensory, and healing gardens, which provide great design solutions for experts interested in special groups and children. This is worthy of reference.
Both summer and winter, trees are essential. In order to design a safe playground, the windshield should also be taken into account. That's when Songbai showed his talents. The configuration of cypress plants at different heights can achieve good results, because the wind is difficult to break through the cypress. On the other hand, a variety of plant types will also create a more sustainable and ecological environment for children, and let children understand the importance of environmental protection.
In the summer season, shade is very important. This requires careful selection of the appropriate vegetation, and the plant configuration should be considered based on the degree of shade that the trees can achieve. Colleagues, trees should be planted in a way that allows them to cast shade on people in the playground in the time of strong sunlight. To provide shade, the tree species should be those with dense foliage. Such as maple, fatong, and ash can form a wide canopy, which fits this purpose.
7. Selection of plants
After exploring the hard landscape in the playground, the next focus is on plants. The plant list includes not only the plant species to be used, but also the plant species that cannot be used under any circumstances. Remember to delve into the characteristics of each plant selected for the play area. Do not use poisonous plants, partially poisonous plants, prickly shrubs, plants that cause allergies, or plants that attract bees. The typical plants in the playground are hornbeam, cotinus coggygria, dogwood, and spiraea. Playground designers should look for plants containing fungicides and avoid inedible fruit trees.
8. Selection of paving materials
In addition to accessibility, the surface of the playground should also be safe. In order for the children to have fun and avoid the fear of falling and being injured, designers should consider the paving materials they use for the play area. The use of concrete and asphalt surfaces is undesirable because they do not have the characteristics of shock absorption and buffering. Turf is not a good method because the shock absorption function is too small. The safe surface should be a shock-absorbing rubber road surface, which is easy to install, durable and reasonable in price.
Tactile paving materials should not be ignored. It is also a safe pavement because it can be used on sidewalks, stairs and train station platforms to help blind or visually impaired pedestrians. Pebbles are not a good choice, because children are easy to play with stones, and there is a danger of swallowing or doing other harmful things.
9. Effective parental supervision
Although we are responsible for the play area we designed as a landscape architect, the greatest responsibility for children's happiness and health lies with their parents. A more important thing to keep in mind is to provide parents with a place to look after their children. The adult zone should be close enough to be supervised and far enough away for the children to have fun.
10. Guided learning
Last but not least, a perfect play area should be a safe, fun and inspiring learning area, which is very important for children's own development. Promoting physical activity through a variety of facilities or stimulating the senses through sounds, lights and graphics is a way to induce children to learn. A variety of materials, patterns, colors and shapes guide children to explore, which will be more beneficial to the design and construction of the playground. | <urn:uuid:62a64b43-2cfc-4d7e-a2e1-25bba9c2fcf5> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://m.chinaindoortrampoline.com/info/keep-in-mind-the-10-principles-of-children-s-p-46643147.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038073437.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413152520-20210413182520-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.948188 | 1,234 | 3.1875 | 3 |
photo by Vivek Kumar via Unsplash
Balancing Discipline with Love
August 24, 2020 | by colleen thompson, guest contributor
The matter of discipline is often viewed as harsh treatment or spanking. However, let us examine discipline in a broader sense. The Oxford Pocket Dictionary defines discipline as orderly and obedient behavior. It is also described as training that produces obedience and self-control as well as, punishment given to correct a person.
Since my topic is Balancing Discipline with Love, I would rather focus on training, because if discipline is properly executed, punishment would not be necessary. Discipline is an essential component of Parenting. Children need training in order to display obedient and controlled behavior. Training however, should be executed in a firm yet loving manner.
Discipline is also defined as a branch of instruction or learning. Let us instruct our children in love; they in turn will respond more positively. Sometimes our children display negative behavior which may lead to disappointment and anger. In times like these we need to practice self-control. When all those emotions start to rise it’s easy to snap, but we are called on to go deep and find the core, which is love.
Love is the standard which should be used to guide positive parenting. J. Hampton Keathley, III in his writings: Biblical Foundation for Child Training shared the following:
- Love without discipline produces spoiled children
- Discipline without love produces discouragement and rebellion
- Teaching and discipline without example produce unbelief and rebellion, causing mixed signals
- Example without teaching produce instability and insecurity.
Our children need to feel a sense of balance and security which will lead to trust. They want to feel loved. I invite you to read Psalm 103: 8-14 and apply principles.
Let all parents heed the call of Keathley, III as we balance discipline with love. “Everything that parents do in the training of their children must be done in an atmosphere of love.”
Food for Thought
- When a child is allowed to do absolutely as he/she pleases, it will not be long until nothing pleases him/her. - Anonymous
- Don’t handicap your children by making their lives easy. – Robert A. Heinlein | <urn:uuid:3c43ba5e-8179-4292-a1b9-fd11a32c129e> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://simplyfamilymagazine.com/balancing-discipline-with-love | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400187354.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200918061627-20200918091627-00574.warc.gz | en | 0.949082 | 465 | 3 | 3 |
Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays) > Carcharhiniformes
(Ground sharks) > Hemigaleidae
Etymology: Paragaleus: Greek, para = the side of + Greek, galeos = a kind of shark (Ref. 45335).
Environment / Climate / Range
Marine; demersal. Tropical; 34°N - 15°N
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 88.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 244)
Western Pacific: Japan to Viet Nam, including Hong Kong and Taiwan. Report of a record from off Madagascar may be an undescribed Paragaleus which has just recently been collected.
A little-known inshore shark (Ref. 13567). Viviparous (Ref. 50449). Taken in fisheries where it occurs (Ref. 13567).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Viviparous, placental (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).
Compagno, L.J.V., 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/2):251-655. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 244)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 96402)
CITES (Ref. 94142)
Fisheries: minor commercial
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingMass conversion
Estimates of some properties based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805
= 0.5664 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00372 (0.00141 - 0.00980), b=3.11 (2.88 - 3.34), based on LWR estimates for this Family-body shape (Ref. 93245
Trophic Level (Ref. 69278
): 4.2 ±0.6 se; Based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref. 69278
): Very Low, minimum population doubling time more than 14 years (Fec is assumed to be <10).
Vulnerability (Ref. 59153
): Moderate vulnerability (37 of 100) . | <urn:uuid:b9f0fa99-bed4-48f7-945b-a5f59071ecf5> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.fishbase.se/summary/Paragaleus-tengi.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065534.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00297-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.717719 | 564 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Millions of women around the world have used the combined oestrogen and progestogen oral contraceptive pill to protect themselves from pregnancy for more than fifty years. The overall risk of reproductive-aged women developing cancer is low, but debate continues as to whether using the pill could increase this risk.
In fact, fear of cancer has been identified as a major reason for women not using reliable contraceptive methods.
Women’s risk of developing cancer depends on a large number of factors, including family history, cigarette smoking, weight, diet and physical activity and whether you’ve had children (and at what age), among other things.
The pill works by effectively switching off a woman’s natural production of ovarian oestrogen and progesterone and replacing this with a synthetic version of both hormones.
A change in cancer risk associated with the pill could potentially be related to the synthetic hormones within the pill. But it could also be due to the fact that the ovaries have been “shut down” for a period of time. It’s likely a range of determinants are involved.
Researchers' attempts to assess any link between the pill and cancer are complicated by a number of factors.
Firstly, women have access to a wide variety of contraceptive pills, which have different oestrogen and progestogen components, doses of hormones, and schedules of delivery. Some pills have a stable dose; others vary throughout the cycle. The original contraceptive pill also had much higher doses of hormones than the modern pill. So there’s no standard “pill” researchers can use to generalise cancer risk.
Secondly, many women have taken a variety of contraceptive pills throughout their lifetime. This makes recalling the type of pill – and the duration of the prescription – difficult. And this creates some uncertainties in the research.
So what does the research say?
Despite concerns that the pill increases the risk of cancer, systematic studies have found the incidence of some cancers is actually reduced in women taking the pill.
Numerous studies confirm that taking the pill is associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer. This protective effect is greater the longer one uses the pill, and extends for several years after use is ceased.
Multiple studies have also found a 50% reduction in the risk of endometrial cancer for women taking the pill, which is still apparent for ten to 20 years after use has ceased.
A study of more than 300,000 European women reported a decrease in colorectal cancer in women who had ever used the pill, but the effect was only significant amongst postmenopausal women.
The studies for breast cancer and the pill report conflicting findings. Most researchers have concluded there is no significant link between previous or current use of the pill and breast cancer risk. But some studies suggest a slightly increased risk for current pill users, which disappears five to ten years after a woman stops taking the pill.
Using an oral contraceptive for more than five years has also been linked to an increased incidence of cervical cancer. Again, this additional risk decreases with time after a woman stops taking the pill and has disappeared within ten years of cessation.
So, what does this all mean for women taking the pill?
Be reassured that if you’re at low risk of cancer, the pill is unlikely to place you at higher risk – and may even protect you against some cancers after your reproductive years end.
But every woman’s risk profile is different. When you discuss your contraceptive choices with your doctor, be sure to ask about your specific risks and benefits associated with the pill. | <urn:uuid:ce1c0456-af97-42b9-ad0c-992e34385538> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://theconversation.com/mondays-medical-myth-the-pill-increases-your-risk-of-cancer-6931 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982947845.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200907-00152-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961996 | 731 | 3.265625 | 3 |
I started my Earth Day celebration with my students before our spring break. We watched this video so my students had some background knowledge of how this celebration was started. I told them we were participating in a very large online project called Earth Day Groceries Project. I went to the grocery store right next door to our school and borrowed a bundle of paper grocery bags (400 bags to the bundle) which will each be decorated with a “save the environment” message and artwork by the students. The decorated bags will be returned to the store before April 22 so that customers can have their groceries bagged in one of them. Not only are my students learning the lessons of reduce, reuse, recycle, but they are helping spread the word throughout our community.
They are also making PowerPoint slides of math word problems that have an environmental theme, writing acrostic poems about Earth Day and litter, playing environmental online games, and finding their carbon footprint. Click on the link above the picture for lots of Earth Days to use with your students. | <urn:uuid:f7b6ed50-0496-4cad-966b-7b96b680a7ba> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://blog.discoveryeducation.com/p_naugle/2009/04/19/earth-day-online-project/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928562.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00212-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970355 | 209 | 3.3125 | 3 |
The DH60 Moth was a low-cost, touring biplane that was developed into a series of aircraft all based on the original design.
One such variant was the DH60G which was in effect an improved version of the DH60 Cirrus Moth (described separately), making use of the 100 hp De Havilland Gipsy I engine although later production models were also fitted with the 105 hp Cirrus Hermes, or the 120hp Gipsy II engine.
Parallel production took place of a metal tube fuselage version (DH60M) with the two variants being built in similar numbers. Folding wings were fitted as standard to all Gipsy Moths.
In late 1928, production at Stag Lane switched from the DH60 Cirrus Moth to the DH60G Gipsy Moth and the type won the 1928 King’s Cup Air Race, piloted Captain Hubert Broad. Shortly afterwards, Geoffrey de Havilland set an altitude record of 21,000ft, flying a DH60G (G-AAAA). This aircraft is further noteable as being the first aircraft to be registered under the modern system of registrations whereby the first letter indicates the country of origin.
Additional publicity was gained by participation in othe air races. Alan Butler, for example, flew a cleaned-up version DH60M (G-AAXG) with a lowered coupe-style front cockpit, modified centre section and no external exhaust pipe.
The type is best known however for long-distance flights by such famous pilots as Amy Johnson who achieved world recognition when she became the first female pilot (aviatrix) to fly solo from London to Australia in May 1930 in her DH60 Gipsy Moth (G-AAAH ‘Jason’).
Another notable pilot of a DH60 Gipsy Moth was Francis Chichester (later Sir Francis Chichester) who also flew solo to Australia and subsequently completed the first flight across the Tasman Sea from New Zealand to Australia. Chichester had intended to fly around the world in his Gipsy Moth but a crash in Japan convinced him to take up sailing. Out of respect for his ‘little aeroplane’ he named his yachts Gipsy Moth II and Gipsy Moth III.
Other famous flights included those by Jim Mollison (Australia to England), John Grierson (flights to Lahore, to Moscow and to Baghdad), CWA Scott (London to Australia) among many others. Well-known pilots included Lady Bailey, Winifred Spooner, JRD Tata, CWA Scott and Jim Mollison.
Some 595 examples of the DH60G were built at Stag Lane, with a further 80 aircraft built under licence in France, the United States and Australia.
A number of aircraft were completed with tandem enclosed cockpits, this version being known as the Gipsy Moth Coupe. Gipsy Moths were also available as single-float or twin-float seaplanes. The type was very widely exported for both civil and military use and became dominant in the British civil market.
Although less well-known, some the DH60M was produced in similar numbers (~550) to the DH60G, along with around 50 DH60T Moth Trainer, which was a military training version of the DH60M.
The DH60T featured an exhaust which ejected at the front of, and below, the engine cowling, rather than running alongside the two cockpits. The wing bracing wire arrangements were also modified to ease cockpit access.
The DH60M was also built in significant numbers in Canada (40), the United States (161) and Norway (10). In July 2017, some 22 DH60G and DH60M appeared on the UK civil register.
|DH60G Gipsy Moth||100hp de Havilland Gipsy I|
|DH60GII Gipsy Moth||120hp de Havilland Gipsy II|
|DH60M Moth (Metal Moth)||Metal tube rear fuselage with fabric covering|
|DH60T Moth Trainer||Trainer variant with modified exhaust and bracing wire arrangements|
|Powerplant||100hp Gipsy I or 120hp Gipsy II|
|Maximum Weight||i) DH60G: 1,650 lb ii) DH60M:1,750 lb|
|Capacity||Pilot and passenger|
|Maximum Speed||102 mph|
|Normal Cruising Speed||85 mph|
DH60G 595 Stag Lane, 80 under licence
DH60M 536 Stag Lane, 211 under licence
DH60T 2 prototypes and 47 production aircraft
|Currently Registered (total 35 in July 2017)|
|UK||18 DH60G, 4 DH60M|
|Australia||1 DH60G, 4 DH60M|
|United States||3 DH60GM, 2 DH60M|
|G-AAAH DH60G||Amy Johnson’s ‘Jason’, Science Museum, London www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/|
|G-AAMX DH60M||Milestones of Flight, RAF Museum, Hendon|
|CC-FNG ‘LAN 32’ DH60G||Museo Nacional Aeronáutico y del Espacio de Chile, Chile www.museoaeronautico.gob.cl/| | <urn:uuid:15a049f9-49dc-4931-af93-eb496a7fc914> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.baesystems.com/en/heritage/de-havilland-cirrus-moth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864919.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623015758-20180623035758-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.928263 | 1,152 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Fibromyalgia. Just hearing the word can bring about fear and frustration for those who suffer from it. It causes widespread musculoskeletal pain felt throughout the body and particular tender points. If you have it, you may also experience extreme exhaustion, memory problems, moodiness, and problems with sleep. According to what researchers have discovered, fibromyalgia magnifies the pain sensations in the body by negatively impacting the way your brain processes signals of pain.
Sometimes symptoms of the chronic condition may come on over time, little by little, with nothing seeming to trigger them. In other cases, fibromyalgia begins after a physical trauma, infection, significant psychological stress, or surgery. Women get it more often than men. It is often accompanied by other health conditions, such as anxiety, depression, TMD (temporomandibular disorders), tension headaches, and IBS (irritable bowel syndrome). Research has shown that some patients saw an improvement in fibromyalgia after incorporating exercise, stress-reduction, and relaxation techniques into their life.
The symptoms of fibromyalgia are numerous and may be different for each person. The following is a list of the most common symptoms of fibromyalgia.
People who suffer from fibromyalgia often wake up as tired as they were when then went to bed, even though they felt like they slept well. The problem is that pain often disrupts their sleep. In addition, those with fibromyalgia often have other sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea and restless leg syndrome.
For doctors to call it widespread, the pain must be present on both sides of your body and both above and below the waist. The pain of fibromyalgia is often a constant dull ache. You must have this type of pain for at least three months to get a diagnosis.
Fibro fog entails cognitive difficulties in which you may have problems paying attention, focusing, and concentrating on mental tasks.
It is not uncommon to see fibromyalgia accompanied by the following other health conditions.
- Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD)
- Bladder syndrome or internal cystitis
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
- Migraines and other headache types
What Causes Fibromyalgia?
Doctors and researchers are at a loss as to what brings about fibromyalgia. A number of theories abound. But researchers do agree that more than one of the following factors is probably at work.
- Infections: It seems as if some illnesses seem to aggravate or even bring on symptoms.
- Physical or emotional trauma: Psychological stress can trigger fibromyalgia whereas physical trauma, such as being involved in a car accident, can also bring about this condition.
- Your genes: Fibromyalgia tends to run in families, and this means there may be certain genetic mutations you have making you more susceptible to developing it.
What Are the Risk Factors?
- Being female: Women have fibromyalgia more often than men.
- Having other health conditions: If you have osteoarthritis, lupus, or rheumatoid arthritis, you may be more susceptible to getting fibromyalgia.
- Genetics: Having a family history of relatives with fibromyalgia automatically puts you at higher risk.
Why Does Fibromyalgia Cause Pain?
An in-depth study of fibromyalgia has revealed that repeated stimulation of nerves makes the brains of those with this condition change. The brain begins to have abnormal increases in certain chemicals called neurotransmitters. Also, the pain receptors in the brain seem to develop a type of memory of the pain it is feeling and then it becomes more sensitive to this type of pain. This means the brain begins to exaggerate pain signals.
The pain and sleep disorders you experience with fibromyalgia can cause you not to be able to perform your daily routine, go to school, go to work, or participate in social activities. The frustration in trying to find answers for this condition can lead to depression and anxiety.
Traditional Care for Fibromyalgia
If you seek the care of your primary care physician, he or she will probably recommend both self-care and medication to try to control your symptoms. Fibromyalgia is different for each person, making it hard to care for and cope with.
Medications used for fibromyalgia are aimed at reducing specific symptoms, such as sleeplessness and pain. Your doctor may recommend one or more of the following medications.
- Antidepressants: Cymbalta (duloxetine) and Savella (milnacipran) may help both the pain and fatigue of fibromyalgia. Your doctor may also recommend amitriptyline or cyclobenzaprine (a muscle relaxer) to help you sleep better.
- Anti-seizure medications: Some medications used to care for epilepsy can be helpful with the pain of fibromyalgia. Neurontin (gabapentin) and Lyrica (pregabalin) can both help alleviate some symptoms.
- Pain relievers: Some over-the-counter pain relievers (Tylenol, Advil, Motrin IB, and Aleve) may be helpful in reducing the pain. A prescription pain reliever (tramadol) may be suggested also. It is not recommended to take narcotics for fibromyalgia as they can lead to dependency and may actually increase the pain over time.
The Path to Natural Help for Fibromyalgia
An area seeing great success in helping fibromyalgia patients is that of upper cervical chiropractic care. We focus on making sure the top bones of the neck are not inadvertently putting stress on the brainstem due to a misalignment. This has been seen to be linked to fibromyalgia symptoms. The brainstem communicates with the brain about what is happening in the body. If it malfunctions and tells the brain there is pain, when there is no pain, fibromyalgia may be the end result.
We use a gentle method, rather than popping the neck or back, to get results. We help the bones move back into place naturally without adding further pain or stress to the body. Many patients report seeing an improvement in or end to fibromyalgia after only a few visits to our office. | <urn:uuid:867a9311-b4e2-4c0a-a756-b3d0708bcccc> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://uppercervicalawareness.com/fibromyalgia-what-is-it-can-anything-help-the-pain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585302.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020024111-20211020054111-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.938611 | 1,291 | 2.71875 | 3 |
A crowd stampede that caused at least 769 deaths at the annual Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca provided a stark reminder of the safety challenges at the most congested public space in the world. The millions of pilgrims who visit Mecca and other holy sites in Saudi Arabia each year often crowd into spaces as densely packed as six people per square meter. Such crowd densities present a huge challenge for both public safety authorities and computer simulation software designed to help model and predict crowd disasters.
In 2010, Saudi Arabia hosted an international design competition aimed at safely accommodating more pilgrims at Mecca’s Grand Mosque, which houses the cube-shaped Kaaba building representing Islam’s holiest site. One of the main proposals came from Gensler, a U.S. architectural design firm. Gensler brought along some special outside expertise in the form of Cenk Tunasar, a principal at the strategic innovation group of Booz Allen Hamilton. Tunasar sees a combination of infrastructure design, technology and operational planning as the best way to manage huge crowds and avoid potential disaster.
“I don’t believe you can directly control crowds efficiently,” Tunasar says. “You can control capacity, but crowds can figure out [efficient crowd movement] themselves with the right information.”
Tunasar and the Gensler team figured out how to double the Grand Mosque’s peak visitor rate from 40,000 to 102,000 people per hour. They also calculated how to reduce crowd densities from six to four people per square meter. Typically, swarms of pilgrims must perform a series of “Tawaf” rituals requiring them to circle around the Kaaba building within the Grand Mosque seven times in a counter-clockwise direction.
The new proposal suggested adding a separate floor ringing the Kaaba to segregate the usual ground floor crowd into smaller, more manageable crowds. That design philosophy helped retain some measure of safety rather than simply expanding the Grand Mosque’s ground floor and having more people in the same space. “If something did happen, a separate space means you can at least stop feeding people into the channels leading to that space,” Tunasar said.
But simulating the huge Hajj crowds was no cakewalk. Tunasar soon realized that commercial off-the-self software made for simulating crowds was unable to handle the crowd densities at the Hajj. (To put six people per square meter into perspective, imagine five other people squeezed next to you in a space bounded by dimensions shorter than your arm span.) He eventually ended up coding people’s movements in multiple simulation software languages and using several different types of software, as detailed in a paper presented at the 2013 Simulation Conference.
The Hajj pilgrimage also represents a very different scenario from the usual crowds being simulated by commercial software. Such software typically assumes the scenario involves a high throughput or fast rate of people passing through a given space; one example would be airline passengers trying to get through airport security as fast as possible. But Hajj pilgrims tend to take their time in performing rituals and savoring the religious experience; many can spend decades on the waiting lists to visit Mecca.
Eventually, the crowd simulations ran up against their limits: Simulating the huge Hajj crowds with collision modeling—accounting for each individual person’s physical space—proved impractical for assessing all the design possibilities for the project. Just one day’s worth of simulations on an Intel 16 Core server with 64 gigabytes main memory took over two weeks to run; simulation run times were about 10 to 20 times slower than real time crowd movement.
“We needed to constantly try alterations but to also have a very logical way of testing,” Tunasar explained. “If you want to do detailed simulations, they’re too expensive to try for all the designs.”
Tunasar’s solution was to avoid using the simulation software during the project’s design phase, which required quick calculations to assess the viability of each possible design for the Hajj. Instead, he turned to a much simpler crowd modeling based on queuing theory, which considers the arrival of certain entities in a system and their behavior related to time spent in the system. In this case, the “entities” are the pilgrims and the “behavior” involves their pilgrimage path and rituals surrounding the holy sites.
The key formula from queuing theory that proved most helpful is called Little’s Law. The law simply calculates the number of pilgrims present as the rate of arrival to the Grand Mosque multiplied by the time spent in the Grand Mosque. That allowed Tunasar and the Gensler team to quickly test different designs and then use the crowd simulation software to validate the best choices.
The recent deadly disaster at Mecca did not take place at the Grand Mosque. Instead, it took place at a different point along the pilgrimage route that extends between the Grand Mosque and multiple holy sites. The stampede occurred in an area with two huge lines of pilgrims converging at right angles on an intersection near the Jamarat Bridge, about 5 kilometers from Mecca, BBC News reports.
It’s tough to say exactly what could have been done better to prevent this particular stampede. But technology could make it easier to safely manage the huge crowds at the Hajj in the future, Tunasar says. He suggested that surveillance cameras and computer software could keep an eye on crowds to detect early signs of crowd movement trouble. An early warning might give authorities time to deal with congestion by closing certain entrances or opening alternative exits.
The Saudi Ministry of Hajj has already begun considering plans to give all pilgrims an electronic bracelet with individual identification, GPS, a prayer times alert, a compass and a guide to the Hajj, according to Al Arabiya News. Tunasar pointed out that such bracelets could theoretically also include a vibrating or alert signal to tell pilgrims when it’s time to slow down and possibly prevent a crowd situation from getting worse. A simple signal could be much easier than shouting at a multilingual crowd from all over the world through loudspeakers.
Tunasar’s research into crowds has given him trust in how they can efficiently “self-regulate” their movements and find the most efficient entrances and exits. But in order to self-regulate, crowds must have vital sources of information about possible travel routes, such as an alternative airport security checkpoint or pilgrimage path.
Of course, crowds also can’t do much if the existing infrastructure—building passages, doorways, and roads—don’t give them any movement options. Danger can often occur at big crowd events because of such inflexible, fixed infrastructure, Tunasar says. Changing the local infrastructure can be as simple as opening a closed doorway or removing road barriers. That’s a lesson that could apply equally to either the Hajj or a music festival.
“My thinking is that 21st century architecture should be able to flexibly expand and contract,” Tunasar says. | <urn:uuid:bd4e4b39-0efc-438b-abf4-bd8d78cd6caa> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/software/hajj-pilgrimage-safety-challenges-crowd-simulations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886116921.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822221214-20170823001214-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.947518 | 1,444 | 2.8125 | 3 |
On November 15, 2022, BlueLand and Plastic Pollution Coalition filed a petition with EPA on behalf of itself and numerous non-profit organizations fighting plastic pollution and climate change, requesting that EPA require health and environmental testing and regulation of polyvinyl alcohol under TSCA, and that the substance be removed from EPA’s Safer Choice and Safer Chemical Ingredients lists. TSCA section 21 permits any person to petition EPA to initiate a proceeding for the issuance, amendment, or repeal of a rule or order under TSCA section 4 (rules or order requiring chemical testing), section 5(d) or (f) (orders affecting new chemical substances) section 6 (rules imposing regulatory controls on chemicals), and section 8 (rules requiring information).
Polyvinyl alcohol, also referred to as PVA or PVOH, is commonly used in consumer-packaged goods, including laundry and dishwasher detergent pods and sheets. PVA is a petroleum-based polymer that serves as the thin layer of plastic film on these pods. The film dissolves in the water during a washing machine or dishwasher cycle. However, the PVA itself does not; tiny pieces of plastic debris called microplastics are contained in the wastewater.
Microplastics are suspected of contributing to plastic pollution in oceans and waterways. A recent study detailed in Degradation of Polyvinyl Alcohol in US Wastewater Treatment Plants and Subsequent Nationwide Emission Estimate stated that approximately 75 % of PVA from these pods persists through conventional wastewater treatment, ultimately ending up in waterways and ecosystems. Additionally, microplastics have been found in human food and water sources, the human bloodstream, and human breast milk.
The petition argues that under TSCA (15 U.S.C 2603), EPA has the authority to and should require extensive health and environmental safety testing of PVA once it is released into ecosystems and waterways. The petition also requests that PVA be removed from EPA’s Safer Chemicals Ingredient List developed by EPA’s Safer Choice Program; the list arranges chemicals by functional-use class to help manufacturers find safer chemical alternatives than traditional chemicals that meet the criteria of the Safer Choice Program. The petition argues that based on PVA’s bioaccumulative and persistence qualities, when applied to the Safer Choice Program’s guidance on polymers, PVA does not meet the requirements to be listed. | <urn:uuid:5991d943-264e-4e03-bf7b-4b9b951f0f5c> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.verdantlaw.com/green-chemistry-law-report/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711336.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208114402-20221208144402-00788.warc.gz | en | 0.923542 | 496 | 2.515625 | 3 |
OUR MISSION STATEMENT
We are a welcoming and inclusive community. Celebrating life, we strive to inform ourselves and our larger community of our religious history and the value of independent thinking. Together we support one another, encourage religious inquiry, nurture spiritual and intellectual growth, and work for social justice.
THE PRINCIPLES OF UNITARIAN UNIVERSALISM
- The inherent worth and dignity of every person
- Justice, equality and compassion in human relations
- Acceptance of one another and encouragement to spiritual growth in our congregation
- A free and responsible search for truth and meaning
- The right of conscience and use of the democratic process within our congregation and in society at large
- The goal of world community with peace, liberty and justice for all
- Respect for the interdependent web of all existence of which we are a part
WHAT DO UUS BELIEVE?
Unitarian Universalists believe in tolerance and independent thinking.
Members are not required to subscribe to any particular creed. Some are Christians, some are atheists, agnostics, or humanists. The living tradition we share draws from many sources: direct experience of transcending mysteries, words and deeds of prophetic women and men, wisdom from the world’s religions, humanist teachings, and earth-centered spirituality.
Congregations receive recommendations from the UUA, but not orders. The concept of congregational polity states that each congregation makes its own decisions. Ministers are hired by the congregation, not appointed by the UUA. Some congregations are Bible-centered, others are not.
THE ORIGINS OF UNITARIAN UNIVERSALISM
Unitarianism and Universalism arose independently as liberal religious movements in Europe and North America, beginning in the 16th century. Both groups looked towards the Bible for guidance, and rejected the parts of Catholic dogma that were not based on the Bible.
The name Unitarianism refers to the belief in a single God, as opposed to the Holy Trinity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit. The name Universalism refers to the belief in a loving God and universal salvation, as opposed to a vengeful God and the existence of hell, purgatory, and limbo.
Unitarians and Universalists merged in 1961 to become the Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA), a world-wide liberal religious organization with over 1,000 congregations and 200,000 members. | <urn:uuid:30f247ca-30ef-46bb-a456-fca7566ec3b8> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://uuokoboji.com/our-beliefs-values/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401578485.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927183616-20200927213616-00452.warc.gz | en | 0.924696 | 493 | 2.65625 | 3 |
28 Feb 2012:
New Lithium-Ion Battery Could
Increase Range of Electric Vehicles
A U.S.-based company says it has developed a new lithium-ion battery with an energy density of 400 watt-hours per kilogram
— roughly twice the density of existing rechargeable batteries — an innovation the company claims could significantly increase the range of electric cars and ultimately cut the price of battery packs by 50 percent. Using a $4 million federal grant from the Advanced Research Projects Agency — Energy, scientists at Envia Systems
were able to increase the battery’s energy density by including manganese in the materials of its cathode, the positive electrode to which the lithium ions are transferred. By blending carbon with silicon in the anode (the electrode from which the ions flow to create an electric current), they were able to bypass the tendency of silicon anodes to fail after a few cycles. While the denser, more-compact batteries developed at an Envia center in China could eventually cut the cost of electric vehicles, the company will first have to subject the technology to testing by automakers and independent analysts.
Yale Environment 360 is
a publication of the
Yale School of Forestry
& Environmental Studies
Yale Environment 360
articles are now available in Spanish and Portuguese on Universia
, the online educational network. Visit the site.
Business & Innovation
Policy & Politics
Pollution & Health
Science & Technology
Antarctica and the Arctic
Central & South America
A look at how acidifying oceans could threaten the Dungeness crab, one of the most valuable fisheries on the U.S. West Coast. Watch the video.
is now available for mobile devices at e360.yale.edu/mobile
An aerial view of why Europe’s per capita carbon emissions are less than 50 percent of those in the U.S. View the photos.
An indigenous tribe’s deadly fight to save its ancestral land in the Amazon rainforest from logging. Learn more.
video series looks at the staggering amount of food wasted in the U.S. – a problem with major human and environmental costs. Watch the video.
Residents of the Chocó Rainforest in Ecuador are choosing to plant cacao over logging in an effort to slow deforestation.
Watch the video.
Tribal people and ranchers join together to stop a project that would haul coal across their Montana land. Watch the video. | <urn:uuid:59447467-257b-4115-8cfd-f44741c426b2> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://e360.yale.edu/digest/new_lithium-ion_battery_could_reduce_cost_of_evs_increase_range/3352/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542217.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00306-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897184 | 503 | 3.109375 | 3 |
If you’ve ever felt the call of the wild, you now have a permanent excuse to answer it. New research led by the University of Exeter in England and published in Scientific Reports on June 13, 2019, has found that people who spend just two hours a week in natural settings such as town parks, woodlands, state parks, and beaches report better health and a greater sense of well-being. People who spent less than two hours in those settings reported no such benefits.
RELATED: Rheumatoid Arthritis: 4 Ways Spending Time in Nature Boosts Health
Spending Time in a Natural Setting Helps Your Health, and There’s a Cumulative Effect
The good news is that you don’t have to spend the two hours all at once; a total of two hours made up of shorter visits over the week also does the trick. “Benefits do continue up to around five hours, where it levels out,” says the lead author of the study, Mathew White, PhD, a senior lecturer at the European Centre for Environment and Human Health at the University of Exeter Medical School.
This study builds on previous research led by Dr. White and published in Psychological Science, which discovered that “on average, individuals have both lower mental distress and higher well-being when living in urban areas with more green space.”
The Wellness Benefits of Being in a Natural Setting Are Well Established
A study published in Nature in June 2016 confirmed that “people who made long visits to green spaces had lower rates of depression and high blood pressure, and those who visited more frequently had greater social cohesion.”
The University of Exeter research team looked at data provided by the government of the United Kingdom. “We’ve been working with the government organization Natural England for some years and suggested they add the health and well-being questions. They do the actual data collection in at-home interviews with people,” White explains. (The study did not include data from people who spent time gardening in their yards or out and about shopping.)
The study used data from nearly 20,000 people in England and found that the results didn’t vary among age, gender, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, occupation, or relative health. The positive effects were found even among people with long-term illnesses or disabilities.
Green Space Access Can Help Reduce Cognitive Decline
If you need more convincing, another study, published in Social Science & Medicine in January 2018, found that “greater neighborhood provision of public parks from childhood through to adulthood may help to slow down the rate of cognitive decline in later life, recognizing that such environmental associations are always sensitive to individual characteristics.”
Does Choice of Activity in a Natural Setting Make a Difference for Wellness Benefits?
What people did out in nature didn't seem to matter on the key visits the University of Exeter team looked at. “However, we don’t know what people were doing on all visits, so we’re a little nervous about overstating this case. Most people by far are walking and relaxing, so that’s the default activity, if you like,” says White.
How Mother Nature Works her Magic on Human Health
A walk in the woods can do more than help you de-stress. There are several hypotheses as to why being in the natural world ups the good stuff in your body, says White.
- You are exposed to less polluted air, so you are inhaling fewer particulates.
- Increased vitamin D levels. Your skin produces this valuable vitamin when exposed to sunlight. Research published in the Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics suggests that approximately 50 percent of the world suffers from vitamin D insufficiency, which can result in “abnormalities in calcium, phosphorus, and bone metabolism.”
- Lower blood pressure. According to a study of the blood-pressure-lowering effects of shrinrin-yoku (forest bathing) published inBMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine in August 2017, participants who spent time in forest environments had significantly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressures than those who didn’t.
- The calming effect of nature improves mindfulness and mental health.
- People tend to exercise longer in nature than indoors.
Counting Green Time: How Much Is Two Hours per Week?
Two hours each week works out to a little more than 15 minutes each day. (Five hours a week means closer to 40 minutes each day.) The team have not discovered why, exactly, two hours is the critical number, but as White says, “it’s a neat excuse. It’s practical for people to fit into busy lives.”
How much time have you spent in a natural setting this week?
Don’t wait for a holiday to get to a beach, park, or forest. Just tell yourself, “Doctor’s orders!” | <urn:uuid:1080017e-efc5-4ddf-9016-2f7647f58fc1> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.everydayhealth.com/wellness/hours-nature-each-week-boosts-wellness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337432.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003200326-20221003230326-00336.warc.gz | en | 0.957996 | 1,031 | 3 | 3 |
When rodents work their way into your home, they will do more than just serve as a nuisance. Rats, mice, and other rodents will also pose a serious health threat to you, your family, and even your pets, which is why if you have a rodent control problem in Long Island, NYC, you should contact a professional to limit the effect they have on your health and home. If you fail to have rodent control performed, here are just a few of the diseases rodents can pass along to humans and animals living in your house.
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
HPS is a disease that was identified back in 1993 and, since then, more than 200 people in America have died from it, according to the CDC. You can catch the disease as a result of a rodent bite, but you don’t necessarily need to come into contact with a rodent to catch HPS. You can also catch HPS by inhaling feces or urine from a rodent infected with HPS, and when you do, it will often result in a potentially-fatal infection within your body. The threat of HPS should be enough to force you to seek rodent control or wildlife control services.
Rat Bite Fever
While its name might suggest that you can only catch it by being bitten by a rat, you can actually catch rat bite fever from mice and other rodents, too. Rat bite fever causes a person to suffer from a headache, chills, fever, and muscle pain. A rash will also usually start to show up on a person’s skin about four days after a bite takes place. Should you fail to seek treatment right away, you could be forced to deal with long-term effects of this disease.
There are many different types of animals that can carry this kind of disease, but rodents are the most common ones. You can catch leptospirosis by coming into contact with the saliva of an infected rodent or experiencing a rodent bite. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, and more, and liver failure, respiratory issues, and even death can occur if you don’t seek medical attention. | <urn:uuid:5b8d53d6-530b-4c66-85a5-389f32a36cdd> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://arrowexterminating.com/blog/home-rodent-infestations-and-your-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662556725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523071517-20220523101517-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.967107 | 440 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The Michigan affirmative action cases that the Supreme Court heard on April 1, and will probably decide by July, are among the most important in its history.1 Enormous crowds demonstrated in favor of affirmative action outside the Court during the oral argument and more amicus curiae (“friend of the court”) briefs were filed in these cases—by universities, colleges, students, political and military officials, corporations, political action groups, and other interested citizens—than in any preceding case.
The University of Michigan—the defendant in the cases—takes race into account in deciding which students to admit because more traditional criteria would admit only a very small number of black, Hispanic, and Native American students. Its undergraduate admissions office uses a point system. It awards points for test scores, high school record, unusual talents and experiences, and other factors, up to a maximum of 150 points. Twenty points are automatically included in the scores of stipulated minorities, as well as the scores of outstanding athletes and of students with socioeconomic disadvantages, though only one twenty-point boost is allowed for any combination of these features. The Michigan law school does not use a point system, and judges each applicant individually, but it counts minority race as one among many favorable factors (others include a higher-than-usual age and a poor economic background) in that competition.
White students who were denied admission to the undergraduate college and law school sued the university, arguing that these programs are unconstitutional because the Fourteenth Amendment declares that states must give all people “equal protection of the laws,” and the use of race in admissions decisions, even as one factor among many, denies that protection.2 Different federal district courts held, in contradictory decisions, that the undergraduate program is constitutional and that the law school program is unconstitutional.3 The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the latter decision, and the Supreme Court agreed to review both the undergraduate and law school admissions policies.
The Court may conceivably distinguish between the two programs and hold that the law school’s policy is constitutionally permissible but the undergraduate admissions program is not, because adding a fixed number of points for race does not pay enough attention to the individual characteristics and situation of each candidate. That distinction would not be justified, because the undergraduate point system, as the oral argument made plain, allows tentative decisions based on points to be reviewed and altered on a more individualized basis. But a split decision would nevertheless not be catastrophic for affirmative action programs, because universities that use point systems could switch to more flexible plans like the law school’s even though these might be more unwieldy and expensive when used in admitting large undergraduate classes. But if the Court were to hold the law school program unconstitutional as well, that might well mean the end of effective affirmative action programs in American colleges and universities,4 and markedly fewer blacks and other minorities in positions of prestige and influence in the US. If so, the decision would prove to be among the most unfortunate and costly the Supreme Court has ever made.
Twenty-five years ago, in its famous Bakke decision, the Court struck down the affirmative action plan of the medical school of the University of California at Davis, which required a fixed quota of minority admissions. Five of the justices ruled, however, that a university could nonetheless take race into consideration as one of a number of factors.5 Since that time the great majority of the best colleges, universities, and professional schools have adopted admissions programs that take race into consideration in order to increase the representation of minorities in their student bodies. But affirmative action has remained very controversial, and voters in some states, including California, have outlawed it in their state universities.
It has been under successful attack in the courts as well. In a series of important decisions, a Supreme Court much more conservative than the Bakke court struck down a variety of racial-preference schemes in nonacademic institutions. In 1988, in the Croson case, for example, it declared unconstitutional a Richmond, Virginia, ordinance that gave preference to minority-owned firms in awarding municipal construction contracts.6 Then, in the 1996 Hopwood case, the US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit applied these Supreme Court decisions to universities. It struck down the University of Texas law school’s affirmative action plan, and declared that race-sensitive admissions polices could not be used to seek racial diversity.7 The Fifth Circuit majority said that the Bakke case did not have the legal force most lawyers had attributed to it, and that even if it did, it would have been overruled by intervening Supreme Court decisions like Croson.
These were unfavorable political and judicial portents for the future of affirmative action in education. But two extraordinary developments in the new Michigan cases may signal a significant shift in public attitudes: a developing conviction that racial diversity in colleges and professional schools is necessary not as compensation to minorities for past discrimination against them, but as a crucial practical contribution to the entire community’s future. First, the Bush administration, which is surely among the most socially conservative in our history, filed an amicus brief that, as expected, asked the Court to declare both Michigan plans unconstitutional. But that brief does not deny the importance of racial diversity in student bodies—on the contrary, it declares that it is “laudable” for universities to do all they can to ensure “that student bodies are experientially diverse and broadly representative of the public.” It argues only that racial diversity can be achieved through admissions strategies that do not appeal explicitly to race, like the Texas plan, adopted after the Hopwood decision, which admits the top 10 percent of graduates of all Texas high schools to that state’s universities. The plan guarantees some black and Hispanic admissions because some of those high schools have an almost exclusively minority student body. The administration’s brief concedes that if, contrary to its view, race-neutral alternatives would not ensure that minorities are represented in universities “then the question whether race could ever be a consideration would arise.”8
The second development is even more striking: the enthusiastic support for affirmative action among America’s largest and most powerful businesses and within the military. Sixty-five of the best-known American corporations, including General Electric, Microsoft, and Coca-Cola, filed an amicus brief urging the Court to uphold both Michigan plans.9 “In the practical experience of the amici businesses, the need for diversity is indeed compelling,” it says, and adds that because of “the increasingly global reach of American business,” these businesses “need the talent and creativity of a workforce that is as diverse as the world around it.” Many other corporations, including IBM and General Motors, filed their own briefs to the same effect.
The most arresting amicus brief of all, in view of the war in Iraq, was filed by a group of twenty-nine retired military and civilian leaders, including General H. Norman Schwarzkopf, who directed the allied forces in the 1991 Gulf War, Robert McFarlane, who was President Reagan’s national security adviser, Admiral William T. Crowe, who was chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1985 to 1989, and General Wesley Clark, who was Supreme Allied Commander in Europe from 1997 to 2000.10 The brief declares that racial imbalance in the war in Vietnam—over 10 percent of the servicemen but only 3 percent of the officers were black—caused “increased racial polarization, pervasive disciplinary problems, and racially motivated incidents” that sometimes “reached a point where there was an inability to fight.”
The service academies and ROTC have since instituted “race-conscious recruiting and admissions policies,” and the brief concludes, “At present, the military cannot achieve an officer corps that is both highly qualified and racially diverse” without such policies.11 Several of the justices referred to the military brief in oral argument: they pressed the solicitor general and the other lawyers opposing Michigan to say whether they thought the armed forces’ affirmative action programs are unconstitutional. The lawyers were evasive.
So there is now growing support for the view that affirmative action is of great and general value to the country, because it attacks the economic racial imbalances that have proved so harmful. There is also less apparent support, at least among leading American institutions, for the once-popular view that affirmative action is unfair to white applicants. It is sometimes said that college and university applicants have a right to be judged only on narrow academic criteria, but that cannot be seriously maintained.12 Places in selective universities are not merit badges or prizes for some innate talent or for past performance or industry: they are opportunities that are properly offered to those who show the most promise of future contribution to goals the university rightfully seeks to advance. These goals can be, and historically have been, social as well as more narrowly academic.
Universities say they are training the nation’s and the world’s future leaders: if it is best for the nation that its leaders more closely match the diversity of its citizens, then no one is cheated by universities who include that goal among their aims. Of course, they must not act unjustly or in violation of anyone’s moral rights. In particular, they must not exclude students out of racial or any other form of prejudice or stereotype. But Michigan’s programs do not reflect racial or other prejudices—on the contrary the scholars who choose such programs aim, among other goals, to reduce prejudice in the classroom and in the country.
Even if it is beneficial for universities to use race-sensitive tests in admission, however, and even if no moral principle forbids this, we must still ask whether the Supreme Court’s own precedents require it to strike down the University of Michigan’s plans. The equal protection clause does not, of course, forbid government to make distinctions or classifications among citizens. But the Supreme Court has ruled over many decades that classifications according to race are inherently “suspect” and must therefore be subject to a “strict” scrutiny that imposes the following three tests. Race-sensitive admissions plans must serve some “compelling” goal, universities must not be able to pursue that goal adequately without them, and they must be “narrowly tailored” to achieving that goal.
Do racially sensitive admission plans serve a compelling goal? The briefs supporting the University of Michigan cite two different goals as compelling, and it is important to distinguish between them. The first is the social goal that the corporate and military briefs I mentioned emphasize: equipping more minority students for leadership in order to attack damaging racial stratification in politics, business, the professions, and the military. The second is the educational goal of classroom diversity: universities argue that a racially diverse student body helps them to fulfill their most basic pedagogic functions because students with different backgrounds, experiences, and perspectives can contribute to each other’s education.
The opponents of the Michigan plan challenge both of these goals, but on different grounds. They say that past Supreme Court decisions rule out the first, social, goal because the Court has repeatedly declared that remedying past socioeconomic injustice cannot count as a compelling goal justifying racial classifications. But this objection confuses two different ideas: the backward-looking claim that affirmative action is justified in order to compensate minority students for past injustice to their race, which the Court has rejected, and the forward-looking claim that it is justified in order to improve society in ways that benefit practically everyone.
Several justices have declared, in past cases, that though an institution may use racial classifications to compensate for its own past discrimination, it may not do so to compensate for discrimination by others or in the community as a whole. It is, in fact, doubtful that affirmative action can ever be justified as compensation, because compensation is a matter of individual, not group, entitlement, and allowing black applicants to have preference now cannot compensate generations of blacks who suffered injustice in the past. But the forward-looking social goal is very different: it justifies sensitivity to race not on the basis of any compensatory theory, but on the pragmatic assumption that securing a better racial balance in positions of prestige and influence benefits the community as a whole.13 Universities may properly serve that goal through their admissions procedures, just as they may legitimately choose students in order to provide a better balance in the community between corporate and civil rights lawyers, for example, or between specialist and primary care doctors.
Michigan’s own briefs emphasize the second goal—the educational benefits of classroom diversity—because that goal was unambiguously recognized as compelling by Justice Lewis Powell in his crucial opinion in Bakke. Opponents in the cases also challenge that goal, however. They deny that Powell’s swing vote was a ruling by the Court,14 and they add that though it is indeed desirable that students be different from one another in various ways—in economic and social background, talent, interest, and conviction, for example—there is no further pedagogic value in students being diverse in race as well.
But race matters independently of the other background factors with which it may or may not be correlated, for two reasons. First, the experience of a black person in American society is special, and cannot be duplicated by the experience of a white person of similar economic or social background; it is pedagogically important that the perspectives of that distinct experience be available to students of history, politics, and society who would not otherwise encounter it. Second, learning that race is not correlated with stereotypical perspectives—learning, for example, as Justice Stephen Breyer put it during the oral argument, that a black student may be a rich Exeter graduate and a conservative Republican—is itself of educational value, and that lesson about stereotyping may well be best learned from direct experience. It is controversial whether racial diversity in classrooms produces other pedagogical benefits as well, and how far its overall benefits are offset by disadvantages.15 But in the judgment of the great majority of selective American universities and colleges, the educational benefits of affirmative action outweigh any educational costs.
The second constitutional test asks whether these goals, assuming they are compelling, could be achieved in other ways, that is, without racial classifications. As I have said, the Bush administration argued that Michigan could achieve racial diversity through devices like the Texas plan, which automatically admits a given percentage of the top students of the graduating class of each high school in the state. But these devices are patent subter-fuges. They are as much based on racial criteria, though covertly, as plans that appeal to race openly like Michigan’s; as Justice David Souter said during the oral argument, if the purpose is to increase the percentage of minorities, “then whatever it is, it’s not a race-neutral measure.” Such programs depend on and therefore presuppose the continuation of de facto racial segregation in high schools, moreover, which is in itself objectionable, and they are perverse because they require universities to pass up the more qualified black applicants that openly race-sensitive criteria would admit in favor of less qualified ones from segregated schools.
In any case, the percentage schemes have not produced the racial diversity in those states that have tried them that their universities produced by affirmative action before it was banned,16 and it is unclear (the administration’s brief does not take up the issue) how such a plan could be used for admission to a graduate or professional school rather than an undergraduate program that takes students from high school, or whether it could sensibly be applied to private universities that recruit nationally. The Bush administration’s suggestion is nevertheless revealing because it concedes that racial diversity in education is a compelling goal, and that its only genuine objection to affirmative action plans like Michigan’s is that they are honest.
The third constitutional test I have mentioned asks whether Michigan’s plans are “narrowly tailored” to the goals it cites as compelling. The Court has used that phrase to insist that “suspect” classifications, such as those based on race, should be limited in their scope and duration, and based on narrowly defined strategies rather than what Justice Sandra Day O’Connor once called “amorphous” concerns that might li- cense an indiscriminate use.17 Opponents argue that plans like Michigan’s could be in place indefinitely because black and other minority applicants may continue to score lower on the traditional academic tests that selective universities use. It would be wrong to assume that they will. The number of black applicants to universities whose test scores are as high as white candidates who have been admitted is growing, even though it is not yet high enough to allow many of these universities a significant minority presence. Moreover, the gap between the scores of blacks admitted under affirmative action programs and admitted white candidates is decreasing. In any case, however, the fact that damaging racial imbalances may persist is hardly a reason for prohibiting one of the most effective strategies for reducing those imbalances. As an amicus brief filed by eight of the most prominent American universities and colleges pointed out, “The proper constitutional concern would thus seem to be whether the selected means outlast the interest they are designed to serve, not whether they go on ‘too long’ in some abstract, undefined sense.”18
So Michigan’s admissions policies seem to pass the technical, doctrinal tests of judicial precedent as well as to meet the moral and practical standards I have described. But we must ask a further question: Do they respect the underlying legal principles that the doctrinal tests are meant to enforce? Why are racially sensitive admissions programs subject to such “strict” scrutiny? The most helpful answer was given by Justice O’Connor.19 She said that identifying all uses of race as suspicious, and subjecting them to a strict scrutiny, allows judges to “smoke out” illegitimate uses of race that masquerade as helpful to disadvantaged groups. “Absent searching judicial inquiry into the justification for such race-based measures,” she said, “there is simply no way of determining what classifications are ‘benign’ or ‘remedial’ and what classifications are in fact motivated by illegitimate notions of racial inferiority or simple racial politics.”20
Unconstitutional racial classifications, that is, are those whose genesis and features do not dispel all suspicion of improper personal or institutional motives. The Richmond municipal council that preferred black contractors was itself dominated by black officials, and promoting diversity among contractors is not a traditional goal of city administrations. So suspicion could not be eliminated that the scheme’s purpose was political rather than to secure some benefit for the community as a whole. But there are no such grounds for suspicion about the University of Michigan’s motives. The most prestigious universities have for many decades taken the two goals I cited—providing a student body diverse in many important dimensions, and training students to participate effectively in the community’s political, social, and economic life—as essential parts of their justification and aims. The FCC’s decision to seek a particular racial balance among broadcasters, which the Court also struck down, was suspicious for a different reason: it imposed a racial structure fixed by a federal agency on a particular industry.21 But university affirmative action programs only improve the mix of talented graduates and professionals that government, business, and private individuals may employ; the racial balance in the economy that results is not fixed in advance by any agency, but determined by the ordinary processes of individual choice.22
Michigan’s admissions programs seem models of useful and safe racial sensitivity. They use race in a carefully modulated way that allows individual judgment of candidates one by one, respects all pertinent rights, imposes no racial structure on any section of industry or the community, and helps to achieve crucial national objectives. Nothing in the development and refinement of the programs gives ground for the slightest suspicion that they are guided by racial prejudices or racial politics. If this example of using racial distinctions for important practical goals is not permitted by the Constitution, it is hard to imagine any that would be. Justice Ruth Ginsburg asked, in the oral argument, whether a state could deliberately hire minority guards in order to have a significant presence of such guards in a prison of mainly minority inmates.23 One of the lawyers attacking Michigan’s plans said no, and he was only being consistent.
Of course it is deplorable that America is still plagued by racial inequality so many decades after it committed itself to ending it. It would compound our failure, however, to forbid what so many of our academic, economic, and political leaders, after a quarter-century of reflective experience, think is our best weapon against that inequality. Colorblindness that has no basis in moral principle and helps only to perpetuate racial stratification is worse than pointless.
Our colleges and universities have, on the whole, served the country brilliantly: the US is widely acknowledged to have the best institutions of higher education in the world. They are committed to academic excellence and the common good, and they have, as institutions, no political goals that compete with these aims. They each decide on admissions strategies for themselves, they impose no strategies on other institutions, and they are supervised by courts alert to the slightest evidence of improper motives. It would be foolish not to allow them to do what they think urgent for their students and their country.
Barbara Grutter v. Lee Bollinger et al. and Jennifer Gratz and Patrick Hamacher v. Lee Bollinger et al., argued April 1, 2003. ↩
Though the Fourteenth Amendment applies only to state universities, like the University of Michigan, the Civil Rights Act applies the same standards to private universities. ↩
See my Op-Ed piece about the district court cases, “Race and the Uses of Law,” The New York Times, April 13, 2001, p. A17. ↩
In oral argument Justice Anthony Kennedy asked whether, if the Court were to strike down both the undergraduate and law school programs, Michigan could not develop different, “more individualized” admissions procedures to accomplish the same results. It is difficult to see how a procedure could be more individualized than the law school’s but, in any case, a ruling that struck down both Michigan programs but invited universities to construct different programs under peril of having these struck down in later decisions would provoke disastrous uncertainty in university admissions for years to come. On the other hand, a ruling that at least the law school program is acceptable would give greater stability to admissions programs than they have enjoyed since Bakke came under judicial attack some years ago. ↩
City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Company, 488 US 469 (1989). ↩
Hopwood v. Texas, 78 F. 3d 932, cert. denied, 116 S. Ct. 2581 (1996). ↩
See Barbara Grutter, Petitioner v. Lee Bollinger et al., Brief for the United States as Amicus Curiae Supporting Petitioner. ↩
See Brief for Amici Curiae 65 Leading American Businesses in Support of Respondents. ↩
See Brief for Lt. General Julius W. Becton Jr. et al., as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondents. ↩
Italics in original. ↩
The disadvantage that affirmative action plans cause white applicants is very often exaggerated. Barbara Grutter, the plaintiff in the law school case, would have had only a slightly greater chance of being admitted if no affirmative action plan had been in effect, and would very likely not have been admitted anyway. But no moral right of hers was violated even if she would have been admitted. ↩
For an elaboration of this distinction see Chapter 14 of my book A Matter of Principle (Harvard University Press, 1985). ↩
This question arises because, though four other justices in the Bakke case considered affirmative action programs like Michigan’s constitutional, they did not specifically rely on classroom diversity as a compelling goal. See “The Bakke Decision: Did It Decide Anything?” Since lower courts are bound by past Supreme Court rulings, the opinions of the Fifth Circuit in the Hopwood case and of the Sixth Circuit in these Michigan cases devoted much attention to the question whether, in those circumstances, Powell’s ruling counts as a decision by the Court. I would be surprised if Supreme Court justices worry much, in their forthcoming opinions, about the issue. ↩
For a report challenging some claimed educational benefits, see Stanley Rothman, “Is Diversity Overrated?” The New York Times, March 29, 2003, p. A11. The now well-known long-term study described by William G. Bowen and Derek Bok in their The Shape of the River: Long-Term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions (Princeton University Press, 1998) supports different conclusions. (I reviewed this book in these pages, October 22 and November 5, 1998, and Chapters 11 and 12 of my book Sovereign Virtue, Harvard University Press, 2000, are a revised version of the review.) ↩
See Kris Axtman, “Affirmative Action, Texas Style, Stirs Criticism,” The Christian Science Monitor, February 12, 2003, and studies cited there. The authors of the Texas plan themselves filed a brief insisting that it was not an adequate substitute for affirmative action. See Brief of the Authors of the Texas Ten Percent Plan as Amicus Curiae in Support of Respondents. ↩
See her opinion in Metro Broadcasting Inc. v. FCC, 497 US 547 (1990). ↩
Brief of Harvard University, Brown University, the University of Chicago, Dartmouth College, Duke University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University as Amici Curiae Supporting Respondents. ↩
I discuss O’Connor’s affirmative action opinions in detail in Chapter 12 of Sovereign Virtue. ↩
Croson, cited above, at 493. ↩
Metro Broadcasting, cited above. ↩
See Sovereign Virtue, Chapter 12. ↩
The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals has in fact held, in a ruling the Supreme Court declined to review, that black correctional officers could be given preference in promotion in an experimental “boot-camp” prison in which 60 percent of the inmates were black. See Wittmer v. Peters, 87 F. 3d 916 (1996). Judge Richard Posner made plain, in his opinion for that court, that he was limiting his ruling to these experimental prisons. ↩ | <urn:uuid:765274be-667d-4e1e-b250-4788fee6b6e6> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2003/05/15/the-court-and-the-university/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823462.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019194011-20171019214011-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.957651 | 5,473 | 2.84375 | 3 |
It is commonly assumed that solar hot water systems save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The net energy requirement of solar hot water systems has rarely been analysed, including their embodied energy. The extent to which solar hot water systems save energy compared to conventional systems in Melbourne, Australia, is shown through a comparative net energy analysis. It was shown that the embodied energy component of the net energy requirement of solar and conventional hot water systems was insignificant. The solar hot water systems provided a net energy saving compared to the conventional systems after 0.5–2 years, for electric- and gas-boosted systems respectively.
Field of Research
129999 Built Environment and Design not elsewhere classified
Socio Economic Objective
970112 Expanding Knowledge in Built Environment and Design
Every reasonable effort has been made to ensure that permission has been obtained for items included in DRO. If you believe that your rights have been infringed by this repository, please contact firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:d0ee2e48-34fc-4336-aa12-67d03832a0cc> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://dro.deakin.edu.au/view/DU:30002805 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928479.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00319-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941945 | 199 | 3.171875 | 3 |
In the complex world of drug development, the interaction between the various stakeholders is essential for the success of a project. A fundamental part of communication is a basic understanding of the problems, terminology and way of thinking of your team members and partners.
Traditionally, statisticians have a particular way of thinking, which is very different from the medical way. Distributions, probabilities and hypothesis testing – which are basic concepts in statistics – have no counterpart in the medical world, whereas adverse events, treatment decisions and comorbidities sound strange to a statistician. Consequently, statisticians think in mean values and standard deviations, whereas clinicians think in “individuals” – they know the exact blood pressure of “patient x” but only have a vague idea on the average age of their patients.
The planning phase of a project is crucial for its success, not only because decisions made in this phase will be valid throughout the life cycle, but also because of the strict requirements from regulatory authorities for granting market access (which must be taken into account). Today, clinical trial methodology offers a wide spectrum of tools not only to minimize the sample size of a single study, but also to reduce the time used for the whole development process. All possible study designs should be discussed in a very early stage of planning. The worst case for a study protocol, and a nightmare for statisticians, is being asked to perform a sample size calculation and complete the sections for statistical methodology two weeks before a planned submission of a protocol to the ethics committee.
Statistical input into a study protocol is not limited to sample size calculation, and the selection of appropriate statistical methods. It also includes input into the selection of the “best” endpoint (if not defined by regulatory guidelines), strategies for early stopping, seamless study designs, handling of multiplicity problems and ensuring that all regulatory requirements from a methodology point of view are fulfilled.
To take full advantage of the statistical input not only in the planning stage – but rather in all stages of drug development – a basic understanding of statistical methods is necessary. For example, in the case of multiple endpoints, a discussion on the hierarchy of endpoints – and associated hypotheses – is much more efficient if all partners understand why an adjustment of the error of probability is necessary and what the consequences for final interpretation of the trial results will be. Another example is the definition of stopping rules and understanding the interpretation of simulations a statistician might present.
Each partner in the drug development process should undertake some effort to understand the role each partner has in order to allow for a successful interaction.
Basic statistical principles are relatively easy concepts to understand and can be easily taught by statisticians to other members of the clinical team.
For more information, visit www.crosnt.com/cros-academy | <urn:uuid:21cdeaf1-52d9-4307-b674-25c696261a37> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.crosnt.com/value-basic-statistical-training-clinical-teams/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141749.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217055517-20200217085517-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.935342 | 569 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The maple, or acer as it is know botanically, is a genus of deciduous trees grown for its richly colored fall foliage and for shade canopies. Maple trees vary widely in canopy shape and height with Ohio State University stating that the trees grow up to 100 feet tall when mature, depending on the species and cultivar. Many maple trees have symmetrical and beautifully shaped canopies and require no pruning, save the removal of dead or diseased limbs. Others with less uniform canopies can tolerate some trimming and shaping to reduce size with less harm to the form.
Trim your maple trees in the winter or early spring when the tree is dormant before bud break and any new growth has appeared. For maples that bleed sap when pruned, such as sugar maple, prune in summer to lessen the messy and unsightly sap flow.
Place all trimming and pruning cuts on branches flush against the trunk just outside of the slightly swollen berm of the branch collar to protect the wound site from disease and insect infiltration.
Trim back all dead, split, broken, diseased or otherwise compromised wood within the canopy. Place the cuts on the bias just below the damage into healthy wood. Pull the cuttings out of the canopy and burn, chip and compost, burn or otherwise discard them. Refrain from chipping and composting disease-laden wood.
Thin the interior of the canopy to allow sunlight penetration and airflow if it seems congested. Trim down all branches that cross and abrade one another to prevent damage and disease entry points. Place each cut on the bias down to a lateral or outward facing twig, branch or leaf axil or down to the parent branch.
Trim down the branch tips when absolutely necessary to prevent interference with utility lines, structures or other trees. Reduce the size of the canopy or alter the shape as desired, hewing as much as possible to the natural form of the tree. Remove no more than one-third of the canopy tissue in any trimming or pruning session to prevent stress and shock. | <urn:uuid:7b4e0399-1ffe-42dc-9b53-10b53357e77a> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.gardenguides.com/99365-trimming-maple-trees.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542323.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00207-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909455 | 430 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Filter by Topic
For more than 2000 years, embryologists, biologists, and philosophers have studied and detailed the processes that follow fertilization. The fertilized egg proliferates into cells that begin to separate into distinct, identifiable zones that will eventually become adult structures through the process of morphogenesis. As the cells continue to multiply, patterns form and cells begin to differentiate, and eventually commit to their fate.
Biologist William Keith Brooks studied embryological development in invertebrates and used his results as evidence for theories of evolution and ancestral heredity. He founded a marine biological laboratory where his and others' embryological studies took place. Later in life, Brooks became head of the Biology Department at Johns Hopkins University where he helped shape the minds of leading embryologists.
Paul Kammerer conducted experiments on amphibians and marine animals at the Vivarium, a research institute in Vienna, Austria, in the early twentieth century. Kammerer bred organisms in captivity, and he induced them to develop particular adaptations, which Kammerer claimed the organismss offspring would inherit. Kammerer argued that his results demonstrated the inheritance of acquired characteristics, or Lamarckian inheritance. The Lamarckian theory of inheritance posits that individuals transmit acquired traits to their offspring.
In the early twentieth century, Paul Kammerer, a zoologist working at the Vivarium in Vienna, Austria, experimented on sea-squirts (Ciona intestinalis). Kammerer claimed that results from his experiments demonstrated that organisms could transmit characteristics that they had acquired in their lifetimes to their offspring. Kammerer conducted breeding experiments on sea-squirts and other organisms at a time when Charles Darwin's 1859 theory of evolution lacked evidence to explain how offspring inherited traits from their parents. | <urn:uuid:2ed59c0e-ec71-4c32-b12f-2054b6ccad4b> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://embryo.asu.edu/search?text=tunicate | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880014.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022170349-20201022200349-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.945664 | 354 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Despite there being several pathways leading toobesity , there is evidence that binge eating maybe an important contributor to its development .Excessive food consumption without compensationincreases the risk for the development of obesity,which in turn is associated with numerous complications . Obesity has been found to develop several years after the onset of binge eating, andindividuals who were overweight prior to the onsetof binge eating tend to gain even more weight during adulthood .Binge eating is defined as eating a larger amountof food than normal during a short period of time(within any 2‐hour period) and, during this time,experiencing a loss of control over eating.
|Titolo della pubblicazione ospite||Advanced nutrition and dietetics in obesity|
|Numero di pagine||7|
|Stato di pubblicazione||Published - 2018|
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes | <urn:uuid:9975b6fe-5346-4d5e-8cc5-af61891cf0fc> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://pure.unipa.it/it/publications/binge-eating-and-obesity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370494331.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329105248-20200329135248-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.914029 | 188 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Recounted in a biography written by Eugippius, Saint Severinus’s peregrinations along the Danubian frontier illustrate different stages of coping with a growing insecurity on a frontier that was gradually abandoned by Roman forces and harassed by small tribes roaming the area.
First, there is the gradual recognition that imperial forces were not what they used to be. The tangible presence of the empire was disappearing, and the towns were losing their main security providers. “So long as the Roman dominion lasted, soldiers were maintained in many towns at the public expense to guard the boundary wall. When this custom ceased, the squadrons of soldiers and the boundary wall were blotted out together.” But the gradual withdrawal of Roman troops did not seem to have had a shocking impact on the locals, who perhaps did not notice immediately that their security required the presence of armed men. Indeed, few consider how security and deterrence are maintained while peace reigns.
The Roman troop at Batavis (modern day Passau), however, held out. The place was itself a military base rather than a town; located on the confluence of two important rivers, the Danube and the Inn, it occupied important strategic real estate that most likely was deemed more valuable than other towns east of it. It was a remnant of a string of military outposts, and the soldiers there seemed to be severed from the bulk of the legions. At some point, “some soldiers of this troop had gone to Italy to fetch the final pay to their comrades.” They did not make it far because the barbarians marauding in the area killed them. For a while no one was aware of this massacre, but “one day, as Saint Severinus was reading in his cell, he suddenly closed the book and began to sigh greatly and to weep. He ordered the bystanders to run out with haste to the river, which he declared was in that hour besprinkled with human blood; and straightway word was brought that the bodies of the soldiers mentioned above had been brought to land by the current of the river.”
That was a shock.
The role of these few Roman soldiers was first and foremost one of reassurance. They could not have defended the small towns in case of a prolonged barbarian assault. They also did not maintain the safety of the surrounding areas, leaving it open to small but frequent barbarians incursions — and as the violent end of the few soldiers heading to obtain the overdue pay indicates, they could not even protect their own forces. Finally, these scarce imperial forces certainly did not serve as a “tripwire” because it was unlikely that, in case of a barbarian attack on them, Roman legions would have marched north in retaliation. In brief, they did not deter the barbarians. But they were there to reassure the locals. They were good enough to reassure, even if not good enough to deter and defend. And that is why when imperial forces melted away the locals were discouraged.
Second, after the reassuring presence of imperial might has vanished, the next stage does not include calls for defense or balancing or stronger walls. No. It is the stage of disbelief and self-delusion. As Roman power waned, the locals comforted themselves with the delusion that the threats did not exist or, if they did, that the menace was not great. Perhaps the enemies would seek other targets. Perhaps the walls would suffice. Perhaps the barbarians liked peace and commerce as much as they did. Perhaps they would just go away. Perhaps they would peacefully blend in. The list of possible justifications for this delusion is as long as it is wrong.
In the first town he visited, Asturis, Severinus warned the population that the enemy was indeed near and dangerous. They should repent, he told them. They should pray and fast, and they should unite by abandoning the search for the selfish fulfillment of material desires. Of course, as was to be expected from a complacent and materially satisfied polity, Severinus was laughed out of town.
People who are deluded — and do not see higher reasons for their own existence — will gladly justify their material self-satisfaction. Severinus left “in haste from a stubborn town that shall swiftly perish.” And perish Asturis did.
Third, in the next town, Comagenis, Severinus had more luck — the locals were on their next stage of grief. Because one man escaped from Asturis bringing the terrible news, the people of Comagenis could no longer ignore the hard fact that the barbarians were near and in search of destruction.
They recognized that security was a creation of force, not a self-sustaining reality.
But even before the technical question of how to defend themselves, the locals needed a reason to do it. They needed what Roman troops, however scant, had provided before: some reassurance. And this was Severinus’s greatest contribution: he reassured the local populations. He supplied the surviving towns with a firm motivation to resist and defend themselves, a reassurance that defense was worthwhile. With his presence the frontier “castles felt no danger. The trusty cuirass of fasting, and praiseworthy humility of heart, with the aid of the prophet, had armed them boldly against the fierceness of the enemy.”
This stage of geopolitical grief can be productive because it is characterized by the nascent desire to engage in the competition at hand. Security, these frontier towns realized, was not guaranteed by impersonal forces, but needed to be underwritten by somebody. And they had to do it themselves.
The problem at this stage is that the passage from delusion and panic to the desire to produce indigenous defense is not automatic. Before the “how” and the “where” of defending oneself, it is necessary to have a clear and firm answer to the “why.” A polity can have all the technical marvels, logistical supplies, and tactical skills, but without a strong motivation to defend itself they will all be useless. A castellum can be architecturally pleasing and surrounded by thick walls, but if the people inside it do not know who they are and why they should fight, it is as undefended as a wide open field.
In one of the Danubian towns, the local commander Mamertinus was concerned that the forces at his disposal were insufficient. (He was also future bishop — a pattern that replicated itself elsewhere in the decaying western Roman Empire. Bishops quickly became the main city authorities, caring not only for the spiritual life but also for the material survival of their flocks.) Mamertinus told Severinus: “I have soldiers, a very few. But I dare not contend with such a host of enemies. However, if thou commandest it, venerable father, though we lack the aid of weapons yet we believe that through thy prayers we shall be victorious.” Material capabilities are important, indeed essential; yet motivation and morale is even more so. Severinus stiffened their spines. Go out and engage the enemy, he told them. “Even if thy soldiers are unarmed, they shall now be armed from the enemy. For neither numbers nor fleshly courage is required, when everything proves that God is our champion.” Mamertinus’s troops went out, found some of the barbarians, attacked, and succeeded in routing most of them while obtaining a stash of their abandoned weapons. | <urn:uuid:92464da5-08fd-46fa-a5c9-3416b7038d01> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.isegoria.net/category/war/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174159.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00515-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983884 | 1,541 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Eye floaters are tiny spots, specks, lines or shapes that enter into your field of vision, appearing to float in front of the eye. They may seem like distant objects, but they are actually the shadows of cells and fibers inside the vitreous, or gel-like portion of the eye.
Floaters are most often isolated occurrences that are a perfectly normal part of vision. However, if they become more frequent, and are accompanied by eye flashes – bursts or streaks of light similar to the “stars” you may see after taking a blow to the head – this may be a sign of an impending retinal detachment. This is very serious and should be brought to the attention of an eye care professional.
What Causes Eye Floaters and Eye Flashes?
The vitreous gel may shrink, forming tiny clumps in the eye. These clumps cast shadows onto the retina, and the resulting forms and shapes are referred to eye floaters.
Sometimes during the process of the vitreous shrinking, it remains partially attached to the retina, and tugs on it. The resulting movement of the retina’s nerve cells can cause eye flashes.
Symptoms of Eye Floaters and Eye Flashes
- Visible appearance of black shapes and lines
- Usually wisp-like shapes that go away almost immediately
- Visible bursts or streaks of light
- May be one burst in one area, or several over a wide area
Treatments for Eye Floaters and Eye Flashes
Most of the time, eye floaters are not a sign of anything harmful, and simply looking up or down can move them out of your field of vision.
However, if they are accompanied by eye flashes, it may be a sign of retinal detachment, a serious condition that can lead to severe vision loss. For this reason, it’s recommended that anyone who experiences eye flashes schedule an exam with their eye care professional immediately. | <urn:uuid:55718076-fb83-4ed6-a582-61ee6b418616> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.bausch.com/your-eye-concerns/diseases-and-disorders/eye-floaters-and-eye-flashes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009825.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00013-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950943 | 400 | 3.375 | 3 |
New report flags five actions to develop a low-carbon livestock sector
Rome/Madrid – The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has published a new report that lays out five practical actions for establishing “low-carbon livestock” and calls on countries to invest in innovations that lower livestock greenhouse gas emissions and ensure future food security.
Livestock systems emit nearly 15 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, and if action is not taken, these emissions will only continue to rise as the demand for animal products grows.
“Livestock are often viewed as a ‘problem’ in the context of climate change, but low-carbon livestock can actually be an essential part of the global solution,” said FAO Assistant Director-General Bukar Tijani.
The International Goat Association promotes goat research and development for the benefit of humankind, to alleviate poverty, to promote prosperity and to improve the quality of life. | <urn:uuid:bf4512ab-fcfd-4649-8e86-e4506c24bdb0> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.iga-goatworld.com/blog/low-carbon-livestock-can-help-tackle-climate-change-and-boost-food-security | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710533.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128135348-20221128165348-00285.warc.gz | en | 0.890064 | 225 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Culture (/ˈkʌltʃər/) is the social behavior and norms found in human societies. Culture is considered a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. Some aspects of human behavior, social practices such as culture, expressive forms such as art, music, dance, ritual, and religion, and technologies such as tool usage, cooking, shelter, and clothing are said to be cultural universals, found in all human societies. The concept of material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization(including practices of political organization and social institutions), mythology, philosophy, literature (both written and oral), and science comprise the intangible cultural heritageof a society.
In the humanities, one sense of culture as an attribute of the individual has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication in the arts, sciences, education, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been seen to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also found in class-based distinctions between a high culture of the social elite and a low culture, popular culture, or folk culture of the lower classes, distinguished by the stratified access to cultural capital. In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as body modification, clothing or jewelry. Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of consumer culture that emerged in the 20th century. Some schools of philosophy, such as Marxism and critical theory, have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness, and such perspectives are common in the discipline of cultural studies. In the wider social sciences, the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions.
When used as a count noun, a "culture" is the set of customs, traditions, and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. Culture is the set of knowledge acquired over time. In this sense, multiculturalism values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same planet. Sometimes "culture" is also used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society, a subculture (e.g. "bro culture"), or a counterculture. Within cultural anthropology, the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism holds that cultures cannot easily be objectively ranked or evaluated because any evaluation is necessarily situated within the value system of a given culture. Yet within philosophy, this stance of cultural relativism is undermined and made inapplicable since such value judgement is itself a product of a given culture. | <urn:uuid:03dbb61e-1607-4fd6-9e60-fdd38782d1cb> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://cofture.blogspot.com/2018/01/culture.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315618.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820200701-20190820222701-00518.warc.gz | en | 0.945819 | 606 | 3.765625 | 4 |
- Project plans
- Project activities
- Legislation and standards
- Industry context
Last edited 02 Oct 2018
In general, the term ‘agile’ means the ability to move swiftly and with ease. In construction, it can be used to describe items of plant that are specified for certain tasks due to being particularly capable of operating quickly and easily.
More specifically though, agile can relate to a method of project management, often known as ‘Agile construction’. This is a process developed from agile manufacturing and project management, particularly that developed by the Toyota Production System, and applied to construction with the intention of dividing tasks and activities into short work phases, allowing productivity to be measured and improved. Agile construction techniques include prefabrication and supply chain management.
Agile construction utilises real-time input from the source of the work information to measure productivity and provide feedback. This allows for changes to be made each time the process is repeated to improve upon it and remove the elements that are inefficient, unproductive or wasteful. This means that a contractor is able to rapidly adapt to changes both on- and off-site, increase accuracy, and ultimately provide better value to the client.
Agile thinking tends to be innovative, responsive and flexible and focusses on delivering value. It is a positive mindset that does not condemn failure but uses it to generate feedback.
Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki
Featured articles and news
A vision for digital highways
Finding stone to conserve historic buildings.
If it is not planned properly even a simple activity can kill.
A disgruntled or ignored stakeholder can easily derail your hard work.
Next generation cementitious materials
Still going strong...one of the great buildings of the 20th century.
Review of the bible for heritage assets and their management.
The David Lloyd Lymington Sports Village was 'Commended' in CIAT's 2018 AT Awards.
How do we make the smart city a reality?
Sir Nicholas Grimshaw has been awarded the UK’s highest honour for architecture.
Protecting the construction industry from Brexit.
Conceiving buildings collaboratively, testing them virtually.
Effective collaboration in post-disaster response and recovery | <urn:uuid:f9afa0cb-0ebc-4e41-a8dd-b2adb3f0c7d1> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Agile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247491141.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219183054-20190219205054-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.923191 | 453 | 2.921875 | 3 |
What is Telemedicine?
You are here:
What is Telemedicine?
This figure illustrates how telemedicine is working. A patient measures his blood pressure at the morning breakfast. The blood pressure measuring device is equipped with a "sender", which automatically and wireless transmits the measurements to a database. Thereby innovative transmission techniques in the telecommunications are used (thus: telemedicine).
In a telemedical centre the telemedical personal diagnosing in time the blood pressure values and similar health parameters (such as weight or ECG). If something has changed, they contact the patient – in this way abnormal findings can be detected early and a medical treatment can be initiated in time. In focus: In contrast to the presence medicine, the spatial distance between patient and therapist will be overcome by using telecommunications (e.g. mobile or internet) in telemedicine.
In focus: In contrast to the presence medicine, the spatial distance between patient and therapist will be overcome by using telecommunications (e.g. mobile or internet) in telemedicine.
Which forms of telemedicine exist?
- Telemedicine benefits from doctors intercommunication transmitting patient data and obtaining a second opinion and knowledge exchange ("doc2doc" telemedicine). It is used in medical qualification, particularly in complicated cases or in remote areas.
- Telemedicine is also used in direct cooperation between doctors and patients ("doc2patient" tele-medicine). Thereby especially health values will be monitored, if needed diagnoses and therapies will be provided.
The second-mentioned form of telemedicine is the daily task of the patient and the medical staff of a telemedicial center. Our telemedical center is staffed by qualified physicians and specialized nurses. Specialists provide the diagnoses for unusual measurements and coordinate necessary actions: normally they inform the patient and his supervising GP or specialist doctor. If his supervising GP or specialist doctor is not available (e.g. on the weekend), the telemedical physician leads a therapy himself (such as dose adjustments of drugs). In the acute emergency they can immediately send an ambulance and can support the initial actions by phone (e.g. cardiopulmonary resuscitation or ECG measurement, while the ECG measurement is transmitted over any period in real time at the telemedicine center). | <urn:uuid:40821058-c1cb-4175-811a-c814af881a00> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://telemedizin.charite.de/en/centre/what_is_telemedicine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737050.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200807000315-20200807030315-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.892528 | 485 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Sir James George Frazer (18541941). The Golden Bough. 1922.
thou divine cereal, do thou nourish the people. I now partake of thee. I worship thee and give thee thanks. After having thus prayed, they, the worshippers, take a cake and eat it, and from this time the people may all partake of the new millet. And so with many gestures of homage and words of prayer this kind of food is dedicated to the well-being of the Ainu. No doubt the cereal offering is regarded as a tribute paid to a god, but that god is no other than the seed itself; and it is only a god in so far as it is beneficial to the human body.
At the close of the rice harvest in the East Indian island of Buru, each clan meets at a common sacramental meal, to which every member of the clan is bound to contribute a little of the new rice. This meal is called eating the soul of the rice, a name which clearly indicates the sacramental character of the repast. Some of the rice is also set apart and offered to the spirits. Amongst the Alfoors of Minahassa, in Celebes, the priest sows the first rice-seed and plucks the first ripe rice in each field. This rice he roasts and grinds into meal, and gives some of it to each of the household. Shortly before the rice-harvest in Boland Mongondo, another district of Celebes, an offering is made of a small pig or a fowl. Then the priest plucks a little rice, first on his own field and next on those of his neighbours. All the rice thus plucked by him he dries along with his own, and then gives it back to the respective owners, who have it ground and boiled. When it is boiled the women take it back, with an egg, to the priest, who offers the egg in sacrifice and returns the rice to the women. Of this rice every member of the family, down to the youngest child, must partake. After this ceremony every one is free to get in his rice.
Amongst the Burghers or Badagas, a tribe of the Neilgherry Hills in Southern India, the first handful of seed is sown and the first sheaf reaped by a Curumbar, a man of a different tribe, the members of which the Burghers regard as sorcerers. The grain contained in the first sheaf is that day reduced to meal, made into cakes, and, being offered as a first-fruit oblation, is, together with the remainder of the sacrificed animal, partaken of by the Burgher and the whole of his family, as the meat of a federal offering and sacrifice. Among the Hindoos of Southern India the eating of the new rice is the occasion of a family festival called Pongol. The new rice is boiled in a new pot on a fire which is kindled at noon on the day when, according to Hindoo astrologers, the sun enters the tropic of Capricorn. The boiling of the pot is watched with great anxiety by the whole family, for as the milk boils, so will the coming year be. If the milk boils rapidly, the year will be prosperous; but it will be the reverse if the milk boils slowly. Some of the new boiled rice is offered to the image of Ganesa; then every one partakes of it. In some parts of Northern India the festival of the new crop is known as Navan, that is, new grain. When the crop is ripe, the owner takes the omens, goes to the field, plucks five or six ears of barley in the spring crop and one of the millets in the autumn harvest. This is brought home, parched, and mixed with coarse sugar, butter, and curds. Some of it is thrown | <urn:uuid:5e79c9da-ffa5-4f64-b941-1e27380838ab> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.bartleby.com/196/pages/page482.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297195.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00169-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97069 | 805 | 2.734375 | 3 |
MLAs throughout Alberta have made it clear a small number of engaged citizens reaching out on issues has a big impact on them. We encourage all teachers to reach out to their MLAs about issues that are important to them.
This is a short guide on how to connect with your MLA about the issues important to you.
Phone calls: A call to a constituency office is a great way to let an MLA know you are engaged in an issue, although it is difficult to speak with your MLA directly. You generally leave your concerns with a staffer.
Meeting your MLA: Arranging a meeting with your MLA is incredibly effective, but difficult to arrange.
Writing Letters/Emails: This is considered the best way to make sure your MLA sees your concerns - volume is crucial! The more letters from more people, the better the result!
MLA Letter Ideas
Find out who your MLA is! Find out who your school’s MLA is!
Where do you stand on the issues? What is important to you?
Write to your MLA about one issue that is important to you. Examples include:
How to write your MLA a letter -
To make things easier, we've written out some template emails regarding class size, class complexity, and even if your classroom is doing okay but you still want to engage with your MLA.
Template #1 - Class size
My classroom concerns are related to class size. My class size this year is 28; it should be 25. That seems like a small difference, but in a classroom, it makes for a significant difference in instruction, management, and time spent with each student. Twenty-eight students is twenty-eight children I need to make sure I greet in a meaningful way each day. Twenty-eight children I need to check in with, to find out what is going on in their lives and evaluate their readiness to learn. It is extra desks in the classroom space, with less room to move and explore. It is extra books in the classroom library, and extra computers when working with modern technology. It means less time for each student with me, and less time for me to connect with each of them. When discussing class size, it is not about the number; it is about the students’ needs, learning, achievement, and success. It means less time to meet students at their level, and more time teaching to the class, not the student. I ask you, as my MLA, to please support our students and help put them in the best environment for success and achievement.
(Note: K-3 classes should have 17 students, Grades 4-6 should have 23, Jr. High is 25, and High School is 27.)
Template #2 - Complex classroom
My classroom concerns are about the complex needs of students in the classroom. My classroom has students with a variety of backgrounds, experiences and learning needs. The more complex the classroom, the harder it is to meet those needs. This year I have students with learning disabilities, behaviour needs, students who need help with language, physical therapy, occupational therapy, mental health and medical needs. All of these students need to have these needs met as well as learn the curriculum. The more complex the class, the more students who need these supports. These supports include time for me to meet with the people who help my students, such as the learning support teacher, parents, case workers, therapists and medical professionals; professional development time to learn strategies to support my students; and time with my educational assistant to plan for my students together. It means having access to those services, especially in rural schools. My complex class needs support for students to learn and achieve success and I need your support so I can better advocate for my students.
Template #3 - Everything is good.
My classroom concerns are about making sure what is happening in my classroom this year continues every year. My classroom this year is fantastic. I have 24 students in my grade 7 classroom, a small group of students with complex needs, and an educational assistant half of the day to support my students. Because of these factors, I am able to meet the needs of all of my students. I can spend time with each of them, make sure they have the supports they need, and monitor their success effectively. I can make sure to build a connection with each student, and spend time working with my students with complex needs. I still need time to meet and plan with my educational assistant, time to meet with specialists about my students' needs, and adequate support for arts, music, physical education, as well as other programs that make a school a successful community. I wanted to write to let you know why my class is successful, and how important it is to make sure all students in classrooms across the province have the same chance to achieve success. Your advocacy in this is appreciated.
1. How do I find out who my MLA is?
If you go to Elections Alberta's website and type in your home address, you will be able to locate your MLA and find out about your constituency. Alternatively, you can call the government's toll-free information line at 310-0000 and ask the operator to connect you to your MLA's office.
2. What are an MLA's obligations to his or her constituents?
Your MLA or MLA's staff should listen to your concerns. If they cannot help you, they should direct you to the government agency that can best help you. MLAs spend a significant amount of time on casework--helping a person or family resolve a particular problem, which can be anything from showing them how to apply for a health benefit to representing an injured employee at a Workers' Compensation Board hearing. MLAs are also notary publics and, as such, have the authority to sign official documents such as immigration papers.
3. What can I do if my MLA won't help me?
Often, a constituent raises an issue that cannot be solved by an MLA. For example, a student struggling to pay high tuition cannot expect an MLA to reduce that tuition. However, whether the MLA is from the party in power or an opposition member, he or she has is obliged to listen and to take the constituent's concerns to the legislature.
If you believe that your concern is within the scope of an MLA's authority and he or she still won't help you, you have a few options open to you. If you are dissatisfied with your MLA, you can take your issue to an opposition MLA, or you can contact a government ministry. As a last resort, you can ask the provincial ombudsman to intervene. Visit the website of the Office of the Ombudsman or call the ombudsman at 310-0000.
4. What if I'm part of a group trying to directly influence government policy?
Concerted group action goes a long way to raising an issue's profile. Attracting media attention also helps. If you are staging a public event, such as a rally, try to hold it between 10 am and 2 pm, to allow reporters to attend and to meet their deadlines. Also, notify the media of the event the day before.
A more formal method is to make a presentation to a policy field committee. You can schedule a presentation through the committee chair. A list of the current policy field committees is available.
5. Can I watch the government in action?
If you want to watch question period in person, you can get a seat in the visitors' gallery simply by showing up at the legislature before 1:20 pm. The show starts at 1:30 pm and continues until approximately 3:00 pm. To guarantee a seat in the gallery, contact your MLA and ask to be on his or her guest list. You can also watch debates on bills or motions and sometimes departmental budgets, which start after question period.
ACCESS television broadcasts question period live. If you can't get to the legislature or watch the proceedings on TV, you can consult Alberta Hansard, which is a transcript of everything said and done in the legislature. You can read Hansard online by visiting the Legislative Assembly of Alberta website and looking for "Assembly Documents and Records." | <urn:uuid:c419f535-cea5-43ac-a8a6-9db9678f88bc> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://local19.teachers.ab.ca/Political%20Advocacy/Pages/Engaging-with-your-MLA.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103671290.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630092604-20220630122604-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.968717 | 1,749 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
The Zollikon Seminars were a series of philosophical seminars delivered between 1959 and 1969 by the German philosopher Martin Heidegger at the home of Swiss psychiatrist Medard Boss. The topic of the seminars was Heidegger's ontology and phenomenology as it pertained to the theory and praxis of medicine, psychology, psychiatry and psychotherapy. The protocols of the seminars, along with correspondences between Heidegger and Boss, were published in German in 1987 under the title Zollikoner Seminare, Protokolle- Gersprache- Briefe Herausgegeben von Medard Boss. The English version of the text was published in 2001.
Boss was a psychoanalytic psychiatrist trained within the framework of natural scientific medicine. During active military duty as a field doctor during World War II (which "all Swiss men who were not psychologically impaired were required to do"), Boss read Heidegger's dense and often complicated text, Being and Time. He initially remarked that he "understood almost none of its content". Yet, as a psychiatrist, Boss was captivated by the ideas, which he evaluated as "fundamentally new, unheard of insights into the human being's way of existing in the world", and was intrigued by the author. Following World War II, Boss inquired about Heidegger, at which he was informed about Heidegger's participation in the Nazi Party and was discouraged from entertaining Heidegger's philosophy. However, Boss attempted to distinguish between Heidegger's philosophy and Heidegger's character, and, after evaluating the former, decided to write Heidegger a letter. In 1947, Boss wrote Heidegger, asking him to clarify some of his philosophical ideas. To Boss's surprise, Heidegger replied. For the next twelve years, Boss and Heidegger corresponded about by mail and personal visits. Boss, though, "did not feel it proper to be the only one benfitting from frequent meetings with a great thinker." With Heidegger's permission, Boss opened up their discussions with colleagues and students, beginning the Zollikon Seminars.
The Zollikon Seminars were conducted intermittently, "two to three times per semester", between 1959 and 1969. Boss noted that Heidegger dedicated three hours a night, two nights a week to the task, and typically spent the day before preparing the lectures. Typically, fifty to seventy of Boss's psychiatric colleagues and students were invited to the lectures.
The first seminar was on 8 September 1959 in the auditorium of the Burghölzli Clinic at University of Zurich. Heidegger included in his introductory lecture a brief explication of Da-sein, "the basic constitution of human being" as "being-in-the-world". He also offered to the students a radical diversion from conventional Cartesian epistemology, namely "all objectifying representations of a capsule-like psyche, subject, person, ego or consciousness in psychology and psychopathology must be abandoned in favor of a new understanding." Boss observed at this time that the modern, technological conveniences of the lecture hall were ill-fitting for Heidegger's thought, so the remainder of the seminars were held at Boss's home.
The first lecture was documented only as a result of Heidegger's notes. The lectures given between 1960 and 1964 do not appear to have been recorded; they are absent from the Zollikon Seminars text. The subsequent lectures, given between 24 January 1964 until the end were transcribed verbatim (though possibly not in their entirety) or condensed.
Boss observed that the initial sessions were extremely difficult. He likened Heidegger's attempt to discuss his philosophy with medically trained doctors and students "as if a man from Mars were visiting a group of earth-dwellers and trying to communicate with them." Boss also noted that many of Heidegger's questions about the human being (and the human kind of being), existence, space, time, and so on were answered with prolonged periods of silence, or worse, "shock or even outrage" that the questions were being asked in the first place. As late as 1964, even Heidgger still conceded difficulty. In the lecture dated 9 July 1964, Heidegger said, "The last seminar rather was a failure. However, the difficulty lies in the subject matter itself...which is being itself." Yet, Boss was consistently sympathetic to Heidegger's task, which he described as "Sisyphean, of "giving my friends, colleagues, and students a sound philosophical foundation for the medical practice." Neither Heidegger nor the seminar students "grew tired" of the material and worked to "achieve a common ground in their thinking.
The last of the Zollikon Seminars was held in July, 1969. Boss observed that with his "conscience as a doctor" he could no longer expect Heidegger, growing in age and declining in physical ability, to prepare and participate in the seminars. Boss and Heidegger agreed to continue corresponding via mail, and Boss visited Heidegger's home in Freiburg as both their schedules allowed. In one of his last documented letters (dated 21 February 1971), Heidegger congratulated Boss on an award granted him by the American Psychological Association. He also encouraged Boss to continue with many of the ideas discussed in the seminars and suggested several of his own texts, but also dissuaded Boss from reading any of "the literature on Heidegger". After that, Heidegger retired to his Black Forest cabin and "limited his visits and letters." Heidegger died in 1976, though before his death he contributed to and edited Boss's text Existential Foundations of Medicine and Psychology, published in 1979. Boss died in 1990.
- 24 or 28 January 1964
Why can't there be something real that is not susceptible to exact measurement? Why not sorrow, for example?
- 2 November 1964
The basic character of nature represented by the natural sciences is conformity to law. Calculability is a consequence of this conformity to law. Of all that is, only that which is measurable and quantifiable is taken into account.
- 18 January 1965
The nature of being sick cannot be adequately grasped without a sufficient determination of being healthy...It is an ontological phenomenon, that is, it refers to a possibility of being and not merely to the logic of a propositional negation.
- 11 May 1965
But are the connections between psyche and soma something psychological, something somatic, or neither one or the other? We wind up in a dead end, which shows you better than anything else how essential the question of method is.
- 6 July 1965
In Greek and medieval thought, the concept of an object and of objectivity did not yet exist. Objectivity is a definite modification of the presence of things...Modern science rests on the transformation of the experience of the presence of beings into objectivity.
- 23 November 1965
Daseinanalysis is ontic. The analytic of Dasein is ontological.
Heidegger, M. (2001). Zollikon Seminars. Protocols- Conversations-Letters. M. Boss (ed.). R. Askay & F. Mayr (trs.). Northwestern University Press: Evanston, Illinois.
Wilberg, P. Heidegger, Medicine and Scientific Method - The Unheeded Message of the Zollikon Seminars
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).| | <urn:uuid:a8104c8c-b17b-4af3-8244-81627ba5d336> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Zollikon_Seminars?direction=prev&oldid=153662 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398457697.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205417-00274-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965506 | 1,564 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Currently, there are a few plastic recycling techniques that are widely used, with differing results. For example, plastic bags are a huge contributor to the plastic waste stream – Waste Management, a trash collection company, estimates that over one billion plastic bags are used each year in the US alone. Even more shockingly, each plastic bag is used for, on average, less than one hour. Currently, the most common way to recycle plastic bags is by compressing them into composite lumber or small pellets, which can be used for building materials. While this is an excellent way to reuse single-use plastic, this plastic still is not biodegradable.
In contrast, the "flash Joule heating" method turns plastic into graphene, which is highly recyclable and very stable. Graphene itself is incredibly strong and stretchy – 200 times stronger than steel. Graphene is a single layer form of graphite, a naturally occurring carbon-based mineral that is commonly found as pencil lead. Typically, graphite is mined and then mechanically processed in order to separate its layers, forming graphene. However, obtaining graphite can be expensive. By directly generating graphene from plastic waste, it is possible to reduce its production cost. Importantly, a reduced production cost can lead to broad implementation of graphene use outside of academic research – with lower production costs, graphene can be added to concrete, rubber, or asphalt to improve strength and performance. Innovations like this will likely make graphene much more widely available for commercial use.
In addition to reducing graphene production costs, using plastic to generate graphene has significant environmental impacts as well. First, high levels of pollution are caused by graphite mining. Generating graphene directly from plastic could disrupt the graphite supply chain, thereby decreasing mining activity and reducing pollution caused by mining. Second, this graphene production technique has the capability to transform landfills by reducing plastic waste. While graphene biodegradability is still being studied, research suggests that graphene can be broken down within a few months, which is much faster than other common plastics. Ultimately, direct laboratory production of graphene has the potential to make a huge environmental impact.
Flash joule heating is actually a fairly simple process that involves running a large current through plastic materials. Joule heating is a commonly used heating technique. If you've used an iron, you've seen Joule heating in action. When a current is passed through a conductive material, like the metal of an iron, it quickly generates heat. Flash joule heating just means that, rather than building up heat over time, a large initial current is passed through the material, which causes an intense burst of heat. In the case of plastic waste, with the right conditions, this intense heat can actually cause chemical transformations.
Read the original article on Salon. | <urn:uuid:98212f75-814e-4f2c-9954-5aeb69550177> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://statnano.com/news/68753/Plastic-Trash-Can-Now-Be-Recycled-Into-Ultra-strong-Graphene | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152168.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727010203-20210727040203-00578.warc.gz | en | 0.954176 | 567 | 4.1875 | 4 |
The impact of mass migration has hit headlines around the world in recent months, but according to the World Bank, the benefits of large-scale immigration could drive forward the global economy in the coming decades.
In a major new report — released to coincide with the start of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund's annual meetings, this year taking place in Lima, Peru — the bank argues that the current mass migration happening throughout the world can be a major driver for the global economy in years to come.
The report, titled Development Goals in an Era of Demographic Change argues that the current pattern of mass migration can "reshape economic development for decades and, while posing challenges, offers a path to ending extreme poverty and shared prosperity"
In a statement, World Bank President Jim Yong Kim said "With the right set of policies, this era of demographic change can be an engine of economic growth... If countries with aging populations can create a path for refugees and migrants to participate in the economy, everyone benefits.
"Most of the evidence suggests that migrants will work hard and contribute more in taxes than they consume in social services.”
Last week, in a blog originally published by the Washington Post, Kim discussed his roots as a migrant: "In 1964, I came to the United States from South Korea, then an extremely poor developing country that most experts, including those at the World Bank, had written off as having little hope for economic growth"
He added that there are huge economic benefits, as well as humanitarian ones: "Countries that welcome refugees, and help other countries to productively host them, will be doing the right thing — both for our fellow human beings who are suffering and for the global economy."
Hundreds of thousands of migrants have fled from the Middle East into Europe in recent months, and scenes of migrants crammed onto trains and walking along motorways trying to find safety are burned into the public consciousness.
There has been much debate about impact these refugees could have on the global economy, as well as national economies. This week, British home secretary Theresa May made a speech at the Conservative party conference that questioned positive economic impact of immigration, saying that mass migration has "close to zero" economic upside. | <urn:uuid:19c342c8-1997-4141-bdac-a245dab0fd10> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.businessinsider.com/world-bank-report-on-the-economic-impact-of-immigration-2015-10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279468.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00573-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959265 | 448 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Compiling of scientific reviews is an art that requires not only a certain amount of knowledge in the chosen field but also creative talents and writing skills. It is important to compose not just an article which would contain some general data from various sources. Your task is to make a scientific analysis which would be useful for readers.
If you do not know how to write a review paper, an example created by an experienced author can provide answers to many questions. Also, it is worth studying the general rules of work with this genre.
Subject and audience of the review
The topic should be relevant and interesting not only to you but also to a wide range of readers. It should clearly indicate the problem. There is no sense in writing a broad-based paper. You simply cannot disclose all important issues in one article.
A text that is too long can tire the reader. There is no scientific achievement in copying the extensive list of facts from Wikipedia or rewriting the chapters from an encyclopedia. Professional paper review examples are appreciated by the audience for the opportunity to learn the most important information quickly.
If the reader will want to deepen into the topic, he will study the sources you indicated. But right now it is important for him to find out the very essence. The scientific style does not provide for the use of "decorations" characteristic of the artistic works. Thus, there should not be a single superfluous word in your paper.
You have to study a lot of sources to select the most interesting and important data. Please note that not all information provided on Internet resources is reliable. It is worth using official search services that provide the access to scientific articles. Read both classic works on the topic of interest and new researches. The information is constantly updated, but it is important to rely only on the verified data.
Observe a clear structure
Each good example of a review paper is consistent. It does not "jump" from one micro topic to another. It is convenient to think over what questions you have to answer before writing a review. There is a universal model that can be used as a basis:
- Essence and main characteristics of the problem.
- What are the latest achievements in this area?
- What are the main contentious issues?
- Prospects and ways to solve the problem.
Each scientific article must have several sections:
- The purpose in which the main questions are described.
- Introduction, which formulates the problem.
- Methodology (approaches used in original works).
Each well-composed example of review paper corresponds to a number of rules accepted by the scientific community. Let's pay attention to the most important postulates:
- It is necessary to give references to key original sources right in the text of the article. Number them consistently in the order of the first mention in the text.
- Tables and diagrams will simplify the presentation of information, allow to avoid the unnecessary overloading of text, make the article more understandable to the reader. The graphical presentation is useful not only when the author considers statistical data, technical characteristics or describes the dynamics of GDP growth. Even if the task is to review a literary work, you can list the names of the characters in one column, and in the next - describe their roles in the story.
- Use only standard abbreviations to avoid misleading the reader.
- Link your findings with the research purposes. Sometimes it happens that novice authors indicate a certain task in the introduction and then simply list interesting facts about the subject of the study, even those that do not contribute to solving the set problem.
- Avoid unreasonable conclusions that are not fully supported by facts. Your argumentation should be really strong.
- Each qualitative paper review example has a properly written summary. After all, the summary is the only part of the paper that is hosted by most electronic libraries and resources. It should reflect the prerequisites for writing the work, its main results. Specify the main keywords that will allow the reader to pay attention to your article.
Writing a competent scientific review is not an easy task that requires intellectual efforts. Therefore, our main advice is to practice! Do not be afraid to make mistakes, because the path of a real scientist is difficult and thorny. Start from studying the review paper examples and proceed to writing your own papers. Over time, you will notice that the quality of texts has greatly improved. In your collection, there will be articles worth of the warmest praise of the reader. Good luck! | <urn:uuid:d78931ad-1d3f-4925-8f04-c235a3dc391f> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://pro-papers.com/samples/category/review-paper-example | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150067.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20210723210216-20210724000216-00378.warc.gz | en | 0.926513 | 913 | 3.203125 | 3 |
With more than 80,000 college students studying abroad during each academic year, it is clearly an opportunity that some students find hard to pass. A majority of students who participate in study abroad programs do so in Europe; however, Asia, Australasia, and Latin America are also growing in popularity. These programs open up a new world of experiences for students such as exploring new locales, different cultures and learning new languages. Studying abroad can also help students to develop a sense of independence. Once the decision to study abroad has been made, it is important to take the right steps in order to make the best of their experience. The right steps will ensure that the student is prepared for his or her time spent traveling to, studying in and exploring the host country.
Research Your Location
The wisest thing that a student can do prior to leaving for a foreign country is to do his or her research. Researching the host country will prepare the student for what to expect in terms of laws, local customs, and culture, transportation options, and will even alert the student of any current travel warnings. The study abroad program that is sending the student will likely provide some of this information; however, the Internet is a valuable resource and students can further their research by reviewing country-specific information through the U.S. Department of State website or the Embassy in that country. In addition to researching the host country, students will also want to look into the limit on their credit cards, and check whether their health and personal property insurance policies offer coverage when traveling abroad.
Packing For The Semester
As crucial as research is, it is equally important to pack properly before leaving. Packing light is best to ensure ease of movement through airports and to minimize the risk of lost luggage. If taking medications, it is important to verify that they can be carried legally into the country, particularly if the medication is a narcotic. A doctor’s letter and copies of prescriptions should also be packed in the event that questions arise. When packing, a converter and a plug adapter may also be necessary for laptops and other electronics to operate safely, as many countries outside of the U.S. use 220-volt electricity, whereas the U.S. uses 110-volt electricity. Students will want to avoid cash and bring traveler’s checks and major credit cards instead. The traveling student will want to carry two copies of the airline tickets, his or her driver’s license, passport identification page, and credit cards in the event that any of these items are lost.
Dont Stick Out
While studying abroad, blending in is critical to one’s safety. To do this, students will want to avoid bringing unwanted attention to themselves or to the fact that they are American citizens. Ideally, they should avoid wearing excess jewelry, fanny packs, handbags or anything that may attract the attention of thieves or other criminals. One of the many reasons that students find studying abroad so appealing is the opportunity to meet new people and to take in the sites. While meeting new people can be fun, it is important to exercise caution as a new acquaintance can turn into a deadly encounter. Students should never drink or eat anything that is given to them by people that they do not know. They should also avoid going off alone or to secluded areas with new acquaintances. It is critical that students refuse to carry or deliver any package or item for any person that they might have met during their time abroad. Packages could carry illegal items such as drugs or weapons that will if found in the student’s possession, resulting in their arrest. Even if the student is not aware of the package’s contents, he or she will likely still be in serious legal trouble.
Consider Public Transportation
Students are often advised against driving, and most universities recommend taking local means of transportation. In most countries, local transportation includes taxis, buses, and trains. In some places, bicycles may also be a viable option. Driving laws are different in other countries and can be confusing for students. In addition, students who plan to drive will need to be appropriately licensed and insured before getting behind the wheel of a vehicle.
Studying abroad is a great way for students to experience the world while in college. The exposure to a foreign culture and language could prove useful in their future career or may even influence a student’s choices of a career. While studying abroad, students will get the maximum benefit and enjoyment from their time by being both prepared and safe. With proper research a student’s time spent abroad can result in not only greater knowledge about the world outside of the U.S., but also a greater sense of confidence, independence, and memories that last a lifetime.
Please read the following links for further information on studying abroad.
- Top Ten Reasons to Study Abroad
- U.S. Study Abroad Programs
- Exploring Your Options When Choosing a Travel Abroad Program
- CDC Advice for Safe and Healthy Travel for Students
- Study Abroad Program – Why Study Abroad?
- A Safe Trip Abroad
- Pre-Departure Tips
- How to Pack Your Bags and Yourself Before You Study Abroad
- Promoting Safety in Study Abroad
- Tips on Packing and Traveling – Study Abroad Programs (PDF)
- Types of Study Abroad Programs
- Culture Shock/ Adjustment
- Students Abroad – Academics, Culture Adjustment, Travel
- Reasons to Study Abroad
- Tips for Studying Abroad
- Making Friends Abroad (PDF)
- Socializing Safely When Studying Abroad
- Twenty Most Popular Study Abroad Destinations
- Factbox: Five Top Host Countries for Americans Studying Abroad
- Study Abroad Accepted Students – Health and Safety
- Health, Safety and Security Concerns in Study Abroad
- Safety Guidelines
- Education Abroad Center – Tips for the First Time Traveler
- Trends in U.S. Study Abroad
- Health Safety and Security While Studying Abroad
- Staying Healthy Abroad
- Looking Beyond Europe for Education, Adventure
- Teens Health: Studying Abroad
- Cultural Adjustment
- Benefits of Study Abroad
- Language Courses, Lodging, Summer Jobs, and Internships in Europe, North America, Latin America and Asia | <urn:uuid:95f0066b-3777-4983-b878-c491a4823865> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.studentdebtrelief.us/college-tips/study-abroad-guide-for-students/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741294.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113062240-20181113084240-00384.warc.gz | en | 0.951737 | 1,304 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Last week, James Q. Wilson, writing in The Wall Street Journal, described several of the factors that have led to a sustained decrease in crime. One reason is increased incarceration:
One obvious answer is that many more people are in prison than in the past. Experts differ on the size of the effect, but I think that William Spelman and Steven Levitt have it about right in believing that greater incarceration can explain about one-quarter or more of the crime decline. Yes, many thoughtful observers think that we put too many offenders in prison for too long. For some criminals, such as low-level drug dealers and former inmates returned to prison for parole violations, that may be so. But it’s true nevertheless that when prisoners are kept off the street, they can attack only one another, not you or your family.
Wilson also raises the role, which is debated, argued by Donohue and Leavitt of abortion in reducing unwanted pregnancies. While there are some methodological questions, that might account for up to a quarter of the reduction in crime. But the largest effect is something I’ve mentioned before–lead poisoning:
There may also be a medical reason for the decline in crime. For decades, doctors have known that children with lots of lead in their blood are much more likely to be aggressive, violent and delinquent. In 1974, the Environmental Protection Agency required oil companies to stop putting lead in gasoline. At the same time, lead in paint was banned for any new home (though old buildings still have lead paint, which children can absorb).
Tests have shown that the amount of lead in Americans’ blood fell by four-fifths between 1975 and 1991. A 2007 study by the economist Jessica Wolpaw Reyes contended that the reduction in gasoline lead produced more than half of the decline in violent crime during the 1990s in the U.S. and might bring about greater declines in the future. Another economist, Rick Nevin, has made the same argument for other nations.
I bring this up, since we’ve known for a long time that lead poisoning can lower IQ. Recent work now links lead paint to poor academic performance:
Children who ingested even small amounts of lead performed poorly later on school tests compared with students who were never exposed to the substance, according to a new study of Connecticut students.
The Duke University study also found that black children were much more likely to have experienced lead poisoning from paint residue, dust, or other sources by age 7 than the state’s white children. Educators worry that factor might be among many contributing to Connecticut’s status as the state with the largest achievement gap between the races.
Education and public health officials called the Duke study a stark reminder that although lead poisoning cases have dropped sharply nationwide in recent years, even very low levels of exposure can irreversibly influence children’s development….
Connecticut educators worry the lead exposure among black students could be one of many factors in the achievement gap between white and minority students, and between wealthy and poor students.
Clearly, this is entirely the fault of slacker teachers and their evil unions. We have to start thinking more about the external environment in terms of educational outcomes. As I’ve said before, the failure of schools with lots of poor students might have something to do with poverty. | <urn:uuid:7a83b7b6-1091-4d08-9929-3446f039c697> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://scienceblogs.com/mikethemadbiologist/2011/06/05/lead-poisoning-crime-and-acade/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115856115.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161056-00136-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976415 | 680 | 2.65625 | 3 |
This important book for scientists and nonscientists alike calls attention to a most urgent global problem: the rapidly accelerating loss of plant and animal species to increasing human population pressure and the demands of economic development. Based on a major conference sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences and the Smithsonian Institution, Biodiversity
creates a systematic framework for analyzing the problem and searching for possible solutions.
From the Back Cover
This book helps the reader understand the conceptual problems and real-world implications raised by efforts to protect biodiversity. The goal of this book is to clarify the role that human values play in creating practical definitions of the term biodiversity. The concept of biodiversity, according to the authors, is both more subtle and more difficult to employ in practical situations than is commonly appreciated.
Conceptualizing and assessing biodiversity and setting conversation priorities are not narrowly defined biological problems-they are broad based human enterprises with a large social and political component. Human resources are not sufficient to protect all of biodiversity, and difficult choices of what to conserve lie ahead. The goal of this book is to clarify the role that human values play in creating practical definitions of the term biodiversity.
This book is written for conversation decision makers: conversation biologists, lawmakers, and policy planners in governmental and non-governmental agencies; business people in fields such as agriculture, forestry, and paper products; and students in al of these fields. | <urn:uuid:babe31c8-0447-4892-bb02-506495d30b81> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.amazon.com/Biodiversity-Papers-National-September-Washington/dp/0309037395 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122030742.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175350-00003-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924003 | 278 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.