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Sand cats (Felis margarita) may look like domesticated cats because of their small size, but they are wild felines that live a solitary life. Sand cats are very small. An adult Sand cat weighs an average of 6 lbs (2.7 kg). They are unlike their wild cousins Lynxes or Bobcats that have their own territories, but Sand cats live in similar areas as some big cats.
Sand cats obtained their name from the natural habitat they reside in. They are accustomed to an arid climate such as deserts. In order to escape the desert heat, Sand cats often take turns to burrow and dig into the sand and create their own little sanctuary. Sand cats feed on mainly insects, rodents, lizards or other small critters found on the desert. There is little water source in where they live, thus they primarily hydrate themselves with fluid from their prey.
Sand cats have a round face and a set of large ears. The ears are wide open and spaced, so they can capture even the quietest foot steps or tip toes made by desert insects, rodents or lizards.
Sand cats are nocturnal animals that are extremely shy. They like to hide into an enclosed area during the day and come out at night to prey. They can live about 13 years in captivity.
Video: What's a Sand cat?
Video: Happy Sand Cat
Video: Sand Cats Come out at night | <urn:uuid:31d8a490-b94e-4703-96f2-675799bd6ffd> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.lovemeow.com/sand-cat-a-small-wild-cat-1607975589.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170380.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00276-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960805 | 291 | 3.25 | 3 |
|Geographical Range||Eastern Africa|
|Habitat||Dry bush savannahs and deserts|
|Scientific Name||Litocranius walleri walleri|
|Conservation Status||Near threatened|
Gerenuks make their home on the dry savannahs of East Africa. One of the most desert-adapted antelopes, gerenuks are able to survive for long periods without water. The males with their lyre-shaped horns are usually found overseeing small herds of females and their calves. Male gerenuks mark the bushes along the edges of their territories with secretions from the scent glands in front of their eyes.
These antelopes have actually benefitted from environmental changes caused by the overgrazing of domestic livestock. The barren scrubland left in the wake of the destructive cattle is prime habitat for gerenuks.
Did You Know?
Gerenuks often extend their reach by standing upright on their hind legs to browse on low tree branches. | <urn:uuid:db54d4a1-d922-4482-9b45-15a48a438037> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.stlzoo.org/animals/abouttheanimals/mammals/hoofedmammals/gerenuk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097546.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00061-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909978 | 212 | 3.5625 | 4 |
We are, of course, talking about plate tectonics.
Earlier research suggested the western edge of the North American continent was formed by the conveyor belt-like movement eastward of a single oceanic plate called the Farallon Plate. But an alternative explanation published today in Nature suggests a far more complicated mash-up created North America’s mountainous west, involving at least two additional plates.
From Alaska to Mexico, the western quarter of the continent is made up of dozens of pieces of crust added to the landmass over the last 200 million years. The mechanism behind this “jigsaw” formation was unclear, but it was widely accepted that the dense Farallon Plate pushed the blocks into the continent as it subducted eastward, sinking into the mantle to form a slab beneath the lighter continental mass.
Researchers put this commonly accepted theory to the test using a kind of tomography that creates images from earthquake waves penetrating deep into Earth’s mantle. Slabs created by subducted oceanic plates can be identified by their faster-than-average seismic wave velocities, offering a glimpse into the planet’s ancient geology.
The new tomographic images revealed today indicate not one but three major mantle slabs about 600 to 1100 miles under the planet’s surface. Unlike the previous conveyor belt image of the Farallon Plate continuously subducting eastward, the new research suggests that the continent’s western quarter was formed partly by two previously unknown plates, which the authors named Angayucham and Mezcalera. The newly discovered plates may have underlain long-gone oceans, and both subducted westward beneath the Farallon Plate, creating a hook-shaped slab.
Instead of the Farallon pushing pieces of crust onto the North American landmass as it subducted eastward, the new research suggests material from all three plates was scraped off during subduction to the west and then to the east. The crust deformed as new material crunched into it; this could explain the jigsaw-like composition of the continent’s west.
Subduction polarity switches or flips, such as the westward subduction of the Angayucham and Mezcalera plates followed by the eastward subduction of the Farallon Plate over the same area, are not uncommon in plate tectonics.
The new data helps explain western North America’s puzzle of crustal blocks, and could suggest new theories for plate movement even further afield: commenting on today’s paper in Nature’s News & Views, Saskia Goes of the Imperial College London asked whether the newly discovered plates’ westward subduction, tugging North America towards what is now the Pacific Ocean, might have facilitated the opening of the Central Atlantic in the same time period.
Image courtesy Anton Balazh/Shutterstock | <urn:uuid:ae77a31c-89d7-45bc-a354-7c11b480c426> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/d-brief/2013/04/03/new-evidence-of-more-complicated-geology-for-the-really-old-west/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835670.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00289-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940337 | 598 | 4.28125 | 4 |
Scott’s Run Nature Preserve is one of only a few nature preserves in the Fairfax County Park Authority system. It is a remarkable place of rare plants and splendid beauty. Yet that beauty is challenged by urban pollution and human destruction. It is a classic clash of land use between suburban sprawl and natural areas.
Visitors have flocked to Scott’s Run for years to witness the spring wildflowers that carpet the forest floor. Trailing arbutus, Virginia bluebells and sessile trillium bloom on steep hillsides and create a small oasis of rare, fragile plants. Remarkable and rare species grow along precipitous cliffs, in steep valleys and throughout a mature, hardwood forest that is comprised of large oak and beech trees, ancient hemlock and wild cherry trees that stand as tall as the oaks.
A grove of ancient hemlocks, whose ancestors migrated here during the last ice age, stands in the nature preserve as a reminder that this region once had a subarctic climate. The park's southern boundary is a major fault zone, a relict geologic feature from a distant past some 520 to 570 million years ago when the rocks were created out of slabs of ocean floor pushed up onto this continent.
Scott's Run Nature Preserve is part of the Potomac Gorge. This is one of the rarest biological ecosystems in the mid-Atlantic. Floodplains, rocky cliffs, and narrow valleys were carved by the erosive forces of the Potomac River. This dynamic union of rocks and river, home to many unusual plants and animals, also creates quick, dangerous currents and underwater hazards. The appearance of the creek and the river can be deceptive. Scott's Run flows into the Potomac River, and rapidly-rising water creates dangerous situations.
There are informational signs at the park’s entrance and some directional signs at select locations along the trails. There are no other facilities of any other kind in the park.
The Potomac Heritage Trail Association maintains some of the trails at the park, in particular the section that corresponds with the Potomac Heritage National Scenic Trail. The Nature Conservancy has conducted volunteer group activities to combat invasive plants. A dedicated group of Weed Warriors for many years has consistently fought the park’s invasive plants, and Boy Scouts have conducted Eagle Scout projects at the park. The Park Authority occasionally holds volunteer events at Scott’s Run. Information about volunteer programs at Scott’s Run is available through the Park Authority’s volunteer page or by calling Riverbend Park at 703-759-9018.
12000 Government Center Pkwy
Fairfax, VA 22035 | <urn:uuid:27e658bf-22d4-4797-905a-0ed5d05394b5> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/parks/scottsrun/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347419056.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200601145025-20200601175025-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.928746 | 556 | 3.453125 | 3 |
What is Montessori?
“Scientific observation has established that education is not what the teacher gives; education is a natural process spontaneously carried out by the human individual, and is acquired not only by listening to words, but by experiences upon the environment. The task of the teacher becomes that of preparing a series of motives of cultural activity, spread over a specially prepared environment, and then refraining from obtrusive interference. Human teachers can only help the great work that is being done, as servants of the master. Doing so, they will be witnesses to the unfolding of the human soul and to the rising of a New Man who will not be the victim of events but will have the clarity of vision to direct and shape the future of human society.”
-Maria Montessori, Education for a New World
Dr. Maria Montessori was the first female physician in Italy, graduating from the University of Rome in 1898. She specialized in pediatrics and discovered the marvelous abilities of young children to learn through their senses. Today there are thousands of Montessori schools throughout the U.S. and the world.
Montessori School Educational Framework
The Montessori School approach to learning is the framework of our educational program. SpringStone is a multicultural school, designed to prepare students for higher education and for life. SpringStone School teaches children to be at home in the world of nature. We are a close-knit family of students, educators, parents, and friends of our school. SpringStone uses supplemental curriculum materials, to provide opportunities for enrichment beyond basic curriculum.
Why Enroll Your Child at an Early Age?
The “Formative” (or critical) period of profound sensitivity to learning is from birth to six years. Using his “absorbent mind,” the young child takes in his world with great ease. The clearest example of this absorbent mind is the child’s explosion into speech without any obvious teacher except himself. We build upon this love and ease of learning by providing hundreds of kinds of learning materials for his eyes, hands, and brain to work together as his teacher.
Our Approach to Education
Our teachers are aware of the stages of human development and ensure our curriculum is appropriate for the developmental stages of our children. Achievement at each level of learning leads toward placement of each child in the next phase of his or her education.
We promote active learning (rather than passive) by encouraging spontaneous activities, hands-on learning, and moving from a concrete level of experience to the abstract. Through the principle of “follow the child”, we understand the importance of children to pursuing areas of interest. If a child is not internally motivated in a given area, we encourage children to take interest in that specific area.
Freedom within order: We strive for a balance between freedom, order, and responsibility. We acknowledge that children learn in different ways and at different paces. Each child is a unique human being with unique learning styles and needs as an individual learner.
Our environment is open to children with diverse learning styles, but our primary focus will always be the well-being and best interests of our students who will thrive in our Montessori environment. In every case, we assess whether our school is able to meet a child’s needs while keeping the integrity of the classroom, and if not, we will recommend an appropriate alternative. | <urn:uuid:ff1c7c7e-543c-4030-bfa5-bbc26696451c> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.springstonekids.com/montessori-curriculum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400244353.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926165308-20200926195308-00782.warc.gz | en | 0.957663 | 696 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Eastern Africa is the new fossil fuel frontier. In the last few years Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Mozambique have discovered large quantities of commercially viable oil and gas deposits, with the potential for even more discoveries as more aggressive prospecting continues. There is reason to be upbeat about the region’s economic prospects over the next three decades, or at least before the oil runs out. But the optimism must be tempered by an acknowledgement of the dangers that come with the newfound resource wealth. Of particular concern are issues of governance and sound economic management.[hidepost=9][/hidepost]
We are all too aware of the dangers of the resource curse. This is when the discovery and exploitation of natural resources leads to a deterioration of governance, descent into autocracy and a fall in living standards. Associated with the resource curse is the problem of the Dutch disease, which occurs when natural resource exports (e.g. oil and gas) lead to an appreciation of the exchange rate, thereby hurting other export sectors and destroying the ability of a country to diversify its export basket. The new resource-rich Eastern African states face the risk of having both problems, and to avoid them they must cooperate.
In many ways Eastern African states are lucky to be late arrivals at the oil and gas game. Unlike their counterparts in Western and Central Africa, nearly all of them are now nominal electoral democracies with varying degrees of institutionalised systems to ensure transparency in the management of public resources. Across the region, the Big Man syndrome is on the decline. But challenges remain. Recent accusations of secrecy, corruption and bribery surrounding government deals with mining companies suggest that there is a lot of room for improvement as far as the strengthening of institutions that enforce transparency (such as parliaments) is concerned. It is on this front that there is opportunity for regional cooperation to improve transparency and resource management.
While it is easy for governments to ignore weak domestic oversight institutions and civil society organisations, it is much harder to renege on international agreements and treaties. A regional approach to setting standards of transparency and accountability could therefore help ensure that the ongoing oil and gas bonanza does not give way to sorrow and regret three decades down the road. In addition, such an approach would facilitate easier cross-border operations for the oil majors that are currently operational in multiple countries, not to mention drastically reduce the political risk of entering the region’s energy sector. It would also leave individual countries in a stronger bargaining position by limiting opportunities for multinational firms to engage in cross-border regulatory arbitrage.
The way to implement regional cooperation and oversight would be something akin to the African Peer Review Mechanism, but with a permanent regional body and secretariat (perhaps under the East African Community, EAC). Such a body would be mandated to ensure the harmonisation of laws to meet global standards of transparency and protection of private property rights. The body would also be mandated to conduct audits of national governments’ use of revenue from resources. The aim of the effort would be to normalise best practices among states and to institute a global standard for states to aspire more – more like the way aspirations for membership in the European Union has been a catalyst for domestic reforms in the former Yugoslavia and Eastern Europe.
Regional cooperation would also provide political cover to politicians with regard to economically questionable fuel subsidies. The realities of democratic government are such that politicians often find themselves forced to concede to demands for fuel subsidies from voters. But history shows that more often than not subsidies come at an enormous cost to the economy and instead of benefitting the poor only benefit middlemen. In addition, as the case of Nigeria shows, once implemented such policies are never easy to roll back both due to politics and the power of entrenched interests. Regional agreements capping any fuel subsidies at reasonable levels would be an excellent way to tie politicians’ hands in a credible manner, while at the same time providing them with political cover against domestic criticism.
Beyond issues of governance, there is need for cooperation on regional infrastructure development in order to reap maximum value for investment and avoid unnecessary wastes and redundancies. Landlocked Uganda and South Sudan will require massive investments in infrastructure to be able to access global energy markets. The two countries’ oil fields are 1,300 km and 1,720 km from the sea through Kenya, respectively. One would hope that as these projects are being studied and implemented, there will be consideration for how to leverage the oil and gas inspired projects to cater to other exports sectors – such as agriculture, tourism and light manufacturing – as well. KPMG, the professional services firm, recently reported that transportation costs eat up as much as 20% of Africa’s foreign exchange earnings. There is clearly a need to ensure that the planned new roads and railways serve to reduce the cost of exports for all outward oriented sectors in the region. Embedding other exports sectors (such as agriculture, timber, domestic transport, etc.) in the process of developing new transportation infrastructure will minimise the likelihood of them being completely crowded out by the energy sector. | <urn:uuid:cf78a59c-ccbb-49b7-b148-86158c85ebee> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/how-east-africa-can-avoid-the-resource-curse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203842.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325072024-20190325094024-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.953844 | 1,019 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Illustrator's pen tool lets you create vector images by placing a series of segments and anchor points on the artboard to define a path. When the path is closed, it becomes a shape. The anchor points define the angles and curves to draw smooth, clean and precise shapes that can be scaled to any size. Illustrator also provides tools to break or split a path at any anchor point or along any segment to help you edit your artwork easily.
Open the Illustrator document with the path you want to slice. Select the straight line of the path on the document, then click the scissors tool in the Tool palette.
Click in the middle of the straight line to make a break in the path. Two new endpoints will appear on the original path. Alternately, click on the anchor point of the path you want to split. Select "Cut Path At Select Anchor Points" from the Control panel.
Select the "Arrow" tool in the Tool palette, then click the new anchor point or segment to adjust the path.
- "Adobe Illustrator 10 Classroom in a Book"; Adobe Systems; 2002 (PDF)
- Adobe Illustrator CS5: Split a Path | <urn:uuid:c9ba1893-4733-4982-9d9e-235f30606727> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://smallbusiness.chron.com/break-path-illustrator-26728.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447860.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00162-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.84908 | 243 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Living on the land for decades, and connecting with the incredible community of our CSA Members almost twenty years, we’ve met some amazing people.
One of them is surely our neighbor, Mr. Persey, an unassuming quiet man who’s farmed the soil of Maryland for his entire life – and what a life it’s been: he’s over a hundred now, maybe 101. He lives a few miles from us, and we run into him from time to time. And we always come away with some kind of wisdom he’s picked up in his long and productive life.
“Dirt,” says Mr. Persey, is what we sweep under the rug. It’s the stock-in-trade for gossips and yellow journalists. It’s the medium that plants grow in, the earth that gives us our food, that all human (and other) life depends on – let’s not call that “dirt.” Soil is a nobler, nicer word for the most complex ecosystem in the universe.
Soil is probably also one of the least understood. A teaspoon of native grassland soil contains an amazing number and variety of creatures. Besides the big critters like earthworms and burrowing insects, the microbes may include 800 million bacteria of up to ten thousand different species; five thousand species of fungi forming underground networks extending for several miles; ten thousand protozoa, and twenty or thirty beneficial nematodes. That doesn’t begin to address the complexity of the minerals, the organic matter, and how they interact, not to mention the variety of soils that underlie every human effort to “bring forth bread from the Earth.”
Undamaged soil life constitutes a population of enmeshed, interdependent communities working together to provide an environment of optimum health for the plants growing in it, and the animals that depend on the plants. They, in turn, provide us with all we need for our health. Science has barely begun to discern and analyze all the roles of this multitude of microscopic creatures, gradually helping us to understand what all these little guys do and how they are affected when we start farming a soil. It’s already very clear, though, how detrimental pesticides and chemical fertilizers are to the complex life of natural soil.
Yesterday I was walking through a field of spinach with our old neighbor, Mr. Persey. Looking up and down the rows of green shoots, he remarked, “that’s all the vitamins you ever need… You don’t need no drug store.” Since he’s about 101 years old, I think I’ll take his advice. | <urn:uuid:bcb38351-a30f-41da-9fd9-3e5283326775> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.onestrawfarm.com/dirt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249508792.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223162938-20190223184938-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.934276 | 564 | 2.53125 | 3 |
By Nathaniel Counts
In On Liberty, John Stuart Mill asserted that “[t]he only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others.” This has since become known as the harm principle and is foundational for much of American political discourse, especially for libertarianism and civil rights. At the time of Mills’ writing, On Liberty having been published in 1859, this logic could protect a lot of conduct that involved consenting adults or did not appear to directly impact others. If the harm principle was controlling, we could never have a soda ban. Today however, with our advances in social science, clear lines of harm and no harm have become fuzzy.
Few people buy cigarettes in a vacuum. Someone offers you cigarettes or you see other people smoking and then you buy cigarettes. This phenomenon, in which we make decisions based on the decisions of others in relationship to our esteem for them (if we see someone we respect smoking, we will be more likely to smoke; if we see someone we do not respect smoking, we will be less likely to smoke) is called social signaling (The Origin, Development, and Regulation of Norms is a great article on a related topic, the generation of norms, which explains this phenomenon quite well).
Social signaling is not inherently bad – we can receive signals to donate to charity, to be a better parent, to come to the aid of strangers – social signaling is neutral and dependent on the substance of the signals themselves. Some of these signals will make us worse off than if we were allowed to make an independent decision. It is hard to imagine many people who, having never encountered a smoker, would find cigarettes on the shelf in a store, figure out what they are for, and then buy them. Such people very well may exist, but it would certainly be a lower proportion of the population than currently smokes today. Because of this, many people may experience worse health outcomes caused, in part, by the actions of others.
This is in part why the non-smokers rights movement was so effective in reducing new smoker initiation (this study is a good example). The non-smokers rights movement made it illegal to smoke in many public spaces, so the act of smoking was less often a signal to others. Note that this does not militate for allowing smoking in private spaces – family members will still observe the smoking, these laws only limit the scope of the signaling. For some health concerns like obesity, prohibiting consumption of unhealthy foods when anyone else is able to observe would be insufficient as the obesity itself may be a signal to others.
Thus, social signaling presents a problem for the harm principle – actions we thought only harmed ourselves actually do harm others and no decision is without externalities. If we accept this, then the harm principle cannot be a basis for denying state regulation of certain activities that pose risks to public health. The soda ban cannot be proscribed on these grounds. To state this proposition in its starkest terms, based on the harm principle alone, the government could make it illegal for you to drink a soda at the movies because, in doing so, you are hurting the other patrons. | <urn:uuid:f0a3196e-ce79-4bc3-ab22-d60d8e6b0d70> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/billofhealth/2014/02/27/social-signalling-and-the-undoing-of-the-harm-principle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510266597.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011746-00435-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971827 | 655 | 3.140625 | 3 |
GET READY TO EXPLORE
Arizona is loaded with natural wonders
Ready to begin exploring?
Start by clicking around this site for insights and tips on the most spectacular experiences you can have in the Grand Canyon State.
Once known as the Arizona Territory, Arizona became the 48th of the United States in 1912. Only Alaska and Hawaii earned statehood afterward. But check this out: Evidence at ruins sites suggest that the region was inhabited as early as 500 BC.
Arizona quick facts:
- 6 national forests
- 20 national parks and monuments
- Ranks 4th of 50 states in public land acreage
- 35-plus million acres of public lands
- 35 state parks covering more than 64,000 acres
This is Arizona!
Wide open spaces
With over 114,000 square miles of land between its borders, you could fit the state of Indiana into Arizona three times and still have room to squeeze in Delaware and Rhode Island.
Much of Arizona receives only ten inches or less of rain per year, yet it’s incredibly blessed with GORGE-ous rivers and lakes that rarely freeze over.
The tall, stately Saguaro cactus is an Arizona icon. Did you know the plant is about 70 years old before its first “arm” emerges? Sure, there’s an expansive desert landscape here, but so is the largest forest of Ponderosa Pine trees in the world.
Want the inside scoop on more amazing places like this? Grab a copy of Arizona Bucket List Adventure Guide.
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What do you want to do on your Arizona adventure?
Like maps? Me too. That’s why I plotted these awesome places on this map for easy reference:
More tips to help you prepare for your Arizona adventure:
- Explore the ancient ruins of Wupatki National Monument and you’ll feel like you’ve stepped back in time
- Why we should still honor the legacy of the men of the Civilian Conservation Corps
- Memorable winter sunset 01-11-2022
- Here’s your 2022 full moon planning calendar for Arizona
- Sunrise transforms the sky above Phoenix into a kaleidoscope of colors
Ready to get going? Check out these resources to help you get ready for your Arizona adventure. | <urn:uuid:82ebf05d-c6c2-493c-8ff0-f9e9802cdaae> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://azwonders.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662538646.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521045616-20220521075616-00781.warc.gz | en | 0.911498 | 495 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Description:ALEPH was a particle physics experiment installed on the Large Electron-Positron collider (LEP) at the CERN laboratory in Geneva/Switzerland.
Abstract: ALEPH was a particle physics experiment installed on the Large Electron-Positron collider (LEP) at the CERN laboratory in Geneva/Switzerland. It was designed to explore the physics predicted by the Standard Model and to search for physics beyond it. ALEPH first measured events in LEP in July 1989. LEP operated at around 91 GeV – the predicted optimum energy for the formation of the Z particle. From 1995 to 2000 the accelerator operated at energies up to 200 GeV, above the threshold for producing pairs of W particles. The data taken, consisted of millions of events recorded by the ALEPH detector,allowed precision tests of the electro-weak Standard Model (SM) to be undertaken. The group here concentrated our analysis efforts mainly in Heavy Flavour (beauty and charm) physics, in searches for the the Higgs boson, the particles postulated to generate particle mass, and for physics beyond the SM, e.g. Supersymmetry, and in W physics.
This application perform the search for the production and non-standard decay of a scalar Higgs boson into four tau leptons through the intermediation of the neutral pseudo-scalars Higgs particle.
The analysis was conducted by the ALEPH collaboration with the data collected at centre-of-mass energies from 183 to 209 GeV. | <urn:uuid:4f0ec99b-35f6-46e1-a348-ce466d98323b> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://appdb.egi.eu/store/vappliance/chain.reds.aleph2000 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118477.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00474-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.890518 | 318 | 2.6875 | 3 |
by Staff Writers
Washington DC (SPX) Jun 06, 2016
Technologies from wind turbines to electric vehicles rely on critical materials called rare-earth elements. These elements, though often abundant, can be difficult and increasingly costly to come by.
Now, scientists looking for alternatives have reported in ACS' journal Chemistry of Materials a new way to make nanoparticles that could replace some rare-earth materials and help ensure the continued supply of products people have come to depend on.
Rare-earth elements have unique characteristics that make them very useful. For example, the world's strongest magnets are made with neodymium. A little too powerful for your refrigerator, these magnets are incorporated into computer disk drives, power windows and wind turbines. But rare earths are challenging to mine and process, and prices can rise quickly in a short period of time.
Given the increasing demand for rare earths, Alberto Lopez-Ortega, Claudio Sangregorio and colleagues set out to find substitutes for use in strong magnets.
The researchers used a mixed iron-cobalt oleate complex in a one-step synthetic approach to produce magnetic core-shell nanoparticles. The resulting materials showed strong magnetic properties and energy-storing capabilities.
Their approach could signal an efficient new strategy toward replacing rare earths in permanent magnets and keeping costs stable, the researchers say.
American Chemical Society
Powering The World in the 21st Century at Energy-Daily.com
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A micro SD is basically a memory card. This removable flash card is used in electronic equipment like mobile phones, cameras, portable media players, etc. Numerous SD cards are available of different companies like Samsung, SanDisk, transcend, etc. The storage capacity varies from two gigabytes to thirty two gigabytes. The sizes of SD cards generally vary according to their use. For example, the smallest available micro SD card is used in a mobile phone. The dimensions of this mobile phone SD card are about a quarter of the standard sizes of SD cards. One advantage of micro SD cards is that they can be used with devices supporting mini-SD, memory stick duo, USB and SD cards. All one needs is an adapter, but it is not compatible universally. The SD memory card can also be used with devices meant for the TransFlash memory card. Both the SD mobile memory card and the TransFlash are essentially the same. The format of the mobile SD was developed by SanDisk and was initially known as the T-flash which later became TransFlash. Eventually when it was taken over by the SD card Association it was renamed as the micro SD. Both of them are almost the same but the micro SD card supports SDIO mode which enables or allows non-memory cards such as GPS, Bluetooth, etc. to work. In today’s generation, the micro SD card is becoming increasingly popular as it occupies the least space and is an effective way of storing data in mobiles, cameras, mp4 players, etc.
The card’s speed is measured by its data transfer rate. Data transfer rate means how fast data can be written to or copied from the memory card. This transfer rate or speed is an important factor. If the speed is below a certain limit then the device will not perform up to the marks in applications like video recording where a sustained write throughput is required. Previously the speed of the SD cards were calculated by “x” rating of the original CD-ROM drive. Nowadays the transfer rate is measured by Speed Class Rating.
The Speed Class Rating gives the minimum speed at which data can be written to or read from the card. The newer generation of SD cards has improved speeds with increased bus rate. Whatever maybe the bus rate, the card can indicate that it is busy in some read or write function until it is complete. The different speed classes of today’s micro SD cards are 2 MB/s, 4 MB/s, 6 MB/s and 10 MB/s. Generally the lower speed classes are sufficient for MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 recording while for a full HD video recording higher speed classes are required. In today’s world the micro SD card finds a wide range of application due to its minimum space requirement and light weight. Almost all electronic gadgets are now using micro SD which has proved to be an effective way of storing and transferring data. Micro SD cards are the ultimate product in memory storage.
MicroSD cards FAQ – Frequently asked questions
What is a microSD?
MicroSD is axactly the same memory card as TransFlash. MicroSD is completely compatible with and has the same dimensions as TransFlash memory card. MicroSD has been introduced by the SD Card Association as their new form factor memory card. MicroSD is the world’s smallest memory card and is designed specifically for the new generation mobile phones, which will need large storage capacities for multimedia applications, such as digital music, digital photo, video, videogames, organizers, MMS and email.
Where and how do I use my microSD?
You will be able to use a microSD memory card in any mobile phone having a microSD or TransFlash slot. When the micro SD memory card is inserted into a SD adapter, which is included when purchasing a microSD, it converts into a regular Secure Digital memory card. Then it can be used and exchange data with any device compatible with the Secure Digital standard.
Who introduced the microSD memory card?
MicroSD, formerly known as TransFlash or T-Flash, was introduced by SD Card Association in the mid of 2005. TransFlash was introduced by SanDisk in 2004.
How fast is my microSD memory card?
The microSD is having the same performance regarding transfer speed as the miniSD memory card. The normal transfer speed is 12x or 1.8 MB/sec. High read and write speed enables data to be stored and read more quickly.
How much data can my microSD hold?
MicroSD is currently available from 32 MB to 128 GB storage capacity. SanDisk expects to introduce a 1 TB microSD card by the end of the year and a 2TB microSD in 2013. For your reference a 128 MB TransFlash memory card can store 30 MP3 songs or 148 digital photos taken with a 2 megapixel camera, and 16GB card suits professional photographer needs: more than 500 photos in high quality RAW format without compression.
The dimensions of microSD memory card?
As mentioned in the beginning microSD is the smallest memory card in the market. It is also the smallest card in the Secure Digital family after the SD memory card and miniSD. The dimensions are: 11mm x 15mm x 1mm, which is approximately the size of a thumbnail.
The future of microSD:
SD Card Association strategy is to make microSD a “De Facto” standard for mobile phones.
What about the price of microSD memory card?
The microSD is more expensive than regular SD memory card. Still it is one of the most price worthy memory card on the market, regarding size and transfer speeds. The best prices can always be found by searching on the internet. We recommend you to check prices continuously since they change from day to day. | <urn:uuid:c021e2e4-bfa5-4078-aaff-520dfbcbec84> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.microsd.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164359940/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133919-00072-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946684 | 1,178 | 3.1875 | 3 |
An accident is likely to propel a bicycle rider off of his or her bike, onto the concrete or asphalt roadway and cause him or her to slide. The bicyclist might even be dragged by a vehicle. Road surfaces are abrasive, and serious skin damage can result just from friction. That damage usually comes in the form of scrapes, and those scrapes, whether fresh or scars, are commonly referred to as road rash. Rocks, insects, motor oil and dirt are likely to enter the bicyclist’s body through the road rash wounds. The parts of a bicyclist’s body that are commonly affected by road rash include:
- The hands, arms and shoulders
- The outsides of the legs and thighs
- The face, nose and chin
Characterizing such injuries as road rash fails to convey just how serious they can be. Road rash injuries are traumatic and painful. They’re typically categorized at three levels. Those are first, second and third-degree abrasions.
Although minor, first-degree road rash can be painful. The affected areas of the skin are reddish in color like a sunburn. There might even be some scrapes. Professional medical treatment might not be needed for first-degree road rash, but victims might want to be checked out by a doctor.
With second-degree road rash, the skin will be broken. That’s when foreign bodies can enter the wound. Emergency room treatment is warranted for purposes of flushing and removing any foreign objects to help prevent infection. Permanent scarring is unlikely. An antibiotic ointment might need to be applied to the wounds for a week to 10 days.
This is the most serious form of road rash. Skin, muscle and nerve damage can affect a person for life. Then there’s the emotional damage from scarring that must be confronted. A third-degree abrasion penetrates all layers of the skin. It might be so deep that muscle and bone are clearly visible. Due to contaminants on the roadway, infection is likely. That can lead to amputation or even death. Immediate treatment in an emergency room will be needed, and hospital admission is probably warranted. The likelihood of skin grafting and reconstructive surgery after emergency room care is high.
The Medical Expenses
When treating for road rash injuries, a victim should keep track of his or her medical expenses in order to help prove their damages. Those medical expenses typically consist of:
- Emergency room visits
- Doctor appointments
- Surgical expenses
- Hospitalization expenses
- Diagnostic tests
- Out-of-pocket expenses for items like alcohol and wound care dressings
Other Compensable Damages
Other damages that might be compensable for a bicyclist road rash injury victim include lost time from work, any permanent scarring and disfigurement or disability, pain and suffering and loss of a normal life in severe cases. Scarring alone can get in the way of job opportunities, relationships and a normal life, and that scarring can get worse if you don’t get the necessary care and treatment. Learning how to confront and deal with that scarring and disfigurement might require psychological care and counseling. Victims should be compensated for that too.
If you’ve suffered a serious road rash injury, you can expect a lengthy and painful recovery. Simple tasks that you perform every day like walking or picking up a child can result in terrible pain. When a motorist or a dangerous road condition caused your injuries, our objective is to maximize any compensation that you might receive.
Frequently Asked Questions
What if I have permanent scars from road rash after my bike accident?
The at-fault driver has to pay for all of your injuries which includes permanent disfigurement from road rash scarring. You are also entitled to pain and suffering for the injury and the treatment, as well as any pain and discomfort after the recovery is over.
How long do I have to file my road rash injury claim?
In California, the law gives the injured person who suffered a personal injury two years to file a claim from the date of the injury. A road rash might take some time to heal, and then it might be a while longer to determine if the scars and disfigurement are going to be permanent. However, if the claim isn’t filed within two years, the victim might lose their right to compensation.
Do I need an attorney to file a road rash claim?
A good attorney is going to be able to determine the amount of money it will take to compensate someone for a road rash injury. The insurance company is going to downplay your injuries and pain and suffering, but an experienced attorney will be able to help you get the right amount of compensation for your injuries.
Contact Bay Area Bicycle Law
Road rash can result in expensive medical treatment, pain and emotional trauma. You’ll want your injuries treated professionally and responsibly. You’ll want your California bicycle accident personal injury case treated effectively, efficiently and professionally too.
The attorneys at Bay Area Bicycle Law focus their practice on bicycle-related injuries. Years of advocacy for bicycle victims have seasoned our attorneys with the necessary skills, knowledge base and familiarity to handle bicycle accident cases to the utmost level of professional expertise. Since bicycle accident-related injuries present unique legal issues that oftentimes render them completely different from conventional auto accidents or accidents involving other types of vehicles, BABL’s collective expertise in bicycle cases is imperative in helping clients achieve the most favorable settlements possible.
We work with clients in San Francisco, Palo Alto, Berkeley, Oakland, Sacramento and all over Northern California. Contact us today for a free consultation after any bicycle accident. | <urn:uuid:53a571a2-a3b1-4624-810d-7a99a73df872> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://bayareabicyclelaw.com/bicycle-injuries/road-rash/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655891640.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200707013816-20200707043816-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.950643 | 1,166 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Cardiovascular disease (heart disease and stroke) is a leading cause of death for Canadian men and women. The more risk factors you have, the greater your risk. When certain risk factors occur together, known as metabolic syndrome, the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes becomes greater.
Why is it important?
Older individuals are at greater risk; most strokes occur in people over 65.
Men over the age of 55 and postmenopausal women are at greater risk of heart disease.
Until women reach menopause they have a lower risk of stroke than men.
Risk of heart disease is increased if close family members – parents, siblings or children – developed heart disease before age 55 or, in the case of female relatives, before menopause.
Risk of stroke is increased if close family members – parents, siblings or children – had a stroke before age 65.
First Nations people and those of African or South Asian descent are more likely to have high blood pressure and diabetes, and therefore are at greater risk of heart disease and stroke than the general population.
Persons who had a previous stroke or a TIA, which is also known as a mini-stroke, your risk of stroke increases.
Manageable risk factors: high blood pressure (hypertension) ; high blood cholesterol ; diabetes; being overweight; excessive alcohol consumption ; physical inactivity ; smoking; stress
Heart attack warning signs
Warning signs can vary from person to person and they may not always be sudden or severe. Some people will not experience chest pain at all, while others will experience only mild chest pain or discomfort. Others may experience one symptom, while some experience a combination.
Chest discomfort (uncomfortable chest pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain, burning or heaviness)
Discomfort in other areas of the upper body (neck, jaw, shoulder, arms, back)
Shortness of breath • Sweating • Nausea • Light-headedness
Why is it important?
Stroke can be treated. It is important to recognize and respond to the warning signs.
Weakness is a sudden loss of strength or sudden numbness in the face, arm or leg
Sudden difficulty speaking or understanding or confusion even if temporary
Sudden trouble with vision
Sudden severe and unusual headache
Sudden loss of balance, especially with any of the above signs
Ischemic stroke: About 80% of strokes are ischemic caused by the interruption of blood flow to the brain due to a blood clot. The buildup of plaque (fatty materials, calcium and scar tissue) contributes to most ischemic strokes by narrowing the arteries that supply blood to the brain, interfering with or blocking the flow of blood. This narrowing is called atherosclerosis. An ischemic stroke is either "thrombotic" or "embolic."
Thrombotic strokes are caused by a blood clot that forms in an artery directly leading to the brain. Embolic strokes occur when a clot develops somewhere else in the body and travels through the blood stream to the brain.
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) also known as a "mini-stroke" is caused by a temporary interruption of blood flow to the brain. The symptoms (warning signs) are similar to an ischemic stroke except they go away within a few minutes or hours. Many people can have a TIA without even knowing it. A TIA is an important warning sign that puts you at increased risk of a full-blown stroke. | <urn:uuid:e76a7b13-442c-4209-9f69-6674a47397ad> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://seniorshealthknowledgenetwork.com/community-care-resources-heart-stroke | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891811352.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218023321-20180218043321-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.933756 | 724 | 3.109375 | 3 |
In 2009,the Right to Education Act came into effect with the promise of free and compulsory education to all aged 6 to 14,an optimum pupil-teacher ratio,and the basics such as spacier classrooms,playgrounds,ramps,water,toilets andqualified teachers. With the first major deadline (March 31) for compliance by states approaching,many of those targets are yet to be achieved. A progress report:
1 in 5 untrained
Of over 52 lakh posts sanctioned across states,11 lakh are still vacant. Battling this shortage,particularly of qualified teachers,has been the most challenging task for states. This has been a focus area but 8.6 lakh teachers,or around 20 per cent,are still untrained.
Though most states have begun conducting the Teachers Eligibility Test to ensure only trained teachers join schools,it remains to be introduced in Karnataka,Jammu & Kashmir,Meghalaya,Goa,Mizoram,Nagaland,Sikkim and Tripura.
Bengal has the highest number,1.97 lakh,of teachers who are untrained when assessed under the norms of the National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE). Bihar has 1.86 lakh,followed by Uttar Pradesh with 1.43 lakh,Jharkhand with 77,000,Chhattisgarh with 48,000,Orissa with 40,000,J&K with 31,000,Assam with 16,000,Meghalaya with 14,000,Arunachal Pradesh with 9,000,and Mizoram with 6,000.
With states struggling to develop infrastructure and resources for training institutes,the HRD ministry has extended till 2015 the deadline for 13 states for training teachers in distance mode. As per the agenda to be discussed at the Central Advisory Board of Education next week,the NCTE has approved such training in Arunachal Pradesh (8,948 teachers),MP (34,902),Jharkhand (15,967),Bihar (39,210),Chhattisgarh (45,225),Meghalaya (7,822),Manipur (6,583),Nagaland (10,863),Orissa (30,067),Bengal (1,15,050),Uttarakhand (2,374),UP (1,24,000) and Assam (68,727).
Pupils per teacher
3 of 5 get it right
Only 59 per cent of schools have reported the right pupils-to-teacher ratio (a maximum 30 for schools with 200 pupils,and 40 where the student count is higher). In Bihar only 14.8 per cent have achieved it,in Dadra & Nagar Haveli 30.91,in Jharkhand 35,in UP 38.55,in MP 42 and in Arunachal Pradesh 43.
Of other infrastructure,schools have done better in providing drinking water to students: 94.26 per cent have the facility. Proper toilets,however,remain inaccessible to many 2 2 per cent provide a common toilet,and 64.8 per cent separate ones for boys and girls. Only 61 per cent provide a ramp for children with disabilities.
Work hours,child rights
Most states have reported how far they have followed the stipulation of 200 working days and 800 instructional hours at primary level,and 220 days and 1,000 hours at upper primary. Goa has had 210 working days and 925 instruction hours at upper primary; Meghalaya and Mizoram 600 instruction hours at each level; Rajasthan has not yet specified its progress on this aspect.
All states have notified rules to set up academic authorities; 26 have set up a State Council for Protection of Child Rights. Nineteen have renewed the curriculum while Assam,Himachal Pradesh,Maharashtra and Punjab are in the process of doing so. | <urn:uuid:6ae55827-b125-4726-9ec0-81555e3e62d6> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/a-few-rte-hits-many-misses-by-states-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583658844.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117062012-20190117084012-00626.warc.gz | en | 0.904304 | 824 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Writing Challenge for Kids is an app to express creativity, have fun with writing, spark inspiration and improve writing skills.
This is amazing! What I usually have issues with in iTunes U courses is following the author's organizational system and trying to make sense of it. Yours is so well organized that I had no trouble with it whatsoever. I think we should use this model for the elementary ed summer PD classes that we are going to develop this sememster.
Name Dice is a tool for writers to create interesting fictional character names. There are hundreds of male and female first and last names, resulting in nearly endless name combinations.
Name box is a name generator for writers, expectant parents, or anyone in need of a pseudonym! This app draws from a variety of languages to create real-world names based on the criteria you choose.
Story Dice is a creative tool to prompt ideas for plot, character, and setting. This idea generator can be used effectively for both written and oral storytelling.
The Classic Brainstormer is a bit of kindling for creative minds. A tactile tool to randomly combine a plot, a subject and a setting or style, the Brainstormer can provide that elusive moment of inspiration for writers, painters, or any kind of creative endeavor.
Lists for Writers is a great addition to any writer’s toolbox. Helpful to both novice and expert writers alike, this app delivers list after list of prompts and ideas for your brainstorming sessions: names, character traits, plot lines, occupations, obsessions, action verbs, and much more!
Writer's Hat is an ideas generator to inspire creative writing, oral literacy and imaginative thinking. Whilst aimed at classroom teachers and educators, it could easily be used for family fun, camp activities and party games.Do your students need help generating ideas for creative story writing, storytelling and interesting sentence and paragraph construction? Then use the Magic Writer's Hat to generate ideas.
WAYS TO PLAY:• Play with family and friends as a party game or ice-breaker.• Play solitaire as a ‘creative Sudoku’ to stretch your imagination.• Use for second language development.• Use with children to help with literacy skills.• Tell stories to encourage speaking and listening.• Use as the starting point for creative writing, art, music, drama• Use to overcome writer’s block• Use as a creative problem solving tool• Tell stories to build confidence in your creative ability.
Story Wheel is an educational game that improves your child’s cognitive abilities. Story Wheel helps develop an understanding of story composition, strengthens imagination, and improves oral language skills. It is a perfect complement to your child’s language arts school curriculum.1-4 players can create a story. Start by spinning the wheel to get a picture. Next, record your voice as you develop a story with that picture. Each player will build upon the story with a new picture. When done, you can listen to your story and share your creations online, or email them to family and friends.With four themes to choose from, the stories are unlimited.
☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆ Looking for a stylish random word generator? ☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆
If you like writing, you don't have to worry about the creative blocks or the fear of the blank page anymore.
Writing.Com presents "Writing Prompts", the iPhone app with an endless supply of creative inspiration!-->> Search iTunes for "A+ Writing Prompts", our an all inclusive, bundled app... perfect for the classroom!
Writing.Com presents "A+ Writing Prompts", the education version of "Writing Prompts", the iPhone app with an endless supply of creative inspiration! The app includes all of our prompt generators and prompts packs, with no in-app purchases, and at a discounted price, making it perfect for teachers and students.Our prompt generators use scene elements, current events, words, sketches, colors, genres and writing types, unleashing endless random bits of fantasy to fuel your muse. Plus, we've included our database of 600 creative writing prompts so you've got them right at your finger tips, online or off! Shake your device or swipe across the screen to change prompts.
Writing.Com presents "Character Prompts", an exciting twist on traditional writing prompts... Put billions of unique character profiles in the palm of your hand! Character Prompts gives you 19 different profile characteristics filled with randomly generated information. We take the process of character development to the next level by adding thousands of character twists and 150 thought provoking questions for your character. Shake your device, swipe across the screen or tap a tab to change prompts.
Blocked again?Or do your creative juices just need a boost?Whatever the reason, Storyteller HD is there to help you write that next story, that next page, or that next sentence. All you need to do is rub your iPad and your muse will appear!Storyteller HD comes packed with thousands of character ideas, plot suggestions, location ideas and themes. Whether the hero is an insecure bodyguard obsessed with his own mortality or the suspect a vigilante father avenging his daughter's kidnapping, Storyteller is sure to surprise you with intriguing and original ideas for your stories. There's no need to ever fear writer's block again!
Boost students' creative writing skills with writing prompts that will spark their imaginations. This writing prompt generator is quick and easy to use; your students will have an inspiring writing topic in seconds. Just tap the screen to pick a situation, a character, a setting, and an object. ★ Differentiate lessons by using one or more prompt categories. ★ Generate millions of unique combinations. ★ Use for whole class, small group, or individual writing assignments.Bonus features: ★ Better Word - Enhances writing and vocabulary skills by offering dynamic alternatives to overused words. ★ Hard to Spell Words - Provides the proper spelling of over 100 commonly misspelled words. ★ Favorites - Save and name your favorites for an easy way to keep track of assigned prompts.
★ Great for helping kids hone valuable writing skills to expand their creativity both at school and at home!! ★★ Generates millions of creative writing ideas for kids in grade school ages.✔ Provides the ability for kids to type and save their writings. ✔ Remembers the student name/school/grade information for 'publishing' by email.✔ Stores the creative writing projects as a collection✔ Offers editing capabilities for existing writing projects. ✔ Export finished writing projects by email as published html files.✔
Kids Write Text Types is a tool to help teachers and students with writing. Each text type includes the structure/format, features, and examples. The many ideas/writing prompts are provided to help get students started. Students and teachers may use the planners included to plan for their own writing. They may annotate over them, save them and email them. Kids Write Text Types also includes online texts such as blogging, commenting, and tweeting. The following text types are explored in this comprehensive app:- Procedural- Persuasive- Recount- Narrative- Explanation- Information reports- Transactional- Description- Narrative- Discussion- OnlineIncluded with each text type:- Structure- Examples- Ideas or prompts- Planner
Story Spark is a creativity tool to generate ideas for plot, character, and setting. With a simple tap on the screen, get a fresh new spark of inspiration instantly!Great for the reluctant writer, young and old. Are you worried about what people may say or think about your original story idea? Story Spark can help. Express your creativity by expanding on the Story Spark prompt. Build your creative writing skills by elaborating and embellishing on the trillions of prompts contained in Story Spark.★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Features: ✔ 25+ Scenarios, with unlimited word combinations✔ 37 Beautiful background images✔ Navigate back through your history of prompts✔ Mark prompts as favorites ✔ Regular content updates✔
Are you having trouble coming up with ideas? Let the Create-O-Mat do it for you. The Create-O-Mat application will generate three words, forming a compound word that is supposed to be used in order to change the creative process. This will create a new discourse that can be applied to your design problem or can be a leverage towards improving your already thought-of idea.The purpose of these kinds of exercises is to broaden the thinking space by limiting it. If one thinks of actual cases and actual circumstances for one’s design, it opens up a wider thought horizon at the same time as one realizes more details of the design.
Spark Story Starters have been given rave reviews by Parents Canada and Today's Parent. These 52 scenarios created kick-start imagination, encourage problem-solving and get families talking. The questions (in English or French) are fun for people of all ages (3+) and are being used by families - and in classrooms - worldwide!Open-ended questions beg for more than one-word answers. And the best part? There are no wrong answers.*****"
This colorful, educational problem-solving App for the iPhone®, iPad®, and iPod Touch® has all 52 illustrated picture flash cards (plus audio of each card text) from the If… Then… Fun Deck® by Super Duper® Publications. Select the cards you want students to see, and have them complete statements to enhance their critical thinking, inferencing, and reasoning skills. Prompts include open-ended statements like, “If it looks like it’s going to rain, then …” and “If you spill your drink, then …”
NEW FROM THE DEVELOPERS OF TOOLS 4 STUDENTS. The skill of compare and contrast is part of the Common Core Standards and is included in standardized testing. Students are often required to write compare and contrast passages as part of standardized assessments.This app presents 35 sets of photos connected to a graphic organizer where students list traits that are the same and different about the two photos. Completed organizers can be projected and discussed, emailed, or posted to a dropbox. If emailed, we encourage teachers to have students write an essay in the email below the image using the traits they collected in the organizer. Organizers can be assigned by number or left to student choice. The 35 organizers make it possible to do one a week in the school year giving students lots of practice before taking the tests. | <urn:uuid:4f9cd138-8e30-4037-b0f3-4dc39b7df7cc> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://list.ly/list/3DW-iwriting-inspiration | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824109.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00254-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92129 | 2,175 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The name of avant-garde is known as the set of artistic manifestations that were developed in the first decades of the 20th century and that are characterized by the emphasis placed on innovation and in the confrontation with canonized aesthetic norms. To understand the phenomenon, it is enough to analyze the term that gives it its name; the vanguard is the line that comes into contact with the enemy for the first time, that is, it is the most advanced. Thus, one of the main objectives of the avant-garde was to create a school, to start a new trend by separating from the past.
The social context in which the avant-gardes developed was extremely agitated. The consequences of the industrial revolution were still fresh when the First World War and the Russian Revolution took place, drawing a new political map. As an aggravating factor in this convulsed situation, the economic system suffered its most serious crisis in history. It is for this reason, because of the important changes that were being suffered and because of the feeling that they could be positively contributed to, that the avant-gardes pretend to have social interference through their art. Thus, a work was no longer only intended for contemplation, but to reflect these changes.
Some examples of these movements are: Dadaism, which emphasizes the unreasonable, rebellious and destructive; the surrealism, which is based on Freud's postulates about the unconscious, trying to reflect it in the work; futurism, which was inspired by technical advances; ultraism, which favored free verse and the elaboration of metaphor; the cubism, which represented reality through geometric shapes; expressionism, which emphasizes inner experiences; and fauvism, which intended to express feelings through colors.
Usually, the vanguards failed to prosper, mainly because it lacks its own sustenance and is only based on the rejection of other tendencies. However, it is necessary to recognize that have had an important influence on artistic creations of the 20th century and those of today. | <urn:uuid:d8f79ad5-7c37-4152-a9d0-84e2f67b564b> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://en.rcmi2019.com/287-definition-of-vanguard | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654606.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608071820-20230608101820-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.980008 | 412 | 2.984375 | 3 |
We all know the contemporary and cultural references for Valentine’s Day. But do we know the origins?
St. Valentine is a 3rd-century Roman saint. He is commemorated on February 14 as that was the date of his execution in 269 A.D.
Different church traditions recognize or do not recognize Valentine. But who was he?
As the story is told in at least one version, Valintinus was arrested and imprisoned for marrying Christian couples in a time in the Roman Empire when helping Christians was considered a crime. Other stories say that he defied the order of the emperor and secretly married couples so that husbands wouldn’t have to go to war.
The celebration of St. Valentine’s Day also has many possible origins. In 14th Century England, Geoffrey Chaucer was among those whose writings associated February 14 with romantic love. During the Middle Ages, it was believed that birds paired in mid-February. This became associated with Valentine’s romance.
Just as St. Nicholas has morphed into the modern day versions of Santa Claus, St. Valentine probably never expected that he would be remembered with chocolates and flowers.
Happy Valentine’s Day. | <urn:uuid:0807a3e3-14ef-4805-a1bb-633f31d7486c> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://historicoccasions.com/category/holidays/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506988.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402143006-20200402173006-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.976461 | 245 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Given the sluggish U.S. economy, it’s little surprise that a new report from a U.S. technology industry nonprofit found net job losses last year in the high-tech sector of most big cities. But fewer jobs available doesn’t necessarily make it easier for government to find skilled workers.
On Dec. 8, the TechAmerica Foundation, a nonprofit, nonpartisan affiliate of TechAmerica, a resource for the U.S. technology industry, released its 120-page report Cybercities 2010: The Definitive Analysis of the High-Technology Industry in the Nation’s Top 60 Cities tracks high-tech employment, wages, establishments, payroll, employment concentration and wage differential at the metropolitan level in the private sector. Key findings listed in the report indicate that 53 of the 60 cyber-cities — high-tech metropolitan cities — saw net job loss in 2009. The leading 10 cyber-cities by high-tech employment each showed negative job growth except for Seattle.
But fewer jobs doesn’t necessarily make it a bullish market for government employers. Michael Kerr, TechAmerica’s senior director of state and local government, said that although government is making strides in attracting talent with high-tech skill sets, there remains a “skills shortage” of qualified people.
“Government tends to invest well in training, and more government entities are adopting the technologies with which recent college graduates are familiar. But we do detect a skills gap in the overall work force, as there are many hard-to-fill jobs at IT companies, Kerr said in an e-mail. “Skills shortages eventually impact government IT, as the private sector is willing and able to pay a premium for access to such talent.”
If there’s a positive, Kerr said, it’s that there are several state capitals among the leading cyber-cities and that state government is a strong magnet for skilled and talented people.
Other findings of the TechAmerica report included:
- New York metropolitan statistical area, which includes counties from New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, led high-tech employment with 317,000 tech workers, but had negative 2.7 percent job growth;
- Washington, D.C., which includes counties from three states and the District
of Columbia, had 293,00 tech workers with negative 0.6 percent job growth;
- San Jose/Silicon Valley, Calif., had 225,600 tech workers with negative 3.7 percent job growth;
- Boston had 219,800 tech workers with negative 1.2 percent job growth;
- Dallas/Fort Worth had 174,800 tech workers with negative 4.5 percent job growth;
- Los Angeles had 170,000 tech workers with negative 4.1 percent job growth;
- Chicago had 161,800 tech workers with negative 4.8 percent job growth;
- Seattle had 145,300 tech workers with 0 percent job growth;
- Philadelphia had 134,200 tech workers with negative 2.0 percent job growth; and
- Houston had 127,800 tech workers with negative 3.2 percent job growth.
According to the report, cities that added the most high-tech jobs were Oklahoma City, adding 900 jobs; and Huntsville, Texas; San Diego; and Denver each adding 300 jobs.
Some private-sector IT industry sections have still managed to grow, which has benefited federal government. Washington, D.C., employed almost 160,000 workers in computer systems design and related services.
Josh James, TechAmerica’s vice president of research and industry analysis, said one of D.C.’s strongest sectors for job growth currently is computer systems design. The district’s computer systems design sector alone added 11,000 jobs from 2007 to 2009.
Olga Grkavac, TechAmerica’s executive vice president for its public sector, said in a statement that software services continue to be a strong driver for Washington, D.C.’s high-tech economy.
“Software enables productivity gains in all other sectors of the economy including the federal government,” Grkavac said. “Policymakers need to understand the vital role technology plays when considering federal IT budgets and their impact of efficient, effective government.” | <urn:uuid:2a0d4190-e6ba-4128-9ddf-ad26c2bd4216> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.govtech.com/education/Fewer-IT-Jobs-in-Cities-Will-Impact-Government.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701168998.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193928-00286-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944711 | 886 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Sholokhov, Mikhail 1905–
Sholokhov, the Nobel Laureate in Literature in 1965, is a Russian novelist and short story writer. His realistic masterwork Tikhi Don (The Silent Don) is a saga of his own Don Cossack region during the chaotic decade of the Russian Revolution.
According to Fadeyev's formulation in his momentous article, or manifesto, The Road of Soviet Literature (1928), the new realism ["psychological realism"] was striving to explain the attitude of its heroes by disclosing their motivations and by drawing detailed psychological portraits. It aspired to 'depicting live men and to a truthful rendering of Soviet reality.' Truth-in-art, as Tolstoy understood it, became the slogan of a powerful literary group. (p. 362)
The highest achievement of Psychological Realism was, undoubtedly, the work of Michael Sholokhov, who is considered one of the leaders in Soviet literature. (p. 363)
However, it was not the monumental bulk alone of Sholokhov's work that reminded one of War and Peace: there were, as well, its structure and artistic manner. This does not mean, of course, that The Quiet Don is nearly as great and magnificent as its model, but Sholokhov, following the example of the master, interwove biography with history, and scenes of battles and of the movements of masses with incidents of family life, and showed social upheavals and political changes through the eyes of individuals whose loves, happiness, or ruin were determined by hidden forces of class struggle and the Revolution…. One could easily utilize The Quiet Don as a fictionalized history of all the changes the Don Cossacks went through during the decade 1910–20, but it would be unfair to take it as a mere historical illustration—it is a true novel, which evokes a feeling of life and creates vivid images of men and women. (pp. 363-64)
Grigory [or, as often transliterated, Gregor or Gregory] is the embodiment of millions of Russians who had … wavered between the Reds and the Whites, of a generation whose lives and homes were reduced to ashes during the civil war and whose task it was in the 1920's to resume life and to rebuild everything from the very beginning. No wonder, then, that the Russian readers recognized themselves and their recent past in the enormous mirror of this narrative, which held a tremendous emotional appeal for them.
What made this recognition so easy and so general was the fact that the author did not try to exert 'ideological coercion.' Himself a Communist, he never made a mystery of his convictions and sympathies, but this did not affect his artistic integrity and his objectivity in description…. The Quiet Don told a story of nation-wide significance. What is more, it showed [the] complex process of psychological and class division, of faith and disbelief, of doubt and apprehension, through concrete examples of definite personages, through the stories of their lives, through the conveying of thoughts and emotions. Sholokhov never subordinated these stories to his political ideas, never used his plot to drive a point home. He delivered no message; he simply unrolled a panorama of events and represented the flow of life with all its meanderings. An excellent portrait-painter with a sense of humor and a keen, observant eye, he conveyed a strong feeling of reality through his numerous protagonists, each of whom was drawn with distinct physical and psychological traits. Not only the main characters—treated in detail—but all the incidental and secondary ones have their individual ways of speech and behavior; they have a solid, earthy quality and are modeled by a sure hand. The plasticity of the men and women in The Quiet Don is definitely one of its principal assets.
The narration of this roman fleuve, with its slow and majestic delivery and its strong feeling for nature and all the manifestations of being, is also in the nineteenth-century tradition…. In general, he is at his best in evoking sensory details, in conveying the illusion of a palpable world. His psychological analysis is less successful, although he does devote full attention thereto. There is something naïve and unsophisticated in his reading of the human mind and heart.
It may be objected that his characters are simple, primitive men and women, and that therefore the writer could not avoid depicting rather elemental intellectual and emotional processes. But it is doubtful whether Sholokhov is able to deal with psychological complexities in the same way he deals with instinctual drives. In any case, the fact that passions and irrational leanings determine the behavior of Sholokhov's characters gave him a good opportunity for discarding the demands of the ideologists. Faithful to the school he represented, he aims at the description of the 'organic man, the complete man, with his unconscious as well as his conscious self—as he is in real life.' Certain Communist critics consoled themselves for this lack of 'rational and ideological elements' by asserting that the very concreteness of Sholokhov's images and character studies was in perfect keeping with the Marxian philosophy of dialectical materialism, which (as opposed to metaphysics and idealism) accepts the reality of the visible world and of sensorial experience. (pp. 365-66)
It could be argued that The Quiet Don, with its qualities of a panorama that observes all the laws of perspective and figure-drawing inherited from the old masters, is curiously lacking in any new stylistic devices and literary originality. Except for some lyrical passage in descriptions of nature, a few apostrophes on the part of the author, and a certain naturalistic coarseness of dialogue, particularly in erotic episodes, Sholokhov faithfully imitated his great predecessors. Neither in psychological depth nor in symbolic interpretation of man and society does he ever attain great heights. He is an excellent though not an epoch-making or trail-blazing writer, and this minimizes his position in the history of Russian letters: though Sholokhov is indubitably the most prominent of the Soviet writers of the 1930's, this disciple of Leo Tolstoy must be compared with the dei minores of the realistic school—with, for instance, Melnikov-Pechersky.
Other works by Sholokhov displayed the same merits and the same limitations…. [The Seeds of Tomorrow] remains one of the best pictures of the first period of collectivization, and is far superior to such popular but badly written novels as Fanferov's Bruski. Davydov, the chief character, is often cited as the very prototype of a Communist. (pp. 366-67)
Marc Slonim, in Modern Russian Literature: From Chekhov to the Present (copyright © 1953 by Oxford University Press, Inc.; reprinted by permission), Oxford University Press, 1953.
Nowhere is the mark of the budding artist more in evidence than in the language of [The Don Tales, Sholokhov's first volume of] stories. Sholokhov is essentially a novelist of action, but the medium is a carefully orchestrated language. Thus speech is a major factor in the individualization of his characters; the intonation in each case is not so much an imitation of life as it is a divination. (p. 167)
These early tales are obviously the efforts of a youthful writer who was already a conscious literary artist. Sholokhov deliberately confines himself to people, situations, and locale which he knows from first-hand experience and he is never tempted to stray beyond the circumference of his own knowledge. Though in his treatment of the Don Cossacks he admittedly wishes to correct mistaken popular notions about this unusual people, he does not overtly plead a cause. If his sympathies are with the Reds, he does not portray them unrealistically—their failings as well as their virtues are revealed. There is little basis for the insistence of some recent Soviet critics that in these tales Sholokhov was already aware of all the implications of the class struggle on the Don. He seems aware solely of a tragic civil war in which the Communists, who were a minority, were trying to force their rule over a people who for generations had exercised considerable democratic freedom in managing their own local affairs. The political niceties of Marxian explanations of the reasons for the struggle had not as yet occurred to the young Sholokhov. (p. 168)
For the student of the development of Sholokhov's creative art,… The Azure Steppe has considerable importance. We see in embryo in these early tales the future powerful psychological realist as he creates characters and bold, dramatic situations. (p. 169)
Instead of attributing the tremendous success of The Silent Don to its adherence to Marxian principles and socialist realism, Soviet critics would do well to recognize, on the strength of this example, that an avoidance of such prescriptions is an important condition for the creation of any worth while literary art in the Soviet Union.
Without denying Sholokhov's awareness, from the Communist point of view, of the political significance of the struggle that took place on the Don, his major interest as a literary artist was in the human beings who were the victims of war, revolution, and civil war. (p. 210)
In the last analysis, nothing could be more irrelevant than the attempts of Party-minded critics to use The Silent Don as a text out of which to expound the political aims of art. What political implications it may have are really incidental to the dominant human interest theme of the novel—the narration of a great and moving love story, almost the only great love story in Soviet literature. (p. 212)
[It] is not easy to understand how a writer of Sholokhov's integrity could have submitted to the demands—and there have been many—of the Party critics that he make extensive ideological changes in The Silent Don in substantive matters. (p. 219)
An historical novel is not an historical chronicle. Historical events are only the frame of a canvas on which the novelist depicts a story of life. In the original version of The Silent Don historical events are described as the characters saw them happening in those days, and their understanding of and reactions to them have the vital immediacy and convincingness of participants. The historical events bearing on the Revolution and the civil war in the 1953 revised edition of the novel reek of the political propaganda of today, and the Bolshevik characters of 1917–22 now react to these events as would similar idealized Communists in Soviet fiction of 1953. A pronounced tendentious purpose very much obtrudes in this edition of The Silent Don and seriously compromises the artistic integrity of the novel. (pp. 219-20)
Though Virgin Soil Upturned has been regarded abroad, in translation, as a remarkably objective treatment of the theme of agricultural collectivization, in reality it is subtle Soviet propaganda embodied in the compelling, artistic form of fiction. (p. 221)
From the point of view of the Soviet critic,… Maidannikov [in Virgin Soil Upturned] is the perfect ideological symbol of the middle peasant with a "dual soul" who struggles manfully against his kulak tendencies and in the end finds his way to a complete acceptance of Party doctrine. (pp. 226-27)
In considering Virgin Soil Upturned as a work of art, it must be remembered that it was initially conceived in 1930 as a response to the "social command" of the First Five-Year Plan, a kind of fictional handbook on how and how not to organize a collective farm. It has nothing of the scope, the design, or the concentration on the tragic significance of universal human conflict which we find in The Silent Don. Yet it seems likely that the original limited theme of the birth of a collective farm at Gremyachy Log expanded as Sholokhov worked and an intended single volume lengthened into two volumes.
In any event the mature artistry which he developed in writing his masterpiece has transformed a documentary propaganda novel into a living slice of Cossack Russian life. There are no great characters such as Gregor Melekhov and Aksinia in Virgin Soil Upturned, but there is a group of thoroughly interesting characters, several of whom may acquire a more memorable significance if the novel is ever finished. Nor are there the varied nature descriptions of The Silent Don or the intimate, often symbolic, fusions of the aspects of nature with the emotions and actions of individuals, though there are enough of these qualities to provide Sholokhov's lesser novel with more than ordinary stature. However, the social pattern of Gremyachy Log and the lives of its striking personalities are as vividly and entertainingly revealed as are those in the village of Tatarsk, and this is perhaps the major artistic achievement of the novel.
In the 1953 edition of Virgin Soil Upturned Sholokhov has done as much violence to the original version of this novel as he did in the case of the 1953 revised edition of The Silent Don, and probably for the same reasons. If anything, the results are more concentrated and hence more deplorable in the shorter work, for a novel in which the initial propaganda elements were rather well assimilated and diffused throughout a narrative of genuine human interest is now transformed into what is essentially a propaganda instrument. Most of the claimed twelve hundred changes are in language and style, and many of them go far toward emasculating the naturalness and virility of the original language, thus weakening its artistic effectiveness. Most of the substantive alterations, as was true in the case of the revision of The Silent Don, concern the Communist characters, but since they are the major figures in Virgin Soil Upturned the artistic harm done to the novel is much greater. Again the main intent of the revision is to purify these characters in language and behavior, to make them conform to the devitalized and idealized Communist moral prigs in postwar Soviet literature. (pp. 243-44)
[As] a Marxist, Sholokhov believes that every action has its alternative and that history depends on the correct choice of action. His principal protagonists are faced with these choices and their striking individualities emerge from the give and take of this mortal struggle acted out against a background of broad social and historical change. However, like another distinguished Communist writer, the German Bertold Brecht, Sholokhov combines with his Marxism a certain belief in the individual and at the same time an awareness of the inevitability of the power over him compelling irrational moral choices. Out of such situations arises a profound human sympathy for the individual who, in opposition to the victorious, progressive path of the future, elects to follow the dead-end path of the past, adding a tragic dimension which is peculiarly Soviet and one which Sholokhov develops with conviction and psychological subtlety. (p. 251)
Ernest J. Simmons, "Mikhail Sholokhov," in his Russian Fiction and Soviet Ideology: Introduction to Fedin, Leonov, and Sholokhov (copyright © 1958 Columbia University Press; reprinted by permission of the publisher), Columbia University Press, 1958, pp. 163-252.
Mikhail Sholokhov is recognized everywhere as the leading Soviet writer…. Furthermore, the honors bestowed upon him by the Government match his popularity with the masses….
Sholokhov's reputation rests mainly on his monumental "And Quiet Flows the Don," an epic of Cossack life in peace, war and revolution. It is one of the most beloved works of fiction in the Soviet Union…. Sholokhov's way of life and temperament also contribute to his fame…. He belongs to the soil, particularly to the land of the Cossacks, those half-warriors, half-peasants who continue to maintain old traditions within the structure of a Communist society.
The legend which is being built around Sholokhov's name in Russia pictures him as a man of great integrity and independence—and this despite the fact that he yielded to party pressures and revised his "And Quiet Flows the Don" according to advice from above. It is true that he is often very outspoken and does not mince words in attacking literary bureaucrats and fat-headed censors. (p. 1)
Because the events of the early Thirties have lost their topical interest, "Harvest on the Don" seems a historical novel today even to the Russian reader. The book's principal merit lies not in the evocation of a period but in the character portrayals—of Communist officials and village eccentrics, country wenches and nagging old witches. Although not all of the protagonists are convincing, the secondary characters do come alive and are cast in a pleasant, humorous light.
Follower of Tolstoy's method of psychological realism, Sholokhov is not endowed with the depth, wisdom and insight of the great master. But he learned from him that a representational narrative seeking "truthfulness to life" must provide a total portrayal of human beings, or "round" characters.
In most of today's novels on Russian life we find a sweetened reality, populated by bearers of social functions and professional aptitudes. When portraying an important Communist, the writer of "Socialist realism" avoids showing his defects; and in dealing with a villain he does not dare attribute virtue to him. People are drawn in black and white, and plots are sifted through the fine sieve of the latest policy instructions. The stereotype in the obligatory portraiture of the "positive hero" led to a dull iconography, and the analogous cliché of decadent knaves produced a throng of little demons.
"Harvest on the Don" is not a great novel or an … important work of art. It is simply a good narrative in the Russian nineteenth-century manner—but it is a relief after the specimens of the prevailing school. Sholokhov draws his characters as individuals with elemental drives and shaped by their link with the soil. They are organic human beings. (pp. 1, 41)
One can say that Sholokhov always sketches naïve people, that he avoids psychological complications, and that his reading of human heart and mind is limited. This may be true but one should not forget that he depicts primitive men and women, and is at his best in rendering their instinctual urges. There is vigor and vitality in his descriptions, including excellent pictures of Russian nature and here again his main asset is that he conveys an organic feeling of his native land and its people. The writing of Sholokhov has a solid, earthy quality, and whatever he chooses to picture is done with a sure hand….
[The] novel's main note is humor. Since Sholokhov is a regional novelist, his humor has a racy folklore flavor, and he uses dialogue and tales within a tale to produce his comic effects….
"Harvest on the Don" is not an ideological novel. It is a lively old-fashioned narrative which makes no attempt to coerce or educate. As such it represents a ray of light and hope in the realm of insipid uniformity. (p. 41)
Mark Slonim, "Faces in a Pageant of Upheaval," in The New York Times Book Review (© 1961 by The New York Times Company; reprinted by permission), February 19, 1961, pp. 1, 41.
I know of no living novelist who has brought to his big narratives of country life such color, character, and humor as Mikhail Sholokhov. He was blessed with his material, for the Cossack villages on the river Don, in one of which he was born in 1905, have been, in fact, as in his fiction, a scene of violent struggle and slow conversion to the Soviet system…. Sholokhov's concern … is that of an artist, a naturalistic painter; his sympathy is primarily for the life of the village, and he employs the technique and morality of socialist realism more as a means of underscoring. His four novels, which have been thirty-six years in the writing, beginning with And Quiet Flows the Don and concluding with Harvest on the Don…, are centered in the tiny community of Gremyachy Log, whose people long lived by a medieval ritual. The books can be enjoyed separately; taken together they form a turbulent, earthy epic of the revolution and its aftermath. (pp. 104, 106)
It is Sholokhov's genius to incorporate in [Harvest on the Don] the ruddy, primitive vitality of the village: the wonderful folk tales of Shaly, the smith, and Arzhanov, the ancient horseman; the lusty comedy of the fat cook who needs "two and a half men to embrace her"; the lazy reprobate Shchukar, sleeping in the ravine; Trofim, the sly, contentious goat; the sparrows on the eaves, who scatter as the argument rises; the black eagle of the steppe, so marvelously etched against the sun. Such warmth and comedy are essential. (p. 106)
Edward Weeks, in The Atlantic Monthly (copyright 1961 by The Atlantic Monthly Company, Boston, Mass.; reprinted with permission), March, 1961.
[It is clear that Gregory, hero of The Quiet Don,] is meant to be pitied as heroes are pitied for having fallen through errors as great as their natures. But it is Mishka Koshevoy whom we are invited to accept as the ideal required by a cruel age, Mishka who is at opposite poles from the proud and rebellious Gregory—an unpretentious fellow, from early boyhood dutifully supporting his widowed mother, reading Marx, fighting always on the side of the Reds, and ending up as commissar of the local soviet, a calm and steady character who has a good and sufficient reason for everything he does…. Stoic harshness has replaced in him a native inclination to gentleness, and loyalty to the Party has channeled his private sentiments. Gregory, by contrast, is semiliterate, has not read Marx, and has no conception of the historic meaning of the events in which he is caught up. Ideas about communism drop on him as suddenly as war itself…. Dissatisfied with life, unable to answer any argument, much less evolve a theory of his own, Gregory feels lost among these doctrines as in "a snow storm on the steppe"…. By contrast to Mishka, Gregory has grown with the years from a kind of careless and callow toughness to anguish and a mature capacity for tenderness. (pp. 306-07)
But [Mishka] is a pale creature by the side of Gregory, whom Sholokhov had not perhaps, at first, intended to make quite so attractive as he turned out to be.
And this may indicate an unacknowledged discord in Sholokhov's work, a conflict between dogma and humaneness, almost as if he himself were a Gregory trying to become Mishka. For however cold its doctrine, in feeling The Quiet Don is grandly romantic. The love story of Gregory and Aksinia is done on a heroic scale, the descriptions of the land are prose lyrics inspired by authentic passion, and there is tenderness and humor in individual episodes. All this spontaneous delight, however, is held in check by a dutiful pragmatism, for which nothing may be considered valuable except in so far as it is directed to an end. The end is the victory of bolshevism, and Sholokhov's purpose is to display its excellence. His righteousness constricts an inborn poetry and narrows his appreciation of men in such a way that, in the last analysis, all that is spontaneous seems inconclusive and extraneous to the main design, hard driven by the demands of a moral. The book is about men, but how a man feels or thinks, how he grows, what concepts or imaginings have formed his mind or generated his emotions, are matters with which Sholokhov is less concerned than with what men think, what it is right for them to think, with what they feel and what it is right for them to feel under given circumstances, rather than in how thoughts and feelings take shape. His understanding of men is thoroughly materialistic. In his view, no free play of emotions, no chaos of feeling, seeking form and direction, impinges on the world. An emotion cannot be unattached; it is created by an object, and there is nothing interesting in it except as it eventuates in action. His art is based on this materialism. Simple, concrete, it produces an effect of brute immediacy. His epic is a sequence of episodes; its theme is a moment in history; its plot is, in essence, a story of flight and pursuit. Experience in it is not a thought, but a blow. Everything is sharply defined, clearly delimited; bodies and faces, details of action are minutely drawn. Men are seen in gestures that represent not the pattern of mind and character, as they do with Tolstoy, but the demands of a given situation. (pp. 308-09)
Tolstoy's realism was the result of skilled analysis; his simplicity was the height of sophistication. He studied the world with the same uncompromising severity with which he looked into himself; he understood others through self-knowledge, and his writing was an attempt to define himself in relation to others and to his world. It was a deep but troubled introspectiveness that made his greatness, and his finest creations project the problem by which he was always tormented: how to preserve the precious insights of intuition and curb an inveterate impulse to dissect, which seemed to him destructive. His celebrated method of "otstranenie," of "making things strange"—of seeing everything, that is, as if it had never been seen before—depended on this acute self-awareness; his work, however realistic in effect, is in essence subjective, and always speculative. That is why the world of his novels appears through the eyes of men and women who approach it with the notions and interests characteristic of their personalities. Like Tolstoy himself, they have questions to ask of life…. To Tolstoy's men and women, action and sensuous perceptions are a testing ground of ideas; all that happens physically corroborates them or perturbs the mind. For Sholokhov the opposite is true. Occurences in the physical realm are primary and most important. The mind, like the body, reacts automatically to the blows that overwhelm it. The senses are not subordinate to the imagination. Meaning and value reside in the physical world, and little exists beyond the evidence of sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch. (pp. 315-16)
It is, then, in the realm of consciousness, in the role of the mind's debate with itself, that one detects a basic difference between Tolstoy's realism and Sholokhov's. Sholokhov seems to have no quarrel with himself, and the disharmony one notices in his work does not appear to have engaged his consciousness. He has neither the habit nor the need to look inward; he does not have to fight his mind; his work proceeds from a kind of unobtrusive solidity, a calm self-assuredness. He is a chronicler of events and is not identified with any of his characters, as Tolstoy is, for example, with his Pierre Bezukhov and his Andrey Bolkonsky. (p. 316)
It is the group that matters; the ideal man is the social servant; and the willful individual, embodied in Gregory, is denounced as tragically mistaken. His failure is complete and without compensation, and all that made him unique is implicitly damned: passion, rebelliousness, pride, the will to put principles to the test and to change allegiance as conscience may exact. In a moral order that takes discipline and submissiveness to be the highest virtues, sympathy for a man like Gregory, who hesitates at the crossroads, cannot be allowed. And one can only marvel at the rapidity with which in a revolutionary epoch the ideal of revolt has been suppressed.
Gregory stirs our pity but does not move our reason; his passionate life, twisting in tangled and devious ways, leads nowhere beyond itself. And yet, as a representative of the old order, he might have been a Great Antagonist, a Satan, a Prometheus, or at least an Iago. But Sholokhov's scheme demands that the undistinguished be praised. (p. 318)
It is not by virtue of an ideal that Sholokhov holds us entranced, but by the passions of his men and women, by his vigorous love of the land, and by the sheer fascination of horror. The love story of Gregory and Aksinia is as powerful as any love story of romantic legend. It has no "meaning" as Tolstoy's love stories have meaning; it stands by itself, overwhelming and complete. It is the glory of the book. Nowhere else does Sholokhov's gift appear more clearly, nowhere else does one see so well how feeling may be shown pictorially—compact, unanalyzed—in the graphic utterance of actions and gestures. It is an earthy love. And the whole book is earthy; it feels and smells of the soil. The seasons here are the timepiece by which the fortunes of individuals and history itself are clocked. Men are attached to the earth physically and emotionally, and the setting of their lives is never forgotten. (p. 319)
[With] its melancholy tone, its love and pity for a land "watered with blood," [The Quiet Don] belongs to a long, patriotic tradition that goes back to The Lay of Igor's Armament and includes some of the finest pages in Russian literature: Gogol's celebrated descriptions of the Ukraine, Turgenev's of northern Russia, Blok's cycle, On The Field of Kulikovo. (p. 321)
To Sholokhov, wounds, convulsions, death throes, self-inflicted mutilations are the order of the day, and he records them minutely. Not callously, however, convinced as he is that in the outcome all misery will be redeemed. He is optimistic because his goal is sure, and because there is nothing imponderable in his, view of life. This is not the same as Tolstoy's happiness, nor Homer's enjoyment of all that exists. Tolstoy's morality was, in essence, hedonistic. Happiness was his theme, and happiness not as a future possibility, a social goal, but as an actuality, experienced in ordinary moments of evanescent pleasure, which were the purpose and standard of life. Homer's delight was in the moral strength of men and their physical vigor and joy in living. But Sholokhov is pleased and hopeful because men know how to endure. (p. 322)
As is usually true of fine works of art, The Quiet Don admits of various interpretations. "It is inconceivable," writes Professor Ernest Simmons, for example, "that Sholokhov expected his readers, even within the Soviet Union, to prefer the Bolshevik monster [i.e., Mishka Koshevoy] to the tragic Gregory Melekhov." Indeed, this does seem inconceivable when one confronts the paltriness of the "monster" with the splendor of Gregory, that "Hamlet of the Steppe." As artistic conceptions they are incommensurable. But that other aspect of Sholokhov's art, which militates against his art, his stubborn and naïve loyalty to bolshevism, makes it by no means clear that his intentions always coincide with his artistic intuition. Gregory is magnificent by virtue of his strength, justice, and independence. The character he most closely resembles in Russian fiction is Dmitry Karamazov. But his tragedy is occasioned by the nature of the society with which he is involved; it is the tragedy of an independent and solitary man in a world that has no place for solitude and independence. Mishka Koshevoy, on the other hand, is attuned to this world, and however paltry he may appear by the side of the great-souled Gregory, he is, of the two, the one who in Sholokhov's philosophy is the more nearly "right."… Mishka may exaggerate, but his direction is correct; the Party is foremost in his thoughts, he serves it as he must, and such service demands ruthlessness. Later it became possible for Sholokhov to denounce this kind of inhumanity, but that was only after Stalin had stamped it as the sin of "leftist deviationism." (pp. 326-27)
Helen Muchnic, in her From Gorky to Pasternak (copyright © 1961 by Helen Muchnic; reprinted by permission of Random House, Inc.), Random House, 1961.
A Cossack himself, Sholokhov has shown that not all Cossacks were as black as they were painted. He distinguishes between rich and poor, good and evil, educated and illiterate, reactionary and progressive. "Tales of the Don" in more than one sense is a Cossack version of Turgenev's "Memoirs of a Sportsman."
It is no exaggeration to say that these tales, together with Sholokhov's major works, "The Silent Don" and "Virgin Soil Upturned," were an important factor in winning over the younger generation of Cossacks to the Soviet regime. These Red Cossacks played a significant role in the defense of the USSR in World War II. Nor was it an accident that a new edition of the Sholokhov tales was published in the Soviet Union in 1958. The vicissitudes of the herdsman, watchman, farm laborer, felter, and other destitute or maltreated Cossacks serve as a reminder of their plight some forty years ago, as compared with their position today.
Ivar Spector, "About Life, for the Party," in Saturday Review (copyright © 1962 by Saturday Review, Inc.; reprinted with permission), February 24, 1962, p. 28.
In literary quality and scope [The Quiet Don] has no equal in Soviet literature. (p. 217)
Sholokhov the artist understands the organic character of the peasant resistance to collectivization. Sholokhov the Communist attempts to explain this resistance by the rigidity of the peasant psyche and the peasantry's natural reaction to the errors and "excesses" of the local authorities. These errors must be carefully corrected at the next stage. Such is the political philosophy of [Virgin Soil Upturned]. (p. 224)
Vera Alexandrova, "Mikhail Sholokhov (1905–)," in her A History of Soviet Literature, translated by Mirra Ginsburg (copyright © 1963, 1964 by Vera Alexandrova-Schwarz; reprinted by permission of Doubleday & Company, Inc.), Doubleday, 1963, pp. 216-32.
The Quiet Don … represents with near perfection that fusion of traditional Russian realism with Soviet socialist realism, and was written by a Communist who, because of his artistic integrity, all but refused to sacrifice either the logic of his design or—in the Tolstoyan sense—the truth of his hero to extraneous demands of Party doctrine. If there is any point in the old cliché that all literature is propaganda, but not all propaganda is literature, then it may be said that propaganda is brilliantly sublimated in The Quiet Don. (p. 230)
Where Sholokhov's realism differs most from Tolstoy's is in the treatment of characterization. His approach is similar to that of Chekhov in his early literary period—one of complete objectivity—a most unusual practice for a Soviet writer. But Sholokhov goes beyond Chekhov whose determination to let his characters speak for themselves did not exclude the omniscient author's prerogative of commenting on them. Sholokhov, as it were, reports on his characters, never appearing to identify himself with them, and he avoids associating himself with their actions or philosophizing about their thoughts and feelings. (pp. 246-47)
The major artistic achievement of the first volume of Virgin Soil Upturned rests on Sholokhov's brilliant realism which brings so vividly to life the whole social pattern of Gremyachy Log and its striking personalities. It is little wonder that this work soon became a fixture on the reading lists of Soviet schools, for some critics pretended to value it higher than The Quiet Don because of its propaganda effectiveness, ideological correctness, and its positive hero Davydov. Quite apart from these dubious qualifications, there can be no doubt that the artistic worth of the novel places it far ahead of the abundant Five-Year Plan fiction devoted to the theme of agricultural collectivization. (p. 253)
[The] Party line is followed so rigidly in the continuation of Virgin Soil Upturned that a kind of deterministic inevitability takes the place of the excitement and tense expectancy in events that characterized the first volume. It is hardly a sequel in an epic of collectivization, for Sholokhov restricts the action to two summer months of 1930, the year in which the first volume was centered, thus avoiding any consideration of the important and bitter events in agricultural planning in the years immediately following. The sense of history is further lost in its updating to the present, for the continuation portrays the goals of the Party in 1930 as identical with those of peasants who find their interests cheerfully merged with Communists in a triumph of socialism. In short, in ideological terms at least, socialist realism seems to have taken over entirely in Sholokhov's writing.
The continuation is loosely constructed and excessively episodic, with a disproportionately large part of it devoted to inserted stories, often of an anecdotal nature. Sholokhov's gift for humor is reflected more fully than in any of his previous writings. Sometimes these tales advance the action or the characterization of the narrator, at others they are told simply as comic interludes…. (pp. 255-56)
[Sholokhov's] total artistic achievement in fiction demonstrates better than that of any other Soviet novelist both a continuation of Russian classical realism of the nineteenth century and the change to socialist realism in the twentieth. (p. 258)
Ernest J. Simmons, "Sholokhov: Literary Artist and Socialist Realist," in his Introduction to Russian Realism (copyright © 1965 by Indiana University Press), Indiana University Press, 1965, pp. 225-64.
[Sholokhov] wrote in a way everyone could understand and said what everybody needed to hear—a model for all writers to follow…. Sholokhov is anything but "clever"; his work is profoundly nonintellectual, his epic of the Don, a tour de force of non-thinking, a masterpiece not in spite of, but because of, that unreason on which he prides himself. The primitive, the naïve, the elemental are his province: palpable matter, physical actions, simple feelings; the impact of a blow, the reflex of anger, the surging of lust; and also sentiment, gentleness. (pp. 386-87)
[We] know … that civilization is in danger. Each day's news reminds us of this. And … Sholokhov has drawn a picture of what happens when civilization falls and men must deal, as Sholokhov says, "not with human beings but with degenerate mongrels maddened with blood." We stare at the hideous truth, we gather statistics, but can we grasp this barbarism, the infernal sadism of which men are capable, the depths of degeneracy to which they can succumb? The mind staggers under the weight of the evil with which it is charged and which it has to bear; but out of it, it can create surrealist fantasies like Zamyatin's or unsophisticated, passionately narrow tales like Sholokhov's, full of stoicism, simple affection, and implacable hatred. (p. 392)
Helen Muchnic, in The New York Review of Books (reprinted with permission from The New York Review of Books; copyright © 1967 NYREV, Inc.), June 15, 1967 (and reprinted in her Russian Writers: Notes and Essays, Random House, 1971).
Sholokhov is a writer of genuine attainments, and his study of the grim battle for collectivization, Virgin Soil Upturned, represents a maximum effort to write well, yet entirely within the official canon. The novel has become a permanent best-seller, and a textbook in the schools. Under the surface the essential dramatic situation reflects the same pattern that has been discovered [by this critic] in every other conformist Soviet novel. (p. 221)
[The Silent Don] quite clearly goes back to the classical Russian tradition itself. [It resists] strict classification under the heading "socialist realism" because [it was] conceived and … early sections were published in the twenties. (p. 233)
Publication of its concluding sections in 1940 … raised a number of instructive issues because, although it was not generally admitted, Sholokhov had challenged every tenet of socialist realism in the tragic fate he devised for his hero. The most important aspects of the discussion of the novel in the USSR centered on the question: does the Soviet Union have "a right" to a tragic literature? The question is very much in point. Although they exist in attenuated and incomplete form, there are the elements of an Aristotelian design in The Silent Don. The novel's hero, the gifted, humane, passionate Cossack, Gregor Melekhov, is a man of more than average human stature who is destroyed by superhuman forces he can neither comprehend nor control. His intellectual inability to understand history's movement cannot in itself be considered a tragic "flaw," though it does contribute to the blind sin of political affiliation with the Whites that is the external cause of his downfall.
But the basic terms of his collision with reality are moral…. If [the] zigzag pattern of commitment were the product only of bewilderment, Gregor's destruction between implacable hostile forces would be productive only of a remote kind of pathos. But he is an assertive moral being, and beneath the inarticulated tangle of motives which produce his impulsive actions, there is a plain code of human decency and tolerance. A respect for the human person and a distaste for gratuitous acts of cruelty always underlie the other considerations—self-preservation, Cossack self-interest, love of the land—which motivate him. Acts of rape, looting, murder, or torture—committed by either side—are the determinants of his judgments. (pp. 233-34)
Though Gregor is never permitted to know this, Sholokhov appears … to be suggesting that private moral judgment is sometimes irrelevant to the higher struggles of historical forces, and that in this fact there is genuine human tragedy.
Perhaps this is not Sholokhov's intention—and for it to be so the writer would have to betray the Communist in himself—but it is a defensible reading of the novel and it is possible to speculate about its function in Soviet society. (pp. 234-35)
Sholokhov's novel does not deserve the designation "Tolstoyan" which is often attached to it because it lacks the human density of his predecessor's work. The very inarticulateness of Sholokhov's characters, and the unmitigated violence which engulfs all assertions of moral worth, automatically deny it such depth of insight. (p. 235)
Rufus W. Mathewson, Jr., in his The Positive Hero in Russian Literature (copyright © 1958, 1975 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University; with the permission of the publishers, Stanford University Press), 2nd edition, Stanford University Press, 1975. | <urn:uuid:c56ad44b-4636-411d-8f8e-b77a7fc18f08> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.enotes.com/topics/mikhail-sholokhov/critical-essays/sholokhov-mikhail-1905 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537864.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00113-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969365 | 9,184 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Faced with toxic fluorides destroying food crops, animal and human life, and with law suits piling up, atomic scientists decided they could distract the nation by promoting fluorides as a beneficial tooth treatment…
February 1, 2018
Occasionally, I reprint this article. I wrote it some years ago, during research on toxic chemicals pervading the landscape. I used to send the piece to mainstream reporters, but I eventually gave that up as a bad bet.
They’re dedicated to fake news…and now they’re losing control over public consciousness. Losing badly. Independent media are in the ascendance, and rightly so.
In 1997, Joel Griffiths and Chris Bryson, two respected mainstream journalists, peered into an abyss. They found a story about fluorides that was so chilling it had to be told.
The Christian Science Monitor, who had assigned the story, never published it.
Their ensuing article, “Fluoride, Teeth, and the Atomic Bomb,” has been posted on a number of websites.
Author Griffiths told me that researchers who study the effects of fluorides by homing in on communities with fluoridated drinking water, versus communities with unfluoridated water, miss a major point: studying the water is not enough; toxic fluorides are everywhere—they are used throughout the pharmaceutical industry in the manufacture of drugs, and also in many other industries (e.g., aluminum, pesticide).
I want to go over some of the major points of the Griffiths-Bryson article.
Griffiths discovered hundreds of documents from the World War 2 era. These included papers from the Manhattan Project, launched to build the first A-bomb.
Griffiths/Bryson write: “Fluoride was the key chemical in atomic bomb production…millions of tons…were essential for the manufacture of bomb-grade uranium and plutonium for nuclear weapons throughout the Cold War.”
The documents reveal that fluoride was the most significant health hazard in the US A-bomb program, for workers and for communities around the manufacturing facilities.
Griffiths/Bryson: “Much of the original proof that fluoride is safe for humans in low doses was generated by A-bomb program scientists, who had been secretly ordered to provide ‘evidence useful in litigation’ [against persons who had been poisoned by fluoride and would sue for damages]… The first lawsuits against the US A-bomb program were not over radiation, but over fluoride damage, the [government] documents show.”
A-bomb scientists were told they had to do studies which would conclude that fluorides were safe.
The most wide-reaching study done was carried out in Newburgh, New York, between 1945 and 1956. This was a secret op called “Program F.” The researchers obtained blood and tissue samples from people who lived in Newburgh, through the good offices of the NY State Health Department.
Griffiths/Bryson found the original and secret version of this study. Comparing it to a different sanitized version, the reporters saw that evidence of adverse effects from fluorides had been suppressed by the US Atomic Energy Commission.
Other studies during the same period were conducted at the University of Rochester. Unwitting hospital patients were given fluorides to test out the results.
Flash forward. Enter Dr. Phyllis Mullenix (see also here), the head of toxicology at Forsyth Dental Center in Boston. In the 1990s, Mullenix did a series of animal studies which showed that, as Griffiths/Bryson write: “…fluoride was a powerful central nervous system (CNS) toxin…”
Mullenix applied for further grant monies from the National Institutes of Health. She was turned down. She was also told that fluorides do not have an effect on the CNS.
But Griffiths/Bryson uncovered a 1944 Manhattan Project memo which states: “Clinical evidence suggests that uranium hexafluoride may have a rather marked central nervous system effect…it seems most likely that the F [fluoride] component rather than the [uranium] is the causative factor.”
The 1944 memo was sent to the head of the Manhattan Project Medical Section, Colonel Stafford Warren. Warren was asked to give his okay to do animal studies on fluorides’ effects on the CNS. He immediately did give his approval.
But records of the results of this approved project are missing. Most likely classified.
Who was the man who made that 1944 proposal for a rush-program to study the CNS effects of fluorides? Dr. Harold Hodge, who worked at the Manhattan Project.
Who was brought in to advise Mullenix 50 years later at the Forsyth Dental Center in Boston, as she studied the CNS effects of fluorides? Dr. Harold Hodge.
Who never told Mullenix of his work on fluoride toxicity for the Manhattan Project? Dr. Harold Hodge.
Was Hodge brought in to look over Mullenix’s shoulder and report on her discoveries? It turns out that Hodge, back in the 1940s, had made suggestions to do effective PR promoting fluoride as a dental treatment. So his presence by Mullenix’s side, all those years later, was quite possibly as an agent assigned to keep track of her efforts.
Getting the idea here? Build an A-bomb. Forget the toxic fluoride consequences. Bury the fluoride studies. Twist the studies.
More on Hodge. In 1944, “a severe pollution incident” occurred in New Jersey, near the Du Pont plant in Deepwater where the company was trying to build the first A-bomb. A fluoride incident. Farmers’ peach and tomato crops were destroyed. Horses and cows became crippled. Some cows had to graze on their bellies. Tomato crops (normally sold to the Campbell Company for soups) were contaminated with fluorides.
The people of the Manhattan Project were terrified of lawsuits and ensuing revelations about the toxic nature of their work. A heads-up memo was written on the subject. Its author? Harold Hodge. Among other issues, he reported on the huge fluoride content in vegetables growing in the polluted area.
Also the high fluoride levels in human blood.
The farmers began to bring lawsuits. Big PR problem.
The lawsuits were settled quietly, for pittances.
Harold Hodge wrote another memo. Get this quote: “Would there be any use in making attempts to counteract the local fear of fluoride on the part of residents [near the A-bomb facility]…through lectures on F [fluoride] toxicology and perhaps the usefulness of F in tooth health?”
Griffiths/Bryson write: “Such lectures were indeed given, not only to New Jersey citizens but to the rest of the nation throughout the Cold War.”
This was a launching pad for fluorides as “successful dental treatments.”
Now you know why promoting toxic fluorides as a dental treatment was so important to government officials.
Footnote: In Stanley Kubrick’s 1964 film, Dr. Strangelove, Brigadier General Jack D. Ripper rails about the destruction fluorides are wreaking on the “pure blood of pure Americans.” Of course, General Ripper is fleshed out as a crazy right-wing fanatic. He’s ready and willing to start a nuclear war. How odd. Apparently unknown to the Strangelove script writers, fluorides were, in fact, very toxic and were an integral part of the program that created atomic bombs in the first place…
(To read about Jon’s mega-collection, The Matrix Revealed, click here.)
The author of three explosive collections, THE MATRIX REVEALED, EXIT FROM THE MATRIX, and POWER OUTSIDE THE MATRIX, Jon was a candidate for a US Congressional seat in the 29th District of California. He maintains a consulting practice for private clients, the purpose of which is the expansion of personal creative power. Nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, he has worked as an investigative reporter for 30 years, writing articles on politics, medicine, and health for CBS Healthwatch, LA Weekly, Spin Magazine, Stern, and other newspapers and magazines in the US and Europe. Jon has delivered lectures and seminars on global politics, health, logic, and creative power to audiences around the world. You can sign up for his free NoMoreFakeNews emails here or his free OutsideTheRealityMachine emails here. | <urn:uuid:27bb5c9a-d26e-43b1-a9f6-ef6c449c730c> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://crazzfiles.com/fluorides-the-atomic-bomb-and-fake-news/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662588661.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525151311-20220525181311-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.969733 | 1,794 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Gian Lorenzo Bernini, The Medusa, 1640s. Carrara marble. Musei Capitolini, Rome
A Masterpiece from Rome's Musei Capitolini
The Musei Capitolini in Rome are lending San Francisco one of their greatest treasures, the Baroque masterpiece The Medusa by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, one of history’s finest sculptors and a leading figure in 17th-century Italian art and architecture. This loan is part of the Dream of Rome, a project initiated by the mayor of Rome to exhibit timeless masterpieces in the United States from 2011 through 2013. The Medusa represents the inaugural object loaned as part of a joint venture signed recently between the Musei Capitolini and the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco designed to share exhibitions, collections, curatorial and conservation knowledge and to collaborate on educational programs.
Recent conservation efforts have restored the Medusa to its full glory and revealed previously hidden polish and patina. Believed to date from between1638 and 1648, this extraordinary work takes its subject from classical mythology, as cited in Ovid’s Metamorphoses. It shows the beautiful Medusa, one of the Gorgon sisters, caught in the terrible process of transformation into a monster. Her hair is turning into writhing snakes, which, according to Ovid, was a punishment from Minerva for having had an affair with Neptune, god of the sea. The punishment also made Medusa an instrument of death by turning anyone who looked upon her to stone. Famously, Perseus overcame Medusa’s curse by looking at her reflection in a shield to behead her.
Bernini’s depiction does not describe this incident but rather the agony of Medusa’s initial dramatic transformation. Her face is contorted with pain and anxiety and her mouth is open as if crying out.
What is remarkable about Bernini’s interpretation of this ancient mythological creature is that it conveys passion, emotion and the humanity of the moment, rather than the monstrous and horrific aspects of Medusa treated by artists and sculptors hitherto. Created during a bleak period when the artist was out of favor at the papal court, the figure is thought to represent for Bernini the power of sculpture and the value of the sculptor.
The Medusa is displayed in the Legion of Honor’s Baroque gallery where it can be seen in context with the Museums’ great collections of paintings and sculpture from the era of Bernini.
Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598–1680) was a virtuosic genius of the Roman Baroque in the 17th century. Not only the greatest sculptor of the age, he was also an internationally renowned architect, painter, playwright and theatrical designer. Living and working mainly in Rome until his death, he was the leader of that city’s artistic scene for more than 50 years, far outshining his contemporaries as the major exponent of the Italian Baroque. Serving six popes, he left a permanent mark on the city of Rome with his designs for the colonnade and interior of Saint Peter’s Basilica and with his famous public fountains. His ability to synthesize sculpture, architecture and painting into a conceptual entity was recognized by scholar Irving Lavin as a “unity of the visual arts.”
Born the son of a Tuscan sculptor in Naples in 1598, Bernini was a child prodigy and learned sculpting skills from his father, who worked for the great families in Rome starting in 1605. Even in his first works, the artist attempted to represent subjects and moods never before attempted, such as portraying the human soul.
The Musei Capitolini, Rome
The Musei Capitolini (Capitoline Museums) are a complex of buildings located on the Capitoline Hill, one of the traditional Seven Hills of Rome. In antiquity the hill was the religious and political heart of the city, the site of many temples, including the massive Temple of Capitoline Jupiter, which overlooked the Forum. During the Middle Ages, the ancient buildings fell into disrepair. Rising from their ruins were new municipal structures: the Palace of the Senators, which was built largely in the 13th and 14th centuries and which turned away from the Forum, toward Papal Rome and the Old Saint Peter’s Basilica; and the Palace of the Conservators (magistrates), constructed in the 15th century beside the Palace of the Senators.
A donation made in 1471 marked the beginning of a new function for the buildings on the Capitoline Hill, reflecting a rising interest in the artistic legacy of Roman antiquity. In that year Pope Sixtus IV transferred to the Capitoline four ancient bronze sculptures from the Lateran Palace, then the principal papal residence. In 1537 Pope Paul III commissioned Michelangelo to relocate another sculpture from the Lateran to the plaza in front of the Palace of the Senators: the monumental bronze equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, which had escaped destruction during the Middle Ages only because it was then believed to represent Constantine, the first Christian emperor.
Michelangelo was also charged with reorganizing the area, known as the Piazza del Campidoglio. For the Palaces of the Senators and Conservators he designed new facades, which were completed after his death in 1564. To balance the Palace of the Conservators, he conceived a matching building, the New Palace, which was finished in 1667. Together, these buildings constitute the Musei Capitolini. The last element of Michelangelo’s masterpiece of urban planning, the Piazza, was not completed until 1940 under Mussolini. Despite the centuries of construction, most of Michelangelo’s plans for the site were implemented.
In the 16th century the Capitoline collections increased dramatically through the acquisition of newly excavated works and donations such as the ancient works of art given by Pope Pius V with the intention of “purging the Vatican of pagan idols.” The Palace of the Conservators became so crowded with sculpture that the magistrates found it difficult to carry out their official duties. In the late 17th century, many of the works were transferred to the recently completed New Palace. Since then, the Musei Capitolini have continued to expand their holdings, bringing together one of the world’s great collections of Roman antiquities.
This loan is made possible by Sovraintendenza ai Beni Culturali di Roma Capitale–Musei Capitolini. George and Judy Marcus are the exclusive sponsors of the presentation. | <urn:uuid:04436c52-2f3e-494f-9aa9-c03329ab0f2f> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.famsf.org/press-room/berninis-medusa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.964098 | 1,377 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Pieter Claesz was a 17th century Belgian painter who was born in Antwerp. Claesz is associated with the Dutch Golden Age and Baroque Art Movements. He moved to Holland to paint and is famous for his still life paintings which display great skill in depicting everyday objects of food, fruit, cutlery and glassware. these paintings are known as dinner pieces. Pieter Claesz also painted symbolist works, known as Vanitas, which generally depicted a skull to show the brevity and frailty of human life.
Still Life with a Skull and a Writing Quill 1628 was painted by Pieter Claesz and is held by the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Still-life paintings by Pieter Claesz and other famous Still life artists Severin Roesen and Abraham Mignon are available as museum quality replica reproduction oil paintings and can be bought online.- https://www.reproduction-gallery.com/artist/pieter-claesz/ | <urn:uuid:16002fc5-55bb-45c2-ac85-e4651ab28b22> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.reproduction-gallery.com/artist/pieter-claesz/?perpage=30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711074.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206060908-20221206090908-00582.warc.gz | en | 0.97569 | 208 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Over the last 20 years, a new generation of higher-efficiency gas furnaces and boilers has come to market. An essential difference in the design of these units is how they are vented, eliminating the need for dilution air. The combustion of natural gas produces certain by-products, including water vapour and carbon dioxide. In a conventional gas furnace, such by-products are vented through a chimney, but a considerable amount of heat (both in the combustion products and in heated room air) also escapes through the chimney at the same time. Heat is also lost up the chimney when the furnace is off. The newer designs have been modified to increase energy efficiency by reducing the amount of heated air that escapes during both the on and off cycles and by extracting more of the heat contained in the combustion by-products before they are vented.
Residential gas boilers sold in Canada today are required to have an AFUE rating of at least 80 percent. ENERGY STAR qualified boilers must have an AFUE rating of at least 85 percent. The following are some ways manufacturers have improved efficiency levels:
Other boilers that use aspirating gas burners have eliminated the need for a draft hood entirely by using a powered exhaust system, usually incorporating an induced draft fan. With no dilution air, high resistance to spillage during the on cycle, and minimal flow up the stack during the off cycle, these units tend to give superior performance to those using draft hoods and vent dampers.
Today, many gas boilers have replaced the naturally aspirating gas burner with a power burner. These use a fan on the burner to improve the combustion process and ensure the development and maintenance of an adequate draft. These burners, similar to ones used in advanced oil-fired equipment, tend to have a high-pressure restriction or even close off the combustion air passage when the burner is not operating. This minimizes off-cycle heat losses without requiring a flue damper. Such units minimize dilution air, or have sealed combustion, and have performance characteristics similar to or better than the aspirating burner with a powered exhaust system.
Condensing gas boilers employ either an aspirating burner with an induced draft fan, or a power burner, similar to the units described previously. However, they have an additional heat exchanger made of corrosion resistant materials (usually stainless steel) that extracts latent heat remaining in the combustion by-products by condensing the combustion products before they are exhausted. A chimney is not needed, reducing the cost of installation. Because the flue gas temperature is low, the gases are vented through a PVC or ABS plastic pipe out the side wall of the house.
A condensing boiler can have an AFUE rating of 90 percent or higher. But in practice, condensing boilers in hydronic (hot water) heating systems can have difficulty achieving this efficiency. For the condensing boiler's heat exchanger to extract all the potential latent heat effectively, the system has to run with the lowest possible return water temperatures, preferably not exceeding 45–50°C (113–122°F). Unfortunately, most radiator systems are designed to operate at significantly higher return water temperatures, which makes it difficult for the flue gas to condense. If the return water temperature is too high, actual operating efficiency may be only slightly higher than that of the better models of non-condensing boilers.
For a condensing boiler to achieve its potential, the heating system must be designed to return water to the boiler below the temperature of the condensing flue gas. Residential applications that normally operate at sufficiently low return water temperatures include
For radiator systems, it may be possible to lower the return water temperature with techniques such as
For a condensing boiler to operate efficiently, a total systems approach to design is required.
One way to potentially maximize efficiency and reduce costs is to integrate space and water heating in a single appliance.
In many cases, with new or renovated housing, improvements to the building envelope have reduced the space heating load to the point where it is sometimes difficult to justify the expense of a high-efficiency furnace solely to satisfy the heating load. To take advantage of the efficiency potential of condensing gas-fired systems, it makes sense to combine space heating with other functions, in particular, domestic water heating. Domestic hot water loads have remained fairly constant and have even increased over time, making it logical to put more effort into improving the efficiency of the hot water generator. Therefore, it would be natural to combine space and water heating systems.
An integrated, high-efficiency space and water condensing gas-fired heating system, using water from municipal mains as the driving mechanism to condense the flue gas, can have efficiencies of over 90 percent for both space and water heating. Space heating can be hydronic or forced air (through a fan coil). This type of system may entail a lower overall capital cost than individual appliances; it eliminates the need for multiple exhaust systems; and it maximizes efficient operation.
In practice, condensing gas-fired boilers in hydronic heating systems can have difficulty condensing because the return water temperature is above the dew point of the flue gases. By installing a water-to-water heat exchanger and storage tank for tap hot water upstream of the boiler, the return water temperature can be brought below the dew point, flue gases will condense and the efficiencies will be improved significantly. Such a high-efficiency combined system is shown in Figure 11.
Figure 11 Schematic of high-efficiency combined space and water heating system
Standard-efficiency gas-fired combined systems also exist, but their overall efficiency potential is lower than for condensing units. A standard-efficiency boiler coupled with an external storage tank is another efficient combined system.
Early "combo" systems used a conventional natural draft water heater and a fan coil to supply heat to the distribution air. These units suffer from low efficiency and limited life and have been supplanted by the optimized systems described above.
In the house
More efficient heating systems, combined with better draftproofing and insulation, can result in less air infiltration, which, in turn, leads to excess humidity in the house.
Heavy condensation on the inside of windows and dampness or mould growth on walls or ceilings are indications of too much moisture. If not corrected, serious structural damage may occur; luckily, indoor condensation problems can be solved. Because most of the indoor humidity arises from regular household activities (such as showering and cooking), your first step should be to reduce the amount of moisture
In the chimney
Condensation in the chimney is another possible problem. The lower flue temperature achieved by the improved efficiency of today's heating equipment has created the possibility of another problem – damage caused by condensation inside a chimney, particularly a masonry chimney located on an outside wall, where it is chilled by exposure to outside air. Look for a white, powdery efflorescence on the outside of the chimney, spalling or flaking of the bricks, crumbling mortar joints, wet patches on inside walls behind the chimney, pieces of tile at the bottom of the chimney, and water running out of the cleanout door or around the bottom of the chimney behind the furnace. The most common cause of all of these problems is condensation inside a cold chimney. Water vapour is produced when oil or natural gas is burned, but humid house air drawn into the chimney also contributes to problems.
Another cause of condensation is that the new, more efficient furnaces need smaller chimneys than the 200-mm2 (8-sq.-in.) flue tile that has been standard for many years. Combustion gases, already cooled by the improved heat exchangers in the furnace, rise slowly in the cold, oversized flue and are sometimes cooled to the dew point of the water vapour they contain. The resulting condensation can then leak into the bricks and cause structural or water damage. If this is caught in time, there are simple remedies. Some solutions to these problems are described in Chapter 7.
Source: National Resources Canada (NRCan) - Office of Energy Efficiency | <urn:uuid:256cdca8-c75a-4aab-a067-f441060a570b> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.designair.ca/webapp/p/268/operating-information-for-all-boiler-types | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487660269.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620084505-20210620114505-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.932755 | 1,677 | 2.71875 | 3 |
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The Israelites in Egypt -
The Israelites were in Egypt for generations but the whole time was not spent in slavery. At first, it was a good life; in fact, far better that the drought conditions they escaped from in Canaan. But there are different ideas of how long they spent there and for how long they were enslaved. On the page about
the duration of the Egyptian slavery
it is mentioned that there are some problems with resolving all the details. One apparent problem comes from this verse:
"Now the sojourning of the children of Israel, who dwelt in Egypt, was four hundred and thirty years." (Exo 12:40)
The problem, of course, is that Abraham was not a child of Jacob but, rather, an ancestor. But then consider this verse:
"Now to Abraham and his seed were the promises made. He saith not, And to seeds, as of many; but as of one, And to thy seed, which is Christ. And this I say, that the covenant, that was confirmed before of God in Christ, the law, which was four hundred and thirty years after, cannot disannul, that it should make the promise of none effect." (Gal 3:16-17)
This passage again mentions the 430 years and is giving us the starting and ending points:
That very much helps to establish the duration of the time period but it still has the problem that Abraham was not a child of Jacob. But there is a clue a few verses later:
"... till the seed should come to whom the promise was made ..." (Gal 3:19)
This repetition of what was said in verse 16 ("... He saith not, And to seeds, as of many; but as of one, And to thy seed, which is Christ.) emphasizes that the seed to whom the promise was given was, in a special sense, Christ.
The promises were made to Abraham and his seed - Christ - and Christ can be regarded as the new Israel, the ultimate overcomer. So the promise was made to Christ of whom we are all spiritual children.
"Ye are the children of the LORD your God ..." (Deut 14:1)
"For ye are all the children of God by faith in Christ Jesus." (Gal 3:26)
"That is, They which are the children of the flesh, these are not the children of God: but the children of the promise are counted for the seed. For this is the word of promise, At this time will I come, and Sara shall have a son." (Rom 9:8-9)
Verse 9 of Romans 9 reinforces that the promise referred to is the one made to Abraham and it was from the giving of this promise that the 430 years extended to the time of the giving of the law at Mt. Sinai. And, of course, Jesus came before Abraham:
"Jesus said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Before Abraham was, I am." (John 8:58)
There have been proposals that generations were lost in the record and that there really was another approximately 200 years between Jacob moving to Egypt at age 130 and the Exodus. This idea of disbelieving the Biblical genealogy and adding 200+ years to the time between Jacob moving to Egypt and the Exodus runs into serious problems.
Firstly, with the clear specification that the 430 years was from the time of the promise to Abraham (at which time he left Haran and crossed the Euphrates River into what was a land controlled by and therefore considered a part of Egypt) until the law was given on Mt. Sinai. (Galatians 3:16-17)
And, secondly, there is a conflict with this verse:
"But in the fourth generation they shall come hither again: for the iniquity of the Amorites is not yet full." (Gen 15:16)
Here is what the generations looked like in relation to the time the Israelites were in Egypt:
||Relation to Egypt
Geneology of Two of the Tribes
|Lived in Egypt
||Pharez (1 Chron 2:4)
||Kohath (Exo 6:16)
|Lived in Egypt
||Hezron (1 Cron 2:5)
||Amram (Exo 6:18)
||Caleb (1 Chron 2:18)
||Moses (Exo 6:20)
Adding another 200 years requires generations of more than a hundred years each. This is far from consistent with the genealogies even if there was a generation missing from the record of the Israelites. Egypt was not a good experience for them in the later years but their ancestry was very important to them and, I believe, we can depend on the Biblical record regarding the duration of the time the Israelites were in Egypt. | <urn:uuid:5adf13cd-c848-426d-b027-91add28b2b3d> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.jesus-resurrection.info/israelites-egypt.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103640328.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629150145-20220629180145-00250.warc.gz | en | 0.974069 | 1,075 | 2.984375 | 3 |
One example of this is Zip-lock plastic bags for storing foods. Another one is the Coleman or Rubbermaid coolers we use to keep preserve foods while camping outside or going out of town and water jugs to keep our beverages cool and a handy gadget outdoors. And a lot more of plastics used for everyone's convenience. But these are not just ordinary plastics! Plastic is...
- Easy to use
- Low in cost
Thermoforming is one of the procedures being done to manufacture plastic. A plastic sheet or film is used that can be easily soften up when heated and becomes hard again when it cools down. The kind of plastic used in Thermoforming can undergo melting and freezing without changing its chemical state and it can be re-used. The plastic sheet or film is heated between specialized heaters in order to form the product with its usual temperature range. Then it is placed in a temperature regulated metal table or molder until it is cooled down. The plastic formed from the molder will be taken out of the sheet. Used or excess plastic sheets are being recycled in order to form new plastic products out of it.
It is a technological breakthrough for its:
- Easier to produce
- Ability to form small and large objects for that specific product
- Lower costs of production
- Great and unique design
- Firmly and nicely furnished
- Shorter time for production
- Can work on any type of weather conditions, high and low temperatures.
Thermoforming is one of the oldest plastic manufacturing procedures. In the year 1890, baby rattles and teething rings were formed out of plastics using the thermoforming procedure. In 1930 some developments were made in the plastic materials; but it never grew sucessful until the 1930's in Europe.
3. Process Categories
Thermoforming has two general process categories called the thin gauge and the so called heavy or thick gauge. Thin gauge is used for thin sheets of plastics and can be directly processed with regulated temperature. Unlike the heavy or thick gauge, the plastic used there is thicker than the thin plastic sheets and it still need to cut into pieces before being processed. Instead of using the regulated temperature for thin plastics sheets in order to form a product, the temperature is higher than the regulated temperature in heavy or thick gauge.
Heavy or thick gauge was formed during the World War II on aircraft windscreens and machine gun turret windows in aircrafts. Today, heavy or thick gauge parts are used in permanent structures as additional parts in cars, trucks, refrigerating units, bathroom accessories such as showers, plastic faucets, plastic doors and toilet seats, electronic and electrical equipment.
It is a big benefit for companies who use these kind of procedure for their plastic products it's lower costs, durability, usefulness, and productivity. It also weighs less than other ordinary and special types of plastics. Of course, it's also helpful for the consumers and users of this kind of plastic. Lower material and production costs + mass production of products = BIG MONEY | <urn:uuid:4eeaf96a-3804-44fa-aea7-eac4a0ab10e1> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.itags.org/articles_whccba.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735812.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200803140840-20200803170840-00029.warc.gz | en | 0.946838 | 615 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Dried fruit enrichyou.info Turbo Slim forum and fruit juices or smoothies can each be counted as only one portion a day, however much you have. The sixth and final section identifies issues that stand out for future research on the psychology of healthy diet.
When insulin levels are high, the body chooses not to dip in to the fat stores to provide energy. Carbohydrates are the body's main source of energy and are essential for healthy muscles, tissues and brain function. They state that certain foods and drinks high in fat, salt and sugar should be not be offered to children and will not be funded. Janelle, a with says this about nutrition: is no one diet, no diet pill and no surgery that lets people eat whatever they want and still expect weight loss and improved health.
Eating a variety of foods and maintaining adequate energy balance are basic guidelines for a healthy diet. This delicious meal plan includes three meals and three snacks and has approximately, calories, with percent of those calories coming from carbohydrates, percent from fat, and percent from protein. Based on guidelines for a balanced diet seniors should consume the following: Water-soluble vitamins don't stay long in the body so we must replenish them daily. Vegetables can also add colour to a meal, making it more appetising, and is a great way to add extra flavour. It keeps our skin, hair, and nails strong and healthy. A dietitian can teach you how to measure food portions and become an educated reader of food labels. Avocados are included in the range of healthy fats which are essential to the health of our bodies and overall well-being. When you eat healthily, you not only focus on living healthy through the food you eat but also to reform your lifestyle to improve your health.
Some paleo diet, like mentioned in, strictly prohibit salt or allow only little in your diet. Our bodies need healthy fats, and polyunsaturated fats are especially healthy and seem to lower risks of heart attacks and certain cancers. They do not raise blood glucose but are high in calories and can cause weight gain.
Lunch: wholemeal pita bread wrap filled with tuna and salad greens, plus a tub of reduced-fat yoghurt. Candida overgrowth can be caused and fed by a diet high in refined carbohydrates, sugar and fermented foods and drinks (eg. Processed or refined foods, such as white flour and rice, contain only the endosperm, the other two having been removed. A handful of dried fruit combined with unsalted nuts or seeds provides protein and healthy fats to keep you satisfied till supper. Choose the menu that fits your lifestyle—from gluten-free couple to vegan family of four, to meat-loving household of six. So, are we ready to start living a healthy lifestyle.
Eating only as many calories as you need will help to maintain a healthy weight. Chicory contains inulin, which helps diabetics regulate their blood sugar levels. Balanced leads to a good physical and a good mental health. For example, many fast food salads are a diet minefield, smothered in high-fat dressing and fried toppings. There are low-fat diets, heart-healthy diets, high-protein diets, and low-carb diets.
Foods that rapidly vanish or melt in your mouth signal to your brain that you're not eating as much as you actually are. You can easily get to a couple hundred calories by simply eating a little piece of this and that every hour or so. If this healthy eating fact applies to you, it could mean you have restricted access to healthy foods. Sugar and other sugary products are a big no when you're on diet To make your meals healthier, why not cook it using coconut oil. The body benefits in other ways from that food, aside from the core nutrients.
A: were administered a diet tablet containing -g g of the control-M diet for days after -h food deprivation. Alcohol is high in calories and so can contribute to excess weight gain. Thousands of everyday meals, plus options for dairy and gluten-free, low vegetarian and vegan. Regular exercise can help control weight gain and in some people cause loss of fat. | <urn:uuid:a02e927d-b24d-461c-888c-d31fb73122aa> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.cliftonhillhouse.co.uk/plumbers/dried-fruit-and-fruit-juices-or-smoothies-can-each.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578531994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421160020-20190421182020-00384.warc.gz | en | 0.955695 | 858 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Monkey See, Monkey Do, Monkey Sin
By The Iris
Portrayals of primates’ transgressions in the medieval bestiary expose our own beastly natures.
3 Minute Read
Meet 19 animals of the medieval bestiary in Book of Beasts, a blog series created by art history students at UCLA with guidance from professor Meredith Cohen and curator Larisa Grollemond. The posts complement the exhibition Book of Beasts, on view at the Getty Center from May 14 to August 18, 2019. —Ed
The Iris: Behind The Scenes At The Getty
CC BY 4.0
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(detail) in the Northumberland Bestiary, about 1250–60, unknown illuminator, made in England. Digital image courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program
Bestiaries were medieval manuscripts of real and imagined animals imbued with Christological meanings. Theologians often used these stories for religious teachings, including to validate humans’ preeminence over God’s other creations. Some animals proved difficult to distinguish from humans, however. Due to their biological and behavioral similarities with people, apes threw a wrench into the idea of humans’ superiority over beasts.
The Ape Allegory
In the medieval bestiary, the story of the ape focuses on a mother ape who bears twins, one of whom she loves and the other of whom she hates. As seen in the image on the previous page, when chased by hunters the mother protects the child she loves while leaving the other to fend for itself on her back.
As she runs, she tires from supporting her favored child and drops it to its death, inadvertently allowing the child she hates to survive by clinging onto her back.
This story has various interpretations. Sometimes the mother ape signifies a slave of the flesh; her loved child symbolizes the bodily pleasures she chooses over the goods of the soul, represented by the child she hates. In this version, the hunters represent the devil ready to take her to hell. We learn that there is no benefit to holding onto our pleasures; ultimately, only our sins are left behind.
In the 1200s, blossoming trade caused a rise in wealth in Europe, which helped shape a new interpretation of the ape. Rather than embodying a generic sinner, the ape mother began to be interpreted as a usurer. The child she loves came to symbolize extreme riches, while the one she hates represented the sin of greed.
Apes (detail) in a bestiary, about 1225–50, unknown illuminator, made in England. Pigment on parchment, 30.8 x 23.2 cm. The British Library, Harley Ms. 4751, f. 11. Digital image: British Library
An Ape and His Apple
Apes were problematic during the Middle Ages for a singular reason: it was hard to tell whether they were humans or beasts. Even without knowledge of evolution, people realized that we are more closely related to apes than to other animals. Apes’ Latin name, simia, originates from their inherent similarities to people—the word is derived from the word similus, meaning “similar.”
Depictions of apes in medieval manuscripts acknowledge these resemblances to man, particularly in features such as the eyes, mouth, hands, and feet. Apes’ postures and behaviors are usually represented as more human-like than beastly. There are even sources dating to the 1100s that remark upon the fact that both human women and she-apes have menstrual cycles.
Of course, there are also undeniable differences between apes and men. For example, while an ape can walk on two legs, it prefers all four. The chosen one, Christ, was made as a man, elevating our position above the beasts’. We may lovingly call our children little monkeys, but medieval scholars would have found it insulting to equate humanity with “lesser” beings.
A Monkey in a bestiary (detail), about 1270, unknown illuminator, possibly made in Thérouanne, France. Tempera colors, gold leaf, and ink on parchment. Digital image courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program
To resolve this theological quandary, medieval scholars concluded that if humans derived from the likeness and goodness of God, then the ape must have originated from the devil. Proof:
The ape lacks a tail, and the devil lost his tail when he fell from God’s grace.
Ancient Egyptian images correlated primates with darkness and evil.
As the devil poorly imitates the Lord, so do apes poorly imitate us.
In medieval art, apes’ faces appear simultaneously human and devilish—an eerie reminder of our own simian side. Such images often show apes mocking people who are hunting, dancing, or courting loved ones, highlighting the frivolity of human actions.
And what are we supposed to think when we see an ape sitting like a human, eating an apple? This apple could stand for earthly pleasures and gluttony, or for the first sin of Eve consuming the forbidden fruit.
Medieval scholars seemed to fear a beast that could replicate our complex behaviors and actions, revealing our own weaknesses in the face of desire.
They attempted to separate us from these beasts through God, intellect, and morality. Even today, we justify destroying apes’ and monkeys’ habitats and using them for medical experiments by declaring our physical and intellectual superiority. Perhaps we really are just as beastly as our apeish counterparts. | <urn:uuid:e137dd9c-9cf9-40e8-9372-ffc40f661821> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.notestream.com/streams/5b186a0e92eab/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156311.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919220117-20180920000117-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.94297 | 1,238 | 2.875 | 3 |
A peek into a normal day with social anxiety:
Because of social anxiety, Joan dreads going to the grocery. She especially dislikes having to pass people as she walks through the parking lot. She wonders what they see when they look at her. She hates the check out line. She feels like she’s on display as much as the food on the conveyor belt.
She smiles a lot. That’s because she has learned that if she smiles and turns her attention elsewhere, people will think she is normal and go about their business.
The gas station is no different from the grocery. Joan is self-conscious. She feels as if everyone is looking at her. Just walking into the gas station is hard. Standing in line is especially difficult.
Sometimes the self-conscious feelings are so intense that she wonders if she is crazy.
On a good day she can speak to the people in line at the cash register; maybe even joke around a little. On a bad day she wishes she could shrink inside herself. Then, she avoids going out altogether.
Making a simple phone call, even to a good friend, requires a rehearsal. The longer she rehearses what she will say, the more nervous she becomes. Finally, she decides not to even make the call.
God forbid she be forced to speak in front of a group.
Social anxiety disorder is more than normal nervousness.
Butterflies in your stomach are normal if you are going to give a speech in front of your child’s class. When the butterflies turn into fear and self-consciousness, and sometimes panic, the symptoms of social anxiety are present.
Social anxiety disorder is a phobia in which a person has an excessive and unreasonable fear of social situations. Anxiety or intense nervousness and self-consciousness are produced by a fear of being watched, judged and criticized by others. The anxiety is so debilitating that it impacts daily life. Low self-esteem is common. When a trigger is encountered, the person may become panicked.
Physical social anxiety symptoms may include:
According to the National Institute of Health, approximately 40 million adults in the United States suffer from social anxiety disorder.
Social anxiety is what causes anxiety attacks in many cases. When a person with a social anxiety disorder is faced with being in a social setting that makes them uncomfortable, the feelings can bring on a panic attack. Social situations cannot always be avoided. When they become necessary, the symptoms of social anxiety take over. The person can feel as if they are losing control, or are going to die.
Hours are spent preparing for or examining daily tasks that most people perform easily.
A person with social anxiety may not be able to achieve career goals or enjoy a crowded event. It may be difficult to even use a public restroom. Saying a few words in front of a family gathering may cause full blown panic.
Social anxiety is also called social phobia. It can cause performance anxiety or stage fright.
Performance anxiety is experienced when a person is abnormally afraid to speak in front of people. Participating in an activity with other people can be equally as difficult.
People with social phobias want to do all of these things. They just are so overcome by their own thoughts and the reactions of their bodies that they become unable to function effectively. They cannot overcome their fears because their phobia is rooted within the unconscious mind.
Experts believe that the source of social anxiety is a problem with self-confidence. Self-confidence is a feeling of trust in one’s own abilities, qualities, and judgment. A person who lacks self confidence may worry excessively about what others think, or feel like things are always out of control.
The good news is that social anxiety symptoms can be brought under control easily and naturally.
Traditional treatments may include medications and therapy. But medications only mask the underlying causes. Therapy is rarely sought by someone who fears talking to a professional.
Ericksonian hypnotherapy and Neuro-Linguistic Programming techniques
Ericksonian hypnotherapy and Neuro-Linguistic Programming techniques, when administered by an experienced professional, are the most effective phobia treatments. They work at the unconscious level of mind, which is where the phobia originates.
Hypnosis is a therapeutic modality that will help rid you of anxiety, which is what causes panic attacks. A good program will promote peace and boost confidence. Ideas are suggested within conversation and stories, to guide your mind toward positive thoughts which help eliminate social anxiety.
Neuro-Linguistic Programming, NLP is a fast and effective way to eradicate a phobia. It will remove your fears by targeting the thought process that creates the phobia.
A NLP technique called Visual/Kinesthetic Disassociation is often successful in just one session. It trains the client to mentally step outside themselves at the onset of an anxiety attack. It separates the feelings of anxiety from the mental images that trigger the social anxiety symptoms. This technique is successful for all phobias, not just social phobias.
Unfortunately, as effective as these techniques are, finding a local hypnotherapist who has the training and experience to guide you with them can prove daunting. And when you do finally find a qualified and Certified NLP Practitioner, the fees can be very steep.
An alternative to expensive on-on-one therapy is to find a professionally created and produced recorded series of series hypnotherapy and NLP sessions. It’s best to thoroughly research the therapist who created the recordings, as all therapists and all recorded CD’s are not created equal!
Many business people who are required to speak in front of small to large groups of employees have suffered from social anxiety and stage freight. However, after hypnotherapeutic intervention, most of these people go on to become great speech givers.
Tina knows what causes panic attacks for her. She is a musician and has battled social anxiety all her life. Performance anxiety began to take root before she even got on stage.
Tina purchased the NLP and Hypnosis Audio program “I Am Fearless!“. She listened to it until her first musical performance. Tina reports, “I came through with flying colors and have not looked back.”
We are all born comfortable within ourselves and confident in our abilities. Sometimes, life programs us to think otherwise. “I Am Fearless!” is a hypnosis and NLP program that will help you eliminate all of your irrational fears. This program does not need to treat a panic disorder specifically. It will work to eliminate all phobias, including social anxiety disorder.
Alan B. Densky, CH specializes in stress and depression related symptoms as an NGH certified consulting hypnotist. He has helped thousands of clients since 1978. He offers panic attack treatment and phobia treatment CD’s. Visit his Neuro-VISION.us hypnosis website for the hypnosis programs, article library, and free videos on hypnosis. | <urn:uuid:e741093f-23fb-4ca8-a0bb-4e72e9a4689f> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.neuro-vision.us/wordpress/hypnosis-posts/phobias/social-anxiety-disorder-hypnosis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886126027.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824024147-20170824044147-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.966052 | 1,442 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Don’t panic about meat and cancer, say doctorsAfter the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the cancer agency of World Health Organization (WHO), classified processed meat and red meat as carcinogenic to human in October, Koreans were as confused and alarmed as other people around the world.
Despite the government’s effort to reassure people, retailers in Korea saw a sharp drop in meat sales.
The IARC on Oct. 26 classified processed meat as Group 1 carcinogens, placing cured and processed meats in the same category as alcohol, arsenic and tobacco. It dubbed red meat as a probably carcinogenic substance, categorizing it as a Group 2 carcinogen.
The IARC said 50 grams of processed meat each day increases the risk of colorectal cancer by 18 percent and unprocessed red meat, including beef, lamb and pork, had associations with colon cancer, pancreatic cancer and prostate cancer.
When asked about the announcement, six major cancer centers in Korea -- Seoul Asan Medical Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Severance Hospital, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, National Cancer Center (NCC) -- all agreed that excessive intake of ham, sausage and red meat is a factor that can cause colorectal cancer.
But they stressed that meat is much less of a health threat than smoking or drinking.
According to NCC data from 2012, colorectal cancer is the second most common cancer and the most rapidly increasing cancer in Korea.
Incidence rates of colorectal cancer increased from 21.2 persons per 100,000 population in 1999 to 38.6 persons per 100,000 populations in 2012. That figure rises to 50 persons among men.
“Korea is in the top group for numbers of colorectal cancer patients along with Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Slovenia, and a common factor is that they drink a lot of alcohol,” said Jeong Seung-yong, director of the colorectal cancer center at Seoul National University Hospital. “Britain and the United States, where people eat the most meat in the world, are not in the top 10. It’s more urgent to reduce alcohol consumption first given the eating habits of Koreans.”
“Patients often ask why they caught colorectal cancer when they don’t eat that much meat,” said Sohn Dae-kyung, director of the NCC’s colorectal cancer center. “But many of them ignore the fact that smoking and drinking are much more dangerous.”
The WHO admits that the number of people who could die from cancer from eating meat are much less than people who die from smoking- or drinking-related diseases, or even from air pollution like fine dust.
“We are classifying processed meat in the Group 1 carcinogens because we have evidence that it causes cancer,” the WHO said. “It doesn’t mean that it’s as dangerous as smoking and drinking.”
“Polyps are considered signs of colorectal cancer and it’s natural to have them when people get old,” said Jang Hong-seok, director of colorectal cancer center at Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital. “It’s natural to see an increase in the number of bowel cancer patients and I don’t see that processed meat or red meat are critical factors.”
Should people stop eating ham or red meat to prevent colorectal cancer? Ahn Jung-bae, director of colorectal cancer center at Severance Hospital says otherwise.
“We recommend patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer to eat adequate amounts of red meat,” Ahn said. “For Koreans, eating fewer carbohydrates might be better [to prevent colorectal cancer].”
“The diets of our ancestors were more vegetarian and consumption of meat increased rapidly in recent years,” said Yoo Chang-sik, director of the Cancer Center at Asan Medical Center. “Some may think we are not good genetically at digesting meat or are more vulnerable to possible toxic materials during digestion, but we should first carry out studies.
“Eating ham sandwiches or hot dogs once or twice a week won’t cause colorectal cancer.”
Colorectal cancer can be prevented ? if discovered early.
“It’s the only cancer that can be prevented by medical checkups,” said Kim Hee-cheol, director of the colorectal cancer center at Samsung Medical Center. “After a colonoscopy at age of 40, it’s considered safe for five years if there were no polyps, and more regular checkups can be scheduled if there were polyps found.”
BY RHEE ESTHER, LEE JI-HYUN [firstname.lastname@example.org]
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Church clusters near Seoul worry authorities | <urn:uuid:0411d492-d554-4435-b65d-6c677a4d826f> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2015/11/04/socialAffairs/Dont-panic-about-meat-and-cancer-say-doctors/3011152.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439736057.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810145103-20200810175103-00426.warc.gz | en | 0.945452 | 1,101 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Behind-the-scenes can be an exciting place to be! Although rarely accessible to the general public, this area was opened to a few scientists in 2014 to facilitate studies on different types of sea urchins. In March, Jason Hodin In March, scientist Jason Hodin conducted an experiment at Maui Ocean Center to study the metamorphic stages of sea urchins. Paddle urchins and red pencil urchins successfully spawned in our behind-the-scenes lab, producing larvae that he was able to transport back to his lab in California. Here are photos he sent us photos of the larvae through a microscope.
In the summer, Maui Ocean Center also welcomed a team from Scripps Institution of Oceanography to conduct research in the Aquarium’s behind-the-scenes lab. Levi Lewis, one of the graduate students who spent the summer with us studying sea urchins, describes his project, “We are doing a variety of projects and the MOC has been central to this summer’s work. We are looking at functional diversity of Maui’s diverse urchin populations, exploring differences in algal grazing patterns/preferences, grazing rates, and metabolic rates. We’ve used the MOC to conduct metabolic assays on 5 different species of urchins this summer: black wana, blue wana, rock boring, collector, and slate pencils.
‘In addition, we have a settlement tile experiment that had been out for 3 years at 8 sites from Ka‘anapali to La Perouse. We are examining coral recruitment, algal succession, carbonate accretion, and metabolic performance of these early successional communities. Half of the tiles are caged, so we’ll also be able to examine differences in herbivory across these sites. This is one of the longest tile deployments we’ve seen in the literature. We have been using the MOC to measure the differences in the metabolic performance (consumption and changes in pH) caused by different communities from each of the 8 sites. We also have a lot of biophysical data (e.g., sedimentation, nutrients, herbivores, etc.) from each site to explore the potential drivers of the patterns we uncover.
We can’t thank the MOC enough for all the support; such a wonderful group of people! Miss you guys. We will plan to shoot updates as data come hot off the press, but feel free to inquire any time…”
Check back later to see updates on Levi’s experiment or visit his blog http://accreting life.wordpress.com. | <urn:uuid:a45ac3c3-9e61-49d3-91f1-5a4a37d2c62b> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://mauioceancenter.com/sea-urchin-researchin-moc-hosts-scientists-studying-sea-urchins-in-the-behind-the-scenes-lab/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540507109.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208072107-20191208100107-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.940289 | 548 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Expert Manufacturing Advice tailored for step-by-step implementation in the workplace. Small Manufacturers, Machine Shops and CAD Engineers improve and thrive with our hands-on help. Specialist Machining Processes There are a range of alternative, advanced machining processes out there, offering advantages over conventional machining options See what's best for your application?
'Hands-on Help for SMEs' and Smart Technical People'
Small manufacturing businesses sometimes find conventional machining processes, like CNC milling and turning, are not best suited to what they require. Special applications sometimes call for specialist machining processes. Complex geometry, intricate features, hard, tough or brittle materials - all these unconventional requirements are typical reasons to consider the range of specialist machining processes that exist.
Wire eroding, spark eroding, waterjet cutting, laser cutting, ultrasonic machining, electrochemical machining, broaching and many more - a whole host of specialist processes are out there.
Components can be manufactured to the desired specification with confidence by selecting the most appropriate specialist process. Central to this is the need for design engineers and technicians to raise their awareness of the variety of machining processes available to them.
Following this it is then possible to research, negotiate and successfully outsource to specialist engineering businesses. For some small manufacturers, investing in specialist equipment may be an option if the mix of work warrants it and if they can justify the return on investment.
Take a look around....
A clear, succinct range of specialist and advanced machining processes with explanations and diagrams. Examples include Chemical, Electrochemical and Electrical Discharge Machining. Also featured are Laser and Electron Beam Machining, together with Plasma Arc Cutting and Wire EDM. Other techniques include Ultrasonic, Water Jet and Abrasive Jet Machining. The advantages over conventional machining are covered, as are the economics of advanced machining processes.
Unconventional Machining Processes: A range of specialist machining processes explained with technical descriptions and background information. Examples of components and work pieces illustrate the component geometry typically produced with some of the different processes.
How Wire EDM Works: Introduction to Wire EDM and high-speed small hole EDM processes. Short, interesting video on the fundamentals of the electrical discharge machining process. Parts and diagrams are featured with a clear explanation of the technology.
Electrical Discharge Machining EDM: A clear explanation of how the technology works, with emphasis on the spark eroding process. The use of die electric fluid in the process is explained. Examples of the sort of detailed features and components that can be produced are illustrated.
Waterjet Cutting (Courtesy of Flow Waterjet): An informative short video illustrating the very impressive cutting capabilities of this remarkable technology. By mounting the Waterjet nozzle on a 5 Axis capable head, detailed geometry and intricate features can be effortless cut out of a range of very tough materials, including stainless steel plate and granite slabs. Other materials are featured together with further information about material thicknesses.
Laser Cutting (Courtesy of Kern Laser Systems): The video demonstrates the precision of laser cutting, on this occasion on a steel tube. Small apertures are quickly and effortlessly cut out by laser before the tube is 'parted off' by the machine. This highly automated process is very accurate.
Ultrasonic Machining (Courtesy of Beijing Ultrasonic). This fascinating process works with the vibrating tool oscillating at ultrasonic frequencies. This results in material being removed from the workpiece. An Abrasive slurry flows between the two to facilitate the process. It can be used to machine very hard brittle materials such as glass, as well as a range of metals. Ultrasonic machining produces very little heat and leaves an excellent surface finish, as well as very good material structural integrity.
Electrochemical Machining - ECM (Courtesy of EMC Technologies). This process uses a electrical charge to pass through a chemical solution (an electrolyte) to remove material. Metals need to be conductive for EMC. Advantages include the machining of very hard metals, with intricate geometry and high quality surfaces.
Broaching: This simple diagram illustrating the broaching process, where a hardened toothed tool removes material from a work piece. Broaching is used when precision machining is required, often for awkward shapes such as keyways and non-circular holes. A broaching machine cuts in a linear fashion (like the example) and is more common, whilst a rotary broach is used on a lathe or screw machine.
For profiling metal or materials, the precision engineer has a good range of effective technologies at his disposal. Oxy-fuel, laser cutting, plasma, high definition plasma, water jet and wire EDM – electrical discharge machining – are the main commercial scale technologies and each has their place. Will Stirling weighs up the pros and cons of some of these technologies. More...
Back to Machine Shop Essentials | <urn:uuid:7f738c2a-b51f-4a6f-a9a4-cb02606040ee> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | http://www.advice-manufacturing.com/Specialist-Machining-Processes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652494.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606082037-20230606112037-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.905243 | 1,016 | 2.71875 | 3 |
This data is supplied by the National Grid, via E-Day. It is updated every 30 minutes during the 24 hours of E-Day.
Actual consumption shows the energy used so far during the 24 hours; Usual consumption is what the National Grid predicted under "business as usual".
E-Day was conceived and developed by Matt Prescott, a scientist and long-time campaigner for low-energy lightbulbs.
"I'm delighted by the way in which so many organisations from all sectors of society have been prepared to see what they can do to help tackle climate change," he told BBC News.
"They have offered to set aside their day-to-day differences in order to highlight that they accept the available science, agree that saving energy is a good idea, and want to simplify and widen access to some of the other potential solutions to climate change."
Those organisations include some of the UK's principal energy retailers, and the environmental groups that sometimes lambast them for their greenhouse gas emissions.
"We do call on companies to take more action," said Ashok Sinha, director of Stop Climate Chaos, an umbrella campaigning group on climate change.
"But we think it's welcome that they're encouraging their customers to save energy - that's responsible behaviour for an energy company."
The government obliges energy providers to offer energy saving measures to their customers.
People can use the E-Day website to register their interest in receiving help from these companies with loft and wall insulation.
E-Day started life as a Planet Relief, which was to have been an awareness-raising BBC TV programme with a large element of comedy.
But in September the BBC decided to pull the project, saying viewers preferred factual or documentary programmes about climate change.
The National Grid will be able to see if the campaign affects demand
The decision came after poor audiences for Live Earth, and public debate over whether it was the corporation's role to "save the planet".
Dr Prescott then decided to see whether he could mount E-Day as an independent operation, and secured the backing of important partners such as the energy companies and the National Grid.
Its role is crucial, acting as an independent and credible monitor of how much difference E-Day makes to the UK's electricity consumption.
Part of the Grid's job is to forecast demand for electricity. It says its forecasts are usually accurate to within 1% - so comparing demand across the 24 hours of E-Day with its predictions should provide an accurate measure of whether the initiative has made much difference.
Dr Prescott believes savings are likely to be small, up to 3%.
But even this could be the equivalent of taking a coal-fired power station off line for the day.
And he hopes the event will help confirm the idea that personal action can make a noticeable impact on energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. | <urn:uuid:d91f4f14-6dbd-4165-a827-2418e12c087d> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7267915.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737178.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200807113613-20200807143613-00567.warc.gz | en | 0.970027 | 582 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Becket was one of those men who, without being either hypocrites or consciously ambitious, live only to magnify their office. While chancellor he was the most zealous servant of the crown, and had seemed rather secular than clerical in his habits and his outlook on life. But no sooner had he been promoted to the archbishopric than he put away his former manners, became the most formal and austere of men, and set himself to be the champion of the church party in all its claims, reasonable or unreasonable, against the state. The king's astonishment was even greater than his indignation when he saw the late chancellor setting himself to oppose him in all things.
Their first quarrel was about a proposed change in some details of taxation, which seems to have had no specially ecclesiastical bearing at all. But Becket vehemently opposed it, and got so much support when the great council met at Woodstock that Henry withdrew his schemes. This was only a preliminary skirmish; the main battle opened in the following year, when the king, quite aware that he must for the future look on Thomas as his enemy, brought forward the famous Constitutions of Clarendon, of which the main purport was to assert the jurisdiction of the state over clerical offenders by a rather complicated procedure, while other clauses provided that appeals to Rome must not be made without the king's leave, that suits about land or the presentation to benefices, in which clerics were concerned, should be tried before the royal courts, and that bishops should not quit the realm unless they had obtained permission to do so from the king. Somewhat to the king's surprise, Becket yielded for a moment to his pressure, and declared his assent to the constitutions. But he had no sooner left the court than he proclaimed that he had grievously sinned in giving way, suspended himself from his archiepiscopal functions, and wrote to the pope to beg for pardon and absolution. He then made a clandestine attempt to escape from the realm, but was detected on the seashore and forced to return.
Incensed with Becket for his repudiation of his original submission, Henry proceeded to open a campaign of lawsuits against him, in order to force him to plead in secular courts. He also took the very mean step of declaring that he should call him to account for all the moneys that had passed through his hands when he was chancellor, though Becket had been given a quittance for them when he resigned the office more than two years before. The business came up at the council of Northampton (October 1164), when the archbishop was tried for refusing to recognize the jurisdiction of the king's courts, and declared to have forfeited his movable goods. The sentence was passed by the lay members of the Curia Regis alone, the bishops having been forbidden to sit, and threatened with excommunication if they did so, by the accused primate. When Becket was visited by the justiciar who came to rehearse the judgment, he started to his feet, refused to listen to a word, declared his repudiation of all lay courts and left the hall.
That same night he made a second attempt to escape from England and this time succeeded in getting off to Flanders. From thence he fled to the court of the pope, where he received less support than he had expected. Alexander III privately approved of all that he had done, and regarded him as the champion of the Church, but he did not wish to quarrel with King Henry. He had lately been driven from Rome by the emperor Frederick I, who had installed an antipope in his place, and had been forced to retire to France. If he sided with Becket and thundered against his persecutor, there was small doubt that the king of England would adhere to the schism. Accordingly he endeavoured to temporize and to avoid a rupture, to the archbishops great disgust. But since he also declared the Constitutions of Clarendon uncanonical and invalid, Henry was equally offended, and opened negotiations with the emperor and the antipope. This conduct forced Alexander's hand, and he gave Becket leave to excommunicate his enemies. The exile, who had taken refuge in a French abbey, placed the justiciar and six other of the king's chief councillors under the ban of the Church, and intimated that he should add Henry himself to the list unless he showed speedy signs of repentance (April 1166).
Thus the quarrel had come to a head. Church and State were at open war. Henry soon found that Becket's threats had more effect than he liked. Many of the English clergy were naturally on the side of the primate in a dispute which touched their loyalty to the Church and their class feeling. Several bishops declared to the king that, since his ministers had been duly excommunicated, they did not see how they could avoid regarding them as men placed outside the pale of Christendom. Fortunately the pope interfered for a moment to lighten the friction; being threatened with a new invasion by the emperor Frederick, he suspended the sentences and sent legates to patch up a peace. They failed, for neither the king nor the archbishop would give way. At this juncture Henry was desirous of getting his eldest son and namesake crowned as his colleague, the best mode that he could devise for avoiding the dangers of a disputed succession at his death. He induced the archbishop of York, assisted by the bishops of London and Salisbury, to perform the ceremony. This was a clear invasion of the ancient rights of the primate, and Becket took it more to heart than any other of his grievances.
Yet the next move in the struggle was a hollow reconciliation between the combatants a most inexplicable act on both sides. The king offered to allow Becket to return from exile, and to restore him to his possessions, without exacting from him any promise of submission, or even a pledge that he would not reopen the dispute on his return. Apparently he had made a wrong interpretation of the primate's mental attitude, and thought him desirous of a truce, if not ready for a compromise. He had wholly misjudged the situation; Becket made neither promises nor threats, but three weeks after he reached Canterbury publicly excommunicated the bishops of London and Salisbury for the part that they had taken in the coronation of the young king, and suspended from their functions the other prelates who had been present at the ceremony. He then proceeded to excommunicate a number of his minor lay enemies.
The news was carried overseas to Henry, who was then in Normandy. It roused one of the fits of wild rage to which he was not unfrequently liable; he burst out into ejaculations of wrath, and cursed the cowardly idle servants who suffered their master to be made the laughing-stock of a low-born priest. Among those who stood about him were four knights, some of whom had personal grudges against Becket, and all of whom were reckless ruffians, who were eager to win their master's favour by fair means or foul. They crossed the Channel with astonishing speed; two days after the king's outburst they stood before Becket at Canterbury and threatened him with death unless he should remove the excommunications and submit to his master. The archbishop answered with words as scornful as their own, and took his way to the minster to attend vespers. The knights went out to seek their weapons, and when armed followed him into the north transept, where they fell upon him and brutally slew him with many sword-strokes (December 29, 1170). Thomas had been given time to fly, and his followers had endeavoured to persuade him to do so. It seems that he deliberately courted martyrdom, anxious apparently that his death should deal the king the bitterest blow that it was in his power to inflict.
Nothing could have put Henry in such an evil plight; the whole world held him responsible for the murder, and he was forced to buy pardon for it by surrendering many of the advantages over the Church which he had hoped to gain by enforcing the Constitutions of Clarendon. Especially the immunity of clerical offenders from the jurisdiction of lay courts had to be conceded; for the rest of the middle ages the clerk guilty of theft or assault, riot or murder, could plead his orders, and escape from the harsh justice of the king's officers to the milder penalties of the bishops tribunal. Benefit of clergy became an intolerable anomaly, all the more so because the privilege was extended in practice not only to all persons actually in minor orders, but to all who claimed them; any criminal who could read had a fair chance of being reckoned a clerk.
Another concession which Henry was forced to make was that the appeals to Rome of litigants in ecclesiastical suits should be freely permitted, provided that they made an oath that they were not contemplating any wrong to the English crown or the English church, a sufficiently easy condition. Such appeals became, and remained, innumerable and vexatious. Pope Alexander also extorted from the king a pledge that he would relinquish any customs prejudicial to the rights of the Church which had been introduced since his accession. To the pope this meant that the Constitutions of Clarendon were disavowed; to the king, who maintained that they were in the main a mere restatement of the customs of William I, it bore no such general interpretation. The points were fought out in detail, and not settled for many years. Practically it became the rule to regard suits regarding land, or presentations to benefices, as pertaining to the king's court, while those regarding probate, marriage and divorce fell to the ecclesiastical tribunal. The question of election to bishoprics and abbacies went back to the stage which it had reached in the time of Henry I; the choice was made in canonical form, by the chapters or the monasteries, but the king's recommendation was a primary factor in that choice. When the electors disregarded it, as was sometimes the case, there was friction; a weak king was sometimes overruled; a strong one generally got his way in the end.
Becket's death, then, gave a qualified triumph to the church party, and he was rightly regarded as the successful champion of his caste. Hence they held his death in grateful remembrance; the pope canonized him in 1173, and more churches were dedicated to him during the next two centuries than to any other English saint. In the eyes of most men his martyrdom had put the king so much in the wrong that the obstinacy and provocative conduct which had brought it about passed out of memory. His life of ostentatious austerity, and the courage with which he met his death, had caused all his faults to be forgotten. Henry himself felt so much the invidious position. in which he was placed that even after making his submission to the popes legates at Avranches in 1172, he thought it necessary to do penance before Becket's tomb in 1174, on which occasion he allowed himself to be publicly scourged by the monks of Canterbury, who inflicted on him three cuts apiece.
Between the outbreak of the king's quarrel with Becket at the council of Woodstock and the compromise of Avranches no less than ten years had elapsed the best years of Henry's manhood. During this period his struggle with the Church had been but one of his distractions. His policy of imperial aggrandisement had been in progress. In 1163 he had completed the conquest of South Wales; the marcher lords were now in possession of the greater part of the land; the surviving Welsh princes did homage for the rest. In 1166 Henry got practical possession of the duchy of Brittany, the only remaining large district of western France which was not already in his hands. Conan, the last prince of the old Breton house, recognized him as his lord, and gave the hand of his heiress Constance to Geoffrey, the king's third son. When the count died in 1171 Henry did not transfer the administration of the land to the young pair, who were still but children, but retained it for himself, and clung to it jealously long after his son came of age. Intermittent wars with France during these years were of small importance; Henry never pushed his suzerain to extremity. But the Angevin dominions were extended in a new direction, where no English king had yet made his power felt.
Text extracted from the entry for ENGLISH HISTORY in the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica, the text of which lies within the public domain. | <urn:uuid:ec927166-de05-4f0b-897c-c3cfc5ad4790> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://everything2.com/user/niruena/writeups/English+History%253A+Henry+II+and+Becket | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645775.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318130245-20180318150245-00386.warc.gz | en | 0.991849 | 2,611 | 2.625 | 3 |
Abstract: Microorganisms are involved in a network of interactions with plants, promoting growth and acting as biocontrol agents against diseases. In this work, we studied native microorganisms associated with quinoa plants (Chenopodium quinoa) and the application of these organisms to the organic production of quinoa in the Andean Altiplano. Quinoa is a non-cereal grain native to the Andean highlands and is highly nutritious and gluten-free. As such, the international demand for quinoa has increased substantially in recent years. We isolated native endophytic bacteria that are able to fix nitrogen, solubilize phosphate and synthesize a phytohormone and native strains of Trichoderma, a fungus typically used for increasing plant growth and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Greenhouse assays and field trials allowed for selecting promissory bacterial isolates, mostly belonging to Bacillus and Paenibacillus genera, that increased plant length, panicle weight and grain yield. Selected microbial isolates were large-scale multiplied in simple and inexpensive culture media and then formulated to obtain bioproducts that were distributed among local farmers. Thus, we developed a technology for the exploitation of beneficial microbes, offering promising and environmentally friendly strategies for the organic production of quinoa without perturbing the native microbial diversity of Andean soils and making them more resilient to the adverse effects of climatic change and the over-production of quinoa.
Keywords: plant growth-promoting bacteria; Trichoderma; endophytes; quinoa; Andean Altiplano; soil
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MDPI and ACS Style
Ortuño, N.; Castillo, J.A.; Claros, M.; Navia, O.; Angulo, M.; Barja, D.; Gutiérrez, C.; Angulo, V. Enhancing the Sustainability of Quinoa Production and Soil Resilience by Using Bioproducts Made with Native Microorganisms. Agronomy 2013, 3, 732-746.
Ortuño N, Castillo JA, Claros M, Navia O, Angulo M, Barja D, Gutiérrez C, Angulo V. Enhancing the Sustainability of Quinoa Production and Soil Resilience by Using Bioproducts Made with Native Microorganisms. Agronomy. 2013; 3(4):732-746.
Ortuño, Noel; Castillo, José A.; Claros, Mayra; Navia, Oscar; Angulo, Marlene; Barja, Daniel; Gutiérrez, Claudia; Angulo, Violeta. 2013. "Enhancing the Sustainability of Quinoa Production and Soil Resilience by Using Bioproducts Made with Native Microorganisms." Agronomy 3, no. 4: 732-746. | <urn:uuid:fe66df33-0e8f-4a2a-aa9c-33d05a58c1fb> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/3/4/732 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535924501.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909014226-00398-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.84125 | 607 | 2.71875 | 3 |
OK, not that klnd of paper weight!
Paper 101 – Basic Weights and Sizes for Paper
Choosing the best paper for your print project can be very confusing and is often an oversight. Most of us do not realize that having sound knowledge of the basics of paper weights and sizes is just as important in creating a lasting impression with your printed design. This also determines the price of paper and the most suitable methods of printing for the selected stock.
What Exactly Is Paper Weight?
When referring to paper weight, it is not as much about the actual weight as it is about the density of the sheet of paper. In European countries, they refer to the weight of paper in GSM (grams per square meter), however in the United States, we call it “basis weight.”
The weight of paper is calculated using the base sizes of paper sheets and is equal to the uncut ream weight for each base size, measured in pounds. Different paper types do not have the same starting base size so basis weights will not correspond. When specifying your stock, it is really important to choose the correct base size and basis weight as this impacts the cost of paper heavily.
What Is Paper Base Size?
Some areas of the world, such as North America and Canada, do not use international paper sizes, but rather opt for letter, legal, executive, and ledger/tabloid paper sizes. It is recommended that you choose the paper size that best suits your project at the very beginning. It is best to familiarize yourself with the different size specifications of paper globally to best ensure the printed product turns out exactly how you intend it to.
The paper weight and base size you choose ultimately determines the paper thickness and type of paper you need to source for your print job.
What Types Of Paper Are There?
The most common paper type used in offices, schools and homes. It is also known as writing paper and can be used for everyday printing, as well as formal stationery such as letterheads.
A popular paper used for commercial printing of brochures, flyers, and high-end stationery.
Mostly used for printing books, magazines, catalogs, and posters, this paper is available in both coated and uncoated varieties.
More commonly known as cardstock, cover paper is thick and stiff to the touch. It is used mainly for business cards, menus, invitations, and greeting cards.
The type of paper regularly used for folders and postcards due to the stiffness of the stock.
A highly durable and hard-wearing paper. Because of the nature of this paper, it is often used for in-store signs, table promo cards in restaurants, swing tags, door hangers and some packaging.
Before you finalize any printing project, it is smart to consult with a print expert to be certain you have chosen the most suitable paper for your project in the correct weight and size, as well as the most competitive price for the quality and finish you desire. It is also a good idea to request paper samples to assess the physical nature of the paper is what you have in mind.
Paper and print go together like peas and carrots. By learning as much as you can about your craft and having a solid foundation in the basics, you will have a head start in the creative process. You can make decisions knowing you will achieve the over-all finish you are looking for, and your client will be impressed by how knowledgeable you are, and how mindful you are of their bottom line. | <urn:uuid:a9344091-071b-4bf8-9cb3-8c0c08999b05> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.woodlandpaper.com/2019/07/paper-by-the-pound/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496666229.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113063049-20191113091049-00358.warc.gz | en | 0.958151 | 724 | 2.875 | 3 |
Awareness and Avoidance. At our Women’s Self Protection program on Wednesday, March 9, this was the message Pat Collins stressed to the group of women, of all ages, sitting in front of him. Collins, a retired Chicago Police officer and founder of Stay Safe Tactics and Fitness, explained that if you’re aware of certain things, you are more likely to be able to avoid getting caught up in bad situations, and that’s the key.
So what exactly should you be aware of? Collins touched on three key areas where you can take extra safety precautions: home security, vehicle safety, and personal safety.
With home security, there are very basic things you can do, such as locking your doors and windows, that are important to preventing something from happening. Other home security tips include installing an alarm system and/or additional lighting, getting a dog, and establishing a safe room in your house. If you are home alone, avoid answering the door for someone you don’t know.
How often do you check inside your parked car before getting in? Once again, Collins explained, this is a really basic thing you can do to prevent something before it happens. Besides looking in your car, have your keys in your hand when you approach, and look around the car as well. Know your route and location while driving and always keep your doors locked, especially if you’re sitting in your parked car.
There are many different tactics you can use to stay safe when you’re walking alone. Most of us learn to walk in the direction of traffic, but Collins recommends facing traffic to prevent someone from grabbing you and pulling you inside their car, which is much easier to do when you have your back to them. Be aware of your surroundings and don’t get distracted with a cell phone, iPod, or book. Walk with a purpose, but avoid stairwells, alleys, parked cars, and other places where people can hide. If you are in an elevator alone, stand by the buttons. If you are in a dangerous situation, scream “fire” instead of “help” because people are more likely to respond. Carry a personal safety device and learn self defense so you are able to attack back, if necessary.
Examples of personal safety devices include:
- Personal Alarms
- Stun Guns
- Pepper Spray
Other resources Collins recommends are the book Girls Fight Back, as well as his handout on “What You Should Do to Prevent Sexual Assault,” which you can download here. Besides taking all of the necessary precautions to be aware and avoid dangerous situations, the most important thing you can do is trust your instincts. “If you’re wrong,” said Collins, “so what.” | <urn:uuid:058a5575-7c45-4d14-a1ff-c35b156557c2> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://deerfieldlibrary.org/2016/03/program-follow-up-womens-self-protection/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583517495.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023220444-20181024001944-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.954435 | 575 | 2.84375 | 3 |
ERIC Number: ED453005
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1999-Apr
Alianza para el Aprendizaje: Una guia de actividades educativas para familias (Alliance for Learning: A Guide of Educational Activities for Families).
This Spanish-language publication condenses the information in the Alliance for Learning series. The publication is intended principally for families with preschool or primary grade children, although the material can be used with older children. The sections of the publication address various themes and present activities that parents can do with their child to help reinforce learning in each of the theme areas. The activities are generally simple and related to daily tasks. The sections address the themes of: (1) reading; (2) mathematics; (3) science; (4) succeeding in school; (5) history; (6) geography; (7) being responsible; (8) using the library; (9) writing; (10) being healthy; (11) making use of television; (12) practicing art; (13) preparing for school; (14) arriving at school healthy and safe; and (15) doing homework. (BC)
Descriptors: Art Activities, Child Health, Geography, History Instruction, Homework, Learning Activities, Library Skills, Mathematics Activities, Parents as Teachers, School Readiness, Television Viewing, Young Children
Education Publications Center (ED PUBS), U.S. Department of Education, P.O. Box 1398, Jessup, MD 20794-1398; Tel: 877-433-7827 (Toll-Free); Fax: 301-470-1244; Web site: http://www.ed.gov.
Publication Type: Guides - Non-Classroom
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: Office of Educational Research and Improvement (ED), Washington, DC. | <urn:uuid:2d387e9e-0333-4cc7-bf27-9e512a836d44> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED453005 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060877.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928153533-20210928183533-00558.warc.gz | en | 0.851615 | 399 | 2.890625 | 3 |
10 Jan Never Fake Corporate Social Responsibility
When companies greenwash—or, in other words, when a company falsely notes or conveys that their products or services are environmentally and socially responsible—they run the risk of upsetting the public and potentially damaging their bottom line. A number of companies have recently been exposed for greenwashing or fake CSR. For example, Volkswagen hid the fact that millions of its “environmentally friendly vehicles” actually produced more pollutants than legally acceptable. Coca-Cola recently released a new brand of soda, Coca-Cola Life, and critics note that the beverage, which is marketed as being light on calories (68 per serving), is actually packed with 17 grams of sugar—despite the socially responsible marketing for the product, Coca-Cola Life is not as healthy as the beverage company claims it is.
A new study, titled “Determinants and Consequences of Employee Attributions of Corporate Social Responsibility as Substantive or Symbolic,” recently examined the consequences of greenwashing. Researchers wanted to understand what occurred when employees viewed their employer’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts. The research team noted that CSR breaks down into two categories: substantive and symbolic. Substantive CSR aims to uphold the common good, sometimes even before the company’s needs. Symbolic or fake CSR, on the other hand, is self-serving, and is ultimately motivated by profit—greenwashing and symbolic CSR are the same. The researchers studied 1,000 employees, examining their views on symbolic and substantive CSR. They found that, when employees believe that CSR is substantive, “benefits accrue to the individual [employee] and to the organization as a whole.” However, when employees learn of greenwashing or fake CSR, “employee reactions are negative, and they may do less for the organization and label it as a taker rather than a giver….”
In short, companies should never engage in greenwashing or fake CSR. When companies pursue “symbolic” CSR, they run the risk of upsetting both their employees and the public—doing this can, in fact, negatively impact a company’s bottom line. While many companies might assume that genuine CSR is a costly venture, the opposite is, in fact, true. CSR can be a major financial boon. This blog and infographic highlight four specific ways that CSR can improve a company’s bottom line. Learn more here. | <urn:uuid:62743884-c173-4ac7-9d27-f7452a149c3c> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://good360.org/impact-stories/never-fake-corporate-social-responsibility/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487622113.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210625054501-20210625084501-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.950243 | 518 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The focus of the article is the development of the cult of Napoleon and the formation of the "Napoleonic legend" in France during the years of the July monarchy (1830-1848). King Louis-Philippe of Orleans, who came to the throne as "the king of the barricades", in an effort to legitimize his own power, legitimized Napoleon. Napoleonic legend has become, in fact, part of the official ideology of the July monarchy. The restoration of the statue of Napoleon on the Vendome Column, the transformation of Versailles into the National Museum of France and the opening of the Glory Gallery there, and, most importantly, the reburial of Napoleon’s ashes on December 15, 1840 - all these are evidences of Napoleonic worship. The article concludes that all these events hardly helped Louis-Philippe to strengthen his power, and comparisons with Napoleon were clearly not in his favor. | <urn:uuid:485b4c36-9d2f-44f1-b527-c7a7b7919eaf> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://annuaire-fr.igh.ru/issues/2019/articles/1661?locale=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038492417.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418133614-20210418163614-00631.warc.gz | en | 0.968353 | 191 | 3.21875 | 3 |
02 Nov 2012 2 Comments
And you will never see more excitement in the garden than kids discovering their first recognizable pumpkins. Except in the case of worms and frogs. Those are WAY exciting.
Granted we missed Halloween, but these are sugar pumpkins and we intend to cook them into pumpkin pie. YUM! 🙂 Next up, our first tomato.
Green and gorgeous, it was all we could do not to yank it off. But with energy levels high, we had to pluck something. We chose the kidney beans.
Together, Lower Elementary plucked and pulled and voilá!
Kidney beans! Nice and plump, just the way we like them. You can tell when your kidney beans are ready, because the pod will turn light tan in color.
This means they are semi-dry inside and ready for full drying. If they’re green, don’t pick them.
You’ll open your pod only to discover light pink and immature beans which is no fun.
Our lesson this week was all about organic pest control. Harvest is exciting but won’t happen if the bugs get to our veggies first. Because we’re organic, we must get creative. Beyond squishing and dispatching, the kids learned that coffee and dish soap do wonders in spray form, as does garlic (in any form).
Flowers can also help. Number one pest repellent is the French marigold. If you can only have one flower in or around the garden, this is it. Geraniums and wormwood are also good choices but don’t stop there! The kids learned rosemary, peppermint and spearmint are also winners. Just ask them! For more information, be sure to check out my “Scentsible” Pest Control. | <urn:uuid:be5826da-bf54-42d4-aec3-74e16905fa81> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://bloominthyme.com/2012/11/02/pumpkins/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828010.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00232-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945904 | 378 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Moisture Sources, Relative Humidity, and Mold
A little water goes a long way
We hear a lot about how moisture can be an indoor pollutant in tight houses. But just how much moisture can be a problem; how does boiling a pot of water compare to a 15-minute shower? This keeps some of us mold worrywarts up at night, so I thought it would be a good idea to run some numbers.
In the table below, look at how little water it takes to raise the relative humidity (RH) from a reasonable 50% interior RH to a mold-marginal 70%:
MOISTURE CONTENT: 800-square-foot apartment (6,400 cubic feet of interior space)
|Temperature (˚F)||Starting Relative Humidity (%)||Starting water content of apartment air (pints)||Add this much water to the apartment air (pints)||Resulting Relative Humidity (%)|
Source: Nathan Yost, 3-D Building Solutions
An interior RH of 70% will make just about everyone uncomfortable (see “Comfort Comes with Green Building"). It also means that cooler surfaces in the home can approach the dew point, a condition that mold and dust mites just love.
Moisture sources in the home
The table above tells us that adding less than a quart of water (2 pints) to this apartment’s air can be a problem; but just how much water is that? Time for table number 2:
Common Moisture Sources in the Home (family of 4)
|Source||Estimated Amount of Water (pints)|
|Indoor line-drying of clothes||4 – 6 per load|
|5 – 7 house plants||About 1 per day|
|Washing dishes (dinner, family of 4)||.7|
|Cooking (dinner, family of 4)||1.2 (1.5 with gas cooktop)|
|Respiration/perspiration||.4 per hour|
|Unvented kerosene space heater||7.6 per gallon of kerosene burned|
|Evaporation – new construction materials||10+ per day|
|1 cord green firewood stored indoors over 6-month period||400 - 800|
Source: Minnesota Extension Service, University of Minnesota
Yikes! For a family of four, cooking dinner, eating, and then washing the dishes adds enough moisture to raise RH to levels that spell T-R-O-U-B-L-E. Turns out that there are lots of ways to dump what ends up to be quite a lot of water into the air. Admittedly, this is a rather small dwelling unit, and there is no air exchange accounted for in the first table.
But that is really the point. Every home, but especially an energy-efficient airtight one, needs dedicated air exchange, particularly in high-moisture areas like the kitchen and baths. So keep your eye on moisture sources in the home, ventilate for moisture control, and spring for a hygrometerA device that measures relative humidity of air. Mechanical hygrometers that rely on a coil of thin metal are not terribly accurate; electronic hygrometers available at most electronic or hardware stores are usually accurate to about plus or minus 2 - 3%. from Radio Shack for about $20 to keep track of interior RH.
Wed, 03/25/2009 - 14:50
Wed, 03/25/2009 - 15:51
Wed, 06/10/2009 - 17:19
Thu, 06/11/2009 - 06:11
Thu, 04/01/2010 - 14:40
Thu, 04/01/2010 - 15:05
Wed, 09/22/2010 - 16:47
Wed, 09/22/2010 - 18:35 | <urn:uuid:484160b1-c796-4006-9b27-6aec2fd76b45> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/blogs/dept/building-science/moisture-sources-relative-humidity-and-mold | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931011030.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155651-00044-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.862181 | 806 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The Constitutional Court is responsible for verifying compliance with the provisions of the Constitution. In its capacity as a “court of fundamental rights” and based on its powers to review laws and regulations for their constitutionality, it is called upon to enforce and secure the democratic order of the state under the rule of law.
All government bodies and other institutions fulfilling government functions are obliged to comply with the Constitution. In the event of an (alleged) infringement of the Constitution by any such body or institution, the Constitutional Court, established on the basis of the Austrian Constitution, renders a final decision on the matter and, if necessary, provides for an appropriate remedy. Therefore, it is often referred to as the “guardian of the Constitution”.
As a matter of principle, the Constitutional Court only acts upon submission of an application. The Constitution specifies when and by whom applications can be submitted. The details of the procedure are laid down, above all, in the Constitution (Bundesverfassungsgesetz B-VG) and the Constitutional Court Act (Verfassungsgerichtshofgesetz VfGG).
For further details, please refer to the individual sections of this website. A brochure on the Constitutional Court is available in several languages and can be downloaded as a PDF file (Information Material). Moreover, the annual Activity Reports provide information on the work of the Constitutional Court. | <urn:uuid:8791c736-6ad9-4f46-abe6-b05f479201f4> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.vfgh.gv.at/verfassungsgerichtshof/constitutional_court_overview.en.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506339.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922070214-20230922100214-00831.warc.gz | en | 0.923906 | 288 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Three babies have been saved as a result of a revolutionary technology that allowed scientists to 3D print a windpipe splint that then grew with them until cured.
Tracheobronchomalacia is a rare disease where the cartilage in a child's windpipe is too flaccid, meaning it collapses and prevents them from breathing.
However, researchers have now saved three children using ground-breaking 3D-printed devises that act as splints on the infant's trachea. Moreover, the splint grows with the child and then dissolves when it is no longer needed.
Findings of a review into the cases have now been published in the journal Science Translational Medicine. Glenn Green, from University of Michigan and senior author of the paper, said: "Today, we see a way to cure a disease that has been killing children for generations. In this report, we describe how 3D printing was used to successfully treat three children with imminently life-threatening airway collapse called tracheobronchomalacia.
"We call this device an airway splint. The airway splint is one of the earliest 3D printed medical implants. More importantly, this is the first 3D printed implant specifically designed to change shape over time [the fourth dimension] to allow for a child's growth before finally resorbing as the disease is cured."
All three children were treated at University of Michigan's CS Mott Children's Hospital. The first case, Kaiba Gionfriddo, made international headlines after his surgery in 2012. When he was born, he turned blue because his tiny lungs could not get the oxygen they needed and the surgery was carried out when he was just three months old.
He is now three-and-a-half years old and appears to have been completely cured – the splint has now functionally degraded and he has had no health problems since.
The second child, Garrett, spent the first year of his life in a hospital bed on a ventilator and had to be fed through his veins because he was too ill to absorb food. The third, Ian, almost died before he was six months old when his heart stopped as a result of the condition.
Garrett had the surgery at 16 months and Ian at five months. The latter is now 17 months old and Garrett is two-and-a-half years old – both can breathe on their own and are living normal lives.
"It is hard to convey how very sick these children were. All of these children had been in the intensive care unit for months," Green said. "There was no cure and life expectancies were grim. Now these children are home with their families. Holidays are not spent in the hospital anymore. Instead of lying flat on their backs for weeks on end, these children are learning to sit and stand and run as they are no longer sedated and paralysed."
With the 3D printer, surgeons specially designed splints that were sewn around their airways to expand the trachea and bronchus to give it a skeleton that aided growth. The devices were created by CT scans of each patient, integrating image-based computer models with laser-based 3D printing.
Researchers believe this method of treating tracheobronchomalacia could prevent the complications of traditional treatment and their findings might provide the groundwork to carry out a clinical trial that could help children with less severe forms of the condition.
"We were pleased to find that all of our cases so far have proven to improve these patients' lives," Green said. "The potential of 3D-printed medical devices to improve outcomes for patients is clear, but we need more data to implement this procedure in medical practice."
Robert J Morrison, research fellow and resident surgeon at the University of Michigan, added: "3D printing has captured the world's imagination over the past few years. With 3D printing, a virtual model of a device, tool, or product is sent into a printer which then creates the item by slicing the virtual model into sequential very thin layers then depositing material in a layer-by-layer fashion. The end result is a real, physical object which exactly matches the virtual model.
"In this report, we describe how we utilised a process called design control to test the airway splint to ensure that each splint would perform as we wanted it to before taking the patient to surgery. This combination of virtual and real-world testing provides a framework for how 3D printed medical devices could potentially be developed, evaluated, and regulated in the future." | <urn:uuid:18138769-03b8-48d3-92cf-8619e29c4cfe> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/3d-printed-windpipes-save-3-children-killer-condition-tracheobronchomalacia-1498953 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589222.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716060836-20180716080836-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.977855 | 940 | 3.25 | 3 |
As the weather gets warmer and people are outside more there are fire and safety tips to keep in mind:
1. Always keep grills at least 10 feet from the house and other combustible surfaces. Also, grills are not allowed to be used on decks and covered balconies in multi-family dwellings.
2. Be sure to stay hydrated when working outside in the hot weather and take frequent breaks.
3. Only small campfires, religious fires, cooking fires and fires contained in a pit or burn barrel are allowed during the summer burn ban from May 1 – October 1. Fires should not be burned at all during very windy or dry weather periods.
4. Store gasoline and other flammable liquids only in approved safety containers and only in a well ventilated garage or shed and well away from any ignition source. Also never dispose of old gasoline by pouring it down a drain. Instead, there are several resources you can find through you county solid wast department.
5. Create and practice a plan to keep your family safe during severe weather including where to go in the house and what supplies to have available there.
6. Remember to be safe around swimming pools. Never let children near pools alone and never dive into shallow water.
Keep safe this summer! | <urn:uuid:fa28f4b2-6388-4228-aebf-c6af05049f1a> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://hebronfire.org/2015/05/23/summer-fire-safety/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886758.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116224019-20180117004019-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.96118 | 260 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Johan August Strindberg (22 January 1849 – 14 May 1912) was a Swedish playwright, novelist, poet, essayist and painter. A prolific writer who often drew directly on his personal experience, Strindberg's career spanned four decades, during which time he wrote over sixty plays and more than thirty works of fiction, autobiography, history, cultural analysis, and politics. A bold experimenter and iconoclast throughout, he explored a wide range of dramatic methods and purposes, from naturalistic tragedy, monodrama, and history plays, to his anticipations of expressionist and surrealist dramatic techniques. From his earliest work, Strindberg developed innovative forms of dramatic action, language, and visual composition. He is considered the "father" of modern Swedish literature and his The Red Room (1879) has frequently been described as the first modern Swedish novel.
In Sweden, Strindberg is known as an essayist, painter, poet, and especially as a novelist and playwright, but in other countries he is known mostly as a playwright. | <urn:uuid:42c340a0-f613-4db8-a15b-3eb72f0e4a80> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://theohennemanblog.com/en/quotes-by-author.php?a=1af0a0881daff5d610883d484fcbc814 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257100.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20190523043611-20190523065611-00408.warc.gz | en | 0.986162 | 218 | 3.109375 | 3 |
We were all supposed to be thinking about plant diseases this year. In December 2018, the United Nations declared 2020 as the International Year of Plant Health. They hoped 2020 would be a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to raise global awareness on this issue. Today, I should have been speaking at the Royal Society in the UK event "Our plants our future". Hundreds of events were planned around the world. Belgium issued a special two-euro coin. We planned to focus on the devastating impact that plant pests and pathogens have on the environment and economy.
But human health have taken over. The COVID-19 pandemic has swept across the globe. We are all, quite rightly, focused on human health. Our planned events are cancelled, and plant health has all but dropped of the media agenda.
Compared to the devastation caused by COVID-19, and the tragedy of each individual human death, the upstaging of the International Year of Plant Health is a just minor disappointment, lost in the tsunami of greater woes. It is a pity that this unique opportunity to highlight the need for action against plant pests and pathogens has been overshadowed by such darkness.
In the long term, however, COVID-19 may do more to raise awareness of plant health issues than all our planned events. The coronavirus pandemic reminds us all that pathogens can do more damage, at greater speed, than burning fossil fuels and discarding single use plastics. When it comes to plant disease in particular, the impacts are felt directly by the natural environment.
For example, during most of the twentieth century, a fungus called Hymenoscyphus fraxineus and a beetle called Agrilus planipennis were only found in east Asia, where they did little damage to native trees. But about two decades ago, humans accidentally moved the fungus to Europe where it causes ash dieback, and the beetle to North America where it attacks ash trees. They have killed millions of native ash trees, devastating native ecosystems. They have far reaching consequences for the conservation of species that depend on ash and they turn living carbon-sequestering ash trees into rotting carbon-emitters.
We have not done enough to slow and prevent the spread of plant pests and pathogens. Radical action is needed. Just today, to prevent the entry of bacterial pathogen Xylella fastidiosa, the UK has banned the import of living coffee plants and placed tough controls on the import of living olive, almond, oleander, lavender and rosemary plants. Lockdowns on living plants are always difficult and cause disruption for industry. But today we all understand more than ever before that stopping disease spread needs radical action.
Globalisation does not just allow human diseases to spread uncontrollably around the world. It moves pathogens that affect all life on earth. The coronavirus pandemic is a wake-up call that we need costly action to stop the spread of pathogens that damage the natural environment, as well as pathogens that attack humans. | <urn:uuid:4dc736f5-807d-4ece-837f-65df8cd61696> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://natureecoevocommunity.nature.com/posts/66411-international-year-of-plant-health-2020?channel_id=2677-covid-19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487658814.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620054240-20210620084240-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.959054 | 611 | 2.875 | 3 |
Birth of a Christian reformer Diplomacy with a U.S. president and Ivy League education in America Christian education and evangelism in Korea and Japan Early life in Hawaiʻi President of the Korean provisional governments Fall from power in Shanghai and Hawaiʻi Solo drive for Korean independence in Europe and marriage to Francesca Donner In pursuit of diplomatic recognition during the Pacific war New rivals and detractors Becoming the president of the Republic of Korea.
Electronic reproduction. Palo Alto, Calif. : ebrary, 2014. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ebrary affiliated libraries.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Source of Description
Description based on print version record.
Available in Other Form
Print version: Yu, Young Ick. Making of the first Korean president : Syngman Rhee's quest for independence, 1875-1948. Honolulu : University of Hawaiʻi Press, | <urn:uuid:e430e370-55a2-426e-a15b-ec32f10bbc3b> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/373301 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487640324.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20210618165643-20210618195643-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.826977 | 200 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Distilleries have always been located by a suitable supply of water, such as a river, with a license to abstract water granted by SEPA (Scottish Environment Protection Agency). But this is only after SEPA has examined the relevant water course to ensure that the quantities abstracted won't have any adverse effect, such as the source drying up.
Water is used in two distinct ways: as an ingredient in malt whisky, and in a more practical manner to heat the stills and cool the condensers.
As an ingredient water is used for mashing (when hot water is added to the barley, converting the starches it contains into sugars). Subsequently, water is added to new make spirit to reduce the alcoholic strength prior to filling into casks for aging. Water is also added to mature malt whisky (as required) so that it can be bottled at a specific alcoholic strength.
Meanwhile, steam is the standard method of heating the stills. A boiler heats water with the resulting steam conducted through pipes in the boil pot (base) of the still. This in turn heats the charge (alcoholic liquid being distilled), causing alcoholic vapours to rise to the top of the stills, from where they are conducted to the condensers, in order to condense back into liquid alcohol.
Water used to steam heat the stills is effectively in continuous circulation within the heating system. However, water used to cool the condensers is abstracted from a local source, such as a river, and subsequently returned to it (subject to certain conditions).
Many distilleries use a 'shell and tube' condenser, which contains long copper pipes running the length of a large vertical chamber. Cold water is continuously pumped through the pipes, and when alcoholic vapours come into contact with the pipes they condense into liquid alcohol (then roll down the surface of the pipes and drain from the base of the chamber, into a separate vessel).
The ambient temperature of the water is typically around 15 degrees centigrade when entering pipes at the base of the chamber. However, as the water rises through the pipes the heat of the vapours also increases the temperature of the water. By the time the water is discharged from the top of the chamber it could reach a temperature of around 50 degrees centigrade.
Regulations stipulate that any warmer water being returned to the source must not raise the ambient temperature of that source by more than either two or three degrees centigrade (depending on the classification of the river by SEPA), in order to protect aquatic life.
Calculating the maximum temperature at which water can be returned to the source depends on the degree of dilution the water source provides. For example, a narrow, shallow river would experience greater 'temperature uplift' (the technical term used) compared to a deeper, wider river which provides a greater degree of dilution for warmer water. Similarly, the 'flow rate,' i.e. rate at which warmer water is returned to the source, is also determined by the degree of dilution.
Consequently, the flow rate and maximum temperature permitted are specific to each distillery's water source, and stipulated in the license granted by SEPA. If necessary, the water temperature can be reduced before returning it to the source.
"Many distilleries have cooling towers. Hot water from the condensers enters at the top of the tower, and air is blown into the water to help cool it down. This continuous, rapid process takes less than a minute from water entering the tower to leaving. Another option is to have a pond or mixing tank to give the water time to reduce in temperature. Each distillery monitors and records the temperature and flow rate of water being returned to the source, while also recording the overall quantities of water abstracted. These statistics are submitted in an annual return to SEPA," says Ronald Daalmans, Environmental Sustainability Manager, Chivas Brothers.
Water for mashing, and reducing the strength of new make spirit and mature malt whisky, as well as water used to heat the stills, is effectively abstracted on a permanent basis. However, these account for a fraction of the total water used. Meanwhile, water to cool the condensers totals around 90 per cent of water usage, though this is returned to the source.
Applying for a water licence from SEPA
"We try to deal with an application for a license within four months, but the best advice for any prospective new distiller is to speak to us early on. Licenses are open-ended, although we do have the powers to revoke a license if there is good reason for this. If a distillery wants to increase production capacity, and so would need to abstract greater quantities of water, the distillery needs to apply for a variation of the existing license. If the water course can cope with the additional quantities required, that's fine. If not, the options include establishing additional storage capacity (via tanks or lagoons) to store additional quantities of water. SEPA works closely with the whisky industry, which is exemplary in setting its own significant environmental targets. These are detailed in the Scotch Whisky Association Environmental Strategy which SEPA strongly supports as a great example of good environmental stewardship promoted on an industry-wide basis," says Andy Rosie, SEPA's Head of Operations - North. | <urn:uuid:e88a7418-883d-4ba4-be52-382cbfb76458> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://whiskymag.com/story/water-water-everywhere | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178363809.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302095427-20210302125427-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.955308 | 1,098 | 3.5 | 4 |
What You Don't Know About Trees Could Be Costing You More Than You Think
Planting trees isn't just for the environmentally-conscious. Trees offer some surprising practical benefits to all.
More Reasons to Love Trees
Giving Trees Some Love
Why You Should Become a Tree Hugger
While the term "tree hugger" is sometimes used in a derogatory way to refer to environmentally-conscious people, there are some very practical reasons why people should love trees beyond the positive environmental impact they provide.
Yes, trees do provide vital environmental benefits. Trees reduce soil erosion, provide habitats for wildlife, remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and produce oxygen. Yet there are some tangible economic benefits associated with trees that are available to everyone. According to Dr. Greg McPherson, Director for the Center for Urban Forest Research in Davis, California, “If you plant a tree today on the west side of your home, in 5 years your energy bills should be 3% less. In 15 years the savings will be nearly 12%."
Planting new trees is one real and simple solution to rising energy prices, says the USDA Forest Service. The agency explains that trees save energy in three important ways. They provide shade which reduces the amount of radiant energy absorbed by structures. Through the process known as evapotranspiration, the moisture in tree leaves is converted to a vapor that helps cool surrounding air. As windbreaks, trees reduce the velocity of wind thereby slowing the infiltration of warmer or cooler air into building interiors.
Dr. McPherson estimates that there are "hundreds of millions" of tree planting sites that exist on the east and west sides of buildings in the western United States and claims that planting trees on these sites could save "billions of dollars" in energy costs.
Energy cost savings aren't the only economic benefits homeowners can reap from planting new trees on their property. Beyond the curb appeal that landscaping adds to homes, trees also have real value in monetary terms.
Arbor National Mortgage & American Forests, as quoted at the website the Arbor Day Foundation, a nonprofit conservation and education organization, notes that one study found that, "83% of Realtors believe that mature trees have a 'strong or moderate impact' on the salability of homes listed for under $150,000; on homes over $250,000, this perception increases to 98%." "Healthy, mature trees add an average of 10 percent to a property’s value,” says the USDA Forest Service.
While planting trees may not be as simple as just digging a hole, it is a simpler exercise that many might believe. As adapted from the book, Midwest Home Landscaping: Including Southern Canada, by Roger Holmes and Rita Buchanan, here are a few proven tips for successfully planting and growing new trees;
- Dig a planting hole that is several inches wider than the root ball to a depth that will keep the top of the root ball a little above grade level. Pack the bottom of the hole so that the root ball doesn't sink.
- If the root ball is wrapped in burlap, remove any string that secures the burlap around the trunk. Loosen and fold the burlap down around the sides of the root ball but don't try to remove it entirely. The roots will grow through the burlap and the material will eventually decompose.
- Set the plant in the hole with the best side facing the direction from which it will most usually be viewed.
- Fill the hole around the sides of the root ball with firmly packed soil but don't add more than an inch of soil over the top of the ball.
- Establish a four to six foot, grass free perimeter around the tree. Covering the area with a one to three inch layer of mulch will suppress grass and weed growth, reduce water loss and add nutrients to the soil as it decomposes. Don't mound the mulch around the base of the tree as this can cause disease and insect infestations.
- Water new trees well at the time of planting and provide adequate watering to keep the soil moist. Rainfall alone is not usually adequate for newly planted trees. During hot, dry weather, new trees may need to be watered two to three times per week.
For best results, new trees should be planted when weather conditions are cool to help the plants get established in advance of spring rains and summer heat. In most locations, according to Treesaregood.com, fall or early spring is generally the ideal times for planting.
Choosing trees that are best suited to a particular location and climate is also an important consideration. The Arbor Day Foundation website makes that simple with a "hardiness zone" tool that provides recommendations for trees that grow best in the various plant hardiness zones that exist through the U.S. and Canada. By simply entering the applicable zip code, users receive information on their specific plant hardiness zone and the most popular trees that grow in that zone.
Sources for Trees
Trees can be purchased from plant nurseries, landscaping retailers, and home improvement stores. The cost of trees is based on size in that taller, more mature plants command higher prices. As an alternative, tree plantings can be obtained very economically directly from the Arbor Day Foundation.
For the $10 cost of an Arbor Day Foundation membership (as of January 2012), the organization will provide new members with ten, six to twelve inch trees for planting, customized to the member's particular hardiness zone location. In addition, members receive discounts of 33-56 percent off on more than one hundred other trees and shrubs available for purchase from the Arbor Day Foundation.
The Least You Should Know About Trees
Trees provide a myriad of environmental and real economic benefits. Planting new trees can help you do your part in saving the planet, increase your property values, and provide some substantial savings in energy costs. Trees can be planted and grown by just about anyone and especially through organizations like the Arbor Day Foundation, they can be easily obtained at a reasonable cost.
- "Save Dollars With Shade: A Community Tree Planting Solution to Conserve Energy." Pacific Southwest Research Station USDA Forest Service. Center for Urban Forest Research Pacific Southwest Research Station USDA Forest Service, 23 Oct. 2001. Web. 6 Jan. 2012.
- "The Benefits of Trees." Arborday.org. Web. 06 Jan. 2012.
- Holmes, Roger, and Rita Buchanan. Midwest Home Landscaping: Including Southern Canada. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Creative Homeowner, 2006. Print.
- Arbor Day Foundation.org. Web. 06 Jan. 2012.
|The Hidden Life of Trees: What They Feel, How They Communicate_Discoveries from A Secret World|
The first book in New York Times bestselling author Peter Wohlleben’s The Mysteries of Nature Trilogy. Book two, The Inner Life of Animals, and the third book, The Secret Wisdom...
|The Hidden Life of Trees: The Illustrated Edition|
A visually stunning journey into the diversity and wonders of forests.In his international bestseller The Hidden Life of Trees, Peter Wohlleben opened readers’ eyes to the amazi...
|Around the World in 80 Trees: (The perfect gift for tree lovers)|
"An arboreal odyssey" – NATURE"One of the most quietly beautiful books of the year" – DAILY MAILDiscover the secretive world of trees in Jonathan Drori's number one bestseller…B... | <urn:uuid:b4aeedda-88fb-4820-920b-44923d6c3578> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://wizzley.com/what-you-don-t-know-about-trees-could-be-costing-you-more-than-you-think/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145941.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224102135-20200224132135-00197.warc.gz | en | 0.923318 | 1,547 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Natural gas is needed not only for cooking, heating and power generation. It is also possible to fill cars with it. Natural gas as a vehicle fuel is much cheaper and environmentally cleaner than petroleum products.Is it possible to save money on vehicle fuel?How clean is natural gas as fuel?When was gas-powered vehicle invented?What gas is used for fuelling cars?Do big carmakers produce methane-powered vehicles?
Availability of gas trunklines is barely enough for gas to be delivered to ultimate consumers. In order for you to watch a blue flame dancing on the stove burner, gas should flow from a gas trunkline to a gas distribution pipeline, and afterwards run through a household piping.What is household gas equipment?Why may gas supplies be terminated?How often is gas equipment checked?
Natural resources, which have enabled rapid development of modern civilization, were formed in the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic Era. The process started between 145 and 146 million years ago and ended 65 million years ago. At the global scale, it is a very short period of time, because according to current scientific data, the Earth is between 4.5 and 4.6 billion years old.What is lithology?What deposits are most difficult to extract gas from?How are dinosaurs and gas connected?
Associated petroleum gas (APG) is gas dissolved in oil. Associated petroleum gas is produced in the process of oil production, so it is actually a derivative. But APG itself is also a valuable raw material for further processing.What is associated petroleum gas composed of?How can associated petroleum gas be utilized?What is albedo?
Helium is an inert gas; it is colorless, tasteless and odorless. Thanks to its unique properties, this substance is widely used in various areas of science and technology.
Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) are produced from associated petroleum gas. These are pure gases or special mixtures that can be used to heat buildings, to produce petrochemicals and as a motor fuel.
The condition of gas pipelines is continuously monitored. High-technology “pigs” crawling through pipelines in hard-to-reach areas help people do it.How can gas pipelines be tested for reliability?How often do accidents at gas pipelines happen?How long do gas pipelines serve?
Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons, a subject of a religious cult and academic disputes, as well as an essential resource. It is invisible and odorless. The amount of natural gas in Russia is more than wherever in the world.What is the origin of gas on the Earth?How does gas really smell?
There is no universally adopted system according to which hydrocarbon reserves could be classified, but there are some common standards. Russia has recently brought its system closer to them.How can unextracted resources be estimated?Why are estimates of gas reserves often different?How much gas does Gazprom hold?
Any product has to be stored. Gas is not an exception. The underground gas storage industry is almost 100 years old.How are UGS facilities built?How can gas get into a UGS facility?How much gas can a UGS facility receive?
Natural gas fields occur not only on land. There are also offshore deposits: oil and gas are occasionally encountered in the subsurface covered with water.How is gas extracted under water?How is extracted gas collected from under water?
After gas has been extracted from the land or sea subsurface, it needs to be delivered to consumers. The length of gas pipelines and gas distribution networks multiply exceeds the circumference of the Earth.How does gas flow to apartments?Who monitors gas pipelines?What is to be done with gas before pumping it into the pipe?
Gas condensate can be used to make both fuel and plastic.Why is gas condensate valuable?How is gas condensate formed?
The main thing is to stabilize it by removing unnecessary admixtures.
Prospecting new fields is the job of geologists and geoscientists. They have technical and chemical means which help identify accumulations of hydrocarbons fairly precisely. However, the only way to know for sure is to drill a well.How much gas is there under the surface?What types of rocks usually contain gas?How are areas identified for gas exploration?What methods are used to find gas deposits?
Gas is compressed in order to reduce its volume. But CNG as fuel is much more eco-friendly than oil. And it is supposed to gradually replace oil in Russia.What is the difference between CNG and LNG?What is the meaning of "compressed"?Why is CNG better than oil?
Natural gas rises up the well using natural energy. It is produced in America, Europe, Africa, and other regions. One-fifth of the global production falls on Gazprom.How much gas is produced worldwide?How deep under the surface is gas usually deposited?How does gas look like under the surface?
Methane should be extracted from mines to prevent explosions. The United States was the first country that decided to turn it into a commercial enterprise. Ten per cent of gas is produced there using this technique. Production from coal beds is promising in Russia as well.How does gas turn out to be inside coal?Does methane cause explosions in mines?How efficient is coalbed gas production?
The same vessel can contain 600 times more liquefied natural gas than conventional one. First LNG plant has been already constructed and solemnly commissioned in Russia in 2009.Why is natural gas liquefied?What is the difference between LNG and regular natural gas?Does LNG also flow through pipes?
Sea can go several kilometers deep. Laying a pipe at the bottom is a challenge. However, 6,000 kilometers of pipelines are laid at the bottom of the North Sea, some of which have been there for 40 years already.How are pipes laid on the sea bottom?How can depth variations affect the pipe laying process?
Natural gas burns very well. Therefore, it is mostly used for generating electric or thermal energy. However, it can also be used to make fertilizers, fuel, paint, and many other items.Does gas become harmful during combustion?Can only energy be produced from gas?What is GTL? | <urn:uuid:38e40017-836a-45c3-a79d-21edf3d6a04a> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.gazprominfo.com/articles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930443.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00050-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957597 | 1,292 | 3.1875 | 3 |
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The number of soldiers who died from sickness, disease and infection outnumbered battlefield deaths in the Civil War (1861-1865). A surgeon who lived to see the medical advances of the 20th century marveled at the primitive state of army medicine in the 1860s. "We operated in old blood-stained and often pus-stained coats...we used undisinfected instruments...we knew nothing about antiseptics and therefore used none." The courage and fortitude of Union and Confederate soldiers began on the battlefield and continued in the hospitals. Menander Patrick of Massachusetts brought this medicine cup home from the South, a reminder perhaps of comrades who never returned.
top of page | <urn:uuid:929860cf-91b5-456c-908a-3e2fc0105f27> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/activities/postcards/make.do?itemid=6059 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098990.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00072-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930617 | 175 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The Power of Witchcraft
The Crucible is a play that was published by Arthur Miller in 1952. The focus of the play is in the Salem Witch trials that take place in one small village in Salem, which is in Massachusetts. The play demonstrates the effects of the salem witch trials. A group of girls that want to avoid any trouble for conjuring forest spirits or dancing induce the Salem trials. Power, its nature, and effects clearly come out as one of the most important themes in the play. Power presents itself through three different ways. The control or power Abigail individuals accused of witchcraft and her allies in the trials, church authority over the villagers and judge’s authority in the trials present ways that depict power and its effects.
Abigail has power and authority over her friends and even influences their decisions. Abigail is seen to manipulate her friends and the trials throughout the play. There are situations that Abigail even threatened the other girls if they told the truth. “Now look you, all of you, we danced and Tituba conjured Ruth Putnam’s dead sisters. That is all. Moreover, mark this. Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night, and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you. And you know I can do it; I saw Indians smash my dear parents’ heads on the pillow next to mine, and I have seen some reddish work done at night, and I can make you wish you had never seen the sun go down!”. She also tells Betty, “Betty, you never say that again! You will never”. Smashing Betty across her face Abigail also tells her, “Shut it! Now shut it!”. Abigail uses these kinds of threats to keep her friends quiet and therefore protect her from being whipped for going dancing in the forest. It is evident that Abigail controls the trials by accusing people of using witchcraft and she is, therefore, the one who initiated witch trials. Through acting, they can convince the judge and deputy governor, therefore, the accused are put to death. Abigail accuses many of witchcraft including Mary who betrays the other girls and Elizabeth, john’s wife just because she wanted to be with him. Abigail has power over many in the community, and this is shown when Elizabeth cannot be saved even after John admitting to having an affair with her. Abigail’s ability to lie and still have people believe her is a clear indication that power is great but can be used to do harm to other people and therefore have an adverse impact on the society.
Another aspect of power is that of the church over the villagers. Puritans were known to be highly religious people governed by rules, policies, and regulations set forth by the church. The church had the power that they set rules to show gambling, drinking, dancing, and gossiping as sin. There were consequences for those who fell to the temptations including banishing them or even killing them. “At any rate, very few Indians were converted, and the Salem folk believed that the virgin forest was the Devil’s last preserve, his home base and the citadel of his final stand. To the best of their knowledge, the American forest was the last place on earth that was not paying homage to God”. The quote is a clear indication that the church had power over the people. “The witch-hunt was a perverse manifestation of the panic which set in among all classes when the balance began to turn toward greater individual freedom”, this quote shows the tragedy that resulted in extreme belief in religion. The preachers in general control the church and therefore the priests control the lives of the people dedicated to the church. For the church members not to fall into temptation and sin, all of them ought to master the prayers and commandments. The religious people believe that the preachers were the purest of all was not correct as priests in the play were involved in corrupt acts.
Reverend Parris was involved in lust for power and money. One of the effects of power that is known is that power can corrupt and the church’s power over its believers made Reverend Parris corrupt. At one time he is concerned about his niece Mercy running away with his money rather than her wellbeing and sudden disappearance. The corrupt nature of Parris even made John reject him in the act of baptizing his son, “I like it not that Mr. Parris should lay his hand upon my baby. I see no light of God in that man. I’ll not conceal it”. The corrupt nature of power makes the church unclean even though believers view it as a clean place or even a sanctuary view it. What this acts in the church provide is a clear indication that power is corrupt in nature and it is the duty of those who hold it to use it in a proper manner.
Lastly, power and its effects are shown by the power of the judge over the trials in general including the people involved in the trials. Judge Hathorne gave an order for the arrest of Giles Corey simply because he interrupted the court proceedings by wanting to produce evidence that the girls were giving false witnesses. When Giles fails to answer his indictment, it leads to him being punished through crushing by heavy stones. Through Giles remark, “You’re not a Boston judge yet, Hathorne. You’ll not call me a daft!”, Miller can depict that all power is not absolute power. Another judge Danforth is shown to be a hothead who has ambitions to transfer to a court in Boston. Through unethical means including intimidation and trickery, Danforth can milk out information he requires from defendants and witnesses. Danforth uses his power in uncouth ways in punishing the accused. He even says, “Hang them high over the town! Who weeps for these, weeps for corruption”.
Another quote that proves that Danforth has power in the trials is when he asks Mary, “Might it be that here we have no afflicting spirit loose, but in the court there were some?”. Besides, Danforth tries to force Elizabeth to convince her husband to a confession of being a witch. These examples are a clear indication of the power the judges have over the trials and how they use this power in a wrong way to suit them. Because Danforth is powerful and does not want to tarnish his name, he is sometimes shown to use his power to wrongly give sentences to the accused even though he knows that the accusations made are lies. His unwillingness to admit to the lies shows how judges use their power in unethical manners that in turn affects other people’s innocent lives.
In conclusion, Arthur Miller has depicted power as one of the most significant themes in his play The Crucible. Throughout the play, Miller shows how power can be useful and sometimes dangerous regarding its abusive and corrupt nature. Many characters in the play are powerful and use their power in different ways. So, however, analyzed three aspects of power and authority: Abigail’s control or power over individuals accused of witchcraft and her allies in the trials, church authority over the villagers, and judge’s power in the trials. All these three are examples of how power can be used in different ways to either improve or destroy lives. In summary, Miller can show that excessive power is dangerous and destructive to individuals and the community in general. | <urn:uuid:4bb94957-6053-4122-ab25-6e4140004387> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://artloopopen.com/2018/12/the-power-of-witchcraft/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583823140.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122013923-20190122035923-00611.warc.gz | en | 0.9774 | 1,562 | 3.25 | 3 |
In this month's Growing Problem Solvers, we focused on supporting students' understanding of congruence and similarity through rigid motions and transformations. Initial understandings of congruence and similarity begin in first grade as students work with shapes in different perspectives and orientations and reflect on similarities and differences.
S. Asli Özgün-Koca and Matt Enlow
Steve Ingrassia and Molly Rawding
Problems to Ponder provides 28 varied, classroom-ready mathematics problems that span grades PK-12, arranged in order of grade band. Links to the problem answers are available in this department. | <urn:uuid:0fd10520-7825-4507-af4c-d879b238af9c> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://pubs.nctm.org/browse?access=all&pageSize=10&sort=datedescending&t_0=geometry&t_1=probability_5&t_2=communication_0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337625.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005105356-20221005135356-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.900956 | 128 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Water is our most vital resource. Yet few understand even the basics of watershed ecology
Watersheds: A Practical Handbook for Healthy Water provides a fascinating overview of the fundamentals of ecology from the simple concept of a watershed to the biological intricacies of a wetland ecosystem and its implications on the environment.
More than 100 illustrations, especially done for this book, help explain the numerous environmental issues and the intricate web of life that connect each of us to all other life on the planet through out involvement in the watershed cycle.
Watersheds includes information on:
Special "How Can I Help?" sections throughout the book provide practical and meaningful ways in which individuals can make a difference to the health of watersheds by reducing water and air pollution, preserving native forests, and helping restore the health of streams and rivers.
Clive Dobson is a multi-disciplined Toronto-based artist whose range of work reflects his concern for the rapidly changing North American landscape.
Gregor Gilpin Beck is a research biologist and writer specializing in ecology, environmental education and conservation. He teaches college and university courses in water pollution, biology and ecology in Toronto.
Impressions of nature spring to mind as we take a quiet morning walk during the early days of March. Here in the Northeast, there is still plenty of snow amid the maple, beech, and cedar trees. The spring thaw has just begun, the air is heavy with fog, and while the winter has been easy, there is enough snow left in the woods to challenge a tall pair of boots.
It is a magical time of year. In this wintry region, warm spring days appear hopelessly distant and elusive. But beneath the snow and in the rising sap of trees, the signs of reawakening and rebirth are singing loud and clear. Everywhere we look, water is flowing again!
The forest is still carpeted in deep snow, but here and there, streams are playing hide and seek. Irresistibly, we are drawn to these places where short-lived creeks appear and disappear beneath the snow. Within a month, though, these surface waterways will be gone.
Without a conscious thought, and with childlike fascination, we follow the course downstream. The first hint is a gentle depression in the snow, then a broad sheet of ice, and finally, much farther along, the first bit of open water. It's just a trickling flow - certainly no Mississippi or Fraser River here, but even those mighty rivers have modest origins. In places, the water meanders unhurried through the thawing earth. Elsewhere, there are narrow and clearly formed rivulets - perfect little streams, flowing fast and wild over gravel and sand.
We follow this elusive stream as best we can, but ultimately it seems to disappear without a trace under the snow. Perhaps it continues to flow unseen, carving out a little gorge between the snow and frozen soil. Or perhaps its course takes it on a secret underground route toward a frozen lake. Whatever its actual path might be, we know that these particular waters, and the various pollutants and nutrients that tag along, will eventually enter rivers and lakes downstream, and finally make their way to the sea,
No matter where we live, we are all part of an incredible watershed story, and we are all part of nature. Water is essential to life on Earth, and it is constantly on the move. Maybe this is part of our fascination with that meltwater stream, and part of our fascination with every other stream and lake and ocean. Sooner or later, we all stare into a river and wonder where it has been, and where it is heading.
When probing the mysteries of a watershed, one can detect many things, both wondrous and worrisome. It is through such observation that we embark on a voyage of discovery and, at the same time, gain understanding and compassion. And because water is a lifeline for us all, it is the natural focus for a book like this one, which serves as an introduction to ecology and environmental issues.
In this book, we are addressing three main goals. First, we hope to promote a better understanding of the fundamentals of ecology. Because water is vital to life, we pay particular attention to water-related issues, from the simple concept of a watershed to the biological intricacies of a wetland ecosystem. (A glossary of technical terms used in the text appears on page I46.) With this ecological context in place, we aim secondly to examine and explain the numerous environmental issues affecting the health of natural ecosystems in North America. Finally, we hope that readers will become active in furthering the goals of conservation and helping to protect and restore the environment. We have included "How Can I Help?" sections throughout Part it to illustrate simple things that individuals can do to support the environment.
Gregor Gilpin Beck and Clive Dobson
Part 1: Ecology and the Watershed Concept
CHAPTER 1 - WHAT IS A WATERSHED?
North American Bioregions and Their Watersheds
Boreal Forest and Tundra Bioregion
West Coast Rainforest Bioregion
CHAPTER 2 - How WATERSHEDS WORK: WATER AND NUTRIENT CYCLES
The Nitrogen Cycle
The Sulfur Cycle
The Phosphorus Cycle
CHAPTER 3 - FROM HEADWATERS TO OUTFLOWS: PARTS OF A WATERSHED
The Still Waters of Ponds and Lakes
Eel Grass Beds
CHAPTER 4 - NATURAL CHANGES WITHIN WATERSHEDS
Natural Succession of Plant Communities
Eutrophication of Ponds and Small Lakes
PART II: Environmental Issues, Implications, and Solutions
CHAPTER 5 AIR POLLUTION
Bad Ozone: Problems at Ground Level
Effects of Soils and Winds
CHAPTER 6 - WATER POLLUTION
Sewage Treatment and Water Filtration
Alternative Sewage Treatment
Agricultural and Rural Sources of Water Pollution
How Can I Help?:Water Pollution
How Can I Help?: Environmentally Friendly Cleaners
CHAPTER 7 THE IMPACT OF EXOTIC SPECIES: HIDDEN INVADERS
Sea Lampreys in the Great Lakes
Norway Maples and the Native Forest
How Can I Help?: Exotic Species
CHAPTER 8 HABITAT LOSS AND DEGRADATION
Additional Forestry Problems
Alternative Logging Practices
Agricultural and Rural Issues
Farming the Bottom Lands
Urban and Suburban Issues
CHAPTER 9 ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION: RIGHTING ENVIRONMENTAL WRONGS
How Can I Help?: Restoring Backyards
How Can I Help?: Stream and River Restoration
Assessing Your Local Stream: How Clean is the water?
Bioindicator Species for Fast-Flowing Streams | <urn:uuid:322493a8-37ef-4722-a91b-2636a68e72dc> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.fireflybooks.com/catalogue/adult-books/gardening/product/1096-watersheds-a-practical-handbook-for-healthy-water | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103360935.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628081102-20220628111102-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.900249 | 1,520 | 3.296875 | 3 |
In an imminent update to the Equilibrium notes, I have included an ‘explanation’ of why reactions with larger activation energies (i.e., the endothermic process in any equilibrium system – see the diagram below), have their rates of reaction increased to a greater degree than reactions with smaller activation energies (i.e., the exothermic process in any equilibrium system – also see the diagram below), thus ‘proving’ why the endothermic direction is always favored when an equilibrium system has its temperature raised.
I use quotes around the words, explanation and proving, since to be honest, the phrase that I included simply said, ‘which can be proven by computations carried out on the Arrhenius equation‘, which hardly qualifies as either an explanation or a proof! In this post I wanted to do some math to show that statement is indeed true. I have a pretty strong feeling that all of this is beyond any, likely required answer on an AP exam, at least in part because the Arrhenius equation does not appear on the new Equations & Constants sheet, but it makes me feel better to at least attempt to justify my ramblings!
OK, here we go. Using the Arrhenius equation in this form,
We first take a reaction with an activation energy (Ea) of 100 kJ run at two different temperatures, 200 K and 400 K. Plugging and chugging for each temperature separately, we get two rate constants, thus;
As expected, at the higher temperature of 400 K, the rate constant is larger, but we should focus on the change in k at the two temperatures, which is of an order of magnitude of 1013.
Now, moving on to a reaction with a larger activation energy (Ea) of 150 kJ, we repeat the process of examining k values at the same, two, different temperatures, thus;
Again, as expected, at the higher temperature of 400 K, the rate constant is larger, and again (also as expected), a comparison of each reaction at 200 K, and then each reaction at 400 K, we find that the reaction with the lower Ea has the higher rate constant.
However, we should once again focus on the change in k that occurs, which in the case of the reaction with the higher activation energy is of an order of magnitude of 1020 as opposed to that of approximately 1013 in the reaction with the lower activation energy.
The math shows that reactions with higher activation energies have rates that are more profoundly influenced by increases in temperature than those with lower activation energies. Since the endothermic direction in an equilibrium system will always have the higher Ea, it benefits from the temperature increase to a greater extent than the exothermic reaction, and the system always shifts in the endothermic direction at a higher temperature. | <urn:uuid:03e1841a-895b-4c29-ba93-f3aee0d7b535> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://adriandingleschemistrypages.com/ap/why-does-increasing-t-speed-the-endo-direction-more-than-the-exo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662577757.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524233716-20220525023716-00167.warc.gz | en | 0.949823 | 595 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Culture & BiologyEdit
The species are members of the I.C., they live on terrestrial worlds, preferring savanna and forest environments. They are raised by their grandparents who return to Nellian for burial. Their form of communication is a gestural language called "Waggletrunk", based on the shapes they make using their flexible trunks.
They are 9 feet tall, and have an average intelligence higher than that of the average human. Their long trunks are able to manipulate objects, help them feed, and are the source of their sense of smell. This species lives up to 140 Earth years.
300,000 years ago on Earth, a proboskian craft crash landed on its way to "rescue" a group of now extinct short trunked marsupials called Palorchestes, on the assumption that because they had trunks, they were kindred spirits. This crash created the Wolfe Creek Crater.
The ships were spotted over the Cascade Mountains, an event which would later largely be known by earth-men as the Arnold Incident, a sighting which helped thrust the name "flying saucer" into popular vocabulary. | <urn:uuid:1dcc8d21-c6f6-4a25-b495-69560291d75c> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://aliens.wikia.com/wiki/Proboskian | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861812410.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164332-00069-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970865 | 235 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Vaping Tips – Preventing the Smoking Dangers
Many people seem to be very concerned about the tapering of cigarettes. These fears have become out of the increased health threats that people see with smoking. We have now understand that secondhand smoke does in fact cause many illnesses and can worsen serious disease. So how does vaporing affect you?
First, let’s focus on the basics. Smoking is like eating or drinking poison. It has noxious chemicals getting into your body. The toxic smoke that lingers in the air is what kills you. Frequently, smokers do not realize just how much they’re hurting their lungs until they are on the casket.
The reason smoking is bad for your wellbeing is because you’re inhaling thousands of toxins that you inhale into your blood stream. You also breathe in all of the smoke that is expelled from your own lungs. There are of course side effects to smoking cigarettes as well. You obtain lung cancer, throat cancer, mouth cancer and a whole host of respiratory problems. You will definitely want to avoid vaporizing cigarettes if possible.
A standard myth is that you can save your lungs by vaporizing cigarettes. That is absolutely not true. In fact, the more times you puff away the fewer toxins Element Vape you’re taking with you. The more smoke you take into the body, the more you increase your risk for cancer.
It is always better to quit smoking before you begin to notice the adverse affects. Make an effort to quit a few weeks before you think you’ll have a difficult time quitting. The more regularly you make an effort to quit, the harder it becomes. When you are through an entire month without smoking, you’ll start to notice a vast improvement in your health and lungs.
To be able to reduce the amount of harm that you will be taking into your lungs while you smoke, then you should definitely make an effort to vaporize your cigarettes. The way that you do this is to get a water pipe or a hookah in the bathroom when you decide to get a good night’s sleep. While you are sleeping, you will inhale all of the steam from the water. That is a natural way to breathe if you are asleep.
Essentially, while you are taking in the harmful chemical compounds and toxins from smoking cigarettes, you are also consuming many positive advantages from the act of breathing in the steam from a water pipe. This is why it is much better to give up while you are still able. Instead of realizing the negative aspects of vaporizing your cigarettes, focus on the positive benefits. You will feel better about yourself and your health in general.
You need to realize that the easiest way to quit is to take the right approach. Do not use trickery like hiding the cigarettes in your underwear. There is no need to go through the withdrawal process. In case you are serious about quitting, you then shouldn’t only consider vaporing cigarettes but additionally consider other methods that will help you reach your goal. | <urn:uuid:6dbf44f2-9842-49d6-9289-3020a49bc565> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://clarke105.akstationerymart.com/2021/04/30/vaping-tips-preventing-the-smoking-dangers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300244.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220116210734-20220117000734-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.964434 | 622 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The End of Communism – a New Era
Several decades ago, Eastern Europe was covered by communism. Until suddenly, communism ended. Factories, mines and land, formerly owned by the state, were sold to those with the closest ties to power. Of course there was corruption, it was not a smooth transition. It probably never is a smooth transition from communism to a free market.
The point here is that their economies were in shambles. For decades, entrepreneurship did not exist. The institutions supporting a free market did not exist. Nonetheless, in due time the economy will grow and it will change. However…
In Comes the European Union
Just over a decade after the fall of Communism, the countries of Eastern Europe start joining the European Union. The EU (and NATO) are seen as a move away from Russia. A move away from Russia is equal to a move to safety, in their views. The EU promises money; they will give subsidies to farmers and build new highways.
It sounds like a great deal, and in some ways it is. The free trade opened up new markets, but for whose benefit?
Western Europe had highly developed companies, they are competitive and innovative. Eastern Europe at the same time was just recovering from communism. So what happens when there is free trade? Western banks and other companies invaded the markets of Eastern Europe. How could the small Eastern companies compete with that? They lacked the funds and know-how. The infant industries, which was nearly every industry after communism, were killed off. To make matters worse, EU regulations made it difficult for small Eastern European companies to comply, putting even more pressure on them.
Go to Eastern Europe and you will see Western banks, Western supermarkets, Western everything. And the few local companies that did not die? Often they were simply bought out. The shareholders of these Eastern companies are Western Europeans.
The winners were Germany, France, Austria, the Netherlands, and so on. They were able to beat the competition in the East. The companies from the Eastern part did not expand into new German markets, or only rarely. There is a large similarity to the English colonies around the world. These colonies were used to increase the amount of consumers for English companies. The profits went to England.
Who benefits? The Western corporations that can see their revenue grow by expanding eastwards. But also East European consumers that can get better quality goods for less money. Who loses? Eastern European companies and the long-term growth of the East.
Not only the markets for goods were opened up, also the movement of people was allowed. Which direction did the people move? From East to West. From relatively poor, to relatively rich. And from low wages, to high wages. This is not very surprising, and perfectly understandable. If you can make 2 euro per hour in your home country, and 10 euro per hour for the same job in the United Kingdom, then why should you not move to the United Kingdom?
For the individual this allows them to see their wages increase, that is without a doubt great for them. But what impact does it have on a country? The East has seen its young and educated masses move abroad. While their home country paid for, or subsidized, their education, they will now work and pay taxes abroad. They will consume abroad, they will have children abroad, and many will remain abroad.
With its young participating in a modern-day exodus, it is hardly shocking to see the low fertility rates of Eastern Europe. It is exactly those in child-bearing age that are moving abroad to work; not the children, and not the elderly!
Who benefits? Well first of all the Eastern Europeans that make the move and obtain a higher wage. But secondly the Western governments and corporations that can keep their wages in the West low due to this influx of newcomers, and addition to their working tax-base. Who loses? The governments in the East, that see their core demographic leave the country.
The EU brain drains the East. It’s young and bright people are pulled out of the country, moving westwards. Moreover, it killed the infant industry and replaced it with the established Western European corporations.
It’s not all bad… Wages are growing as companies are moving offices and services to Eastern Europe, benefiting from relatively low wages compared to the West. Their GDP’s are growing as well and of course there are Eastern European companies that are performing very well. Some areas have vibrant tourism sectors. But all of these things could also have developed without the EU. And maybe even faster than they have now, plus keeping ownership of the Eastern European companies in Eastern European hands. After all, people go on holiday to Turkey just as easily as to Croatia. Regardless of one being in the EU and the other not.
Yes, the EU has paid for some highways in the East, but overall, has the EU really been that great for the former Soviet states? | <urn:uuid:e92138d8-f4d8-4b18-9827-79510014ce47> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.clovisinstitute.org/eastern-europe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335514.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001003954-20221001033954-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.980818 | 1,020 | 2.78125 | 3 |
On Jan. 8, 1848 a meeting of the white male inhabitants of the Village was held to determine whether to incorporate. Nineteen votes were cast in favor and none against. On Jan. 15, 1848 a meeting was held to elect trustees and a clerk for the new Village. At the meeting eight ordinances were written and passed. The first laws passed by the first Board of Trustees set the boundaries of the village, prohibited the sale of spirits or malt liquor, allowed a permit to be granted for the sale of spirits or malt liquor for medical or mechanical purposes, all gambling and drunkenness would be declared a nuisance and that a violation would result in a $25.00 fine, all shows, and circuses, etc. needed a license, all quarreling, fighting or in any way disturbing the peace was strictly forbidden, and all horse racing was forbidden.
The Rock River Seminary was founded in 1839 by a few public spirited settlers living in the Village. Mt. Morris enjoyed the distinction of being the literary center of the northwest, and was justly proud of Old Sandstone standing prominently on the college campus in the center of the dignified little Village. The first term of the Rock River Seminary commenced on the first Friday in November, 1840. The seminary was forced to close in 1878 due to financial problems. A movement was begun to establish an educational institution for the Church of the Brethren. The campus was purchased, and on Aug. 20, 1879 the first term of the school was opened. In 1884 the school, under a new charter, was named Mount Morris College. Several buildings were constructed during the next several years. On Jan. 15, 1912 a fire destroyed Old Sandstone. The outer walls were left standing and were later found to be solid so were used in rebuilding the structure.
On April 12, 1931 three large campus buildings were destroyed by a fire. Old Sandstone was not damaged below the third floor and was again restored. It stands proudly today in the center of the Village. On Oct 28, 1932, after nearly 100 years, the college was closed permanently. During that time thousands came to Mt. Morris for education and inspiration. Old Sandstone and several other college buildings still stand on the beautiful campus.
Community events are held on the campus. The Kable Concert Band, organized in 1897, performs a free concert in the band shell every Wednesday evening during the summer.
Mt .Morris has a history of being a printing and publishing community. The first printing plant was established in 1842. During the next 40 years there were a number of small plants established to print the various Village newspapers. In 1898 the twin 18 year old Kable brothers took over an abandoned printing shop. They decided to operate as a partnership. The company moved many times over the next several years. In 1909 the original building of the Kable Brothers Printing Plant was erected. Many additions have been built over the years. The plant has been printing magazines, newspapers and catalogs continually since 1909. The growth and prosperous conditions of Mt. Morris in the early years came entirely from the development of the printing plant.
Other businesses have helped to establish Mt. Morris as a printing and publishing community. The Poultry Tribune Company published magazines in the poultry field and owned and operated a poultry experimental farm south of Mt. Morris. Various types of equipment were tested for the benefit of the readers of the magazines. James Watt and A. A. Yoder purchased the Poultry Tribune Company in 1917. Watt Publishing Company grew into a large publishing business operating in the old Sandstone Building on the Campus until 2007.
The Campus is also home to the Kable News Company. The business purchased College Hall and was organized in 1932. Many of the magazines that were printed by Kable Brothers were distributed by Kable News Company. The company has enjoyed substantial growth with operations in several communities and has been renamed Kable Media Services. | <urn:uuid:a038b2fc-ac18-4c2b-a13d-bf9ce2b7101d> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://mtmorrisil.net/history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863109.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619173519-20180619193519-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.982844 | 800 | 2.625 | 3 |
We believe that Values should be at the heart of all we do and have a set of 6 Core Values that we teach the children about and expect children to work towards showing all of the time. We focus our learning on one Value each term. Children are praised for demonstrating the Value, and at the end of each term, 2 children are selected from each class to be our "Value Heroes" as they have demonstrated the Value consistently throughout the term. These children are given a special badge and their photo is displayed on our Values Tree for all to see. We encourage families to get involved with discussing our school Values and exploring its meaning at home.
Our 6 values are -
Fundamental (British) Values
Teaching about Fundamental British Values:
The DfE have recently reinforced the need "to create and enforce a rigorous expectation on all schools to promote the fundamental British values of democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty and mutual respect and tolerance of those with different faiths and beliefs."
The government set out its definition of Fundamental (British) Values in the 2011 Prevent Strategy, and these Values have been reiterated by the Prime Minister this year.
At Raunds Park Infant School, these values are reinforced regularly and in the following ways:
We listen to children's and parents' voice. Our school behaviour policy is clear, demonstrating that children are expected to contribute and co-operate, taking into account the views of others.
The rule of law
We consistently reinforce our high expectations of children. Children are taught the value and reasons behind our rules and expectations: that rules are there to protect us; that everyone has a responsibility ;and that there are consequences when rules are not followed or expectations are not met.
Within school, children are actively encouraged to make choices, knowing that they are in a safe and supportive environment. As a school, we educate and provide boundaries for young children to make choices safely, through our provision of a safe environment and empowering teaching. Children are encouraged to know, understand and exercise their rights and personal freedoms.
Part of our school ethos and behaviour policy is based on "Respect". The children are taught about everyone's rights and responsibilities.
Tolerance of those of Different Faiths and Beliefs
We aim to enhance children's understanding of different faiths and beliefs by participating in a range of celebrations throughout the year. Children have the opportunity to learn about cultures through specific units of work and by taking part in multi-cultural events. The broader a child's experiences, the more confident and effective they are likely to be at contributing to Britain's diverse society. We would love to have even more visitors from members of the community with varying faiths and beliefs - please get in touch if you would like to meet our children. | <urn:uuid:403e8611-da25-4eeb-b5c4-48f0436a5b1b> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://www.raundsparkinfants.org.uk/values-including-british-values/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202484.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321030925-20190321052925-00405.warc.gz | en | 0.958109 | 559 | 3.53125 | 4 |
A few months ago, I wrote a post about children’s books that address the topic of immigration. Today I came across a wonderful opportunity for children to send holiday wishes of love and hope to refugee families living in detention centers in the United States. The following is a description of the Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Services (LIRS) Hope for the Holidays project:
In 2014, the U.S. government returned to the inhumane practice of detaining mothers and children in jail-like settings in three family detention facilities in Texas and Pennsylvania. Consequently, many mothers and children will spend the holidays in detention, separated from the love of their families and the comfort of their traditions. Join LIRS in bringing hope and joy to children and mothers in immigration detention through sending Christmas cards and gifts. Write a message of hope to a family in detention and then mail your cards to LIRS. We will ensure that they are delivered to families in detention and to those children who arrive at our borders alone.
The holiday cards are needed by December 12th and instructions on where and how to send them are on the LIRS website. They particularly need cards with messages written in Spanish, and their website provides appropriate examples.
This project would pair nicely with the picture book Mama’s Nightingale by Edwidge Danticat, which I described in a previous post. The mother in this story is living in a detention center while her husband and daughter anxiously wait for her to be released.
Because Donald Trump’s presidential campaign focused strongly on illegal immigration, many young children in the U.S. have become more aware of this issue. It is being discussed at home, in classrooms and on the playground. While we may feel that the issue is too complex for children to understand, we also need to recognize that they will likely be exposed to it whether we feel they are ready or not.
Like so many other issues in our world, I believe that it is important to teach children to approach the subject of immigration with compassion. We can help them understand the reasons why we secure our borders and require people to follow a specific path to citizenship, while also acknowledging the desperation and despair that leads refugees to flee their home countries. If we lived in a country where boys are recruited as child soldiers, where drug cartels terrorize the community, where there is no work, no food, and no hope, can we really say we would stay in that environment? Or would we flee to a new country despite the legality of that decision and the dangers that were in front of us? The goal is to help children see the complexities of the issue and respond with compassion because, in the end, those refugees living in the detention center could be any of us.
Wishing peace to all of you this holiday season…
PHOTO credit: Morgue File, chilombiano, http://mrg.bz/fafe41 | <urn:uuid:3dd2bb7d-a6fd-42a5-a3a4-8d6705fd2351> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://willardandthebean.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320443.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625064745-20170625084745-00033.warc.gz | en | 0.970935 | 598 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Popular Science Monthly/Volume 75/December 1909/Immigration and the Future American Race
|IMMIGRATION AND THE FUTURE AMERICAN RACE|
By Dr. ALBERT ALLEMANN
ARMY MEDICAL MUSEUM, WASHINGTON, D. C.
THE people of the thirteen colonies, the builders of the American Union, were almost exclusively of the Anglo-Saxon race. The immigration which set in after the war of independence and continued during the greater part of the nineteenth century, was composed of people not dissimilar from those early colonists. They came from the British Isles, Scandinavia, Germany and the smaller Teutonic countries. But during the last twenty-five years the number of immigrants from those regions has steadily decreased and has now sunk to very small numbers, while the immigration from Italy, Hungary, Greece and Russia has increased from year to year during the same period of time, and, of late years, has assumed truly enormous proportions. Thus while the earlier immigrants were of a reasonably homogeneous race, almost entirely of Anglo-Saxon or Teutonic origin, just enough leavened with Celtic elements to quicken the phlegmatic pulse of that cold northern race, the majority of the immigrants that landed on our shores during the last quarter of a century, are quite dissimilar in their origin, language, customs and religion from the original settlers of the American Union.
It is claimed by some writers that all these various races, which are now forming the population of the United States, will, in the course of time, fuse together and produce a new and superior type of people. Other writers go still farther; they assert that the immense numbers of this later immigration will overwhelm this country and, in the course of a few generations, supplant the original stock of Anglo-Saxon and Teutonic settlers. Both these views are erroneous. It is impossible, as we shall see, that a general intermixture throughout this mighty empire can take place, much less will the later immigrants be able to supplant the descendants of those sturdy pioneers who first settled the vast prairies and fertile valleys of this great republic.
There are so many and so varied types among these later immigrants, and they are generally so much inferior to the native American population, that such a mixture would not be desirable. Herbert Spencer, Gobineau and others have pointed out that a mixture of races, very dissimilar, produces an inferior type of people. History bears out this view. The modern peoples that dwell in the Mediterranean basin present to-day a greater mixture of dissimilar races than any country on the globe, yet these regions, once the center of civilization, have certainly not produced a superior type of humanity. If the mixture of two races of equal vigor, energy and civilization, but very dissimilar in their racial make-up, produces an inferior people, much less can the fusion of several races, some of which are of a very inferior civilization, produce a fair type of humanity. It is the purpose of this article to show that no general mixture of the original Anglo-Saxon and Teutonic stock with the various heterogeneous elements of the later immigration will take place. We shall see that these later arrivals settle almost entirely in the large cities, and that they will there, in the course of a few generations, be eliminated in the great struggle of modern industrial and commercial life. But first we must get acquainted with the history and character of the various races which form the present population of the United States.
Broadly speaking, we have two great classes of immigrants, those that came before about the year 1885 and those that came after that year. The native home of the former was northwestern Europe and the bulk of them belongs to the so-called Teutonic, or Scandinavian, or northern blond race; the latter came from the Mediterranean basin and eastern Europe, and present a number of racial types.
The Scandinavian or Teutonic race was divided into a number of barbarian tribes when the Romans first made their acquaintance. These tribes lived in Scandinavia, northern Germany and on the islands of the Baltic Sea. Full of vigor and countless in numbers, they began to make invasions into the territories of the Roman Empire, and though frequently defeated by Roman science and discipline, they never gave up until, during the fifth century, they overran all the western provinces of the great empire and founded new states and new nations in the regions they conquered. All the modern nations of western Europe are more or less a mixture of the original Celto-Roman inhabitants with these northern conquerors; but as the latter were far in the minority, the Teutonic blood has, in the course of many centuries, been more or less eliminated; only the aristocracies of these countries, avoiding intermarriage with the subject races, preserve to this day the characteristics of their northern forefathers. This race exists to-day in its greatest purity only in Scandinavia, in northwestern Germany and in England. Its chief physical characteristics are blond hair, a fair complexion, tall stature and especially a distinctly dolichocephalic shape of the head. Now as Ripley justly remarks, this longheadedness does not ipso facto imply a strong character, or superior mental power. The negroes, the Spaniards, the Sicilians are dolichocephalic without showing any intellectual superiority. But this particular long-headed northern race excelled and still excels by great mental qualities. It is the dominating race of modern times. It forms the ruling and predominating element in the three most powerful nations of the present day, England, Germany and the United States. Through the Anglo-Saxons, its most vigorous branch, it carried European civilization to the uttermost parts of the earth. The higher classes and the dynasties of the modern European nations belong to this northern race. Lapouge found that most of the great Frenchmen are of this type and are the descendants of the early Teutonic invaders. The majority of the great Italians who, during the Renaissance, made northern Italy the most enlightened country in the world, were the descendants of the northern conquerors, who during the great migration settled in that part of Europe. Likewise a close inquiry would probably show that the great thinkers and writers of middle and southern Germany, where the brachycephalic Alpine race forms the bulk of the population, are the descendants of the long-headed Teutons who settled among them. These northern peoples surpass all others in vigor, energy and self-control; they are aristocratic in their nature, domineering, oppressive to inferior races; but they are liberty-loving, have an innate love for law and order, and are above all other races capable of self-government; and it is certainly not accidental that all the branches of this race are protestants.
It is of descendants of this long-headed northern race that the great majority of the agricultural population of the United States is made up, and it is its very best elements that settled the American states. The people that founded the thirteen colonies belonged to the most energetic and most independent elements of old England. Only men of an indomitable courage and superior intellect would dare to brave the dangers of a distant and unknown country. Many left their homes on account of religious or political persecution; they stood above their fellow men in independence of thought and love of freedom. Thus by a process of natural selection only the best people of Old England came to settle the American colonies and to form the solid nucleus around which the great American nation was to form. Of these early settlers only the most vigorous, the most intelligent, again survived; the weaker elements succumbing to the new conditions, the climate, the dangers of a new country.
After the war of independence came the Irish, the Germans, the Scandinavians, the Austrians, the Swiss. The Celtic colonists, coming from Ireland, Wales and parts of Scotland, mixed with the Anglo-Saxon and Teutonic settlers. They have undoubtedly greatly modified the character of the American people. The American is less stolid, less phlegmatic than the Englishman; he is quicker, more nervous; in vivacity he approaches the mercurial Frenchman. The character of the American people was much less affected by the people who came from middle and southern Germany, from Austria and Switzerland, because these peoples are themselves the product of a mixture between the Teutonic conquerors and the brachycephalic Alpine race and were thus a less heterogeneous element than the Celtic immigrants. Here, too, a selective process was at work. It was still the days of the sailing vessel and the prairie schooner. Only the strongest, most energetic, most independent would undertake such a long, tedious and dangerous voyage. Ammon, in his most interesting study on the population of South-German cities, has shown that it is mostly the long-headed as the most energetic people who move from the rural districts to the cities. From this we may infer that the countries just mentioned sent principally this class of people across the ocean to mingle their blood with a kindred race.
The greater part of this earlier immigration belonged to the agricultural classes. Large numbers of families came from the rural districts of northern and central Europe in quest of new homes, where they might enjoy greater freedom and have larger opportunities, and where they might be enabled to leave their children a goodly inheritance. Only a comparatively small portion of these people established themselves in the large cities; the great bulk of them went west and settled, side by side with the pioneers from the eastern states, the broad and fertile prairies of the Mississippi Valley and the sunny slopes of the Pacific Coast. It is true, a general intermixture of the various branches of this northern race did not take place equably throughout the country. There are large territories in many states where certain nationalities established distinct and separate settlements. Extensive tracts in Pennsylvania, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Texas and other states were settled by Germans alone. The Swedes and Norwegians established their new homes mostly in the northwest. The purest Anglo-Saxon blood we find in the southern states. The Celtic immigrants formed nowhere large separate settlements; they are scattered equably all over the union. One important fact must be noted here. A very large portion of the people of Celtic origin did not settle in the rural districts, but established themselves in the great cities, in New York, Boston, Chicago, St. Louis, etc., where, as we shall see later, they will disappear in the course of a few generations.
About the middle of the ninth decade of the last century an entirely new immigration began to set in. The new arrivals came from southern and eastern Europe, from Italy, Greece, Hungary, Bohemia, Russia. Hailing from an entirely different region of Europe, they differ completely in their racial characteristics from the earlier immigration. Considering only the head form, some of these people would show no marked difference from the Anglo-Saxon or Teuton. The Sicilians, the Neapolitans, the Greeks, are more or less dolichocephalic. But some anthropologists lay entirely too much stress on the headform. It is evident that purity of race is of far greater importance than the shape of the head. But these Mediterranean countries have probably the most mixed population of any region on the globe. This manifold intermixture began during the later periods of the Roman republic. The numerous prisoners taken in the many and frequent wars were sold as slaves in Italy and the provinces bordering on the Mediterranean Sea. Mommsen estimates the slave population of the Italian peninsula in the times of Sulla at twelve to fourteen millions, twice as numerous as the free population. These slaves came from the most distant regions, and were mostly barbarians, in every respect dissimilar from the Roman people.
The island of Sicily presents perhaps the best example of this manifold intermixture of the Mediterranean peoples. In the earliest centuries Greek colonists came to establish their cities among the native Siculi. Later the Carthaginians and after them the Romans brought great numbers of slaves to the island. Goth and Vandal came and disappeared. The Saracens, themselves mixed with black blood, held the island nearly two hundred years, until the island was conquered by the Normans. All these races left their traces in the modern population of Sicily. But where once the great cities of Syracuse, Agrigentum, Segesta, flourished we find to-day ignorance, poverty, crime; here is the home of the Black Hand and the Mafia. The southern part of the Italian boot, the old kingdom of Naples, has almost the same history as Sicily, and the modern conditions there are not much different. The best portion of the Italian people are the brachycephalic North-Italians. It is these sturdy and energetic people who have brought about Italian unity. By their thriftiness, intelligence and love of law and justice they form the backbone of the Italian monarchy. If we cross the Adriatic we find on the Balkan peninsula a mixture of peoples, a Völkergemisch, made up of hardly less numerous elements than the population of Italy. The Slavic race forms here a predominating element among a population greatly mixed in other ways. The modern Greeks are largely of Slavic origin. They are not the descendants of the ancient Greeks. That noble race, greatly mixed with barbarian blood during the middle ages, was almost completely destroyed in the course of the frequent uprisings against Turkish rule. Slavic immigrants gradually repeopled the country. The same intense mixture of different races we find in Asia Minor and Syria, countries which send considerable numbers of immigrants to our shores. The least mixed of all these races are the Slavs of Russia. Yet this people has little in common with the race that settled America. The Russians are behind all other nations of Europe in social and political development. The mass of the people is ignorant, servile, superstitious, and, according to the opinion of a close observer, unfit for self-government.
The broad-headed Jews are not as pure a race as has commonly been supposed. They have been greatly mixed with the peoples among whom they lived. Especially is this true of the Russian and Polish Jews, who form such a large portion of the American immigrants. The best type of all these various peoples are probably the brachycephalic Hungarians. Though dissimilar from the other races of Europe, they possess valuable qualities; they ate preeminently an intellectual people and well fitted for self-government.
These are the peoples from whom the later immigration to the United States is recruiting itself. All differ among themselves as much as they differ from the long-headed northern race, which occupies to-day the rural districts of the American Union. Not one of them has reached a high degree of civilization. They have not proved their capability of self-government. They are illiterate and differ in their religious beliefs, their languages and customs, from the Teutonic peoples. They are vivacious, restless, turbulent, and do not possess that respect for law and a well-regulated government which is inborn in the northern race. They bring rarely whole families with them. No process of selection is now at work as in former days. A modern sea voyage has not the dangers and terrors of earlier times. The better and best people stay now at home and only the lower classes emigrate. A mixture of these races with the earlier immigrants could not possibly produce a superior people, as we sometimes read in newspaper articles; it would vitiate and deteriorate the American race, and might prepare for this nation the fate of the Roman empire.
At the time when the immigrants from the south and east of Europe began to arrive in larger numbers on the American shore the vast tracts of public lands had, as we have seen, been occupied by the Anglo-Saxons and the other Teutonic peoples, mingled with considerable numbers of Celts. There were no large territories left where any great numbers of these newcomers could have settled. But these later immigrants are not agriculturally inclined; they would not settle in the country even if public lands were still accessible to them. They belong to the poorest classes, were mostly brought up in cities, and are not adapted to the cultivation of the soil. With the exception, perhaps, of the Poles an exceedingly small number of these later immigrants settle in the country. The Russian Jew is a city dweller; the Greek and the Syrian stay in the cities; the Hungarian and the Slav take to mining; the Italians who do not follow mining or railroading prefer the large cities. Ripley asserts that four fifths of our foreign-born citizens live in the twelve principal cities of the country. It is quite certain that the greater number of these are of the later immigration.
We have thus shown that the Anglo-Saxon and Teutonic stock, mixed with Celtic elements, forms the rural population of the United States, while the greater portion of the population of the larger and largest cities is composed of the new immigration. It is a bold assumption that the United States is a "melting-pot" in which all the races of Europe are fused to a new race. A general intermixture of the old and the new immigrants can take place only in the large cities while the rural population, the backbone of the nation, will not be appreciably affected. This mixed city population will not persist for any length of time. It is a generally recognized fact that city populations have much less vitality than the agricultural classes. But the surprisingly rapid rate at which families in the cities die out was not known until the remarkable observations of Hansen, Amnion and others were made public.
In modern times the causes which contribute to the rapid destruction of the city population are much more potent than in the past. The cities are generally much larger and it is certain that the healthfulness of a city decreases as its size increases. It is true that sanitary measures are much more efficient than in former times, but it is also true that the destructive influences have grown in strength and new ones have appeared. The modern factory work, the poor housing conditions of the lower classes, tend to destroy life and weaken vitality. Race suicide is practised especially in the cities, while it is almost unknown among the country population. The struggle for existence is much severer in the cities; marriages are fewer; the mortality of children is greater. Prostitution, the curse of large cities, is an enemy to marriage and tends to shorten and destroy life by transmitting and spreading venereal diseases. To all this we must add the attractions of city life, the chase after pleasure, the constant excitement, the nervous strain, which are all hostile to the vitality of families. Another cause of the rapid extinction of the city population lies in the very mixture of so many races. There is a biological law that hybrids do not tend to reproduce their kind. The fecundity of such a mixed population is appreciably lower than that of a pure race. Lapouge found that in those regions of France where the brachycephalic Alpine race has preserved a comparative purity the birth rate is much higher than in the districts where the race is greatly mixed with Teutonic blood. In the latter regions the birth rate is actually decreasing.
It is evident that the lower classes, living under less favorable conditions than the well-to-do, are more subject to rapid extinction. But the higher classes are not exempt from this iron law. Various causes are mentioned for this fact. Marriages are contracted much later in life among the wealthy, and, as a rule, they have fewer children; the intellectual, life seems to be unfavorable to the fecundity of women. Race suicide is more common among the higher classes. It is hardly necessary to mention that families of an extremely healthy stock, and living under the most favorable conditions, are able to continue their existence a much longer time. The remarkable vitality of the British aristocracy is due to their athletic habits and to the fact that they spend the greater part of the year on their estates in the country. Ammon holds that the aristocratic classes of the continent "have favorable prospects to perpetuate their family names only if they live on their estates and devote themselves to agriculture and the chase."
The Jews seem to form an exception to what has just been said. They have been city dwellers from the time they left Palestine and began to overrun the countries of the earth. There can be no doubt that they are a very healthy race. In the struggle for existence, during the endless persecutions they had to undergo in every country and at all ages, only the strongest individuals survived. A process of natural selection thus produced a vigorous race. The frugal and sober habits and the faithful application of the sanitary precepts of the Mosaic code also contributed greatly to produce a healthy people. But these influences are much less at work in modern times. The vitality of the Jew will be greatly affected by modern city life as we find it in the city of New York, where the great bulk of the Jewish population in this country lives. Tuberculosis, the scourge of the white race, used to be rare among the Jews, but the unsanitary life in the "sweat-shops" of New York is also increasing its victims among this people.
The rate at which city populations die out is much more rapid than one would ordinarily suppose. Recent researches have thrown much light on this process of elimination. Ammon, in his researches on the population of Carlsruhe and Freiburg (two comparatively small cities) established the fact that the city-born population decreases in the course of two generations from 100 per cent, to 29 and 15 per cent. He supposes that on an average the families who move from the country to a city die out in the course of two generations. Hansen found that one half of the population of the German cities consists at all times of immigrants from the country districts, and he concludes from this fact that the city population renews itself completely in the course of two generations. We may safely apply these results, which have been obtained for the German cities, to the great industrial and commercial centers of America, for conditions here are not more favorable to the maintenance of human life. We may assume, therefore, that the families that are now living in our large cities will, with few exceptions, die out in the course of two or three generations. It is only through the constant supply which the cities draw from the country that they are able to maintain and increase their population. If a modern city had to rely solely on its own natural increase, its population would steadily decline and finally shrink to an insignificant number. But if the disappearing portion of the American city population were constantly replenished by new immigration from Europe there would be no change in the actual conditions. However, the time is near at hand when the government of the United States will be compelled, for economic reasons, to close the gates to the great mass of poor immigrants from Europe. When that time comes the cities will have to rely exclusively on the country to replenish their dwindling population. Then the unceasing stream of people, which even now is constantly flowing from the country towards the towns, will reconquer the cities from that alien population which now holds them. It is clear that the longer this process of conquering the cities by the rural population is going on the more thorough will be the elimination of the alien races. A few elements of the new immigration will doubtless persist and form a permanent part of the future American race, but they will be a desirable acquisition, for by the law of the survival of the fittest they must be considered a superior type of humanity.
We have thus shown that no general intermixture of the old with the new immigration will take place, and that instead of the Anglo-Saxon and Teutonic settlers "are working for inferior races," who will some day displace them, the reverse is true. There is no doubt that these later immigrants, as laborers, have performed and are performing an important part in this country; they have contributed not a small part to the wealth of this nation.
It was not the purpose of this article to minimize the disadvantages and dangers of this later immigration. The presence, in our large cities, of great numbers of these illiterate strangers, who neither understand nor sympathize with the political institutions of this country, is an impediment to municipal reform. So many of these heterogeneous people are now among us that it would be to the best interests of the country if congress, by suitable legislation, restricted immigration in such a manner as only to admit a small number and only the best elements of these heterogeneous races.
The negro, more dissimilar from the Anglo-Saxon than any other race, has purposely been omitted in this study. Though the negroes form a considerable portion of the agricultural population of a large section of the union, a mixture between the two races, as is the case in Latin America, will never take place. The Anglo-Saxon is too proud and too much bent on the preservation of his racial purity to admit of any such intermixture. He even rejects the mulatto who shows the slightest traces of black blood. The negro is physically and intellectually inferior to the white man; he is several thousand years behind the white race in his intellectual development and, as Huxley observed, will never be the equal of the white man. In the great struggle for existence which, in future centuries, will grow in intensity, the negro will be eliminated, "he will melt away before the breath of the white man as snow melts under a hot wind." This is the probable solution of the negro problem in the United States. One of the chief means by which this process of elimination is hastened, is the marked tendency of the negro to leave the rural districts and to settle in the large cities, where he has much less chance of survival than the more energetic and thrifty white man.
- "The awful tragedy, forever repeating itself, of hero nations building lordly palaces in which servant races will some day pitch their gipsy camps, will also set in in America, and the descendants of the sturdy Old English and Teutonic pioneers, a race that is said to possess the finest long-heads and the heaviest brains, will have only worked for Magyars, Slavs, Italians and Negroes." Kraus, Polit.'Anthrop. Rev., Leipz., 906-7, V., 695.
- Macchioro ascribes the decline of the Roman empire to the great intermixture of the many dissimilar races within its borders, and especially on the Italian peninsula. The greater part of the population of Rome during Imperial times consisted of foreigners. Rome presented a similar picture to New York to-day. Polit.-Anthrop. Rev., Leipz., 1906-7, V., 557 et seq.
- Green, in his "History of the English People," holds that the Saxon invaders almost entirely destroyed or drove out the Celto-Roman inhabitants, and the ethnographical study of the modern English people certainly sustains him.
- Ripley, "Races of Europe," New York, 1899, 43.
- Some of the greatest men of history were brachycephalic. The hats of Napoleon I., which are still preserved, are almost circular.
- Rev. d'anthrop., Paris, 1887, XVI., 76.
- Woltman, Polit.-anthrop. Rev., Leipzig, 1905-6, IV., 197, and 1906-7, V., 244.
- England has for centuries sent out her best elements to colonize foreign regions, and if there is any truth in the assertion of some modern English writers that the British people is declining physically and intellectually, the fact that that wonderful country has for centuries been drained of its most valuable blood, would certainly not be one of its least causes. While her nearest relatives, the Germans, spent their best powers in fruitless internecine wars, England sent her best people into the most distant regions as the carriers of intellectual culture and Anglo-Saxon civilization; and should her power ever decline the famous boast of Macaulay will prove true. England's glory will never perish, her very spirit is taking a new birth in America, Australia and South Africa. These mighty colonies will bear witness of England's greatness in all future centuries.
- Mommsen, "Röm. Gesch.," 1857, II., 396. During the later times of the Republic the aristocratic classes acquired immense estates throughout Italy. They bought out or drove out the small landed proprietor and worked the land with slaves. The disappearance of the great middle class, the small landholders, was one of the chief causes of the downfall of the great, empire.
- The immigration from this region is much smaller than from southern Italy.
- Carl Schurz "Reminiscences," V., I.
- Ripley "Races of Europe" p.431
- Ripley, Atlantic Monthly, December, 1908. About 70 per cent, of these immigrants are males.
- To withstand and counteract the steadily growing power of the yellow races the American nation requires all the strength and unity of a homogeneous people.
- How few of these immigrants settle on public lands may be seen from a late announcement of the Chamber of Commerce of Spokane, Wash. (April, 1909). It shows that during fourteen months 106,000 new settlers established themselves in the states of Washington, Idaho, Oregon and Montana. Of this number only 10,000 were immigrants from Europe and almost all of these came from Great Britain and the Teutonic countries.
- Atlantic Monthly, December, 1908. More than 800,000 Jews live in New York alone; most of them came to this country during the last twenty-five years.
- The U. S. Census of 1900 shows that the death rate in the cities of Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Michigan, Maine and Vermont was 18.6 per thousand of population, while in the rural districts it was only 15.4 per thousand. Baker, Quart. Publ. Am. Statist. Ass., Boston, 1908, XI., 133.
- Rev. d'anthrop., Paris, 1887, XVI., pp. 74 and 526.
- "Ammon, "Natürl. Ausl.," p. 297.
- Ibid., p. 302.
- Jerusalem, Med. Blätter, Wien, 1909, XXXII., 181.
- "Ammon, "Natürl. Ausl.," p. 300.
- Hansen, "Drei Bevölkerungsstufen," 1889, p. 27.
- This is what one of the orators at the last Congress of Catholic Missionaries had in mind when he said that if the Catholics did not make headway in the country districts, the time was coming when their churches in the great cities would be empty. It is well known that most of the adherents of that denomination live in the great cities.
- Emerson, who certainly spoke with no cynical or mocking motive, did not hesitate to affirm that these laboring emigrants "have a good deal of guano in their destiny."
- Ammon, "Natürl. Ausl.," p. 325. | <urn:uuid:102ab1ee-1ec7-4d62-9bcb-71181aa6ed5a> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_75/December_1909/Immigration_and_the_Future_American_Race | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030338244.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007175237-20221007205237-00505.warc.gz | en | 0.961936 | 6,511 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Critical analysis of comprehensive social and health history data for two older persons,
Length: 750 1000 words
Task: Essay: A critical analysis of comprehensive social and health history data for two older persons,
one older person who considers she or he is a?healthya for this stage of their
life and for their age, and a second older person who considers they are experiencing ill health
* Critically analyse the nursing assessment data from the
comprehensive assessments undertaken, make nursing statements or nursing diagnoses (not
medical diagnoses) of the data in relation to identified actual and potential or at risk health
problems, which will demonstrate differences in these two personsa social and health histories.
* students will need to compare the similarities and differences in the chosen health
problems (nursing diagnoses, not medical diagnoses) between the two older persons and how these health problems
impact on their quality of life and lifestyle.
The assessment data collected in the various tools, which provided information for analysis of the
older persons functional health problems for writing the essay is to be attached to the essay as an
The critical discussion for this assessment task is to be well supported by evidence
from the literature, including research based nursing or specialty journals, theory,
textbooks, reports and or government policies.
The use of literature supports your
understanding and knowledge and shows evidence of wider reading and your development
for the essay. | <urn:uuid:a34a598f-baf2-45d0-a210-b78e3aee0e24> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://onedayessay.com/essay-topics/critical-analysis-of-comprehensive-social-and-health-history-data-for-two-older-persons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813691.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221163021-20180221183021-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.928375 | 292 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Peptides are the products formed by the condensation of two or more amino acids through their amino and carboxylic groups involving elimination of water molecules. They may be classified as dipeptides, tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc., depending upon whether the number of amino acid molecules taking part in condensation is two, three or four respectively. When the number of such amino acids is more than ten, the product is called polypeptide. A polypeptide having molecular mass more than 10000 u is called protein. Thus, polypeptides and proteins are condensation polymers of α-amino acids. The linkage (-CO-NH-) which unites various amino acid units in a peptide molecule is called peptide linkage or peptide bond.
A simple convention is used to write the structure and name of the peptide. The amino acid unit having free -NH2 group is called N-terminal end whereas the amino acid unit with free -COOH group is called C-terminal end. The structure is written with N-terminal end to the left and C-terminal end to the right. The base name of the peptide is taken from the C-terminal amino acid unit. Other amino acid units are taken to be substituents of this acid and the suffix ine of their name is replaced with yl. In case of polypeptides and proteins, the abbreviated names of amino acid units are used. Let us write the structure of a tripeptide formed from glycine, alanine and serine .
A section of polypeptide with different amino acid units is given below:
HYDROLYSIS OF PROTEINS
Polypeptides and proteins can be hydrolysed by dilute acids or enzymes. The ultimate product of hydrolysis of proteins is a mixture of α-amino acids.
When food is digested, the proteins present in it are broken into constituent amino acid molecules. During digestion the peptide linkage that joins the amino acids in proteins gets hydrolysed. Hydrolysis of proteins takes place in the stomach and small intestine and the amino acids produced in the process are absorbed from the intestine by the blood. These amino acids are then regrouped to form specific proteins in the cells of our body.
Hydrolysis of tripeptide glycylalanylglycine (gly.ala.gly) is shown below: | <urn:uuid:b0de269c-d74c-4624-9e60-8d01e24ba31d> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.chemistry-assignment.com/formation-of-peptides-and-proteins | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123270.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00202-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917112 | 510 | 4.1875 | 4 |
In the jargon, US income elasticity for imports is greater than the foreign income elasticity for US exports. The notion, known by economists as the Houthakker-Magee Asymmetry, is reflected in the global trade imbalance today. In short, even if the US economy and the rest of the world grew at the same rate, the US trade deficit would widen as consumers suck in relatively more imports.
One often cited reason for this imbalance is luxury goods. As people get richer, they buy more expensive cars and high fashion. The trouble is, many luxury makes and brands come from outside the US, so demand for them fuels the import bill. But there are other reasons, as a recent study shows.
Take demographics. Younger populations tend to consume a relatively higher proportion of imports and fewer domestic services, such as healthcare, while immigrants tend to keep their tastes for products from their homes abroad. The report finds some evidence that when the age distribution of domestic residents and the proportion of immigrants in the US are taken into account, the incomes skew for imports diminishes.
Supply also counts. There is a tendency for countries with higher growth rates to produce a greater variety and quality of goods for export, which in turn increases the foreign demand for those countries’ products. As the US has some dynamic trading partners, this supply effect, according to the authors, is sufficiently important that it might account for around half the magnitude of the estimated income elasticity of US import demand.
Production relocation and improvements in global and regional market access, as well as vertical integration among firms, also help to explain the asymmetries.
Can anything be done? The authors point to evidence that the asymmetry in US consumer choices and those of Europe and Japan is present only for trade in manufactured goods. For services the effect is even reversed. The US seems to have a comparative advantage in the production of services, particularly those associated with the new economy. Some proponents see further liberalisation of trade in services as an answer, for as investment in new economy services deepens globally, the export performance of services within US trade would rise, so narrowing the overall asymmetry.
But the authors to the OECD paper see risks. In particular, further liberalisation of trade in new economy services could stir up protectionist pressures, and they note that US efforts to restrict international outsourcing of low-skilled services could prompt international retaliation in the new economy.
OECD (2004), “Channels for narrowing the US current account deficit and implications for other economies” by Anne-Marie Brook, Franck Sédillot and Patrice Ollivaud, Economics Department, working paper 390, available at: www.oecd.org/economics.
©OECD Observer No 246/247, December 2004-January 2005 | <urn:uuid:fd47c16d-55ac-4a20-adc1-e1908a4f0481> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://oecdobserver.org/news/archivestory.php/aid/1512/Service_that_deficit_.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542060.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00252-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955449 | 571 | 2.515625 | 3 |
An important aspect of any scientific expedition is a plan for sharing the results with others. This expedition is no exception. In fact, a big part of the expedition focus is bringing science to the public in real-time, as it is happening.
LIVE, FROM THE FLOWER GARDEN BANKS!
Using state-of-the-art "telepresence" technology, the Secrets of the Gulf expedition will be able to bring live images and information to students, educators, scientists and the general public back on shore.
Live video feeds will be available on the Internet at www.OceansLIVE.org so that you can view what the scientists see at the same time they see it. In addition, Dr. Robert Ballard will be hosting a series of live broadcasts for Immersion Presents. These broadcasts will also be available at the OceansLIVE web portal at 11 am, 12 pm, 2 pm, 3 pm, and 4 pm EST from March 4-9, 2007. An additional 1 pm EST broadcast each of those days will feature a taped program from earlier the same day due to sun outages that impact the satellite signal.
Make YOUR connection by logging on to the following websites for live images and/or supporting information:
TAKING IT FURTHER
Before the mission plan was complete, before all of the participants and partners were confirmed, the staff at Immersion Presents began developing a variety of educational activities. This process involved selecting key topics, researching background information, and, of course, trying out the ideas to see how well they worked.
|Map indicating where Texas and Louisiana shorelines were located in relation to the Flower Garden Banks 19,000 years ago.
The result of these efforts is an interdisciplinary curriculum called the Secrets of the Gulf Adventure Series. The eight activities in the series address topics of regional geography, geologic history, human history, biology, ecology, conservation and careers. In addition, four curriculum extension activities were developed to deepen the level of exploration and discovery for upper elementary and middle school students.
Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary staff were important players in this development process. They shared information in their areas of expertise, reviewed each activity as it was written, provided images and bounced around ideas. It was definitely a collaborative effort!
You should also be sure to check out the Web Quest at the Immersion Presents website. This extension activity mirrors the Management Plan Review process currently taking place at the sanctuary. It is designed to help students understand how the science gleaned from the Secrets of the Gulf expedition might influence sanctuary management decisions and how the same information might mean different things to different people.
AFTER THE EXPEDITION
The actual expedition is only the beginning of the education process. Scientists will continue to ponder the information they have gathered, study the recorded images, test the samples, and more. As we learn new things, we will continue to look for interesting ways to bring that information to life for our audiences. So, be sure to check back at the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary web site every so often to see what's new. We'll do our best to share what we know!
And, if you missed the live video feeds, segments of the footage will be archived at www.OceansLIVE.org for you to go back and reference at any time. | <urn:uuid:73d567d6-abdf-43e5-98f1-140392723da0> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/missions/2007fgb/education.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246640550.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045720-00117-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946351 | 680 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Atagema alba (O’Donoghue, 1927)
Atagema alba is one of those California species that is not seen in years, and then someone comes across a population explosion. This has occurred this year in the San Diego and Channel Islands.
This strange little mouse-like dorid is easily identified by the irregular ridge down the midline and the three large extrabranchial lobes anterior to the gill. The fuzzy appearance of the dorsum is produced by caryophyllidia (tubercles with protruding spicules).
Little is known about the species, but I believe it is a sponge eater, like other Atagemas. It has been documented only from Monterey Bay south to Ensenada, Mexico. It has been collected in Scripps Canyon, San Diego at 120 feet (Jim Lance, pers. comm.).
Nice find Steve.
Addenda to Atagema alba by Hans Bertsch:
Atagema alba has been found on the steep cliffs of Arbolitos, Punta Banda, south of Ensenada, Mexico. The walls are brilliantly covered with numerous invertebrates, especially the bright orange cup coral Balanophyllia elegans. The in situ picture of a 38 mm long animal was taken at 45 feet depth, 2 December 1984. I have not seen it since in my southern California/northwestern Baja California water diving. As Dave noted, this rare species ranges from the intertidal to 120 feet deep.
Dave Mulliner took a portrait photo of this animal , illustrating its distinctive features, especially the lobes protruding posteriorly over the gills.
The radula is the typical dorid sponge-eating shape, with smooth, curved hamate cusps. Terry Gosliner and I described the radula , anatomy, synonymy and distribution of this species in our 1986 paper.
Bertsch, Hans, and Terrence M. Gosliner. 1986. Anatomy, distribution, synonymy, and systematic relationships of Atagema alba (O’Donoghue, 1927) (Nudibranchia: Doridacea). The Veliger 29 (1): 123-128.
Hans Bertsch is well known to readers of the SlugSite both from underwater and above water activites. This photo of Rosa and him was taken recently on Gatún Lake, Panama, while on their way to visit the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute preserve on Isla Barro Colorado. | <urn:uuid:124b8047-ef97-4acf-8e18-ff5bc45bff68> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://slugsite.us/bow/nudwk478.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515041.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022113301-20181022134801-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.919587 | 523 | 3.265625 | 3 |
S.E. Trehub, L.J. Trainor and A.M. Unyk, Music and Speech Processing in the First Year of Life.
J. Worobey, Effects of Feeding Method on Infant Temperament.
L.S. Siegel, The Development of Reading.
J.P. Rack, C. Hulme and M.J. Snowling, Learning to Read: A Theoretical Synthesis.
K.E. Stanovich, Does Reading Make You Smarter? Literacy and the Development of Verbal Intelligence.
M.E. Wagner, H.J.P. Schubert and D.S.P. Schubert, Sex-of-Sibling Effects: Part I. Gender Role, Intelligence, Achievement and Creativity.
L.B. Smith, The Concept of Same.
J. Baker-Sennett, E. Matusov and B. Rogoff, Planning as Developmental Process. Author Index. Subject Index.
Advances in Child Development and Behavior is intended to ease the task faced by researchers, instructors, and students who are confronted by the vast amount of research and theoretical discussion in child development and behavior. The serial provides scholarly technical articles and a place for the publication of scholarly speculation. In these documented critical reviews, recent advances in the field are summarized and integrated, complexities are exposed, and fresh viewpoints are offered. The serial should be useful to experts it the area as well as graduate students. Each volume of Advances in Child Development and Behavior contains an index, and each chapter includes references.
Researchers and graduate students in child psychology.
- No. of pages:
- © Academic Press 1993
- 17th February 1993
- Academic Press
- eBook ISBN:
- Hardcover ISBN:
Praise for the Serial "As in other fields of psychology, the growth of new knowledge and research findings about children's development seems to increase exponentially from year to year. In the lossing battle to keep track of all of the new findings, it is particularly valuable to have outlets like the Advances series, in which leading scholars present 'novel' perspectives on a topic using their own programmatic lines of work... The Advances series has always been a leader in showcasing groundbreaking ideas on a broad range of topics in the field. The present volume continues admirably in this tradition, with its well-written papers, rich scholarship, and careful editing... The intellectual exchange between reader and text that results is one good working illustration of the meaning of provocative. And a certain bonus of the effort is to be an early consumer of a least one or two papers destined to become 'classics' in the field." CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY "Maintains the high level of quality and interest one has come to expect from these volumes... One only hopes that additional volumes in the series will be forthcoming." CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY "This series has served as a major outlet for important new ideas on psychological development." CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY
Department of Psychology West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia | <urn:uuid:527dc69c-ca9c-443f-849e-5849698e3a62> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.elsevier.com/books/advances-in-child-development-and-behavior/reese/978-0-12-009724-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805881.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119234824-20171120014824-00798.warc.gz | en | 0.9165 | 642 | 2.609375 | 3 |
During the time of the Tabi’in (the generation of Muslims after the Sahabah), Baghdad was a great city of Islam. In fact, it was the capital of the Islamic Empire and, because of the great number of scholars who lived there, it was the center of Islamic knowledge.
One day, the ruler of Rome at the time sent an envoy to Baghdad with three challenges for the Muslims. When the messenger reached the city, he informed the khalifah that he had three questions which he challenged the Muslims to answer.
The khalifah gathered together all the scholars of the city and the Roman messenger climbed upon a high platform and said, “I have come with three questions. If you answer them, then I will leave with you a great amount of wealth which I have brought from the king of Rome.” As for the questions, they were: “What was there before Allah?” “In which direction does Allah face?” “What is Allah engaged in at this moment?”
The great assembly of people were silent. (Can you think of answers to these questions?) In the midst of these brilliant scholars and students of Islam was a man looking on with his young son. “O my dear father! I will answer him and silence him!” said the youth. So the boy sought the permission of the khalifah to give the answers and he was given the permission to do so.
The Roman addressed the young Muslim and repeated his first question, “What was there before Allah?”
The boy asked, “Do you know how to count?”
“Yes,” said the man.
“Then count down from ten!” So the Roman counted down, “ten, nine, eight, …” until he reached “one” and he stopped counting
“But what comes before ‘one’?” asked the boy.
“There is nothing before one- that is it!” said the man.
“Well then, if there obviously is nothing before the arithmetic ‘one’, then how do you expect that there should be anything before the ‘One’ who is Absolute Truth, All-Eternal, Everlasting the First, the Last, the Manifest, the Hidden?”
Now the man was surprised by this direct answer which he could not dispute. So he asked, “Then tell me, in which direction is Allah facing?”
“Bring a candle and light it,” said the boy, “and tell me in which direction the flame is facing.”
“But the flame is just light- it spreads in each of the four directions,
North, South, East and West. It does not face any one direction only,” said the man in wonderment.
The boy cried, “Then if this physical light spreads in all four directions such that you cannot tell me which way it faces, then what do you expect of the Nûr-us-Samawati-wal-‘Ard: Allah – the Light of the Heavens and the Earth!? Light upon Light, Allah faces all directions at all times.”
The Roman was stupified and astounded that here was a young child answering his challenges in such a way that he could not argue against the proofs. So, he desperately wanted to try his final question. But before doing so, the boy said,
“Wait! You are the one who is asking the questions and I am the one who is giving the answer to these challenges. It is only fair that you should come down to where I am standing and that I should go up where you are right now, in order that the answers may be heard as clearly as the questions.”
This seemed reasonable to the Roman, so he came down from where he was standing and the boy ascended the platform. Then the man repeated his final challenge, “Tell me, what is Allah doing at this moment?”
The boy proudly answered, “At this moment, when Allah found upon this high platform a liar and mocker of Islam, He caused him to descend and brought him low. And as for the one who believed in the Oneness of Allah, He raised him up and established the Truth. Every day He exercises (universal) power (Surah 55 ar-Rahman, Verse 29).”
The Roman had nothing to say except to leave and return back to his country, defeated. Meanwhile, this young boy grew up to become one of the most famous scholars of Islam. Allah, the Exalted, blessed him with special wisdom and knowledge of the deen. His name was Abu Hanifa (rahmatullah ‘alayhi- Allah have mercy on him) and he is known today as Imam-e-‘Azam, the Great Imam and scholar of Islam.[Adapted into English from “Manaqib Abi Hanifa” written by Imam Muwaffaq Ibn Ahmad al-Makki (d. 568 Hijri). Dar al – Kitab al-‘Arabiy, Beirut, 1981/1401H.] | <urn:uuid:be8e6c21-550c-4871-89d3-a6117f9f8185> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://madinah.se/wise-young-muslim-boy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703565376.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125061144-20210125091144-00615.warc.gz | en | 0.975379 | 1,095 | 2.609375 | 3 |
About This Lesson
This lesson is based on the National Register of Historic Places registration files "Georgetown County Rice Culture, c. 1750-c. 1910" and "Chicora Wood Plantation" as well as other source materials on the rice culture of Georgetown County. The lesson was written by Fay Metcalf, education consultant, and edited by the Teaching with Historic Places staff. TwHP is sponsored, in part, by the Cultural Resources Training Initiative and Parks as Classrooms programs of the National Park Service. This lesson is one in a series that brings the important stories of historic places into the classrooms across the country.
Where it fits into the curriculum
Topics: This lesson could be used in units on the antebellum South. Textbooks tend to examine this period in connection with the rise of cotton culture. It is important, however, for students to understand that before "cotton was king," the plantation system had already been producing crops such as rice, indigo, and tobacco.
Time period: 1750s - 1860s
Relevant United States History Standards for Grades 5-12
Relevant Curriculum Standards for Social Studies
Find your state's social studies and history standards for grades Pre-K-12
Objectives for students
1) To describe the complexity of large-scale, slave-worked agricultural enterprises.
2) To examine the origins of rice production and the role it played in the economy of the antebellum South.
3) To explain the steps involved in rice cultivation.
4) To analyze historic plantation sites for what they tell us about daily life in a particular era.
5) To discover the relationship of the economic and cultural origins of their own community.
Materials for students
The materials listed below either can be used directly on the computer or can be printed out, photocopied and distributed to students. The maps, photographs, and drawing appear twice: in a low-resolution version with associated questions and alone in a larger, high-resolution version.
1) two maps of the region;
2) two readings about rice cultivation and life on an antebellum rice plantation;
3) four photos of Chicora Wood Plantation;
4) a drawing indicating the layout of a typical plantation complex.
Visiting the Site
Chicora Wood, Keithfield, and Mansfield plantations are private residences and are not open to the public. Contact the Rice Museum in Georgetown for more information on the history of rice production. | <urn:uuid:e21f5c7f-11ef-44af-b646-bb05e8aa7acc> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.cr.nps.gov/nR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/3rice/3about.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164050279/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133410-00037-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926884 | 512 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Binary Tree Iterative Inorder Traversal Ask Question Asked 2 days ago Active 2 days ago Viewed 35 times 0 I'm trying to implement an iterative inorder traversal of a binary tree. Process node(15). When there is nothing on left subtree, we move up to the parent and then go to the right subtree. InOrder traversal of Binary tree in Java - Iterative As we did with the iterative pre-order algorithm , you can use a Stack to convert the recursive in order algorithm to an iterative one. Traversal = [1,5,6,10,12], Current node = current.right, i.e null, so pop out of stack. If you want to contribute an share your knowledge with thousands of learners across the … In Binary search tree traversals we discussed different types of traversals like inorder, preorder and postorder traversals. Before the solution, what is an inorder traversal of a binary tree? I hadn’t been satisfied with the way in which the iterative solution of inorder binary tree traversal has been explained so far in my searches on the intertubes. node(6). Again current = current.right which is node(15). In preorder traversal, root node is current = node(1). Get right child of node(10), which is node(14), current = node(14), as current is not null, put it on to stack. We implemented those traversals in a recursive way. In this post, let’s focus on the iterative implementation of inorder traversal or iterative inorder traversal without recursion. As we go into discussion, one quick question: why recursive inorder implementation is not good? For example, for given tree, inorder traversal would be: [1,5,6,10,12,14,15]. Process node(14). In inorder traversal, visit left subtree, then root and at last right subtree. The complexity of iterative implementation of inorder traversal is O(n) with worst-case space complexity of O(n). Please share if there is something wrong or missing. Unlike linked lists, one-dimensional arrays and other linear data structures, which are traversed in linear order, trees may be traversed in multiple ways in depth-first order ( pre-order , in-order , and post-order ) or breadth-first order ( level order traversal ). Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. In inorder traversal, the last node visited before the current node is the parent node. As we refer the most recent node added to structure first (when finding parent of the node, we have to just look at the last visited node), Stack is a great candidate for it which has last in first (LIFO) out property. Traversal = [1,5,6,10,12,14]. We check if the node is null, then return. As recursion goes deep, there will be more return addresses and parameters stored on the stack, eventually filling up all the space a system has for a stack. Fetch right child of the current node which is again null and this time even stack is already empty. current = node(12) which is not null, put it onto the stack. Traversal = [1,5,6], Move to right child of node(6), which is null, so pop from stack current = node(10). Current node is not null, put it on the stack. As there is left child of node(10), move current = current.left, so current = node(5), which is not null, put node on to stack. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This problem is known as stack overflow. Of course, the solution without recursion is not that easy to read but not very difficult to understand. Given a binary tree, write iterative and recursive solution to traverse the tree using post-order traversal in C++, Java and Python. Today we will learn how to do iterative preorder traversal of binary tree. Again move down to the left child, which in this case it is null. What are we essentially doing in recursive implementation? One of the most common things we do on a binary tree is traversal. One thing needs to be thought of is: how to go to parent node? Move to the right child of node(5) i.e. Unlike linked lists, arrays & other linear data structures, which are traversed in linear order, trees may be traversed in multiple ways in depth-first order (in-order… This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. We know that recursion uses implicitly stack to store return address and passed parameters. When a binary tree is skewed, that is when every node has only one child, a recursive implementation may lead to stack overflow, depending on the size of the tree. Please share if there is something wrong or missing. Let’s take an example and see how this algorithm works. InOrder, traversal can be implemented either recursive and iterative approach. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. | <urn:uuid:2833b69e-368f-48d3-984c-847d2f8414f3> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://musca13.ro/reviews/iterative-inorder-traversal-ffcdc8 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703514495.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118092350-20210118122350-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.895398 | 1,119 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Among the economically important traits for swine production systems, the number and quality of piglets weaned per litter and growth of the market pigs have a high priority. Among the factors that influence these traits is birth weight (BW) of the piglet, which measures growth from conception to the end of pregnancy. Two paths that the Choice genetic program uses to improve these traits is to select for optimal birth weight and litter uniformity.
It is well known that selecting for increased litter size in hyper-prolific maternal lines leads to lower average birth weights, with a higher proportion of piglets under 1 kg, which in turn increases piglet mortality, especially in the first week of life.
Research has shown a clear relationship between piglet birth weight and mortality. Piglets with a birth weight of less than 1 kg (2.2 lb) have only a 78 – 79% chance of preweaning survival. Piglets weighing at least 1.3 kg (2.86 lb) at birth have a 90 – 91% chance of survival to weaning for our M3 Large-White and M6 Landrace lines. However, selection for birth weight is complicated by the fact that piglets with very high birth weights also have a higher risk of mortality.
Choice Genetics is committed to producing large litters of excellent quality piglets. Therefore, our selection program is designed to not only have high numbers of piglets born alive, but also high quality viable piglets and uniform litters.
Piglets with good birth weights grow faster throughout their lives than smaller litter mates. So piglets with good birth weight not only have a better chance of survival but also grow faster in the nursery and finisher stages, resulting in more animals which achieve the top market grade.
Piglet size and quality are also important for the multiplier. Decreasing piglet mortality increases efficiency because more high quality replacement gilts are produced. Birth weight not only affects growth, development and fattening, but also the reproductive capacity of females. Over their entire productive life, gilts with a birth weight of less than 1 kg (2.2 lbs) of birth weight will produce 2.7 fewer piglets on average than their counterparts weighing 1 kg or more. Choice’s ongoing genetic improvement program has produced a parent female of exceptional maternal ability, the CG36. This F1 parent sow has the ability to produce litters with individual piglet weights of 1.35 kg on average, with only 4% of the piglets born weighing less than 1 kg, resulting in weaning large litters of heavy, uniform piglets.
|Number of litters
|Total number of piglets born alive
|Average number of piglets born alive per litter
|Average birth weight (pounds)
|Average litter weight (pounds)
Because Choice is aware of the importance of birth weight and uniformity, we monitor them closely in our genetic nucleus herds and include them in our maternal indexes, with the objective of maximizing the reproductive performance of our client’s herds. | <urn:uuid:0825a80a-d631-4d10-9360-96ac27306ba8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://weezyou.com/fr/experts-articles/is-birth-weight-an-important-trait-for-pig-producers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473598.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221234056-20240222024056-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.941627 | 623 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Local evergreens have a tiny enemy in the wild, and researchers are enlisting citizen scientists to battle the bugs.
The balsam fir, a tree now starring in many homes as the centerpiece of Christmas decorations, has a tiny enemy in the wild. So does the hemlock, the Pennsylvania state tree.
Their nemesis is a little sucker, literally: an insect called the woolly adelgid.
“It has a piercing, sucking mouthpart almost like a straw, and it puts that straw into the tree’s bark and sucks out the juices,” explains Jason Lubar, Associate Director of Urban Forestry at the University of Pennsylvania’s Morris Arboretum.
You can do something to help these evergreens survive. A group of scientists called the Alliance for Saving Threatened Forests is enlisting volunteer tree spotters. The goal is to identify hemlocks and balsam firs that are healthy, even though surrounding trees are succumbing to the woolly adelgids.
“We’re hoping we can find some natural resistance within our native population,” notes Fred Hain, a forest entomologist with the Alliance. “We’re interested in breeding trees that have resistance to exotic forest pests. So we’re looking for trees that are still alive, look relatively healthy, they may be infested or they may not be infested. But as long as they look fairly healthy, with good crown color, and a fairly dense crown, that suggests to us that they may in fact be resistant.”
So that’s the job for citizen scientists willing to tromp through the woods: spot a healthy tree, record its location, and register it on the project website. More on how to do that in a bit.
In this area, volunteer tree spotters will be focusing on the hemlock, which is native to the region and grows plentifully. Around here balsam firs, especially that Christmas tree favorite, the Fraser fir, grow mostly on Christmas tree farms, where the woolly adelgid tends not to do much damage.
Jay Bustard, of Bustard’s Christmas Trees in Lansdale, is relieved. “We haven’t run into the woolly adelgids much at all. We’ve been very very fortunate.”
Arborist Jason Lubar attributes it to the shorter lifecycle of a farmed Christmas tree. “Typically, the balsam woolly adelgid likes older trees, not younger trees.”
But, back to those hemlocks, which are in trouble and need some help. So, say you’re out hunting hemlocks for the project. You can recognize them by their short, flat needles and scaly brown bark. Their oval cones are small, only about an inch long. Jason Lubar offers some tips on where to spot hemlocks in our area, such as Fairmount Park.
“The Wissahickon is a great place to go, especially in the wintertime,” he advises. “Because the hemlocks are an evergreen, they’ll stand out readily from the other, deciduous trees, meaning trees that lose their leaves in the autumn. Basically, an evergreen will either be a white pine or a hemlock.“
Hemlocks along the Wissahickon Creek have been pretty hard hit by woolly adelgids, Lubar said. He added that you might see hemlocks closer to home too. They’re a favorite of the landscaping industry, so if look around your neighborhood, you can find them there, too.
When you see some hemlocks, take a closer look at their branches. “If you turn over the leaves of a hemlock–with hemlocks they look like needles, but they’re very small leaves,” instructs Lubar. “And the woolly adelgid typically looks like a woolly mass—hence its name—on the underside of the leaf. You’ll probably need glasses or a magnifying lens to really take a good look at these insects.”
If you find a hemlock standing strong amid others that the insects have attacked, mark down the location and approximate height and diameter of the healthy tree. Then, Fred Hain says, go to the website threatenedforests.com to enter the data.
“There’s a Google map there,” he directs. “And you can pinpoint exactly where you are, and hit submit, and it’ll come directly to us. Then we’ll either go there ourselves or contact somebody in the area that’ll go and examine the tree for us.”
The Alliance for Saving Threatened Forests has some preliminary findings on what might enable some trees to survive over others. It has to do with that particular spot where the needle meets the tree branch. That’s where the adelgid pierces the bark to suck out the tree’s juices.
Fred Hain elaborates, “The very first layer of tissue… is thinner in that region than on any other part of the needle, and it happens to be thinnest on Eastern Hemlock, the most susceptible species.” He notes that they still need a lot more specimens to continue their research.
SciStarter is a content partner of WHYY’s The Pulse. You can get more information on this and other citizen science opportunities on SciStarter’s website. | <urn:uuid:fb46291e-624d-43fd-8b75-9b949a5acd3f> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://whyy.org/segments/christmas-tree-invasives/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519883.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120023125-20210120053125-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.936377 | 1,186 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Browse on keywords: soil quality alfalfa
Search results on 07/23/18
6720. Stephenson, R.E.. 1941. Humus for Oregon soils.. OR Agr. Expt. Sta. Circ. #143.
Four tons of stable manure were equal in value to 5 tons of green manure plowdown. The humus renewal of 1 yr legume sod equaled the humus lost during 1 yr row cropping. Plant material should never be burned. Fresh additions of organic matter stimulate root developement. Alfalfa for soil building - 2/3 of roots left below plow layer. Pea green manure raised OM content by 0.2% after 4 crops. Prairie grass adds 4T/ac roots in 4" of soil. T: organic matter levels and changes.
8088. Brun, L.J. and B.K. Worcester. 1974. Role of alfalfa in saline seep prevention.. North Dakota Farm Resources 31(5):9-14. | <urn:uuid:bb7378c9-0156-42a3-b460-2d419208ead7> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.tfrec.wsu.edu/pages/organic/expandFind/soil%20quality/alfalfa/2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676596542.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723145409-20180723165409-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.808652 | 211 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Let’s Go Zero school action:Comberton Village College – Cambridgeshire, England
Comberton Village College is a rural school in Cambridgeshire. The school inspires its students by transforming their views on sustainability, they have taken many steps to do so, including:
Explore the Let’s Go Zero map to see where else teachers, students and school communities are taking action to become zero carbon by 2030.
Sean Sycamore Deputy Principal
To limit paper waste, they have moved students to digital devices instead of textbooks. After COVID, students started campaigning to reduce the school’s waste. They are challenging everything from food to fork, analysing packaging and composability of the materials used in the school’s kitchen.
The school has innovated its heating with two underground pumps for heating. The project takes two years to build but it had little to no disruption to the classes aware of the student’s priorities.
By installing retrofit infrastructure, the school aims to decrease its carbon footprint and involve its students as much as possible to increase awareness of energy sources and the impact of a rural school. But also, creating an appreciation for the different aspects of the build, the design, engineering, and the application, motivating them with their different interests.
The school has also invested in installing solar panels and fully converting to LED lighting for the buildings. The plan is to display them for students and parents to appreciate.
There is a student-led Green Group and an Environmental Group. They campaign for different environmental initiatives around the school, including reducing waste, increasing composting, and tree planting. They have also been introduced to professionals in their fields like chief engineers that motivate students to discover new career paths aligned with sustainability.
While construction work was taking place, the school maximized its opportunity to install 10 electric vehicle charging points, in preparation for the 2030 electric vehicle target with the possibility to increase to 60 charging points soon.
The main aim was to involve their students in all the various Retrofit projects around the school, inspiring them towards green careers and encouraging them to learn from real-life scenarios.
In geography modules students review case studies of green energy principles which are recorded and set as a learning tool for the rest of the school. | <urn:uuid:99c148ed-cc78-4819-8a98-864ce332f66c> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://letsgozero.org/comberton-village-college-england/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652161.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605185809-20230605215809-00422.warc.gz | en | 0.968431 | 473 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Chauncey Starr was born on April 14, 1912 in Newark (NJ). and died April 17 2007. He is recognised as the 'father' of Risk Analysis/Assessment, and as an important figure in the promotion of nuclear power
He received an electrical engineering degree in 1932 and a Ph.D. in physics in 1935 from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, and then became a research fellow in physics at Harvard University. Later he worked with Oppenheimer on the Manhattan project (atomic bomb development) and after the war he designed nuclear reactors, including the first reactor in space.
Starr was Vice President of Rockwell International and President of its Atomic International Division. In 1967 he became the Dean of the UCLA School of Engineering and Applied Science. Two years later he published an article in Science magazine which promoted the concept of risk-benefit analysis in the regulation of dangerous products -- a concept which became popular with economists and with large corporations and trade groups having poisoning and polluting problems. This article played a foundation role in the creation of the Society of Risk Analysis and led to consulting roles for industry groups .
In 1972 he was recruited to establish the 'Electric Power Research Institute' (EPRI) which conducts research of different kinds (particulaly nuclear energy), while also becoming the electrical power industry's main lobby group. He was the EPRI's first president, and he coined the term "nuclear hypochondriacs" to describe those opposed to the use of nuclear technology. The announcement of his appointment said:
- "Dean Chauncey Starr announces in late 1972 that he will accept a position as president of the Electric Power Research Institute effective Jan. 1, 1973. The Institute is a non-profit organization financed by all segments of the electric power utility industry to undertake technical research end development in the energy field and to help establish long range national plans on power technology."
After Floyd L. Culler took over the helm, Starr became President Emeritus of EPRI; a position he held until his death.
Chauncey Starr was a member of the Board of Directors at the George C. Marshall Institute which is largely funded by the nuclear power and space-weapons development industries. Along with his old associate Frederick Seitz and many others at this Institute, he was a prominent climate-change denier. He was also a member of the Board of Science Advisors of S. Fred Singer's Science and Environmental Policy Project (SEPP) and, like most other members of that board, he signed the Leipzig Declaration on Global Climate Change. Since both SEPP and the EPRI receive extensive funding form the oil industry, it is strange that he signed a declaration starting with "As independent scientists concerned with atmospheric and climate problems ..." | <urn:uuid:d0bd2622-8280-4aec-89cb-5434460de8c6> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chauncey_Starr | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575751.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922221623-20190923003623-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.973031 | 574 | 2.65625 | 3 |
“We are fighting for the survival of animals when people are dying of hunger,” explained the zoo keepers.
When photographer Michael Zumstein stepped inside the Abidjan Zoo, the Ivory Coast was at war. Supporters of President Laurent Gbagbo (first elected in 2000) and supporters of internationally recognized President-elect Alassane Ouattara (elected in 2010) slowly boiled in unrest after the disputed election. Small conflict broke out until the Second Ivorian Civil War began in March 2011.
Across the nation, civilians and militiamen were dying in great numbers. Gbagbo seemed to control the city of Abidjan, while Ouattara controlled the rest of the nation. More than 1000 civilians died in the Duekoue Massacre. In Guiglo, 60 more were found dead. In Blolequin, 40 more. Each violent encounter tallied more casualties until Gbagbo’s arrest in April 2011.
In total, more than 3000 Ivorians were killed and tens of thousands were displaced.
Inside the Abidjan Zoo, animals were also dying. The zoo had run out of food. The wilderness of war had begun to encroach upon captivity and there was a battle taking place inside each habitat. Survival. The war lasted one month. At least 40 animals lost their lives—survived by 112, only 25 species—more than one-third of the Zoo’s population.
“There is only one African elephant – the national emblem of Ivory Coast – left in the Zoo,” said Bruno Séka, the administrative manager of Abidjan Zoo.
French-Swiss Photographer MICHAEL ZUMSTEIN graduated from the Ecole Superieure de Photographie de Vevey in Switzerland. Whether working on commission for the French or International press or on his personal projects, Zumstein’s photographic work follows the heritage of photojournalism and objective observation which allows him to honestly render situations and to go beyond stereotypes. While following the conflicts in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Ivory Coast, and Sudan, he chooses to focus his photography on the “ambiguous relations between Africa and the West.” His work can be seen in Le Monde, Elle Magazine France, Télérama, Newsweek, Wall Street Journal, among others.◊ | <urn:uuid:91725a18-5282-4ec5-b0e4-aea35a80b854> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://proximitymagazine.org/project/4-zumstein/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141183514.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20201125154647-20201125184647-00690.warc.gz | en | 0.952879 | 478 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The nymphs (see the damselfly nymphs below) are aquatic, carnivorous and sluggish. They are slender, with 3 leaf-shaped tails, and are much better swimmers than the fatter dragonfly nymphs.
On hatching from the eggs the larvae start feeding at once. They have a prehensile lower lip (called the mask) which is folded under the head at rest (see the drawing of Agrion puella below). This has moveable teeth, and the whole thing can shoot out at great speed to grab prey. They tend to creep around the bottom of ponds and streams searching for prey. Dawn or dusk during fine weather are the most common times for moulting. There are usually 10 - 15 moults as nymphs. It can take nymphs from 1 to 5 years to mature depending on species. When a nymph is about to moult into an adult it crawls out of the water.
Damselfly adults are smaller and more delicate than dragonflies, and they have weaker flight. Though their flight is weaker than dragonflies they are pretty strong fliers and eat other insects, especially mosquitoes, black flies and other small flies, that they catch on the wing. They have a row of stiff bristles on either side of their legs, so the three pairs form a basket to scoop flying prey. However because of the positioning of the front legs Odonata cannot walk or crawl. Damselfly flight speed has been recorded as 1.5 metres per second and 16 wing beats per second. Compare this with other insects.
Females and males of the same species are often different colours, and younger adults are usually a paler colour than older ones. The beautiful colours of the adults fade after death. The venation of the wings is used in identification to species level, however there is disagreement between entomologists in naming the veins, so identification for a beginner is usually easiest using illustrations.
They have 10 or 11 abdominal segments. All males have a pair of claspers on segment 10, and their reproductive organs on segment 2 or 3. In females the ovipositor is in segment 8 or 9. Some females may have a pair of appendages on segment 10.
Before mating the male must transfer sperm from the genital opening on segment 9 to the reproductive organs on segments and 3. Then on finding a female he grabs her by the neck with his claspers. She curves her body around until the tip of her abdomen touches his reproductive organs in segment 2 and 3 to collect the sperm. This is known as the copulation wheel. After mating the pair may fly in tandem with the male leading. Females mate with more than one male and store the sperm from the matings, although she tends to use the sperm from the last mating. The male mating organ contains a structure that allows him to scrape or push aside the sperm from previous matings before depositing his own in the most favourable spot. The length of time he holds on to the female (the copulation wheel) will also prevent her mating with another.
The female places her eggs in the water, usually on the stems of aquatic plants. Some species actually crawl underwater to place their eggs deeper, some have a saw-like structure on the ovipositor to make slits in plants enabling them to place the egg inside the stem, and others just skim over the water dipping the tip of their abdomen in and scattering the eggs singly. In some species the male holds on to the female while she lays eggs. Adult life span can be as long as 2 months, but is usually no more than 2 or 3 weeks.
There are just 2 British species in this family. The adults are metallic green, and the nymphs prefer still waters. Above is a damselfly nymph, possibly Lestes sp. Note the leaf-like tail filaments and slim body. This one came as an egg in the stem of some plants I ordered for my pond. With the popularity of garden ponds increasing this may be a new method of dispersal.
Adult Lestes sp. fly from June until the first frosts.
Below is an Agrion puella nymph, with a more detailed drawing of the mask. All nymphs are carnivorous, and the larger ones will even catch tadpoles and small fish.
These are commonly known as the narrow-winged damselflies, and there are 13 British species. Their adult body length ranges from 25 - 50 mm, and they contain the largest number of species in Northern Europe. The adults are usually red and black or blue and black.
Above is Coenagrion pluella, the Azure damselfly or Pond damselfly. Its wingspan is 41 mm and body length 33 mm. The adult flies from May to August. It is found near water meadows with lush grass, canals with abundant reeds, ditches and is one of the most common found in garden ponds. It is common in England and Ireland, but less common in Scotland. This one was just moulting into and adult. The female lays her eggs in the tissues of plants on the water surface.
Megaloprepus caerulatus, above is found in the rainforests of central and south America from Mexico south to Bolivia. It is the largest dragonfly alive today, and some males can have a wingspan of up to 19 cm, and an abdomen 10 cm long! Adult life span can be as long as 7 months.
The adult feeds mainly on orb web weaving spiders, plucking them from their web while being careful to avoid getting tangled up. To do this they hover in front of the web before plucking the spider off with its legs. Then the damselfly returns to its perch, removes the spider's legs, and eats the body.
The female lays her eggs in water-filled holes in trees. As such places are few and far between each one is guarded by a male who will fight off other males. And before allowing a female to lay he will mate with her to make sure it is his eggs he guards. The female may have already mated with a male, but as the end of the male penis is equipped with a scoop, he will scoop out any sperm before depositing his own. After laying her eggs the female flies off while the male hangs around to defend his waterhole. He will also allow other females to lay eggs if the hole is large enough.
The size of these holes varies from hold just about one litre of water to some that can hold about 50 litres. The larger the hole the more matings the male will get, and up to 13 have been recorded with as many as 250 eggs. Damselfly nymphs are fearsome predators and will eat almost anything they can get in their jaws so there is a lot of cannibalism in these small waterholes where the damselfly nymphs become the top predator. However the eggs do not hatch all at once, and hatching can be spread over a period of six months allowing a greater chance that at least one nymph will make it to adulthood. Other prey item that inhabit these waterholes and become the nymph's food include tadpoles, mosquitoes and other fly larvae such as syrphid and chironomids.
Smith, L. (2014). Characteristics of the insect orders. Amazon. Characteristics of the insect orders with drawings and photographs to help you understand the differences between the different types of insect, and identify which order an insect is in, as well as fast facts about each insect order, and links to web pages with more detailed information. Many orders have separate sections about the life cycle of the insect as well as its habitat requirements, and fossil history. | <urn:uuid:2c5d9880-edf0-459a-b00a-df383bc66182> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.bumblebee.org/invertebrates/Odonata1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257832939.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071032-00304-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969474 | 1,603 | 3.59375 | 4 |
The Ghosts of the Past
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I don't believe in ghosts - for the most part. There's one kind of ghosts that are all too real. They talked about those "ghosts" in the movie, "Amazing Grace." That movie told the story of the 18th-Century British political leader, William Wilberforce. He's really more than any other man, responsible for the abolishing of slavery in the British Empire. And that was at a time when African slaves played a critical role in the British economy and slave-owning interests controlled many members of Parliament. The battle took twenty years, but ultimately thousands of slaves went free. Wilberforce's spiritual mentor was actually the man who wrote America's most beloved hymn, "Amazing Grace." In his early years, John Newton had been a slave trader, capturing and carrying thousands of Africans to slavery in Britain. Conditions were so brutal that many didn't even survive the voyage. Then John Newton discovered how Jesus Christ can forgive and change a man. In the movie, John Newton is going blind but he's still pastoring a church in London. And he believed in "ghosts" you might say. As he dictates what he calls "My Confession" to a scribe, he says, "I have lived for years with the company of 20,000 ghosts - those I made into slaves. Their blood is on my hands."
We all understand the kind of ghosts John Newton was talking about. They're not departed spirits. They're the memories and the regrets of the things that we wish we hadn't done. The guilt, the shame we feel because of the people we've hurt, the damage we've done, the dark things we've done.
But remember the words that old slave trader, John Newton, wrote in the hymn that's become one of the most recognizable songs in the world: "Amazing grace, how sweet the sound that saved a wretch like me. I once was lost, but now I'm found; was blind but now I see." As John Newton dictates his confession in the movie, he reaches a conclusion that I found deeply moving: "Although my memory is fading, I remember two things clearly. I am a great sinner...and Christ is a great Savior."
And that's my hope; that's your hope of being delivered from the ghosts of your past. Realizing we're great sinners, and realizing that Christ is a great Savior. There's awesome hope for all of us rebels against God. In Psalm 130:3-4, our word for today from the Word of God, it says, "If You, O Lord, kept a record of sins, O Lord, who could stand? But with You there is forgiveness."
Here is a holy, sinless God whose rule of our life we have defied by doing what we wanted time after time. We deserve the eternal death penalty the Bible says that sin carries. But God loves you so much that He sent His one and only Son, Jesus Christ, to give His life in exchange for yours; to do the dying for all the sinning you've ever done. And the Bible says, "Everyone who believes in (Jesus) receives forgiveness of sins through His name."
That's what He wants to do for you this very day. To erase every sin of your past from God's book forever. To become your personal Savior from the guilt and the penalty of your sin. To cancel the hell that you deserve for a heaven you could never deserve. All that becomes yours the day you open your heart to Jesus and tell Him that you're turning from your sin and you're going to put all your trust in Him. He's the rescuer. You're the dying person. When you grab Him, you're saved.
This could be your day to experience God's amazing grace for yourself. It's more than a song. It's a life-saving miracle that banishes the ghosts of your past. If you want to make this "great Savior" your Savior, I want to invite you to visit our website. I've laid out a simple explanation there of just how your relationship with Him can begin. Just go to yoursforlife.net.
Tonight, as you hit the pillow, you can have a new song: "I once was lost, but now I'm found. I was blind, but now I see."
Distributed by Ron Hutchcraft Ministries, Inc. | <urn:uuid:0bd634bf-5e51-4d21-bab5-b272e7517652> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.christianity.com/devotionals/a-word-with-you-ron-hutchcraft/a-word-with-you-jan-3-2011-11643396.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124299.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00525-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975326 | 920 | 2.59375 | 3 |
By Walter Moss
A Life on Our Planet
For over a decade I have been writing occasional articles for LA Progressive (LAP) relating to our environment, especially regarding climate change. Although I have tried to applaud those works, like Pope Francis’s environmental encyclical, which attempt to illuminate a better path forward, most of the last decade’s climate news has been depressing.
But recently I discovered especially hopeful words. They come in the last part of Netflix’s A Life on Our Planet (2020), in which the British natural historian David Attenborough narrates (and beautifully depicts) his life-long concern–he was born in 1926–with Planet Earth.
Before we get to the last part of the film, however, he shows us how Earth has deteriorated since his boyhood. (Some of the narration and photography will be familiar to viewers of his previous eight-part Our Planet series, about which I previously commented.) Accompanying his story, the film periodically flashes statistics at us. For example,
WORLD POPULATION: 2.3 BILLION
CARBON IN ATMOSPHERE: 280 PARTS PER MILLION
REMAINING WILDERNESS: 66%
WORLD POPULATION: 7.8 BILLION
CARBON IN ATMOSPHERE: 415 PARTS PER MILLION
REMAINING WILDERNESS: 35% (All quotes are from the filmscript.)
A Life on Our Planet The bad news ends almost an hour into the program after Attenborough tells us what science predicts for the decades ahead.
2030s: “The Amazon Rainforest, cut down until it can no longer produce enough moisture, degrades into a dry savannah, bringing catastrophic species loss. . . . The Arctic becomes ice-free in the summer. Without the white ice cap, less of the sun’s energy is reflected back out to space. And the speed of global warming increases.”
2040s: “Throughout the north, frozen soils thaw, releasing methane, a greenhouse gas many times more potent than carbon dioxide, accelerating the rate of climate change dramatically.”
2050s: “As the ocean continues to heat and becomes more acidic, coral reefs around the world die. Fish populations crash.”
2080s: “Global food production enters a crisis as soils become exhausted by overuse. Pollinating insects disappear . . . and the weather is more and more unpredictable.”
2100s: “Our planet becomes four degrees Celsius warmer. Large parts of the earth are uninhabitable. Millions of people rendered homeless. A sixth mass extinction event… is well underway.”
It’s quite straightforward. It’s been staring us in the face all along. To restore stability to our planet, we must restore its biodiversity. The very thing that we’ve removed.
Then, however, after all this gloom and doom, Attenborough pivots and asks, “So, what do we do?”
And he answers: “It’s quite straightforward. It’s been staring us in the face all along. To restore stability to our planet, we must restore its biodiversity. The very thing that we’ve removed. It’s the only way out of this crisis we have created. We must rewild the world. . . . [It] is simpler than you might think. And the changes we have to make will only benefit ourselves and the generations that follow. A century from now, our planet could be a wild place again. And I’m going to tell you how.”
And tell us he does. The main problems we have to solve are overpopulation, restoring our oceans and lands, and climate change. Here is what he says.
Overpopulation. “On current projections, there will be 11 billion people on Earth by 2100. But it’s possible to slow, even to stop population growth well before it reaches that point.” He points to Japan as an example of how that has been done, and concludes, “As healthcare and education improved, people’s expectations and opportunities grew, and the birth rate fell. . . . By working hard to raise people out of poverty, giving all access to healthcare, and enabling girls in particular to stay in school as long as possible, we can make it [population growth] peak sooner and at a lower level. . . . The trick is to raise the standard of living around the world without increasing our impact on that world. That may sound impossible, but there are ways in which we can do this.” Restoring our oceans and lands. “The living world can’t operate without a healthy ocean and neither can we.” Attenborough spells out how important oceans are as a food source and relates what the Pacific Island of Palau has done to create a healthier marine habitat–mainly create “no fish” zones. “Imagine,” he states, “if we committed to a similar approach across the world. Estimates suggest that ‘no fish’ zones over a third of our coastal seas would be sufficient to provide us with all the fish we will ever need.” In international waters, he relates, “the UN is attempting to create the biggest ‘no fish’ zone of all.”
A Life on Our Planet Regarding farmland, he says, “we must radically reduce the area we use to farm, so that we can make space for returning wilderness. And the quickest and most effective way to do that is for us to change our diet.” (More than six years ago on this LAP site, I indicated why vegetarianism was important and quoted a 1998 report indicating that if the land needed for the direct care and grazing of animals was added to that required to produce food for them it would account for 70 percent of all farm land.) Attenborough tells us, “If we all had a largely plant-based diet, we would need only half the land we use at the moment.” He cites the example of the densely-populated Netherlands. “Dutch farmers have become expert at getting the most out of every hectare. Increasingly, they’re doing so sustainably. Raising yields tenfold in two generations while at the same time using less water, fewer pesticides, less fertilizer and emitting less carbon. Despite its size, the Netherlands is now the world’s second largest exporter of food.”
Regarding forests, Attenborough believes that “we must immediately halt deforestation everywhere,” and they “are a fundamental component of our planet’s recovery . . . [and] centers of biodiversity.”
Climate Change. The way we use our oceans, farmlands, and forests also has important implications for climate change, especially for reducing carbon emissions, one of the chief causes of global warming. As Attenborough tells us, “The ocean is a critical ally in our battle to reduce carbon in the atmosphere. The more diverse it is, the better it does that job.” Also, forests “are the best technology nature has for locking away carbon.” He cites Costa Rica as an example of what can be done. “A century ago, more than three quarters of Costa Rica was covered with forest. By the 1980s, uncontrolled logging had reduced this to just one quarter. The government decided to act, offering grants to land owners to replant native trees. In just 25 years, the forest has returned to cover half of Costa Rica once again. Just imagine if we achieve this on a global scale. The return of the trees would absorb as much as two thirds of the carbon emissions that have been pumped into the atmosphere by our activities to date.”
Regarding energy, Attenborough says, “The living world is essentially solar-powered. The earth’s plants capture three trillion kilowatt-hours of solar energy each day. . . . That’s almost 20 times the energy we need . . . just from sunlight.” He points to Morocco as an example of what we can do: Around 2000, it “relied on imported oil and gas for almost all of its energy. Today, it generates 40% of its needs at home from a network of renewable power plants, including the world’s largest solar farm. Sitting on the edge of the Sahara, and cabled directly into southern Europe, Morocco could be an exporter of solar energy by 2050.” “Imagine,” he states, “if we phase out fossil fuels and run our world on the eternal energies of nature too. Sunlight, wind, water and geothermal. . . . Within 20 years, renewables are predicted to be the world’s main source of power. But we can make them the only source. It’s crazy that our banks and our pensions are investing in fossil fuel . . . when these are the very things that are jeopardizing the future that we are saving for. A renewable future will be full of benefits. Energy everywhere will be more affordable. Our cities will be cleaner and quieter. And renewable energy will never run out.”
walter mossAttenborough ends his documentary by encouraging us to believe that “we now have the opportunity to . . . restore the rich, healthy, and wonderful world” that he knew as a boy. “All we need is the will to do so.” (And I believe with a Biden administration instead of the regressive Trump one, the world is likely to display more such will.) Finally, the wise old natural historian reminds us that we humans have evolved to the extent we have because we are smarter than other creatures. “But to continue, we require more than intelligence. We require wisdom.”
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Climate change from CO2 not to be feared
Humanity need not be at the mercy of the climate-changing effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas released by burning fossil fuels - coal, natural gas, and oil. Earth's climatic destiny in this respect remains somewhat within people's control.
That is the upshot of the latest expert analyses of this long-running issue. These offer a positive alternative to recent hand-wringing about the climatic outlook or a tendency to study the problem while taking no action at all.
Climatologists generally agree that CO2, accumulating in the air, will eventually raise the lower atmosphere's average temperature by a few degrees. This could make deserts of some now fertile croplands, such as the North American wheat belt. It could melt the Antarctic icecap and raise sea level enough to flood out many cities. But both the timing and the degree of any such effects are speculative and uncertain.
Thus the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was widely criticized as being needlessly alarmist last October, when it warned of climatic change in the near future. It suggested that drastic action to curb the use of fossil fuels may be needed within this century. The EPA statement was immediately followed by a National Academy of Sciences (NAS) report urging ''caution, not alarm.'' The NAS advised postponing any action on the problem until further research clarified the question.
This was too much for Prof. David J. Rose of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He told the Monitor that he considered both panic and procrastination to be ill-advised. He believes it is time to begin coping with the problem even while trying to understand it better. ''You can't go around crying . . . (climate threat) without doing something about it,'' he said. He added that a study he then was finishing for the National Science Foundation would soon put the issue in different perspective.
Now the NSF has released that study. Its central point is that ''a significant global CO2 warmup in the next century cannot be avoided, but the extent and timing of it are to a considerable degree under our control. . . .'' By emphasizing energy efficiency and such fossil fuel alternatives as nuclear and solar power, CO2 warming can be stretched over centuries instead of coming on within less than 100 years. The NSF study calls this a ''CO2-benign'' energy strategy.
The report also notes that the degree of threat of climatic change depends partly on humanity's own life styles. It explains, ''. . . civilizations tend to organize and optimize their activities with respect to their current environment; thus, changes are on that account more likely to be harmful than beneficial.'' By following a ''CO2-benign'' energy strategy, people should be able to adapt gradually to any climate changes.
Rose was principal investigator for this study. He worked with Marvin M. Miller of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Carson Agnew of Stanford University as co-principal investigators. They acknowledge that the problem still is poorly understood. Yet they insist that the US and other nations can begin now to build an effective energy strategy for coping with the CO2 effect. They say it is time to start worldwide discussion of possible energy development , just as nations already are talking about measures to curb acid rain.
Meanwhile, a research team from the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Mass., and from the University of New Hampshire has pointed out another possibility for ameliorating the CO2 problem.
Plants and soils both absorb and release CO2. With a net loss of forests, for example, more CO2 accumulates in the air. In a paper published last month in Science, the team explains that careful management of forests could help limit CO2 buildup. The researchers say this possibility ''may be greater than is commonly assumed.''
Here, then, are possibilities to be explored, even while climatologists are trying to understand better the CO2 effect itself.
There is no need to fear the climatic future. And there is no need to wait on the researchers before starting to design strategies for a CO2-benign world. | <urn:uuid:011f2e15-b1b9-4d35-b97d-fd7b8123dd7a> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.csmonitor.com/1984/0110/011019.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647612.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321102234-20180321122234-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.951823 | 849 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Hello, I am Doctor Srisailesh Vitthala, one of the fertility specialist in the city. Today I am going to talk about polycystic ovary syndrome. What is polycystic ovary syndrome? Polycystic ovary syndrome, in short called as PCOS is very common. Here, I must insist PCOS is not a disease but it is a condition where women can have irregular periods, women can have facial hair, oily skin, acne and women in reproductive age group find difficult to get pregnant. Like I said, PCOS is very common. What I mean by this is one in four women in a reproductive age group can have PCOS. It is manifested with irregular menstruation period, obesity, facial hair, sometimes insulin resistance and also infertile.
What causes PCOS? In women usually every month they release one egg. The release of egg in women every month is called ovulation. In women with PCOS, unfortunately many of them do not release an egg. They form very small follicles but does not lead to ovulation, due to hormonal imbalance. This is called as anovulation and this is the main cause of PCOS.
Diagnosis of PCOS is based on three parameters, not on single parameter. The three parameters are – 1. Clinical features, which may rear irregular menstruation period. 2. Biochemical, where hormonal imbalance can be checked. 3. Ultrasound, where polycystic ovaries can be visualized. Now, 2 out of these 3 criteria, which I have mentioned are there then, we label our diagnosed women with PCOS. I must emphasis here that PCOS is a dynamic condition, which means in some months there could be PCOS and some months there cannot be PCOS based on the criteria which I have mentioned. Again I repeat, 2 out of the 3 criteria, which I have mentioned above is needed to diagnose women with PCOS.
What are the symptoms of PCOS? Women with the following symptoms can be labelled as PCOS. Women who has a less number of periods, I mean less than 8 in a year. They gain weight or they can go into obese. They can have some facial hair in the upper lips, chin, side burns, chest, thighs, which might mimic similar to the man. Women finding it difficult to get pregnant. All these above symptoms can be leading towards the PCOS.
What are the tests done to diagnose PCOS? Common tests done to diagnose PCOS are 1. Blood test and 2. Ultrasound. In blood test doctors evaluate or measure the hormonal imbalance. They are FSH, LH, E2, testosterone, cholesterol and blood sugars. 2. Ultrasound, in the ultrasound, they try to look small numbers of follicles, usually more than 15, 12-15 I would say in both the ovaries are indicate you of PCOS.
What are the treatment of PCOS? The treatment of PCOS depends upon what exactly the woman wants? For example, if a woman wants her period to be regularized, the common thing that regularize woman’s period is by using the birth control pills. The birth control pill not necessarily treat the cause but however, it could definitely make her periods regular. Other part is taking progesterone tablets, maybe 5-10 days every month, so that she will have a regular periods. If the woman wants her facial hair to be treated, then the facial hair can be treated in 2 ways: 1. Non-medical that means using laser, ablations or using the lotions on face to prevent further hair growth. Or 2. Taking medications, which we called as anti-androgens like spyro lactone etc. To prevent any facial hair to grow. If woman wants to conceive, then it is totally a different treatment. The medications which they take for getting pregnant is called ovulation induction drugs and it has to be followed by scanning to see if they are making eggs. Irrespective of the any treatment, if the women are obese, they have to change their lifestyle. I mean change in their diet, lose weight by doing exercise or yoga or anything, which helps to bring her weight down. Many doctors can also use anti-diabetic or diabetic medications called Metformin to help through any of the above features.
What are the long term problems of PCOS? PCOS women have a long term risk of developing: 1.diabetes, 2. High cholesterol, 3. Cardiovascular disease and if they don’t have a regular periods or if they don’t conceive, they might have a small risk of developing uterine cancer. Of course, getting pregnant is also difficult. So, it is very important for women with PCOS to seek doctor’s advice to address all the issues.
Ovum Hospital Team | <urn:uuid:e3c7b59b-c404-4812-83a2-547029d9a47f> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://ovumparents.com/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos-dr-srisailesh-vitthala/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578544449.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422055611-20190422081611-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.962188 | 993 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Phenomenon of C dioxide emissions into the ambiance nowadays arouses many scientists involvement because of their impact on altering climatic conditions and environment.It is an incontestable fact that fossil fuel ingestion contributes a batch to CO2 emanation, because the largest emanation from dodo fueled power workss and coal discharged workss is CO2. CO2 gaining control or soaking up is, hence, considered to be the best solution to cut downing the environmental impact and enabling human existences to go on utilizing fossil fuels before renewable energy engineerings are achieved. There are many indispensable ways to cut down or diminish the sum of C dioxide in the ambiance such as ciphering energy efficiency and preservation, utilizing carbon-free or reduced-carbon energy resources and capturing and hive awaying C either from fossil fuels or from the ambiance to cut down the ingestion of carbon-based fuels ( e.g. natural gas ( glossary term ) , oil, coal, or gasolene ) , and lessening C dioxide ( glossary term ) emanations. These techniques by and large can bring forth energies without breathing C dioxide to the atmosphere although each has its ain restrictions. Another popular manner for cut downing C dioxide in the ambiance is carbon segregation or supplanting. Carbon segregation refers to the gaining control and storage of C dioxide that would otherwise exist in the ambiance. Carbon dioxide can be captured ( either before or after fossil fuel ( glossary term ) is burned ) and so be stored ( sequestered ) within the Earth.
On the other manus, H shows assorted advantages over other alternate energy bearers: it has the highest energy denseness in footings of weight, produced from a diverseness of beginnings, and can bring forth clean byproducts. However, its storage technique, it still remains to be great challenge. Traditional storage methods such as liquid H, high-pressure gas cylinders, and hydride formed from a heavy metal face safety jobs and low energy efficiencies. Meanwhile, surface assimilation or desorption of H molecules in porous stuffs proves to be an effectual manner for H storage under moderate conditions, enabling H to be decrepit physically absorbed and readily released. It displays desirable properties of a high specific surface country ( SSA ) and a strong binding energy, because of this compared with other CO2 gaining control and H consumption techniques, surface assimilation or desorption has frequently been considered a promising technique due to its relatively low energy ingestion. Soon, there are many possible campaigners for CO2adsorption such as metal organic coordination polymers ( MOCP ) , metal organic model ( MOF ) , and silicon oxides based on mesoporous stuffs and porous Cs ( Personal computers ) . Among these, the PCs has become research worker ‘s first pick owing to their high surface country, big pore size, high surface assimilation / desorption rate and low cost.
Porous Cs ( Personal computers ) with high specific surface countries are so, a desirable campaigner for C dioxide gaining control and H storage stuffs due to their deep-rooted reversibility, fast dynamicss, and high recyclability in the procedure of H or C dioxide surface assimilation. They are peculiarly attractive for their readily handiness, light weight and easy production. But as we know, many of the natural and man-made polymers used to obtain porous Cs may non hold all those desirable belongingss such as specific surface country, pore volume and pore size distribution and uniformity. Research workers have, hence, resorted to chemical activation ( dry or impregnation ) for C precursors, which is a direct carbonisation of assorted C precursors and activator with cannular furnace under inert ambiance of N or Ar. The pore form and the porousness belongings of the prepared Cs are controlled by the activation type and the ratio between activations and porous Cs in add-on to activation temperature.
Actually, activated Cs ( ACs ) , formed from porous Cs, have long been utilized by scientists as an adsorbent due to its big surface country with a high pore size distribution. More, late, to better their belongingss in energy storage, activated porous Cs have been widely used in gas surface assimilation or gas storage, in electronic devices such as electrodes or capacitances, and as a accelerator support. Besides, many research workers tend to utilize assorted residue workss such as foliage, sawdust, seaweed and Peel in add-on to works derived functions such as cellulose, lignin, glucose, xylose and amylum to fix carbonous stuffs through hydrothermal carbonisation, for their desirable nanostructure and functionalization forms.
Preparations for ACs with a high specific surface country and have the ability to absorb a big sum of gas from biomass such as ( lignin, corn cob, corn stalk, datesi??gelatin and amylum ) have besides attracted much attending. Among these C beginnings, gelatin and amylum are believed to be suited precursors for the readying of activated C for their many desirable belongingss in the soaking up of C dioxide.
Our experiment, hence, purposes at fixing mesoporous or microporous activated C stuffs incorporating a high concentration of functional groups by utilizing amylum as a natural polymer, which exists in copiousness and contains a Numberss of hydroxyl groups capable of capturing the largest sum of gasses that affect the environment and minimising the high per centum of air, and gelatin as a precursor for nitrogen-doped porous Cs. We choose to utilize amylum and gelatin as the natural stuffs for the readying of porous Cs for two grounds: they are readily available and inexpensive, and they contain assorted composings of groups of hydroxyl, aminoalkanes and O atoms that possess double electronics capable of capturing C dioxide and H gasses through composings of the H bonds. Potassium hydrated oxide ( KOH ) is one of the most widely used as chemical activator because the bulk of the researches reported a function in bettering and developing a specific surface country and a big pore volume while able to retain composing holes steady, which in bend aids to spread out pores and systematically gives a high surface country. Since many of the activated Cs prepared antecedently display the best qualities desired for porous stuffs when the ratio of K hydrated oxide to porous C is 1:4, we set the ratio in our experiment at 1:4 and the temperature at 700 & A ; deg ; C to obtain desirable consequences.
Synthesis of activated Cs ( ACs ) : –
Activated Cs were prepared by utilizing dry chemical activation through carbonisation of the biomass gelatin ( G ) and amylum ( S ) separately and physical assorted together at different ratios.The natural stuffs were first carbonized in the electric cannular furnace at 450EsC with a ramp temperature 10EsC/min to obtain a ensuing carbonous solid, and cooled to room temperature so, washed with distilled H2O and dried in an oven vacuity at 70EsC for 24 hours. After that, the samples obtained were assorted straight with a chemical activator a solid K hydrated oxide ( KOH ) at the fixed weight ratio ( sample/KOH =1/4 ) , placed in the crucible boat heated in the cannular furnace to the mark temperature at 700EsC ( heating rate: 10EsC/ min ) at a changeless flow rate of the N gas and held at this temperature for 10 proceedingss. The samples were so washed several times at HCl ( 10 wt % ) to take any inorganic salts or a residue KOH with distilled H2O with a pH to about 6 ~7.Finally, it was dried in an oven vacuity at 120EsC for 24 hours. The activated porous Cs synthesized were denoted as GS-y-700, where GS refer to the natural stuff ( G: gelatin and S: amylum ) , y, the gelatin weight ratio and 700, the mark temperature ( in EsC ) .
Word picture of stuffs
Activated Cs ( ACs ) with a high specific surface countries SBET ( Brunauer-Emmett-Teller ) , CO2 gaining control ( 1 saloon, 273.15 K and 298.15 K ) H2 consumption ( 1 saloon, 77.3 K ) and pore size distributions were measured by utilizing a traditional volumetric technique ( Micromeritics ASAP 2020 ) surface country and porousness analyser. First, the all samples were degassed at 110EsC for 8 hours under vacuity ( 10-5 saloon ) . The specific surface country was calculated by the BET method from the surface assimilation informations obtained in the comparative force per unit area ( p/po ) scope of 0.04 to 0.2. The entire pore volume was measured from the measure of N adsorbed at p/po = 0.99. A non-local denseness functional theory ( NLDFT ) method was utilizing nitrogen surface assimilation informations and guess a slit pore theoretical account was used to cipher the pore size distribution ( PSD ) . The constituents of activated porous C theoretical accounts examined by utilizing The entire elementals content ACs CHN, were determined by elementals analysis and the organic functional groups were characterized via utilizing FT-IR, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry ( Nicolet 380FT-IR ) . The spectra were recorded from a wave figure of 400-4000 cm-1.The constructions morphology of the samples was examined by Scaning Electron Microscopy ( FE-SEM ) utilizing a Zeiss DSM 942 microscope. Transmission negatron micrographs ( TEM ) were picked up on a JEOL ( JEM-2000 FX ) setup runing at 200 kilovolt.
Consequences and treatment
Structural belongingss of the porous Cs: –
The activated C samples obtained by carbonisation of the natural stuffs ( gelatin and amylum ) with chemical activator ( KOH ) .it has a black colour consistent with a wholly carbonized merchandise. The microstructures of samples are shown in the Figure ( 1-ai?‰.when review of these stuffs via of scanning negatron microscopy ( SEM ) discloses interesting alterations in relation to the resulting stuffs. The SEM images of the activated C samples reveal the presence of a batch of pores generated during a carbonisation with activator. Irrespective of combination precursors, all samples exhibit indistinguishable morphology that is characterized by regular shaped pores with broad cyberspace nested pits. These consequences show that a radically morphological accommodation has occurred through the activation procedure. The TEM images of the activated C GSK1-700 have shown that the porousness is made up of orderly oriented symmetric micropores ( Fig. 1-b ) .
The microstructures of the activated C samples were analyzed via of nitrogen surface assimilation /desorption isotherms Fig. 2.N2 sorption isotherms and pore size distributions ( PSDs ) of the activated Cs obtain from the chemical activation ( KOH/precursors = 4 ) of the porous C samples prepared from the gelatin and amylum. Independent or blend together at different ratios. The sorption isotherms have possessed a comparable form and it is exhibited the type I isotherm harmonizing to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) categorization, .The PSDs indicated that the porousness of these activated Cs is consisted of micropores and a few mesopores with a pores volume of around 1.9 nanometer. These micropores have been originated fundamentally by the usage of KOH during the carbonisation, secondarily, via the release of non-carbon constituents such as ( N and O ) through the carbonisation of the precursors. The activated Cs have comparable BET surface countries in the scope 1636 – 1957 m?.g-1 and pore volumes about 0.82- 0.95 cm?/g shown table-1. The high BET surface country and pore size distributions of the activated Cs are good for applications such as effectual adsorption/desorption of gas. Fig. presents the C dioxide adsorption-desorption isotherm of the activated C samples by the volumetric method. The activated C GSK1-700 exhibited a high CO2 gaining control capacity 31.7 wt. % at 273 K and 1 standard pressure ( 760 mm Hg ) , Harmonizing to known informations in capturing C dioxide is the highest within the activated C stuffs prepared and measured under the same conditions, may be due to show a saddle horse of noncarbon elements such as O, N could be retained in activated C at the same clip through commanding the carbonising procedure of natural stuffs, which proved its being by mensurating the ratio of elements for activated C shown in the tabular array, besides been characterized through Fourier transform infrared ( FTIR ) fig. , visual aspect a wide set at wave figure around 3430 cm-1 was attributed to show the O?H stretching quiver of hydroxyl groups and ( N-H ) stretching quiver of aminoalkane groups. The place of hydrogen-bonded OH groups is normally in the scope of 3200-3650cm-1 for intoxicants and phenols. Besides the being of set at 1640 cm-1 This is proof be Carbonyl group is similar to the carbonyl group in hydroquinone compounds therefore the being of these elements enhances the soaking up of gases. | <urn:uuid:82793730-a17f-4a22-913e-4feeae2b2cd3> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://tsfagourmet.com/phenomenon-of-carbon-dioxide-emissions-environmental-sciences-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160454.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924125835-20180924150235-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.923687 | 2,837 | 3.359375 | 3 |
According to a report from the Rocky Mountain Institute, air conditioning & heating is responsible for nearly 50% of the energy usage in the US. During the summer months.
So why not employ aspects that are green and help the environment remain green? The EPA says that installing a programmable thermostat will save about $150 per year. It also encourages people to maintain ideal temperatures, which range between 72 degrees to 78 degrees Fahrenheit. Heating and cooling air conditioners work best when they are well maintained with periodic checks by a skilled technician.
Here are some EPA terms that every residential heating & air conditioning owner should know.
AFUE or Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency is a furnace rating. It represents the percentage of heat produced for every dollar of fuel used by you. The EPA had pegged the current minimum AFUE at 78%.
HSPF or Heating Seasonal Performance Factor refers to the rating of heating efficiency, mainly for heat pumps. The current minimum HSPF is 7.7.
SEER or Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio refers to the measure of a central air conditioner’s efficiency. Factors such as performance and the quantity of electricity they consume form the basis of the ratio calculation. Ideal SEER ratings communicated by the EPA range between 13 and 18.
EER or Energy Efficiency Ratio is a measure of the immediate energy efficiency of the cooling system. It is the heat energy removal steady-state rate calculated in terms of Btuh divided by the steady-state rate of energy input in watts. Expressed in Btuh per watt (Btuh/watt), this ratio is said to be ideal AHRI 210/240, which is also declared as the standard.
Upgrade your gas furnace to Energy Star-labeled unit with an AFUE rating of at least 90, or your central home air conditioning systems to Energy Star-labeled unit with SEER rating of 12. Check whether your insulation complies with the DOE-recommended levels. Heating system maintenance such as sealing leaks in the building shell to arrest air infiltration and installing a thermostat can result in annual saving of approximately $150 a year.
Call 72 Degrees Cooper Brothers to talk to a Comfort Advisor, who will pay you a visit and perform an Engineering Analysis of your house or office. The air conditioning and heating contractor will help to minimize your risk by appointing a contractor with a Technician Seal of Safety. To know more, visit their official website https://www.72degreescb.com or call at (408) 649-2008. | <urn:uuid:28274c6c-9ac7-4197-b7f6-1f8db04f1c5f> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.72degreescb.com/blog/uncategorized/some-important-hvac-terms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522284.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518151003-20220518181003-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.942991 | 523 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Assam Himalayas, eastern section of the Great Himalayas, extending eastward across Sikkim state (India) and Bhutan, into northern Assam and Arunachal Pradesh states (India), and along the border with the Tibet Autonomous Region (China). The mountains run eastward for 450 miles (720 km) from the upper Tista River in the west to the great southward bend of the Brahmaputra River (there called the Tsangpo River) in the east. Important peaks include Kula, Chomo, and Kangto; the highest is Namjagbarwa (Namcha Barwa; 25,445 feet [7,756 metres]) in Tibet. The Subansiri, Manas, Sankosh, Raidak, and Jaldhaka rivers rise in the mountains and flow southward to join the Brahmaputra. Main settlements in the region include Gangtok and Kalimpang in India and Punakha and Paro in Bhutan. Important mountain passes include Natu, Jelep, and Tang.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Great Himalayas, highest and northernmost section of the Himalayan mountain ranges. It extends southeastward across northern Pakistan, northern India, and Nepal before trending eastward across Sikkim state (India) and Bhutan and finally turning northeastward across northern Arunachal Pradesh state (India); throughout nearly…
Sikkim, state of India, located in the northeastern part of the country, in the eastern Himalayas. It is one of the smallest states in India. Sikkim is bordered by the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north and northeast, by Bhutan to the southeast, by the Indian state of…
Bhutan, country of south-central Asia, located on the eastern ridges of the Himalayas. Historically a remote kingdom, Bhutan became less isolated in the second half of the 20th century, and consequently the pace of change began to accelerate. With improvements in transportation, by the early 21st century a trip from…
Assam, state of India. It is located in the northeastern part of the country and is bounded to the north by the kingdom of Bhutan and the state of Arunachal Pradesh, to the east by the states of Nagaland and Manipur, to the south by the states of Mizoram and…
Arunachal Pradesh, state of India. It constitutes a mountainous area in the extreme northeastern part of the country and is bordered by the kingdom of Bhutan to the west, the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, Myanmar (Burma) and the Indian state of Nagaland to the south and… | <urn:uuid:6f3046a8-40c2-4497-8879-6b75283bb6e9> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.britannica.com/place/Assam-Himalayas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215176.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819125734-20180819145734-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.926407 | 565 | 3.484375 | 3 |
In other words osteoporosis is characterized by weak, deteriorating bones. Osteoporosis increases the risk of fractures, notably at the hip, spine, and wrist.
Osteoporosis is often associated with aging. Medical experts, however, increasingly believe that osteoporosis is not an unavoidable part of aging and that it is largely preventable. Moreover people already affected by osteoporosis may be able to take steps to slow its progress and reduce risk of fractures.
Men and women can both develop osteoporosis, though it occurs more frequently in women. According to the National Institutes of Health, of the 44 million Americans affected by osteoporosis, 68 percent are women. Osteoporosis is most common in Caucasian postmenopausal women. To a lesser degree, Asian, Hispanic, and African-American women are at risk of fractures.
Throughout an individual’s lifetime, bone undergoes a continuous process of removal of old bone (called resorption) and addition of new bone (called formation). This process makes bones larger, heavier, and denser. Peak bone mass is reached around age 30. After age 30, bone resorption begins to outpace bone formation—meaning bone is removed at higher rate than it is replaced.
Osteoporosis is a condition associated with an increased risk of bone fracture. The increased risk is related to a decrease in the amount of calcium in bones causing a weakening of bone structure. With decreased bone quality, individuals are at increased risk of spontaneous fractures as well as those associated with falls. A primary location for fracture is the lumbar and thoracic spine. Other skeletal structures at risk include the hips, pelvis, and wrists.
Osteoporosis is a serious medical condition. In the year following a hip fracture, up to 20% of patients die. Rehabilitation care is required for another 20% and 50% of individuals never fully recover. | <urn:uuid:569a8740-e3ee-4120-8880-9beaac811421> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://mavendoctors.io/osteoporosis/news/overview-of-osteoporosis-UFnz6cwusEyM63Et53bW7A | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783342.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128215526-20200129005526-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.953302 | 401 | 3.859375 | 4 |
The two stage vertical vane separator is used to remove contamination from gas streams. And, are particularly useful in applications where flow rates vary greatly.
Why Two Stage Vertical Vane Separator?
1. The first stage removes the bulk of the liquid before passing through the vane.
2. Efficiency remains flat from rated capacity to about 25% of flow (10 microns and above).
3. Pressure drop is very low (6” of H2O).
4. Vane design minimizes possibility of clogging.
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
1. The gas stream enters the vessel and is diverted by the baffle assembly.
2. The gas flows in a circular pattern and centrifugal force cause the heavy droplets to attach to the vessel walls, or fall out of the stream.
3. The gas then flows upward, away from the sump and through the vane (the vane is a labyrinth of passages that causes further impingement of droplets to clean the gas).
4. The accumulated liquids are drained through the drain pipe, down to the sump.
The vane is designed to create a repeated change of direction in the gas flow. The droplets, being heavier, cannot follow the flow as they impinge on the vane segments and drain off.
Competitive designs do not generally provide two stage separation. Use of the two-stage process increases the efficiency of the unit, and the possibility of carry-over is significantly minimized.
TM Filtration vane separators direct the gas up and out and the contaminant flow downward. | <urn:uuid:f6fe927a-6940-4354-badf-23f00ad79fa9> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://scindustrialsales.com/two-stage-vertical-vane-separator | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540569146.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213202639-20191213230639-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.907038 | 332 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The tax you pay on your earnings is known as income tax. A person who spent at least 60 days in India during the previous tax year and at least 365 days in India during the preceding four years is subject to income tax.
Individuals, Hindu Undivided Families, businesses, corporations, and other similar entities are all required to pay income tax in India. The Income Tax Act of 1961 establishes regulations for the administration, collection, and recovery of income tax. Despite the fact that you pay income tax on a monthly basis, it is computed annually.
How to Calculate Taxable Income on Salary?
It is essential to gather all the details required to file your Income Tax Returns before computing your taxable income on salary. You will then have to calculate your total taxable income, followed by the calculation of final tax refundable or payable. To calculate the final tax, you will have to use the applicable tax rates before subtracting taxes already paid through advance tax or TCS/TDS from the tax amount due.
The income tax regulations allow individuals to derive income from five sources, viz. Income from Salary, Income from Business or Property, Income from Capital Gains, Income from House Property, and Income from Other Sources. Each income derived by an individual must fall under one of the aforementioned categories.
Procedure for the Calculation of Taxable Income on Salary
- Gather your salary slips along with Form 16 for the current fiscal year and add every emolument such as basic salary, HRA, TA, DA, DA on TA, and other reimbursements and allowances that are mentioned in your Form 16 (Part B) and salary slips.
- The bonus received during the financial year must be added for the income that is being calculated.
- The total is your gross salary, from which you will have to deduct the exempted portion of House Rent Allowance, Transport Allowance (for which the maximum exemption is Rs.19,200 per year), Medical reimbursement (for which the maximum exemption is Rs.15,000), and all other reimbursements provided the actual bills in respect of the expenses incurred.
- The result is your net income from salary.
Refund of Income Tax for Salaried Individuals
Salaried persons can claim an income tax rebate under Section 87A of the Income Tax Act, 1961, according to the Union Budget 2019. Individuals earning less than Rs. 5 lakh are eligible for this refund, which permits them to pay a somewhat lesser tax amount. Individuals in the lower income group can use this refund to minimise their tax obligations.
For the fiscal year 2019-20, salaried persons are eligible to receive the Section 87A rebate:
- A resident of India is required.
- After all deductions under Section 80, the total income shall not exceed Rs. 5 lakh.
This rebate limit is set at Rs. 12,500. This means that if your total tax payable is less than Rs. 12,500, then the total amount will be rebate under Section 87A.
Income Tax Slab for Salaried person (below 60 years of age) and HUF – FY 2019-20
|Income Tax Slabs||Rate of Tax|
|For individuals with income of up to ₹2.5 Lakh||Nil|
|For Individuals with income ranging between ₹2,50,001 and ₹5 Lakh||5% of the total income above ₹2,50,000|
|For Individuals with income ranging between ₹5,00,001 and ₹10 Lakh||₹12,500+ 20% of the total income above ₹5 Lakh|
|For Individuals with income above ₹10 Lakh||₹1,12,500+ 30% of their total income above ₹10 Lakh|
Income Tax Exemptions for Salaried Employees
Salaried individuals below the age of 60 years are eligible to avail various tax exemptions, as specified under Section 80 of the Income Tax Act. Following is a table illustrating the applicability of these income tax exemptions along with their limits:
Section 80C – On earnings from –
- Tax saving fixed deposits
- National Savings Certificate
- Equity Linked Savings Scheme
- National Pension Scheme
- Employees Provident fund
- Public Provident Fund
- Senior Citizens Savings Scheme
- Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana, etc.
Limit – Maximum exemption limit of up to ₹1.5 Lakh.
Section 80CCC – On the deposited amount in LIC annuity plans.
Limit – Maximum exemption limit of up to ₹1.5 Lakh.
Section 80TTA – On interest earned from the bank savings account
Limit – ₹10,000
Section 80GG – Rent payment when the individual does not earn House Rent Allowance
Limit – The lower amount between –
- Rent paid – (10% of total income)
- 25% of the total income c) ₹5000 per month
Section 80E – Total interest paid on education loan
Limit – No limit
Section 80EE – Home loan interest for first-timers
Limit – ₹50,000
Section 80CCG – Investment in the equity products under the Rajiv Gandhi Equity Scheme
Limit – The lower amount between – a) ₹25,000 b) 50% of the investment amount in equity schemes.
Section 80D – Health insurance policy premium for self and family
- ₹25,000 for self, spouse and dependent children
- ₹25,000 (for self, spouse and dependent children) + ₹25,000 for parents
- ₹25,000 (for self, spouse and dependent children) + up to ₹50,000 (for parents above 60 years of age)
- Up to ₹50,000 (self, spouse and dependent children with the eldest member above 60 years of age) + up to ₹50,000 (for parents above 60 years of age)
Section 80DDB – Medical treatment of dependent individuals suffering from specified diseases.
- For individuals below 60 years of age, the deduction is available for up to ₹ 40,000.
- For individuals above 60 years of age, the deduction limit is at ₹1,00,000.
Section 80GGC – Contribution to political parties
Limit – No limitations for payment methods apart from cash.
Section 80G – Contributions to charitable institutions and certain relief funds.
Limit – Few charitable donations are eligible for 50% deductions, and few are eligible for 100% deductions. | <urn:uuid:d438e1a0-1ad7-4bb4-ba48-9002c58ab4f1> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.omozing.com/income-tax-allowances-for-salaried/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662521883.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518083841-20220518113841-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.916118 | 1,398 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The title “Nazarene” may have derived from the town of Nazareth where Jesus grew up, but this is not at all certain. Nazareth is never mentioned in rabbinic literature nor in any other writing outside the New Testament before its mention by the Hebrew poets of the seventh or eighth century. Its first post-New Testament appearance came with the discovery of an inscription listing the twenty-four priestly courses. This inscription, found in the summer of 1962 in a synagogue in Caesarea, has been dated to the third or fourth century. The spelling of the name in the inscription is נצרת (natsrat), the same as in the much later Hebrew poets.
The New Testament starting point for investigating the title Nazarene must be Matthew 2:23: “[Joseph] came and resided in a city called Nazareth so that what had been spoken through the prophets might be fulfilled: ‘He shall be called a Nazarene.'”
This was one of the most difficult verses faced by the editorial committee of the annotated edition of the United Bible Societies’ Modern Hebrew New Testament. The main problem is that nowhere in the extant body of Scripture do we find the statement which Matthew seems to quote from the Prophets.
- Michael Avi-Yonah, “An Inscription from Caesarea about the Twenty-four Priestly Courses,” Eretz-Israel 7 (1964): 24-28 (Hebrew). ↩ | <urn:uuid:cb570c51-f003-4332-b71c-4ee6142d1edb> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.jerusalemperspective.com/2608/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662534773.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521014358-20220521044358-00770.warc.gz | en | 0.945466 | 319 | 2.953125 | 3 |
When seafaring modern humans ventured onto the island of Java some 40,000 years ago, they found a rainforest-covered land teeming with life—but they weren’t the first humans to call the island home. Their distant ancestor, Homo erectus,had traveled to Java when it was connected to the mainland via land bridges and lived there for approximately 1.5 million years. These people made their last stand on the island about 100,000 years ago, long after they had gone extinct elsewhere in the world, according a new study assigning reliable dates to previously found H. erectus fossils. The finding suggests a trace of H. erectus DNA could live on in modern Southeast Asian populations, thanks to complex intermingling among the diverse humans who have lived in the region.
The newly dated fossils also bookend the existence of a remarkably long-lived human species, says Patrick Roberts, an archaeologist at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena, Germany, who wasn’t involved with the study. “With this date, the duration of Homo erectus occupation in Southeast Asia is nearly three times as long as our [own] species has been on the planet,” he says. “There is no doubt it was successful.”
H. erectus arose in Africa about 1.9 million years ago. These toolmakers with relatively large brains migrated out of Africa and across Asia, crossing into Java by land bridges about 1.6 million years ago, when savannalike open woodland covered much of the land. Later, sea levels rose, isolating these ancient Javans on an island. Meanwhile, in Africa and mainland Asia, H. erectus disappeared by about 500,000 years ago.
In the 1930s, a team of Dutch explorers excavated a site by Java’s Solo River, near the village of Ngandong. They unearthed a rare trove of fossils: tens of thousands of animal bones—and 12 partial skulls and two leg bones identified as H. erectus. But the Dutch team couldn’t date the bones with any certainty. Later scientists also struggled, despite more sophisticated dating methods, because these require material from the same sediment layers as the fossils—and nobody knew exactly where the original excavation took place.
“[The fossils] had been an enigma,” says the new study’s lead author, paleoanthropologist Russell Ciochon of the University of Iowa in Iowa City. “Many people had tried to date them, but there was no way to accurately do so.”
O. Frank Huffman, an archaeologist at the University of Texas in Austin and a study co-author, spent 5 years poring over the Dutch explorers’ photos and notes; he even met with their grandchildren. He and colleagues deduced that the 1930s excavation was located near what is now a sugarcane field abutting a dirt road. In 2008 and 2010, Ciochon’s team re-excavated the site, turning up 867 new fossils belonging to deer, wild cattle, and an extinct, elephantlike animal called a stegodon. Based on photographs and documents from the original excavation, they established that some of the newly found animal fossils came from the same rich bone bed as the H. erectus fossils. The researchers applied five types of radiometric dating, including a new method that provides both minimum and maximum dates, to those animal fossils and the sediments around them. The team concluded that the bones were buried between 117,000 and 108,000 years ago, the researchers report today in Nature.
It’s doubtful H. erectus lived on much longer, Ciochon says. A warmer, wetter climate turned Java’s open woodlands into dense rainforests about 100,000 years ago, and Ciochon suggests H. erectus would have struggled to survive in such a transformed landscape. When modern humans arrived on Java, apparently about 40,000 years ago, H. erectus was probably long extinct, he adds.
Aida Gómez-Robles, an anthropologist at University College London who wasn’t involved with the study, says the authors did great detective work in finding the original excavation sites, and that they have laid out a likely scenario. “We can never be certain that we have found the first or the last representative of any species,” she says, “[but] a last appearance date of approximately 100,000 years ago for H. erectus looks reasonable.”
H. erectus left an impressive legacy. Many researchers think it splintered into at least two additional species as it traveled throughout Southeast Asia—H. floresiensis, found on the Indonesian island of Flores, and H. luzonensis, found on the island of Luzon in the Philippines—and may have interbred at some point with the Denisovans, extinct close cousins to Neanderthals. In turn, Denisovans may have mated with modern humans in Indonesia and New Guinea, perhaps as recently as 30,000 years ago. Those pairings, the authors argue, could have introduced a smidgen of H. erectus DNA into the genomes of some modern Southeast Asians, whose DNA contains a trace—about 1%—of genetic material that doesn’t appear to come from modern humans, Neanderthals, or Denisovans.
“[The new study’s] date certainly adds support to this scenario,” by suggesting H. erectus was still around in Java when Denisovans may also have been moving through the region, Roberts says, but, he adds, there’s far too little evidence to confirm it. “Either way, Southeast Asia is clearly now one of the most exciting places to be working in human origins.” | <urn:uuid:0a6622b9-09be-4706-b779-5e22465b5fa1> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://tahav.com/science-and-technology/ancient-human-species-made-last-stand-100000-years-ago-on-indonesian-island/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948817.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328073515-20230328103515-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.957634 | 1,214 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Lord of the Flies Final Essay
Prompt: Write an essay discussing one of the two prompts below. Use quotes to support your argument.
Discussion of the prompt: Choose one of the prompts below. Use two quotes per paragraph to support your argument. Papers without quotes cannot earn a grade higher than a C.
Follow MLA format
Proper citation of quotes
Clear thesis statement
Clear final statement (exigency)
Tag + Quote + Cite + Explanation = Good Citation Format
Initially, Jack face is described as being “crumpled and freckled, and ugly without silliness” and his eyes are described as being “frustrated now, and turning, or ready to turn, to anger” (20). This description shows that blah blah blah.
Note how sentence punctuation goes at the END of the parenthesis, NOT the end of the quote.
The conch becomes important immediately in the novel. During the second meeting, Ralph says “We can’t have everybody talking at once….I’ll give the conch to the next person to speak. He can hold it when he’s speaking” (33). The conch shell becomes blah blah yadda yadda.
When using block quotations (4 or more lines long), use the following example as a model:
The trickster figure, while crucial to Native American mythos, also surfaces in African-American mythology. In explaining folkloric representations of the devil, Hurston emphasizes that
…he is not the terror that he is in European folklore. He is a powerful trickster who often successfully competes with God. There is a strong suspicion that the devil is an extension of the story makers while God is the supposedly impregnable white masters. (306)
In this statement, Hurston suggests that African-American storytellers identify strongly with the trickster figure. It is this identification that helped keep the idea of pride and rebellion alive during the hardships of slavery.
Note how sentence punctuation goes at the end of the quote vs. end of the citation. Also, no quotation marks for a block quote—the offset indentation serves that purpose. | <urn:uuid:2d77bda4-c823-4374-b60d-b4462b4e605a> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://original-ink.net/Units/Novels/LOTF/lord_of_the_flies_final_essay.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379520.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00250-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90585 | 456 | 3.125 | 3 |
Dubai is setting a global example in its determination to improve the use of renewable energy resources. To-date the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is among the world’s most carbon-intensive economies, particularly due to amount of electricity required for desalination and air conditioning.
However, the drop in the cost of solar power installations, has led to a tripling of its aim for renewable energy, targeting for a share of 15 percent of total power by 2030.
Meanwhile, Trina Solar, the world’s leading provider of PV products, applications, and services to promote global sustainable development, has started operations in a small city about 18 miles outside of Dubai. Nicknamed the ‘Sustainable City,’ the 11,000-acre site, which could eventually accommodate a population of around 2,000, acquires all of its energy necessities entirely from renewable resources. Trina Solar announced that it has already installed over 24,000 solar panels, completing the first phase of development.
Sustainable City CEO, Anwar Zagin, said in a statement that: “We are building up to our total goal of 40,000 solar panels, which will eventually produce up to 10 megawatts of power at maximum capacity.”
In another statement, regional president for Trina Solar, Helena Li, said that “solar power is expected to be a significant contributor to Dubai’s ambitions to become the world’s most sustainable city by 2020.”
Paris-based autonomous intergovernmental organization the International Energy Agency (IEA), estimates that since 2011, the price of utility-scale solar power projects have declined by about 60% and could drop another 25% by 2021. Investments in solar photovoltaics increased 20% last year, in response.
The IEA focuses on energy security, economic development, and environmental protection — especially mitigating climate change — with a wide-ranging role in endorsing alternate energy sources (including renewable energy), rational energy policies, and multinational energy technology co-operation. However, the organization has increasingly drawn criticism from environmental groups claiming, among other issues, that the IEA does not align with up-to-date climate science; does not adequately address the decarbonization required to reach agreed upon global climate limits; has had an institutional bias towards traditional energy sources; has been using “misleading data” to undermine the case for renewable energy, such as wind and solar; underplays the role of renewable energy technologies in favor of nuclear and fossil fuels; and deliberately downplays the risk of peak oil to placate the U.S.
While the UAE is not a member of the IEA, it is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). As of 2016, OPEC’s 14 member-countries accounted for around 44% of global oil production and 73% of global “proven” oil reserves, giving it a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by U.S.-dominated multinational oil companies. Its membership paints a very mixed picture for the UAE’s advancements in — and specified goals — for sustainable energy! | <urn:uuid:a7f458f8-d6cc-4676-b662-915808de049a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.basicles.com/uae-pushes-plans-renewable-city-dubai/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510734.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001005750-20231001035750-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.951134 | 645 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Illustrated History of Medicine: A Medical Exploration in Fifty Objects
- Author: Paul, Gill
- ISBN: 9780857625113
- Availability: Not in stock: we’ll order it in
$NZ 22.99 Ex Tax: $NZ 22.99
The Illustrated History of Medicine takes readers on a 12,000-year journey by exploring fifty objects that open windows onto different aspects of medical history.Objects are listed chronologically, and include: a Neolithic Trapanned Skull (c.10,000 bce); Clay Tablets from the Library of Assurbanipal (7th century bce); Avicenna's Tomb in Hamadan, Iran (1037); a Plague Doctor Mask (17th century); John Snow's Cholera Map (1854); the Snellen Chart for Eye Tests (1862); Alexander Flemming's Petri Dish (1928); a Red ribbon for AIDs awareness (1991). | <urn:uuid:142ae6f7-a977-4153-9a59-b9f7c0e76f81> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.unibooks.co.nz/index.php?route=product/product&path=67_746&product_id=88567 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574077.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920200607-20190920222607-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.794163 | 197 | 2.59375 | 3 |
What is an ultrasound?
An ultrasound is a diagnostic test that creates live-action images of the organs inside in your body.
During an ultrasound, a technician uses a transducer that emits sound waves into your body. The sound waves bounce off your organs and tissues and return to the transducer, which sends the information to a computer that translates the sounds into images.
Ultrasound testing is one of the safest diagnostic tools available, which is why OB/GYNs use it for obstetric care.
Yorktown Health is a full-service OB/GYN practice, and they perform ultrasounds in-house. They also have an on-site lab and offer phlebotomy services.
When do I need an ultrasound during pregnancy?
When you need an ultrasound during pregnancy may depend on your personal gynecological and pregnancy history. In general, most women need two ultrasounds during their pregnancies.
The team at Yorktown Health performs the first ultrasound in your first trimester, usually at your first prenatal visit. This ultrasound confirms pregnancy and helps your provider estimate your due date.
You have the second ultrasound in your second trimester. During this ultrasound, the team evaluates your baby’s anatomy and determines the baby’s sex. They also examine your uterus and placenta.
What are special pregnancy ultrasound tests?
Yorktown Health also offers special pregnancy ultrasound tests for pregnant women who want more answers about their baby’s sex and genetics.
The testing includes a 10-week ultrasound test combined with the noninvasive prenatal test (NIPT). The ultrasound test looks for visual abnormalities that may indicate a chromosomal condition such as Down syndrome.
The NIPT is a blood test that looks at DNA fragments in your blood that may indicate a genetic condition such as trisomy 13, trisomy 18, or Down syndrome.
When do I need an ultrasound for gynecological problems?
The team at Yorktown Health also performs in-house ultrasound testing to help diagnose gynecological conditions. They may recommend the test in order to provide more information to explain your pelvic pain or abnormal bleeding.
A gynecological ultrasound may help diagnose conditions such as:
- Uterine fibroids
- Ovarian cysts
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
- Ectopic pregnancy
An ultrasound may also help identify abnormalities in your reproductive organs that may be causing your infertility.
For comprehensive care from an experienced team, call Yorktown Health or book an appointment online today. | <urn:uuid:ee48e40c-3ba7-4338-8edf-ce0b81bbe8bb> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://yorktownhealth.com/service/ultrasound | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.918859 | 525 | 2.953125 | 3 |
| In 1945, when the US Navy was issuing contracts for carrier-based
jet powered fighters, it was noted that the McDonnell XFD-1
"Phantom" was some what slower than contemporary USAAF jet
fighters such as Lockheed's P-80 "Shooting
Star". The Bureau of Aeronautics invited McDonnell to submit a
design for a successor to the FD-1 "Phantom" even before the had
entered production. On March 22, 1945, a Letter of Intent was issued which
covered the development and manufacture for three prototypes of the new
aircraft, the XF2D-1, 99858 to 99860.
The XF2D-1 design team at McDonnell was headed by Herman D. Barkey, the new design was basically an enlarged Phantom powered by 2x 3,000 lb Westinghouse J34 turbojets mounted in the wing root . The fuselage was longer and provided for a extra 151 US gallons of fuel and four 20mm cannons replaced the four 0.50-inch machine guns of the FD-1, these guns were relocated from the top to the bottom of the nose in order to reduce the blinding effect on the pilot.
|The mockup was inspected on the 24-26/4/1945. However end of the war in the Pacific resulted in the cancellation of many aircraft projects, but the US Navy thought the new fighter from McDonnell's sufficiently promising that it was spared the axe. Nevertheless, work on the three XF2D-1 prototypes proceeded at a less hectic pace with the construction of the first aircraft being delayed until 1946. The first XF2D-1 took to the air for the first time from Lambert Field in St. Louis on 11/1/1947, the flight tests and service evaluations went fairly well, but some control problems were encountered which resulted in the decision to replace the dihedral tailplanes of the prototypes with tailplanes without dihedral on all production models. Shortly after its first flight, the XF2D-1 was redesignated XF2H-1 when the factory code for McDonnell changed from D to H.||
The first production batch of the F2H-1 "Banshee" was ordered on 29/5/1947, with 56 machines being delivered between August 1948 and August 1949. All were identical to the prototype except for the elimination of the tailplane dihedral and later retrofitted with the more powerful J34-WE-30 making 3150 lb of thrust. The "Banshee" would serve with the US Navy until 1961. | <urn:uuid:38231e94-2ac6-4066-bab4-bd4c1c8d31f4> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://tanks45.tripod.com/Jets45/Histories/Banshee/Banshee.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649741.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604093242-20230604123242-00425.warc.gz | en | 0.97005 | 546 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Preventing and treating the most common allergiesPeople Health Clinic / March 24, 2017
Share this article:Many of us look forward to the start of the spring season and the warmer weather it brings, but unfortunately with that weather comes a very unwelcome condition, Allergies. It is estimated by the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of American that 50 million people, nearly one out of every five persons, suffer from allergies in the U.S. Allergy is the 5th leading chronic disease in the U.S. among all ages, and the 3rd most common chronic disease among children under 18 years old. What can you do to prevent and treat the most common allergies? Read on to learn more.
What are allergies?
According to the National Institutes of Health, an allergy is a reaction of your immune system to something that does not bother most other people. People who have allergies often are sensitive to more than one thing. Those things that cause an allergy are called allergens. It is important to know the difference between allergies and a cold. Cold symptoms will gradually lessen in severity and usually go away within 7-14 days. Allergy symptoms often show up in certain seasons and do not go away for several weeks, sometimes months. Common symptoms of allergies are: Stuffy nose, watery eyes, often irritated or red, swelling in the nose and/or throat, sneezing, sensation of pressure in the nose and the head, stuffy ears, itching and/or rashes on the skin
What are the most common allergens?
Tree pollen, flower pollen, grass and weeds are the most common environmental allergens.
Mold – common in the places where the water accumulates, like shower curtains, window panes, basements/cellars as in the curtains of bath, the marks of the windows and the humid cellars.
Animal Dander – skin and hair from animals such as cats and dogs are also common allergens, and are most common when petting an animal or in a house where these animals live.
Dust – Often, allergies to dust are due to the things that can be present in the dust, like carcasses from bugs and/or dust mites.
The following can make allergy symptoms worse: contamination in the air, extreme temperature changes, high humidity, tobacco smoke and stress.
How can I avoid allergens?
Take a bath or shower upon entering your house and especially before lying down on a couch or bed to remove pollen and other allergens from your hair and skin. Keep your windows and doors closed (if possible) and use air conditioning in your house and car.
You can frequently reduce the amount of mold in your house by removing plants and cleaning shower curtains, windows where moisture collects (like bathrooms and kitchens), walls, any areas with rotten wood and trash cans. Use a mixture of water and lye to kill the mold. Open doors and windows and use fans to help move the air and prevent mold formation. You can control the quality of the air in your house by using a dehumidifier and cleaning or replacing your air conditioning filters regularly.
If the allergy is serious, you may need to remove the animal(s) from the home or at least keep them outside in the house in a safe backyard or other area such as a pet run. Animal dander accumulates over time and especially in dust, and may take a month or more to completely disappear once the animal is removed and the house cleaned. If you do keep the animal(s) in your home, wash clothes and bedding frequently, bathe the animal often, and use an air cleaner to diminish the animal dander. You can also ask your veterinarian about how to reduce the amount of dander in your home. You can also ask your veterinarian about certain breeds of dogs and cats that do not shed and are good for people with allergies.
In order to reduce the amount of dust in your home, washing curtains, pillows, blankets and dusting furniture regularly are essential. You should also wash toys as often as possible. It can also help to cover mattresses and pillows with protective plastic covers.
What medicines can I take to help alleviate my symptoms?
Antihistamines help diminish sneezing, mucus, and swelling caused by allergies, and they are more helpful if you take them before you are exposed to the allergens. Antihistamines can cause drowsiness and dryness in the mouth, and some of these require a prescription. Decongestants, which can help with nasal congestion, can be bought without medical prescription. However, decongestants can raise your blood pressure, so it is a good idea to speak to your doctor before using them, especially if you suffer from high blood pressure. Nasal steroids reduce the reaction your airways and nasal passages have to the inhaled allergens; most of these are prescription. They alleviate the swelling in your nose and can help you feel less pressure and congestion. Eye drops can also be helpful for red, watery and irritated eyes; most of these can be purchased without a prescription.
Your doctor can test you with tiny amounts of allergens, on the skin, to see to which allergens you react. Once your doctor knows what you are allergic to, you and your doctor can decide the best course of treatment.
Do you need further information or have questions or comments about this article? Please call toll-free (877) 530-1824. Or, for more information about the Maya Angelou Center for Health Equity, please visit our Web site: http://www.wfubmc.edu/MACHE. | <urn:uuid:0d09dd60-6841-4734-aeba-4847eab5c360> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.peacemakeronline.com/preventing-and-treating-the-most-common-allergies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057303.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922011746-20210922041746-00525.warc.gz | en | 0.944574 | 1,155 | 3.1875 | 3 |
30 April 2014
New insights into gamma-ray Burst afterglows
Gamma-ray bursts are powerful bursts of gamma-ray radiation in connection with the explosive death of massive stars. The bursts themselves are short lived – lasting typically less than a few minutes, but is followed by an afterglow that can be observed for several days after the gamma-ray burst. The afterglow is thought to occur when a shockwave is emitted from the dying star and collides with the surrounding material. It is an extreme process and researchers have made theoretical models of it, but using new observations, a team including researchers from the Niels Bohr Institute, have shown that the afterglow behaves differently than expected. The results are published in scientific journal, Nature.
When a massive star dies, it explodes as a supernova. The core of the star collapses into a black hole. For reasons that are not yet fully understood, a jet sometimes forms which shoots away from the newly formed black hole along the star’s rotational axis at almost the speed of light. Inside the jet there are some physical processes taking places that result in the electrons being compromised, creating a strong magnetic field, and through the emission of synchrotron radiation there is a powerful burst of gamma radiation. This phenomenon is observed as gamma-ray bursts, typically lasting a few minutes. When the jet hits the surrounding matter it leads to another shockwave, which is believed to generate the afterglow.
Afterglow different than expected
Using new astronomical observations made at the Very Large Telescope, VLT, in Chile, a research team from Leicester in England and with the participation of researchers from the Niels Bohr Institute in Denmark have studied the light of the afterglow from a gamma-ray burst in the distant universe. The observations show that the afterglow behaves differently than expected.
“We have analysed the afterglow from a very bright gamma-ray burst. The gamma-ray burst took place approximately 10 billion years ago, but the signal first reached the Earth on 24 October 2012. The gamma-ray burst itself lasted just over a minute. The subsequent afterglow was relatively bright, which allowed us to study it using more advanced methods than previously possible. Specifically, it was possible to measure the degree of linear and circular polarisation during the first two days after the burst. The theory for the distribution of radiation in the afterglow predicts a particular distribution, where circularly polarised light only representing a very minimal share, but we discovered that the reality is different. There was 10.000 times more circularly polarised light than expected - actually this is the first time circular polarisation has been measured for an afterglow, explains Johan Fynbo and Jens Hjorth, professors at the Dark Cosmology Centre at the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen.
The surrounding material that the gamma-ray burst jet shoots through and where the afterglow is created, is exposed to very extreme conditions. In a shockwave, the electrically conductive plasma interacts with strong magnetic fields in a complex dynamic. Particularly important for the afterglow is the powerful compression of the magnetic fields and it is the properties of this compressed magnetic field that determines the polarisation properties of the afterglow.
“The magnetic fields can be very ordered or they can be chaotic and very randomly oriented. The fact that we can now measure a much higher degree of circularly polarised light than the models predict show that there are holes in our understanding. This is how science works: by discovering such holes in our understanding, we are forced rethink and in this context there is hope that we can gain new insight into the properties of matter under extreme condition,” conclude Johan Fynbo and Jens Hjorth. | <urn:uuid:b9b821a2-8873-405d-91f6-de4782d26c6c> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.nbi.ku.dk/english/news/news14/-new-insights-into-gamma-ray-burst-afterglows/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097204.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00285-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939168 | 780 | 3.796875 | 4 |
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